davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1942-09-11
ORDNANCE employees
ENJOY DINNER AND
DANCE

Twin Cities Ordnance employees
of the "B" shift gave a late dinner
dance at Mallory's Citizens Head
quarters, Friday, August %.
One hundred employees, their
families and friends enjoyed the
affair.
Hear A. Phillip Randolph at
Catholic Youth Center, $50 N.
Smith Ave., st. Paul, Sept. "a, at
st. Paul Urban League annual din
dinner. Tickets $1.-Advt.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1942-09-11
Four St. Paul
Boys Out for
Marshall Team

The personnel of the Marshall
high school football team numbers
among it Larry Peoples, John Cot
ton, Lloyd Schine and Jack Cooper,
whose team opened the 1912 Foot
ball season on Wednesday, Septem-
Der 9, at Central Stadium with the
kickoff at 8 p. m.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1942-09-11

Marshall and Lexington AYES;
Worship Period; Festival of Choirs;
6:3O-Conference Christian En-
deavor
Sunday, September ID
7:00-Final Session called to or
der, Bishop Gregg; Music; Mes
sage; Special Announcements; Res
olutions, C. H. Miller; Reading of
Appointments and Presentation of
Certificates, Bishop Gregg; Bene-
diction; The Conference Closes.
Local Committees
John M. Patton, General Chair
man; Charles H. Miller, Vice Chair
man; o. C. Hall, ST., Secretary;
]. E. Johnson, John Claibourne,
Cora E. Moore, James Mckinley,
Mabel NJ. Brown, Hector Hunter,
Della Holsomback, B. C. Archer,
Cudellus Jackson, Alberta v. Davis,
Allie Balenger, Eva Neal, J. R.
Jones, Josephine Hunt.
Housing
J. E. Johnson, Chairman; o. C.
Hall, Secretary; Cudellus Jackson,
Bonnie Vivian, Bertha Gum, Emma
Williams, Alice Mayes, Dora Nc
CURE, and Rosa Simmons.
Reception
Chas. H. Miller, NJ. c.; Lucille
Williams, Queen; Eva Neal, Chair
man; Carrie Stokes, Mable NJ.
Brown, B. C. Archer, James Wat
son and Ernest Galloway.
John Claibourne, Chairman;
James Mckinney, Mable M. Brown,
Odessa Brent, Clarinda Cox, Cecilia
Worthington, Rosa Simmons, Mat
tie Ellis, Stella Hayes, Gertrude
Boldly and Inez Ford.
Place
J. M. Patton, Chairman; Susie
Bowen, J. R. Lynn, Mable NJ.
Brown, Bertha Gum, Della Hol-
somback, and R. E. Stokes, Sr.
Music
Cora E. Moore, Chairman; Ber-
tina l. King, Emma Archer, and
Norma Buford.
Registration
Allie Balenger, Chairman; Gloria
Williams, Mary Eddings, Jean
Waters, Aretas Blaney, Barbara
Blackburn, and Millicent Burgess.
Decoration
B. C. Archer, Chairman; Jose
phine Hunt, C. H. Miller, Della
Holsomback, Lettie B. Hall, Harry
Brown, and Jennie Young.
Souvenir Program
Alberta V. Davis, Chairman;
Charles H. Miller, Mable NJ. Brown,
o. C. Hall, ST., Allie Balenger, B.
C. Archer, Aldonia Anderson, and
Herman Cotton.
Special
Della Holsomback, Chairman;
Kitty Jeffrey, Mary Ann Patrick,
Edna Banks, Dora Mcguire, Clara
Williams, Ruth Benner, Ethel
Henderson, and Jennie Wiley.
Ushering
Mable M. Brown, Chairman, and
Viola Lee.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1942-09-11
Wants Former
Kentuckians to
Get Together

Mrs. Sarah E Rufus, 419 Sher-
bourne, invites all natives of Ken
lucky or those who have lived there
in recent years to meet at her home
Saturday evening from eight to
nine. Mrs. Rufus thinks it is neces-
Sary to become better acquainted
during this crisis. All of this group
who are not able to attend this
meeting are requested to call Mrs.
Rufus at Elkhurst 1923.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1942-09-11
Local 516's Auxiliary
Drawing

Local SIG Auxiliary wish to an
nounce that they didn't have the
Drawing for the War Bond on the
scheduled date because all the
books weren't in. The bond in ques-
ton will be given away on Satur-
day, September IL, at 8 p. m, at
the Locals Headquarters, 443 Ron
do avenue. The public is invited to
attend the drawing.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1942-09-11
British Treat Negro Troops
Well, Resent Crackers
Jim Crow Attempts
By George PadmOre, Pittsburgh
Courier War CORRESPONDENT

Courier War Correspondent
London, Sept. 10 (By Cable)-
With the influx of large contin-
gents of colored troops constantly
arriving from the United States,
Britain is for the first time faced
with a sociological problem similar
to Americas. Commenting upon
interracial relations, which up to
now have been fairly satisfactory,
the most widely read, liberal jour
nal, "New Statesman and Nation"
carried an article, under the date
line of August % on this subject,
reading: Examples are beginning
to reach US of the complications
that are almost certain to arise if
considerable numbers of Negro
troops arrive with the American
army. For instance, a British
soldier writes to complain that in
an English port, part of well
known restaurant is barred to col
ored troops.
"He says that the employees of
the restaurant dislike discriminat-
ing against colored soldiers, and
that a group of British soldiers
have also said what they thought
about color prejudice. He adds
that his unit was called together
and instructed to be polite to col
ored soldiers, to answer their
queries, and then to drift away.
They were not to eat and drink
with them.
Before going off the deep end
about this, we must try to under
stand the nature of the problem
that confronts the authorities, Brit
ish and American. English peo-
pie will find Negro troops particu-
larly easy and pleasant to get
along with and / should think they
should be extremely popular in
most villages.
SOutherners Cause the Problem
american troops from a large
part of the United States would
agree with this and would be pre-
pared to rub shoulders with the
Negro troops. But the feelings of
white troops from the deep South
(of the United States), where the
poison of slavery has never left
the land, is something far too deep
to brush aside.
81 have met Southerners who
seemed rational enough until the
Negro problem was mentioned, and
who would then show a terrified,
lynching spirit, which was about
the ugliest thing imaginable.
Southern Thinking Brought to
England
"The color problem in the South
is economic, political and sexual.
The political side has been in
creased lately because the parties
have begun to canvass for the Ne
gro vote. The economic aspect
has increased with the increased
opportunities of wartime employ
ment. The social and sexual preju-
dice is so deep that there will be
many Southern whites in this coun-
try who will take it for granted
that it is their duty to interfere
if they see black troops with white
girls.
american Government Must Face
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1942-09-11
the Problem"
what is to be done?

What is to be done?
"The American government must
face the problem itself. It must
use every device of persuasion and
authority to let white Southern
troops know that it is against dis
cipline to treat Negro soldiers in
the way to which their training
and education has accustomed
them.
eve are aware that with preju-
dice as deep as that of the South,
discipline and re-education will not
work nearly so quickly enough.
We feel it is a mistake to send
large numbers of colored troops.
Danger Exists If Problem Drifts
eff things are left to drift, an
impossible problem will be thrust
upon the British authorities and
very unhappy incidents will occur
between black and white Southern
troops. And they will occur only
too naturally between Southern
troops and the British, who will
instinctively take the side of the
Negroes against their white assail-
ants"
A letter published in the same
journal on August 20 emphasizes
the same problem as follows:
"It is doubtful if any sociologist
who has studied the question of
color prejudice in Britain would
regret that so many Negro soldiers
have been sent here. In fact, their
presence here provides an almost
unique opportunity for breakdown
of certain strongly ingrained att
tudes in this respect, which we
ourselves possess. There is little
doubt that these attitudes are based
largely on certain stereotypes Of
conventional ideas of colored per-
sons.
First English Contact With
Negroes
eff you take the population of
these islands as a whole, it is
doubtful if as many as five per
cent of us have ever had any per-
sonal contact with a colored man
or woman.
"Tn one instance it was absolute
ly essential that both white and
colored troops be billetted in the
same town. 1t appears, in a num-
Der of cases, that orders or re-
quests have been issued by Ameri-
can military authorities that white
and colored troops should not be
permitted in the same civilian can
teens. In some cases townspeople
have refused to comply with this.
English Take Sides With the
Negro
"Partly as a result of this, the
townspeople have become extreme
ly annoyed with what is regarded
as a discrimination against colored
troops.
"As further results, scuffles be-
tween white and colored Americans
have occurred in public places,
when, for example, numbers of
Negroes have tried to enter dance
halls or bars. Apparently, in one
case, white Americans remon-
strated with a landlady for serving
colored customers. The reply Of
the woman, as stated, was sig
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1942-09-11
MINNEAPOLIS N.A.A.C.P.
BOARD MEETS TODAY

The Executive Board of the Min
neapolis Branch of the NAACP
will meet on Friday, September II,
at 4:30 p. m. at the Urban League
office, 24O South Fourth Street.
Every member of the Executive
Board is urged to attend and any
member of the organization is also
welcome. There are several very
important matters to come before
the board.
Keep Off Date October 16. Com
ing Twin City Event.-Advt.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1942-09-11
Esther Bradley
Injured in Fall
Chasing Tram

Esther Bradley Of the Spokesman
and Recorder stats was injured
last Wednesday in a fall suffered
while running to catch a streetcar.
Injury to leg necessitated sew
eral stitches and her confinement to
bed for a week.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1942-09-11
P.TA. MEETS

The Executive Board of the Nc
Kinley School PTA held its first
meeting of the fall season on Fri
day at the home of the president,
Mrs. Alverta Coram, 419 st. Anth-
ony Ave.
Plans for the coming school
years work were discussed. Re-
freshments were served after the
business was completed.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1942-09-11
GETS TON OF COAL

At a fish fry given by The Keys
club at Phyllis Wheatley House last
Saturday, a ton of coal was award
ed to Mrs. Cecilia Patterson, $40
Bryant Ave. N.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1942-09-11
RUDOLPH YOUNG
WRITES

A letter from Rudolph Young,
soldier lad stationed at Fort Leon
ard Wood, Mo-, says he is, getting
along fine. He also said Maurice
Strong is getting along o. k. too.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1942-09-11
MethOdists of Northwest
In Session at St. James
A.M.E. Church, St. Paul

Delegates and members of the A. gathered
day St. A. NJ church. Northwest
| n Conference of
Bishop A Gregg presiding officer the Episcopal
ct, oficiated at the conference.
The of the entertaining church Rev. Benjamin Moore
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1942-09-11
Rummage Sale ~
September Is

The Women's auxiliary to the
Minneapolis Urban League will
have a rummage sale Friday, Sept.
10, at 271 Cedar avenue.
Thomas A. Dorsey, Gospel song
writer, pianist, in concert Pilgrim
Baptist Church, Tuesday, October
6, 8 p. m.-Advt.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1942-09-11
MRS. DAISY ESTES
OBITUARY CORRECTION

The name of Mrs. Marion An
drews, 900 Bryant Ave. NJ, daugh-
ter of Mrs. Daisy Estes, who died
August 81, was omitted from her
obituary that appeared in this
paper last week.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1942-09-11
MUSICIANS MEET

The National Negro Musicians
Association, Twin City Branch,
met on Tuesday evening, Septem-
Der 8, for their regular meeting at
the Pilgrim Baptist Church.
Plans are underway for repeat
performance of the installation of
officers to be held in Minneapolis
at st. Peters A. M. E. Church on
the evening of September 80.
The next regular meeting of the
organization will be on Tuesday,
September %, at st. Peters A. M.
E. Church at 1880 p. m.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1942-09-11
Making Democracy Real

negro players VIII revive
interest in professional base
ball as nothing else could.
Their entrance into the big
leagues is a test of how far
this nation is willing to go to
make real democracy a fact at
home and not a theory.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1942-09-11
AMERICA SHOULD
KNOW!

America should know and
must know that this is our
home, the only home we
know anything about, and
we demand our share of her
benefits as she demands her
share of our blOOd.-LOuis-
vile Defender.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-09-19
Cards Seek Tooth Victory of Season Today
Ann ArbOT
Best for
M Games

ANN ARBOR, Sept. 10. Ex-
animation today of University of
Michigan football ticket records
produced definite proof that from
the standpoint of rubber conser-
walton Ii will be break for the
grid fans of the state as a whole
liz the Wolverines, seven horne
games this fall are played in Ann
Arbor as scheduled.
Since ODT Director Jose d h
Eastman announced in Washing
ton that he is urging the transfer
of football contests. to major popu-
lation centers, there has been con-
siderable speculation as to whethc.
Michigan's home games might be
shifted to Detroit.
Citing statistics from slast falls
game with Minnesota here. when
the stadium was completely sold
out in advance, Fritz Crisler
pointed out that il is Ann Arbor
itself rather than Detroit or any
other city in the state which con-
tributes the largest number OF
persons to a Michigan football
crowd.
Among the more than $1,000
fans who saw the Gophers and
Wolverines in 1941 were 1881
from Ann Acknowledging slight,
more than 10000 university stu.
dents - while there were only
IL, 426 from Detroit.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-09-19
MulIeneaux Rises to Remark

Coxswan Muleneaux who teamed with Don Hutson al
the Green Bay Packers four before joining the
navy admiration for his erswh eammate that amounts
Opposing players have the sort OF
for Hutson but with them amounts almost to
panic
"iutson Is the fastest In the National Football
League" Muleneaux said recently ION most of Green Bays
pass plays the decoy for Huson and blocked for him
after he caught the ball. I've been closer to him than
the when scored his touchdowns the last
years know how that speed breaks him away from
: tackers.
"utson knows when he needs his interference and when
he doesn't Against the Detroit Lions couple of years
he caught behind and started for the goal
line yelled at him, Follow me- Don!
Not this time pal follow me- he called back and
In three steps he passed and headed for touchdown He
made up five yards me In just about many steps
Two years ago. Don used considerably q decoy.
When he drew out the defense they threw to regularly
that led him In scoring until the last three and wound
up fourth In the league
when II my turn to do most of the decoying last
year Don failed and shake hand after
he had made q long gain because covering me-"
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-09-19

barn. You don't have colts like
these two come along every day"
Jockey Carroll Bierman will be
up on Alsab and once more
George (the Iceman) Woolf will
have the leg up on the Calumet
champion. 1t was Woolf who rode
Seabiscuit to victory in the famed
match race with War Admiral and
he is a master at the strategy of
such events.
Whirly will carry 126 pounds
and Alsab 119. scale weight for a
4 and 3-year old racer at this
time. Both horses were pronounced
fit.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-09-19
Detroit Autos
In Finals

YOUNGSTOWN, O.. Sept. 1e
(UP).-Detroit Autos and the New
York Hotels, only survivors in the
National Amateur Baseball tourn-
ament here, today rested in prepa-
ration for their three-game title
series opening tomorrow.
The unbeaten New Workers rule
a slight favorite over the Michi-
gan outfit, which has dropped but
one game.
New York bounced the Birrning-
ham, Ala. Goslins, last years
champs. out of the running last
night. 81, while Detroit elimi-
mated the Pittsburgh Dormonts
with a crushing go defeat.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-09-19
Mort Cooper
10 Face Cubs
Ace Wdrneke

The st. Louis Cardinals today
bid for their one hundredth victory
of the year. leading with their acc
|pitcher-Mort Cooper-as the Ma
tional League pennant struggle
enters the stretch on two fronts.
Cooper goes to the pitching
mound with record of seven
straight victories and 20 victories
for the year. He will be opposed
at Chicago by the veteran Lon
Warneke. an old teammate. Cooper
not only will be facing a tough
competitor in the willy warneke.
who has won IL against nine de-
feats, but will be. trying for his
second win of the year against the
Cubs. The Bruins have set Cooper
back twice and he has yet to win
at Wrigley Field in 1912.
FINE RECORD
Max Lanier. Who has won IS
and hasn't pitched since he beat
the Dodgers. 2-1. on September IL,
will hurl for the Cardinals IN
Sundays game. He will be up
against the Cubs hottest pitcher,
Claude Passeau, who has won IS
while losing Is. Passeau lost to
the Phils. 81, in his last start
Wednesday.
Today at Ebbets Field the
desperate Dodgers play the first
of seven games against the Phils
with the veteran Curt Davis on
the mound. Whit Wyatt. Kirby
Iiigbe and Buck Newsom are
picked by Manager Leo Durocher
to take care of the next three
games with the Phils.
Max Macon will take the hill
against the Giants on Tuesday.
After that. Durocher isn't sure.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-09-19
Briggs 10 Stays,
Colds Beaten
By MARGARET RUSSELL

AS games progressed into the
semifinals Of the worlds softball
championship for the covete d
Pepsi-Cola ards. there re-
manned only two undefeated teams
today.
They are Deep Rock of Tulsa,
Okla. in the mems division and
JaX of New Orleans in the girls
class.
Detroit's girls bowed out of the
tournament, but Briggs mems ten
still represents the city with high
championship hopes after winning
three games yesterday.
Briggs lost in the second round
to Bendix, the defending champion,
but yesterdays victories kept them
in the running. They trimmed
Romancos of Roanoke Rapids, N.
CO, followed with a 10 victory
over Phalanx Fraternity of Phoe-
nix and wound up with another
10 triumph over Match of Chicago.
In the Phalanx game, Sammy
Lombardo wrapped UP the decision
with a long home run into left
center field in the fifth inning.
Against Chicago. Briggs scored the
winning run in the first inning.
Eddie Tyson singled to center.
Walter Butkowski walked and
Billy johnson sacrificed. Tyson
scored on Hughie Johnson's sacri-
flee fly.
Briggs tackles Deep Rock in an
$50 game at Mack Park tonight.
Win or lose. Deep Rock will play
in the opening game of the finals
Sunday night at u. of D. Stadium.
Deep Rock became the only I'M
ICootfruad - D.oo I'M
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-09-19
Rai|birds Ponder Strategy Of Big Race

PAWTUCKET, r. l.. Sept. 10
GNSl.-The experts are sticking
with Whirlaway. but therell be
thousands in the crowd who'll be
roofing for a youngster called
Alsab when this pair of fabulous
American thoroughbreds finally
come together today for the first
time in a SIS. 900 match race of a
mile and three siXteenths at Mar
ragansett.
Whirlaway drew the rail position
and Alsab the outside when the
post positions were drawn by
James Dooley. president of the
track and the railbirds chartered
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-09-19

long and earnestly trying to figure
the strategy of the race.
Both colts like to come from
behind. Alsab is a good breaker
and so is Whirly. but the latter is
rated under instructions from
trainer Ben Jones for one good
run through the stretch.
1t is the consensus that Alsab
will be sent out TO open a good
lead and dare Whirly to catch him.
Undoubtedly Whirly will stay
closer to his opponent than he has
TO the front runners in larger
fields, for trainer Jones has a
great deal of respect for Alsab
and opined. Il wish he were in my
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-09-19
Hal White HurIs
Against Indians

Trailing the Tribe by 2is
games. the Tigers will get their
best remaining chance to gain on
the fourth-place Cleveland team
today and tomorrow at Briggs
Stadium.
Hal White. seeking his thir-
teenth victory. will pitch for De-
troit today against Mel Harder,
who's after his twelfth. AL Benton
will hurlH Sundays final Of the
two-game series.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-09-19
Big Shoot Starts
First OF 1000 Hunters, Servicemen Open Times
Ward Event Today at |. A Young Gun Club
BY DON GnLLIEs

Hunters decked out in their
bright red shooting clothes began
pouring in on the L. A. Young
Gun Club, located on the Nine
Mile road between Southfield and
Greenfield, for the second annual
Detroit Times-Montgomery Ward
Hunters Special Trap and Skeet
shoot today and Sunday. The shoot
was scheduled to start at s a. m.
both days.
They represented the first of
more than 1000 hunters who will
fire in the 25-target skeet and trap
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-09-19
Toledo Beaten
In First Game
COIIrMRIrS IN {

COLUMBUS. O, Sept. 10 CUP.
The Columbus RedbirdS, riding
the crest of a wave of power. Try
TO make it two in a row against
the Toledo Mudhens tonight in the
second game of the finals of the
American Association playoffs. A
14-hit attack coupled with Bill
Crouch's four-hit- pitching gave
the Redbirds the first game of
the best-of-seVen series. 9 10 0.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-09-19
Being q No. 2 Center
Behind Apolskis No
Disgrace TO Banonls
TEAMMATE PRAISES DON HUTSON

Ray Apolsk will center for the Chicago Cardinals
when Windy City gidders ange with our Detroit Lions at
Comskey Sunday night More than that Raymond has
named captain for the game.
This means course that Vincent Joseph Banons is cur
rently No. pivot the Chicago club To ardent
University Of sacege to suggest that
nvncble Vincent No-2 in anytime anywhere But there
really nothing surprising about Coach Jimmy Conzelmans
decision to let the Titan AAmercan the opening kick
off from the bench
Aposks was best nemen in the league in 1941
and certainly valuable pgskn warriors the
Cardinal His aggressive sashing play hasn't sunere
any from experience.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-09-19

event and share in $500 in wal
stamps, defense bonds and shot
guns.
Grant Ilseng. worlds greatest
all-around shotgun shooter and
instructor. gave hunters advice on
how to improve their field shooting
aim. Assisting him was Leila Hall,
the Annie Oakley Of shotgun
shooting. who came here from
Strasburg, Mo-. 10 help women
and men improve their aim and
put on daily exhibitions Of trap
shooting
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-09-19

Ecorse today holds a rs football
victory over River Rouge high
school. II was Ecorse's turn for
the first time since 1888. Ecorse
JOY and River Rouge disappoint-
ment resulted in after-game
clashes along West Jefferson
between supporters of the rival
teams.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-09-19
Writer Joins Marines

LOS ANGELES, Sept. 10 (INS,
Dick Hyland, Los Angeles news
paperman and All-American half
back at Stanford University under
Pop Warner IS years ago. is er
route to Quantico, Va. to become
a captain in the marine CORDS.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-09-19

'Games behind leader.
YESTERDAYS RESULTS
Cincinnati 5, Pittsburgh /.
Only game played.
TODAY'S GAMES
St Louis al Chicago.
New. York at Boston.
Philadelphia at Brooklyn.
Cincinnati at Pittsburgh.