davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1942-09-20

Guadalcanal, in the Solomons, while the
Marines sent out patrols to force the
japanese from their remaining positions
in the center of Guadalcanal. The Navy
Department in Washington announced
on Thursday that Navy and Marine
Devastator dive bombers and Navy
Grumman Avenger torpedo planes had
spotted a Japanese force of cruisers and
destroyers off Choiseul, about 200 miles
northwest of Guadalcanal A torpedo
damaged one cruiser and bomb an
other.
In the foggy Aleutians Army fighters
and bombers on Monday sank two Jap
anese mine sweepers, damaged three
submarines, three large cargo ships and
several small craft, killed or wounded
500 troops, shot down six planes and
fired storehouses and supply dumps
around the Kiska Harbor japanese base.
Rear Admiral W. H. p Blandy, just back
here from 26,000-mile Pacific inspec-
ton trip, said Tuesday that the Ameri-
can Navy holds the balance of power in
the Pacific now. But he spoke only after
long thought, and Admiral Chester w.
Nimitz. commander of the Pacific Fleet,
made it plain day later that the Navy
is not Growing when he said: do not
for one minute assume that we have
the japanese on the run"
Evening star., 1942-09-20

hands green and set out from Buna and
neighboring Coma for the difficult trek
over the Owen Stanley Range to
Moresby. The soldiers boosted each
other up the narrow, tough trail that
climbed steadily through steaming jun
giles toward the gap in the range. Daily
rain made the going tougher The gap,
low point in high
Decision mountains, is at al
Still in Doubt me most tls1 5000 fr 1eet above 1S.
who in Malaga and Burma had proved
earlier in the year they could fight in the
jungles and mountains, made their way
through the gap. Last week they pressed
slowly ahead toward Moresby. Whether
the Jap had force enough and men
enough to outweigh the tactical position
of Gen. Douglas MacArthurs Americans
and Australians is something the world
watches anxiously. If Moresby falls, the
japanese will have base $50 miles from
the nearest Australian mainland. clean
shot at Australias east coast. If Mores-
by holds, the japanese, for all their great
feat in crossing the mountains, have
nothing.
Five hundred miles west of the Allied
planes that were bombing Buna the
japanese increased the intensity of their
assault against the Marines holding
Evening star., 1942-09-20

When Americans took over the Philip
pine government, they made English the
country's official language together with
Spanish. More than that, they estab-
lished English as the sole language OF
instruction in the public schools.
The decision to make the Filipinos
English-speaking did not come from
Washington. 1t was based on the judg-
ment of the commission sent to Manila
to establish civil government. This COM
mission was headed by man who few
years later would become President -o4
the United States, William Howard Taft.
Most Literate in Far East so
Whatever merits the argument against
the exclusive use of English in public
schools originally had, they faded in the
readiness of the Filipinos to adapt them
selves to the new dispensation. The new
language opened the world to the Fill
pinos. 1t also became the new vehicle
by which the Filipinos impaired to the
world their commercial products, culture
and aspirations. No Far Eastern people
are more thoroughly Westernized than
Christians for four centuries
The study of English also strengthened
the hold of the native languages because
the children who learned to read In
English automatically obtained a read-
ing knowledge of their own phoneticai,
Romanized native tongues. The circul
lations of newspapers and magazines,
especially those in English, grew steadily
every year. Until the outbreak of the
Pacific war, the Philippines were one of
the largest markets for American books
and magazines. ~
The Filipinos are doubtless the most
literate people in all the Far East, ex-
cepting the Japanese, who since 1922
have officially reported literacy of over
80 per cent. The Philippines are more
literate than any country on the Asiatic
continent, except Russia. .tt
In literacy the Philippines have always
compared we'll with the most nterate
countries of Latin America Only Argen-
tina has a better lteracy record than
the Philippines. tnt
The hopes of the American imperial
lists and the fears of the anti -imperialists
that the establishment of English as tho
sole language of instruction in Philip
pine public schools would make Filipinos
eager to remain under the United States
never materialized. The Filipinos re-
garded English as the indispensable Ian
guage of liberty.
1t may not be true that the English
language fosters democratic ideals better
than any other tongue, but 1t is the
vehicle used by the Filipinos to acquire
their political attainments, most advanced
among those of the subject peoples of
Asia and Oceania. 1t was the language
used by their leaders, including the two
foremost ones, Manuel Quezon and Sergio
Osmena, both Spanish-educated, who
learned English by self study. a.
The English language is rooted deepfy
in the national mind of the Filipinss.
The Japanese will have to stay In the
Philippines for at least three generations
to wipe out this particular heritage from
the United States. Few people outside
Japan expect them to stay there that
long.
Evening star., 1942-09-20
By James g. Wineo.

China that even the lowly natives have
developed jargon, pidgin English, to
use in conversing with white men or
with other natives who do not speak the
same dialect.
The auxiliary tongue Of educated
Chinese is English. Students in a
Chinese university do not always under
stand one another. To say that one
speaks Chinese is like saying that one
speaks European. To understand one
another, Chinese must speak either Man
DARN, the Peking dialect, or English
(pure or pidgin).
Disputed With Dutch.
In the onetime jewels of the empire
of the Netherlands, the fabulously rich
islands which comprised Netherlands
Indies. now in the Japanese grabbag,
English was also widely used. Long be-
fore the Pacific war, the Dutch colonies
had become important customers of
Japan, without reasonable reciprocity
on Japans part. On one occasion, to
bring about more equitable trade re-
lationship, the Dutch and the Japanese
hSISc W a ldOC COlllCl CllCS. lIiC Jap
anese insisted on the use of their Ian
guage in the conferences and in the
trade agreement.
Afraid that this would mean that in
case of dispute it would be impossible
to do anything but accept the japanese
Interpretation of the agreement the
Dutch suggested the use of English, the
accepted commercial language in the
Far East. The japanese refusal to
bulge in their position held up the
conference for many months.
Japanese insistence on the use of their
own tongue in negotiations with for
eigners may appear childish to Western
eyes. In 1916 when the japanese AM
bassador and the Chinese Foreign Min
lister, both English scholars, were ne
gotiating a Sino-Japanese agreement in
English, Toxic suddenly telegraphed It's
representative to speak Japanese and
use an Interpreter. Thereafter Sino-
Japanese agreements, which had always
been IN Chinese, were In Japanese.
Evening star., 1942-09-20
Russian Front

For DAYS the Germans and the Hun
earians and Rumanians and other as
sorted puppet soldiers
Russians have been able to see,
r;obt oFnd from the little mounds
to the west of Stalin-
grad, the green Volga meanderlng across
Russia toward the Caspian. On Thurs
day some of these troops entered Stalin-
grad. the prize sought for almost a
month by Field Marshal Gen. Fedor Won
Book. But entering Stalingrad was not
capturing Stalingrad. The Russians are
hesitant about giving up key cities to the
invader. Odessa held, out long. Sevas-
topol held out long. Leningrad, sur
rounded a year, still holds out. Rostov,
captured. was retaken, and the Axis, to
capture it again, had to pay heavy in
men whose blood tinged the Don. By
driving the Nazis from Rostov last au-
tumn the Russians saved the Caucasus
until this year. BY holding the Nazis out
of Stalingrad so long, the Russians may
be saving the Caucasus until next year.
There is no rest for Hitler's legions. Each
conquest makes imperative another.
The troops that fought their way into
Stalingrad Thursday came from the
northwest The Germans forced the
gates by tank assault, while the Rus
slams held other Axis fighters outside
the city limits on the west and south
west. The cellars, attics and streets of
Stalingrad became part of the battle
field Civilians, cousins in temper of
those men and women who held off the
enemy at Odessa and Sevastopol, helped
impede the progress of the Nazis and
their partners in battle. Over Stalin-
grad German planes bombed the city,
p,1rciar,r xx-oro mall
Evening star., 1942-09-20
Fighting Still Finds the Axis frustrated in Its Major Detectives

thrown some light on how far OF Is any
Allied invasion of Europe that would
open up the second front. Canada dis
closed that two-thirds of the Canadian
armed force used in the raid on Dieppe
August 19 was lost. dead, wounded or
missing, and the government observed
that q very high price was paid con-
sidering what was gained. The govern
ment said 5000 Canadian troops we're
used. Previously 1t was announced that
the Canadian casualties were $3.50. The
Germans had advance warning OF the
Commando raid. Canada revealed. be.
cause the troops crossing the English
Channel encountered an escorted Ger
man tanker.
Whether these disclosures were intended
to emphasize the obstacles in the way OF
invasion is a question Of interest but not
possible of answer. That something IN
the way Of invasion Is to be undertaken
some time was suggested by the dis
closure In London that force OF Amer
lean parachute troops has landed In
England, to join the other American
soldiers there. How many were IN the
force was not disclosed.
Evening star., 1942-09-20
By Maranis ". CMlds.

when circumstances shall make that pos
sible, whereas just, considerate and mild
treatment of the governed by the occu-
pying army will convert enemies into
friends"
The members of the first graduating
class gave gridiron dinner just before
the graduating ceremony at which they
kidded not only themselves, but their
teachers and even their commandant.
Dignifed Colonels and majors, who will
some day bear heavy responsibility for
the well being of war-torn peoples, put
on skits in which the rivalry between
competing sections found a good-na
tured outlet.
One of the projects in the course had
been to create moot court to try Maj.
John Andre, the spy who was executed
during the Revolutionary War, by a
military commission proceeding under
the rules of 1912 This was to give the
men practical experience in the kind of
military law that they might have to
administer in the future.
II was extraordinary how much feel
ing was worked up by the Andre case.
The prosecutor was Col. John K. Weber
Reserve officer who had been judge
in San Antonio, Tex, prior to resuming
active duty In 1910. The defense counsel
was 1t. Col. James F. Corn of Cleveland
Tenn, at one time member of the Ten
nessee Legislature, A commission of six
student officers tried Andre, reviewing
the actual evidence as raised by prose-
cutor and defense, who drew on copies
of original documents in the university
library.
In the course of the hearing, defense
counsel insisted that Andre should have
the right of trial by the civil courts. The
plea was overruled on the ground that
Andre was prisoner of war and there
fore outside the jurisdiction of the civil
law. This happened shortly before the
Supreme Court ruling in the trial Of
the eight saboteurs in Washington, and
at the gridiron dinner the six members
Of the Andre Commission congratulated
Evening star., 1942-09-20
Pacific War

Over the high New Guinea Mountains
the Allied bombing planes flew until
they reached the patch Of sky above
Buna on calm Dyke Ackland Bay. Forty
five minutes the bombs rained down.
The Allied airmen let loose IS 900 rounds
of cannon and machine-gun ammunition.
This was the United Nations response to
the Japanese effort to get force across
the Owen Stanley Range, which runs
like tall spine down the midsection of
Eastern New Guinea Island Buna is on
New Guinea's north coast; it is the
japanese base. The Japanese aim at
Port Moresby, Allied base on the south
shore. BY Friday they were 80 miles
from their objective.
Before the war Port Moresby was a
sleepy trading port. Now 1t is the point
from which the Allies have been able to
keep the Japanese from getting foot
hold on the New Guinea south shore as
a prelude to an attack against Australia.
The japanese painted their faces and
Evening star., 1942-09-20

in the air. The Germans seemed to be
relying on the pounding from the air
to turn the tide in the end and to make
1t possible at last for Adolf Hitler to
announce to long waiting Germany:
"Stalingrad is ours"
The Reds continued to force postpone
ment of the announcement. Along the
tree-lined avenues of the city, the Ger
man tank forces and infantrymen with
automatic rifles fought forward almost
to the cliffs that plunge down to the
Volga But the Reds organized counter
offensives and drove back two wedges
that had penetrated deep into the city
Friday. Huge statistics and brave pro-
nouncements filled the news about Stall
ingrad that came from Moscow. Dis
patches contained frequent references to
individual Red Army men who slew 10
to IL Germans and to single machine
gun crews which accounted for as many
as 40 in the battle in the streets.
A Red detachment fighting from be-
hind ruined brick walls was credited with
the destruction of seven
Fresh Troons Nazi tanks and slaugh-
Aove IN ter of 200 troops. Red
Star, the Russian Army
paper, said Russian tanks destroyed so
trucks moving up infantry reinforce
ments in one sector. The Germans at
tackled in a familiar pattern in their
fight in the streets. Squads of automatic
rif1emen, hunched low and running,
moved up first in an effort to cut through
their enemy and disrupt defenses from
the rear. Tanks and motorized infantry
followed them. Overhead, planes dumped
bombs on knots of Soviet resistance A
dispatch from Tass, official Soviet news
agency, said thousands of fresh Siberian
troops, their training newly completed,
were now moving to the front. Many of
these reinforcements, Tass said, are al
ready engaging the Axis in Stalingrad.
The Germans dropped troops from planes
behind the Red lines before Stalingrad
Friday, in order to settle the issue.
In the Caucasus, the Axis forces press
ing slowly forward, met resistance from
civilian mountaineers as well as Red
armies. The conquest of the Causasus
for practical purposes depends on sue
cess at Stalingrad and the Axis control
of the Volga from Stalingrad to It's
Evening star., 1942-09-20
u S. TRAINS MEN TO RULE OCCUPIED AREA
Specialists Prepare Master Pon for Difficult Postwar Job


CHARLOTTESVILLE, Va-Here in
the university founded by Jefferson
prophet of democracy, a new class has
just begun the four-month course given
by the School of Military Government
created by the War Department. These
men are being trained for the admins
tration of military government in
occupied countries in that day when
victorious American armies will have
rolled back the tide of Axis aggression.
The first so officers were graduated at
the end of August. Some have stayed on
to do special research into particular
problems, while others have gone to new
posts that will give them further back
ground for the all-important job that
some day will be theirs.
Follows Military Manuals.
In that first class, as in the new one
were men with wide variety of
experience - lawyers, bankers, police
chiefs, engineers, city managers. In
selecting candidates for this unique
school, every effort was made to cover
all the functions of modern government
so that on that unknown X-day Amer
ican Army officers would be prepared to
direct the complicated life of modern
state under conditions that would. con-
ceivably, approach anarchy.
Because this is the first school of its
kind in American experience, the men
who direct it are shy of publicity. Already
frowning editorials have suggested that
this may be the cradle of a new American
imperialism Such criticism ignores the
fact that the school follows faithfully
the pattern outlined in military manuals
and In plans drawn up by the War De-
partment to bridge the inevitable gap
between war and peace.
The objective of the serious, hard
working officers who have set up this new
institution in the University of Virginia
is to train officers capable of solving the
countless problems that will arise during
this emergency interval. Policy-makers
within the War Department recognized
that some such training was inevitable.
When the end of the fighting comes, it is
safe guess that the dictator regimes
will collapse and people tragically
decimated by war be left to chaos.
Directed by Gen. Wickersham.
Set up by the provost marshal general
Maj. Gen. A. w. Gullion, the school is
under the direction of Brig. Gen. C. w.
Wickersham, who has combined a sue
cessful career as a New York lawyer
with great deal of soldering as a Re-
serve officer The basic principle of the
course, as Gen. Wickersham makes clear
to all visitors, is contained in what is
more or less the Bible of the school-the
Basic Field Manual of Military Govern
ment, FM 27-5 There, as on tablets OF
stone, the following objective is laid
down:
90 The object of the United States
In waging any war is TO obtain favor
able and enduring peace. A military oc-
cupation marked by harshness, injustice
or oppression leaves lasting resentine
against the occupying power in the
hearts of the people of the occupied ter.
rftory and sows the seeds of future wal
eV them against the occupying povel
Evening star., 1942-09-20

themselves on having set precedent
for the highest court to follow.
Incidentally the outcome of the Andre
case was different here at Charlottesville
from that held 162 years ago at Tappan
N Y. One of the six held out for Andre
and thereby hung the jury and the
death penalty could not be assessed.
The first part of the course is devoted
to background on Army organization,
the international law of military gov
ernment, public administration and the
history of military government. There
are lectures by Col. c. P. Stearns, West
Pointer and cavalryman. 1t Col Paul
Shipman Andrews, dean of Syracuse
University Law School until he was
called from the Reserve list to active
duty, lectures on liaison as do several
other members of the staff.
Enemy Countries Studied.
This is the foundation for the inten-
sive study of enemy countries including
Germany, Japan and italy that follows.
Hugh Borton, assistant professor of Jap
anese at Columbia University and with
many years residence in Japan, is here
for two of the four months, lecturing
daily on the history and politics of pres
ent-day Japan. The specialist on Ger
many is Arnold Wolfers, professor of in
ternational relations at Yale, a grad
uate of the German universities of Zu-
rich and Giessen, who is also on the staff
of the School of Military Government
for two months. Henry Rowell, professor
Of Latin at Johns Hopkins University
and long associated with the American
Academy in Rome, specializes on Italy.
And these staff lecturers are supple
| mented by many others who come for
one or two days. One of these visiting
speakers is Prof. Nicholas j. Spykman
OF Yale, author of the recently published
book, american Strategy in World Poll
ties Douglas Miller, whose You Can't
| Do Business With Hitler" made the best
seller lists year ago, is also on the list
of visiting lecturers.
So is Max Lerner, author and frequent
! contributor to the Nation and New Re-
! public. now on the faculty of Williams
|
more, probably the foremost authority
on China and Japan in this country
baltimore was lent by President Roose-
welt as political adviser to Generalissimc
Chang Kai-shek.
Special Section Formed
But the student officers do not spenc
all their time listening to pundits in the
classroom. Perhaps the most interest
ing phase of their work is in the specia
sections which all students are assigned
to. These sections are made up in such
a way that they include representative,
of each profession required for admins.
tering an occupied country. They in.
clude lawyer, an engineer, an Officer
with police or administrative experience
a specialist in propaganda and educa
ton.
Then each section is given specifi
| problem to work out. Section /
assigned occupied country A and toll
to work out a complete plan for the mill
tary government of that area. A vas
amount OF information must be Assem-
Evening star., 1942-09-20
ENGLISH LANGUAGE IS TARGET OF JAPS
Hope to Substitute Their Tongue in Conquered Areas

The widespread use of the English Ian
guage among hundreds of millions of
peoples under the japanese heel is cur
rently the single greatest asset of the
United Nations within the countries in
vaded by Japan.
The Japanese know this and are very
much irritated by it. They are deter
mined to wipe out English from the ter
ritories they now dominate and replace
it with their tongue, which they blandly
claim to be a world language"
So long as the Japanese are forced to
address the peoples under them in Eng
lish in order to promot their war effort,
they will be admitting unwittingly their
inferiority to their. enemy and will make
themselves the objects of no little amuse-
ment among better English-speaking
fellow -Orientals.
English, being the language long used
as the exchange medium of ideas among
Far Eastern peoples, cannot be rooted
out suddenly by Japanese edict without
injuring Japanese efforts to consolidate
and make the most of conquered areas.
With the use of English permitted or
tolerated. the conquered Far Eastern
peoples remain culturally and spiritually
tied to Japan's enemies and will con-
tinue to read their English books. To
the japanese this probably is the lesser
evil They themselves will use English
while making grandiose plans of eradi-
eating this alien tongue and substituting
their intricate language, which they re-
gard with satisfaction as sort of
national secret CODE
Seek "RecOnstructiOn.s
The conquerors have ordered the
teaching of Japanese instead of English
in Philippine schools. The avowed OBJ
ject of the japanese in reopening Philip
pine schools under this condition is the
formation of a youthful generation
which will reconstruct the Philippines "
The conquerors have also ordered that
japanese and Tagalog, the prime native
tongue, shall be the only official Ian
in effect, that Tagalog, understood and
| spoken by about ne-fourth of the more
than 100000 people of the Philippines
| shall be the sole official language in those
| islands for some time because very few
| Filipinos had a smattering of japanese
| before Pearl Harbor. There were more
Japanese who spoke Tagalog than Fill
| pinos who spoke Japanese.
The Japanese know that their Ian
| guage is hard to learn and that even ii
| they succeeded in retaining the terri
| tories they nave grabbed from others il
would take them many years to sup
| plant English with their tongue. To
| continue getting manila hemp, chrome
| tin, rubber, oil and other products they
| need, the japanese are now forced to
use language not their own but un-
derstood by the majority of the lterate
| peoples under them, and this language
| is English. Despite their avoWed hat
red for English, it is the auxiliary tongue
of the majority of educated Japanese.
| Large numbers of Far Fasteners speak
English because of the long time In
f1uence of Great Britain and the United
States as political and commercial pow.
ers in Asia and in the Pacific. American.
and British have 80 long traded with