davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The southern news., 1942-07-04
ODELL WALLER
EXECUTED
THURSDAY

RICHMOND, VA July2 =
Without comment and apparently
resigned to his fate, Odell Waller,
25-year-old negro sharecropper
whose case ran the gamut of ap-
peals to the courts in an exhaus-
tive two-year legal fight, went
to his death in the electric chair
at the Va. peniteitary today for
the murder of Oscar Davis, his
white employer.
representatives of the Workers
Defense leageu. one of the cham
pions of the Negroes cause, said
they sought in vain for a hearing
before President Roosevelt on the
eve of the execution after Gov
ernor Colgate w. Darden, Jr., al
read had dednied pleas for COM
mutation of thE sentence and for
sixth reprie4
Waller was c4iled frJn his
death row cell, where ha had
| spent $50 days while his attors
neys fought for his life before the
| state and United States supreme
! courts, at S:35 a. m. (EWT)
Ten minutes later DR.. C. c.
Chewing, Jr, prison physician,
pronounced him dead
Waller shot and fatally wound
ed Davis July Is, 1910, at Davis
Southeside Virginia home place.
The shooting followed his en-
ployer's refusal to surrender his
share of a jointly tended wheat
frop, but state witnesses testi-
fled at the trial Davis has prom
ised to send Waller his wheat and
hand turned toward ris house in
response to a call for breakfast
when the Negro fired four shots,
, two of which struck Davis in the
! back.
The Workers Defense league
and other groups intervening in
his behalf circulated pamphlets
throughout the nation on the
case and appealed for defense
funds. Many prominent indi-
viduals, including Mrs. Roosevelt,
wrote or telegraphed the governor
prior to his final action. The
Workers Defense league said they
learned the president also COM
municated privately with Darden
in Walters behalf.
Defense counsel contended that
Walters trial before a jury of
poll taxpayers, when he was in
the class that did not pay such
taxes, denied him equal protection
of the laws, but Governor Dar-
Continued on back page)
The southern news., 1942-07-04

Some months ago a few interest
ed citizens of Brevard felt the
need of N. A. A. c. P. Branch
in their town. These interested
fed, headed by Mr.. Benjamin,
came to Asheville to seek the
necessary information to set up
a branch, from Mrs. ]. II. Mi
chael, president of the Asheville
Branch. AS a result, a mass meet
ing was called to find out how
the community felt towards hav-
ing such an organization in the
community. The response was an
unbelievable success. Thirtyfour
memberships were secured at that
time after such an inspirat.onal
talk on what the N. A. A. c. p.
Stood For" by Mrs. Michael. The
community went to work to Sc
cure the required members of $50
in order to get the charter. The
committee secured even more than
the requirements. so the N. A. A.
e. P. has won the hearts of an
The southern news., 1942-07-04
UNION BARS
N EGR OE S
FROM JOBS

NEW YORK - Although the
columbia Broadcasting System,
the National Broadcasting Com
pany and the Blue network are
now hiring Negro musicians for
regular jobs in their New York
stations, the American Federation
of Musicians lily-white locals in
key cities outside New York bar
Negro musicians from certain
jobs The NAACP learned this
week that the AIMS jim-crow
locals may be in violation of the
Presidents Executive order, 8S02,
banning discrimination in labor
unions.
Chicago local 10, for example,
is all-white, and has an exclusive
contract with radio stations there
to supply musicians for regular
Jobs. Negroes in the jim-crow
local are not called except for
fill-in work, the NAACP said.
The fight tn abolish separate
locals entered the first round
when this months issue of the
magazine Music and Rhythm,
edited by John Hammond, NAACP
board member, featured state
ments from topflight bandsmen of
both races who favor single To-
calls ls--------------
Among those who spoke out
are Glenn Miller, Jimmy Dorsey,
Claude Thornhill, Emery Deutsch,
Shep Fields, Woody Herman,
Count Basic, Abe Lyman, Hal
Mcintyre and zutty Singleton.
They declared that jim-crow
locals are not satisfactory and
are Improbable to Negro musici-
ans. Chief evils of the separate
system are unequal wage scales,
virtual shut-outs of Negro bands
from radio stations, theatres, and
high-paying spots over which
white locals have jurisdiction, and
a generally lower econornic stand
ara among musicians.
The AIM has $4,000 members
throughout the country, many of
whom are colored. Segregated To-
Gals are the rule in most large
cities, except New York.
James c. Retrillo, czar of the
AIM and president of the Chi
cago local. minimizes undesirable
effects of segregated units. In a
statement last week he said: I'm
some jurisdictions colored mu-
sicians have their own locals and
in other Jurisdictions they are part
and parcel of the local. 1t seems
that someone is barking up the
wrong tree, as the setup with ref
erence to colored and white mu-
sicians in the Federations always
has been open and amicable."
Typical of the opinions of band
leaders is that of Glenn Miller:
'Now when we are fighting Hit
CONTINUED on back pagel
The southern news., 1942-07-04
BROTHERHOOD OF
PORTERS TAKE LIFE
MEMBERSE IN NAACP

NEW YORK - Newest paid
in-full Life Member of the N. A.
A. C. P. is the Brotherhood of
Sleeping Car Porters which re-
Gently sent check for $500 to
the Association. The International
Executive Board Of the Brother
hood of Sleeping Car Porters vot-
ed at its session in Chicago, first
of the month. to take out the
Life Membership because of the
splendid work the Association is
doing for the advancement of the
Negro peoples"
The southern news., 1942-07-04
NAACP ASKS PRESIDENT
TO STRENGTHEN FEPC ON
IT'S FIRST ANNIVERSARY

WASHINGTON D. c. = Mark
ing the first anniversary of the
signing of the Executive Order,
SS02, the NAACP congratulated
President Roosevelt on the pro-
gress of the Fair Employment
Practice Committee and urged him
to continue to stand behind the
Committee, increas it's budget and
authority and permit it to cnncen-
trate on the enormous task you
have assigned it of exposing and
job discrimination in
private industry and government"
The southern news., 1942-07-04
FARMERS HELP
In DEFENSE

A sample of what Negro farm
ers are doing to help produce
food for the war is revealed in
reports from Agricultural Exten-
sion agents. They show that in
Washington Countp, Georgia,
alone, Sc Negro farmers have
gardens and chickens this year
who had neither in 1941; and II
have milk COWS who had none
a year ago.
On the surface that seems
small, and the average reader is
likely to say, 80 what?" But
multiply the progress made by
these &C farmers by 1000, the
approximate number of agricul1
tural counties in which there ard
Negro farm opera ors. and YOU
get some idea of what this seeml
ingly isolated case could mean tt
Negro farmers if they were all
going ahead at equal pace.
Aside from sheer abstract figA
ures. let's look in on one of thes
farm families which is having
garden, chickens and a COW TO
the first time. Let's see what
means to them.
Take the Joneses. Well, MI
Jones comes home about dusk
usual during peak planting, cult
waiting or harvesting time. He
had hard day as the perspir
alton on his overalls. as well aB
his mule shows He's tired and
he's hungry. Why he'd plow
two acres for good supper.
''But, no." he says to himself,
it'll be salt meat again--fat at
that-maybe some blackeyed peas
and hoecake."
The mule fed and watered Mr..
Jones trudges toward the kitchen
door. Suddenly his nose catches
a whiff of egg-cornbread and
fried chicken. And the mooing of
the COW reminds him that he has
his years mixed. His thin per-
Spring face runds into smile.
Why that was in AL when he
used to come home to fat meat
and cornbread. He had lived on
that diet so long that he kept
forgetting he had Joined the
Food for Freedom program.
Hurriedly he washes his hands
and face and heads for the kitch-
en- In a moment Mrs. Jones has
his supper on the table and he
and the children gather around
for wholesome well-balanced
meal. The chicken is simmered
low in nice, brown gravy; a slice
of homemade butter melts in the
rich, brown cornbread just out
of the oven There are string
beans, beets, carrots and lettuce
and tomato salad . . everything
except the rayonnaise right out
of his garden. And there is milk
to drink.
"R eckon I'm gonna keep on
growing Food-for-F Freedom" Mr..
Jones says half to himself.
There are hundreds of families
like the Jonses and they are not
limited to Georgia. In Alabama,
Mississippi and Texas, they are
growing peanuts to help meet the
Nations vegetable oil shortages;
in Florida the slogan is "a Vic
tory Garden at every farm home"
In North and South Carolina All
Club girls and boys are raising
pigs to help Uncle Sam with his
pork and lard needs.
These farmers know that by
raising their own fond they are
helping to make America strong
strong because they them
selves are stronger and healthier
by having a better diet, and
strong because their surpluses will
fCOntinrcd on hack pagel
The southern news., 1942-07-04

The above map of North Carolina shows the War
Bond quotas, by counties, for the month OF July,
1942. Total War Bond quota for the state is
$12, 900. With the National quota total placed
at billion dollars, the nation goes into high gear
in its support of the War financing and to give our
fighting forces adequate implements OF war which
VIII bring ultimate Victory. American Soldiers,
The southern news., 1942-07-04

Sailors Marines and Airmen are on every front,
They are giving 100 percent for their country.
What are we doing here on the home front? Are
we lending at least ten percent of income to help
them? It's very little. But to fight this war sue
cessfulIy our country needs a billion dollars in
War Bonds every month from uS-the People.
Let's Go, America. US Treasury DspGvtme"
The southern news., 1942-07-04

The names of S5 Negro selec-
tees it will send to the army
within the next fortnight were an
nounced yesterday by Local Draft
Board No. 4.
This brings to 126 the number
of Negroes seelcted for July in
duction. local Boards Nos. 1, 2
and already having announced
lists totaling 81.
names of four men who register
ed for the draft last February
men 20 and those 36 to A. One
of the four-John Henry Satter-
white, %, of IL Gray Street-vol-
unteered for immediate induction.
The other three are:
Clayton Marlborough, Az. of SO
Gudger street; Richard Louis Rob-
inson, Al, of Pine Tree road,
and Samuel Gilchrist, 21, of PA
Flint street. The average age of
the entire group is 29 years.
other selectees for July induc-
tion follow:
w lliloI1l I1cll l5Oll EollltI1l, 10t VI
116 Hill street, an under-age vol
unteer; Perry Jack Castle, %, of
247 Flint street; Willie Thomley,
80, of 81 Gay street; Willie Huff,
2S, of "a College street; Abram
Ruff, 26, of AZ Hildebrand street;
Paris Carlisle Prince, 81. of Buff
falo, N. Y; George Clinton Plum
er, 80, of 3S Gray street; Herbert
Andrew Chambers, %, of Stocks
vile; Eddie Douglas, 25, of 20
Hill street.
John Archibald Dusenbury, "a,
of 64 Hill street; Horace Rice,
28, of Colonial Heights; Demos
themes Clay Wells, 29, of Washing
ton, d. c.; Willie Hammond, 80,
of 10 Short street; Roman Jeffer-
son Elkins, 27, of Al Ocala street;
Robert Lee Leverette. %, of 72
Ridge street; George Marshall,
Jr., 2S, of AT Short street; Syl-
vester Earl, %, of so Gudger
street; Erwin Williams, 80. of SO
Stratford road.
Joel Rosemond, "a, OF 27a But
trick street; Dolphus Castle, %.
of PAT Flint street; William How
ard Feimster. 80, Of 16 Ocala
street; Clarence austin Moore, 81,
of III Cherry street; william Hay-
wood E'letcherf %. of Arden, r.
F. D. No. /; fLeotis Gist. %, of
s Morrow street: Make Lee Will
iafns,@ SO, of 16S Valley street:
Spencer David Kennedy. 27, of
S1o ashland avenue: Horace Ed
ward Maulden. 20. of % Jersey
street; Cleveland johnson, 25, of
Orangebarg, S. C.; Ray Hunter,
81, of Wilmington: L. EVEN Da-
Wis, %, of Knoxville, and Ma
poleon Thompson, 27, of West
Brownsville, Pa.
Hunter and Davis are being
transported to draft boards at
Wilmington and Knoxville, respec-
lively, for induction, while Thomp-
son was transferred here from
Pennsylvania.
The names of 73 Negro selec-
tees were announced this week by
Local Draft Boards Nos. and 2.
Boards 8 and also will send
groups of Negroes to an induc-
ton center this month, but their
lists had not been completed yes
terday.
Neither the destination nor the
exact date of departure of selec-
tee groups are made public by
the selective service, bu the July
quota of Buncombe Negroes will
leave within the next fortnight.
The men listed yesterday range
in age from 81 to 40. The selec-
tee of the latter age is in the
35-44 age group that registered
for the draft in February, and
volunteered to go now without
waiting to be called. The average
CONTINUED on back page)
The southern news., 1942-07-04
WAR DEPT. TAKES "STEPS"
IN JIM CROW OF NEGRO
SOLDIERS AT WALLA WALLA

WASHINGTON - Appropriate
steps have been taken in Walla
Walla, Washington, where Negro
soldiers of the 25th infantry reg
iment were barred from entering
20 places of public entertainment
and accommodation by order of
the officers of the regiment,
William H. Hastie, civilian aide
to the Secretary of War, told the
NAACP recently.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-03-11
B. Of {. Group
Maps Cleanup
Drive May liz

While the CITY was being
bombed with thousands ot leaflets
from 80 arpIanc>. thc Detroit
Board Off Commerce cleanup com
mittee and representatives Of
civic organizations met in the
Statler Hotel 10 confer on plans
IN preparation today for the an
nual Clean Up-tIN Up-Palnt Up
campaign
Originally planned for the days
between April y and May l., the
campaign VIII be staged at the
usual time May TO rs. because
IT VIII cooperate better with
civilian defense. The earlier date
was originally chosen 10 have the
campaign over before the most
favorable time for possible bomb
lng OF Detroit arrived
Slogan for the campaign will be
Cleanup for Defense and work
erN were urged to spread the
story Of Salvaglng for defense,
making things last with paint. and
cleanup for fire prevention which
could be caused by bombs, a. well
as the ordinary causes.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-03-11
Tdx-Seized Lots
For War Gardens
Time. stan Correspondent

LANSING, March ThouS.
andS of lots in Wayne, Oakland
and MaComb counties which re
vcrted TO the state for non-pay,
ment of taxes may be turned over
to the public for garden project!
if plan submitted by Auditor
Gen Vernon j. Brown is approved
10y the state land board tomor,
row.
I'm these counties there are
entire subdivisions which We
have withheld from the market
for the last 10 months" Brown
explained MANY are without
utilities and OF her improve
ments.
"Most OF these areas have not
been cultivated for years, but
consist III excellent iand for
gardening purposes. The soil Is
rich and unused. know the
land board will he willing 10
cooperate in such n venture"
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-03-11
MEET WITH LABOR

They then held meetings with
plant managers and union shop
stewards Offices were then c>rah-
hShcd al 122l Lafayette Building
Yesterday IN the Book-Cadlllac
Hotel 300 persons gathcrcd
pledged their and i'm a rou~ng
manner and set about making
concrete plans
out of the meeting grew three
committees. one 10 stage the
huge mass meeting another 10 ask
Irving Berlin 10 write a song
based on Il VIII DO Ny Best %
and the third 20 compose a creed
FOR tho organization
The song committee il composed
Of Leo Fitzpatrick. manager of
Station WJR John {. Manning.
managing editor of The Detroit
Times. Victor kalaH- eeneittt-ttt- uf
the Detroit Symphony Orchestra,
Alice Gorham Of the United De
troit ThcatorS. and II Allen
Campbell, general manager Of
M%YX.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-03-11

PLYMOUTH BUICK SALES
$40 Starkweather ST.
Plymouth, Mich.
KRAMER EBERTS, INC.
1925 W. Jefferson
River Rouge. Mich.
ROYAL OAK BUICK Co.
INC.
1915 Woodward Ave.
Royal Oak, Mich.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-03-11
New Wings
Woman Filler Becomes
Mother During Raid

+ While women members OF her
civil air patrol squadron took part
in the bombing of Detroit, Mrs
John s. Hammond of 20 Cam
bridge road, women'S squadron
leader. gave birth To daugh-
ter in Harper Hospital. Said Mrs.
Hammond:
~ hope she'll be good flier."
The young mother says she
hopes 10 be flying with her
Women'S squadron in a few weeks.
Appointed to the post a month
ago. Mrs. Hammond already has
organized Wayne County'S women
fiierS for the CAP.
Her husband, also a ilier. IS a
real estate man She IS the
daughter of DR.. Louis J. HirSch-
man. and has two other children.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-03-11
Red Cross Units Offer
To Furnish Barracks

Detroit and out-State chapters
Of the American Red Cross will
furnish 80 barracks clubrooms al
Fort Custer. Stanley ~ Muirhead
chairman of the executive com
mIttce of the Detroit chapter, sand
today.
The Red Cross agreed 10 fur
niSh the 80 sets Of room furnish
UCS a. the request Of the Army
and Navy Recreation League. an
organization Of Michigan citizens.
NulThcad SAID.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-03-11
Square Pegs
FurIone Urges Skilled Men
Put in Right Jobs
Times stan Correspondent

LANSING. March ". - After
finding telephone repair men en-
rolled IN the civilian defense Of
fort as emergency chaui1eurS,
Defense Administrator Harold A
Furlong warnsd all local councils
10 recruit help more carefully.
Employees of public utilities
who are engaged in necessary
repair work and maintenance
operations should participate in
those activities for which they
have already been trained i'm
their everyday jobs he said.
Trained men i'm vital commune
cations jobs should do the work
they are trained for"
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-03-11
Fugitive Detroiters
To Return 10 Prison

Deputy Warden y c. Petit Of
Jackson Prison today said he Is
sending officers 10 Lynn, Mass.
10 return Elmer r RoSeman Of
Detroit To Jackson Prison, from
which, hc escaped a year ago
RoSeman waived cXtradItion in
Lynn following his arrest there on
a charge Of forgery His mother
Mrs. Olga RoSeman of $3.50 Wen
dell avenue. Detroit told the Judge
She wanted her son back in Michl-
gan because ms father. Paul II
RoSeman had recently died
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-03-11
PATRIOTIC RALLIES

Out OF the movement leaders
hope VIII come the familiar mass
meetings and patriotic rallies Of
1917 and 1918.
Throughout the nation they
hope 10 spread the gospel Of
renewed love of country and the
need Of II rising as one man TO
strike the enemy and preserve its
doctrines of freedom ana justice.
They like many others, realize
that until every man, woman and
child in America says Il VIII DO
My Best America future has
MT -, ..,.,.,.,.,4
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-03-11
House of Correction
To Take Alcoholics

4 solution for the ovorcroWdcC
condition of EloI,c Hospital wa,
seen today as the Detroit House
OF Correction offered TO take over
chronic alcoholics.
Not only can we maintain a
better Stan with this added
duty" a. Blake GillieS. Superin-
iendent said. hut We believe
some Of the patients can be
rehabilitated
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-03-11

HAROLD DIETRICH
$500 Main St, Wayne. Mich,
AXIOM MOTOR SALES
24Oo Biddle ST., Wysndotte. Mich.
ANDREWS MOTOR SALES, INC.
1880 Grand River Ave.
Detroit, Mich.
TURNER MOTOR SALES
1927 &. Jefferson
Crosse Pointe Park, Mich.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-03-11
Road Expert May Be Hired

LANSING. March IL Robert
Moses. creator of the famed New
York State system Of parkway
roads. may be hired as a tempo
raiy expert 10 aud Michigan high
way officials in the design Of The
proposed >upcrhighWay linking
DrtIoI and the Ford Willow Run
bomber plant
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-03-11

HACQUOIL BUICK SALES
SpIl Grand River, Detroit, Mich,
HARLEY BUICK SALES
1882 Cass Ave, Detroit. Mich.
MOTOR CITY SALES CORP
S740 Mack Ave. Detroit. Mich.
KRAJENKE BUICK SALES
1920 Joseph Campsu Ave.
Hamtramok. Mich.
PHIEHS SALES CO.
1903 Macomb St, Mt. Clemens, Mic
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-03-11
E22Z22z3Zz:}z2z22z2ZZz3

SUMNER MOTOR SALES,
INC.
464 : Woodward Ave.
Birmiue ham. Mich.
RINKE MOTORS
2542O Van Dyke Ave-.
Center Line, Mich.
/ w. MOTOR SALES
l47OO Michigan Ave
Dearborn. Mich.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-03-11
Judge Hedly 10 Air
Charges 10 Auditors

Probate Judge u J. lIealy will
appear for hearing Friday before
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-03-11

the county board OF auditors rcla-
tive 10 his charges that the
countyS child-caring gencie S
have ignored court orders and
operated without adequate finan-
cIal control
Judge Healy has suggested that
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-03-11

In a frock that's cut as e1.
pertly as your best casual =.
Deep-throsied bodice closed
with two big white buttons
:. from waist down the but
tons hide under Fly!
Powder blue, raspberry or
aqua Chombrsy with white
WOVEN stripe. Washes
superblY.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-03-11

his court be given financial agencies
troll of the work which each encd with children placed
costs the homes boarding
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-03-11

Just icW days ago "A handful
- pc'ro.rcrs indignant AZ Amer
.fr apathy 10 The threat ar
Amcf.ya> freedom met and dis
.Leeoa Tho ErnundN ok
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-03-11

MCGUIRE MOTOR co
4O11 Fenkell Detroit, Mich.
CARSON AUTO SALES
] 5000 Hamilton Ave.
His HAND Park, Mich.
BUICK RETAIL STORE
Cass and Amsterdam
HUGH COREY MOTOR SAlEs
HISS Cratiot Ave.
Detroit, Mich.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-03-11
II viii DO Nv Best. E"

III .'.'.. d name lHe lloNtthcn
known only bI his >lopaD.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-03-11
CONSIDER THIS,
FOR EXAMPLE

There are no less than eiercn
steps called for in adjusting
Buick brakes for wear, all OF
eighteen steps for major brake
adjustment. Don't YOU think
you ought to 90 To men who
knOtc tchdf these oberafiOHS are,
and will be sure To- perform
them all right?
The Wrangell sentinel., 1942-04-10
WrangeIl Woman Back From Trip Coast To Coast

Although she had a wonderful time and saw all the sights worth seeing from border to border and coast to coast. Mrs Frank S. Barnes, WrangeIl insurance repre- sentative. expressed entire satisfae- ton at arriving home this week. where she could relax after five months of travel.
 Mrs. Barnes left Wrangell the latter part of October going to Port land With her parents. Mr. and Mrs. O. M. Hummer. she went to Chicago where Mr. Hummer was scheduled To receive special honors at the Saddle and sirloin Club, a national livestock mems organiza- tion Each year the Saddle and Sir lion Club selects q man whose out standing work in the livestock field merits special recognition. 4 DOT trait of AIr. Hummer was unveiled at the club building in Chicago on November 29 with ceremonies which included a large banquet. Be sides Mrs Barnes. another daughter
The Wrangell sentinel., 1942-04-10

the waters of the Maritime Con trol Areas unless under the super vision of the United States naval or other proper United States auth ority. except during daylight. when good visibility conditions prevail. and chen only after specific permis- sion has been obtained. Advance ar engagements for entry into or navi- gation through or within the said Areas must be made. preferably by application at a United States Naval District Headquarters in advance of sailing, or by radio or visual com munieation on approaching the sea ward limits Of the area. Vessels within the areas may expect close naval control of their movements and must be prepared to obey orders from either surface craft or aircraft which will be prominently identi- fled by display Of the Union Jack.