davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1942-07-19

all cuts Of beef at the maximum So
the board undertook the Job, as compli-
Gated task as the price controllers are
ilkely TO encounter, of defining maximum
prices for different cuts of beef.
Must Control Exports.
The board also set up the Wartime
Food Corp, Ltd, which has the authority
10 compel exporters to sell beef to It
rather than for export. This corporation
IS ouylng beef at export prices, in order
TO keep supplies at home, and reselline
1t at ceiling prices to the domestic whole
sale market. The loss incurred bv the
corporation represents a subsidy paid bv
the government to maintain supplies at
ceiling prices. The farmer can still sell
at export prices up to the United States
quota, but exporters are compelled to
divert exports to the corporation. To pre-
vent competition from the armed forces
upsettlng the market, they are now re-
qulred to buy at ceiling prices and NAV
ask the corporation to obtain suppl,e.
as long as shortage conditions prevail.
The beef situation has thus shown that
TO make price control work, the entire
supply and market situation, including
control OF exports. must also be brought
under rigid control American and
Canadian livestock prices have moved
into line since April and Nav. 20 that
When the third quarterly quota on live
STOCK shipments to the United States
opened on July 1. there was no rush of
exports to disorganize the supply situa-
tion here.
Evening star., 1942-07-19
CANADA WRESTLES WITH PRICE CONTROL
u S. Economy Has Close Relation to Dominion Ceiling

OTTAWA.-Canada Is beginning to
find that the job of holding down its
price ceiling depends in many important
respects on United States price move
ments. Canadian price movements in
June, just announced, reveal the first
substantial upward surge in the cost Of
living since the ceiling was established
last November. The increase is due to
two point jump in the food price index,
caused mainly by rise In the price Of
beef which in turn was caused by the
fact that United States importers of
Canadian beef drained off Canadian sup
plies during May.
A statement from the Wartime Prices
and Trade Board indicates that the stu
alton is under control The board has
ordered a 1-cent reduction in beef prices
starting July l3, but throughout Eastern
Canada serious shortage of beef sup
plies exists and there is no prospect of
it being overcome until supplies of grass
fed cattle come on the market later in
the summer. Meanwhile, beef is an i'm
portant factor in the Canadian living
standard and the consumer, especially in
Eastern Canada. is protesting loudly.
The Price Control Board holds out the
prospect that the cost of living will fall
again in August, because seasonal de-
clines In prices of meats and vegetables
are normally expected then
Autumn Decline Expected.
The boards statement said:
The present season is that in which
prices normally reach the high point of
the year. Recognizing this normal sea-
sonal variation in prices, the board has
permitted such things as beef, lamb and
potatoes to rise in price, but they will
decline again in the late summer and
autumn. In August or subsequent months
the cost of living will again decline as
meats and vegetables become more
plentiful and their prices follow their
normal seasonal curve"
Control of beef prices has been the
liveliest issue in recent parliamentary
discussion of price control policy and
the story of beef has shown up clearly
two main points about price control in
general: That once prices become dis
organized the only control that is ef-
fective is rigid regulation of supplies;
and that Canada can scarcely expect to
hold its ceiling unless the United States
controls its prices rigidly also.
Under the Canada United States
trade treaty of 1885, Canada is entitled
to export beef cattle to the United
States at the rate of 81 900 head each
quarter at duty rate of Ia cents
pound compared to the ordinary rate of
3 cents. When Canadian exporters
started filling the second quarterly
quota of 1912 in April the United States
cattle price was so high that the entire
quota moved quickly and cut sharply
into Canadian supplies and the Cana
dian price started rising sharply Live
stock prices are not controlled By the
Evening star., 1942-07-19

The study says that the Census Bu-
reau regards this last named group as
the more significant in measuring the
economic status of workers. presumably
because the "other income" item intro
duces many imponderables.
The average or median income of this
group was l,002 for males. $571 for fe-
males and 1888 for both sexes.
Broken down into income brackets the
divisions we're as follows:
Those receiving under $400 numbered
8,l56,400 (26 per cent of the entire
group, of whom 1897 $40 were males
and 3.458,760 were females OF the male
workers dependent entirely on wages or
salaries, 81 per cent were in this group,
and of the females. 3S2 per cent.
Those receiving between s40O and 500
numbered 10,117,380 1923 per cent of the
entire group. of whom 6,452,46O were
males and 3664,920 females. OF the
entire male workers dependent entirely
on wages or salaries. 28.9 per cent were
in this group, and of the female work.
ers, 40.5 per cent.
Those receiving from ST 900 to 1899
numbered 9,870,760 t314 per cent?, of
whom 1884 were males and lit, 300
females OF the male workers depend
ent entirely on wages and salaries. 365
per cent were in this group, and of the
female workers. 10 per cent.
Those receiving from $4,000 to S4,999
numbered 3,o6e,50Q (ss per cent?, of
whom 2,849 ,260 were males and 217,240
were females. OF the male workers de-
pendent entirely on wages and salaries,
1913 per cent we're in this group, and of
the female workers, 2.5 per cent.
Disproportion Shown.
Those receiving $1,000 or more num-
bered 196, ,480 (.6 per cent?, of whom 19O,-
l60 were males and $500 were females.
OF the male workers entirely dependent
on wages or salaries, g per cent were in
this group, and of the female workers,
L per cent
1t will be seen in the above income
bracket divisions that in the classes re-
ceiving less than ST 900, the women work.
ers accounted for 1873 per cent of their
own total while men In these categories
accounted for only 49.9 per cent Of the
Evening star., 1942-07-19
HitIer's Problem

Hitlers job of policing his conquered
territories becomes increasingly difficut.
So critical Is the situation in Yugoslavia
never wholly subdued-that an entire
Italian Army corps Is sent into the
Serbian mountains.
Hungary, supposedly, willing Axis ally,
is discouraged over losses in Russia and
becoming restive. Three hundred Hun
garian officers are arrested charged with
supplying arms and information to
Yugoslavian guerrillas.
France goes through the gesture of OBJ
serving Bastille Day, its national hoh-
day. There are rumors Of
Gestopo rioting, but all news is
Threots rig.dly censored. Two are
killed in Marseille street
parade. Gestapo agents were poured
into the country to prevent demonstra-
tions. The Gestapo director announced
from Paris that firing squads were ready
to execute fathers. grandfathers broth
ers and sons Of Frenchmen accused Of
Bastille Day sabotage.
The name ''Free French" for the gal
Evening star., 1942-07-19

male total. In other words, more than
three fourths of the women workers re-
ceived less than $1,000 This group Of
women, of course, included household
workers, many of whom received meals,
quarters and clothing from their en-
ployers. OF the men in this group, some
were farm laborers who received meals
and lodging as part of their wages.
Slightly over one-half of the males
received more than 81 900, but the great
bulk of these were in the 81 900 to 81 ,999
bracket.
An even greater disproportion between
men and women workers is shown in a
more detailed breakdown of persons re-
ceiving between $4,000 and $5,0O0 In the
$4,000 to $2,499 bracket, To of the males
were accounted for, but only is per cent
OF the females; in the 81, 500 to $4,000
bracket there were 81 per cent OF the
males, 5 per cent of the females; in the
$4,000 to So ,999 bracket, males, 23 fe-
males, a per cent, and in the $4,000 to
$4,000 bracket, males, 6 per cent, i per
cent.
Women Being Paid More.
Since 1899. wages and salaries have
been greatly increased, as has the num-
Der of workers Women workers are re-
ceiving higher pay and getting into the
higher brackets. Thus the picture today
is not as somber as it was two or three
years ago. But today's prosperity is based
OIL war industry and 1899 can be regarded
as normal pre-war year
Mr.. Nelson told the graduation class at
the University of Missouri that poverty
Is rot inevitable any more" The War
Production Board chairman noted that
"for the first time in the history of the
human race there can be enough of
everything to go around
Mr.. Nelson, Mr. Wallace and Mr.. Per-
kins are Just few of the leaders who
realize that as late as 1899 large groups
OF Americans could still be described by
President Roosevelt as "ill-fed, ill-clad
and ill-hopsed'
When the postwar reconverSlon comes,
the Census Bureau study will be valuable
to show what parts of the American pic
ture needs rearranging and touching up.
Evening star., 1942-07-19
The Indian Situation

India with it's teeming millions in the
center of the warning world presents the
most sinister development of the week,
the Russian situation alone excepted.
The Working Committee of the ALL
Congress party. under the leadership of
Mahatma Gandhi, demands for the Con-
gress states complete independence of
the British Empire. The alternative is a
new campaign of civil disobedience.
This is weapon not to be underesti-
mated, even in comparison to planes and
tanks.
Only after complete freedom has been
granted, Gandhi says, can there be any
discussion of cooperation with Britains
war effort. There can be no prior under
standings. England must take her
chances Nor can Gandhi guarantee
that civil disobedience will not degen-
crate into violence.
Indias spiritual leader is deaf to what
seems an unassailable argument to the
outside world - that
Unofroid such a campaign will
OF Joponese leave the doors of In
dia wide open to jap
anese invasion and the British rule at
its worst is far gentler than Japanese
Evening star., 1942-07-19
The Midway Battle

The weeks best war news for Ameri
cans was more than a month old and
tinged with sadness.
A japanese feet caught off Midway
Island had been defeated the Navy De-
partment announced, in one OF the
greatest naval victories in history. More
than Is enemy war ships and 275 planes
had been destroyed. Nearly 5000 of the
foe were killed.
The battle cost the United States one
destroyer. The airplane carrier York
town was put out of commission but not
sent to the bottom The number of
planes lost was not announced But 307
American sailors and flyers were killed.
The epic description of this battle is
sued by the Navy had been long awaited.
For weeks Washington had
Decisive been whispering great
Victory victory in the Pacific. 1t
will rank in history, say
some with the battle of Trafalgar which
sealed the eventual doom of Napoleon,
with the battle of Jutland which de-
modified the German feet in the last
war.
This was unique among naval battles
in that the opposing fleets never came
in sient of each other The struggle
ranged over hundreds Of square miles
of ocean and was fought by planes from
aircraft carriers and by blind firing
across the horizon from battleships
Japan lost four carriers. Three battle
ships were damaged, one seriously Two
heavy cruisers were sunk and three were
damaged, two seriously The foe had
numerical superiority in both planes
and men. American flyers performed
feats of undyng heroism. A marine
major dove his blazing plane into an
aircraft carriers smokestack
Up to the present the United States
has lost % ships to 12l for the japanese.
Some of those lost on both sides. it must
be admitted, were of no great conse-
quence.
The belated revelation of the facts
concerning the battle of Midway has
raised much speculation in Washington.
What was the japanese feet after? Per-
haps Midway Island, perhaps an attack
on Hawaii, perhaps on the West Coast
of the United States, was contemplated,
Evening star., 1942-07-19
Stokes
Continued From Page BID

out most OF its machines and installing
new ones for building military and naval
airframe sections.
J. M. Willis, general manager of the
Bethlehem-F Fairfield shipyard, near Bal
timore, and Charles C. West, president
of the Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co. of
Manitowoc, Wis., distinguished them
selves by declining to send biographical
material for these articles They declared
that credit should not go to individuals,
but to general staff work in their plants
Fairfield is the largest single builder
Of Liberty" ships, and is sending off the
cradles two of these emergency cargo
vessels every week.
At Manitowoc, in the record time of
26 months, the first of a number of long
range submarines was completed last
April on the Great Lakes, more than
1000 miles from salt water.
Evening star., 1942-07-19
AVERAGE INCOME STILL AT LOW LEVEL
Millions in u S. at Subsistence Figure

The idyllic picture Of American work
ers enjoying the highest standard OF
living in the world has been grinnly cor
rected bv study of the 1910 census,
which reveals that In 1889 the average
wage and salary income Of males was
1867. that of females, $40, and for both,
$500. The general American standard
of living may be the worlds highest, but
millions of workers are living at close to
bare subsistence levels
The humbling figures, based on re-
plies collected by census enumerators in
March, 1910. from 81 ,435,740 persons in
the labor force of 1892 420, are the most
comprehensive ever collected by gov
ernmental or private agency. They do
not include persons on WPA, NYA. CCC
and other emergency work. Heretofore
the nearest approach to accuracy on this
subject has been the Treasury Depart
ments compilation of statistics OF in
come, and even the income tax studies
presented a too rosy picture.
For instance, the Census Bureau in
uuiry discloses that only 356,000 persons,
or per cent of those reporting, received
wages or salaries of more than $4,000. OF
these. 1873, ,480 obtained all of their in
come from payments by employers. The
Treasury Departments Preliminary Sta
tistics of Income for 1899, covering the
same period as the Census Bureaus
study. showing that 674265 persons. or g
Der cent of the 7487,704 persons filing
taxable returns in that year had in
comes of $1,000 and over. The Treasury
Department group includes the 43 per-
sons who had incomes of more than
s1o0ooO0 that year
Significant for Future.
The differences between the absolute
figures and the percentages are &C
counted for by the fact that there were
five times as many persons receiving
wages and salaries as there we're paying
income taxes that year, and by the fact
that the 674 4265 income tax figure in
Guided many persons who received no
wages or salaries but derived all their
income from dividends, interests, profess
sional services, partnerships, annuitles,
rents, royalties and business profits.
Inc SlgnlllCdllCe VI tIle Ncliooo oo
reau figures is not apt to be overlooked
tv economists and Government officials
who are devising ways and means OF
reetng the postwar period when the
enormous war plants must be recon-
lorted TO meet civilian needs.
Influential officials like Vice President
Wallace, Milo Perkins ana Donald M.
Nelson and great research agencies such
as the Brookings Institution are plan
Ging for the time when Americas capac-
ity to produce will be matched by Amer
teas capacity to consume. The great
mass market for the reconverted plants,
according to these foresighted planners,
will be the lower paid American workers
who would buy mass produced goods,
Elch as automobiles, refrigerators, wash
Evening star., 1942-07-19
Morley
Continued From Page BID

cally. taking place OF campus. Their
activity these summer months is welding
them into their communities In a man.
ner which semi professional football.
fraternity dances and amateur dramatics
never accomplished. Whereas the coun-
try club aspect of the colleges has in
creasingly produced certain contempt
by town" for gown" the sacrifcial &C.
ceptance of a 12-month year, the volun-
tary elimination of academic privilege, is
now earning new community respect.
The many new services by the colleges
In the field OF adult education and good
citizenship serve to confirm this healthy
leveling of class and caste barriers.
Few people advocated acceleration as
means for welding the American college
into the American democracy from which
1t was tending to become detached. That
by-product outcome may, nevertheless,
prove the most valuable result of the
experiment.
Evening star., 1942-07-19
UNDER $4oo TO $1,000 TO $4,000 TO $4,000
$4oo 1899 $l9se $4,000 AND UP
26% 32.3% 314% 0.8% go

ing machines and other mechanical
products if they had the wherewithal
to satisfy their potential demands.
AS possible aid to these and other
planners the Census Bureau study
breaks down tens OF millions of wage
and salary workers into income groups.
1t shows that about one-fourth the work.
ers received more than l,400 year
generally regarded as the amount need
ed for most necessities and few COM
forts-while another fourth received less
than $400 a year. The remaining half
was between these two groups.
81 Million Wage Farmers.
The March, 1910. population census
included two questions applying to all
persons IA years old or over: % The
amount of money wage or salary income
received in 1889 and t2) whether $50 or
more of income was received from other
sources.
Persons receiving less than $1,000 were
asked to give the approximate amount
of wage or salary while those with in
comes above $4,000 were merely asked
for the record whether their income was
over that amount Wage or salary in
comes was defined as covering all money
received in compensation for work or
services performed as employees, includ-
ing commissions, tips, piece-rate pay
ments, bonuses and the like. The value
in money of income received in kind,
such as living quarters, meals and cloth
ing was excluded
Income other than wages or salaries
included money from roomers or board
ers business profits, professional fees,
receipts from sale OF farm products
interest, dividends, unemployment pay
ments, direct relief, oldage pensions,
annuities and regular contributions from
persons other than members of the i'm
mediate family.
To focus the picture more sharply, the
Census Bureau notes that of the 49,
322 400 persons covered by the study
$685. received "other income" With
this group eliminated, there remains
81 l.726S8O workers who were dependent
entirely on wages or salaries. OF these
%. .564 300 were males and 9.l62,5S0 were
females. OF this group, 81 l409,52 re-
ported on wage or salary income.
Evening star., 1942-07-19
Brown
Continued From Page BID

Greece and Crete, contrary to strong
advice from all his military and naval
experts The honor of Great Britain
Is involved" shouted the civilians
around the British Prime Minister when
they induced him to send thousands
OF unprepared and poorly equipped
British forces to their doom.
Hitler made no such mistakes. When
Mussolini was being thoroughly licked
by the Greeks in 1910 Hitler refused
to send single battalion across the
Adriatic, although there were already
$4,000 Nazi troops in Italy. These could
nave turned the tide and saved the
Fuehrers only ally In Europe. But
the time for such action was not ripe,
from the strategic point of view and
political considerations did not move
Hitler, who listened carefully to what
his generals said.
There has been strong feeling until
recently in Washington that we, too,
must open a second front in Europe in
order to help our Allies, who are in dire
need Of assistance. 1t is still possible
that in view of our previous commit
ments such an operation will be under
taken. but this viii be the last political
Evening star., 1942-07-19

liant Frenchmen outside their native land
who continue to fight Hitler gives way to
the more appropriate Fighting French"
President Roosevelt tries to ease
tense situation by proposing neutral
haven for the French warships interned
in Alexandria narbor Naturally the
British will move them or sink them
If the danger that they will fall into
Axis hands with a further advance of
German forces in Egypt becomes more
acute. Pierre Laval rejects the Presi-
dents friendly offer-~in fact, considers
it an insult to "a sovereign France"
This was one of the worst weeks in
the battle of the Atlantic. Fourteen
more ships went to the bottom From
one OF them. 372 crew members and pas
sengers were saved. The Axis made good
its boast. for one week at least, that it
is sinking ships faster than the United
States can build them at present The
score stands at 375 since Pearl Harbor.
The Navy has introduced conveys into
the Caribbean, Secretary Knox an
nounced. Later they will be extended
10 CIle NIuiI OF MeSlCu. LIE pI lGloIi Au-
miralty is hopeful that new measures
will lessen the sub peril. 1t is restricting
Americans IN their use of sugar coffee
and gas 1t is cutting down food sup
plies to a hungry Britain. 1t Is compli-
eating badly whatever plans may be
afoot for a western front in Europe.
The Royal Air Force had a busy week,
with daily bombing flights over France
and Germany. They bombed the rail-
road yards at Boulogne and went as far
afield as Danzg, 1900 miles from Lon
don. Friday they bombarded submarine
plants at Lubbock and shipyards at near
by Flensburg.
The British flyers seem to have adopt
ed new technique appearing over their
targets in late twilight. This is also
the technique of the submarine, The
attacker has the advantage of the deep
ening darkness to make his escape
The RAF has not been able to repeat
its mastery job at Cologne but some
indication of conditions there comes
from the fact that $4,000 Cologne refu-
gees have been taken to Paris-French-
men being summarily thrown out Of
their homes to make room for them.
Evening star., 1942-07-19

Gen. Rommel launched his latest at
tack early Thursday. Most of the tanks
of both sides are engaged in the struggle,
including some American built tanks in
the hands of the British. RAF planes,
and probably some American planes. are
supporting the British armored units.
For more than two weeks the Germans
and Italians have been stalled at Ell
Alamein after one of the most senSa-
tional victories of the war which carried
them over the border of Egypt. They
may now be stalking everything, military
experts speculate, to smash the British
lines and push on to the coveted Alex
andria Rommel has had time to rest
his troops and patch his tenuous supply
lines across the Libyan desert.
Heavy artillery duels are in progress
along the entire front. The heaviest
fighting at last reports was around a
ridge near El Alamein with the pictur-
esque name, Hill Of Jesus.
The Italians admitted Yesterday that
the British have broken through ROM
mels lines, but this is unconfirmed.