davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1942-12-20

comings and how much to the inability
OF the Nazis to supply Rommel with
what he needed is an interesting ques-
ton that records may answer after the
war.
Ell Aghiela is about 700 miles west of
FL Alamein, in Egypt, where Montgomery
began his drive against Rommel It is
about 700 miles east of Tripoli, the base
toward which Rommel is headed Rom
mels men were put to flight by Mont
gomery thrust at their northern flank at
Ell Braga, which is on the approaches to
the 40-mile deflle into Ell Aghiela. The
retreat from Ell Aghiela began at once.
Fleeing Axis forces were relentlessly pur-
sued on the ground and were harassed
from the air by an unprecedented num-
Der of Allied bombers.
Axis air activity was totally inef1ec-
tive in preventing these operations" the
British communique said.
Military observers in London and Cairo
were surprised at the weakness of the
Axis stand at Ell
Finch OFT Aghiela. The retreat
Lorqe Force ing forces, however,
at mpted skillful
rear-guard actions against the British.
On Wednesday the 9th Army made a
flanking sweep through the desert that
pinched off one of Rommel's divisions
and half his tanks in the Wadi Matratin
gulch. During the rest of the week the
Tripolitania operation of MONTGOMERY
had two phases-one, the main force
toward Tripoli; and two, the envelop-
ment OF this isolated contingent, which
put up the sort of fight formerly asso-
ciated with the Rommel name.
Before Rommel left Ell Aghiela his
strength was estimated at from $4,000
to $4,000 troops. The number of his
tanks was unknown. BY the weeks end
the pursuing forces OF Montgomery had
gone about 125 miles beyond Ell Aghiela.
Tripoli lies so close to Tunisia that the
Evening star., 1942-12-20
European Front

TIE clouds hung low over Europe
Thursday night, but the Raj bomber
command went into action over North
west Germany. The price was 18
bombers. Well to the east, the Russian
forces began to hammer out an advance
toward Smolensk, which Is about $50
miles west Of Moscow. The fighting in
this sector Of Russia is spread over q
wide region and the battleline Is irreg-
ular. The base points are the towns of
Rzhev and Vyazma, the railroad between
which the Reds have cut. Well to the
west Of Rzhev, not far from Latvia, the
Reds are almost at Veiki Luki. North
east Of Velih Luh Red column passed
the town Of Toropets. reached the area
Of Bely and continued on a route which,
II followed south. can only lead to Smo-
lensk. This was q key Russian point
captured by the Germans In the summer
Of 1941. when it still seemed not i'm
probable that the Germans could march
right up to Moscow.
The Toropets column, the Russian
communique said on Friday, routed
strong resistance-the 33rd German
Tank Regiment, the 216th Infantry
Regiment and the 18th Chasseurs Bat
talon. Another column is moving south
along the route marked by the railway
from Rzhev to Vyazma. Rzhev still be-
longs to the Germans, even though the
Reds are to the east of them and to the
south Of them. The position of Rzhev
and Its Nazi garrison is serious. With
the use OF the railroad from Vyazma or
Veliki Luki denied it, it relies on trucks
to bring in provisions. From Belly the
Reds can interfere with these trucks,
which carry food and ammunition.
In Southern Russia the Reds are still
trying to surround the Axis forces sur
rounding Stalingrad On Tuesday the
Germans seized the offensive tempo
rarily southwest of Stalingrad, but they
were soon checked. The main battle
point now in the great Stalingrad oper-
alton is Kotelnikovski, which is on the
Caucasus rail line 80 miles southwest of
Stalingrad. This town is known also as
Verkhne-Kumsky. Deep mine fields and
a large German force has been protect
ing this town. The Moscow communique
said the advancing Russians destroyed
so German tanks there and pushed back
a superior Nazi force, but apparently the
Axis still holds the town.
Evening star., 1942-12-20

requisite limitation OF armament and
thus further facilitate the task of keep
ing order. The League Of Nations proved
that preparation for aggression cannot
be stopped by an international debating
society composed Of paciflst govern
ments.
7. Equipped for prompt and effective
action, this association would be for
midable enough to deter any potential
acgressor. BY this time it may be con-
fidently expected that neither the public
nor governments would forget that force
mus. be unhesitatingly met by force. If
this association accepted its first chal-
lenge, it would not likely be challenged
again.
8. The plan would provide an inter-
nally consistent and reasonably adequate
method of employing collective power for
the prevention of war In the interna-
tional sphere only collective authority
can be permitted to use force. The idea
would be to eliminate a threat of war
at the outset in the way a fire depart
ment puts out fire. The proposal would
not exclude economic and financial sane
tions but holds that they cannot super
sede or even precede the employment of
armed force.
9. The role to be played by the great
powers would contribute strength and
decisiveress while respecting the prin-
ciples of democracy SO far as those prin-
ciplcs can be applied to an international
system.
Against the Association.
!. For maintaining the peace, the pro-
posed organization would actually be no
stronger" than the League OF Nations,
which had adequate power at its dis
posal. The League had military pre-
ponderance and the Covenant did not
prohibit the mobilization of an interna-
tional force.
2. Problems Of an International force
are political as well as technical. The as
sociation would be another framework
for backstage bargaining. balances of
power and imperialisms. There would be
a definite risk that its military functions
NJ sat be manipulated in the interest OF
scme dictatorial power like Germany or
Japan CT combination of such powers.
3. S-lould the Council be composed of
tie United State-. Great Britain. Ger
many Russia, France, Italy, China and
Japan, four Axis nations, France, Ger
many, Italy and Japan, could produce
tie vote. If Russia joined this group, the
United States. Great Britain and China
would be in the minority. and II then
Japan should pick tight with the
United States, our position. with the
united forces Of most Of the world
Evening star., 1942-12-20

Alto europe When the African cam
paign Is settled. Europe, not Africa.
holds the key to victory. There is
no reason for thinking that the issue
IN Europe will be soon decided, al
though the Russians last week bat
tered the Nazis in an advance toward
Smolensk.
On the other side of the world the
Australian and American soldiers fight
Ing under Gen. Douglas Macarthur in
Papua showed complete disregard for
the attitude of Hirohito the god-empercr
OF Japan, who sent the forces defend
Ing the Papuan beach of Buna heaven
ly message directing them to hold their
positions. Despite a moderate success
IN reinforcing Papua from the sea, the
Japs are on their last legs there and
Papua will belong to the Allies. On New
Georgia Island in the Solomons the Japs
were busy trying to build new airfield
from which to bomb Guadalcanal. This
Is the latest ecpisode in the long story
OF the Japs' vain determination to shove
US out OF the Solomons. For six DAYS
running, Flying Fortresses bombed New
Georgia. The expectation of real ac-
ton against Japan in Burma is general.
Evening star., 1942-12-20
Brown
Continued From Page BID

mand. which does not want to announce
an outright defeat to the people at home,
whom they have been feeding victories at
the rate of about one month since De-
cember 7, 1941. 1t can be said, however,
that our position in the Southwest Pa
cific is so strong now that Admiral VIII
liam F. Halsey, jr is hoping that tho
Japs return In force soon.
1t is, of course, impossible to say what
plans have been made for the future.
They naturally are military secret.
But there is feeling among many
Washington observers that something
is being prepared which will not be par
ticularly pleasant for the japanese. and
that it may come long before the armies
OF 1t. Gen. Dwight Eisenhower begin to
elbow their way toward the northern
shore of the Mediterranean.
Change in Air Supremacy.
Losses suffered by the Japs in engage
ments with the rejuvenated American
naval and air forces since the Battle of
Midway have been such that they can
boast no longer Of air or naval suprem-
acy.
1t Is difficult to ascertain exactly how
many enemy aircraft carriers previously
were put out OF commission or actually
sunk, but 1t is obvious that the Japs'
carrier force was so depleted that they
did not use it in the recent Solomons
fighting.
The same can be said about Nippons
cruiser force, which suffered extensive
damage. So did we suffer heavily, for
that matter. But while our shipbuild-
ing and repair facilities are enormous,
those of the Japs are limited Sub
stantial number OF our men O. war have
been replaced by new ships recently
commissioned. And repair work on DAM
aged vessels is being done with unbe-
lievable speed. Despite the fact that We
are engaged in war on several seas We
are able not only to send requirements.
but to send reinforcements as well, to
the Pacific forces under the supreme
command of Admiral Chester w. Nimitz.
The time may not be far distant when
American offensive actions are started in
areas which at present are controlled
exclusively by the Japanese.
The Pacific is huge area which can.
not he covcred by the Japs with ease.
There are several vulnerable points in
the enemy arnc--Nev Britain Is;a-d,
With is principal base at Rabaul the
Tru,. sage in the mantated islands, end
the eTt!re area in the Western Pacific
from the AraflIra and Timor Seas tn tf,a
China Sea. Our forces are being
strengthened to such point that :, .
change from the present offensive de
fensive operations to an actual offensive
may be matter Of only few months.
The tide is turning faster than our
military and naval experts dared hope
for only few months ago.
Evening star., 1942-12-20

uatinr from their schools IN Texas, but
his words were meant for Toxic: "Yes.
We are coming" he said. He referred
to Japanese announcements to their own
people that they could expect more Al
lied air attacks on the islands before the
war is done. I'VE won't stop with one
visit" Gen. Arnold said. I'VE will return
again and again. We have secret
weapon or two up our aerial sleeve
The question Of when this will be done
is unanswerable. Today we are fight
ing on the fringes of Japan's empire,
far from Japan. The retention of those
fringes is a desperate desire Of Japan.
Papua is one fringe. There the Japanese
control now only Buna and two small
bits of beach. although . few months
ago they held most of the region. A
Jap artilleryman captured at Papua last
week disclosed this story In evidence Of
the Jap distasts for leaving Buna:
The Emperor Hirohito on November
28 sent an order to Gen. TAmatore Hori.
in command Of the Buna defense. that
his soldiers should hold their beachhead
to the last man.
That means the Buna beach will be
bloody, because the Australians and
Americans attacking it have 1t almost
in their grasp. Allied
Suns Roor planes shake 1t from
Over Buno above. Big guns roar
at it from the coconut
groves. Early in the week the Allies en-
tered the village of Buna, where the
Japs established themselves around the
mission house.
In order to take the pressure OF Buna,
the Japs sent an expedition by boat to
two points north Of Buna-to the mouth
of the Kumusi River, 20 miles away and
to the mouth Of the Mambare River, 40
miles away. These troops were brought
from one Of the bases within the area
around Papua, north and west OF which
the Japs are strong. They came In
barges protected by naval convoy. which
the Allies, lacking ships in that region.
attacked from the air with Liberators
and Flying Fortresses augmented. by
Havocs, Airocobras and Australian Beau-
fighters. The Japs tried to halt the
bombers with fighters in vain. The
landing barges were disabled, some Of
them sunk. But Jap soldiers, although
some of them had to swim with full
packs in water covered with burning
oil, managed to get ashore.
In general the Japs are quiet. What
does it mean? All week the American
Air Forces in the South Pacifc-Navy
and Army bombers-pounded at the
air base which the Japs are trying to
build at Munda on the island Of New
Georgia, $50 miles north Of the island
Of Guadalcanal, where the Americans
are intrenched. You can be sure Japan
intends to do more with this winter
than build an airfield in the Solomons
or land few troops In Papua
Evening star., 1942-12-20
Americas Fifty-Fourth Week of War
(172d Week of World War IU
By Blair BoHes.

Gen Bernard Montgomery
ooSef e Gay when the expulsion of all
accomplished and the Nazs Italians Mede
Europe which
Montgomeys men curred after the Korps
Oh the road to Irpo the African
years ago Bento Musson bong empire greatness
NuSsohn troops in Rome ay splinter Trpo seems
70 NC soon IN British hands The full
against the Axis as the
ram sl lmnoolzes the
Soutn OF Medjez e Bah
6ehnd the Tunsian quiet it is probable
Evening star., 1942-12-20

two African operations could merge into
one II Rommel continues to retreat after
he reaches Tripoli.
On the Mediterranean British sub
marines sent to the bottom four enemy
supply ships on their way to Tunisia.
From the skies the 18th American
Air Force and the RAF struck at the
Tunisian points of Tunis, Bizerte, Gabes,
Sousse and Sfax. American Flying
Fortresses and Billy Mitchell bombers
were the core Of these assaults. which
were carried out with vigor and scope
that indicated the Allies are gaining
the superiority in the air over Tunisia
that is essential prelude to success
on the ground While the rains came
the Axis tried to turn the Allied flank
Evening star., 1942-12-20
Continued From Page BID

latter would be empowered to license
the manufacture of and trade in arms,
munitions and military supplies In
addition, the council would have the
right to make inspections and arrests.
War as an instrument of national policy
would be prohibited
This association would rest on a con-
tractual rather than a constitutional
basis, but its establishment might require
the amendment of some national con-
stitutions, including our own It is not
proposed to discard all provisions of the
League Covenant. Most of them, with
some revision, could be included in the
new pact
Mr.. Millspaugh gives the nine principal
arguments of the advocates of such an
association and eight principal argu-
ments against 1t. These can be sum-
married as follows:
For the Association,
l. This proposed organization would
be much tighter and rest on clearer con-
tractual obligations than the League of
Nations.
z. 1t would recognize the essential role
OF force in the preservation of peace and
would limit national sovereignty to the
greatest extent now practicable 1t would
Intentionally fall short of world state
or super-government.
3. The idea of an international mill
tary ct"2nizatien has received many
reputable ndorsments-Presiden Theo-
dore Roosevelt and Taft were American
advocates as far back as 1910.
4. There are precedents for an inter-
national police force-by coalitions in the
Napoleonic wars, in China during the
Boxer rebellion and in the armies of
occupation Of the First World War. The
United States, Great Britain, Russia
and China could reduce their own arma-
ments; France, Germany, Italy and
Japan could later be admitted into this
arrangement, thus opening the way for
the smooth evolution of a really effective
international association.
D. IhlS association would have better
means that the League to represent and
create public opinion. Popular election
CT assembly members is not practicable
but election by national legislatures
would bring the assembly closer to the
PARTIES and pressure groups of the vari-
o"s nations. The assembly would be less
p!omatic and more popular
s. BY discarding the principles of
equality and unanimity and making the
assembly more representative, better
chance would be offered for international
legislation, for rounding out the legal
order and for peaceful change. Compul-
sorry judicial settlement of disputes and
an effective executive department. fol-
lowing an armistice dictated by nations
opposed to militarism, would insure the
Evening star., 1942-12-20

to support many other afflliated unions
who have not yet gotten on their own
financial feet.
The we'll established unions are hoard
inS t>:c.r dough against rainy O.. TIE
miners had more than three million dol
lars in their treasury yet boosted their
dues at the Oc.cber convention.
Union leaders are apprerensive of a
postwar reaction, another open-shop
drive. After the last war, beginning
with 1920, the membership of AFL unions
nose-dived. From high of 4,O78, TAO it
went to 2,l26,7o6 in 1898. What such
plunge represents in lowering of wages
and standards generally is what labor
chiefs fear. They are building against
that day.
Evening star., 1942-12-20
US. and Japan Seek to Woo Islam
African Invasion Strengthens Americas Hands in
Effort to Win Support of Millions

not done so with Japan. Japan's rela-
tions with Afghanistan, Iraq. Persia and
Turkey, other Moslem countries, remain
friendly. However, recent events indi-
cate that the United States is more likely
to win over the Moslems in these coun-
tries than Japan and her Axis partners.
Probably one of the most far-reaching
results of the presence Of American
armed forces in North Africa is its effect
on the Moslems in Africa and in India.
an effect most favorable to the United
Nations cause.
Evening star., 1942-12-20
Labor and Government BARGAIN
Unions Growing Stronger Under War Conditions
Despite Manpower and Draft Law Curbs
By joseph A. Lotus,
Associated Press Writer.

The growth and strengthening of labor
unions under restrictions is one of the
paradoxes of the war.
Unlonisms capital weapon, the strike,
and its feature attraction, the wage raise,
have been laid aside for the duration,
generally speaking. New closed-siop
contracts are achievsble only where the
employer is willing. Workers freedom to
change jobs at will has been restricted
in some degree by manpower and selec-
tive service regulations
Superflcially, it looks as though collec-
tive bargaining had been abolished and
unions rendered impotent.
Unions Bigger and Richer.
But instead unions are bigger and
richer Their peacetime functions mere
ly have been modified The scope of COL
lective bargaining with management has
been narrowed on the wage ISSUE to be
sure, but while this was happening, labor
was bargaining with Government and
continues to bargain, on a scale greater
than ever before
There has been a shift of emphasis:
be asked: Has the Government really
moved into the labor picture? Or has
labor moved into the Government?
Take the strike restriction. 1t was not
actually imposed by the Government.
The self-imposit:on was dictated, it is
true, by public policy, public opinion
and motives of patriotism and self
PyJt t1,n nJy,f Lob
leaders avoided statutory compulsion and
drove a bargain. When labor and busi-
ness pledged no strikes and no lock-
OUTS" the President created the War
Labor Board and gave both sides voice
and vote in it. In that case, labor as
well as business moved into the Govern
ment.
Wage Freeze Avoided.
Labor accepted wage stabilization, too,
before there was anything on the statute
books. There was some yelling and
sputtering when the policy was being
promulgated, but it is doubtful now
whether labor leaders would want to take
responsibility for sn Unrestricted race
between wages and Living cc5ts.
BY accepting the restrictions, they have
avoided the wage freeze" demanded by
extremists in Congress. The way is left
open for application of a flexible policy
to remedy gross injustices, and labor has
a part in the policy making. 1t is bar
gaining, in effect, with management and
Government on the WLB.
How we'll has this worked? As to
strikes, the record is imperfect time
lost in October was one-twentieth of l
per cent of the time worked. But labor
leaders ask whether law would do as
well and maintain morale and produc-
ton, too.
The voting record of the WLB (com-
piled as Of November I'D showed that in
626 per cent of the cases the board was
unanimous. In 22.8 per cent Of the cases
all or some of the industry members
disagreed with the decision. In rs per
cent of the cases the labor members dis
sented. In IL per cent of the cases
there were mixed dissents.
Keep Tab on Agencies.
Labor unions have made it their func-
ton, also, to keep tabs on the other Gov
eminent agencies. Their influence was
seen in the extension Of price ceilings to
agricultural products last October: in the
deferment, or demise, of legislation
sreating rigid manpower controls and
Evening star., 1942-12-20
below Medjez ell Bah but without

@0H0" |'1eS1Jo" q 1oO Ouo "1V1IOUU
success.
BY the weeks end Axis forces were
falling away from Medjez ell Bah, which
lies on highway junction at the gate
way both to Tunis and Bizerte. The
rains diminished, and hopes that the
mud would dry up became reasonable.
The Morocco radio, which is not always
reliable, stated that Allied air superiority
is fact. French forces responsible to
Gen. Henri Giraud and Admiral Jean
Darlan captured point near Pont du
Fahs, which is southeast of Medjez ell
Bah and is IS miles below Tunis.
The Allied prospects for the post
Africa phase of the war were frightened
by an announcement from Admiral
Evening star., 1942-12-20
11Ia33(s2:513Hz:27:I I1Il7sE711Y3Ey

HERE are three sossways inte the key triangle
Of Tvnisia toward which mountains and sveamps
channel oil Allied ostoeks. While ss Allies wait
ing for their cir forces to vp, the Axis had time
to borreods these passages. Growing frontlins cir
power now permits the Allies to better these fnaI
barrsrs 10 on Axis.frss Northwest Africa.
Evening star., 1942-12-20
Pacific Front

Beware, Japan.
This was the warning given last week
by It. Gen. Henry H. Arnold, chief of
the United States Army Air Forces. He
spoke to American Army airmen grad
Evening star., 1942-12-20
ct Axis Forces From Nearer as British 9Th Armv Rushes Aeod

led by Gen. Charles de Gaulle are still
skeptical Of the value Of cooperation
with Darlan.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1942-11-03

offensive action mentioned since was a bomber attack on Thursday, but the bombers were forced to jettison their loads in the ocean and no damage was caused.
 News Is Better
 Naval observers said 1t was too early to appraise the situation op- timistically. But the fact remained that the news from Guadalcanal this week was the best to come from that battle-ground since early in Oc- tober.
 Naval officials warned against at- taching too much importance yet to the American land offensive on Guadalcanal. They said 1t was purely local in character, apparently aimed at driving the enemy from salient that was close to and threat ened the western limits of the vital airfield.
 They believed, however, that 1t could develop into a major opera tion and there was a feeling in naval circles that a drive to smash or oust the major enemy troop concentra- tions on the island might be in the making.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1942-11-03
"Forget-Me-Not Week" Mayor Scully Issues Proclamation Calling for Citywide Observance in Memory of World
 War Veterans - Little Flowers of
 Remembrance to Be Worn.
Remembrance to Be Worn.

can Veterans and calls to mind the sacrifice of many of our Vet erans who went down into the valley of the shadow of death and who still carry the constant re- minders of their heroic action. In grateful recognition of the sacrifices of their comrades, the Disabled American Veterans an- nually raise funds to alleviate their distress.
 NOW, THEREFORE, I, Vincent A. Scully, Mayor of the City of Waterbury, Connecticut, do here by designate the week commence ing November 2nd, 1922, as FOR GET-ME-NOT WEEK and com mend this patriotic work to the people of Waterbury and urge that they assist in the work of the Disabled American War Vet erans by purchasing Forget-Me- Nots. Dated at Waterbury, Con- necticut. this 3rd day of Novem- Der, l942.
 Victory House" will be the headquarters for the campaign until Armistice Day.
 VINCENT A. SCULLY
 Mayor.