davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1942-09-06
British Flyers Have
Second Sioht'

The German flying officer who said
his British opponent was gifted with
second sight probably didn't know about
the synoptophore. That ingenious in
strument is used in the RAF to train
eye muscles to perfect balance so that
pilot can judge height and distance
accurately. Because of the synoptophore.
minor visual defects which once might
have barred an otherwise excellent re-
cruit from becoming full-fedged pilot.
can be discovered and corrected.
Br1tain's Air Ministry EMPLOYS 30
Mighty specialized orthoptists to travel to
different RAF stations testing "nying
eyes" If an airman develops a souint
after a bombing trip to Germany. the
orthoptists will cure him. With a few
eye exercises they can perfect the vision
OF man whose eye balance has been
disturbed by some civilian occupation.
One Raj training wing in London
has staff of nine women orthoptists
who know every little trick of eyesieht
from years OF training and experience in
hospitals. Their job is to give special
vision tests. It's important work. for ON
1t can depend the result of an aerial
dogfight
Evening star., 1942-09-06
Brighter Picture Stongrod War

Under a steady pounding from the
air and on the land, powerful enemy
armored forces withdrew at the weeks
end from the Ruweisat- -Himeimat sector,
where they apparently were making
preparations to turn the British left
flank and to take the Himeimat peak
for observation purposes. The aerial
bombardment by the Allies on Thursday
exceeded anything yet known in the
African war, but on Friday the Allies
exceeded Thursday. Since the start Of
the war, communique issued in Cairo
said, the Axis has lost 1882 planes over
Africa and the Allies 1903. <y
The German press gave little attention
to Egypt, and there were other reasons,
for the time being at least, to suppose
that Rommel, in his Smile advance, was
only putting out feeler Brig. Gen.
H. S. Sewell. the reliable military COM
mentator for the British Information
Services, had this to say about the news
from Egypt.
The operations up to date have not
followed the customary model of the
blitz attack. but 1t seems possible that
they are preliminary moves in prepara-
ton for such attack. Rommel appears
to have got his tanks forward and be-
hind the armored screen, and he may be
preparing a corridor which ne can de-
fend with artillery while the engineers
improve the lines of approach from the
rear"
Four German divisions are said to
form the spearhead of the German,
preparations for action-the 18th and
21st Armored Divisions of 1900 men
and 200 tanks each, the Goth Light Mo-
torized division of $4,000 men and the
164th Infantry Division of 1900 men.
To these are added parachute troops
that went to North Africa with the l64th
Division and eight Italian divisions
the Ariete and Littorio armored divisions
OF 5000 men and $50 tanks each and
six infantry divisions of 10000 men each.
This provides the Axis with more than
10000 men.
Evening star., 1942-09-06
Russian Front

In the Caucasus the Axis pressed for
the capture of Novorossisk. Soviet Black
Sea base. But the main effort of Field
mander in Southeastern Russia, was
aimed at the Volga. His attack. on
Stalingrad was organized
Main Effort in great pincers, squeez-
oxvoIn. ing toward the city from
the northwest and the
southwest The fact that hundreds of
miles north, where the Volga bends west
ward above Moscow, the Red Army drove
into German-held Rzveh, in no way
weakened the Won Book offensive.
All week the Russians, showing again
the courage they had showed at Odessa,
Sevastopol and other places. held the
German advance to snail's crawl. On
Wednesday Won Book cracked the de-
fenses southwest of the city by putting
two fresh divisions into the battle and
throwing fleets, of tanks against the
Russians: A vigorous Ned counterattack
northwest of Stalingrad wiped out Ger
man wedge that was forcing the Defend
erS Dack 10 the lines OF Cne City 1OIilil-
cations: !, I.
Won Book drove against the city with a
series of wedge operations aimed from
the southwest. He was relying in this
fight on Is picked divisions, and German
supply officials were making available to
him the, necessary tanks. On Friday the
German high command in Berlin an
nounced the Nazi troops were in ,Stalin-
grads suburbs.
Evening star., 1942-09-06
Schools
Continued From Page B-1.)

is for technically trained men-men who
know mathematics, astronomy for navi-
cation, meteorology, radio and global
geography, men who can operate and
repair trucks, jeeps, tanks and airplanes.
If the educators needed a spur, it was
supplied during the Conference at
American University. The point was
made for their benefit that America
must fight its way out of this war; it
cannot buy or produce its way to victory.
1t was significant that at the exact
moment the educational forces were lay
ing the groundwork for more active par
ticipation in the war, former Ambassa-
dor Joseph G. Grew was telling America
how the, Japanese would carry On the
war until utterly destroyed, and German
armies were relentlessly pressing the
Russians back in the Caucasus.
1t must have cost Commissioner
Studebaker mental pain to say, as he
did say to the assembled pedagogues,
that "the ivory tower detachment of
many liberal arts students and faculty
members In a world-shattering war is
truly amazing"
Nor was it comforting to educators to
hear an ex-colleague, OCD Director
James M. Lands remark he had seen
some professors turn from public
speaking and political science to public
sleeping and political silence"
Educators Respond.
But when the full impact of the war
and the necessity for abandoning educa-
tion-as-usual was vividly etched into
their pre-conference attitudes, the edu-
Gators responded with enthusiasm to
patriotic urging. Their position was that
the Governments wishes had not previ-
ously been made known with clarity, nor
had the question of financial support
been determined.
1t Is only fair to record that educators
drew sharp line of cleavage between
willingness and ability to do the job re-
quired by Government in wartime. In
stitutions supported by endowments and
gifts are finding their sources of income
being dried up, due to heavier Federal
taxes. Student fees alone are insult
ficient to run the mental plants Hence
3iloiAs CAioAcoiiS4o vi WOIuS WcIG dlT6Q OH
the subject of greater Federal aid to
education for wartime purposes.
A minority opinion was that larger
financial support in wartime would lead
to Government control of educational
institutions when peace is won. The
majority opinion held that Government
must subsidize students being trained
for war tasks, just as England and Can
| ada have done.
The Army and Navy were mildly criti-
cized for not using their influence with
| members of Congress to secure larger
| Federal aid for schools, especially in
| view of Governments urgent request
| that institutions conduct pre-induction
courses and send them men equipped
! for specialist jobs.
| An eminent teacher associated with
| Georgetown University lamented that
Government is discarding the lessons
learned in the last war. He said that
Lord Acton's phrase, History is not a
burden to the memory but is an i1lumi-
nation OF the SOUL" applies to those in
authority who neglect the teachings of
| history and human experience.
Evening star., 1942-09-06

equipment to Brazil will mean thu
United States Immediately can recall
naval forces now employed in the South
Atlantic. Protecting the South Atlantic
Will then become one of Brazil's tasks.
Meanwhile, Brazil will complete mobil-
lzatlon OF its forces, garrison strategic
points, guard against enemy landings
and eliminate fifth columnists. At the
same time steps should be taken to make
the mouth of the Amazon impregnable
to attack.
Ihls aid from the United States would
assure Brazifs position respecting
French Guiana. To compensate the
United States, Brazil would take over re-
sponsibility for guarding and patrolline
an extensive region of the Caribbean
area. enabling the United States to
withdraw forces for operation in other
theaters of war.
Initial help to Brazil in this respect
would pay fabulous returns, for Brazils
war potential is great. She is, I be-
lieve. the best possible capital investment
by which the Allies can assure them
selves final victory.
The Brazilian citizen is intelligent and
understanding, and realizes that the
decisive moment in the destiny of the
nation has arrived. The population
unanimously approved the declaration of
war against the Axis. 1t understands
that vigorous action is necessary to de-
stroy the gangsters who are trying to
destroy the world. The Brazilian people
are resolved to avenge their honor.
Thousands of volunteers are reporting
for military service, and the government
is taking steps necessary to place the ma
tiOn on a war footing
Evening star., 1942-09-06
By Col. Lysias A. Rodrignes.

which is a logical base from which to
launch attacks in the sea.
To the north lies French Guiana,
which still presents menace to Brazil.
1t may be opportune to recall that Bra
lillian troops marched victoriously
through the streets of Cayenne in 1916.
Brazil then was unable to maintain it's
advantage. But after more than GEN.
tury we are confronted again with the
need Of controlling the whole Amazon
basin. All military experts recognize
such control as vitally necessary to
Brazil.
Now the dominance of the Amazon
basin is more important than ever for if
is indispensable to both the United
States and to Brazil that the most
direct line Of communication between
the nations be preserved.
AT the beginning, Brazil Is unable tn
act as vigorously as 1t might wish be-
cause reserves and equipment are insult
ficient. But, now that war has been de-
clared, 1t is only necessary that the
United States and Brazil cooperate
fully.
The first step in such cooperation
the establishment of coastal and aerial
patrols-already has been taken.
Now it is essential that the maximum
number OF planes, ships, destroyers, tor
pedoboats, etc., be provided by the United
States for the prompt determination of
submarine raiders in the South Atlantic.
To make such an operation effective 1t is
essential, in the first phase of action,
for the United States to provide Brazil
with about 100 torpedo launches, Is de-
stroyers and 300 bombing planes.
The delivery of such quantity of war
Evening star., 1942-09-06
-FOUR R-PIPERS' STILL ARE SCOURGE OF U-BOATS
World War Destroyer Used for Convoy Work in Atlantic

NEW YORK-Hats off to the -four
piper" that much maligned product of
World War days; it's saving considerable
face for the United States.
How are these old calliopes," asked
It. Comdr George S. Seay, as boarded
one. for an off -shore convoy patrol.
g, They're one hell of ship he replied.
perhaps you'll see what mean before
this detail is over"
did.
The "four-piper" is the sleek, long,
narrow -beamed destroyer OF the four
funnel type. The one on which cruised
with two conveys to safe ports was built
Just after the World War.
Nicknamed greyhound of the seas"
back in those days of broad-brimmed
campaign hats and canvas leggings, she
still bears that appellation. One trip
aboard explains why.
Not Chicken" Lost.
Now on her side, now pitching, now
rolling, only two of her four tunnels
spouting defiance to the Axis, for more
than two weeks "there and back" she
weaved in and out of the dangerous
shipping lanes, crossed and recrossed her
convoy, dropped to the rear, circled the
entire phalanx of ships or rode serenely
in her place.
Leaving an unnamed port for long
run, we had a considerable number of
"chickens" s"-tankers, merchantmen and
miscellaneous type craft-under our pro-
lection. Strangely enough, it's the start
and finish of convoy run that's most
trying.
1t isn't any military secret that en-
frances to navigable harbors are guarded
by mine fields. These, of course, are
charted to our side, but anathema to the
undersea boats of our enemies.
It's at times like this that the naviga-
ton Comdr. Seay learned at Annapolis
comes in handy, for the escort vessels
ply outside the swept channel through
Evening star., 1942-09-06
Far Eastern Front

Joseph c. Grew, American Ambassador
to Japan, on December told the United
States in speech last week that the
Jap is a hard enemy and will take lot
OF beating. Leaving aside the question
of the Japanese soldiers hardness and
leadership, a look at the map alone
shows how much is to be undone before
Japan cries, Hold, enough" The as
tonishing fact is, however, that much
less than year after Japan attacked
us, the United Nations have undertaken
an offensive action in the Southwest and
are forcing the Japanese to fight where
the Allies want them to. No more can
Japan dictate upon what field the war
shall be fought.
Instead of being able to devote its
energies to reinforcing the backward
owing Japanese
Jopon Forced troops in China, to
To New Pions preparing for action
against India or or
ganizing for a thrust against Siberia,
Japan last week continued to find 1t
necessary above everything else to work
toward breaking the Allied strength in
the Southwest Pacific by straining to-
ward the capture of Port Moresby, the
Allied base in New Guinea from which
an expedition could be launched against
Australia and against the con1rnunica-
tions lines linking Australia with the
Evening star., 1942-09-06

The city stretches about miles along
the right bank of the Volga, protected
on the west by hilly ground, but open
from the southwest 1t is railway GEN.
ter and is the site of many factories. The
closer Won Book approaches the city, the
more difficult will be his advance. His
tanks, for instance, will lose their i'm
portance as they come within easy range
of the Soviet artillery establishments.
Won Book, anxious not to lose too many
of his 'best German troops, has been
employing Italians, Rumanians and Hun
garians in the push against Stalingrad.
Evening star., 1942-09-06
By J. Norman Lodge,

which the merchant shippers safely
take their charges. But not once in the
present war has an escort been lost on
that dangerous part of. convoy trip, so
delicately do their shippers put them
through openings which only they and
the high command know.
Night Is Difficult Period.
Buoys guide them to the open sea and
the run to "some port" begins. BY day
and by night the chickens" are moth
cred. BY day it isn't so difficult. BY
night, and the nights are dark on the
Atlantic, its different story.
It's strange how easy it is to get off
bearing on dark night, especially when
the convoy changes course. Signals are
out during the darkness unless some
terrific emergency arises Thus orders
issued before leaving port must be ad-
hered to-, and to the greater glory of
all concerned, they are.
Now we're many hundred miles out to
sea. A submarine rendezvous is at hand.
All hands automatically tense. Suddenly
comes the electrifying warning, Con
tact"
Five bells ring in the wardroom where
the junior officers off watch are most
likely slipping a cold soft drink. Each
lays down his unfinished glass, straps on
his pistol, grabs his cap and rushes to
his station
Contact" again sounds.
Depth Charge Dropped.
General quarters" orders Comdr
Seay and tensed men stand by the guns
and depth charges.
Stand by the depth charges" echoes
through the ship.
AYE, aye, sir" sound family.
Prepare to drop depth charges,
Comdr. Seay commands and again comes
the faint, AYE, aye, sir"
| Contact lost" the operator warns
Evening star., 1942-09-06

that means we are directly over the
target.
The convoy suddenly spurts forward
and by arranged orders breaks into
a crazy-quilt formation.
"Oomph, oomph," and two depth
charges explode, squirting geysef scores
of feet into the air.
left to 320," Comdr. Seay orders the
coxswain, and the lean greyhound of the
sea begins her swing for another run
over the suspected spot,
Two more runs are made, on each of
which contact is established. More depth
charges are sent to the bottom. Again
the ominous 'oomph, oomph" of the
detonation, and the very plates of our
destroyer seem to buckle.
Oil Sticks Looked For.
Again and again we cruise over the
spot seeking telltale oil slicks or other
signs that we have been successful
Whether we were or not is military
secret. We do not let the enemy know
when we gain victory over U-boat.
It's better to let him stew over the con-
tinued absence of information.
Resume course" the captain orders,
and the shepherding of our flock begins.
Again and again we have contact.
Again and again the same regimen. But
when we reach our objective port all our
Chickens" are out to roost. And every
one of our escort vessels is intact.
Two days on the beach while refueling
and reprovisioning is carried out, and
we are ready for the reverse run. Our
skipper has been attending conferences
during this time.
We finally emerge with one of the
largest conveys - fully laden - ever to
leave on this run. We have prizes for
which Hitler would give up an entire
panzer army. But when we finally warp
into dock at the home port, every one
| of the fully-laden vessels is there.
Evening star., 1942-09-06
BRAZIL EAGER TO DO HER PART FOR AII,Es
Amazon Basin Control Needed for Full Lioison With u S

tThe increase in the operating radius
OF aircraft has, for military purposes,
reduced the 1870 miles OF Atlantic
Ocean betUeen Natal, Brazil, to d.
knr. Africa, to a strait" In the optn-
ion OF Col. Lysias A. Rodrigues, mem-
Der OF the general staff OF the Bro
siliGn Air Force. In the toIlo,Ding dis
patch, ,Dritten for Wide World, Col.
Rodrigues discusses strategic factors
OF Brasips participation in the iOar.)
RIO DE JANEIRO.-Brazirs strategic
position on the South American conti-
nent is excellent
Because of geographical factors of
utmost Importance, Brazil Is logical
place for effective military operations
against the Axis.
The great increase in the radius of
bombing planes has created in the
South Atlantic the so-called Straits of
Dakar" and has enhanced Brazil's mill
tary Importance.
1t has become impossible to dominate
the South Atlantic, much less the ex-
panse of water between Brazil and
Dakar in Africa without controlling the
Brazilian coast between the latitudes of
5 degrees north and 80 south.
This coast for hundreds of miles Is
marked by many harbors and other
shelters forming first-class naval bases,
while the length of the coast and hun
dreds of airports in the interior make
possible swift and effective defense by
sea and air.
An analysis Of the defense position
implies also a factor favorable to Of
fense. Brazil is great promontory.
thrusting eastward into the Atlantic.
Evening star., 1942-09-06

Western Hemisphere. Only by such
move can Japan weaken the offensive
force of Gen. Douglas Macarthur and
his Southwest Pacific forces, which have
driven the Japs to this action by their
successful assaults on Jap positions in
the Solomon Islands.
While Prime Minister Curtin of Aus
tralia emphasized that his country is far
from out OF danger of invasion, he paid
tribute to the magnificent tactical ma
Evening star., 1942-09-06
Americas 3oth Week of War
(157th Week Of World War NJ
By Blair BoHes.

The Allied last week where superiority
new Rome forward before fairly begun China where the
taking
Allies Solomon frustrating
efforts advance New Guinea counbaance the dire
There rather bGkegng
but creeping forward already the suburbs of Sangrad
other words control the
Voga which
armies obtain goods the outside world the United States
Stangrad
Axis consolidation position the Voga could event that would
whole the fenng of denses around
Stalingrad as the closed encouragement
Last brought inspired frantic controversial
guessing Minister dacng Snego
for Hd TOTO he and Spain changed its Foreign Minister
dipacng
the
Ambassador
Siberia
Evening star., 1942-09-06

neuver by which the Allied military lead
ers drew the Japs into trap in Milne
Bay, at the eastern extremity of New
Guinea island, and then drove them
out with an assault SO sudden that the
Japs had to leave behind them on the
Milne Bay beach their tanks and other
heavy supplies. Foggy weather made
possible evacuation OF some japanese
forces on warships
Navy conamunique of Friday stressed
Evening star., 1942-09-06
Chinese Press
Jops Back
African Front

American troops have arrived in Bel
gian Congo, the Belgian government in
London announced last week. Behind
the scenes the prospect is discussed of
break in diplomatic relations between
the United States and Vichy and an
Allied occupation of French North Africa
-Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco-in order
to fortify the Allies in their aim of clear
ing the Axis out of the Mediterranean.
The Congo adjoins French Equatorial
Africa, which is in the hands of our
Allies, the Fighting French, and which
leads up to the southern edges of French
North Africa.
The most immediate problem of the
Allies In the Mediterranean region is
to immobilize Gen. Field Marshal Erwin
Rommel. commander of the Axis Afrika
Korps. Last Monday, after two months
OF quiet, during which he was reinforced
and newly supplied, Gen. Rommel
opened anew his drive toward Alexan-
dria, the Nile and the Suez Canal.
The situation is different from what
it was in June, when Rommel accom-
plished an astonish-
Allies Toke ing and alarming
The initiotive forward march up to
El Alamein. The
British rate of reinforcement has been
faster than the Axis. And the Allies.
with American planes and pilots playing
an important role, showed last week
that they command the air in Egypt.
The air superiority tells the story. Rom
mel on the first day of attack made, an
s-mile gain against the southern flank
OF the Allies. moving across minefields.
BY Friday the Allies had the initiative
Evening star., 1942-09-06

the great cost to the japanese Navy of
Japan's efforts to maintain its position
in the Solomons, where, slowly but
steadily, the Allied forces, led by Ameri-
can Marines, have been following up the
advantages first won month ago.
United States submarines sank five en-
emy. ships, including light cruiser, and
damaged three more. Since December
7, American subs have sunk or damaged
90 jap vessels.
Evening star., 1942-09-06

New Guinea is the major battle
ground now in the Southwest Pacific
There the Japs are butting their heads
against stone wall. As long as that
wall stands, the Japanese hope of VIC
tory will be dim. Behind that wall Gen.
Macarthur manages his offensive. The
wall is the Owen Stanley range of noun.
tains, which runs like q backbone along
the island of New Guinea. The Japan
ese early in the week opened an agrees
sive action in the Kosoda region aimed
at taking them over to Port Moresby.
Some Australian advance posts were
abandoned under the pressure of the
enemy attack. Allied bombers struck
at the Japanese strongholds of Sala-
maua, Buna and Lac.
From away from Kokoda is China, the
prize which lured Japan into war first
against the Chinese and
Chinese Press then against much of
JOBS Back the world. The Chinese
threatened Kinhwa. air
base which Japan seized In its May-June
offensive in China. Chinese forces are
approaching the seaport of Canton.
United States airmen in a raid on Jap
anese headquarters at Nanchang scored
direct hit on the headquarters and hit
a number of steamers in the Singtze-
Hankow Channel, seven of which prob
ably sank
The resignation of Foreign Minister
Togo in Toxic raised the question
whether Japan intended to attack ST.
IBERIA. Gen. Joseph Stilwell indicated he
expected such an attack. The Pacific
War Council in Washington discussed
the likelihood at a White House meeting.
Evening star., 1942-09-06

moment when the Soviets were critically
involved along the Volga, and that
Spain, tossing out the official most
friendly to the Nazis, was backing
slightly into the arms of the Allies.
Whether these speculations are correct,
only later events can demonstrate. With
the limited gathering facilities
available to the United States, in Spain
or Japan, it is easier to guess than to
know what internal Spanish and Japa-
tlese happenings mean.