davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1942-04-12
AMID WAR, WRITERS PLAN LASTING PEACE
Breakdown After 1918 Points Need for Careful Program
By FeHr Morley.

by. Indeed he blandly asserts that his
book was not written ito pander to pop
ular passion"
Because Comdr. King-Hall was for
merly high-ranking British naval in
telligence officer his observations on pos
sible future military operations are Of
particular interest
Emissions Military Stalemate.
He is frankly llbubtful that the Axis
can be beaten to the ground by fighting
alone. though he anticipates that de-
veloplng Allied air supremacy may in
time produce "a kind of deadlock in
horror" Precisely because of this pros
pect OF stalemate he concludes that an
attempt to distintegrate Nazi morale
through Cancellation" is very much in
order. He would continue fighting
vigorously-but would simultaneously
flood Germany with propaganda making
specific peace proposals. These, in his
opinion, the German people would
eventually rise to support, despite all
Nazi repression
OoAhNu. pOOh WIS pup
lshed in England, and favorably re-
viewed there. shortly before the United
States and Japan entered the war. The
text has been very little revised for the
American edition (Harcourt, Brace. 1t
may well be argued that the full partici-
patton of this country can tip the scales
to outright military victory in a manner
impossible for British strength alone.
But that does not diminish the force
of the suggestion that military victory
by itself is not enough. Though Gus
tomarily disregarded, this principle re-
mains as true as when Cicero observed
that IAN army is Of little value in the
field unless there are wise counsels at
home"
Comdr. King Halls book is primarily
concerned with winning the war in such
manner that it will this time stay won.
DR.. Corbett's study the latest in the
admirable Inquiry Series" published by
the Institute of Pacific Relations in New
York, begins where Total Victory" stops.
1t Is thorough and thoughtful analysis
Of various plans already advanced for
postwar international organization, sup
plemented by the writer's own matured
views on this vital subject.
Rival "New Orders"
Postwar Worlds" will be particularly
useful for all who wish to enter Presi-
dent Roosevelt's contest for naming the
present war. In the initial part of his
discussion DR.. Corbett devotes careful
attention to its actual character, frankly
questioning the assumption that the basic
issue is one of democracy versus dictator
ship. 1t Is rather, he concludes, "a war
against conquest and conquerors." And
since each side has more or less vague
new order" in mind, it is also "a strug-
gle between two doctrines of supra
The weakness on the side of the United
Nations is that their new order, because
necessarily more complicated than the
simple tyranny envisaged by Hitler, Mus
solini and TOTO, is also considerably more
confused in outline than is the Axis
plan. To the clarincation Of this outline
DR.. Corbett addresses himself, utilizing
not merely official pronouncements, but
Evening star., 1942-04-12

Throughout the week projection of
American influence into this delicate
controversy-through the efforts Of Louis
Johnson, personal representative Of
President Roosevelt-appeared to be i'm
proving prospects Of agreement.
Provision for immediate establishment
of an Indian Nationalist government
with dominion status and privilege of
secession to come after the war, plus
designation of an Indian as War Min
lister, appeared in midweek to be ap-
preaching acceptance.
On Friday, however, the dominant In
dian faction, the Congress Party, voted
final and unfavorable an
lndion swer to British proposals on
Crisis grounds believed based in the
belief that Sir Stafford Cripps,
British negotiator, was being hamstrung
by the London war cabinet.
Needless to sey, without thorough
Evening star., 1942-04-12
On a Dying Front

NOT until peace comes YEARLY back to
this earth, if then, will the full story of
BataanS heroicS be publicized
Narrow and mountainous peninsula on
western approach to Manila Bay, Bataan
was occupied by Americana Filipino forces
IN late December as sector chosen by
Gen. Douglas Macarthur for last stand
OF Philippine defenders. Protecting it
by sea and still blocking Japs from ef-
fective use Of Manila naval facilities
were island forts, chief of them Cor
regidor.
On January 3, formal siege of these
defensive positions began and over
whelming Nip forces have waged costly
war of attrition since that date. For
some two weeks past, as Japs cleaned up
their Dutch Indies front and threw fresh
forces into the westward drive for Burma
and India, reinforcements also were
being assembled on Luzon for this even
tual assault in overwhelming strength
against the weeried defenders of Bataan.
On last week end came unmistakable
omens of an approaching end as Jap
sea, land and air units
Ceoseess combined in ceaseless and
Assaults varied attacks at numerous
points. Cannon carrying
barges provided a new element in these
assaults, forcing further deployment of
defenders along shore.
On Tuesday, the War Department an
nounced some success" for Jap attackers
and on Wednesday it was disclosed that
there had been general withdrawal of
American Filipino forces to new posi-
tions. Actually, this movement probably
involved removal of portions of the de-
Tending forces to Corregidor or adjacent
forts; later reports indicated that $500
marines and bluejackets who had been
fighting beside land forces were in this
evacuated group.
At Sis am. on Thursday the War
Department aroused correspondents to
announce that Bataan had probably"
fallen and that Wainwright was on Cor
regidor. Later, Secretary Stimson pre-
sented more graphic details, confirming
defeat of troops who were "outnumbered
and worn down - exhausted by in
sufficient rations and the disease preva-
lent in that peninsula"
OF fresh interest in Secretary Stimson's
report was disclosure that efforts had
been undertaken last January II to REIN
force the Philippines and that several
Evening star., 1942-04-12

Near Eastern front at the expense OF
the defense of Java.
America hopes the quantities of war
material now available in the Near East
will enable our allies to check the Ger
man attack which they consider in
evitable in the next few weeks.
Principal Front in Pacific.
While concentration of effort on Eu-
rope and Hitler has certain number of
adherents among American officers. there
is substantial number who believe our
principal front is the Pacific.
The Japanese have not been halted
yet, but have dangerously extended their
lines of communication. Gen. Douglas
Macarthur is frankly telling Washing
ton that the situation is well in hand at
the moment merely because the Japa-
nese have not made an all-out attack
against Australia. He still has time to
prepare himself to defend that continent,
provided Washington is not stirgy with
supplies and men.
The situation in Australia is much
improved compared to February, but it
is still long way from secure. Amer
Australian aviation has Jared ex-
cellently so far and our forces have
proved that even with 30 per cent
numerical inferiority they can be mas
terS Of situation. But if the enemy's
superiority exceeds that margin, courage
skill and heroism are of little avail
The argument of those American mill
tary experts who favor the Pacific as our
main theater of operations is that once
the situation in Australia has been
Stabilized-which will require further
important reinforcements-it will be
comparatively easy task to begin a slow
offensive against the Japanese occupied
territories The tempo Of that offensive
will depend on what naval and air forces
we can bring into the Pacific. BY mex.
fall we should have a sufficiently power
full fleet, provided we do not disperse it
to other waters, to claim naval superior
ity over the enemy.
Japan Seen Easiest Foe.
Japan. say those students who favor
the Pacific theater, Is the weakest mem
Der of the Axis because it must operate
over huge distances. With Australia as
steady base for our aviation, they say,
it will take less of an effort to knock
Japan out of the picture than it will be
in the case of the Reich. Provided we
have sufficiently powerful aviation and
naval forces to permit operations from
Australia against the Japs in the newly
conquered territories and from Alaska
and Hawaii against Japan proper, it is
questionable how long the Japanese can
hold out.
Such is the issue which cuts not only
across Allied lines but across the lines
of our military leaders, as we'll Presi-
dent Roosevelt is the arbiter. He is
listening carefully to what each side
has to say and Is regarding the situation
from the standpoint of American pro-
duction. He will decide ultimately where
our principal military effort will be
directed in the course Of the next few
months.
Evening star., 1942-04-12

Amid the prevailing gloom there is
distinct encouragement. from any long
range viewpoint, in both the number
and quality Of current books relating
to the problem of postwar international
organization.
No long memory is required to recall
why the last peace was lost. The failure
to plan its outline carefully in advance;
the failure of the victorious govern
ments. our own in particular, to sup
port the League of Nations; the failure
of intellectual leadership to furnish edu-
cation as to the necessary conditions Of
peace-these factors alone were sufi-
cient to insure the coming of a second
and even more disastrous world war.
Fortunately there are now many who
realize that the only sure way to pre-
vent still another recurrence is to con-
slider the next peace before the time
to make 1t is upon us.
Two of the most interesting recent
studies in this field are the work respec-
lively of an Englishman and a Cana
dian. Conldr. Stephen King Hall, the
author of Total Victory" is a retired
naval officer and member of Parlia-
ment, who was. for some years affiliated
with the famous Royal Institute of In
ternational Affairs in London. DR.. P.
E. Corbett, author of Postwar Worlds"
is professor of international law at Nc
Gill University and despite his relative
youth is almost as well known on this
side of the border as in his native,
Canada.
Both See Democracy Triumphant.
Different as Is their approach to the
problem. and their organization Of ma
terial, these two writers agree in their
faith as to the ultimate triumph of
the principles of democracy; in their in
sistence that such anarchy as now besets
the world shall not occur again; and
in their method of dispassionately using
the lessons of logic and experience for
the solution of the problems they un-
flinchingly confront.
Books like these were not published,
in any number, during the last war.
And those which were published aroused
less discussion and were less widely read
In that difference lies the reason for
qualified optimism as to the prospects
of durable peace after the present
disaster has finally run its course.
By Total Victory" Comdr. King Hall
does not mean a knockout military tri-
umph and a punitive peace based on
the subsection and degradation of the
vanquished. On the contrary, he describes
total victory as "a state OF affairs in
which the enemy has been brought to
a willing acceptance of our point of
view about the question at ISSUE" That
question is. of course, the right of any
nation to commit aggression against
another.
In suggesting that mere military VIC
tory again would be likely to prove a
mirage. Comdr. King-Hall is, of course,
opening himself to the dreadful charge
Of appeasement, particularly by those of
his generation whose record in the last
war was great deal less distinguished.
But it is rather disarming to find that
the author has considered this probable
ity In advance and Is not worried there
Evening star., 1942-04-12

also the best individual thought which
has gone into the issue to date.
DR.. Corbett's approach is more con-
servative than those who see a simple
perhaps dangerously simple-solution in
such plans as Union Now" Federal
union cannot" he says, be imposed sim
Fly because it is nationally indicated"
Nevertheless, the first progressive step
must be definite contraction of the pres.
ent doctrine of national sovereignty. In
the new international community "it
must be recognized that the law of ma
tionS takes precedence over national law.
Sovereignty would then mean only
that measure of autonomy which supra
national law leaves to the State"
DR.. Corbett, like most who are at
tempting to project the postwar form
of international society. belongs to the
regionalist school-"those who advocate
an interlocking association of groups Of
States rather than a single league or
union"
He offers searching criticism of the
structure of the defunct League of Ma
SAOAAoB PeAA ttSO4oAAS 4Ol 40 1dSh VI oupCI~
state authority and its failure to make
adequate provision for peaceful change.
But he is certain that the anticipated
postwar regional associations must
eventually be linked in a federation of
federations. 1t is in its inability to en-
visage regulated cooperation between
regions that the Axis new order" breaks
down as theory of world government,
to say nothing of its moral deficiencies.
Domination Means Trouble.
Like Comdr. King-Han, DR.. Corbett
regards continuing Anglo-American COM
bination, including some postwar polio
ing, as essential to the sterilization of
any future international society. But
the Canadian scholar is the more dubious
of the two with regard to anything re-
sembling a dominant "Anglo-Saxony
. Other peoples, says DR.. Corbett bluntly,
would not indefinitely submit to Brit
ish-American coercion. world police
would have to be thoroughly interna-
tionalized, and this involves universal
federation"
To the outline of such universal fed
Grafton DR.. Corbett/ devotes his closing
chapters. A world court with compulsory
jurisdiction in all cases of international
dispute, and an international assembly
empowered to revise the law of nations
by legislative procedure, are integral
parts of his complicated but fascinating
blueprint for structure to replace the
present anarchy.
There is no doubt that among man
kind there is sufficient creative political
intelligence to produce this world order
If it so desires. But in DR.. Corbett's
words, progress 'presupposes clear reali-
zation on the part of governments and
peoples that the state is being subordi-
mated to larger community"
The biggest stumbling block is not the
complexity of the scheme. 1t is the ques-
ton Of whether peoples in whom the
spirit of nationalism is being daily famed
to fever heat can, when the war is over,
be expected to subordinate parochial
patriotism to larger, calmer and more
intellectual conception, of human society.
Evening star., 1942-04-12
WHERE SHOULD u. S. STRIKE AT AXIS FIRST?
Experts Divided on japan Germany Chief Foe

the British and Russian point of view,
for undoubtedly If the Nazis fail once
more in Russia their situation will be
precarious. The only drawback for us
is lack of exact knowledge of what
quantities of war material the U. S. S. r.
needs to force Nazi collapse on its
front. We have only restricted amount
of shipping. The question is whether
we will be able, in the face of existing
transportation difficulties and In the
teeth of German submarines and air
raiders in the Barents Sea, to send the
Russians all the war material they re-
quire to stop the Germans again.
So far we have sent Russia only
limited number of planes and anti
aircraft guns, because our production
has Jagged and we have needed GER
tain number for ourselves in the Pacific.
Since March l production has been
has caused inevitable delays. We have
lost many ships and so have our Allies;
consequently in certain military quar-
ters it is felt that we could not send
the necessary war material to enable the
Russians to resume the offensive If the
Nazis fail this summer.
Time Is Declared Vital.
Many American officers are con-
vinced that Russian production, to-
gether with shipments from America
and Britain, will enable the Soviet to
hold the Nazis back. even if some cities
like Leningrad and Moscow fall to the
enemy. But they also doubt that
within the next three or four months
we shall be able to send our associates
a sufficient quantity of planes and tanks
to knock out the Nazis. The time ele-
ment is of paramount Importance.
Within year, or even less, production
of merchantmen will far exceed our
losses; but at this moment the situation
is reversed.
AS far as the Near East front is con-
cerned, we have made an honest effort
to strengthen it ever since the Nazls
suffered their first reverses in Russia.
Since last fall the United States has
neglected its own security in order to ship
planes and tanks to that theater of oper.
ations. If the number of planes we
sent across the Atlantic was not spec
tacular it was because, until Pearl Har-
Dor, our war industry was rolling on only
three cylinders.
Britain's Ambassador to Washington
broadcast the statement that only 1000
planes reached the British Empire In
194l. That Is all we were able to send
our ally. In recent months the output
has been stepped up and many bombers
have been ferried across the Atlantic
while merchantmen carried many Grated
pursuit and interSeptor planes to the
Evening star., 1942-04-12
Americas 18th Week of War
(136th Week of World War I'D
By John G.. Henry.

1t was black week again for the United Nations
Thursday that Baan fallen
fighting remaining grim herois
the decision
death at Jap hands military history
honored
captured dead will be assured.
For Britain too there desperate
thny scattered fleet
closer to Japan effective control this
to India and the Middle East.
this
block Nazi attempts at counterofensive.
Bsh-Indan disagreement wartime compromise of their long
nifcance. a
Evening star., 1942-04-12
By Constantine Bro,pn

entire air force against Germany. This,
the British maintain, conceivably would
give the armies of Great Britain a
chance to attempt an invasion of Europe
at time when Hitler will not be able to
spare any of his air force to repel such
invasion. The populations Of France,
Belgium, Holland and Norway are
anxiously expecting the day of their lib
Grafton and would cooperate 100 per
cent with the invading army by means
of sabotage and guerrilla warfare it is
said
Furthermore, the British general staff
maintains, the principal worry of the
Nazi high command is gasoline Accord
ing to London, the Nazis have a reserve
of only 100000 tons of gasoline, to
which must be added between 1000 900
and 100000 tons of anticipated produc-
tion during the next year from the Ru-
manian, Polish and Albanian fields and
less than 100000 from the synthetic
gas factories of the Reich.
Willing to Pay Big Price.
Consequently, Hitler will spare no eff
fort, will not hesitate to sacrifice hun
dreds of thousands of men to conquer
the Near East and reach the Mosul oil
fields of Irag. Should he succeed, there
is no question that the war will be
prolonged many years. Without that
gasoline and oil he will not be able to
continue the offensive in Russia and
will be placed in a precarious way in
1943. even for defensive action against
the Russians, who will pound at him
from the east, and the United Nations,
who will harass him in the west.
Moreover, the German submarine
campaign, which is expected to be in
full swing in the next few weeks, will
suffer, and without oil neither planes
nor undersea boats can operate. The
present oil reserves of the Reich are
about sufficient for half years inten-
sive operations.
The corollary of this theory is that
the United States must not divert any
further large forces to Australia and
New Zealand but must apply all its en-
ergy to foiling the Nazi plans in the
Near East. The British defenses of
that area are satisfactory but are not
considered strong enough to resist indefi-
nitely an all-out Naz attack. The
British general staff predicts that the
Axis will make feints against Russia
before July but will concentrate its
principal effort in Egypt and the East
ern Mediterranean Our British asso-
ciates advise us to rush troops, tanks,
planes and guns to the Near East, be-
cause Nazi failure in that sector is
the key to ultimate victory.
High-ranking American officers are
divided In their opinion. Some indorse
Evening star., 1942-04-12

A friendly tug-of-war Is going on in
Washington, with Americas all-out sup
port in war materials and man power as
the prize and President Roosevelt as the
referee.
Pulling together on one side are the
Australian and Chinese representatives
on the United Nations Board of Strategy
They claim that the Japanese are short
Of wind, that the speed of their victories
Is being reduced and that their long lines
of communication, which are likely to be
extended still further in coming weeks,
make them more vulnerable than other
members of the Axis.
Consequently, it is argued, the United
States ought to increase its strength con-
stantly in the Pacific in order to strike
the japanese as soon as those forces are
strong enough. The only area where this
country can successfully take the often
sive before the end of this year Is the
theater of operations between Australia
and Singapore. There we have the op-
portunity to smash at the japanese
islands themselves
Bending their strength at the other
end of the rope is the group led by Rus
sia and Britain. They insist that Adolf
Hitler is the chief enemy of the world
democracies and that the United States
should remain on the defensive in the
Pacific this year while exerting its main
effort In Europe. Large quantities of
war materials should be sent to Russia
regardless of existing difficulties, they
contend, and war materials should be
rushed to the support of the British in
the Near East.
Claim Moral Advantage.
Supporting this argument. the Rus
slams say they have a larger army today
than they had on June 20, 1941,. when
the German blitz broke over the East.
The morale of the Russian forces is even
higher than it was then. Moscow con-
tends, while the morale of the Nazis and
their associates has suffered greatly
since last November.
The Russians can manufacture all the
small arms and ammunition they need in
a defensive campaign against Hitler.
Their factories behind the Volga and the
Urals are producing about 1000 planes
a month. With the assistance of Amer
lean aircraft production they fully expect
to break the forthcoming Naz attack
against their lines, and if they succeed
they will then be in position to take the
offensive in such grand style that the
balances of victory may begin to lean
toward the United Nations by the sum-
mer of 1943
The British general staff concurs in
this opinion and adds that If the Nazis
meet stiff resistance on the eastern front
during the rest Of the spring and sumrper,
Britain will be able to concentrated pts
Evening star., 1942-04-12


To the east the Chinese yielded even
more reluctantly, but numerical Jap
superiority and the same story of air
strength were proving too much.
Two major Jap air assaults were re-
corded during the week, one resulting
in an estimated 1000 casualties and de-
struction of two-thirds of picturesque
Mandalay, while another did serious
damage to port facilities of Akyab. Lit
tie or no defenses were operative in
either city, but two angrily effective
counterblows were dealt to Jap-occupied
Rangoon by newly established American
Army bombing squadrons operating from
Indian territory.
OF grave import to United fortunes
in this theatef of war was the Friday
decision of the Au-India Congress Party
to reject compromise version of British
plans for new political relationship be-
tween India and the empire.
Evening star., 1942-04-12

In all the Allies Oorld 'e network OF supply lines teo
Indian directly
threatens them She has occupied the Andaan Islands entrenhng
other Dta island
Evening star., 1942-04-12

at the the Calcutta flank.
Here Tincomae Colombo Britain has naval bases
Celon stands In the japanese nvaSion OF India ITSELF
British
and tDo cruisers Jap bombers last Ueek.
Menn1rh ,natch Mndn