davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1942-07-25

openings, and that these caves were
situated in the staked plains Of Texas.
This sudden and wanton destruction
Of the buffalo. which left the Indian
virtually on the point OF starvation.
was unquestionably the chief cause Of
the later Indian wars on the plains
Their hunting grounds, which the gov
eminent had sworn by treaty to re-
spect, were overrun by white hunters,
settlers, goldseekers, adventures and
the riff-raff Of the prairies, who
killed off the game without regard 10
its use or the consequence Of such
slaughter TO the Indians. The govern
ment permitted this invasion OF the
Indians hunting grounds, together
with the destruction of the game
therein. and then expected the un-
tutored, ignorant savage 10 make g
sudden change from the chase and
the wild. free life, TO that OF the
farmer, stockraiSer and agriculturist-
change which the Indian Was to
tally unprepared for and untitled 10
make. The very life Of the Indian was
destroyed. and he was thrown q
pauper on the hands Of a set Of cold
blooded political parasites, who robbed
him first Of his sustenance and then
OF his land. II was only fair 10 the
Indian that the government, having
destroyed the very life Of the Indian,
should have Immediately prepared
proper sustenance for him: but 1t was
not until years later that the Indian
received justice-and let us not boast
that this justice. even, has been fair
and right TO the Indian.
But the buffalo has not been en-
tirely exterminated. In 1889, when
they had reached their lowest level,
there were 256 of the animals In cap
tiyity, 200 we're protected In Yellow
stone national park. and 635 running
wild. of which number $50 were esti-
mated to be in the Canadian north
west. At this juncture the United
States decided to protect the remnant
within its borders, and by 1908 they
had increased to 1883 head Today
there are, within the borders Of the
United States and Canada, several
thousand buffalo, and they ara said
TO be increasing rapidly But never
again viii this country see them IN
such countless hordes as In the old
days, this wanton destruction of
Americas most magnificent and nu-
merous Of wild animals being without
q parallel.
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1942-07-25

upon the plains, the hides only being
utilized. It Is reckoned that 3.158,780
in all we're killed by white hunters
and the hides shipped over the Sante
Fe. During the same period the In
dams killed but $4,000. Besides these.
settlers and mountain Indian tribes
are estimated to have killed 10000.
so that the grand total for these years
was $685. $50. During the following
year u875), the end came to the great
southern herd. and at the close Of the
year It had been nearly swept from
the earth. One hunter In Ford county.
Kansas. Is credited with having killed
100 buffalo at one stand in 40 min
utes, and In IS days to have slain
2,173. Another Dodge City man says
he killed 1900 in seven days, and that
his greatest slaughter was $50 in a
single day. He employed Is "skinners"
whose sole duty was to follow him
up with wagons and remove the hides
as fast as he killed the animals.
The great northern herd went the
same way. In 1882 it was estimated
that there were 100000 alive in this
herd But there were at least 5000
white hunters in the field shooting
and Strengthening the beasts at every
point. Then came 1888. Thousands
more grabbed rifles and took to the
field, and Sitting Bull and some whites
had the honor" Of killing the last
10000 Such merciless war of exter-
mination was never known in a civil
Lied land.
Caused Indian Wars
Among the Indians and even among
many Of the more superstitious of the
older trappers and plainsmen, 1t was
solemnly averred that the buffalo
never migrated south, but that the
herd which moved northward every
spring was composed Of an entirely
new band Of buffalo. which had never
made the journey before and would
never return again to the south. All
would admit the northern migration,
but not the southern. And because the
buffalo did not return south in one
immense herd, as they did to the
north, 1t was believed that they did
not go south at all. The Arapahoes,
Kiowas and others of the plains tribes
firmly believed that the buffalo were
produced in countless numbers In
great caves underground, and that
every spring the surplus swaSmed. Like
bees from a hive, out Of the cave-like
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1942-07-25
ON NORTHWEST LINE

Northwest Airlines inauglIrated Its
service into Great Falls recently with
one round trip Seattle to Great Falls
and return and by placing the Electric
city as an intermediate stop for both
east and west bound transcontinental
flights.
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1942-07-25
Professional Hunters Extermnated BuHuloes and
by So Doing PuuPerized Many Western Indians

: #mMMHMMMMmMMM - ~ ~ $50 m#mMM#a
Evening star., 1942-01-27
BY GOULD LINCOLN.

Unified command Of armed
forces, naval and military, is the
demand in some quarters today
an increasingly strong demand as
the full implication Of the Rob-
erts report on Pearl Harbor sinks
in. 1t is apparent from the re-
port that there was a complete
lack of cooperation and CO.
ordination of the military and
naval commands there, and that
this lack was in considerable re-
sponsible for the disaster which
overlook both services on De-
cember 7. Proposals for a De-
partment of Defense, in charge
of the Army and the Navy. are
not new. Nor are proposals for
unified air command. Those,
however, are debatable matters
that require great deal Of con-
sideration. On the other hand,
a proposal that a single ofncer,
either of the Army or the Navy,
have supreme command in a
given area Of military and naval
Evening star., 1942-01-27
Report to the Nation
Fifth InstoIIment Of MocLeish War Production
Summary Details U. S. ShipbuiIdina Efforts

principal shortage Of equipment
Is in propulsion machinery-en-
gines to make the boats go.
A wide distribution OF work
among available manufacturing
concerns, large and small, was
devised when the construction
program first got under way. The
commission reports that the ship
builders of America have applied
their ingenuity to the develop
ment Of new techniques to the
end that shipway shall become,
as nearly as possible, an assembly
line.
After the Nazis got control OF
Europe's continental coast from
Norway to Spain, q shortage of
ships to meet our commercial
needs and our promised aid to
Britain soon developed. AS the
fighting areas spread over the
earth the shortage was aggra-
waited. Since the beginning of
the war the commission has per-
mitted the transfer Of 227 ships
vessels Of 1000 gross tons and
over-to foreign flags. These
ships total approximately 1,100,-
900 gross tons. They consisted
of vessels considered obsolete
from an economic standpoint.
Many had not been In use for
several years.
Another 200 vessels, totaling
about 100000 gross tons, have
been transferred to Army and
Navy use since the fall of 1889.
1000, 900 Tons for Allies.
Moveeover, the President di-
rected the commission in April,
1941, to assemble a pool of 2,0OO,-
600 tons Of shipping to be allotted
to the nations resisting aggres-
sion.
All these transfers and alloca-
tionS account for more than A.
100000 gross tons Of shipping. so
per cent Of the 100000 tons Of
ocean-going merchant shipping
available to this country when
we went to war.
Meantime. while the ships were
being transferred or allocated, the
volume OF goods to be transported
grew. In 1888, our sea-borne for
eign trade called for the trans
portation Of $4,000, 900 cargo tons.
American ships moved about 26
per cent Of this trade. Now pre-
liminary estimates indicate that
the total movement of our exports
and imports for 194l exceeded
100000 cargo tons-and that
men are being trained at shore
stations, licensed officers at sta
tions aboard merchant ships and
at four State marine academies.
At two stations training in gun
merry is being given to new seamen
and officers. This will be extended
to other stations and training
ships as soon as ordnance now on
order Is received from the Navy.
The men in our new merchant
fleet are going to be armed and
trained to protect the cargoes
they deliver.
(To Be Continued.)
Evening star., 1942-01-27

operation Is essential, unless there
are to be other Pearl Harbors.
The country has finally come
to unified command for the pro-
duction Of war material-with
Donald M. Nelson at its head. It
struggled along for months with
q dual command Of the defense
production, with William Knud-
sen and Sidney Hillman as joint
commanders. It did not work.
Judging from the Roberts re.
port there was practically no CO.
operation between Admiral Kim
mel, in command Of the naval
forces at Pearl Harbor, and Gen.
Short. in command of the mill
tary forces. 1t may be argued
that If they had co-operated,
things would have been better.
The only sure way to have CO.
operation, however, is to have a
single head in command. Then
the right hand will always know
what the left hand is doing. The
argument has been made for
years that 1t is far better to
maintain the Army and the Navy
as separate and distinct organi-
cations, each under a cabinet
officer as head of the Navy or the
War Department.. 1t has been
urged that the morale and the
traditions of the services would
suffer If any attempt was made
to combine these services under
one department. 1t certainly
seems clear, however, that in a
given field Of operations against
an enemy, where both services
are involved, there must be unity
of command If the most efncient
action is to be had.
Air Power Underestimated.
Senator McCarran Of Nevada
has introduced q bill for unified
command Of the air services. This
has been strongly resisted.
Neither the Army nor the Navy
wishes to give up its command Of
air forces. A cold shoulder has
been turned to the McCarran
proposal by the Senate Military
Affairs Committee. and the
measure has been shelved - or
had been shelved-on the theory
that with the war under way, this
was no time to tamper with the
setup. That some members Of
both the Army and the Navy
have grossly underestimated the
value and power Of air attack
and defense-even after observ-
ing the war in Europe for the
last two years-is unfortunately
true. Never was this poor judg-
ment more devastatingly dis
played than at Pearl Harbor,
where the commanding oficers
Evening star., 1942-01-27
This Changing World
Jupon's War Chariot Encounters Trouble;
British Suspicious Of Nozi 'Reverses'

c. Hart's command. The activt-
ties Of his units have materially
increased recently.
AS to the 11umber and type OF
land forces being sent to defend
Australia there is nothing official,
but when the time comes the off,
cial communicates will show that
the frantic shouts from Australia
have not gone unanswered.
The British are necessarily
compelled to keep a large naval
and military force at home, in
the Mediterranean, Egypt and
the Near East. All they can af-
ford to send to the Pacific for
the moment is an air force which
can be spared from the European
and Mediterranean theaters Of
operation.
The British general staff is not
taking chances. Although the
Russians are progressing satisfac-
torily and the Nazis are yield
ing ground every day. there Is
something unquestionably pecul-
lar about these operations.
The Germans are simply not
fighting. Occasionally they are
caught and lose men and war
material
British Suspicious Of Nazis.
1t would be unwise to Jump to
the conclusion that the Nazis
have lost their punch and are
licked. The British and Russian
general staffs certainly do not
advance or even indorse such a
theory. The Nazi general staff
realizes that Hitler has blundered
in trying to force the pace against
Moscow. They are taking their
medicine and withdrawing as
rapidly as they can to positions
which were prepared many
months ago.
But the British are watching
the Germans carefully. Some
Nazi divisions have been with
drawn from France and sent to
Norway. Strange as it may seem,
the eliminated" Field Marshal
Walther Won Brauchitsch is re-
ported to be in command there.
These troop movements and
the presence of the former COM
mander in chief of the Reichs-
wehr in Norway has led the Brit
ish to believe that the Germans
might attempt an invasion some
time in the spring, when, the
Nazis hope, Britain will have
been sufficiently weakened by the
Evening star., 1942-01-27
VI. Ships for the Work
of War

A major objective Of our war
program is the building of .
merchant shipping fleet on an
unprecedented scale. The war
has spread over all the continents
and all the oceans. The whole
planet has become . battlefield.
Tremendous quantities Of sup
plies must be sent across un-
counted leagues Of water. Our
ships must take them across the
Atlantic to Britain, across the
Pacific to Russia, India and
Burma, north to the Arctic ports,
and south into the tropics.
Our supply lines must reach
from our own industrial arsenals
over the seas to fighting fronts
Of the whole world. The Mari
time Commission is now launch
ing ships at the rate Of one every
"a hours. In the next six months,
or before, it expects to be launch
ing two q day. Present schedules
call for the building Of about
1000 oceangoing vessels.
Other War Program Dwarfed.
Today's program dwarfs our
First World War building Of the
bridge Of wooden ships. At the
time Of the armistice peak en-
ployment in American shipyards
was about $4,000 men. We had
at least equaled and possibly ex-
ceeded that total before our entry
into this war. At least 100000
men will be at work building
ships in America for ourselves
and other nations fighting the
Axis when the present program
is in full operation.
Up to the beginning Of De-
cember, 194l, contracts had been
signed for 999 ships; keels for
272 had been laid; 154 had been
launched-and 1913 of these had
been delivered and sent into ac-
tive service.
131 New Shipways Ordered.
With the Navy also carrying
out the greatest program for
building fighting ships in our his
tory, the capacity Of our existing
yards was long ago exceeded. To
meet the demand the Maritime
Commission has ordered 131 new
shipways. More than 95 per cent
Of them are already in use and
the rest are to be in production
in the next two months. Ship
yard facilities have increased
since the commission began its
program in 1887 from 10 yards
with 46 shipways capable Of turn
ing out vessels 400 feet or more
In length, to 40 yards with 275
ways capable Of this work
Twenty nine Of these yards-with
202 ways+are devoted to building
ocean-going merchantmen.
Speeding up Of the present
huge construction program de-
pends primarily on labor. ma
terials and equipment. The
Evening star., 1942-01-27
so Pearl Harbor Widows
Apply for Aircraft Jobs
Rs the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
LONG BEACH, Calf, Jan. 81
Sixty Pearl Harbor widows have ap-
piled for jobs in an airplane plant
with the motto Keep 'em flying to
avenge our husbands deaths"
1--WE feel that we should do all we
can to carry on the work and the
cause for which our husbands so
nobly gave their lives at Pearl Har-
bor," said Mrs. Fern Evans. Her
husband. w. C. Evans, chemists
mate, third class, was lost in action
at sea
Aircraft work is one way of doing
our part. We are determined to do
our share in the war effort that
must go on and on until our loved
ones are avenged and the final vic
tory is won"
Sixty widows and gold star
mother took aptitude tests yester-
day for positions at Lockheed and
Vega Aircraft Corps. Navy Chap
lain j. E. johnson said there are
160 Pearl Harbor widows here and
- expects more to apply for jobs.
Evening star., 1942-01-27

sending Of military, naval and
air forces to the Pacific.
There are also important con-
centrations of German air forces
in Mediterranean countries. 1t
is believed in military quarters
that the Germans are relying on
the prowess of the honorary
Aryans" in the Pacific.
How correct this summary of
enemy strategy is nobody can
say. But in any event, the Brit
ish are highly suspicious Of the
Nazi moves and are reluctant to
part with any sizable force which
today comprises the United King
dom's army of protection.
Evening star., 1942-01-27

and prepared to attack the
United States long ago-and
would have done so long ago, had
she been able to make the kind
Of peace with China she wanted.
That the attack was delayed so
long, and this country was given
more time to build up its forces
and prepare for war production,
it Is contended, was due to the
unwillingness Of the Chinese to
make this peace.
The Roberts report has been
made in an unbiased, non-politi-
cal way. Its lessons must be
taken to heart. 1t would be un-
fortunate, indeed, if they were
used merely to play politics.
Evening star., 1942-01-27

and fighters have made effective
appearance In the China Sea and
the Indian Ocean. From the
standpoint OF major operations
they are a drop m the bucket,
but they are beginning to worry
the Japanese high command,
which is now compelled to throw
more forces, especially naval
units, into the battle.
Reports from the scene Of op-
erations indicate that the planes
and flying personnel Of the
United Nations are distinctly su-
perior to the Japs, who, however.
still have overwhelming superior
ity in numbers.
For the time being the British
contribution is exclusively aerial.
The United States Is going to the
assistance of the beleaguered
forces In the Pacific with air,
naval and military detachments.
Their number and movements
are not being disclosed, but with
out being unduly optimistic it
can be said that within the next
five or six weeks there will be an
American force In those regions
which will make Japanese mill
tary operations incomparably
more difficult than they have
been heretofore.
The Australians, who have been
greatly concerned over the posi-
bility Of an invasion Of their
main territory, are now breath
ing easier. Unless some hitch
occurs to induce the American
high command to change its
present strategy, they can be GER
tain that by the time the Japs
are ready to undertake major
operations against pivotal Aus
tralian positions, there will be
sufficient American land, sea and
air forces there to take care Of
them.
U. S. Planes Active.
Heavy, medium and light bomb
ers of the United Nations are re-
ported to be operating between
Burma and Australia. This was
to be expected, because smaller
aircraft such as pursuit and
fighting planes do not have suffl-
cient range to cross the Pacific
under their own power; they
must be transported in ships.
According to the same reports,
light naval craft-cruisers, de-
stroyers and submarines-already
have reinforced Admiral Thomas
Evening star., 1942-01-27
The Political Mill
Roberts Report Outlines Lessons for U. S.
Which Every One Should Take to Heart

discounted all possibility or prob
ability of an air attack by
the Japanese. The Presidents
demand for 10000 airplanes this
year, however, has given . more
adequate idea Of the part which
air forces must play II this war
Is to be carried to a successful
conclusion.
Since the publication Of the
Roberts report, which shows q
most painstaking and thorough
investigation of the attack on
Pearl Harbor, there has been
strong criticism in some quarters
because the forces in Hawaii and
the Philippines, and other OUT
posts in the Pacific, were not
greatly increased. The argument
Is made II the administration,
and particularly the Secretaries
of War and Navy, had known for
. year there was imminence Of
attack by Japan, the report
shows. there should have been
built up in these Pacific bases
much stronger defenses, both
military and naval. This may be
true. During all that period,
however, there was a strong anti.
war party and isolation party in
this country. Groups which con-
tended that there was no danger
to the United States, and that
this country and its possessions
could not be successfully at
tackled. These contentious have
now been given the lie, at least
in the initial stages Of the war.
1t comes with Ill grace, too, that
the criticism Of the Government
for not Strengthening the armed
forces - anywhere - should fall
from the lips Of some of those
who were strongest in their op-
position to the foreign policy Of
the administration and, In some
cases, to building up the armed
forces Of this country.
Should Be Taken to Heart.
Furthermore, even II the mill.
tary and naval forces, including
the air forces, had been greatly
increased at Pearl Harbor, 1t
would have made no difference
as long as there was such lack Of
cooperation and such lack Of
watch in that area. The more
forces there, the greater would
have been the target, If all the
other circumstances had been the
same.
1t is pretty late now to COM
plain that the Philippines were
not more adequately prepared for
war-and Hawaii. They were not
and that fact can be charged
up to the whole country, to re-
luctance Of a great part of the
American people to make the
preparations that were really
necessary. 1t was the political
weight Of this anti-war, isolation
ist sentiment that was largely
responsible for lack Of prepara-
tions, in the Pacific area and
everywhere else.
The best information points to
the fact that Japan was ready
Evening star., 1942-01-27

bills calling for $500 minimum
wage: providing $500 increases for
all persons receiving less than $4,000
annually, and setting up an over
time scale providing time and one
half after 80 hours and double time
for SUNDAY. A Is per cent differen-
tial for night work also Is sought.
Evening star., 1942-01-27

8 Il u a t ION be-
tween America
and Japan to be
on the edge of
war?
This penetrat-
ing question is
being asked by
n a v a ! experts
after reading the
Roberts report.
Admiral Kinmel
and other Off
GERS in his COM
mand at Hawaii,
1t Is related, were
Evening star., 1942-01-27

that frequentS
the town pump,
Hudgins' Drug
store and the
Hulan Harness
Shop. They al
ways said that
the automobile
wasn't here to
stay. They have
maintained for
years that 1t was
just a new-fan-
gled gadget that
wouldn't ] a S t,
Evening star., 1942-01-27
Edgar Masters ReIents,
Accepts Literary Award
BY the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
NEW YORK, Jan. 27.-Edgar Lee
Masters. 72-year-old Kansas-born
poet whose Spoon River Anthology
has run through 10 editions. broke
his rule against accepting literary
or academic honors last night by
receiving the 1941 medal of the
Poetry Society Of America.
Mr.. Masters said he took the award
because 1t came from a group devoted
to an art "that has made England
the cherished realm that poets do
not wish to sec destroyed"
Evening star., 1942-01-27
Stort Poy Roise Drive

The United Federal Workers, C. I.
O., todav started circulating petit
tions among Government employees
calling on Congress to raise pay to
meet advancing living costs.
The Federal Workers are nIshing
Evening star., 1942-01-27

HE opinions OF the ,ortters this their o not
necessarily The Stars Such opinions presented
Stars effort to gtue all sides OF questions interest
readers although such opinions be contradictory among
themselves and directly opposed to The Stars
Evening star., 1942-01-27
McLemore-
Becomes Admirer
OF Walking Horses
BY HENRY McLEMORE.

WARTRACE, Tenn.-The boys
around Henry Davis barn are laugh
ing powerful hard these days.
So Is the overall and gallus set
Evening star., 1942-01-27
Pearl Hurbor
Report Has
Two Sides
Mobilization Order
Said to Have Been
Up to Washington
BY DAVID LAWRENCE.

Why wasn't the fleet of the United
States Navy mobilized on November
26 or in the II days thereafter If
the Navy Department considered the
Evening star., 1942-01-27
BY CONSTANTINE BROWN.

ny OO1SC 4 nv I'VE D1O"N'
Allied defenders in the Neither
lands Indies and Australia are
greatly heartened by the contin-
ual arrival Of American and Brit
ish reinforcements in that vast
area. The Japanese continue to
make progress in Malaga and in
all likelihood they will obtain
more spectacular victories both
in the Philippines and north Of
Singapore. But the tires OF ia
pans war chariot are beginning
to wear thin.
American and British bombers