davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Waterbury Democrat., 1942-03-03
SINGLE STRUCTURE
PLANNED FOR SITE

The two BUILDINGS en- Bank rect
which were ordered demolished
after fire destroyed them Will have
in their place single two-story
structure, it was learned here. The
buildings are owned by the estate of
John r. Clayton.
The new structure is estimated to
cost close to $4,000 and will have
a false front to give it the appear
ance of being a three store struc-
ture in lire with the third Clay
ton building which was also dam
aged,
The Waterbury Democrat., 1942-03-03
WOOL MARKET

Boston, March 3 up There
was very little demand for spot do
mestic shorn woods in the Boston
market, the u. S. Agricultural de-
partment reported today
Dealers continued contracting FOR
the new clipped woods in the west
ern states and a few of the con-
tracts were reported to have been
turned over to the manufacturers
at around SLIP to $115 secured ba-
sis for the fine woods and at $10C
to $l.03 for the three-eighths blood
combing woods.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1942-03-03
POPE SENDS GREEKS FOOD

New York. March 3.-(UP)-A
shipment of food sent by Pope Plus
to the Greeks has arrived in Ath-
ems, the Vatican City radio said to-
day in broadcast recorded here BY
the Columbia Broadcasting System
The supplies were sent after the
Apostolic delegate in Greece advised
the pope of the grave food situation
there.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1942-03-03
SHORT CIRCUIT
CAUSE OF FIRE

A short circuit caused slight
fire in the home of Mrs. Sara Mills,
425 Highland avenue this morning.
Engine II responded to the alarm.
Engine l went to A Bishop street
in response to verbal alarm. A
gas heater caused a minor fire in
the property, owned by Frank Hod-
son.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1942-03-03
GRILL BREAK
is INVESTIGATED

Chief Inspector Joseph Stevens re-
ported today that an investigation
is being made into a report that a
grill at 1888 South Main street was
broken into during the night. A
pin ball machine was said to have
been broken and the coins removed.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1942-03-03
FREIGHTER FROM
CANADA is SUNK

Toronto, March 3-(UP)-A 81
D00-ton freighter owned by the Upper
Lakes and st. Lawrence transporta-
lion company was sunk by enemy
action in the South Atlantic last
week, company officials announced
Today.
The announcement said only six
members of the crew were saved out
Of a total of about 20. Four were
picked up by an American ship, and
two others rescued in an undis-
closed manner. it was said.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1942-03-03
CANCELS PRESS CONFERENCE

Washington, March Sup
The White House announced that
President Roosevelt's regular Tues
day AFTERNOON press conference has
been cancelled for today.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1942-03-03
TOWN HALL BURNED

Shehield, VT, March S-(UP)-
Five hours before a general town
election today, the town hall was
destroyed by Q fire which caused
several thousand dollars damage.
The election was shifted to the
Methodist church vestry.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1942-03-03
w ORLD w AR
A YEAR AGO,
MARCH 3, 1871
(By United Press

Russia refuses support of Bull
garia's Axis dominated policy"
Roosevelt freezes Bulgarian as
sets in U. S.
Semi official quarters report
Turkey has ''nuIlified'' nOnag-
erosion accord with Bulgaria.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1942-03-03
Additional Society
Division S, A. 0. H.
Meets This Evening

Division 5, A. o. H.. will hold an
important meeting this evening at
8:15 O'Clock at Speedwell hall.
Final plans will be made for the
annual society communion, and the
St. Patrick's day party.
All members are urgently re-
I,,1octnd Ia ttn1,d
The Waterbury Democrat., 1942-03-03
Shortage OF Materials Most Important Problem
Facing Business, Fortune Management Poll Shows
BUSINESS MANAGEMENT POLL

NEW YORK, March 3ere the complete tabClatiOn of
received by the Fortune Management Poll in reply to the
important problem facing business
in the years ahead?"
Total
The Waterbury Democrat., 1942-03-03

Primary Secondary Total
Problem Problem Mentions
Evening star., 1942-11-08
1n mrntnrtant
ROSWELL, FLORENCE Sa

BOSWELL, FLORENCE. Sacred to the
memory S, OF our la dear mother, FLORENCE 5sN
We often sit and think of you when we
are all alone
For memory is the only friend that grief
1,L ,nx can an ea 4, its n3tparsd own: 10, unsn oil
other things decay.
Our love for you will still keep green and
~ Iov7NG DAUGHTERS.
BURKLEY, ALICE VIRGINIA. In low
ing memory of our dear wife and mother,
ALICE VIRGINIA BURKLEY. who left us
Seven years ago-since that sad day
When from us you were called away,
Our hearts yearn with endless pain.
We'd give anything on earth to have you
'''' - ~ THE FAMILY.
DE vAUL, ANNIE E. tribute to the
memory OF our beloyed n mofher and grand
hee Years aao oday g. s
May her soul rest in peace
JOSEPHINE AND CHILDREN.
PEYTON. DOLORES BROWN. Sacred
to the memory. Of our dear mother. Mrs;
+ this iease !!ts IA years ago today November
The love you gave those many years
Will never from us depart,
You are always in in our heart, IT, "'
LOVING SONS, VIRGIL B. AND GEORGE
F. PEYTON.
. PIPER. MARY E A tribute of love to
PipER, who passed ava away '17' II years years ago 20
today, November S. 1925.
HER And DsRSHHER bRoHER 56HN MAFF F Mis6k BARNES
ROLLINS, LUCY L. In memory of LUCY
L. ROLLINS. wife of Robert A. Rollins and
mother of Robert H. Rollins. Estella M:
st. Clair and Elsie L. Steele. who departed
TINS lie thlrty-elght years ago today. No
BY ROBERT H. ROLLINS.
sANSBURY, IDA NJ. In sad but loving
IDA NJ sANsBURY. who passed ia away a'it two
years ago today. November g. 1910.
The years may wipe out many things.
But this they wipe out never
The memory Of those happy days
When we were all together
LOVING HUSBAND AND CHILDREN.
our devoted mother, ALICE c. SMITH,
who passed away thirteen years ago today,
November s, 1929.
God is good. He gave us strength
-- To bear our heavy cross.
He is the only one who knows
Nv" Jul. JULIA MOSES No AND LILLIAN. {.
TAxLoR Of WILLIAM lam In Sy1ng
A. TAYLOR, who passed away three years
ago today, November s, 1899
God is eood-He gives me strength
He is the only one who knows
How bitter is my loss
HIS LOVING WIFE, l OTTIE w. TAYLOR
WARNER, F. A. In memory of F. A.
WARNER, who died one year ago today,
November 3. 1941.
What would I give to hold his hand
His happy face to see;
To hear his voice and see him smile.
That meant SO much to me.
A FRIEND. /"
YOUNG, ALICE MATILDA. tribute
of love and devotion to the memory of
our darling mother ALICE MATILDA
YOUNG, who passed into life eternal
fourteen years ago today, November 8,
1923.
LOVING CHILDREN, WILLIAM, JESSE,
LOUIS AND RAE.
Evening star., 1942-11-08
THE SUNDAY STAR WASHINGTON D. CO. NOVEMBER 8, 1912
Funeral Of Mrs. Benson
To Be Held Tomorrow
Special Dispatch to The Star.

Special Dispatch to The Star.
CABIN JOHN, Md, Nov. THE
funeral Of Mrs. Addie Selena Ben
son, 81, wife of Charles E. Bepson,
who died at her home here Friday,
will take place from the home at 2
pm. Monday.
The services will be conducted by
the Rev. U. s. A. Heavener, pastor of
Salem Memorial Methodist Church,
Cabin John, and the Rev. DR.. John
r., Edwards, superintendent OF the
West Washington district of the
Methodist Church. Burial will be in
Monocacy Cemetery, Beallsville.
Besides her husband, Mrs. Benson
is survived by two sons, the Rev. ].
Elmer Benson, pastor of Appold
Methodist Church, Baltimore, and
Percy E. Benson, Washington, and
two daughters, Mrs. william Stroth-
er, Washington, and Mrs. D. Vernon
Ricketts,, Cabin John.
Mrs. Benson, who was native OF
Maryland, had lived at Cabin John
for Al years. She was past coun-
cilor of Esther Council, Daughters
Of America, of Washington.
Evening star., 1942-11-08
Funeral Rites Monday
For William Gormon

HALPINE, Md, Nov. Funeral
services for William Marshall Cor
man. n, who died Thursday at his
home near here after q long ILL
ness, will be held in st. Mary's
Catholic Church, Rockville, at $50
am. Monday.
The Rev. Thomas j. McKew will
of1ciate and burial will be in Mono
cacy Cemetery, Beallsville.
A native of Mansfield, Ohio, Mr..
German had lived in Montgomery
County Many years. He is survived
by a daughter and five sons. They
are Mrs. Miller L. Martin of Baton
Rouge, La, and william German,
Orville, Calf; Frank A., Canton,
Ohio, and Arthur Gerald, and Rich
ard, all of near here. He also leaves
twin brother, Charles German,
Mansfield, and three grandchildren.
Evening star., 1942-11-08

cles, Mr.. Provost served as an elder
of the Gunton Temple Presbyterian
Church and as baritone soloist and
choir director in the church for
more than 30 years. He also served
as chairman of the building COM
mittee when the new church build
ing was erected at Sixteenth and
Newton streets NV,
He is survived by his widow, Mrs.
Maud SWormstedt Provost; two sons,
1t. George Mallet Provost, U. S. N,
and Marcel Mallet Provost of WASH
ington; a daughter, Miss Marjorie
Mallet Provost of Washington, and
five grandchildren.
Evening star., 1942-11-08
George A. N. Provost
Funeral Services 10
Be Held Tomorrow
Retired Washington
Patent Attorney Dies
At Aoe of 80

Funeral services for George A.
Mallet Provost, 80, retired District
patent attorney, who died Friday at
his home, 1862 Thirteenth street
NV, will be held at l pm. tomorrow
at the S. H. Hines funeral home,
Fourteenth and Harvard streets.
Burial will be in Rock Greek Gene
terry.
Mr.. Provost, a native of French
town, N. j., came to Washington in
1864 and attended the old Washing
ton High School, which later became
Central High School, He was a
member of the first class graduated
from that institution in 1878. He
Evening star., 1942-11-08

rades of Admiral George Dewey
Naval camp, No. z, Dept. of D.
c.. U. S. w. ". will assemble
at Taltavull's funeral parlors,
436 9TH st. s.w., at $50 am.
Monday, November 8. 1912. for
the funeral of our late comrade,
FRANK EDWARD SMITH. In
ingUon National Cemetery.
Evening star., 1942-11-08

Ohev Sholom Synagogue. Fifth and
I streets NV. Mr.. Cafrttz was one
of the oldest members and one Of
the organizers of the congregation.
Participating in the exercises will
be Rabbi z. Green, Rabbi j. Klavan,
Rabbi j. Dubrow and Rabbi II.
Segal. Cantor I. Flusbert will chant
the memorial prayer.
Evening star., 1942-11-08

was also graduate of the law school
of Columbian College, now George
Washington University.
He began his law practice in the
District in 1883 with Jesse Whitaker
and after a number of years became
a member of the firm of Whitaker
and Provost. Upon the death of his
partner Mr.. Provost continued his
practice as a patent attorney with
his son, George Mallet Provost. He
retired from active practice several
years ago.
Mr.. Provost was a member and a
former president of the American
Patent Law Association.
Active in church and musical cir
Evening star., 1942-11-08
William Bonneville,
ice Inquiry Director,
Dies Of Heart Attack
World War Veteran Had
Served With Commission
Since 1920; Rites Tuesday

William H. Bonneville, 81, direc-
tor OF the bureau OF inquiry of the
Interstate Commerce Commission,
died suddenly Of a heart attack
yesterday at his home, 124 East
Leland street, Chevy Chase, Md.
Mr.. Bonneville, an Air Corps cap
tain in the World War, had sought
commission in this war;, but q
heart ailment kept him from meet
ing physical requirements. He was
a major in the Air Forces Reserves.
Mr.. Bonneville, a native Of West
boro. Wis, had served with ICC
since 1920 and during the major
part of that time was head of the
inquiry division.
He is survived by his widow, Mrs.
Lorraine Dickinson Bonneville;
daughter, Joanne L., and son,
William w., nine-year-old twins.
Also surviving are the following
brothers and sisters: Charles F., La
Crosse, Wis; Lawrence R., Tacoma,
Wash; John F., Occur d'Alene,
Idaho; Mrs. Oden Strum, Seattle,
Wash; Mrs. Edward Montroy,
Everette, Wash, and Mrs. William
F.. Pagel, Milwaukee, Wis.
Mr.. Bonneville, a graduate of the
University of Idaho, where he
earned a degree in law, was men,
ber of the Federal Bar and Amer
ican Bar Associations. In 1927 he
was one of three delegates from the
United States who attended a con-
ference of the League Of Nations,
at Geneva, on commerce and transit.
Funeral services will be held at
2 pm. Tuesday in All Saints Church,
Chevy Chase. Burial will be in Ar
lington National Cemetery.
Evening star., 1942-11-08

You can still buy good auto.
mobile and you don't need a priority
to do it-use . little Star want
Ad." MA. 5000.
Evening star., 1942-11-08
Congregation Buys Bonds

Setting his goal at 100000, Louis
Edlowitz, president of the Kesher
Israel Congregation, 280l N street
NV, already has made War bond
sales to members of his congrega-
ton amounting to nearly $25 900.
Evening star., 1942-11-08
Uarna nf Thanka

@LMEs, CLAYWARD. The family Of
u late CLAYWARD HOLMES wishes to
rna1pendent Order of Good Samaritans
l a Daughters Of Samaria for their many
e. 4pfessions OF sympathy extended to us
IrsNnr hour of bereavement.
- THE FAMILY.
1IHOMAS. MRS. CLARA E. The family
ofeethe late Mrs CLARA e. THOMAS
vShes to acknowledge with deep appre-
ci413on all expressions of sympathy. flow
ar cards, prayers, visits, etc, from all
ltE friends, acauaintances and neighbors
toN3ts beloved mother.
Evening star., 1942-11-08
Memorial Service
For Nuthun Cufritz

A memorial service for Nathan
Cafritz, who died last month, will
be held tonight at 8 o'clock in the
Evening star., 1942-12-27
Deaths Reported

Albert Bibb. So, Cosmos CLUB. 81 ne
Bridget Devlin, IS, $50 18th st NV.
George Messer s5, 106 9Th St sw
John ChieSa. 80, Oil 9Th st NV
Mary M. burton, I3, 1903 Sheridan st n "
Nellie G. Ward, 10. 90 Seaton pl. NV.
Mae Mumper, 20. 1900 F st. NV
James Sampson. SO Washington, D. C.
SAINTS Smiroido, 60 62s K St ne
John A. Cook. 81, 5000 IIth st NV.
Leslie E. Connick, 4S, Aquasco. Md
Carolyn Wilson. 30, COS Pa. ave Sc
Emma j. Virgins, 80, 10 @4th st. NV
Hannah OuarlcS, 81, Blue Plains, D c.
Arthur Jordan, 56, ~ Girard st. NV
Willie j. Javins. 50, 1897 Corcoran st n W
Arater Hoover, A.. J1o2 R St. NV
Blanche c. Mayden. "A, 623 NJ st. NV.
Robert t: Burns. :i3. III 2nd St sw
Robert Wright, infant, 200 st NV
Celia S: Kuhry, 81, 4o2 E St ne
Mary S, zane, s., 1919 Newton st. NV.
John J, King, II. e3ol E; Capitol st.
william 3. McGrath, 60, United States
Addie B. Hadgerney. So, 1877 North Caro-
Emma Wooten. 81, 3Is a7th st. sc
Hoyt N Henderson. 4S 1890 18th pl ne
Helen Bickmore. ~. Arlington, Va
Spencer T Case, -, New York, N. Y
Mary l.. Smith. "a, 2S3l 27th St NV.
James E. Sturtz. Is. Cumberland Nd
Donna c. Mazzarini. /, 1907 New Hamp.
Ben Rawlings. i =. St. Elizabeth's hospital
Grover c, Faulkner, 81. 1923 o st. sw.
Anna NJ. Ktnnson. A., 1874 Sth st. NV.
Paris Fuller -, 1920 3rd St nv
Evening star., 1942-12-27
Mi|itory Engineer Unit
To Hear Col. Cluterbos

Col. Louis J. Claterbos, Corps of
Engineers, U. S. A., will outline the
Experiences of an Engineer Officer
In Three Theaters of the War" at
the meeting of the Washington Post
Society of American Military En-
gineers at 1890 pm. Monday at
the Hamilton Hotel.
Col. Claterbos arrived in Hawaii
en- route to the Near East a day
before the attack on Pearl Harbor
He returned to this country and, by
plane, Travelled to Eritrea, where he
was engaged in the construction of
advance bases. Late this summer
the ship on which he was returning
to this country was torpedoed and
sunk.
Col Claterbos is on the faculty of
the Engineer School at Fort Belvoir.
Evening star., 1942-12-27
CARLETON SMITH,
economist, Lecturer,
Expert on Foreign Trade,

LAptlt OH roTelsn 1TaQe.
Mr.. Smith opens: Fear is too
deep-rooted in human nature to be
totally eliminated In one sense fear
is a condition of lasting peace-a
condition under which evil men
quite rightly fear the strength of
good men--a condition under which
free men fear and resist every en-
croachment on their liberties.
The relatively peaceful era of the
18th century was possible because of
growing international prosperity re-
sulting, among other things, from
liberal British free trade agree
ments, Trade benefits both buyer
| and seller and by spreading pros
perity and entrenching ideas re-
moves many causes for conflict.
Those who hope for lasting peace
and freedom from fear through a
world economy based on government
controls are chasing a rainbow. The
resulting bureaucratic ineffciency
Will bring about more conflict, less
freedom and a lower standard of
living everywhere. I have visited
every Occidental country. I am
firmly convinced that most people
there want an opportunity to de-
velop their initiative, to increase
their well-being and to live as free
men in a postwar world They are
not afraid of fear. They do not wish
to be coddled. They are more afraid
OF restricted economy.
too, want opportunity to develop
initiative - However, an eco
nomics which is a combination of
unrestricted do you-please and
monopoly-miSnamed free enter
prise"-has largely removed oppor-
tunlty. internationally, it has pitted
nation against nation and plunged
| us into monStrous wars.
When lazy carpenter puts up
| shaky Scaffolding. the fear every one
has Of being killed is not good fear.
1t is stupid and demoralizing fear,
because unnecessary. Life today is
made up largely of such unneces-
sary, demoralizing fear Instead of
rejoicing in them, we should be
nolldiilCi VI blltiil. oul JOU ID W SSG
rid of them.
MIR. Smith replied: That free en-
terprise necessarily pits nation
against nation is untrue. Govern
ment controlled economies have
caused this war. Witness Germany
and Japan!
International free enterprise-While
not perfect--is the best peace bridge
yet devised-certainly stronger and
more lasting than a bridge of rain
bows conceived in hopeful emotion
{alism, dependent on bureaucracy
and administered by totalitarians.
This can be done, however. by edu-
cation, by understanding, by improv-
ing human nature rather than by
overthrowing the economic system.
Blunders causing unnatural fears
should certainly be avoided. Stupid
and unnecessary fears ought to be
eliminated.
Evening star., 1942-12-27
Wake Up, American
Is Freedom From
Fear Possible?
HAIRY A. OVERSTREET.
Professor Emeritus,

College of the City of New York
Mr.. Overstreet opens: Obvious,r
tnere cannot be freedom from ali
tears, but there can be freedom
rom 1ears created by man-made
iilsoltutlons and attitudes. War and
a mlsoegotten economics have pro-
ouced the ugliest fears in our life
By eliminating war we can cast out
rear OF wars brutal violence Rv
eliminating the blunders of a too
seihshiy motivated economic system
we can remove the fears of unde-
served distress.
10 say we can't eliminate war and
can't correct the tragic blunders of
our economic system is to stand de-
1eated before lifes challenge to our
moral decency and ingenuity.
1t may be urged that fear is
needed to spur men on. But to spur
men on to muscular initiative by
dropping bombs on them is plain
stupid. To spur them on to eco
nomlc Initiative by threatening them
with unemployment when such un-
employment may come whether thev
have Initiative or not is again plain
stupid, Fears that come from anti
human arrangements and attitudes
neither dignity nor advance life.
They merely degrade and obstruct it.
When we speak of eliminating
fears from life, we mean the fears
that should not be there. Since we
humans have put them there, we
humans can remove them.
Mr.. Smith challenges: NV oppo
nent admits that freedom from all
fear cannot be eliminated. But to
lessen the number of them or do
away with some of them he would
destroy our "selfishly motivated eco
nomic system" What would he sub
stltute for it? He does not say.
Does he not know that most of us
are fighting to preserve it, anxious
for an opportunity to correct its
blunders, to reduce unemployment
IN brief, to improve it? Has he al
ready forgotten that but for it, with
all its shortcomings, England might
have collapsed, Russia might have
succumbed, and that the captive
peoples of the world could hold little
hope for liberation? Our free enter
prise system has built the gigantic
industrial machine which will spell
victory
Mr.. Overstreet replies: England
and Russia were not saved by what
my opponent calls our free enter
prise system" In the war emer-
gency we changed our do-as-you-
please system into a work-together-
under-a er-a-common-plan-for COM
mon-cause system. Had we not done
go; had businesses fought businesses
and workers fought employers-and
also one another-we should today
be at Hitler's mercy.
Our biggest job is to eliminate
those economic, political and moral
blunderings that have brought "un-
natural" fears into life. There will
be plenty of good and natural fears
left over to keep us on the Jump.
Evening star., 1942-12-27
Billy Church, Minstrel,
Dies Of Heart Attack
By the Associated Press.

COLUMBUS, Ohio, Dec. 26-
Billy Church of AL G. Fields
minstrel fame died at his home here
today of heart attack. He was 30
Christmas day.
Mr.. Church and his singing part
ner, the late Jack Richards, joined
the Fields company in 1914 after
several years in vaudeville. and
helped popularize Someone More
Lonesome Than You"
During the World War Pvt.
Church toured the Nation in a war
bond-selling drive. His favorite
campaign song was Just a Baby's
Prayer at Twilight
Evening star., 1942-12-27
Oldest u. S. Blacksmith
Dies in Ohio at 81
By the Associated Press

BY lnb HSsOclateO Press.
MARION, Ohio, December 26.-
Nathan w. Spratt, credited by the
Illinois Historical Society as the
Nations oldest active blacksmith
died today at his home in nearby
Redwood. He would have been 90
New Years Day.
Mr.. Spratt had worked for 30
years in the shop built by his father
and until five weeks ago seldom was
absent from his forge.
Imperial Valley press., 1942-01-15
Reds Strike New
Blow i'm Ukraine

ed Russian guerrillas were active
along the entire southern front, in
cluding the DonetS river basin and
the Sea of A2ov. Radio Moscow
said organized Russian combat
groups had penetrated German
lines in the Crimea to destroy
communications and kill patrols
while the main forces continued to
push back the Germans from the
front.
To the north, Russian forces
were reported approaching Khar-
kov industrial capital of the Don
cts river, driving from east and
south.
Orel, midway between Kharkov
and Moscow, was reported COM
pletely encircled and Russian
broadcasts said ski troops, with
sleigh-drawn artillery, were at
tacking the city.
A News Chronicle dispatch re-
ported a new Russian offensive all
along the 200-mile front from
Karkov northWard to Orel. 1t said
tie Axis lines were thinly held
here and the Russians seemed to
be developing a break through
which, if maintained. would separ-
ate the German southern army
from the Moscow front army.
A daily Herald dispatch reported
that Taganrog was under heavy
artillery fire and the German were
preparing to eVacuate it.
Imperial Valley press., 1942-01-15
British Turn Back
Raid on Singapore
With Heavy Toll

SINGAPORE, jan. ID. tUPD
Strengthened British dclcn>cs to-
daH turned back a heavy and pro-
lOnaed japanese aerial attack
against the Singapore area, destroy
ing several enemy raiders.
The renewed aerial attackS-Which
failed to break through the rein
forced British defenSeS-came as
the Imperial forces battled to throw
back the japanese offensive against
Malacca and JohOre. which extends
about 100 miles north of Singapore
British fighting planes chased the
japanese bomber SquadrOnS from
Singapore and at least tWo were re-
ported shot down owe" Johorc state
This dispatch indicated that Brit
iSh aerial defcnfc5 at Singapore
had received important reinforce
mcntSD
The Japancsn planes bombed and
machine gunnrd British troop lines
and communications over wide
area. reports Indicated. flying in
small groups 10 avoid the patrols
of British fighter planes which
ranged the area.