davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Phoenix index., 1942-07-18
Ry MRS. J. w. E. BOWEN, SIR.

MANY YEARS ago young
student was on his way from ms
home to his State University Be-
cause of his meager circumstances,
he was compelled TO walk. though
this was no hardship to him, 1or
he was q lover of nature; the songs
of birds the humming of bees, the
tinkling bells of some passing nero
and the invigorating aroma OF the
stately pines interested him.
Then, too, he was thrilled with
the thought of nearing his goal OF
higher education. Now and then
during his long journey, a kind
hearted driver would give him a
lift for this was in the days when
the country was free from bandits
who would return such kindness
with a blow on the head of the un-
suspecting driver. AS night was ap-
preaching he was walking but did
not care to travel alone in the
night, for many of the homes were
far removed from the road.
SEES BRIGHT LIGHT
Soon in the darkness he saw in
the distance a bright light gleam-
ing from some stately mansion. He
The Phoenix index., 1942-07-18
N. Y. Girl Wins
Continued from Page 1),a.

Continued from Page 1)Azss,
son now advanced, but selet3> be
cause of her color. The defense Is
and afterthought. Plaintiff is girl
of refinement "a member Of re-
fined family. Not only has there
been a violation of her statutory
and callously Inundated in public
before her schoolmates and
friends"
The Phoenix index., 1942-07-18

shall published each week in which your
be of local national scope
personal and shall not
refIec in the of The PHOENIX INDEX.
The Phoenix index., 1942-07-18
TIE NEED FOR CHANGING
We Outgrow Our Heroes
By JOHN McCRAY Y

Speaking at the Howard University commencement,
Miss Pearl Buck whose efforts in reducing racial prejudice
said something have long since thought about. She
The Phoenix index., 1942-07-18
SOMETHING AMISS

1t has been repeatedly pointed
out to members of the committee
that something was amiss, but
when Ethridge. long regarded as
an outspoken liberal, made his ut
terance with the approval of Dr.
Malcolm Mace Lean at the Bir-
mingram hearings, it was evident
that something had happened to
the group that was not known to
the two Negro members.
It is significant that DR.. Mac
Lean and Lawrence Cramer, the
chairman and executive secretary
respectively, had long visits at the
White House while no other men,
bers of the committee attended
This was pointed out by a member
of the group, David Sarnoff OF
Radio Corporation of America, who
is said to have suggested taking
one of the colored members of the
group.
Ir view of the fact that the Of
flee personnel of CoFEP It entire
ly colored, with white field workers
and Negro field workers, 1t Is
significant that no Negroes have
accompanied the leaders of the
group ON thei visits to the Whlte
House.
The Phoenix index., 1942-07-18
CAPITOL COMMENTS

Joannetta Welch, former AKA
Partisan representative in
Washington, is doing we'll at Ten
nessee State, we hear. She'll do
we'll anywhere, will Joanetta.
The Phoenix index., 1942-07-18

With DIR. Emmett J. Scott
leaving the Republican Nation
al committee for 4 year to
handle the affairs at the Sun
Shipbuilding and DrydOck cor
poration up in Chester, another
spot will be eliminated from
our round. We spent many
pleasant visit listening to the
wit and wisdom with which the
doctor always entertained his
guests.
The Phoenix index., 1942-07-18

They moved Bob Weaver's Of
flee up a floor-and incidentally
Doc. you got to make some ar
rangements for rescuing the gals
that work in your office. Ask Miss
Thomas what happened to her the
other night. She should pay off,
But heavily.
The Phoenix index., 1942-07-18
does the

these greats of years ago. AS react believe so does the
The Phoenix index., 1942-07-18

His secretary, Mrs. BeaSley. who
was just everything a secretary
should be, has been promised a
post in OPA. That's nice going
for her too.
Carter G. WO0dsOn has found
a new place to eat. But he's
keeping it secret. Wouldn't tell
Where it was for love nor
money. Must be good though.
lie was a fixture at the YWCA
until the grand rush on Wash
ingtOn came.
The Phoenix index., 1942-07-18
STRUGGLING FOR
ORGANIZATION

On the other hand, the CoF'EP
is struggling to get organized un-
der the new plan, sabotage or no,
and to get working. The chairman
fought every attempt to get the
committee under the new Man
Power commission where it Woulo
have had to function under Arthur
] Altmeyer, whose attitude on Ne
groes was volubly expressed last
year.
Under that proposal, the COM
mittee could make no lnvestlga-,
tion could not enter plant. could
not hold hearings, could not make
reports nor findings unless WITH
the personal signature and consent
of Altmeyer. -
This was one of the points 10
which the committee objected
preferring to go under tho exec
;,tive branch of the government
rather than the new Man Power
commission.
At the same time, rumors are
persistent that the CoFEP will be
moved from its present location III
an old bank building at l4th ana
q Streets, to the former Masonic
temple at the corner OF 10th ana
You Street, a Negro neighborhooo'
SUSPICION AROUSED -,
nr.,,;x,, into thiS building, Until
The Phoenix index., 1942-07-18

Mark Fthridge got off consider
able of a speech 'tother day down
In R'ham. You remember Mr..
Et.1ridge, first chairman of the
CoFEP. Sending out parts of it
in the news release-the southern
papers picked up the parts they
liked and played them up big.
Mordecai Johnson's daughter
dining in the WV, with plenty of
eyes turned in her general direc-
ton.
Philadelphia gains ore of its
daughters back when Mamie
Fisher and gets her transfer to
some sort of government post
i'm Sleepy Hollow.
The ultimate aim of every gov
ernment worker in town is to loe
transferred back home in the Sarne
post she holds here. That would
be ideal, wcundn't it? But you
got to give and take, you know.
Vacation time is here and there
is no vacation evailable. Even the
employees had to work
on the Fourth of July.
Leon Henderson, GEAR Of the
Office of Price Administration
is not too friendly toward the
Negro, it is learned from reIi-
able sources. Appointments to
this division of the new fedef al
bureaus and a most powerful
one in the war effort.
Is it true the newest plans cali
The Phoenix index., 1942-07-18

Is it true the newest plans call
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1942-04-16
Bow Scouts, Leaders Plan
Trip to Drummond Island
Annual Trek TO Vocation Estote
Of Judge Reid to Stort Moy

the Judge will entertain the out
stapding Boy Scouts and their
councillors Of Macombs 20
troops as a little less than guests
and something more than board
erS.
Definitely included in the par
ty. unless an act Of Providence
intervenes, will he Dan Schreib-
or, district field man Of the
Boy Scouts, William Floore,
Ralph F.. Bennett, Fred Brett
meyer, Jr., Clarence F. Barck,
and Ivan Johnston. Twenty
four OF the outstanding Boy
Scouts will join that nucleOus
but the personnel of the group
has not yet been determined, it
was said,
Originally it was planned that
the party would make the trip
north aboard one OF the vessels
Of the Ford fleet, but that was
out when the United States
Coast Guard banned the carry
ing OF passengers upon freight
boats for the duration.
Then it was planned 10 charter
bus, only another federal edict
prevented that.
The current plan is to make
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1942-04-16
Conduct
Workers
Survey

This week the Women's
Auxiliaries Of the American
Legion, Disabled War Veterans
and Veterans of Foreign Wars
began a houSe-tO-house regis
tration designed to supply the
United States Employment Ser
vice with a reservoir OF potcn-
tial workers for farm and fac
tory.
Purpose of the drive, which
is expected to be completed by
Saturday next week, is to UNI
cover those workers engaged
in activities which do not util-
ize their high st skills and to
list men, women and children
not now EN- 10, ed. They will
register anyone over Is years
of age.
In East Tetroit a group OF 25
workers from the American
Legion Auxiliary is directed by
President Mrs. Bertha Thiel
They carry identification cards
from the city office.
Local Stores Have Good Values
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1942-04-16

the trip in private automobiles
IL the tires hold out and Uncle
Sam doesn't lay down some law
again.
The party is determined TO get
there-leaving May 6-if they
have TO walk, and will return
TO this city May 10,
Laird Of a wilderness estate on
Drummond Island, in northern
Lake Huron, that boasts as fine
a deer herd as any county in the
state. Circuit Judge Neil f.. Reid
hasn't drawn a bead on buck or
doe i'm that vacatiOn-hOme neigh
borhood in more than 30 years,
he related yesterday afternoon.
Instead he does his shooting
from a headquarters he finds in
his cottage or hunting cabin ESQ
miles west and some north of
the island, in Iron county, near
Sidnaw, on the mainland of the
states upper peninsula.
II isn't because he has any
idealistic theory that his refrain
ing from shooting himself a
buck on Drummond helps TO
keep down the annual deer kill
there which averages around 400
animals a hunting season.
No, what prompts the judge
long standing policy is the fact
that shooting a Drummond Is
land deer would be akin 10 set
ting fire to the home Of his near
neighbor here in Mount Glenn
ems.
The deer are around the place
all summer and many of them
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1942-04-16
S(hutt Rites
Held tuesday
Illness Fotol
70 Armada Man

ARMADA - Funeral services
for John Schutt, 70, who died
Sunday after being in poor
health for A year, were held
Tuesday at 200 pm. from the
home and at $50 from the Con-
gregational church with Rev.
John Adams officiating.
When IL, he moved to the old
homestead and in 1900 purchss-
cd adjoining land where he built
his home.
He married Anna Kaiser I'm
1902. He moved to New Haven
last August.
He leaves three children,
Thelma and Lester, both Of Ar
mazda, and Harvey, of Webber-
vile; two brothers, Herman and
William, and six grandchildren.
Burial was in Willow Grove
Cemetery.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1942-04-16

who escape the hunters are
'here year after year so that
they've really become friends of
mine the judge explained, you
lust don't shoot your friends"
Then he bethought himself,
My stars, that isn't news"
he declared, Why I've been do
ing that for the last 80 years"
But, be that as it may, there
are probably few folks around
the county who haven't really
been reared in the Reid deer
hunting tradition.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1942-04-16

Local Stores Have Good Values
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1942-04-16

A group of stellar Boy Scouts
and their leaders will be saying
Good morning, judge little
later on in the season without
fear OF taking rap, being placed
on probation or merely fined.
The idea is that they are to
be temporary residents of the
Judge Neil F.. Reid vacation es-
tate up on Drummond Island in
Northern Lake Huron, because,
next to the dispensing of justice,
hunting and enjoying the out
of doors generally, there's moth
ing that holds His Honor's in
terest to quite the same extent
as does the Scout movement.
So this year as in the past,
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1942-04-16

Thot Loosen
Need Not mborvoss

Many wearcrs 81 false teeth have SUI
fered real embarrassment because their
plate dropped. slipped or wabbled At
rust the wrong time. Do not live IN
fear of this happening 10 you. Just
sprinkle little FASTEFTH' the aka
line mon acid powder, on your plates.
Holds false teeth more firmly so they
feel more comfortable Does not sour
Checks plate odor" tdcnture brea'hl.
Get FASTEETH at any drug store.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1942-04-16
Avoids Car Crash
But Hits Gas Pump

ST. CLAIR SHORES-After
Skidding 252 feet, car Knocked
down a gas station pump in at
tempting to avoid collision with
another car at the intersection of
Harper and Martin Saturday.
The driver, Bert Queen, a
chauffeur, told Police the car
ahead slowed down AS II APP
preached a green light and he
swerved through the gas station
TO avoid striking it.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1942-04-16

Quebec province, Canada, pro-
duced l56,457 tons Of asbestos
during the first half Of 1910.
Askov American., 1942-04-30
Kerrick

It was recently learned that Ver-
non Coil is now in Hawaii and would
be glad to hear from any friends who
would care to write.
Bill Nyrud of Willow River, was
taken to a hospital at Duluth early
Monday morning and operated on
for acute assesses. They had rup-
tured and he was in very serious
condition. To add to it all, Jackie
broke her collar bone the same day.
Several cars of moulding sand
have been loaded out the past ten
days, both pits getting some.
The road crews are getting lined
up for an early start. Some work
is being done already. With favor
able weather, month or six weeks
will see this end of it to Nickerson
covered with tar.
Eighty-one persons were signed up
in the A to IS registration on Mon
day at the bank this week and believe
me if they take them all in the army
they will have bunch that can 60
some.
The Keyport family have moved
Askov American., 1942-04-30
South Holyoke

Mrs. Martin Bjorsvik of Duluth,
has been visiting at the home of her
daughter, Mrs. Persons.
The South Side PIT. A. dance
given at the hall in Holyoke Saturday
night was well attended in spite of
the rain.
Herman Nader of st. Paul, was
home one day last week.
Mrs. Muriel North and daughter
Joan, Mrs. Albert Switzer, Mrs.
Nader, Evelyn Culliton and Robert
Nelson and Oliver Sorensen were
dinner guests at the Sorensen home
Sunday, it being Mrs. Sorensen's
birthday.
Mrs. Persons and Mrs. Bjorsvik
called at the DeBeir home one day last
week.
Mrs. Helen North, Mrs. Nader,
Mrs. Ben North and Mrs. Sorensen
went to Carlton Monday.
Jess Persons, Alfred Blye and Mr..
Swantz went to Carlton Monday.
Roy Puckett called at the home Of
his parents one day last week.
George McCauley of Superior, Wis,
came to his cottage Sunday.
Lola Sipherd and Alonza Van
Guilder, Robert Nelson and Oliver
Sorensen attended show in Super
ior, Wis.,, Sunday night.
John Oswaskey and Albert Switzer
Askov American., 1942-04-30
When You And
l We're Younger
twenty-five Years Ago.
MAY 8, 1910
Items taken from the Askov American
of Is and Is years ago.


Miss Essie Bates and Mr.. Floyd S.
Fairchild, both of Bruno, were united
in marriage recently by Rev. Robert
L. Barr, at the groor's cottage here.
The bride was accompanied by the
groom's sister, Miss Ida Fairchild, and
the groom was accompanied by the
brides brother, Floyd Bates. Mr.. and
Mrs. Fairchild Immediately went to
housekeeping in their nicely furnished
cottage.
BY hitting the bulls-eye with un-
erring skill from the standing, kneel-
ing and sitting positions, Arthur Nor
tensen of Askov, has qualified as a
sharpshooter in the United States
Marine Corps, according to an official
bulletin from Washington. He re-
Gently made an excellent score at
<'slow and rapid" fire, winning the
medal of a sharpshooter and an in
crease in pay.
The Niels Bonde family left Askov
yesterday for Lake Benton to take
up their residence near there, having
purchased a farm. AS they came to
Askov for their health, they are ex-
pected to return some day.
Delegates were elected Sunday eve
ming at the Young Peoples meeting in
Askov to attend the annual conven-
tion of the Young Peoples societies
of this district, which will be held at
Tyler, June l, 2 and 3. Those who
were elected are as follows: Carl
Sorensen, Herluf Rasmussen, Karen
Petersen and Valdemar Petersen.
One hundred men enlisted in the
home guards which was organized at
Sandstone Monday evening. Any man
past 16 years of age is eligible and
nearly all of the business men in
Sandstone joined. The home guards
are principally for the purpose of Civ
ing young men preliminary training
and to teach economics and prepared
J.: c. Laursen of Omaha, Nebr., is
in ,Askov and has recently purchased
from the First State Bank the SEA
or SE4, Section %, Partridge town.
ship. Mr.. Laursen will commence the
erection of buildings Immediately, his
family arriving later. Another deal
was closed when Jens c. Hansen of
st. Paul, a brother of Mrs. G. Chris
tiansen, yesterday purchased from the
First State Bank the NEA of NWA,
Section %, Partridge township. He
will come here this fall to improve
on same.
Askov American., 1942-04-30

Miss Rose Black, who is en-
ployed in st. Paul, made business
trip to her old home last week. She
visited at the Chas. Thompson and
Smiglewski homes while here.
Arthur Wood made business trip
to Cloquet and Duluth Tuesday. He
was accompanied by Mrs. Wood and
Mrs. Elmer Wood.
Junior Dubie and friend of Du-
luth, rode out to his old home on the
bus Friday. Mr.. and Mrs. j. Dubie
drove down Sunday and the boys
returned with them.
Askov American., 1942-04-30
NickersOn

Frank jacobson, Jean Jacobson,
Laurence Beise, Rogie Virgins and
Florence Beise attended a show in
Carlton Sunday evening.
Chas. Peterson visited Sunday eve
ming at the John Beaudry home.
Mr.. and Mrs. Slower were in Du-
luth Saturday on business.
Mrs. Frank Holton and grand
daughter of Superior, Wis, visited
Mrs. Hansen Tuesday afternoon of
last week.
Mrs. Paul Hansen visited Mrs. Edw.
Beaudry Monday afternoon.
Mrs. Alma Erickson visited Mrs.
Bohlin Tuesday afternoon of last
week.
A doctor was recently called to the
Peter Virgins home as Mr.. Virgins
is ill.
Mrs. Casadont and Bud and Grace
took little Joan back to Duluth We'd
nesday of last week after Joan had
been visiting with her grandparents
for week.
Mr.. and Mrs. Edw. Beaudry called
on Mrs. S. Virgins Tuesday evening
of last week.
Mr.. and Mrs. Bert Jacobson, Mar
gle Virgins, Jean Jacobson and Flor
ence Beise were in Hinckley Friday
evening.
Mrs. Paul Hansen visited Mrs. Chas.
Soper Friday afternoon.
Marion and Dorothy jacobson Wis
tied Saturday with Mrs. Edw. Beau
dry.
A surprise party was held Saturday
evening for Grace Casadont.
Mr.. and Mrs. Edw. Beaudry called
on Mr.. and Mrs. Jacobson Wednes-
day evening Of last week.
Mr.. and Mrs. Bert Jacobson and
family and Mrs. Edw. Beaudry were
in Hinckley Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Bert Jacobson and
Dorothy called at the Edw. Beaudry
home Saturday evening. -
Mr.. and Mrs. Dale Becker and
family of Minneapolis, spent the
weekend at their farm here.
Richard and Dennis and Betty
Becker visited the Duquette school
Friday. ie;
Mr.. and Mrs. Dale Becker and chill
dren were Sunday dinner guests of
MIR. and Mrs. w. F. Becker.
Albert Denning was a Sunday din
ner guest of Mr.. and Mrs. w. F.
Becker.
Mr.. and Mrs. Van Alstine of Fox
boro, Wis, visited Sunday afternoon
at the home of Mr.. and Mrs. Becker.
Mr.. and Mrs. Edw. Beaudry and
Dorothy Jacobson visited Sunday eve
ming with Mr.. and Mrs. Becker.
Callers at the home of Mr.. and
Mrs. Jacobson Sunday evening were
Herb Johnson and Lawrence Beise
and Mr.. and Mrs. Edw. Beaudry.
Askov American., 1942-04-30

into the Fox residence on the hill and
are now getting fairly well settled.
Virgil and Mrs. Matson returned
Sunday from Lutsen, where they
have been with the Art Lund family
in their logging operations for the
past several months. They have
moved the girls back home so that
the family is together again.
Much of the clover in this territory
was winter-killed the past season due
to the open winter. Some snow is
best for this territory.
Mr.. and Mrs. Fletcher visited
friends in Kerrick Monday. Mrs.
Fletcher is the former Bertha Kline.
Askov American., 1942-04-30
Norman Township
(From Another Correspondent

Mr.. and Mrs. Leslie Larson and
Mildred Wood of st. Paul, spent the
weekend with relatives here.
Elmer Stepan, who recently took
over the operation of the telephone
system in Willow River, has been re-
pairing the lines.
Mrs. Herbert Mielke and daughter
Rose and Mrs. j. Stelmach visited
Mr.. and Mrs. Lee Coulter Sunday aft
ernoon.
Walter Lindorf has secured en-
ployment at the docks in Duluth.
Callers at the A. E. Wood home
Sunday were Mr.. and Mrs. Rudolph
Novak and Mr.. and Mrs. Carl Novak
and son Allen.
Mrs. Geo. Hodgin of st. Paul, came
Sunday evening to remain and help
her mother, Mrs. Jno. Novak. Mr..
Novak has been quite ill lately.
Askov American., 1942-04-30
Duquette
(From Another Correspond

\rIV" <AAOsneE SUHCSPVAcAv
Friends are sorry to hear of the
illness of Gene Williams who was TAX
en- to the Pine City hospital one day
last week.
Mr.. and Mrs. Edw. Rupp of Bruno,
were Sunday forenoon and dinner
guests at the Mr.. and Mrs. Clifford
Torell home. In the afternoon they
visited at the home of Mr.. and Mrs.
Francis Melancon.
Mr.. and Mrs. Carl Bohlin and Mr..
and Mrs. F. Melancon were in Duluth
Monday and called on Mrs. Bohlin's
sister.
Askov American., 1942-04-30
Fifteen Years Ago.
(May S, 1920

John M. Anderson, in the general
merchandising business at Duquette
for more than 20 years, and a citizen
of the county about 81 years, died
suddenly from heart failure Tuesday
afternoon at 6 o'clock. Previous to
his engaging in general merchandise
ing at Duquette, he was clerk in the
DeLong & Chamberlain store at Nick
erson. Mr.. Anderson was 56 years
old and leaves wife and six chill
dren.
Martin Sorensen and family came
to Askov Friday from Minneapolis
and are now settled in the Jorgen
Paulsen residence which they have
rented. Mr.. Sorensen took charge
Monday as manager of the Askov
Telephone Company, and their two
daughters, Ellen and Alva, are in
charge as operators at the switch
board.
Henry w. Daley, president of the
Farmers & Merchants State Bank of
Pine City, died at his home Saturday
afternoon, the result of a heart at
tack. He came to Pine City in 1917
and in 1924 was elected president of
the bank. His wife and nine chill
dren survive him. Funeral services
were held yesterday from the Cath
olic church at Pine City, Rev. Father
Leo Laskowski officiating. The pail
bearers were J. D. Boyle, P. H. An
derson, N. Perkins, John Connaker,
w. A. Sauser and j. J. Madden.
Each month the records of cow test
ing associations throughout the state
are compiled at the extension divis-
ion of the university. From these
statistics it is interesting to note that
for the month of March, 1927, Askov
had first place for the highest pro-
ducing individual herd and the aver
age of the whole association ranked
fourth in the state. The highest pro-
ducing herd in the state was that of
Axel Brus, southwest of Askov, with
an average of 54.8 pounds of butter
fat per cow.
Mr.. and Mrs. Richard Braun and
MIR. and Mrs. Sam Birdsal of the
Lake Eleven community, attended the
funeral of Mrs. Birdsall's grandmoth-
er, Mrs. Letta Muma, at Sandstone
recently. Mrs. Muma passed away at
the home of her daughter, Mrs. VIM.
Dorsey.
"Stop Thief" was presented under
the auspices of the American Legion
by home talent to full house at the
D. B. S. hall in Askov Friday evening.
The play was well presented and this
reflects much credit on Mrs. c. M.
Nelson, the instructor, who coached
the players very well through a long
grind of rehearsals and presented the
play without a hitch.
A. E. Eddy, who has been cashier
and in active management of the
Brook Park State Bank the past IA
years, resigned there recently and
accepted the position as cashier at
the Farmers and Merchants State
Bank of Hinckley.
Askov American., 1942-04-30

helped at the Nigreen farm to get the
cows out of the burning barn dur
ing the storm Sunday afternoon.
The Paul Zinters called at the Mil
ton Persons home Monday evening.
Askov American., 1942-04-30
Fussy or What!

Diner: 1.-TWO eggs, please. Don't
fry them a second after the white
is cooked. Don't turn them over.
Not too much fat. Just small pinch
of salt on each. No pepper. Well,
what are you waiting for?"
Waiter: "The hens name is Betty.
Is that all right, sir?"
Askov American., 1942-04-30
MILT'S
SUPER SERVICE
On Hi-Way No. %

Ny Next Sale
will be held in the GUERNSEY TERRITORY.
If you want to see herd of beautiful cows and
want to see whether I can do the kind of Job
you like, just drop over to John Norbergs farm
next Monday at IL o'clock. Go north from Bar
mum Highway No. 81 until you come to the