davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1942-09-27

had got the Ford and Maxwell n1otorcar
agencies and was making between 5000
and $4,000 a year.
That was fine, said his father. Let
we'll enough alone, he urged, cautioning
against his sons constant preoccupation
with the idea of flying machine. But
not SO Mrs. Martin. She gave him all
possible encouragement when he rented
an abandoned church and began to build
a plane Of his own. At night she held
lamp for him to see by as he worked on
the big bamboo and sailcloth box kite
that he hoped to fly in.
The first test, at dawn so there would
be no spectators, was miraculously sue
cessful. The plane rose few feet with
its builder. He put in more powerful
motor and 1t scared into the air. The
Wright brothers were at the same time
making their first tentative flights at
Kitty Hawk in North Carolina. But thev
projected their plane from propulsion
tower, whereas Mr.. Martins invention
took off from the ground on it's own
power. That is conceded to be one of
his first firsts.
There were to be many others. Mr..
Martin flew from the California main
land to Catalina Island, a distance of
about 80 milec, the first sustained fight
over water. He says there and then he
decided that if one small part of the
ocean could be bridged by flight, then
there was no reason why men could not
fly the entire ocean. twenty-five years
later he was to make the China clippers
that spanned the Pacific.
AS Mr.. Mathis aircraft plant in
California expanded, Eastern capital be-
came interested and for time he was
vice president in a company that he
dld not control. He could not work
under such an arrangement and soon he
began again to develop his own firm. Mr..
Martin had great deal to do with
persuading the Army to develop bomb
ing plane. His travels to Europe kept
him in touch with latest Developments
and he constantly strove to keep ahead
OF an industry that was expanding at
terrifying speed
Can Double Present OUTPUT.
The Middle River plant was built in
1929 Today there are plants in Ne
brasSa and at other points. The value
OF production at Middle River in 1912
Will be well over 5000 100000 and if he
had sufficient materials under Govern
ment alocatlon 1t might have been over
S3oo,Oo0 900. Next year-again if he is
allocated sufficient materials and fin
1shed parts-he can double current pro-
duction. He is said to own about 40
per cent of the outstanding stock of
his company
He lives today with his mother on a
rather modest street in Baltimore He
does not smoke. He never touches alco-
hol. His only relaxation is hunting
birds. He does not fly any more, his
Board OF Directors having insured his
life for large sum under policy that
prohibits flying except by stated per-
mission. That permission was forthcom-
ing in 1887 to fly with the first China
clipper from California to Catalina
Island repeating the feat Of Is years
before.
Evening star., 1942-09-27

in the bombing of Karlsruhe earlier in
the month.
Perhaps Of extreme significance has
been the recent appearance of four new
German warplanes-led by the Messer-
schmitt 1876. high altitude, partly
armored fighter with liquid-cooled,
7OO-horsepower engine. 1t follows an
other high-altitude German fighter, the
much -publicized Focke- -Wulf 100. There
are also two new German bombers
equipped for operating with heavy loads
at high attitudes.
It is not the existence of these new
sky fighters that is of particular signif-
canoe. The United States has designs
for craft as good or better. But appar-
emily the Germans already have them
in mass production. They have been
able to retool their factories during the
campaign. They are aiming at fighting
in the stratosphere, which well may be
the wars final battlefield.
Evening star., 1942-09-27
Warned Of War Trend but Russians Still Hold Noz From Main Obves

A good deal Of mystery still surrounds
the fate OF an Allied convoy to Russia.
A week ago Germans claimed to have
sunk 80 out of A ships by combined
bomber boat operation somewhere in
the Arctic east Of Iceland. At first the
British Admiralty ignored the report.
Then It announced that the figures were
greatly exaggerated At the end OF the
week the loss Of destroyer. a mine
sweeper and four planes was admitted,
but no report was made on the NUMBER
of cargo ships sent to the bottom or
damaged. The claim was made that 40
German planes we're downed, two sub
marines sunk and at least four others
badly damaged.
The enemy claims are doubtless en-
thusiastic guesses. Perhaps it is well TO
keep them guessing.
Weoths, Nav But it must be recog-
I.xo,. Nj. nized that this is the
most dangerous sea-
son for conveys to Russia by the Arctic
route. The long night is advancing fast.
Already the autumn dusk Is over the
northern sea lanes. The shortening
hours of daylight constitute almost ideal
conditions for submarines.
From the United States Navy comes
the announcement that another Ameri-
can destroyer, the Jarvis, and small
auxiliary transport, the Little, have been
lost in action of the Solomon Islands.
The Jarvis presumably carried a full
crew to sea graves. The crew of the
transport normally would include about
140 officers and men. Both ships have
been missing for several weeks. Inten-
sive search has revealed no trace OF
them. There can be little doubt of their
fate.
This winter may we'll be the worst
occupied Europe has known for Ave
centuries, reliable reports reaching the
United States indicate.
At the outbreak of this war the status
OF medical science was such that thou
sands on both sides were saved who
certainly would have died Is years ago.
Never before in history, for example.
were so many wounded saved by medical
skill as at Pearl Harbor.
1t was military reflection of the
single greatest triumph of the civilized
worlds interlude of peace-the conquest
OF injection. But now all this is water
under the bridge. The peoples are weak
ened by hunger and lack of proper food
constituents Epidemics are rising against
which they have little resistance. Dys-
entery has approached epidemic propor-
tions. Typhus, which killed 10000 900
IN the last war, already has made its ap-
pearance again and has even invaded
Germany itself from the east. Entire
populations OF typhus- infected villages
IN Poland are being massacred it is re-
ported. Scarlet fever. dipntheria and
meningitis are further causes of worry.
Germany itself is short of medicines
and bandages, so that high proportion
of the wounded die Conditions have
reverted to approximately those which
obtained during the American Civil War,
J when medical science was in its infancy.
Evening star., 1942-09-27
MARTIN, PIONEER OF THE AIR, PUSHES ON
Head Of Great Plane Plants Was Inspired by Mothers
By Maqm

Twelve miles from Baltimore at Middle
River are the great camounaged plants
of the Glenn Martin Aircraft Co. At
the center of this vast industry, which
in 1912 will do business measured in
hundreds Of millions of dollars, is Glen
Martin, the man who created it.
This same Glenn Martin was one Of
the pioneers OF flight. He risked his life
in contraption built like a box kite,
a contraption in which he had faith be-
cause it was his own. In his lifetime
he is 56 today-the amazing change has
occurred. Flying has progressed from
an uncertain and hazardous experiment
to a practical reality Time and space
have been compressed as never before in
the history of this battered old globe
with results that We have begun only
dimly to understand. And the man who
talks in a measured, even voice of the
techniques of building new and even
more astonishing aircraft had not a
little to do with the process.
Glenn Martin is supremely the techni
clan. Always all his life everything has
been subordinate to the creative skill
the technical imagination, he has
brought to the design of bigger and big
ger airplanes. Down beyond Assembly
Plant No. is the biggest of them all,
the 70-ton Mars, the prototype for the
cargo flying boats that are at the CEN
ter of warm controversy.
Mr.. Martin believes he can build those
flying boats faster and more efficiently
than any one else. He makes no in
vidious comparisons with his competi-
tors, present or potential, but you get
nevertheless sense of his confidence
in his own methods. And he listens to
talk-much of it from people who know
little or nothing of the technical side
of aviation-about what can and cannot
be built and how fast with a generous
reservation of doubt.
Tool Cost Explained
In speaking of mass production Of
anything, whether it's tin can or a
motor car" he says, you have to con-
slider the number of units to be con-
structed. We rarely if ever receive
orders for more than 500 or at the most
thousand of one type of plane.
Now that plane is broken down into
thousands of parts. You take certain
part, say this shape" and he draws a
design On the pad before him, land you
design the tool that can make that part.
You find the cost of that tool to be
$4,000. In relation to the cost of the
part itself you find you cannot afford to
build the tool. Perhaps you compromise
by building tool that will do part OF
the work.
What we have uone mere is to carry
the assembly line principle up to Ger
tain point. Then when the unit becomes
| too unwieldly to move along we pass
crews of workmen through the unit. We
do that in building these large flying
boats.
"A crew comes along and lays down a
| keel. Another crew follows to lay the
first bulkhead. Still another crew lays
the second bulkhead. These and sue
cessive crews move down the line until
by the time the first crew is laying the
Evening star., 1942-09-27

last keel the original hull is nearly COM
pleted and the process can be started
over again"
He Thinks in Images.
AS he talks he illustrates what he is
saying on sheet of paper before him.
He draws the first keel, the second keel,
the first bulkhead and so on in a neat
row until he has drawn 80 keels. This
man thinks in images on paper, images
that come out of his brain and are trans
lated into thousands upon thousands of
drawings by a staff OF engineers that
today numbers $500.
Glenn Martin was born in small town
in Iowa. but when he was still baby
his family went to pioneer in Liberal,
Kans.. a brand-new town, where the
father opened hardware store. 1t was
country where the wind never stopped
blowing and Mrs. Martin remembers
that almost as soon as he could walk the
boy, Glenn, experimental with kites and
with sails fixed to wagons.
Between mother and son the relation
ship has been extraordinarily close.
Shortly before his birth she had a
strange dream and the memory of it
she impressed on the boy in his earliest
years.
Araminta Martin dreamed that con-
fidently and serenely she was flying over
the Main street of the town they had
left back in Iowa while old friends
looked up with adnliring envy. She took
this dream as prophetic for the new life
she carried Mother and son would joke
about it little in later years, but be-
meath was a conviction that this meant
much for them both.
Box Kites His First Industry.
At the age of the boy built a su-
perior kind of box kite which he sold to
his friends. 1t was flourishing industry
in a corner of the kitchen for several
years. He took a two-year business
course at Kansas Wesleyan College and
then the family moved to Santa Ana,
Calf. There at % this precocious youth
Evening star., 1942-09-27

have been in Russia for months told
him they were conscious of a growing
coldness on the part of the populace
and officials.
This is inevitable. Russians have
looked to British American front in
Western Europe to save
Russions Feel them from the terrible
Deserted pressure OF Nazi hordes.
They alone, so far as
the European theater OF war is con-
cerned, have been face to face with
Axis armies Wishful thinking naturally
makes them minimize the difficulties
of landing large expeditionary forces on
the continent. They feel they have been
left to fight alone-that the supplies sent
over the Arctic route have been pitiably
small.
Meanwhile winter comes apace. The
"second-front season seems nearly over.
Needless to say. the possibilities of
mass landing on the French coast have
received thoughtful attention in both
London and Washington. It is impos-
Evening star., 1942-09-27

, dedicate memorial to Bolivar in Buenos
Aires. The Argentines, like the Uruguay
ans and the Chileans, have been some-
what less enthusiastic in their admira-
ton of Venezuela's greatest son than
have the Northern South Americans.
That is readily understood. They have
their own national heroes-San Martin,
Artigas, OHiggins-while the Paraguay
ans have not forgotten that at one time
they came close to waging war on Bolivar.
Those are facts seemingly unknown to
those North Americans who mistaken
ly regard Bolivar as the hero of all South
America, overlooking the fact that he
had nothing to do with emancipating the
southern portion of the continent.
Monument Being Erected.
Within recent decades there has, how
ever, been tendency among the SOUTH
ern people to recognize his greatness.
and Argentina IS now erecting splendid
monument i'll his honor BY inviting a
Venezuelan statesman to perform the
ceremony of dedication she is making
gesture that viii be appreciated through
out South America and will intensity
that feeling of community of interest
which is essential to inter-American
harmony.
Argentina also is about to dedicate a
statue of Bernard OrHiggins and the
President Of Chile on his way back from
Washington next month will visit Buenos
Aires to perform the ceremony. The
association of O'Higgins with Argentina S
outstanding national figure San Martin
has had its influence in preserving the
peace between the two countries. In
international relations as in personal
relations, ties Of sentiment have their
value and to make light of them is an
error into which no true statesman or
diplomat will fall though, of course. to
eXaggerate their importance would be
merely an error in the opposite direction.
There is no fear that their Importance
is being exaggerated on the present occa-
sion, for Argentlna's public homage to
Chlies historic figure is but an express.
sion OF that firm desire of both countries
to forget past differences and thus to
peace to the world by preserving it in
South America
The friendship between them has al
ready produced very practical result in
their agreement to suspend temporarily
that provision of the Treaty of 1881.
which neutralizes the Strait of Magellan
and forbids its fertilization.
For some time both nations have in
consequence been fortifying that entire
region, and only few months ago the
Argentine Minister of War made a tour
OF inspection Of Southern Patagonia and
OF the Argentine part of TERRA del
Fuego. The bearing of the agreement
on the military situation in the South
Atlantic and the South Pacific is OBJ.
vious
The above are some Of the occurrences
OF recent date which mansAst tho
peaceful dispositions Of the South Amer
lean nations toward one another.
Evening star., 1942-09-27
Five>Ocean Navy Growing
Vast System of Shipyards Cuts Many Months Off
Time for Construction

also for their components and equip
ment, except armor, guns and aviation.
It negotiates all contracts for build
ing or converting undersea and surface
craft; originates requirements and requi-
sitions for their parts and sub-assem-
blies; determines the sites and specilca-
tions of yards and ways, and manages
the creation or enlargement of indus
trial plants serving as feeders to all
shipyards engaged in naval construction
and repairs.
Regarding the head of this division, a
Navy Department release, dated last
January 81, stated that Capt. Rawlings
has had an important part in develop
ing the shipbuilding program and in
placing contracts for some 5000 ships at
an approximate cost OF $1,000 900 ,000."
Since that time the figures for vessels
and funds obligated have undoubtedly
multiplied.
Decorated in World War.
A native of Virginia and graduate of
the Naval Academy, Capt. Rawlings Is
48 years old. He was decorated with the
Victory Medal for service on the de-
stroyer Jenkins during World War l..
After the armistice, he was sen to the
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
for a postgraduate course in naval con-
struction. He was assigned first to the
Norfolk Navy Yard and then to the
Navy Yard at Portsmouth, N. H., where
he took part in building the submarines
Argonaut, Narwahl, Nautilus, Barracuda,
Bass and Bonita.
His first tour in Washington, from
1929 to 1883, was as finance officer and
next in the Design Division of the Bu-
reau of Construction and Repairs, which
was consolidated with the Bureau OF En-
| gineering, in June. 1910, to make the
present Bureau of Ships. In 1888 he was
appointed hull superintendent in charge
of destroyers at the Norfolk Navy Yard
and supervised the building Of the first
destroyer launched at this yard after the
| First World War 1t was the U. S. S
| Tucker
| His present service in Washington be
| gan August, 1899, just in time for the
outbreak of war and the beginning of an
expansion unparalleled in the Navy's his
tory. Once more he was attached to the
Bureau of Construction and Repairs
After the Bureau of Ships was organized
he became in turn assistant chief, acting
chief and finally chief of the Shipbuild-
ing Division. BY common testimony, he
has won outstanding success in one ol
the Nations toughest and most vital wal
jobs.
Capt Rawlings cutomarily arrives al
his desk at am, remains until or :3(
pm, and takes a portfolio of work to his
home in one of the big Washington
apartment hotels. where he lives with his
wife and two children, a girl of ls and 9
boy of II. -.
His cigarette -holder is proverb among
the ITO officers and IT'S civilians form
ing the staff of the Shipbuilding Divi.
sion. During the last three years, fol
seven days week and II hours or more
a day, this fag baton has pleaded ano
stormed without rest, has cajoled anc
commanded, assen.ed and denied. IT.
| fourishes have conducted vast negotia.
tions.
Evening star., 1942-09-27
Continued From Page BID

pected the Navy to take action"
Secretary Knox called on the Senate
Naval Affairs Committee to make an in
vestigation, but Senator Walsh, its
chairman, promptly tossed the ball back
by suggesting that the department make
its own inquiry. This is now under way,
and report is promised in the next two
or three weeks.
Vital Materials Lacking.
In the meantime, rumors have grown
current that in tests last May at Nor
folk the bureaus lighter failed dismally,
while the Higgins model came through
with flying colors. In consequence. it is
said, the bureaus design has been aban-
doned, after waste of two years and
millions of dollars, and construction has
been shifted to the Higgins type.
The dark cloud on the horizon is that
overhanging the re-armament effort
everywhere-shortage of critical mate
rials. In the Navys case the chief de-
f1ciencies are of steel, copper and steel
alloys. Figures are withheld as to the
margin by which construction of ship
yards has outstripped material supplies;
but in this connection may be recalled
Admiral Emory S. Lands declaration not
long ago that the Maritime Commission
has 100000 tons of shipbuilding ca
pacity in excess Of material supplies.
Last April, due to the shortage of steel,
1t was necessary for the Bureau OF Ships
to cancel shipbuilding facility projects
totaling s3oooo,ooo On September Is,
for the same reason, a projected s5,000,-
900 expansion was abandoned at the
Marietta Shipbuilding Corp. in West
Virginia. Further shutdowns seem prob
able
The Bureau of Ships is a component
of the once of Procurement and Ma
terial. under Vice Admiral Samuel M.
Robinson, chief Of all the Nays supply
branches. The chief of the Bureau OF
Ships is Rear Admiral Alexander Ham
iton Van Keuren, and the assistant
chief is Rear Admiral Claud A. Jones.
The bureaus principal divisions and
their heads are as follows: Design, Rear
Admiral Herbert S. Howard; shipbuild-
ing, Capt. Norborne Lewis Rawlings;
maintenance, Capt, Joseph J. Broshek;
administration, Capt. Claude S. Gillette;
finance, Capt. Philip G. Lauman, and
radio. Comdr. Jennings B. Dow. Last
Monday Capt. Brosheks nomination
for promotion to Rear Admiral was sub
mitted to the Senate by President Roose-
welt.
shipbuilding Unit on Top.
In normal times, maintenance absorbs
most of the budget of the Bureau OF
Ships, and may well resume its old as
cendancy as the feet is augmented sby
new vessels. But at the moment the
Shipbuilding Division is on top, and
promises to remain there for several
years. 1t Is the chief liaison once be-
tween the War Production Board and
the Bureau of Ships, and the latter's
procurement agency for all naval vessels.
combatant and auxiliary, from rubber
skifYs and harbor tugboats to airplane car
riers and 45Ooo-ton dreadnaughts; and
Evening star., 1942-09-27

and bomb-shattered cellars the defend
ers rose and struck back on Stalingrad's
northeast rim. They drove the invaders
back into the suburbs again. From i'm
provised defenses within the city itself
they cut off and slaughtered inflltrating
parties of the foe.
Presumably secure, on the whole, in
their positions outside Staingrad the
German campaign for reducing the city
has been constant succession of such
infiltrations-tank units sent down the
streets followed by companies of rifle
men, There is no more to be gained by
bombing. Nothing remains to be de-
stroyed. Hardly building is left stand
ing. More bombs would only shake loose
cades.
Probably Stalingrad is doomed. 1t is
almost futile to hope that Hitler's main
objective of the summers campaign, at
talnment Of which will place him in a
vastly better position to face another
winter will not be realized. Every ounce
of German energy will be expended to
capture tne clty. But there nave been
miracles before in warfare.
Russians claim that in the last week
alone $4,000 Germans have perished
on the Stalingrad front Their own
losses must have been even greater. AS
it continues week after week this is the
most titanic battle of the Second World
War, ranking with Verdun.
Meanwhile Germans renewed their
offensive in the Caucasus, their chief
objective apparently being the oil center
of Grozny. Russians still are resisting
stoutly on the Black Sea coast and on the
Leningrad front far to the northward.
So much has world attention been
focused on Stalingrad that the city has
become almost synonymous with Russia
itself. But the fall of the city will by
no means signify the emo of Russia.
Evening star., 1942-09-27
Russian Front

week ago Stalingrad at the bend
Of the Volga, objective of German
campaign which has lasted nearly two
months, essentially cut off from help by
Its curious geographic position, was
given up for lost by the outside world
It had taken the full brunt of the feroc-
Ity. ingenuity and power of the armies
which had crushed France in few
weeks. It was in weak defensive posi-
tion. It's resistance had been one of
the epics of mans history. But it seemed
human flesh could endure no more than
what had been suffered by its defenders
rs the Nazi invaders pushed nearer
Late last week they were in the sub
urbs of the big Russian industrial city
Then they were in
citv's Defenders the city itself. The
Ris. n Attork inevitable end was
near, all reports in
dicated. Then from their piles Of rubble
Evening star., 1942-09-27
Americas Forty-Second Week of War
(16Oth Week of World War ~
By Thomas r. Henry.

Is the United States losing
1t has taken
Pearl Habor 1t has had
In other have American
yldual herosm initiative
undivided loyalty the
that the
prospects of long, terribly
this war These
labor official
The United States declared losing
well unde
Evening star., 1942-09-27
The Second Front

Wendell Willkie spent the week in
Moscow. He talked with Premier Stain
with bus drivers, shopkeepers, all sorts
of folks on the streets He found evey-
where, as we'll might be expected, criti-
cism of the United States and Great
Britain. Mr.. Willkie, OF course, was hos
pitably received, but Americans who