davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Toledo union journal. [volume] (Toledo, Ohio) 1942-current, 1942-12-18
IT s Neus
To Me
BY o. ]. Pecord
ARMY AND NAVY AWARD

-
ARMY AND NAVY AWARD
Award of the Army and Navy E
to the Spicer plant and Unit is an
honor which should not be taken
lightly.
In substance, the award is made
on the basis of the productivity of
the workers, for were it not for the
men in the plants which have been
awarded the "E" the Army and
Navy would not find it possible to
hand out the coveted emblem.
Nor do the armed services lightly
grant the honor, for while there are
thousands of plants producing war
materials, there are relatively few
which have been recognized as ex-
ceiling in productivity.
WORKERS EXCEL
Workers in the Spicer plant have
taken great interest in making
their shop outstanding in its war
efforts. Far from being content to
merely produce according to sched-
ule, the workers have gone ahead
of production schedules and con-
tributed an outstanding piece Of
work to the war effort.
1t is because the workers from
the Spicer plant realize the impli-
cations inherent in this war that
they work not only because of their
personal stake in it in the way of
sons, brothers and fellow workers;
but because they know that vic
torious Axis would spell doom to
the liberty and democracy to which
they are attached as citizens of a
free country and great democratic
union.
A PLEDGE ~
Not content with their perfoA
ance which has been so great tn Y
they have been awarded the Army
Navy e." workers at the Spicer
Co. have pledged to redouble their
efforts in war production. Once
the enemy has been put on the run
is time not to rest upon their lau-
rels; but to work the harder to end
this war at the earliest possible
moment.
Spicer employees will work harder
than ever to do their part, even
more than their share, to the end
that dictatorship shall be COM
pletely defeated and democracy
emerge truly victorious.
Members of the Spicer Unit,
UAW-CIO, are another CIO union
added to an growing list Of
CIO organizations which have been
recognized by our government as
the most important cogs in the
wheel of war which is going to run
over the Axis and destroy it be-
yond repair.
Spicer Unit members deserve the
congratulations and concentrations
of their fellow members in Local
II, UAW-CIO, and they will receive
them. We of Local IL are proud to
be associated with workers who
have done such an outstanding Job
in war productions and we do feel
privileged to be part of an organ
ization which fosters the spirit
which moves men to work and fight
for the things they know to be
right.
Toledo union journal. [volume] (Toledo, Ohio) 1942-current, 1942-12-18
Our Union Home
By Melvin M. Schultz, Rec. Sec'y
Local No. IL, UAW-CIO

Local No. II, UAW-CIO
AS this story is written, it looks
very much like a White Christmas
and this in reality means more than
just a snow storm.
The expression can be construed
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1942-03-05
- .1E 81
|6oi1!lli4Q
DIA@ANzlML

HORNSBY'S entry into baseball's
= Hall Of Fame brings up once
more an ancient argument. Who
have been the greater hitters-the
right-handers or those who swing
from the left side?
The left-handed swingers offer you
Ty Cobb, Babe Ruth, George Sisler,
Lou Gehrig, Joe Jackson, Iris
Speaker and Ted Williams for
starting lineup. This is quite col
lection Of talent to move against.
The right-handers counter with ROg-
ers H0rnsby, Hans Wagner, NapO-
leon Lajoie, Ed Delehanty, Harry
Heilmann and Joe DiMaggi0-a
pretty fair crop also.
The left-hander, being closer to
first base, has more than full
strides advantage. I'd say the left
handed hitting side had a slight
edge, but nothing to rave about.
For Hornsby, Wagner, Lajoie, Dele
hanty and DiMaggio could also lean
against the leather.
Don't forget that Hornsby aver
aged above 400 for four consecutive
years, taking in his average for that
time, which is something.
An Odd Turn
Baseball happens to be the one
game in which the left-handed hit
ter takes high place in any all
time ranking.
In golf, no left-hander has ever
won big championship. No left
handler has ever won the U. S. Open
or British Open, the U. S. Amateur
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1942-03-05
Belled the Amazons

The most ferocious female war
riors in history were the 5000 AM
azons who formed a part of the
army of Behanzin, the Negro king
of Dahomey, West Africa, in the
1905, says Golfers. Eventually,
they grew to be so tough and quar-
relsome that the king had to make
them wear bells so that civilians
would be warned of their ap-
proach.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1942-03-05
Gems of Thought

XIIE DO ourselves wrong,
w and too meanly estimate
the holiness above us, when We
deem that any act or enjoy
ment good in itself, is not good
to do religiously Hawthorne.
Our doubts are traitors
And make us lose the good zoe Oft
might tUin
BY fearing TO attempt.
Shakespeare.
The man who trusts men viii
make fewer mistakes than he
who distrusts them.-Cavour.
Let the farmer forevermore
be honored in his calling; for
they who labor in the earth are
the chosen people of God
Thomas Jefferson.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1942-03-05
Bride at Two

Princess Mary, daughter of Hen
ny VIII, had one of the smallest
wedding rings ever worn when she
was married to the Dauphin of
France. The bride was two years
old-the groom, nine monthsI
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1942-03-05
In Other Sports

IN OLTLeT OpOTLS
The same is true in tennis. There
have been good left-handed tennis
players, but few champions. Nor
man Brookes was one. The Austria
liam was star. R. L. Murray was
another.
But the crushing preponderance is
all on the other side-Bin Tilden,
Bill Johnston, Rene Lacoste, Els
worth Vines, Don Bulge, Maurice
Mclaughlin, Bill Larned, Fred Per-
ry, Anthony Wilding, Norris Will
liams, on through the present gen.
Grafton. The star right-handers in
tennis outnumber the present gen.
Grafton. The star right-handers in
tennis outnumber the star left-hand-
ers by ten to one.
The same is true in polo. All great
polo players have been right-hand-
ed swingers - Devereux Milburn,
Tommy Hitchcock, Cecil Smith, Luis
Lacey. 1 can't recall any Ieft-hand-
ed polo players. Maybe there are
none.
In games where you pick up some
form of bat to hit the ball, base
ball is the only sport that can show
you a line of top-notch left-handed
swingers.
There have been great left-handed
pitchers = Waddell, Grove, Ruth,
Pennock, Gomez, Plank. And foot
ball has known fine left-footed kick
ers and fine left-handed passers. But
outside of baseball the left-handed
hitter is far below the average of
his right-handed rival.
Well still let the scientists figure
this out.
about HOrnSby
Hornsby has been something more
than a great hitter, a fine infielder
and winning manager. He also is
one of the best instructors that base
ball ever has known. For some un-
known reason baseball never has
been too hot on the instruction side.
The main idea in baseball is to
swing the bat on line, not up or
down. I've seen Hornsby correct
this fault more than once. If base
ball ever had the training and the
teaching that golf gets the improve
ment would be terrific.
Rogers Hornsby more than de-
serves his place in any hall of base
ball fame.
In baseball you are supposed to
be either good natural hitter, or
you are a bad hitter. I've had so
major league stars tell me that hit
ting can't be taught. Hornsby has
proved they are wrong. I've seen
him correct faults in players that
made a big difference.
Baseball, for example, has many
of the faults known to golf. One of
these is trying to swing or trying to
hit too quickly. In both games there
must be feeling of delay.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1942-03-05
Alien Needles

Alien Needles
The ordinary steel sewing nee
die, used in every American home
for generations, has never yet
been manufactured in the United
States.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1942-03-05

or the British Amateur crown. In
fact, no left-hander has even come
close to any major golf event.
There have been good left-handed
golfers. But no great Ones-nO
Jones, VardOn, Hagen, Hogan or
Nelson. The portside entries can
play in the low 70s, they can break
20 here and there, but they are lost
in major events.
In golf there are no such left
handed stars as Cobb, Ruth, Jack
son, Speaker and many others. Just
why this is no scientist seems to
know. If so many people can handle
a baseball bat so effectively as left
handlers, why not golfers?
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31
Pick of the Air 7 oday

1915 MBS, 100 MBS. 11:15
MBS, 1900 CHS MBS; afternoon
las NBC, 900 MBS, 3:15 CHS
400 MRS. 4:45 CHS MBs, Sis
MBS,, 6:25 NBC. 6:45 CHS MBS.
NBC-I:l5 p. m. Sketches in Mel
ody;
3:15-Ma Perkins,
6.0O-U. L. Navy Band.
CRS-11 a. m. Arthur Godfrey;
Ais p. m Children in the War;
5;50-Golden Gate Quartet
MBS-ll:45 a. m. Choir Loft:
800 p. m Mutual Goes Calling
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31
SEEK MISSING HEIRS

Grand Rapids. Mich. Mar, 81
Help IN locating four missing heirs
was asked OF Sheriff Hugh J. Black
lock, in a letter he received Monday
Last heard OF In Grand Rapids, the
four are entitled to share in two
cash requests totaling $4,000 wait
ing for them at an undisclosed place
in Texas. The sheriff is looking for
Louise c. Rosander. William Floehr,
c. p. and Mrs. Bridget O'Brien. Dep.
uty sheriffs have found former sd-
dresses Of the first two.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31
SALARY INCREASE VOTED

Jackson. Mich, Mar. Silt was
voted by the Jackson Board of Edu-
cation Monday afternoon to give a
salary increase 70 ali teachers, ef-
fective with the beginning OF the
current semester. and directed FL
wood Watson. school athletic direc-
tor to formulate a definite plan
for military education In the public
schools. Pay raises for the teachers
will entail a yearly increase Of
S3S. 600.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31
oUARTERMAsTERs TRAIN

East Lansing, Mich, Mar. 81
Forty students enrolled in the Mich
igan State College Quartermaster
Corps will swing into action
April 2. according to Lieut.-Col Stu
art Mcleod. head Of the ROTC de
partment. The new corps is one of
four being established in American
universities by the Army for train
ing purposes. Following successful
completion OF the two-year training
program. the students will be eligE
Bile for commissions as second lieu
tenants. Mcleod said.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31


spiders" by the pathologist, in
popular psrlance they receive the
unhatterIng designation Of drunk
ards cheek"
This is not entirely fair because
nobody knows exactly what causes
them. They are, it is true, found
among gentlemen and ladies who
like TO gather about the flowing
bowl, but this is more due to the
type of bodily build Of such people
than to the consumption Of the
contents of the bowl itself.
The thin, long, linear type of
person with the dropped stomach
and not too good an appetite or
digestion is not the type of person
who becomes problem around the
flowing bowl. But the wide, lateral,
ford type with perfect emptying
rate Of the stomach is. Also it
seems this is the bodily habitus
which develops the vascular
spiders.
We can prove this because occa-
sionaly we find a man of full
habitus who does not favor the
flowing bowl and who still has the
vascular spiders; and also quite
often We md thin people who,
despite their habitus, are quite
Incorporate, but who do not de-
velop spiders.
In some persons a ring of small
dilated veins develops under the
skin at about the level Of the rib
margin and encircles the body in
the form of belt or girdle. These
are usually regarded as ominous
signs by the patients, and indeed,
textbooks on medicine referred to
them as sign of liver or heart
disease, preferably cirrhosis of the
liver.
Two physicians, however, de-
eided to test this out and they
finally had a collection of $50 pa
tients, all of whom had acquired
this belt of little veins beneath the
skin. They were not especially
associated with liver disease, or
indeed with any internal disease
Of heart, lungs, high blood pres
sure or what have you.
The doctors concluded then that
they are Of no significance. They
are likely to come up in those of
full habitus, and especially to in
crease with age. They are nothing
more than a sign that you are
getting older.
There is something especially
.fying about anything that
throws a girdle around the body.
An old superstition states that if
shingles appears on both sides Of
TIE trunk ard meets in the middle,
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31
TRAINING PAY ANNOUNCED

Fort Custer. Mich, Mar Sl-The
lowest pay for any soldier will be
s54 month while he is attending
an officers training school accord
Ing TO orders received here Monday
from Washington. Men now holding
higher grade will retain their rank
and pay during the school period
and those with lower grades now at
school will be promoted.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31

he s IN favor Oh
ergtn 6 the
OGR. the OCl
and the OFF
into one single
OGRCIFF. an
economy Of two
Os and a couple
OF stable STATS
of workers on
the federal pay
roll
It'll be a saw
ing. however.
from which a
new staff for a
w A AC Will
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31
WAR PLANT EXTENDED

Monroe. Mich. Mar 81 An
nouncement was made Monday by
William c. Mcintyre, vice president
anad general manager of the Mon
roe Automobile Equipment Co. that
a contract had been let for an $780,
600 addition TO the plant, to add So
600 square feet Of floor space for
war contract production.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31
STRAITS TRAFFIC TO RESUME

Lansing, Mich, Mar 81 APP
Announcement was made Monday
by the State Highway Department
that state ferry boats at the Straits
Of Mackinac would begin regular
spring schedule at s a. m, Wednes-
day. two weeks earlier than usual.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31
PLAN CONFERENCE

Detroit. Mar. 3l-INS-A three
way conference of union, commits
sion house and state mediation
board repres entatives was schedul-
ed today in the strike Of four mem
bers Of the AT. of L. Transfers
Union. which for six days tied up
large part OF Detroit's meat sup
Dlv,
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31
REINSTATEMENT SOUGHT

Detroit. Mar. S1--INS-A special
police committee will study the
possibility OF reinstating suspended
Patrolman Marvin Straith who was
acquitted Of second degree murder
charges in the death Of a cook,
Police superintendent Louis L. Bers
said TODAY.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31
CYCLE ACCIDENT FATAL

Nj. Clemens, Mich, Mar. 81 -
Death from injuries sustained sun
day when he was thrown over the
Of a motorcycle he was
driving occurred Monday at Sara
toga Hospital, 10 Leo Stidman. 80
OF $685. Hudson Rd., Warren Town
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31

National Broadeastins Company
Red network. WLW 700, WV
$50. WHAM 100, WMAQ go. Blue
network. WXYZ 1870. WLW 700,
WGN 720.
Columbia 6roadcas,ins Company
-WJR 100, WBBM $50. WCKY
1880, WFBM 1876. VICAR 1850.
WBNS 1850 WOOD 1910. Blue
network, WOWO 1890.
Mutual 6rosdcasting Company
network, WLW 700, CKLW 500;
Red Network WLW zoo; Blue
WJBK 720.
Tonight
THE WAR-7:00 MBS. T.15 MIC.
1880 MBs. s:55 CHS. 9:f5 MBs,
1000 MRS. 1915 CHS. HOO
CHS, 1900 NBC CHS, 1855 NBC
CHS.
NBC-7:30 Burns and Allen;
S o0-Tallulah Bankhead drama ;
9;3O-Fibber MCGEE;
1o:0O-Rob Hope SHOW:
l0:30-Red shelton
CBS-S:00 Missing Heirs:
S:30-Bob Burns:
9:00-Duffy's Tavern:
I 9:30-Report to the Nation;
10: 00-Passover Program.
MBS-7:l5-Here's Morgan
s:00-What's My Name;
930-Eddie Duchin.
Wednesday
THE WAR Morning 500 NBC,
s:45 NBC. 900 CHS, 1000 MBS.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31
TodaY,s Horoscope

NVN"T
II your birthday Is today. ex-
pected and unexpected benefits
most likely through old people,
strangers. property, mines or I'M
common pursuits-are prophesied
for you in the next year You
should not. however. be careless
over correspondence Music and
art interest you. and II you de-
velop the latent talent within you.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31
LENTEN REDUCING DIET
BY Or. Clendenino

By Or. Clendenine
Ger Wsdnesdoy-1oo soioriesl
Satisfying. efficient, balanced
BREAKFAST
3 stewed prunes - no sugar
(roughage-75 caloriesl F.; slice
toast (75 calorles) ! cup cof-
fee-no cream or sugar.
LUNCH
? tablespoonfuls crabmeat on
lettuce-use mineral oil to make
mayonnaise (l75 calories)
slice toast or 2 soda crackers
(75 calories); l cup tea no
cream or sugar.
DINNER
l cup hot tomato juice (vitamin
Csc calories) lean broiled
cube steak (l50 calories)
stalks asparagus (25 calorlesl
2 tablespoonfuls snow pudding
(75 calories).
NNNNNSsStNt$ttt< e$ett<et>t<t<<
it means death. Any doctor with
a good modicum Of experience
could tell Of several episodes where
the shingles did meet in the center
without a fatal result, but still the
old belief lives on.
find that the appearance Of
these dilated veins on the abdomen
or chest Is a cause Of a good deal
Of fright and apprehension. 1t
looks like the outward and visible
sign Of some inward upheaval. /
am, therefore, happy TO report the
observation of the two doctors as
given above, and to that extent
give assurances that these fears
are unfounded.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
A. and BIS sodium bisul-
phate a poison? A says that So
dunn hisulphate Is 3 harmful poi
son; B says that it is not. Which
is right, A or b."
Answer: Sodium bisulphste Is
an acid salt and in a concentrated
water solution would have the
effect Of a strong acid and would
probably corrode the gullet and
stomach. 1t is not used in medi-
cine. You may be thinking Of
sodium sulphate, which is Glaub-
er's salt, saline cathartic.
D. R.:-"Please tell me whether
the following are fattening or
not: turkey, peanuts, whole wheat
bread, hamburger, and boiled eggs.
Answer: Everything you men,
tion is concentrated and therefore
on the fattening side.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31
Half-Forgotten Days
Twenty Years Ago

Members Of the Ladies' Literary Club displayed historical
dresses meeting featuring THE Evolution Of the Hat Mrs
G Pray Mrs r Bennett and Mrs W Hurdley conducted
the unique hat shop.
Agitation has been by Central High School
to secure the city the ST. Bridge
athletic field During both football and baseball
necessary take Tie squads either the Normal Field Prospect
Recreation Parks.
Fifty Years Ago
Two saw mills operation in Superior and both
have large savage capacity Vacant houses reoecuped with
enterprsng nante all getting In line to meet the rising boom
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31
Observations
Efforts 10 Merge
Federal Agencies
Strike Snags
BY Cnarles P stewart

SENATOR HARRY F. BYRD
Chairman OF congress JEC. believes
Uncle sam has superiority OF al
phabeuoal agencies For example.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31

reference, you should ask permits
sion Of the person whose name
YOU wish to use as a reference
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31

DR., Clendening will answer
questions Of general interest
only, and then only through
his column.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31
One Minute Test

One-AIinute Test
/. What Is a vanner7
2. On which lighting front Is
Gen. Erwin Rommel?
3. For what military force DO
the initials r A a F stand
Words OF Wisdom
Few persons have courage
enough to appear as good as they
really are - c and A w Hare
Hints on Etiquette
When you want to furnish a
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31

you should find success In those
fields. A child born on this date
viii be msthodical. systematic,
pereeptive. possessed Of sound
udgment and understanding.
Much material success is promised
despite threatened love troubles.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31
Your Health

Vascular Spiders
Not Always Due to
Liquor Consumption
By Logan Clendenins. NJ. D.
The SMALL networks Of di.
lated veins unaer the skin that
occur on the cheeks and on the
chest and abdomen are usually
ascnbed to an over friendliness
with the bottle. Called vascular
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31
Words Of Wisdom

When you want to furnish a
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-03-31

Wednesday
THE WAR Morning 500 NBC,
SIS NBC, 900 CHS, 1000 MBS.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1942-09-17
M0untChmens
High School
By Tom 9 Dick Donaldson

Mount Clemens High School
has always been known as a
football school and it is this
sport which annually finances
all other sports. Year after year
Coach Ernest Buckholz puts a
team on the field colorful and
determined to do its best for
Mount Clemens High School.
This years team will combine a
ground, aerial and trick play
attack that will be well worth
the price of admission.
A new flag pole has been
purchased by the student coun-
Gil and a colorful flag raising
ceremony will precede each
game. The high school band of
AS pieces, reorganized, will be
ready to perform between
halves. This year the price of
admission has been only slight
ly raised, just enough to cover
federal taxes. This Friday We
play host to BEDFORD High
school at $50. so buy ticket
and help cheer our battling
Bathers to victory.
CHEER LEADERS
Douglas McPeters has been
chosen head of this years cheer
leaders. Many new yells have
been planned and cheer leader
try-outs were held last night.
Friday short pep meeting will
be called to introduce the new
cheer leaders and give the
Bather students chance to
learn the new yells before game
time in the afternoon.
AERONAUTICS
An interesting and extremely
worthwhile course in pre-flight
aviation will be taught for the
first time in Mount Clemens
High schools history if enough
students are interested. Full col
lege credit will be given all
those passing the requirements
and it will be taught days a
week. Mr.. Herman Beck, vet
eran chemistry and physics
teacher. will teach this subject
which has been in great de-
mand in high schools through
out America.
HALL MONITORS
Hall monitors which are pick
ed each semester of the school
year took the various posts
throughout the high school. Hall
monitors help to insure quiet
and order in the halls while
classes are in session.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1942-09-17
Price Regulation
Gains New Support
COP Senotors Voice
Interest in Bill

WASHINGTON, Sept. H.
tP)-Support for the admins
| tration's price sterilization bill
appeared to be developing among
Republican senator's today as
they assembled for a caucus to
formulate their general policy on
the controversial legislation.
While not in entire agreement
on details, some members of the
minority group seemed to well
come an opportunity to give
President Roose yelt the respon-
sibility for stabilizing wages,
farm prices and other factors in
the cost of living.
There still was no certainty
that the house and senate could
agree on a bill by October /,
the deadline set by the president,
but the Republicans were talk
ing about counter deadline of
their own. Senator Vandenberg
(R-Mich.) was eported consider
ing an amendment that would
direct" the president to act to
stabilize prices by October Is.
The senate banking commit
tee yesterday ended two days of
public hearings and was to 60
into closed session today to con-
slider amendments to the bill.
Two amendments prepared by
Senator Bankhead CD-Ala.), a
farm bloc leader, appeared
likely to generate spirited dis
cussion. One would provide that
farm labor costs be included in
the computation of parity prices
for agricultural products. Par
ity is price level calculated to
give farmers purchasing power
equivalent to that of past ia
vorable period, in most cases
l909-14.