davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1942-04-15
Interest Of DC Pros
In Hale America
Golf Lukewarm
Paid Clan Doesn't Like
Poyine Way to Jersey
To Wind Up TriuIs

Washington professional and
amateur golfers who qualify in the
preliminary rounds for the Hale
American National Open tourney,
must travel to Bloomfield, N. j..
June S and s for the second qualify
ing round, the United States Golf
Association announced today.
Initial preliminary rounds limited
10 entrants from the Washington
area will be held at Bannockburn
Golf and Country Club May IS. The
second and final preliminary, to be
held at Is places throughout the
land, lists Bloomfield. N. j., as the
closest spot to Washington
Pros Little Interested.
The players must pay their own
expenses to all qualifying rounds
and to the final part of the tourney
at Chicago, June 1921, and the local
pros, faced with reduced income this
year, are lukewarm about the whole
thing.
Although intensive efforts were
made by officials of the Middle At
lantic Golf Association to stage the
important second preliminary here
or in Baltimore. the tourney was
turned down. forcing the local quail
Hars ~ UN a1couhara
The Hale America Open will be
held under the joint sponsorship of
the Professional Golfers Association
and the Chicago District Golf Asso-
citation. Site of the final will be
Ridgemoor Country Club of Chicago.
Because local preliminary trials
are set for May Is, date of the
opening of the P. G. A. champion
ship at Atlantic City, the U. S. G. A.
announces that all P. G. A. cham
pionship competitors will be exempt
from local qualifying rounds for the
Hale America event.
Supplants National Open.
Such exempt players, however
will be required to compete in the
second sectional rounds, to be held
June and z.
Twenty players automatically will
be eligible without sectional quail
flcation, among them Bobby Jones
Byron Nelson and Ben Hogan.
The Hale America Open takes the
place of the Cancelled National Open
Net proceeds Of the tourney and
sectional rounds will be donated
equally to the Navy Relief Society
and the United Service Organiza-
tions. Francis D. Quimet, former
amateur and open champion ano
chairman of the U. S. G. A. Cham.
pionship Committee, heads the join
committee in charge.
Evening star., 1942-04-15
Rough Rider Golfers
Are Ones 10 Defeat
For School Title
Keep Up Winning Streok
BY Shutting Out Tech;
Gonzoeo Beots Dewitt

There hasn't been much doubt up
to now that Roosevelt High School
linksmen are the combination to
whip for the Dawes Cup among the
public high golfers.
With a winning record OF three
straight this year, and l3 straight
over two years. you couldn't doubt
that the Rough Riders loom as the
class of the high schools. II you
had any doubts they must be dis
PEELED by statistics Of yesterdays
Roosevelt Tech match at Columbia,
when Roosevelt won all o points.
Every member of the team broke
80 over that tough course, with Capt.
Bill Brownrigg and Preston Wannan
shooting 74s. Art Myers had Is.
Billy Grimm had n, and Joe Barse
a 79. That happens to be the first
time all the boys on any high school
team have cracked 80 in competi"
tion.
Looming as a stern competitor for
Roosevelt Is the Wilson team. which
has won two matches. Wilson yes
terday licker Anacostia, to 3, at
Washington, while Central was
making 1t two out Of three by a 7
to-2 victory over Coolidge at wood
mont.
In the Met" section. Gonyaga
golfers, paced by Jimmy Fitzgerald's
81, grabbed their first victory, win
ming 61s to IA from Dewitt at Army
Navy. The Bethesda-St. Adams
match, scheduled at Congressional
yesterday, was TO be played today.
1t was postponed because of illness
on the Saints team.
Reuben Hines of East Potomac
Park, Tommy Ryan of Belle Haven
and Ivan Gantz of Easton, Md, tied
with net TBS for first place In a
tourney OF the Mid-Atlantic Associ-
alton Of Greenkeepers at Rolling
Road.
Evening star., 1942-04-15


players vieing for a ''leg" on the
I. S. Turover silver trophy, the Dis
trcit title, the bejeweled gold stick
pin award and a slice of the cash
purse established by entry fees.
We do not know how L. Walter
Stephens of the National Tourna-
ment obtained his l6 stellar players.
But Director Hyman Bronfin of the
District title tourney says that no
invitations were mailed to any one,
that from announcements in the
press the unusual field of IA has re-
suited.
Turning back to the opening
round in the United States cham
pionship, we have an eyewitness
on the scene in the person of Norval
P. Wigginton, secretary OF the Wash
ington Chess Divan Scoring in the
initial clashes were: Champion
Reshevsky beat Herbert Seidman,
intercollegiate titlist and Marshall
Chess Club champion, in exactly 81
moves. Isaac I. Kashdan, sometime
NtW vi otdUS oClCdOC0
City College Champion Carl Pilnick:
I. A. al" Horowitz, editor of Chess
Review Magazine, had an adjourned
game against Irwin Chernev after
four arduous hours of play; the
Jacob Levin Herman Hahlbohn game
was adjourned; Harry Baker drew
with Matthew Green in 80 moves;
Albert S. Pinkus, Manhattan Chess
Club champion, lost by the time
limit rule to Arnold S. Denker. one
time Empire State champion; Inter
nationlist Herman Steiner. chess
editor Of Los Angeles Times, out
pointed Louis Levy in 46 moves,
while the game between Benjamin
Altman and Norman Lessing was
adjourned.
Coincident with the mems tourney
the national women's chess cham
pionShip began.
Evening star., 1942-04-15
Cohen Takes Over
Reins Of Masonic
Duckpin League

Mike Cohen of Samuel Gompers
Lodge is the newly elected president
of the Masonic Duckpin League,
while Orville Brown of Roosevelt
is the new vice president.
Cohen, at the annual election of
officers last night at Almas Temple,
was named to succeed Ben Hare of
Washington Centennial. Arville Eb-
ersole of Albert Pike again was
chosen secretary treasurer and Ray
Cross as scorer of the big fraternal
loop.
Major H. Robb Of st. Johns, tn,
Evening star., 1942-04-15
Fights Lost Night
BY the Associated Press,

6y tne ASsOClApeo PreSs,
WHITE PLAINS, N. Y.-Son-
ny Horne, 1891. Niles. Ohio, and
Danny Rosati, 1884,, Newark,
drew 90.
NEW YORK.-Joey Archibald.
124%. Providence. r. l., and
Aaron Seltzer. l27, New York.
drew 90. Irwin CKay) Kaplan,
156, Los Angeles, and Tony Mar
teliano, 1501a, drew (8).
Evening star., 1942-04-15
Noted Joe Tinker Starts
Another Double PIuy

BY the Associated Press.
ORLANDO, Fla. April l5.-Joseph
B. Tinker of the once-famed base
ball double-play combination of
Tinker to Evers to Chance" and
Susanna Margaret Chabot of Or
lando were married here yesterday.
Tinker, real estate man here and
an instructor at the Joe Strip
Schoo of Baseball, won fame as
shortstop of the Chicago Cubs years
apO
Evening star., 1942-04-15
Fronk L. Smith Decd

MIDDLETOWN, Conn, April Is
tP.-Frank L. Smith, 5S, general
secretary of the Middletown Y. NJ
c. A, secretary of the Y. NJ. c. A
National Council and head of q
committee raising funds for a bas-
ket ball hall of fame, died here OF
a heart attack.
Evening star., 1942-04-15

only bowler to roll every season In
the league since its birth in 1918;
Charley Phillips Of King David and
Pete Lawrenson of Washington Cen
tennial will comprise the committee
to formulate plans for a 40-team
league next season. A meeting to
attain this end will be held at Almas
Temple next Tuesday at 8 pm.
Evening star., 1942-04-15
Colorado Women Sure
To Take Skeet Shoot

BY the Associated Press.
DENVER, April 15.-The Colorado
Woman's College is a heavy favorite
to win the feminine division of the
National intercollegiate telegraphic
skeet shoot Saturday.
Only two teams are entered, both
from that school
Evening star., 1942-04-15
WHITES MEN.

WHITES MEN.
white to Play and Mate in Two Moves.
Correction: Problem No. 437 in The
sgpSss wS;, StaI ApTi IL is Io
Advertisements: Daniel F. Longley.
Joseph L. Hall, Charles J. Berner George
Stanley Thomas, Allen A. jenkins, julius
Rosenwsld. I'd; N, l. Jacobson. Joseph J.
Junior Chess League.
Friday at 4-5:30 pm. at the Am
baSSador Hotel the chess writer viii
give the last instructional lecture
in the free series. Boys and girls
9-l6 years, may attend. A chess
set will be given at this meeting tc
the student who has displayed the
most promise.
A 10o-board Reuben Fine stimuli
taneous exhibition is scheduled fol
Sunday, May 3, at the Nationa,
Press Club. Entries will be taken by
Hyman Bronfin, 300l Stephenson
place NV: Norval p. Wigginton
Hotel Parkside, or w. H. Nicholas
Hotel Gordon.
Tonight at O'Clock at HoteI
Parkside rapid transit tiltS will be
arranged in sections of eight players
each. A move must be made every
10 seconds.
Evening star., 1942-04-15
Stark Wins Game.

In the District Chess Champion
ship Tournament, Director Bronf1n
divided them into sections A and B,
of equal strength. In the A faction
are T. Hollcroft, Federal Chess Club
S. Korda, Divan; L. N. Ponce, Divan
Nathaniel Weyl, Divan; Z. SkraN
Federal Chess Club; c. Shapiro
Evening star., 1942-04-15
# CHE IS #
BY PAUL J. MILLER.

double
Friday City United championship
Samuel Rehevsk thrice victor biennial national
Evening star., 1942-04-15
Lucky Strike on SPOT Facing Arcadia Battle Retain Slim Bowling Lead
Reprocessed Golf Balls Due
To Be Available Next Fall
PIG A. Is Watching Situation to Fix Price;
Hardy Puzzled as to CIub-Mokine Status
By WALTER McCALLUM.

Reprocessed golf balls Of the top brand will sell to the profess
sonal about 81 and to the golfer him
sefor around Sc The Professional Golfers Association of
America keeping its finger the ball situation advised its
members they will be given credit of about 81 20 used
balls grade about so
Evening star., 1942-04-15
Smith Praises Harper

Horton Smith calls Chandler Har-
per one of the best golf pros In the
game.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-10-17
Cooking School
Next tuesday

TUESDAY Is again cooking
school day for members Of Tbs
Detroit Times Homemakers
Club. Geraldine Marcoux, also
known as Miss Navy; Conchita
and Antonio, and Prudence
Penny will all be on hand to en-
terrain and instruct.
Miss Marcoux. liaison officer
for the Navy League, which is in
the formative stage here In the
city, will speak on the work the
league is doing and why you
should become a member.
Conchita and Antonio, cur
rently appearing at Mickey's
Show Bar. will entertain with
Spanish songs. Dressed in cos
TUNES from their native land
and playing guitars this team
brings with them folk songs
from south of the border as well
as popular tunes and opera
scores.
Measuring Food by the
Yardstick," will be the subject
of Prudence Penny's demonstra-
ton. Apples, which are the
Victory food special Of the
week will be featured, and you
will see fried bacon and apples
and cheese apple cobblerettes
prepared. NV
Detroit Times Cooking Schools
are for members of the Home
makers Club and are held on
Tuesdays throughout the winter
at 100 in the afternoon, with
doors opening at /.
II you are not a member Of
the club but would like to at
tend the school you may join in
the lobby of The Detroit Times
any Tuesday before class starts.
There is a 10-cent charge for
your membership card.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-10-17

your free hours. Offer your work
as a prayer for the success Of
our armies.
OCT. % TO NOV. %
!Scorpio - Today sponsors the
kind of interests and diversions
dear to the heart of every home
loving, peace-loving individual
Make the most of it and don't
forget to pray for the liberation
of oppressed peoples in Nazi and
japanese control.
NOV. % TO DEC. %
Sdgittdrius-While not espe-
cially stimulating or encouraging
to great undertakings, every
thing in relation to church, gov
eminent, community, and home
interests are honored. Get some
rest.
DEC -TQ-LAN-2l
Capricorn - Emotional strain,
overriding at anything should be
taboo. Of course, if you have
war work, and the utmost is re-
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-10-17
for Sunday, October rs
of TO APRIL 81


Aries-Ideal planetary aspects
for personal items, church and
charitable interests and whole
some recreation. OF course, neces-
sary work must not be neglected
and will be easier if you main
tain a pleasant outlook.
APRIL Fl TO MAY 20
ToUrUs-You. like Ariens, are
favored in heart and other pri-
vate interests. Church services,
weddings, christenings and en-
tertainment are on today's pro-
gram. Plan for brighter days
ahead.
MAY 2f TO JUNE 2f
Gemiui - A mild admonition
for today: Be gentle, discreet
with family, children, friends. A
tendency to be abrupt or heed
less should be corrected, they
cause you TO be misunderstood.
Let your fine talent for enter
tanning have sway - we need
GOOD fun.
JUNE 9e TO JULY %
Cancsr-,Fine prospects for a
happy, wholesome day. Start
right by giving some extra time
TO God. your prayers, study Of
the Bible. Then with a clear
conscience you may enjoy your
favorite diversion.
JULY % TO AUG. %
Leo-You have similar pleasant
indications to Cancer folks. We
all should realize that whole
some recreation and h e ! [ h y
sports are as important to our
well-being and general morale as
is work and study.
AUG. IS TO SEPT. %
VrgO-Be mindful of health,
take needed rest and indulge the
little pleasant things for which
Your workday-d aesH,t find times,
Virgoans are wont to neglect
themselves in service to loved
ones and worthy causes.
SEPT. 81 TO OCT. %
Librd-Music, painting, visit
ing museums, the theater,> hos
pitfalls and friends are on today's
inviting program. If work is a
MUST" don't let il dampen
your ardor for wholesome fun in
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-10-17

IF YOU think you're A good
cook. just ask yourself whether
your family likes vegetables. II
not. the reason COULD be you
don't know how 10 cook them
properly!
That quiz is in keeping with
the findings of DR.. Theodore F.
Fucker. Columbia University,
whose recent research on nutri-
ton is OF special interest TO the
homemaker faced with meatless
days.
1t is Doctor Fuckers opinion
that the cooking and selection Of
vegetables are the main things.
The family must like a food
before they will eat it. Also. IL
must be purchased with an eye
10 the vitamin value, and cooked
so as not to lose these essen
tials.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-10-17
Captain. Mrs. Litch Fe+ed
At Island Cocktail Party

Becker, USNR, and Mrs. Beck
Ter; Ii. John Foley. USNR, and
his mother, Mrs. John Foley; 1t.
Commander II. w. Wickcs,
USNR. and Mrs. Wickes; Maj.
Charles Adams. USMCR, and
Mrs. Adams.
Before taking up his new COM
mand at Crosse He, Captain
Litch was United States naval
attache at the admiralty in
London.
Among the guests present
we're: 1t. Commander w. r.
KeIlum, USNR. and Mrs. Kel-
Mrs. A. II. Ludwig of Colorado
avenue and Mrs. F. A. SweitZer
Of Trombley road have returned
from a Today trip 10 New York
with Mr.. and Mrs. John NJ.
Diggs.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-10-17

HONORING CAPT. ERNEST
LITCH, USN.. new commanding
officer at the Crosse lie naval
base. and Mrs. Litch, Flight 1t
and Mrs Charles r. F. CallHna
entertained at a cocktail party
in their Crosse lie home.
Adding colorful note TO the
party was the great bouquet of
roses sent TO the hostess by Mrs.
John Foley, one of the guests.
Mrs. Cullum arranged the roses
atop the grand piano then
placed electric lights behind
them to dramatic their color.
Tying in with the flowers was
the cocktail suit worn by the
hostess "a slim black skirt
topped by a white blouse printed
with red roses.
lum; 1t. Commander r r. p.
Rose. Royal Navy; Flight 1t. w.
J. Redman. Raj; 1t. Gordon
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-10-17
Elsie Robinson

DOES THIS nation need more
militant mamas?
Should papa pack a punch
when it comes TO training son ?
Mother Louise Eastwood of
Branford, Conn, answers both
questions with an emphatic yes.
And il l know my fellow citi-
zens, il will be responsible for
many a stormy supper table.
Says she:
It's my opinion that far TOO
many American mothers would
raise their sons 10 be wiShy-
waShy sisSies unless the fathers
interfere-which, unfortunately,
they seldom do.
Nature has ordained that a
man must live tough and dan
gerously if he is to survive.
This does not mean that he
should be wantonly vicious. II
does mean that he should be
able TO defend himself and the
people and principles he loves.
That is as much his duty as
singing psalms or praying pray
ers. And the training for that
duty must begin in his own
home.
Mothers Influence
But how can he possibly re-
ceive such training if his mother
Furnishes him IL he gets in A
scrap if she shudders at the
thought Of guns or jackknives
if she refuses to listen TO
war news for fear he will be
contaminated by brutality.
"As. a mother. I agree with
other mothers who do not want
young children to play with dan
gerous objects.--Axes- and knives
are not toys and should not be
used as such.
But l do believe that every
growing boy should be taught
the use Of such implements.
Trained by Father
Like many another mother I
live with the fear that my son
may some day carelessly kill a
young companion or be killed
with the inevitable 'Unloaded
gun But that's where dad should
come in.
Every father should train his
son 10 a serious and efficient
handling OF weapons and a
healthy respect for them.
y There are recruits in the.
training camps Of this nation
who actually do not know which
end OF a gun TO hold 10 their
shoulder. What chance have
these against children who have
been trained from infancy.
Every good woman wants 10
teach her child love and rever-
ence toward God and man.
But unless she is a fool or a
fanatic, she knows in her heart
that this world is not always
peaceful and kindly and that we
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-10-17

quired Of all Of US in this respect,
go about it cheerfully knowing
that you are doing your duty.
Your work will seem lighter.
JAN. go TO FEB e9
AqudriUs-Ideal for hobbies.
study, reading, entertainment,
correspondence. However, essen
tial work is on the must" list.
FEB. 81 TO MARCH 20
PiSces-Finishing incompleted
items, catching up with CORE
spondence and social obligations
on your sponsored schedule. Com
fort and assistance in religious
duties first, then recreation.
A CHILD born on this day:
A keen Judge of character,
steady; very loyal TO family,
friends righteous causes An
earnest student, artistic, fond of
good lite music-and
wholesome funys too.
Copyright, 1912, by King Features
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-10-17
Saturday, October II, 1912
Cora Hacke++
Bride Of
A. Q. Mason

CORA JANET HACKETT,
daughter Of DR.. and Mrs. An
drew Hackett of Avery avenue
was a bride. who upon two
hours notice was ready for her
marriage in a white satin gown
and fingertip length lace veil.
The wedding had been planned
for some time but when her
fiance, Ensign Archibald Osburn
Mason Jr.. United State Naval
Air Corps, was given an unex-
pected furlough. his arrival here
allowed Miss Hackett just two
hours to prepare for the cere-
mony.
Ensign Mason is the son Of
Mr.. and Mrs. Archibald Osburn
Mason of Trenton.
The ceremony took place In
the brides home and she was
given in marriage by her father.
The Rev. L. z. Midworth Off
ciated.
Patricia Ann Mcfarland,
maid of honor, was in gold crepe
with gold accessories.
Mf Mason was his sons best
man.
Mrs. Hackett chose a brown
faille gown for her daughters
wedding and the bridegroom's
mother, Mrs. Mason, was in
black and fuchsia.
Following short wedding
trip. Ensign Mason will return
10 his duties at Corpus Christi.
TexaC
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-10-17
In Mayfair
WITH
The Cbabcron

GUESTS AT the ball Mr..
and Mrs. Robert Alexander
Pulfer gave at the Boat Club
last evening -. opened pro-
grams holding likenesses of
postdebutante Roberta Pulfer
80. and Robert Snow. -.
And thus received the pleas
ant news. of the pairs
engagement. -.
No wedding date. -. has
been set -.
The bridegroom .. rs the
son of Mr.. and Mrs. Harry
A. Snow of Dearborn. -.
Roberta was graduated
from Liggett School. :. and
studied at the University of
Michigan. where she was A
member. of Kappa Kappa
Gamma Sorority. -.
She made her debut at
n luncheon at the Boat Club
July, 1871.
Mr.. Snow studied at Edison
Institute. and is now at
Michigan. where he is
member of Delta Tau Delta
FrntcrnftY-----
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-10-17

INTRIGUING AND delicious
desserts are always in demand.
Pies in particular are an Amerl-
can favorite-nevcr more well
come than at this season of the
year.
Here's a delightful fig pie with
meringue and coconut topping
that is not only appetizing in APP
pearance but excellent in flavor.
Fig Caramel Pie
l cup dried white figs
= cup brown sugar. packed
3 tablespoons butter
pa cups milk
4 tablespoons cornstarch
2 teaspoons vanilla extract
Few grains salt
2 egg yolks
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-10-17

Pattern 4l23 is available in
misses and women'S sizes IA. Is,
is. 20 30. "a. rs. IS. 40 and az.
Size Is takes 3% yards 39-inch.
Send rs cents in coins for this
ammo Adams pattern Write
plainly size name address and
style number.
address your request 10 The
Anne Adams Pattern Depart
ment, 1925 Times Square. De-
trolt, Mich. Owing 10 customs
regulations. orders for patterns
10 Canadian destinations cannot
be filled.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-10-17
Scientist Tells Of Work
With These New Foods

scientists tip and greatly i'm
prove our dietary by looking
into the vegetable situation.
Our, next crop of Victory Gar
dens will help us to recognize
those that are fresh. We already
know TO cook them quickly, in
as little water as possible, and
to serve the liquid with them.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-10-17
Mrs. Blake There

A JOLLY crowd arrived
from Ann Arbor. for the
dance. -.
And among the out-of-town
guests were Mrs. Theodore
Blake. !. F. of South Bend, Ind.
80. June Thatcher. of To-
ledo, o.. 10 Ann Slick. -.
of Gary, Ind. -.
Mr.. and Mrs. F. H. Pulfer
-. and their daughter, Pa
tricia. j.. of Winnetka, Ill. -.
Mr.. and Mrs. Stanley Stock
-. and their daughter,
Marian. :. of Benton Harbor.
Mr.. Shows sister. i. Mrs.
John Lambertson, remained
here only long enough for the
announcement party. :. and
will leave at once for Alberta,
Canada. j.. to join her hus-
band. :. Captain Lambertson.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-10-17
Promotion Committee

A promotion committee for
war work has been established.
Rita Finney. Evelyn Buss and
Maxine ProoS. presidents of
Zeta Chapters of Phi Gamma M,
Comoro, and Delta Alpha Sigma,
respectively, are interesting their
groups in bandage rolling and
surgical dressing classes.
Rosemary Hengstebeck, preSi-
dent of the Players, dramatic
group on the campus; Joan Kills.
donk. sodality representative.
and Mary Gefaghty- president
of the Women's Athletic AsSoci-
alton. have their conferees con-
centrating on a campaign for
100 girls so the Red Cross will
be able 10 establish a mobile
brood unit or the campus.
Plans are under way TO start
a bicycle day, and Mary Mowat.
an art junior, is already pedaling
her way to school each morning.
s. RED. w HIT + and blue
drums will give patriotic color
to the table. when the Hewibs
meet for luncheon Tuesday in
the Women's City Club.
HewibS, which is short for
home economics women in bust
ness, are holding the meeting IN
connection with the American
Dietetic Associations annual
convention, which will be here
October 10 through the twenty
second.
Marjorie Griffin is president
of Hewibs and That's Deacon
chairman of the luncheon.
Mr.. AND MRS. ALLISON
G.. CRANDALL will entertain
this evening at a dinner and
bridge party in their Taylor
avenue home.
Making up two tables Of
bridge will be; Mr.. and Mrs.
Lyford Moore, Mr. and Mrs.
William Y, Allen, Mrs Lewis C.
Hammer. Mrs. George C. Pottle
and the host and hostess.