davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Waterbury Democrat., 1942-10-09
DUNN TO DEFEND SELF ON CHARGE Former City Purchasing Agent Notified of Dis-
 barment Proceedings

A hearing on disbarment pro- ceedings brought against Martin J. Dunn, former city purchasing agent drew nearer today as States Atty. William B. Fitzgerald filed an ap- pearance for the New Haven County Bar Association grievance commit tee and Dunn filed an appearance for himself. No further action has yet been taken by Minor who sent bis resignation to the bar associa- ton as soon as the proceedings were started.
 Under court procedural rules the two men have twenty days from the time the disbarment action is re- tllrnable to court in which to file answers. Dunn will have until Oct. 26 while Minor will have to Nov. 9.
 Judge John Rufus Booth who will preside at the session will have the power to either disbar, suspend, reprimand, or exonerate the men who were convicted in Waterbury's conspiracy case. Whether or not consideration will be given to Mi- nor's resignation has not been re- vealed.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1942-06-04
Low Grade Gas and Oil Still BEING Shipped to Spair
Domestic Requirements
Alone Satisfied by y. S.
Government OffieioIs Claim Strategic
Materials Received in Return

WASHINGTON, June 4-(P)
Government officials said to-
day that the United States was
still permitting periodic ship
ments of oil and gasoline 10
, Spain.
But they declared that both
oil and gasoline were low
grade, that only enough to
meet essential domestic require
ments in Spain was granted ex-
port licenses, and that the Unit
ed States receives much-needed
strategic materials in return.
Discussing reports from Mad
rid that five Spanish tankers
were enroute to Spain with gas
oline. fuel oil and kerosene in
accordance with agreements be-
tween that country and the
United Nations, officials here
said the last tanker to leave the
United States for Spain cleared
about six weeks ago.
"These shipments do not go at
regular intervals" one official
said. Sometimes they are two
months or more apart. When
ever SPANS supply gets low we
let another boat 60"
This official emphasized that
the fuel involved was of a type
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1942-06-04

not commonly used in this coun-
try, that no aviation gasoline
was included, and that two Am
erican observers were kept IN
Spain to see that the shipments
were put to the industrial uses
for which they were consigned
and did not leak into German
hands.
This is not appeasement Of a
European neutral, although it
might play a minor part in keep
ing Spain on the neutral fence"
another official said. ut is
rather a hard-headed, semi-bar-
ter business proposition under
which, for low grade fuel oil and
gasoline, we get many critical
materials we are short Of"
While officials refused to say
how much oil and gasoline was.
going to Spain, one declared cit
is not very much, you can be
sure of that"
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1942-06-04
Romeo Monday
Club Plans
Final Meeting

ROMEO-The closing meeting
of the Romeo Monday club will
be held next Monday evening at
the home of Mrs. Martin LIGHT
on North Main street with a
garden supper party under the
supervision of the local nutrition
class assisted by mobile unit
from Oakland county.
The Rebekah Social Tea club
are sponsoring a card party on
Thursday of this week at the
home of Mrs. Arthur Gould on
North Main Street.
Next Sunday, June 7, will be
observed as Children'S Day at
the Methodist. church, Baptism
and reception of members will
be a part of the mornings pro-
gram.
For the first time in several
years the Methodist church are
sponsoring a Vacation Day Bible
school which will be held from
June IS to June 26.
Mr.. and Mrs. William Hosner
Of Amsterdam, N. Y. spent the
week end at the home of Mr..
and Mrs. Howard Ostrander and
on Friday evening last were hon
or guests at a dinner party at
| the home of Mr. and Mrs. Ken
meth Gray.
Three colored registrants will
be indicted from Local Board
No. on Saturday morning Of
/ this week. They are George Aol-
vim of New Haven, William Hen
ry Morgan and James Steward
! of Romeo.
Mrs. Neil Gray has returned
from Algonac where she has
been spending a few days with
her sister.
Mr.. and Mrs. w. L. McNall
left MIDDAY for a two weeks
motor trip through Northern
Michigan and Wisconsin.
Mrs. Alma Kelley has return
ed from Vermont where she
spent a couple of weeks visiting
her sister.
c. M. Pierce has returned tc
his home from Ann Arboc hoSpi-
tai where he underwent a major
operation for removal of an alb
sceSs on his brain few weeks
ago. He is rapidly recovering his
health.
Miss Carrie Bentley who has
been spending the past three
years in Whittier, Calf. is now
spending several weeks in the
home of Mr.. and Mrs. Lee j
Wilbur.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1942-11-12

to be gained from a closer
blending of our forces.
MANY GAINS FROM
COORDINATION
We would save time and
money by ending present dupli-
cations of Army and Navy sup
plies and equipment, such as
anti-aircraft guns and COM
munications systems. We would
gain teamwork that would be
invaluable in defense against
attack by air or sea on coastal
cities, and in the land-sea-air
operations SO numerous in this
war.
Sentiment for this Is perhaps
stronger in the Army than in
the Navy. eneral Marshall has
not only done one drastic job
of public streamlining, but sun
dry lesser private ones. He has
also given the Army air force .
clear runway to higher attitudes
in strength and influence.
The Navy flyers are getting
more proportionately of strength
than of influence. Admiral
Ernest J. King is flyer, but the
other three full Admirals are
not. Of all 1913 (mostly age
ing) flag officers, only q are
airmen. OF the nine airmen
newly made Admirals, eight
were Rear Admirals, the lowest,
only one a Vice Admiral and he,
Jack" Towers, had long mer-
tied the promotion. The new
Chief of the Bureau Of Aeronau-
tics. John S. Mccain, is not q
Vice Admiral but q Rear Adj
miral.
NAVY is SLOW
GETTING "AIRMINDED"
The Nays "Reminiscences"
comes as slowly as its long-her-
aided reorganization, which
thus far has been confined
largely to cutting the number
of typewriters in two. Not that
that wasn't a good remedy for
a Navy weakness of long-stand-
ing.
The SILENT Service" Of GAL
liant, proud tradition has been
slower than the more demo-
cratic Army to adjust and
streamline its superstructure;
less willing not, perhaps to CO.
operate, but to coordinate, with
the Army.
The strange thing is that
though General Marshall and
Admiral King work well to-
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1942-11-12
SEE TOO MANY
SPECIALISTS"

They are making some reVo-
lutionary proposals that may be
fought as stubbornly in some
quarters as is equally revolu-
tionary air-poWer. The trouble
is that our Army or Navy Of
ficers, especially the older and
higher-ranking ones, have been
trained, not as general practi-
TONERS of the war-making pro-
fession, but as specialists, and
some of them. with all too many
younger officers, think that
means service rivalry - as if
this war were just one big
ArmyNavy football game.
Some officers, aroused to the
need of q new spirit, not only
for the duration, but indefinite
ly, are seriously proposing that
such discord-breeding contests
be dropped. They even 60 so far
as to want to abolish songs
breathing such sentiments as:
IF the Army and the Navy ever
look on Heavens scenes; they'll
find the streets are guarded by
United States Marines"
An entirely serious proposal
Is that cadets, instead of going
Immediately to West Point or
Annapolis, should first spend a
year in a new school that would
teach not soldering or sailoring
but the rudiments Of modern
war-making by land, sea and
air. Also that in school and for
ever after everyone, soldier,
sailor and airman, all should
wear identical uniforms.
OF course, this tears at the
conventional idea that morale is
built by esprit de corps - un-
less by corps one means all the
fighting forces and not the good
old Umtieth Infantry. But the
good old Umtieth Infantry spir-
IL gone haywire is held by
American officers to have had
a lot to do with the befuddling
of the disparate democracies by
the more efficient cooperation
of all Nazi arms and services.
And there are other advantages
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1942-11-12
By THOMAS M. JOHNSON
NEA Service Military Writer


WASHINGTON, Nov. IL -
There is growing sentiment
within the Army and Navy for
q drastic streamlining OF their
machinery so that the two serv-
ices will mesh more smoothly,
and together will speed, not
crawl, toward victory.
Progress now is less than en-
couraging, especially to officers
who have seen something of
actual fighting in this war, and
of foreign armies. They believe
lack of real coordination, as
distinguished from wishful CO.
operation, Is at least partially to
blame for failures. Among these
are failure fully to harmonic
and utilize Army and Navy air
power, difficulties in the Solo
mons and the Aleutians, and in
getting munitions enough in
time enough to Russia.
With important operations 60
ing on and impending, many Of
ficers see Our war effort as too
much effort and too little war
where it counts most, at the
front.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1942-11-12

gether, the General is generally
more open-minded to real CO.,
ordination Of all forces under a
unifie commander, even
though that commander be a
Navy man.
Today the fact Is that Admir-
al Leahy is and is not that man.
He presides at meetings of the
Combined Chiefs Of Staff; he is
even q sort of umpire at meet
ings Of the United States Chiefs
of Staff: Marshall, King and
Lieut.. Gen. H. H. Arnold, the
Army's airman.
But he Is not the Master Stra-
tegist a majority of the public
seems to want. Neither, exactly,
is the President. But he, and
Mr.. Churchill, still have more
to say about grand strategy
than many people believe.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-04-17
Fosters Given
Farewell Party

A thoroughly enjoyable evening
was spent by nearly so old friends
Of Mr.. and Mrs. Z. D. Foster from
all parts of Ypsilanti Township.
who on short notice Of their pros
pective western trip gathered to
give them an info NAL surprise par
ty and wish them a happy journey.
They found Mr. Foster working In
his garden. and took possession Of
the house. Many. OF the party had
served with Mr.. Foster at various
times on the township board and
visiting ana "reminiscences were the
order of the evening. Cards We
played and later ice cream and
cake were served. Before the party
ended. Nelson Boutell on behalf of
the friends. presented Mr.. and Mrs
Foster with a portable radio to take
with them on their trip. The FoS-
tiers and Mrs. Daniel Ross. Belle
vile. Will leave Saturday to visit
relatives and friends in California
Out Of town guests were Mr.. and
Mrs. George Foster. Chelsea. and
Mr. and Mrs. F. D. Ross. Belleville.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-04-17
Methodist Men Hear
Prof. MuySkenS on
Growth of Truth

Prof John Muyskens. OF the Uni
versity CT Michigan. Ann Arboi.
gave an impressive talk on "The
Growth OF Truth" Thursday night
in speaking before the Legion OF
Methodist Men in the First Meth
odist Church. Dinner preceded the
talk.
In following the History OF Truth
he traced its course back through
the ages for $500 years. He showed
how today the common man and
his needs and wants have become
the dominating factor In the world.
The speaker drew upon chemistry
art. geography. and physics in il
Illustrating this. Coming to the pres
ent upheayal in the world he claimed
that the requirements and demands
of the common man explain the
turmoil that is upsetting the affairs
and the fortunes OF the world.
Representative Joseph E. Warner
talked on the forthcoming anniver-
sary OF First Methodist Church in
Ypsilanti. which opens May Is. II
concludes that evening with a pag-
cant. Bishop Raymond Wade will
be one OF the principal speakers OF
the occasion.
James Warner led in the salute
to the flag.
A TITO consisting OF Miss June
Henneke, cello, Miss Elizabeth
Roehm. violin. and Miss Mary Lou
Metealf, piano, played several Sc
lections.
There were IS at the dinner.
which was served by Circle No. 7.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-04-17
Mrs. Walker Directs Group
Discussion For Study Club

which will be placed in the club
library and will be available to
any one who wishes 10 use it,
Mrs. Robert Steere reviewed the
book, Questions Girls Ask As She
gave the highlights OF the BOOK.
chapter by chapter. she added the
reactions Of her own daughters 10
the various questions and answers.
Mrs. Steere gave some very wise
and instructive ideas. She closed
by saying that mothers should be
hind and sincere with their girls.
Mrs Howard Fanslow reviewed
The Modern Parent" by Gerry
Cleveland Myer. In this book are
related experiences every mother
has had and the author>tells many
don'ts TO use on parents but not
on children.
Mrs. R. c. Scrivens and Mrs.
Ennen gave helpful suggestions
from their own experiences.
A f.uit punch with delicious small
CAKES and cookies was served BY
Mrs. Scriyens and her committee
The next meeting will be a the
home Of Mrs, Ray Fletcher with
Miss Irene Boyce. director OF girls
physical education, Ann Arbor High
School, as the speaker. Her topic
will be, Physical and Social De
velopment Through Recreation"
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-04-17
Auxiliary Group
Told About China

4 most interesting speaker from
the Normal College faculty. Dr.
Willard A. Hanna. held attention OF
the Junior Chamber OF Commerce
Auxiliary at their regular dinner
meeting Thursday evening in
Charles McKenny Hall.
DR.. Hanna having lived a portion
OF his life in China and having
taught in Chinese schools. gave an
Introductory picture OF the Chinese
the people, the government. and
their military power.
He said the people have a nice
sense of humor and tolerance.
Their powers OF reasoning and
realism are amazing. They consider
the Americans their friends and
one should not be insulted II re
ferred to as~"Mr. Big Nose
The Chinese government is para
doxical like everything else. the
speaker contended. 1t is really
democratic republic. Its greatest
problem before the war intertered
was mass education, very much
needed II the people were to govern
the land.
The military power. he said, used
to be source OF great amusement.
Every soldier carried a fan and UNI
brella regardless of whether he car
ried arms or not. They earned a
reputation Of poor fighters. Today,
however. under Chang Kai-Shek.
the Chinese have developed a real
army. 1t is the only army since
1887 which has never surrendered.
They have either fought their way
out or allowed themselves to he an.
initiated by going down fightin
They are a race OF tremendous en-
du ance. he concluded.
AT the brief business meeting. it
was voted to postpone the rummage
sale to April % because of a lack
of a place in which TO hold It. The
May regular meeting will be at the
st. Luke Church house and Mou
day evening the board meeting
will be at the home of Mrs. George
SharIock.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-04-17

The Ypsilanti Child study Club
met at the home Of Mrs. George L.
Ennen Wallace Blvd, Thursday
where Mrs. Arthur Walker directed
a most interesting group discus
sion. Mrs Edgar Chipman used as
her topic. Making Every Day Fam
ily Pleasant She stated that the
quality OF the family depends on
the parents and gave many delight
ful experiences In her own family.
She told Of several customs OBJ
served on birthdays and when
child IS m In the home, Mrs Chip
man showed how the school con.
tributes greatly TO the JOY and
happiness Of the home. She gave
the feeling that even though there
are times Of discouragment there
are many more experiences OF Joy
and happiness in q family group.
Mrs Bancroft Brien's topic was.
Experiences of Children in War
Time" She told OF personal ex.
periences club members have had
with their children and the reac-
tons OF her own children. She has
compiled a booklet containing ard
cles and pictures on the subject
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-04-17
Games Enjoyed
by Leader Class

Entertainment in charge OF Mrs,
Clara Anderson followed the bust
ness meeting OF the Leader Class
OF the Methodist Church. Thursday
afternoon at the home Of Mrs. L. K.
Chase. Members enjoyed Bible and
bid games. with prizes going TO
Mrs E. J. Ross and Mrs. Fred Spen.
Ger. Twenty members were pres
ent
Devotions were led by Mrs r.
NJ. 6feenstreet. Mrs. Morris Seiple,
chairman. reported that cards and
plants have been sent 10 sick mem
bers, Mrs. a. G. Soop and Mrs. Frank
Begole.
The Good VIII collection was
taken and members brought their
Foot OF Pennies, amounting to
S6.6S. The thank offering amounted
to 1915.
= After the meeting. refreshments
OF ice cream and cookies were
served by Mrs. Anderson and com.
mittee. MS. Lowell Lee and Mrs.
Greenstreet.
The May meeting will be at the
church.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-04-17
Girl Scouts Make
Overnight Trip

Lois Maurer, Nancy Steere. Mary
Lee Tucker, Barbara Snyder. Lois
Hopp, Betsy Battelle, Ann Winter,
Betty Scrivens, Elaine Power and
Mrs. r. c. Scrivens left the city
Wednesday morning and walked to
the home Of Mr.. and Mrs. George
Walker near Relleyille where they
were overnight guests.
En- route, the troop stopped at
Susterka Lake and enjoyed boat
rides. Their leader, Miss Marie
Arnet, joined them at the farm.
Dinner and breakfast we're cooked
over camp fires. On the return trip
Mrs. George Worden accompanied
the girls.
Troop l was entertained at the
home Of their leader. MIS-. George
Worden on Wednesday. The mo- n.
ing was spent getting old yarn
ready for knitting.
At noon the girls enjoyed a nose
bag lunch followed by a splash
party in Central School pool The
life guards were Caroline Wolter
and Jean Snyder.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-04-17
Mr., Mrs. Petit
Married IS Years

Mr.. and Mrs. Paul D. Petit, AIS
Olive St, celebrated their 25th we'd
ding anniversary Tuesday evening
in Charles McKenny Hall, their
children, Olive, Noah, and Keith
planning the observance.
The fact that the Pettits We're
married during the First World war
and the Second World War Is in
progress furnished considerable
material for a chalk talk given by
Ford Petit, brother OF Mr.. Petit,
Detroit. There was a short talk on
married life by Rev. c. Z. Fe. guson,
Ann Arbor. Miss Thelma Pickard
gave several readings and Miss
Beth Ellen Morell. a musical read
ing
Mrs. Gerald Stech played a piano
medley and William Dowley sang
Il Love You Truly and "Smilin
Through"
Ms. Violet Morell poured from a
table beautifully decorated in a
pink and white color scheme, tall
silver tapers, and plants. Refresh
ments were served buffet style.
Mr.. and Mrs. Petit received many
lovely gifts.
Guests from out Of town were
Mr.. and MIS- F. NJ. Petit, Sr., Mrs.
F. NJ. Petit, Jr,. Detroit: Miss
Thelma Richard. Miss Beth Ellen
Morell, and William Dowley, Spring
Arbor Mrs. Will Woods. Hartland.
Mrs. Betty Steiner, Dexter; Miss
lnez Richard. Mrs. George Batchel-
or, Mrs. Robert Ramsey and
Mrs Amy Ramsey. Miss Virginia
Mulholland, Mrs. Elizabeth Mac
Pherson. Mr.. and Mrs. Edward
Ruby. Mr.. and Mrs. Charles Banks,
Rev. and Mrs. c. Z Ferguson, Ann
Arbor; and many friends from Ypsi-
lanti.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-04-17
Altar Society to
Have Dinner May II

Altar Society OF ST. John Church
made plans for a dinner in the
church auditorium, May H. and
various committee reports were
made at the society meeting IN the
recreation room of the rectory,
Thursday evening. An amendment
10 the constitution was submitted
and will be voted on at, the next
meeting About S5 responded to roll
call. Owing to the lateness OF the
hour. the rolling Of bandages was
omitted
Mrs. Raymond Grover, president,
conducted the business meeting.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-04-17
Beautiful Slides of
State Scenes Shown
to Lutheran Group

Beautiful slides OF waterways,
lakes. wild life and conservation
throughout the state. shown by
Clarence Loesell provided pleasant
entertainment for members OF the
Lutheran Mixer following their din
ner in the church dining rooms,
Thursday night.
Following dinner there was a
brief business meeting with Paul
Trautwetter presiding. The commit
lee for the evening was Mr.. and
Mrs. Emil Lidke. Jr.. Mrs. Frank
Lidke. Jr., Mr. and Mrs Loesell.
The committee for the May meet
ing is Mr.. and Mrs. Rodney Mast.
Mr.. and Mrs. John Meyer and Mr..
and Mrs. Elmer Peters.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-04-17
Maccabees Give
Card Party After
Regular Meeting

Members OF Queen City Tent
Hive OF Maccabees who have birth
days in April arranged the card
party following the lodge meeting
in GAR. Hall. Thursday evening.
Mrs. Alberta Droelle. Detroit, dis
trict manager. was a visitor The
committee was Mrs Emil Parf,
Mrs. Leslie Barber, Mrs. Anna Coli.
and Mrs. W. ]. Riley.
Nine tables OF pedro we're in
play with prizes going to Mrs.
Charles Schoolmaster. Mrs. A. n.
Burd and Mrs. Jennie Kirk. The
special prize went to Mrs. Sara
Shuart.
At the close OF the evening. re-
freshments OF coffee. sandwiches,
and pickles were served.
The next meeting will be May
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-04-17
Navy Mothers Club
to Make LayetteS

Plans are under way by the
Huron Navy Mothers Club for max
ing layettes for babies OF war WIG
ows. Money for the project is to
be raised at card party Thurs
day evening, April %. at Charles
McKenny Hall.
4 baby shower TO secure more
articles and a garden party are
other projects planned by the club
for next month.
The Ypsilanti club is a part OF
the national association OF Navy
Mothers which held its national
convention in Kansas City early
this month
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-04-17
Anniversary OhserNed

Mr.. and Mrs. Norbert Hamernik
entertained at a family dinner,
Thursday evening. in observance
OF the thirtieth wedding anniver-
sary OF Mrs. Hamerniks sister and
brother-in-law Mr.. and Mrs. Frank
Louandes. The table was decorated
with flowers and gifts were pre-
sented to the honored guests.
Mr. and Mis-. Chester Miller. Buf.
falo, are spending the week end
with Mr.. and Mrs. Ferdinand Palma.
Mrs. Leonard Hardman. Ann Ar
Dor. spent Thursday with her sis
ter, Mrs. Milton c. Reed.
M. and Mrs. Cecil Holtz and son
and Mrs. Floyd Woodward and son
Gerry are visiting relatives in
southern Illinois
Miss Helen Wellbrook entertained
Mrs. Chester Thurston and Miss
Helen Ellis. Belleville. Wednesday
evening.
Mr.. and Mrs. John Evans, VIII
mington. ILL.,. spent Wednesday and
Thursday with Mrs Evans brother
and sister-in-law. Mr.. and Mrs. G.
Franklin Campbell.
Mrs. Ed Rogers. Chatham. Ont.
is spending 10 days with Mr.. and
Mrs. Ven Chamberlain. Mrs Cham
berlain and her guest spent Thurs
day in Detroit.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-04-17
Calendar of Social Events
TODAY

Wesleyan Guild World Fellowship $50 DR.. T. T.
Brumbaugh, speaker.
American Legion Auxiliary Leland sanao
7 to s o'clock
Singleton Bridge Club, $50, Huron, Sellman
Case study method training lO5 WEIGH Hail. 1880
. m.
dance McKenny Hail. 80
SATURDAY
Saturday Night Euchre Club o'clock. with Mrs. C. F. Beck
Happy Dozen card party with Grub,
at 1880 m.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1942-04-17
Mrs. Waldo Hostess
to BIB. BuncO Club

Mrs. Erwin Waldo was hostess to
the B B. Bunco Club at the home
Of Mrs Claude Walcott. Thursday
ening. Prizes for bunco were won
a Mrs. Edward Messner. Mrs.
Kenneth Dolby. Ann Arbor. and
Mrs. William Waters. The special
prize went to Mrs Albert Davies.
Refreshments were served at the
close OF the evening. The next party
will be at the home OF Mrs. William
Fleming, APR. 23.