davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1942-06-07
BYRD SEES TAXES AS ECONOMY SPUR
Looks to Lower Exemptions Educational Factor
HarryF Byrd

The test of majority public opinion on
the philosophy and practice of Federal
spending is yet to come. The public has
not yet demonstrated its mind on this
vital national ISSUE Only minority,
who do not constitute a serious political
force, have become aroused over the
prof1igate Federal spending.
However, if the 1912 revenue bill should
lower income tax exemptions to $500 for
single and $1,000 for married persons
there will be some 100000 income tax
payers next year and IS 900 900 to 40,000,-
600 returns filed. If sales tax is en-
acted this will further broaden the
Federal tax consciousness of the Nation.
Until this happens, until millions of
persons are compelled to weigh, in the
light of their personal experience, what
they receive from Washington against
what Washington takes away from
them, we shall not have public opinion
for economy in non-essentials strong
enough to offset the pressures of those
large voting blocs which have grown
accustomed to big Federal subsidies.
every possible means to perpetuate or
increase their appropriations in the face
of the staggering war cost to American
taxpayers.
Equality of Sacrifice.
We in Congress who, in the dizzy dance
of the war billions, are trying to protect
the Nations resources from extravaganza
and waste against the day of reckoning
after peace have no desire to destroy the
social gains achieved in the past decade
for the common man and his family.
But, in the financial war crisis, we do
insist on equality of sacrifice. 1t is not
enough to broaden the income tax base,
for at best we can raise through taxation
only a small fraction of the enormous
war cost. Simple logic declares that with
production, wage levels and national in
come standing at an all-time high, we
must cut those appropriations and serv-
ices to special groups which were orig
mated before the war and based on un-
employment and wide financial distress.
The problem of Federal spending and
the Federal debt strikes at the financial
foundations of our democracy and free
dom. Low-income voters control the
political process, yet great majority OF
all the people know little of the huge
financial process at Washington. We are
steadily bringing our economic system
under centralized, bureaucratic Federal
Evening star., 1942-06-07

pied countries murdered by the brave
German policemen. Except on the see
saw battlefront Of Russia, the Germans
have no gains. Except for a political
victory in France-the return to Office of
Pierre Laval-the Germans have no new
conquests. But they have kept their
U-boats along our Atlantic and Gulf
coasts.
The war with Japan has brought forth
many wonderful tales of American hero
ism-the long resist
American ance by few men
Achievements on the Bataan Pen
insula; the hopeless
but resolute stand of the men on Cor
regidor; the never-say die spirit of the
men on Guam and Wake, those tiny
drops on land lonely on the broad Pa
ciflc. We have a new great man, Gen.
Douglas Macarthur, in charge of Allied
forces in the Southwest Pacific, who,
once shelved for age, organized and
guided the defense of Bataan. We have
a great new interest in geography, for
our fronts are in Australia and India,
in China and Egypt, in Ireland and
Iran. Through the air, we have reached
into Japan itself, through the air raid
led by Maj. Gen. James Doolittle against
Toxic from his mystery base in Shangri-
La.
The seas have been often bloodied
since we went to war. Ships burned and
sank at Pearl Harbor A great naval
battle was fought in Java Sea, where
the Japs won. A useful naval battle was
fought in Coral Sea, off Australia, where
the Japs lost. japanese striking power
on the sea played a large part in her
initial success. The assault on Hawaii
weakened the American naval strength
in the Pacific. The British naval strength
in the Pacific was cut by the sinking of
the Prince of Wales and the Repulse
in the China Sea. The other principal
factor in the Japanese success was the
Jap local air superiority. Neither the
Philippines nor Malaga nor the Indies
nor Burma could withstand the power
of the Jap air strength.
The centers of United Nations prepa-
rations for turning the Japanese tide
are Australia and India. Japan has
given signs of desiring to extend her
control over Pacific Ocean islands far
enough south on the sea flank of Aus
tralia to interfere seriously with the
communications from Australia to the
United States her base of supply. She
has given vague signs of push against
India. She is straining to knock China
out of the war, and China, since the fall
of Burma, has been isolated, except by
air communications, from her colleagues
in the fight for the United States. China
Is worse off than she was when the
Evening star., 1942-06-07

endeavoring to remedy this unbalanced
situation and is aiding the joint COM
mittee on non-essential expenditures in
its efforts for public education.
There is a big public information Job
to be done before the Nations taxpayers
can begin to function as Federal, finan-
cial citizens. It is difficult for the press
and public to get simpified comparative
information on major appropriation bills
as they are considered in Congress. 1t
takes expert research to get the facts in
these bills into q form understandable
to a majority Of citizens. Without such
information widely distributed, public
opinion is blocked; and the people don't
know what is being spent or where the
money is going until the appropriation
bills have become laws. Only public
demand can cure this lack of public
information which makes possible un-
controlled spending at Washington and
undermines the Nations resources.
Public Opinion Vital.
AL organized groups who want to
know where their money goes, and why,
should register their demands with their
members of Congress. If we're going to
save democracy all over the world, let's
also save it from going broke" at home.
Public opinion can do this vital job;
but first it must get the facts and then
express itself clearly and intelligently
to Congress.
Citizen organizations of all types who
wish to aid in efforts to streamline, as
far as possible, the 1943 appropriations
should study these bills and make def
mite economy recommendation both to
their members of Congress and their
local newspapers. Too many groups
want to economic On the other fellows
appropriation. Thus, citizen appeals
cancel one another out and Congress
gets no clear or practical mandate from
the electorate. The place to start saw
ing is in appropriations which affect
you, whether you are farmer, a school
teacher, a war veteran or State gov
ernment employe. In wartime, citizens
at home should be willing not only to
pay higher taxes, but to give up some
of the multitudinous peacetime services
provided by the Government.
When the spending issue Is clearly
presented to enough people, hope pub
Lie opinion viii respond overwhelm-
ingly to the need for greatly reduced
non-war appropriations.
CNorth American Newspaper AllianoeJ
Evening star., 1942-06-07
Since December 7

Japanese naval planes from aircraft
carriers bombarded Hawaii the day after
President Roosevelt sent to Emperor
Hirohito of Japan a plea that the Son
of Heaven intervene for preservation of
peace. At once we turned our attention
from hopes for peace to pursuit of war.
Within a week after Hawaii was at
tackled, Congress declared war on Japan,
Germany and Italy, and last week it
went step further and declared war on
the dim m-fickering Axis satellites, Ru-
mania. Hungary and Bulgaria.
The world in the last six months has
been divided into two camps-the Axis
on the one hand against it's opponents,
who are bound together by the label
United Nations. They are philosophical
as well as military enemies. In general,
the Axis represents the view that man
kind Is composed of mass of men
created to obey chosen few; the United
Nations represent the view that all men
are equal. The impact of the philoso-
phies gives a fierce quality to the fight.
The successes of Japan in the six
months have astonished us here and
demonstrated that predic-
japanese ton can be disastrous. The
Victories Japanese Navy was said to
be laughable, but it has
fought well. The Malay Peninsula was
said to be impossible for armies, and
the japanese passed it. Singapore was
said to be impregnable, and it fell to
the japanese. The Japs took Hong
Kong, the Philippines, most of the Dutch
Indies, Burma. BY political guile they
gained the use of Thailand. They sent
formerly was almost an English lake.
After many months of fighting against
Japan, we began to realize that the Japs
could do the impossible, and since then
we have been in better position to
fight them.
Japan's victories brought her a great
economic empire. She gained territories
rich with rubber, petroleum, tin, copra,
hemp and many other products helpful in
the conduct of wars and in the perfection
of domestic economy for normal times
Many of the oil wells and tin mines
which fell to Japan were put out of tenn
porary commission by their previous
owners, Dutch and British, who followed
the scorched-earth policy, but in time
they can be made productive again.
These are products for which the Eu-
ropean Axis powers hunger, but no COM
munications link exists by which Japan
can help her German ally economically.
The accomplishments of the European
members of the Axis during Japan's six
months of gorging were slight-a few
hundred unarmed civilians of the occu-
Evening star., 1942-06-07

the Russians pointed out that the Ger
mans have been kept from advancing
from Kharkov. A Russian commmique
10000 or more men captured and killed.
and $40 tanks and 200 planes destroyed.
In Libya, the assault of Marshal Err
win Rommel quickly lost its steam, and
Rommel's Axis forces and the British
are cautiously going about their desert
war. The British last Sunday captured
Rommel's second in command-Gen.
Ludwig Cruewell, commander of the
German African Corps. He was fresh
from an interview with Hitler himself,
according to his diary.
Evening star., 1942-06-07
INVINCIBILITY OF NAZIS AND JAPS A MYTH
Service Chiefs, Studying setboek, Are Confident of Victory

force under Admiral Thomas Hart had
a sizable success in the battle of Ma
CAESAR.
The warning which we hear very
often in military quarters that 1t is
dangerous to be optimistic over the war
is not due to any lack of confidence in
what our forces can do when they are
fully prepared for the job. The warn
ing Is necessary in order to def1ate
overconfidence among some civilians
who, in their natural desire to see an
early end to the conflict, lean more
toward wishful thinking than toward
sound military planning.
The Germans and japanese seldom
yield to impulse. The strength of their
strategy and the secret of their vic
tories lie in the fact that they look on
war as a serious business and do not
spare public feelings. The same thought
is prevalent in American military and
naval quarters, but sometimes sound
strategy must make room for political
considerations.
High-ranking military strategists do
llOb uCSpLoC Il1c VIEWS VI ClN1udllS. AOSI
Of them remember President Wilson's
speech to the officers of the Atlantic
Fleet on August II, 1917: This is an
unprecedented war and, therefore, it is
war in one sense for amateurs. Nobody
ever before conducted war like this
and therefore nobody can pretend to
be professional in campaign like this.
The experienced soldier-experi-
enced in previous wars-is a back num-
Der so far as his experience is concerned;
not so far as his intelligence is con-
cerned. His experience does not count
because he never fought war as this
Is being fought and therefore is an
amateur along with the rest of us"
"Amateur" May Have Useful Ideas.
President Wilson was alluding to sub
marine warfare and concluded: Some
body has got to think out the war, not
only to fight the submarine, but to do
something different from what we are
doing"
What was true in August, 1917, Is even
more true in June, 1912. Men like
Admiral Ernest ]. King and Gen.
Marshall, who bear the brunt of a
stupendous task, are fully aware that
some Of the thoughts Of amateurs" who
are not lost in details and book knowl-
edge Of military strategy may be highly
useful. But while an opinion or sug-
gestion from an armchair strategist may
be worth while, it would be highly
dangerous for such a person to be
formulating war plans.
Economics have undergone many
changes In history. Yet one fundamental
principle, the law Of supply and demand,
has never changed. In the same way
war strategy has changed and is chang
ing with every war. But it is automatic
in all wars that when confronted with
a number Of enemies belligerent can
not divide his forces into small units and
expect to win an offensive war.
Our military men are profoundly con-
vinced that Americas forces can defeat
its enemies. But the victory will be slow
If we continue to parcel out our forces
here and there. Some observers who
have followed the various phases Of our
strategy since December 7 are less
worried about the striking power Of the
enemy than about the haphazard mill
tary policy which forces us to spread the
butter very thin over huge slice OF
bread, which is the world at war today.
Evening star., 1942-06-07
U. S., France at Outs
Four Times Before
BY Wide World.

BY WIDE Worlo.
Four times before now have France
and the United States been at outs.
Not counting the bloody French
Indian wars before the colonies became
a nation, the first difficulties between
the two countries developed in 1893.
In that year France and England be-
gan another war in their long series.
France expected America to live up to
the mutual aid treaty signed during the
Revolutionary War. But George WASH
ington proclaimed American neutrality.
He asserted that the old alliance ex-
pired with the death Of the French mon
archy.
Frances Citizen Genet slipped into
America, tried to outfit privateers to
war on British shipping. Already dis
turbed by the excesses Of the French Rev.
olution, America f1ared up, insisted that
Genet be replaced. France didn't like it.
Angered by Jay Treaty.
Then the Jay treaty between England
and America angered the French still
further. American ENJOYS sent to France
to remedy the situation were called on
by the French Minister Talleyrand for
a $22o, 900 bribe. John Adams made the
facts public and the situation became
known as the XYz affair. Public indig-
nation rallied around the fighting slogan,
Millions for Defense, Not One Cent for
Tribute"
The French started harassing American
shipping. French men-of-war sank our
gress authorized raising an army, ap-
proved construction of IL new warships.
The United States frigate Constellation
captured French frigate. Three hun
dred American merchantmen were
armed. 1t was undeclared war.
But TaIlyrand backed down. disavowed
the insults. In 1901 new convention
was signed, abrogating the troublesome
first alliance.
Soon after that Thomas Jefferson be-
came disturbed because powerful France
had taken over New Orleans and the
Mississippi Valley Anti-French feeling
arose, died down when Napoleon in 1903
agreed to sell the territory. The United
States made the Louisiana Purchase, its
biggest bargain yet, for $27 ,267 .622.
Tossup in 1872.
In 1912 it was almost a tossup whether
America would fight England or France.
Both countries were violating American
shipping and international rights once
more. But the British were rougher and
American sympathies were pro-French.
So the War of 1872 was with the British.
It was another Napoleon who caused
the last crisis until now, Louis Napoleon
Bonaparte, nephew Of the conqueror. In
1851 he sent an army to Mexico to set up
Macmillan of Austria as ruler OF that
proposed addition to the French Emplre.
The United States was busy at the
time with its Civil War. but soon after
that ended, Yankee veterans made ready
as If to expel the would-be monarch.
The French withdrew.
It was nearly 90 years later that an
American soldier said In Paris, La
tagatts, we are here"
Evening star., 1942-06-07

Pearl Harbor and their success Is dark
page in the history of the United States,
but the blame for the japanese success
must not be pinned on the fighting
forces of the United States. 1t must be
placed elsewhere. After the war is over
the cold facts will be placed before the
public and then the officers and crews
who man the ships and ground defenses
will come of with flying colors.
The Japanese victories in Malaga,
Java, Sumatra and Burma apear as
brilliant feats of arms in the official
communicates from Toxic. They also
appear as successes to those who look
at the war simply from the standpoint
of present Japanese control of strategi-
cally important territories. But in none
of these conquests did the Japs have
to fight heavy battle. In some cases
large numbers of natives were on the
side of the Japanese.
Chiefs Satisfied With Army.
The forces which Great Britain sent
out to defend those key positions were
not Of the best quality, although they
put up a heroic defense. When better
British battahons failed to arrive those
who were holding the line became
dispirited. Their attitude became worse
when they lost confidence in their lead-
ers and when they could see no United
Nations planes meeting the swarms of
Japanese aircraft.
When Gen. George Marshall, American
Army Chief of Staff, and our other mill
tary and naval leaders speak occasionally
with the utmost confidence in our ulti-
mate victory they know what forces they
will eventually have to contend with.
The American general staff has used
Luzon, Bataan and Corregidor as labora-
tories Of war. Its experiments, while
painful and costly, have shown to the
complete satisfaction of our military
leaders that given equality in modern
war equipment our men are far superior,
from every point Of view, to the enemy
they will be called on to meet in the
near future.
The same thing applies to the Navy.
An inferior American naval force-in-
ferior by probably IS per cent-infiicted
. major defeat on the Japanese In the
Coral Sea battle. A much inferior naval
Evening star., 1942-06-07
PucifcFront

At 6 am. Wednesday, up near the
Arctic Circle, Japanese planes roared
through the air and launched an attack
on Dutch Harbor, the American naval
base on Unimak Island, Alaska, 400
miles from the nearest Japanese island.
Unimak Island geographically is part Of
North America. The four bombers and
Is fighter planes did only slight damage,
and a second wave of planes dropped no
bombs.
Last week brought also strong Japa-
nese drive against small American out
post In the Far Pacific which had stood
Evening star., 1942-06-07

throughout the six months against the
Japs-Midway Island. The enemy
brought up capital ships at dawn Thurs
day to reduce the island, but the Ameri-
can garrison held them at bay, scoring
hits on Jap battleship, Jap aircraft,
carrier and possibly other war vessels.
Raiding planes of the japanese were
brought down in great numbers. Ad-
miral Chester w Nimitz, commander in
chief of the Pacific Fleet, said in COM
munique that "our attacks on the enemy
are continuing. . . No reports Of per-
sonnel casualties were received.
Damage to materiel and installations
were reported minor"
Evening star., 1942-06-07

The Nazis and Japanese have &C
quired-in the minds Of some-a quality
of invincibility, the former by their con-
quest Of practically all the European
continent and the latter by their sue
cesses in the Far East. There are, how
ever, reports In Washington from the
various battlefields which explode any
such illusions.
For one reason or another these secret
and confidential" reports are not given
to the public, although the country
should know what they contain. Ac-
cording to those who have access to
them, they prove the ability of the
United Nations to deal effectively with
both the Japanese and the NaZis and
establish the fact that we shall be able
to more than measure ourselves against
the enemy when we agree to sound
strategy based on realities and not po-
htical expediency and wishful thinking.
No sound Allied military man wishes
to minimize the Nazis' excellent prepara-
tions, their effective strategy and the
blind discipline Of their forces. But
until theiy tackled the Soviet Union
Hitler's legions had an easy job.
In three weeks they defeated the Poles,
who tried to resist German tanks with
cavalry charges and who tried to fight
Nazi planes-after the bulk Of their
own had been lost-with rifles and ma
chine guns
Norway had not fought In centuries
and was completely unprepared to meet
the onslaught of the highly trained Nazi
forces. The same applies to the Neither
lands.
"Superman" Myth Destroyed.
The Belgians and French were caught
mapping. Neither army was prepared to
meet the precise Nazi military machine.
Furthermore, there was a fifth column
well prepared years in advance which
contributed as much to the Nazi victory
as did Nazi planes and tanks.
The Greeks and the Yugoslavs, who
succumbed to the Nazi blows within a
few weeks, were peasant nations, with
out any preparation for modern war
fare. Courage alone-of which the
Greek and Yugoslav soldiers showed
they had plenty-is no longer sufficient.
This is particularly true when less than
Is 900 900 people are attacked by nations
with population four times that size.
The prestige of the Nazi "superman"
received bitter blow in Russia a year
ago. The Russians had a good strong
army, although previous wars at no time
had shown the Russians as able to
measure their strength against the Ger
mans. In the First World War they
scored important victories, but had to
yield when confronted with an avalanche
OF German forces.
The same kind of avalanche robably
much stronger and better equipped, how.
ever-has been thrown against the U
s. s. r. since last June. The Russians
have yielded ground when strategically
it was not worth losing men and wal
material to hold. But the most optimistic
Nazis cannot Claim that the Russians
have been defeated.
Soviet forces may still have q hard
row to hoe, they may have to yield i'm
portant centers to the enemy, but se
long as the Moscow government wants
to carry on the struggle Hitler will MOI
be able to conquer the Russians.
The same thing applies to the Japa.
nese. They made sneak attack or
Evening star., 1942-06-07
Months of Pacific War Coxed by Toward Alaska and Hawaii
Americas 7wenty-Sixth Week of War
(144th Week of World War ~
By Blair B0Hes.

months this afternoon Japan attacked
the
Midway northwest Hawaii
that the could the
in
and in mems ideas
The that 1t in
especially
few determined stands the Allies including States can
point to little positive accomplishment
the general temper of fair Allies
dependency Allied
from abroad discuss the strategy
invasion of Europe The English
history week against Cologne shaking the
whose leaders had told the German
Axis armies claim, past assigned U.S.
Evening star., 1942-06-07

United States entered the war against
Japan as China's Ally.
La gaceta., 1942-03-06
Sc DA POR PERDIDA BATAVIA
Los Aliados resisten en- Rangoon. La defensa de
Egipto Sc ha vigorizado

Los japonseS mantienen la su
perioridad numerical. Sc comba-
te hoy violentamente en- Waw,
Is millas al nordeSte de Pegu.
La amenaza alemana en- Egip
to ha Sido aminorada por la
campana en- la Cirenaica, segGn
declare hoy ell ministro de esta-
do en- ell este del Mediterraneo,
Oliver Lyttelton.
Entire $4,000 Y 100000 tonela
das de municiones alemanas
han sido capturadaS, 10 que CO.
loca a los ingleSes en- una mejor
posici6n para la defensa de E.
gipto. Una base establecida por
los Estados Unidos en- la Fri
trea, sera de gran ayuda. Lyttle
ton tomara possession del cargo
de ministro de production.