davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-11-04
ERNEST p. LaJOIE,
e26 Dime Bank Building.

TO THE EDITOR:
7 HAVE read several articles in
the newspapers concerning
the Air Raid Wardens Organiza-
ton which are, to say the least.
misleading.
One article states that Area,
Zone. Sector and Senior Post
wardens have been issued he'll
NETS, while the post wardens
who are out on patrol duty have
none.
The fact Of the matter Is that
each sector in the city was is
sued helmets for II per cent OF
the registered wardens in that
sector, as Of July IS, 1912.
These helmets were allotted
to senior post headquarters on
the same basis. The helmets are
retained at post headquarters to
be issued to wardens with their
other equipment when they re-
port for duty.
No helmet Is issued 10 the
senior post warden for his pri-
vate use. I am a senior post
warden and although there are
four helmets in my post, / can
not claim one as my own.
After an incident, real or
practice, all equipment is re-
turned to post headquarters
until il is needed again.
Another article scores the use
of metal for post headquarters
signs. These signs are posted
outside in all kinds of weather
and a little common sense will
tell any one that neither pressed
paper nor cardboard could stand
up in all kinds of weather for
the duration of the war.
Also the signs were not issued
to "adorn the homes Of air raid
wardens."
The purpose OF the signs Is TO
designate the building where a
post headquarters has been
established.
Any warden In an unfamiliar
neighborhood will locate that
sign as the place to report for
duty in case of a raid when he
happens 10 be away from home.
Persons living in the neighbor-
hood will know that they can
call there for help in protecting
their homes, establishing shell
tiers and any other services the
wardens can render.
AS for the lapel pins, the ma
jority of the wardens have asked
for no recognition for the work
they are doing. They have given
up leisure time. attended classes.
meetings. conducted house TO
house canvasses, and have done
it gladly.
MRS. c. w. OTTO,
6O62 Parker Ave.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-11-04

LIVERY one of us labors and
IL we are all capitalists. Those
of us who do not play the game
with any regard to the rules
should be handcuffed by the
law.
The great difficulty in our
democracy, as elsewhere--and
everywhere, may SAYS TO
find administrators of the law
who have the honesty and the
courage TO enforce the law
without regard to the power Of
unions or the "drags" of big
money.
SVTNHE best protection against
Il the return of q German
mllitarism of tho National So
cialist order Is the creation OF q
loyal ant-Nazi popular army In
Germany."-Hans Ernest Fried
in The Guilt of the German
Army" (MacMillanD.
What charming innocence on
the part of Herr Fried!
He practically pleads to give
Germany another trial.
Although Herr Fried was horn
in Vienna, he seems to know
far less about the German than
the school-children of Walla
Walla.
This book Is an analysis Of
the German army. K -is heavy
and Informative. But so naive!
ONE OF the greatest errors-1
" was almost going TO say
crimes-that a man in a posi-
tion of authority and power can
make is 10 feed his people
Systematically with gaudy
hopes, to offer them a glorious
vision" as they say, knowing
that it is absolutely beyond any
human beings power to fulfifl
them.
That's the reason I balk at
the -Four Freedoms" for the
whole world and the Atlantic
Charter.
Both would be sublime con-
summation, but there is no
more chance of bringing them
about, seeing that human nature
is what il is, than there is of
bottled beer and roast duck fall
ing from the moon.
The men who really accom-
plish something for the people
of the earth are not those who
engage in worldwide quixotic
crusades, but those who get
down to brass tacks, those who
propose slow, limited and con-
crete ways of raising the levels
of life and who do not promise
but produce results.
Hope is of great value in our
lives, but all of ii that you can
store up in a lifetime is not
worth a single month OF active
self-reliance and courage.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-11-04

Eleven Csc Stamps will pc
for one STEEL HELMET. r.
protection against shrapnel fra.
ments, every soldier needs
steel helmet with its paddle
inner liner.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-11-04

All money sent at sanders risk. Do not
send cash OF stamps. All checks, drafts
and money ORDERS should be made payable
TO THE TINES PUBLISHING COMPANY.
International News Service has the exclu-
sive rights 20 use for reproduction In any
not otherwise credited In this paper.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-11-04
IAERle DOWN ON The NEWS
What difference Cam III Make i?
BY ARTHUR BUGS" BAER

baseball. told him a drizzle can do that.
But whether you stop baseball or whether
you don't isn't any more important than put
ting a beach umbrella away for the winter.
What difference would 1t make to Phia-
delphia?
utionGi News esrS4os
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-11-04


A fellow points out If all the players in
both major leagues were drafted it would be
enly 400 men. M
That's a. correct as sugar on a bun. But
they would be 400 Of the finest athletes and
leaders In the world
Somebody asked me If war would stop
rnair4b "a ~, Int
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-12-02

fiddle" does several individual
numbers before giving the down.
beat TO his orchestra which plays
for shows and dancing.
THREE TREEs-Suave Allen
Drew continues 10 draw laughs
for his original comedy and songs
which are the highlight Of the
Hi, Neigfior' sepia revue at Sam
and Mike Sher's place.
The lightning-like revue boasts
another comedian in the person OF
"Dink" Patterson, fleet-footed tap
dancer who packs an unlimited
number of steps in his routines
I PatterSon'S patter is dispensed
while resting between workouts
The lineup also includes Irene
Young. SOngStreSS. SNOWFALL, tar
stopper, Lyle Green tenor; Lucy
Reed. eccentric dancer; Dick
Fowler. novelty entertainer, anC
Fanny and her Fayettes. chorus
line.
( Dave Wilbournc'S popular 1--WE
JhythmS set fast musical pace
BARBARY COAST-Genial Ray
Rogers continues in the master OF
ceremonies role. Offering imper.
Sonauons Of various celebrities and
presenting the individual acts as
they come 10 the microphone.
Pretty Shirley Weber, tap anc
character dancer, shares major
billing with Major Roland whose
novelty act is a feature Of the
show.
Other principals who depend
upon Maestro Kenny Valleau for
music include Songstress Sally
Palmer, exotic dancer Lorraine
land jitterbug dancers Kenny and
Eva.
PALM BEACH Gus Howard s
keeping things rolling with ms
Ilaugh-gcttInC mugglng Glowing
and heart-rcndlng efforts 10 play
Indian Love Call' on his violin
This week he introduces prac
tically complete hold-over show
Della and DrIEo scored such hit
with their smooth ballroom mum
bcrS, their easy grace, that thoS
stay for another week and sweet
singer Dorothy SReW he Girl II
White who tics her songs 10
gcther with AN easy bat Of chatter
socs into her third week. Johr
| Gallus continues 10 keep ring
SlderS amazed with the way h
can play clarinet. balance bal
on 10 and work string of marion
cites all az the same time.
Newcomer Of thc-'peek is Larr7
Sinclair. the boOgie-woogie
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-12-02
Niqht Club NeWs

Smartest in town and it features
those smooth ballroom dancers,
Lydia and Jorcsco. This pair have
been popular locally for a long
time and their routineS are IA
mlliar 10 many who enjoy excel
LEM ballroom work.
Presenting each performer IS
Lou Ashe. clever master of cere-
monies who takes a singing turn
and then humorouSly lives up 10
his billing, as the "Old Smoothie.
A supporting cast includes
Bunny Hallow tap and character
dancer whose routlneS add color
to the revue.
Emilio Caccres with his hot
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-12-02

Morrison turns out musical nov
elites.
Former Detroit lovely Lorraine
KaSk presents an acro-ballet
number. demonstrating the talent
that took her out of kid shows
here 10 New YorkS famous the.
aterS. Sammy Morris adds tho
comic touch, carries off the master
,of ceremony duties.
i Del Delbridge does The music
for the show dancing and Made
Ion Bakers singing.
The Detroit Times has far more
nationally famous features than
any other Detroit newspaper.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-12-02

dancer with loose-limbed rhythms
and comic limitations.
Its Don Pablo's music for the
show and dancing
SAKS.-Jackie Hilliard. former
Ziegfeld "Follies" song star and
protege of the famous Helen Nor
gan, is still the favorite with his
might and Day" and Hip HiE
Hooray" medley scoring every
night. Charles and Irene JOY
two fresh. young dancers, do two
poppy musical comedy number,
with some smooth foOtwork anC
lifts, while xylophonist Johnny
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-12-02
Hot Singer Can
Handle Hot Oven

PVT. EMERY WISTER Of Fort
Bragg, n. C., sent Dinah Shore
this telegram after hearing he,
sing at a camp show; "Oh, lady.
III you could only cook !'
On lis way 10 Fort Bragg by air
mail promptly went q chocolate
cake addressed to Pvt Emerl
IWistcT.
Miss Shore, who's just started
work in Thank Your Lucky Stars,
lean and does cook
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-12-02

AFTER LAST weeks successful
opening, Clcb Mario is looking
forward TO thriving new season.
New Years reservations are rap
idly piling up and the attendance
has shown a gradual increase since
Dening night.
The current show is one of the
Evening star., 1942-01-31
Trendtwist Wool
Broad|oom Carpet
3 .,::;,, s:.s L, ,ss.,: foo, ::'..,a s:,1 s5~25

Choose background Of unusual inerest-choose Trend
twist the pebble grained Competing Of intriguing beauty
and resistance This very goinne OF the weave
pors long, durable weo-resstonce to foot and turn-
tue marks Seven outstanding coIors-ceo jode green,
Bordeou red, soft she'll bsque mellow Nordc or 7ud
son bue antique maple rose duborN.
Evening star., 1942-01-31
Made into roon.size rugs!

FLooRcovERINGs. Sixth FLOOR.
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28
Fifteenth Birthday
Marked BY Party

Mabel Cherry was honored on
her 18th birthday with an evening
party no the Desert Woman s
Club. al which her N n r.
Mrs. Jim Cherry was hostess.
Dancing and contest games fur
niEhed the evenings entertain
ment. which was climaxed by a
large birthday cake alght with
candles.
Guests were Barbara Newcomb.
Deone Craig. Dorothy Dossey.
Betty Davis. Doris Barnard, Betty
June Yates. Louise Irwin. Betty
Clark. Jerry Tindall. Ida Mae
Schafer Kenneth Trout. Guy
WinkIer. Walter Aros. Bernard
Aros. Jack Hayens. Roy Wing.
Lee Lindemann. Larry Corbett.
Alfred Ciscowski. and Wayne FL
ledge Miss Myrtle Wing assisted
Mrs Cherry as chaperone
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28
Sgt. Visits Home

Staff Sergeant William Bergum.
army air corps. son OF Mr. and
Mrs John Bergum. left Sunday to
report for duty at Hondo, Texas.
after spending a ten day furlough
with his parents. Mr., and Mrs.
John Bergum.
Sergeant Bergum. who was born
ia Phoenix. enlisted in the air
corps June 18th. 1891. and received
his preliminary training at Kelly
Field. Texas. after which he at
tended ginner's school al Harling
ton. Texas He Is a graduate of
Coolidge high school. where he
played football base bali and
basket ball. His brother. John
Bergum. is also in the service.
The Bergum family has lived In
Coolidge for the past u years.
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28

a Coolidge friends have received
word that Mrs. b. l. Steward
former Coolidge resident and her
parents. the Rev. and Mrs w. ?.
Harmon OF Lynchburg are spend
ing a months vacation al Martin
vile virginia. Before leaving Tor
Nartinyille Mrs. teward visited
Mr.. and Mrs. Hugh Miller in WASH
ington. d. c.. and Mrs. Miller re-
turned to Lynchburg with Mrs'
steward for a short visit that IN
cuded "a round of parties the
NllIers. also. are former Coolidge
residents.
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28

. Mr. and Mrs Matt y Dodge
drove their daughter. Natalie
Dodge Hekn Sanderson. Betty
Ruth Moody, and Mae Ware to
Phoenix. Sunday. from where they
left with other Presbyterian
young people for Kamp Konifer az
Prescott 10 attend a nine day con
ference The group was accom-
panied by the Reverend and Mrs.
J. ID. Easter and are expected 10
return sunday on the way home
Mr. and Mrs Dodge stopped at
Tempe 10 visit Dr. and Mrs Her
bert Stahnkey.
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28

Court a certain document purport-
ing TO be the last VIII and Testa-
ment of R. II. Radcliffe. together
with his petition praying that said
document be admitted to probate
in this Court as the last win and
Testament OF said Il. Fl. Radcliffe.
who. said petitioner alleges. is de
ceased, and that letters testament
tary issue theron to said petit
toner, and that same viii be
heard on Monday the 9th day of
September, A. d. 1912, at 10000
o'clock in the forenoon of said
day, at the court room of said
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28

o WCrd was received by Mr. and
Mrs. Y c. White Wednesday that
their daughter and son-in-law. Mr..
and Mrs r. b Ledyard, who have
been in Panama for the past year,
viii leave early in September via
plane for the states. Mr. Ledyard
who was employed with the Pan
anna Commission, has been trans
ferred to Wilmington, North Caro-
lima. where he viii be with L. S.
Army Department of Engineers.
The Ledyards are leaving under
sealed orders Mr. Ledyard will
report directly to his post and
Mrs. Ledyard viii come here 10
visit her parents.
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28

D j. w. Daniels is recovering
slowly from first and second-de-
gree burns received in a recent
accident at Pioneer Motor Comp
any, when gasoline exploded while
he was cleaning automobile parts.
Mr. Daniels right arm and leg
were burned. He will have to re-
main in bed three or four weeks
longer.
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28

Court, in the Court house in Flor
ence. County of Pinal, State of
Arizona, and all persons interested
in said estate are notified then
and there TO appear and show
cause. if any they have, why the
pray of petitioner should not be
granted.
Date August 10Th. 1912.
II. j. MARKS, Clerk
By RICHARD f. FULTON,
Deputy Clerk
(First publication, August p. 1942)
Last publication, September 4,
1942).
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28

. G. A. Richey, superintendent
Southwestern National Monuments
returned Thursday from a three
weeks field trip on which he was
accompanied by 4. f. Demaray
director OF park service
from Washington.
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28
Local Happenings

o Mrs. a. w. Spangehl was host
ess 10 members of The Desert
Bridge club at the ranch home of
Mrs. Earl Smith on Wednesday
afternoon. Special guests were;
Mrs. +. d. Chandler. Mrs. Lee
Newcomb and Mrs. Smith.
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28

o J. j. Jones was able to be up
Tuesday after suffering for sew
eral days with a streptococcic
throat Mrs. Jones and their
daughters, Mrs. Leon Smith and
Mrs. Martha Word of FL Paso,
who have been vacationing in
California, returned Wednesday.
Enroute they stopped overnight in
Blythe with Mrs. Jones brother,
and sister-in-law, Mr.. and Mrs. r.
T. Prather
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28
Coolidge Man Lands
Lakes Largest Trout

Harry Shelter Coolidge jeweler
returned Friday from a three day
fishing trip 20 Big Lake. near
Greer, wlth five and half
pound cut throat trout. twenty-five
and half inches long Il was
caught on q Davis spinner and Is
said 20 be- the largest trout taken
from Big Lake this year.
Mr. Shelter brought home plenty
OF smaller evidence" TO prove his
claim 20 being a good fisherman
and q party of friends enjoyed a
real old fashioned fish fry az the
Shelter home Sunday.
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28

o Afr. and Mrs. Amos Kjormoe,
sons Jack and Donald, and Mr..
and Mrs. clyde Chand of Tucson
attended the bull fights in Nogales,
sunday Mrs Chand Is Mrs. Kjor-
NOES niece.
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28
No. 1880

No. 1880
NOTICE OF HEARING PETITION
IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PINAL COUNTY, STATE OF
ARIZONA
IN THE MATTER OF THE
ESTATE OF r. II. RADCLIFFE,
Deceased
Notice is hereby given that
Mary Williams has filed in this
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28

o The annual round up of pre-
school age children sponsored by
Coolidge Parents and Teachers
Association was held Tuesday
afternoon in Dr. G.. f. Maxwell's
office. Announcement of findings
of the medical examinations has
not yet been made
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28
BABY DAUGHTER
BABY BOY

. Mr.. and Mrs. Ben Sharp left.
Wednesday for Oak Greek Canyon
10 visit her brother and sister-in-
law, Mr.. and Mrs j. r.. York.
They plan TO return tomorrow.
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28

o Mrs. Pauline Hopkins and her
mother. Mrs. Lucille Kelleher were
in Phoenix overnight Monday on
business.
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28

. Lee Mortensen Is recovering
from two weeks Illness. during
which time he was confined to his
home as the result OF carbuncle
on his neck.
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28
Your Congressman
John r. Murdock

has gained experience during six
years as your sole Congressman
at Washington. He has labored
for the day-which has now come
when the great State of Ari-
zona might have at least two
Congressman. This year Arizona
elects two. Congressman Murdock
hopes to be one of those two.
pray to God and keep the powder
dry"
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28

o Mrs. George Dell, who has
been yacationing in Los Angeles
since early July, is expected home
today.
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28

. DR.. Claud Jackson returned
Friday from Chicago. where he
took three weeks post graduate
work at National Chropractic
College. On the return trip he
stopped in Indiana 10 visit rela.
tives and friends.
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28

FOR SALE-typewriter, electric
centrifical pump. barrel 'pump,
II ga. shotgun, fan type cooler.
miscellaneous lumber and tools.
III Pinkley Avenue. ltp.
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28
Classified Ads

FOR SALE-six year old Jersey
COW. Good mixer. Call Stone
hooker. 192R2. ltp.
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28

o Mr.. and Mrs. V. w. Havins
were in Phoenix Tuesday on bust
ness and pleasure.
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28
STORKITORIAL
BABY DAUGHTER


Mr.. and Mrs. Gene Scudder be
came the parents Of a baby daugh-
ter August %. 1871. She weighed
eigh pounds and was born a Flor
ne Hospital.
BABY BOY
Mr. and Mrs George Hanna. Jr.,
became the parents of baby boy
on August 21st. He weighed seven
pounds eleven ounces and was
born at Florence Hospital. They
have named him Richard Clayton.
BABY BOY
\ Mr.. and Mrs. A. j. Nicely be
came the parents Of baby boy
on August 23rd. He weighed eight
pounds and was born AT Coolidge
Hospital.
BABY DAUGHTER
Mr.. and Mrs William Tuggle
became the parents of a baby
daughter on August 26th. She
weighed seven pounds fifteen
ounces and was born at Coolidge
Hospital
BABY BOY
Mr. and Mrs George Irons be
came the parents OF a baby boy
on August 26th. He weighed
eight pounds four ounces and was
born at Coolidge Hospital.
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28

. Spurgeon O'Donnell has join.
ed the navy and left Monday for
San Diego, where he viii receive
his preliminary training. Spurgeon
who is the son of the Reverend
Lima O'Donnel. hopes to be placed
in the medical corps.
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28

WANTED-good used sewing ma
chlne. Call us. ltp.
WANTED-woman TO do light
housework and care for small
child. Easy hours. Apply Hol-
sum house. or phone 3 during
day. ltp.
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28
Local Happenings

. DR., and Mrs. William Behle
and sons. Raymond and Howard,
OF Salt Lake City, Utah, We're
guests at the home of Mr. and Matt
~ Dodge on Monday. DR.. Behle
is a professor at the University
of Utah.
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28

FOR SALE-3 acre tract and
house, due south OF Weaver's
Service Station in southeast
Coolidge w. S Crawford, Gilbert,
Rt. l. A21-4tp
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28

FOR SALE-5.43 acres in Wheeler
addition. Now in cotton. w. S.
Crawford, Gilbert. Rt. 1. A21-4tp
The Coolidge examiner., 1942-08-28

The War Bonds
you buy now
will help pay
for O new home
after ine war.
Evening star., 1942-06-03

F. X. Gray, air-raid warden OF
Zone 5, Connecticut avenue area
and Leon Pretzfelder, deputy ward
en-, will have charge of mass meet
ing of Zone S workers at 8 pm.
Friday in John Eaton School
George H. sO'Connor, treasurer OF
Zone S, and Raymond Hoover will
report on the disbursement budget
covering 1000 recently raised. Joan
Wakefield Of the British Joint Staff
will exhibit and discuss the "Blitz
OF London" movie.
Friendship Fire Association men,
bers. who joined the auxiliary fire
service in body the day after Pearl
Harbor, have elected officers as
follows: DR.. Edward r. Gookin,
chief; Lester E. Steinem, assistant
chief; Roy A. Wiseman, chief secre-
tary; Ben c. Pope, chief treasurer
and ]. T. Kennedy. chief commissar.
Most of the members arc assigned
to Engine Company l. at Seven
teenth and K streets NV.
The regular monthly meeting of
civilian defense workers in the
Dupont Circle area will be held at
8 o'clock tonight in the Covenant
First Presbyterian Church. There
will be guest speaker on bombs
and chemical warfare.
Evening star., 1942-06-03
Demands Of UNIV
Described by Murray
As Minor Matter
Executive Boord Delays
Discussion Of Terms
For Staying In CIO

BY the Associated Press.
The CIO National Executive
Board convening today was faced
with a set Of demands from John
L. Lewis United Mine Workers as
the price OF that unions continued
afflliation.
President Philip Murray of the
CIO. whom the miners removed
as their vice president last week.
said the board would discuss the
demands, but not today.
I'VE have an agenda," Mr.. Muir
ray grimly told newsmen. There
are great many important sub
jects which must take precedence
over these minor matters"
He said the first session would
be devoted exclusively to national
affairs. such as war production,
manpower and wage stabilization.
He would not venture a guess as to
when the board would reach the
UMW's prescription for avoiding
estrangement.
The Mine Workers Policy Com
mittee declared yesterday its union
should continue to withhold cash
payments of per capita tax to the
CIO until ta) the CIO acknowl-
edged a debt of $1,665 900. (b) en-
tered unity conferences with the
AFL, with Mr.. Lewis as chairman
of the CIO negotiation committee;
tc) put stop to all attacks on the
UNIV by individuals in the CIO.
Buy War savings stamps and help
stamp out the Axis.
Evening star., 1942-06-03
Defense SideIights
Checkup Shows $500 Wordens on Duty
During D. C.'s Doyieht Roid Test

A checkup today showed that
$500 wardens were on duty yester-
day during the Districts first COM
plete daylight afraid test.
The total does not include several
thousand auxiliary policemen and
firemen. reports of whose activities
during the drill were being compiled
today from precincts and fire sta
tionS.
Only few minor mishaps marked
the practice alarm. But obviously,
officials pointed out. it is more diff
cult to avoid accidents in blackout
alarms at night, and safety is being
emphasized as preparations are
made for the next night practice,
to be held at date not yet specified.
There was one fatality during the
last blackout.
Amateur radio operators in the
Washington area will meet June Is
at the Capital Radio Engineering
Institute, 1924 Sixteenth street NV,
to offer their services for civilian
defense. The Federal Communica
tions Commission is expected soon
to issue regulations under which
amateurs will be allowed on the air
again. Their activities were stopped
at the outbreak of war. They plan
to set up systems of emergency COM
munications for civilian defense.