davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Daily Alaska empire., 1942-06-24
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GENERAL LAND OFFICE District Land Office
Anchorage, Alaska

hllCIiOldSC, AldSkd
 April 23, 1942
 Notice is hereby given that John A. Carvel has made application for homesite under the Act of May 26, 1884 (48 Stat 809, Anchorage Serial No. 010168, for tract of land described as Lot G of Tract A of the Fritz Cove Group of Homesites Tracts A & B, situated along the Fritz Cove Highway, Plat of U. s. Survey No. 239O containing 327 acres, and it is now in the files of the U. 8. District Land Office, An chorage. Alaska.
 Any and all persons claiming ad- versely any of the above mentioned land should file their adverse claim in the district land office within the period of publication or thirty days thereafter, or they will be barred by the provisions of the statutes.
 FLORENCE L. KOLB,
 Acting Register. First publication, May 13, 1922. Last publication, July 8, 1942.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1942-06-24
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GENERAL LAND OFFICE
 District Land Office

Anchorage, Alaska April 30, 1942 Notice is hereby given that Harold w. Camper has made application for a homesite under the Act of May 26, 1894 (48 Stat. 809), Anchorage Serial No. 09O12, for a tract of land described as Lot B of the Auke Lake Group of Homesites, Tract A sit- uated near Juneau, Alaska, Plat of U. s. Survey No. 2392, containing 500 acres, and it is now in the files of the United States District Land Office. Anchorage, Alaska.
 Any and all persons claiming ad- versely any of the above mentioned land should file their adverse claim in the district land office within the period of publication or thirty days thereafter, or they will be barred by the provisions of the statutes.
 FLORENCE l.. KOLB,
 Acting Register. First publication, May 13, 1922 Last publication, July 8, 1942.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1942-06-24
SOUTH ON BUSINESS

George Kennedy, of the Ken nedy Hardware Store in Anchor age, passed through Juneau by plane on his way south for a busi- ness trip.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1942-06-24
El|ZllI1E!!l,]]3;|:Z!9
DUFRESNE, DARNELL
 RETURN FROM TRIP

Executive Officer Frank Dufresne land Wildlife Agent Rod Darnell of the Alaska Game Commission, re- turned to Juneau last night after a short trip to the Haines district on an inspection trip.
 The trip was made in connection with surveying the area preparatory to transplanting pheasants and also for the purpose of finding lakes well stocked with fresh water shrimp which may be transplanted for fish feed to lakes in this area
The Daily Alaska empire., 1942-06-24

The first professional training school for librarians in the world was established at Columbia Col Ilege, New York, in 1887.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1942-06-24
RUMNIAGE SALE

By Juneau Woman's Club, Sing ing Tea Kettle, Friday and Satur- day, June 26-27, 10 am.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1942-06-24
LOST AND FOUND

LOST-Bunch of keys in folder. Please return to Empire.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1942-06-24

Total $411 018.50 $400 10000 Denotes cities which have ex- ceeded quotas.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1942-06-24
REBEKAns ATTENTION

Last meeting until Sept, Wednes- day, June "A, pm. Special Mem orial Ceremonies. Attendance re- quested
 Edith Tucker, Secty
The Daily Alaska empire., 1942-06-24

GUARANTEED Realistic Perma- nent, $5.s0. Paper Curls. q up Lola Beauty Shop. Phone 20l S1R Decker Way.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1942-06-24

TURN your old gold into value cash or trade at Nugget Shop.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1942-06-24

FIVE CENTS each, paid for used
 gunny sacks at Coal Bunkers.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1942-06-24
MISCELLANEOUS

RABBIT SKINS WE ARE likely the largest dealer in this item in the Northwest. order your skins direct. Valcauda Fur Co.,, Seattle, Wash.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1942-06-24

FOR RENT-Apartments, inquire at office 20th Century Bldg. Empire Classifieds Pay!
The Daily Alaska empire., 1942-06-24

BROOM nicHy TUT. sun. heated
 apts. and houses. Windsor Apts.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-02-08

otcr The show. wrote 10 the editor demanding
information as 20 the meaning Of tho strange
Hara ktltlcr' hc had heard ON the East
Side 'cw such letters judiciousy planted
Hl'. 'ued of replies and started a contro-
N.rsy That was kept flaming for months or
antI the curtain was ready to rise ON Tho
k.tt2,r"
kht2ng developed into fine ar IN tho
coffee huusos OF New Yorks Fas, side whcr,
rnochle and klabiash the latter "A Hungarian
card game. are played. Everyone Is a second
lH'sscr by nature That is why baseball has
's grandstand managers football IT'S Monday
morning quarterbacks and the Navy Us dry
land admirals
The breed may bc regarded with disfaver
IN other fields but in card-pIaving circles tho
tt'2cr ls accepted as q necessary adjunct
af 'hc game like an umpire IA baseball or
iurmy hand in bridge some khrzing takes
fhr form 81 ~Lddug hut this lcvilv is fownej
Hrnr tv thc true kht2cr who takes his pro-.
f.-slar seriously a conscientious klbltzor
never rHFcs light of his role and derives
a.ets ,Hlaytu,u'.olt Of watching others play
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-02-08

itZIng specialists have been evolved
When "A kibtzcr has learned ms profession
thoroughly and knows the right time 10
whistle or when the occasion calls for
"Pnm'" he is graduated into tho ranks of the
dofhitzcrs.
\ dorbitzcr kih.f2cs only hhizcrs point
ing ont the errors they have made in second
guessing the players playing, Most exalted
members of the entire kbtzus profession
are the tstzcrs
These highly developed -p,.iIItsts never
utter word But what ,l0V..ugc and mean
ng they can put into % srofnf'u "T-k'" when
they have caught tn, doihi'lor enormously
dorbitzing the kibtzct for uhItzmg tho player
r takes rather important game of pinochIe
pr "klub' 10 call for throo.accp knitting.
however and seldom does th, t2I'zer function
outside of the Borscht Belt
There is a beginners class for apprentice
kihitzcrs. Known as momi'zcrs members Of
TINS class are not permitted 20 address %
player without FIRST getting the consent of
his kbltzer
Harry Hcrshneld tho comic strip artist
and wit. who has made "a lifelong study of
he genus kibitzcr reports That members of
The brotherhood are pcriug go uptown Van
kcc Doodle boy" tH their outlook that they
NOW insist upon b'iiG cal'cI appraisers
\ -hrewd player M card game that is
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-02-08

emitted "a whistle II
motive As ne VIII
forcwarncd threw
down their hands,
leaving the small
pot TO Attcll who
had been losing
steadily for an hour
Tuning angriIv
ON the whistling Lib-
itzcr Attcll was
about 30 give HIM
tho turguc-lash.ag
of his career when
the 'whistlitzer" held
mp his hand for ST.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-02-08

Of double talk uui'r-
stood only by 'h,a-
selves and tho player
>they are kI-bIt2Ir &
Others swing and sway
like that band leader.
Then there are The
facc-contortIouIst SITS and
the kicking kibit2cIs
who throw a meaning
ful bluion Some kIb-
tiers are whistlcis.
even.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-02-08

was so bad he had 10 wear thlck-.ens glasses
and even then couldn't see anything unless
ne brought 1t up 10 within I'm inch or t"o
OF ms ta''
To u....e-f-+tt,-f~ ,,t.:e,- :-r iz-t51.7r-
ao stood r,htu. L,u cfarg. hI- ,.la-at-
'fa5E5rl Fs eyes Tho c.uat and srjt u.,,-
chant aa, drinking hot cua,, To-, s'.a
,,au winch coy,r,d h.s glasses seth .~t
Tho iut'zcr pat up with th.s au.9ya,.
as long as h' could Tn,u Rl'h h. rock
twisted into thc srulhIanoc 81 "a cooled srat,
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-02-08

IL Is contained IN Shiili-
van pronounced Sol
omon'D County m
upper NeM York STATE
Here are located the
hundreds of summer
boarding houses winch
cater TO the East Side
vacation trade. And
here the profession OF
kibitzing was aualyZcG
and broken down into
its three main ClaSsia-
cations.
This survey revealed
that the man behind
the card player is tho
kibitzcr. With three or
four potential kibitzcrs
for every player it Is
easy TO see that com
plcXItics would develop
If the kibitzing were
confined 10 one klbltzcr
per player To provide
jobs for the unemployed
klbitZcrs. here fore.
several graIpe pf kin
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-02-08

However, it is in
card-playing circles
that I h @ kibitzer
reaches his zenith.
The word "kibitz"
IS Yidllsh slang II
docSu I derive FROM
any YiddlSh or He
brew root bat is
merely "A phonetic
attempt 20 describe
the act it desig-
n ate $. Translated
literally into Amer
lCancsc. il m q a n S
% kid
Although II has
been "A YIddish COLO
qUialIsm for at least
40 or 80 years, it
didn't com @ into
general usage until
a decade ago when
10 SWerpng's play,
The Kibitzcr, M
which Edward 6
Robinson h ad his
first starring role.
en- joycd a long
Broadway run The
press agent for this
s h oW did a fine
build mp job for
months IN advance,
..4l.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-02-08

Attrf burst out laughing at the kbtzcrs explanation
Sammy Wolff, Chicago sportsman established Gus
his poker games recently which # adopted nation
ally, viii be blow TO the kbtzng profession II"
that anyone who N4nIcd Ia tz Foiid rHvr
put s. the pot before the started This rule
strictly enforced whenever Sammys set shuttle
the pastcboards
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-02-08

would complete the royal flush the Nbt2cr
omitted "a whistle Ike the exhaust OF a loco
motive As ne Whistlcd the other players.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-02-08

DRY Of the oldest inhabitant Of the
Bcnsonhurst section of Brooklyn, had
sworn out a summons for his old
friend and neighbor, Joseph Levy, a
pinochle player who yields 10 no man
in Brooklyn in his ability to meld
$50 trumps
II came about during a three
hand auction pinochle game in a Ben
sonhurst coffee house when the player
who drew the kitty got two Jacks Of
diamonds which would have filed cut
a flush but somehow or other over
looked them and tossed in his cards.
"Oi" moaued Nathan Lcfkowitz.
Ronsonhurst kibitzing champion.
Il shouldn't happen gradually to a
Japanese spaniel"
Thus warned the kitty player saw
his error and pulled back his cards -
as was his right since he had made
the other two bid. As a result Of the
kibitzcr's taCtloss remarks the other
two players had 20 shell out 30 cents
each 10 the careless fellow.
one Of the victims Of Lefkowitz's
kibitzinE became purple with rage
as he paid off This one was Joseph
Levy. known in the neighborhood as
The Melder From
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-02-08

~ 0-KIRfTZTRS deserve the protection the law or
should they be fair game for victims Of their peculiar
49, art II would take the wisdom of "A solomon TO de-
eide this agc-old question.
Oddly enouEh-aSnll4-4R would have sat Judgment
Of Fathsh Court Brooklyn recently had kibit2er
and bzee patched their differences before the
and thus left Magistrate Charles Solomon but
10 dismiss the
Nathan Lcflowitz IS and the best kibzer in the mem
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-02-08

Kibitzing probably attained It's most i'm
pcrious form one night during the late racing
season at the Bay Meadows track san Mateo
Calf Each night after the racing was over.
II was the custom 81 group OF horsomcn 20
gather in the clubhouse for session Of bridge
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-07-07
Food Stamp Ban
Hits "a Stores

Fourteen stores In this area
ere barred from participation in
he federal food stamp plan today
By order OF the Agricultural
Marketing Administration, which
charged the stores with violating
food stamp regulations.
The stores barred are Victoria
David Market, 1892 Brush street;
Mats Quality Market, f28 Char
lotte avenue, Sire Brothers Mar
ket. store No. 20. 1920 Chene
street: a. Zarcmba'S Market, 5000
Dubois street; f. o n o my Meat
Market, 2645 Gratiot avenue
Louis Market. 3704 Mack avenue /;
s. Conte Market. 1920 Oakland
avenue: Ages Confectionery and
Grocery, 3743 Orleans street /;
Thomas Brothrs Market. 5044 st.
Aantoine street: Vick's Market.
296S Third street; Norman's
Grocery and Meats, 1913 Wood
row street. Magielski's Market,
10010 Conant street. Hamtramck;
Kruzel's Grocery. 7703 Dubois
street and c. F. Smith Company,
Inc, 1915 Third street.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-07-07
Detroit TO Seek
Raid Insurance
Of q Millions

Detroit city properties are vul-
nerable TO Axis bombing to the
extent of about $50 100000, city
officials decided today as they
prepared to apply for government
war damage insurance.
Meeting with Mayor Edward J.
Jeffries, the city department heads
decided that only properties val
ued at more than 100000 should
be covered by insurance.
The $50, 100000 policy is to be
spread over the various city de-
partments in the following man.
.ner:
Board of Education, S24 900. 900;
department of water supply $685.
100000; department of light and
power, $11, 600. 900; department of
street railways. $2.000.000: fire
department. 81 600 900: DPW. ST.
100000, and miscellaneous. $l4,-
100000.
Edward p. Riehl, secretary OF
the city employe pension system,
was instructed TO compile list of
other city buildings which might
cost more than 100000 10 replace.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-07-07
Protect Foods,
Public Warned

DR.. Bruce II. Douglas, city
health commissioner. today urged
better care of perishable foods, ex.
planning improperly refrigerated
foods are the cause of much sum.
mer illness commonly attributed
TO food poisoning.
ut il vitality important"
Douglas said, ito provide for the
adequate refrigeration of such
prrishable foods nv milk, butter,
meat and other products which
-decempose- rapidly Milk should
be taken from the doorstep a.
soon as delivered and placed I'm
the refrigerator.
Salads should be mixed just
before eating and custards and
meats may be dangerous TO
health IL allowed TO stand In
warm temperatures before being
served"
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-07-07
Children S Lunch
Programs Aided

An ample supply OF food Is
available at no cost for lunch pro-
grams carried on by nurseries
Fairgrounds. recreation cen g RS
and summer camps, which are OPP
Grating without profit. according
TO George St. Louis. Michigan SUI
Dcrvisor for the Agricultural Mar
letting Administration.
"All activities of this kind are
eligible to obtain foods, which
the ANA acquires under a pur-
chase program signed to
maintain fair market prices for
American farm products" ST.
Louis said
1.-THE ANA Is particularly in
crested I'm supplying foods TO
summer lunch programs for the
benefit Of children who cannot
AFFORD summer camp vacations"
he added
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-07-07
U. S. Gets Land for Housing

The federal government took
title today TO another 223 acres
Holland near the Willow Run
bomber plant TO be used for hous-
ing projects. A condemnation suit
for the land was started in federal
court, check for S99. $50 was filed
with the federal court clerk to
pay for il and Federal Judge Err
nest A. O'Brien signed a judgment
giving the government title to the
land.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-07-07
$4,000 MORE NEEDED

AZ least $4,000 more wardcns
are needed to fill the city's quota
Of $4,000, it was pointed out. How
ever. enemy aliens are stu ineli-
glhlc.
The problem OF about 1000
small war plants. in which the
noise of machinery may make IL
difficult or impossible 10 hear the
warning sirens. was discussed but
laid over for future action.
\ suggestion that all illumi-
mated billboards be shut Off for
The duration also was taken under
AdNlscmcnt.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-07-07
LOCATIONS TO BE PICKED

Nate &. Shapiro, chairman of
the councils fire protection COM
mlttee. reported that the 10
Chrysler-built sirens. which will
form the major part of the citys
raid alarm system, VIII De ready
for delivery July ID, Locations for
the sirens will be selected this
week.
Council also was Told OF a newly
designed "blackout light Of one
quarter candlepower. which may
be mounted over the safes with
out emitting an improper amount
Of light in blackouts.
Upon the suggestion OF Frank
NJ. McLaury, chief air raid war
den, Council adopted a resolution
permitting aliens who are citizens
of friendly nations 10 become air
raid Wardens.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1942-07-07
Full Equipment
For BIa(kouts
Due by July IS

Detroit should be fully prepared
for blackouts by July Is. local
OCD head Glenn {. Richards said
today, following announcement
that warning sirens and traffic
light switches would be installed
by that date.
The 1900 switches needed for
individual control of traffic and
safety zone lights will be installed
by the end of this week, II was
announced at a meeting Of the
Detroit Municipal Defense Coun-
Gil yesterday by Louis Schlenk,
superintendent of public lighting.
They were ordered several weeks
ago, but the needed priority rat
ing was delayed by WPB red tape.
Since Wayne County has OBJ
tanned 200 switches for traffic
lights outside the city. II will now
be possible TO darken all such
lights in the county when an air
raid alarm is given. S h k
pointed out. The switches will be
operated by air raid wardens.
Greenbelt cooperator., 1942-04-03
Two New Members
Continued from Page l

Continued from Page -
or 5 days a week to assist those
who require help.
Mr.. Rysticken appointed Vim
cent Hollochost to the post of
Director of Physical Fitness and
Recreation. Mr.. Hollochost stated
that he would start laying plans
Immediately for a spring-summer
program that would fit the re-
quirements of every person in
Greenbelt. He urged that every
able-bodied person in Greenbelt
participate in some type of
athletic program during the spring
and summer months especially.
The Defense Council will meet
on Tuesday, April Z, for reports
of last months prograss and lay
plans for the future.
Greenbelt cooperator., 1942-04-03
University Observes
States 3O8th Year

The 3O8th anniversary of the
founding of Maryland was cele-
brated yesterday at the University
of Maryland with regimental re-
view in honor of Maj. Gen. Milton
A. Reckord. Patriotic exercises
followed in the Coliseum
Addresses were made by Gov.
H. R. O'Conor and Rev. Peter
Marshall, of Washington. Music
was furnished by the university
band. Solo numbers were given by
Harlan Randall, head of the music
department.
Greenbelt cooperator., 1942-04-03
Legion Holds "Stag'

An opportunity for Greenbelt's
service and ex-service men to get
together with the boys" has been
offered by the Greenbelt American
Legion Post Number 1876, with a
stag party tomorrow night. The
party designed for old and young
alike, will begin at 8 p. m. at the
American Legion home.
Greenbelt cooperator., 1942-04-03

Billions for Allied vectory g.
or for tribute to dictators There
is only one answer: Buy u. S.
Defense Bonds and Stamps.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1942-01-20
|PARLEY HELD ON
| WAGE QUESTION
Clock Company Officials
Meet Clio Representatives
Mooney Present

Representatives of the Waterbury
Brass Workers Union and the Wa
terbury Clock Co. were in confer
ence this afternoon with Morgan
r. Mooney, deputy state labor COM
missioner, in an effort to settle a
wage dispute. The union has been
seeking wage increase.
Under a present contract, which
is in force until May 10, wages at
the plant are frozen. However
the company has agreed to reopen
ing of the wage question.
The union delegation was to in
clude shop committee and John
j. Driscoll, executive secretary of
the Waterbury Brass Workers I'M
ion. The management group was to
be headed by Charles H. Granger,
company president.
Mr.. Driscoll said this morning
that a news account in a morning
paper about a meeting of Amer
lean Brass Co. units was in error.
1t stated that delegates from Wa
terbury, Torrington and Ansonia
had approved without a dissenting
vote" plans for peace with the
American Federation of Labor. Mr..
Driscoll said today that there were
dissenting votes but that the reso-
luton had been adopted by a ma
jority vote.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1942-01-20
''7he Same Old Thing"
Truth, Purity, Reverence, Eternal Truths Needed
More Today Than Ever Says Major Hugo
Wiberg in Radio Address.

Major Hugo Wiberg, of the local
corps of the Salvation Army, gave
the following talk over Station
WATR last night, during the
Arnay's regular Sunday evening
broadcast.
Somebody not long ago COM
planned, that returning to the
church he used to go to in his
youth, he heard the same old
hymns, the same kind of prayers
and sermons that he had listened
to years before. 1t was the same
old thing, and according to him,
one reason for the lack of interest
in religion evident today
And many other people have used
the same argument as an excuse
for neglecting God and attendance
at public worship.
Perhaps I may suggest tonight
that the fact that some things have
not greatly altered in the midst of
tremendous changes all over the
world should give you and me cause
for hope and consolation.
Up-To-Date Religion
Inc 1eellIlS, however, tIldC IellSAoll
is not more "up-to-d date" seems to
have its root in the fact that the
nature and purpose of Almighty
God, and the Gospel of our Lord
Jesus Christ, have not been adj
justed to meet modern vanity, I'M
belief and morality.
1t is disturbing to some to be
constantly reminded that God re-
quires Truth, Purity and Reverence
from His creatures, and as much
today as ever.
And Truth, Purity and Reverence
are unchanging principles, which
even separated-if it were possible
to separate them-from acknowl-
edgement of God and Religion,
make up the bonds of society.
Apart from the teachings of the
Bible, the preservation of the race
would demand that some means be
discovered for the defense and
practice of the elementary moral
tiles.
Any attempts to reduce or to
The Waterbury Democrat., 1942-01-20
Spanish Morocco Looms
AS New Danger Spot
vSsvvsSvvvvvg~

CPANISH Morocco, always des-
= tined to play a part in Med,
iterranean conflicts, again looms
as a danger spot. 1t may become
a landing place for Axis troops
headed for the Libyan war thea
ter.
The stamp above, issued recent
ly by Spain, shows a native scene
typical of the people ruled by the
Sultan Sidi Mohammed, nominal
ly under Spanish protection.
The British fleet bars the Axis
supply lines from the heel of the
Italian boot. Another possible
route to Libya is that through
Spain, to Spanish Morocco and
then across the desert into the
Italian possession.
AT present the Rock Of Gibral-
tar, proud and defiant with gun
emplacements bristling, is the
chief stumbling block to such a
move.
AS early as 1887, when Gen.
,eralissimo Francisco Franco was
making his greatest Roadway
against the Loyalist troops, Ger
mans were building troop bar
racks and Notifications in Morocco
for possible use in an African
campaign
The Waterbury Democrat., 1942-01-20
atents Granted

The United States Patent Office
has issued patents to the following
inventors and manufacturing con-
Germs situated in Waterbury and
nearby towns:
Donald X. Champion, Marion and
H. l.. Burghoff, aslgnors to Chase
Brass & Copper Co., Inc, Water
bury; weld metal.
Kenneth French, Waterbury; con-
troll apparatus for oil burners.
Edwin L. Rose, Woodbury., power
transmission.
Walter L. Upson, Litchfleld, as
signor to the Torrington Manufact-
uring Co., Torrington; fan hub and
shaft assembly.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1942-01-20
CIR ARlluM
CRACKERS
TWELFTH MONTH

December is best known as the
one when winter begins. There are
many other interesting items that
happen or have occurred during the
last of our IL mon this.
l.. Three presidents were born In
December, including one famous war
president and one that served in
postwar years. Who were they?
2. Another president made a
famous farewell to his officers in
December, and was the only presi-
dent to die in that month. Do you
recall his name and the years?
3. History's most famous tea
party was held in December, and not
in England but in America. Where
was it held and who threw it?
4. When does winter begin, &C
cording to the calendar?
S. First airplane flight was made
in December. Who made 1t and
when?