davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1941-06-18
Moonshiners Take Army
Tip, Learn ComoufIoqe
By the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
TAMPA, la.-Moonshiners are
taking a tip from the Army and
going in for camouflage.
Sheriff's deputies in a raid near
here found a still over which had
been built canopy Of wire net
ting covered by festoons of moss
to provide excellent concealment
from the air.
Evening star., 1941-06-18
H. A. Weeks, Engineer, Dies

NEW YORK, June 1S CR,.-Her-
bert A. Weeks, 81, retired railroad
builder, died yesterday. An engi-
neer and contractor. he built the
railroad from Port Antonio to Span
ish Town in the Island of Jamaica.
He was a major of engineers in the
World War.
Evening star., 1941-06-18
Dennison Vocational
Graduates Glass Of s.

Thirty-fve students last night
were graduated from the Dennison
Vocational School. Mrs. Philip
Sidney Smith of the Board of Edu-
cation presided,
Evening star., 1941-06-18

William N. Payne, jr, Eastern Build
ing & Loan Association; John A.
Reilly, Second National Bank; Her
bert J. Rich, B. Richs Sons; Charles
Evening star., 1941-06-18

At one time recently over 2.O00,-
900 tons Of sugar was stored in Cuba.
Evening star., 1941-06-18

Forty per cent of the world 8
supply Of raw rubber comes from
the Dutch East Indies.
Evening star., 1941-06-18

Cities of Guatemala are starting
suburban development projects.
Evening star., 1941-06-18
Graduates are,

Graduates are.
Aruta, Elvira
Bartolomes, M. A.
Blume, Mabel
Burgess, A. L.
Coursey, Vivian M.
Dickes. Audrey L.
Edwards. Evelyn L.
Fitzpatrick, Rita A.
Foley, Catherine A.
Forbes. Betty Ann
France, Leatha
Gabhart, Lucille c.
Giacalone. Mary Y.
Moncure, CAROLYN W.
Mullen. Doris Z.
Prsid. Irma
Robinson, Carrie
Satterheld. Mary Z.
Evening star., 1941-09-26
Ole Miss Chosen on Coin Toss;
iGophers, Buckeyes, Purdue,
B. c., Stanford Favored

Longhorns, Jack Grain, Pete Layden
and company, are the ones to beat
in the Southwest. They should take
this one eased up.
Georgetown -Mississippi-In which
the Nations Capital will take a
gander at MissisSippis H-boys
Hapes and Hovious. This should be
one of the weeks best games for
Georgetown is strong. The coin
spins and says Mississippi.
Michigan-M Michigan State-Michi-
gan. minus Tommy Harmon, may
find Charley Bachman's veterans a
handful and then some. Out of a
hat, State.
Observation-Disclosures to figure.
Bo McMillin's line is a doubtful
quantity, but this corner will string
along with the Hoosiers.
California st. Mary's-Entirely in
the dark. California.
Southern California Oregon State
Gould be very close. Southern
California.
Washington State-U. C. L. A
Taking U. C. L. A.
Navy William and Mary - The
Tars well may be one of the East S
real powers and rate the nod here
Temple-Kansas-Cant get past
Temple.
Mississippi State Florida - Flori-
da's coming up, but may not be
ready for this one. Mississippi
State
Kentucky-Virginia Tech-Taking
Kentucky's Wildcats.
L. S. U. Has Hometown Edge.
Louisiana State-Holy Cross-Both
look for better seasons and this
ballot for Louisiana State is based
solely on whatever edge a home
team may enjoy
Virginia Military Clemson APP
pears to be Clemson.
North Carolina State-Davidson-
Picking State.
North Carolina South Carolina
The Gamecocks have some first
class players, but the bulge belongs
to North Carolina.
Washington and Lee-Sewanee-
Like w. g. L.
Virginia-L -Lafayette-Unbeaten last
year. Lafayette has no star as bright
as Virginia's Ed Dudley. He may
spell the difference. Virginia.
Texas Christian -Tulsa-Tulsa up
set the Horned Frogs a year ago
and might again. Just to be stub
born, T. G. U.
Oklahoma Oklahoma A. & M
The Sooners, under new coach,
Dewey Luster, should prove tough
Oklahoma.
Skipping over the chalklines
otherwise-Denver over Iowa State,
Montana over Brigham Young
Wyoming over Greeley, San Jose
State over Utah State. Utah over
Idaho, Colorado State over Colorado
Mines, Iowa over Drake.
Evening star., 1941-09-26
Brooklyn Flag 27 Years Cnched Denow Dodgers Really Pop Off
Win, Lose or Draw
Twenty-one Years Is q Long, Long Time
BY FRANCIS {. STAN.
Star Staff Correspondent.

BROOKLYN, behind the soshed
wet the mahogany turned the radio until it
Flatbuh blared forth until it seemed
the the would fall and the
proprietor the other side would rushing to
Soly with the complaint that his products were melting
wooden
L. Sullivan reSolutey
their when the
the
Dodgers
called Buns their nehborhood would mean pnnant
If the st. Cardinals beaten Pittsburgh.
historical possibilities Soly the radio until
rubber almost with
tcke mylghed
of the
which full bloom youth
the wfered neVsboy
could Ebbets Field He had
of falling
novous"
Evening star., 1941-09-26
ChampsGoWi|d
Champagne
Flows Freely
Shirts Torn tot Bits
In ReveIry; Throng
Welcomes Heroes
By JUDSON BAILEY,
Associated Press Sports Writer.


NEW YORK, Sept. 26.-Brooklyn
went batty over its new National
League pennant today. but nobody
was nearly as delirious as the
Dodgers themselves.
During the four hours it took their
special train to make the trip home
from Boston last night they steamed
up the greatest celebration any
baseball team ever has had for the
clinching of a championship.
President Larry MacPhail, who
had remained here to pass out World
Series tickets, set up the party with
a telephone call to Boston stocking
the train with champagne.
The wheels hardly had started
rolling before the corks started pop
ping-and by the time the effer-
vescent entourage pulled into Grand
/ Central Station a little before mid
night the Dodgers we're hilarious
/ and the train was a wreck.
The Dodgers let down their hair
and howled-and it was something
to behold.
| SnlTts hlpptu W Ilttts'
Somebody thought it would be
grand idea to rip the shirt off
Coach Charley Dresser and before
his chummy companions were fin
ished they had him almost in the
nude. Then they started on each
other and more shirts were ripped
to pieces within few minutes than
laundry could do in 10 years.
All the blinds in the dining car
were torn down, too, but that came
later.
Peewee Reese and Pistol Pete
Reiser prowled up and down the
aisles squirting everybody with
champagne, until the kids were
tipped off that that was something
to drink. Then they turned to
shampooing the porters and walters
with creamed spinach.
This went on for hours and for
miles and miles-but you get the
general idea.
It was the unbelievable end to an
unimaginable tour that lasted for
two weeks and was more like trav-
cling circus than a ball club on
business trip.
Curious Collection on Train.
The Dodgers went West Septem-
Der 8 in a streamlined special train,
with every player having a room to
himself
AS they rolled around the coun-
try they picked up curious collec-
ton of followers. For the past sew
eral days of their trip the party In
cluded, besides a score of news
papermen and photographers, one
Brooklyn undertaken and two assist
ants, two bookmakers, a well-knovn
brain specialist. Tony Martin. the
screen and radio singer, wives OF
several players and the child OF one.
and various deep-dyed Flatbush
fans.
The whole gang stepped of the
train headlong into worshipful
welcome from some 1000 fans who
packed Grand Central terminal for
(See DODGERS, Page C-2)
Evening star., 1941-09-26
The Cops Ticketed the Fat Mans Car

trckng the place There the two
apologeca for few minutes I'VE just wanted to
explained There fat also minus
said "Yez Jerks III betcha
pennant
ticket pinned his
windshield,
joined group hooked his thumbs into
suspenders silently. Marty
length of muscle building VITA
qualities product breakfast food 1t
Somebody began to joke
the oneeyed neWSboy who grandfather I'm
flakes stand fer tree nights ana tree
themb Woid Series
A would have knocked him
looked like OF the
defending the Ukraine
Evening star., 1941-09-26
Mats Battling Yanks
In Windup Series
AT New York
Chase Likely to Pitch
In Double Bill Today;
Lewis Back at Third
Special Dispatch 10 The Star.

Special Dispatch 10 The Star.
NEW YORK, Sept. 26-The Mats
are here today and the World Series
opens next week. but they, of course,
will have no active role in the
classic.
Right now they're trying to clinch
the altitudinous position of sixth
place, which they hope to do at the
expense of the champion Yankees
in four games over a three-day
span.
Ken Chase was expected to pitch
one of the games on today's twin
bill
Manager Bucky Harris will insert
Buddy Lewis in the lineup after an
absence of two weeks while the club
still is battling for sixth. Harris
has been experimenting with rockies,
but will curtail this work.
Evening star., 1941-09-26
BY HUGH FULLERTON, Jr,
Associated Press Sports Writer.

ASSOCldleQ fItos Spol 70 "lltcA'
Manager Julian Black figures
that about $1,000 of Joe Louis
income will 60 to pay for three
weeks training at Greenwood
Lake, although the gate for his
camp exhibition covers part OF it.
Mickey Walker is closing the
doors of his Poughkeepsie IN. "
restaurant, but plans to open one
in his home town, Elizabeth,
N. j., before he starts his winter
refereeing chores.
When Bernie Bierman went to
see his son Billy play for st.
Paul Academy the other night
he almost missed the big play
Billy,s run with an intercepted
pass-because the kids kept him
so busy giving out autographs.
Evening star., 1941-09-26
Series to Have Six
Straight Games
B1 the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
NEW YORK. Sept. 26.-Clnch-
ing of the National League pen
nant by the Brooklyn Dodgers
will allow the World Series to be
reeled off without any time out
for travel.
The schedule as announced
by Commissioner Kenesaw M.
Lands:
October l and at Yankee
Stadium.
October 3, 4 and 5 at Ebbets
Field.
October 6 and 8 at Yankee
Stadium.
The one-day intermission after
the sixth game is to allow time
for distribution of tickets for the
seventh contest if the series goes
the limit.
All games will start at 1850
pm. Eastern standard time.
Evening star., 1941-09-26
Louis Training Costs Run to Big Dough
Football Special Is Hopes and Hovus Ruin Georgetown

Football special for tonight is
Hapes and Hovious to hit Hoyas
hard-or Ole Miss can't miss
This department also likes
Temple over Kansas, Denver to
beat Iowa State, but not by
much, and Washington State
over U. C. L. A.
Today's guest star-Bob Sted-
Ter, Buffalo Evening News: In
the little red book of baseball
there is a section devoted to
knotty problems. The Cleveland
Indians should be included"
Hank Leiber is back home in
Tucson, Ariz., with orders to rest
for six months.
Notre Dame has banned port
able radios and movie cameras at
its home games this season.
Bill (Bobo) Spencer, Missouri's
crack place-kicker, warmed up
Evening star., 1941-09-26

the other day by booting IS in
row, then back after a breather
to kick So straight
Will Connolly of the San Fran
cisco Chronicle suggests unlim-
tied substitutions for fans as we'll
as players in case some of the
customers can't stay until the
games are over.
An entry in a pet show at
Westhampton, N. Y, the other
day was champion Great Dane,
owned by Harkness Edwards and
entered by Edwards 8-year-old
son. When the kid came home
proudly displaying the red sec
ond-place ribbon Edwards asked
what dogs had topped the big
fellow that had been cleaning up
on the show circuit. "Dog?" re-
piled the kid. 1--WE were beaten
by a pig"
Evening star., 1941-09-26
By HERB BARKER.
Associated Press Sports Writer

NEW YORK. Sept 25-Being
Chapter of the l94l version of that
ancient and interesting, if unim-
portant. football guessing game in
which every mans on his own and
frequently wishes he wasn't:
Washington-M Minnesota - How do
you like that for the first Saturday
CT the season? Jimmy Phelan's
Huskies have serious designs on the
Coast Conference title, but this
guesser will take Minnesota where
that old rascal. rumor, says Bruce
Smith will make every one forget
All-America George Franck, effective
this week.
Tulane-Boston College-The Eagles
from Massachusetts, Sugar Bowl
champions, have lost their coach and
a flock of stars since last season,
but the squad as whole seems even
more powerful than year ago
appears to be a contender in the
Southeastern Conference. Absolutely
a sheer guess, Boston College.
Stanford Oregon - Take another
look at that calendar, boy. Are you
sure it's only September? Experts in
the Northwest think Oregon is the
likely dark-horSe of the Coast Con-
ference. Well find out in a hurry.
In the meantime, one vote for STAN
ford.
Purdue ue-Vanderbilt-Speed to burn
on this Purdue outfit: Vanderbilt
on the upgrade. At this early stage.
it's simply blind mans buff. All
right, Purdue.
Close Buckeye Victory Seen.
Ohio State-M Missouri In which
Paul Brown makes his coaching
debut at Ohio State. The Buckeyes
should do less now-you-see-i -it-now-
you-don't stuff and more scoring.
This should be close but Ohio State.
Notre Dame -Arizona-No push
over, but Notre Dame should get
Frank Leahys coaching regime off
on the right foot
Duke-Wake Forest 1T seems
unanimous that Duke will lead the
Southern Conference parade. We
won't argue-yet. Therefore, Duke.
Colorado Texas Dana Bibles
Evening star., 1941-09-26
Triumph al Hub
AsCards' Flop
Ends Chase
Wyatt Blanks Braves
EosiIy;; Former Brook
Defeats St. Louis

BY the Associated Press.
The Brooklyn Dodgers long the
clown princes of baseball, are the
new kings of the National League
Long live the kings
The kids from Kings County tthe
same as the Borough of Brooklyn to
everybody except the district attor-
ney) came through in royal glory at
Boston with a 60 conquest of the
Braves yesterday and clinched their
first pennant in 81 years.
The St. Louis Cardinals Coop
Grated by losing a 81 decision at
Pittsburgh to bring the most stren-
uous championship struggle in re-
cent years to a sudden stop.
As a result Of the victory and de-
feat, the Redbirds were left 2i2
games behind the Dodgers with each
club having two games left to play.
The standings today:
Evening star., 1941-09-26
Critic Sticks 10 Hunch
Nova Wilt Conquer
Brown Bomber
Holds Lou Is Only Mon
To Meet Louis With
AII-Around Assets
BY GAYLE TALBOT.

NEW YORK, Sept. 26.-Loo'ling
back on Joe Louis fights and re-
calling the ferocity with which he
has torn into the big fellows he
could hit easily, practically running
them with a rain of punches, it
takes a lot of wilIpower to pick
Lou Nova to win the heavyweight
championship from the big Negro.
There is the additional hazard
that most professionals of the
fight game-the men who undoubt-
edly know the business best-are
stringing along with the Bomber
Perhaps a score of managers, train
ers and promoters encountered yes
terday at Nova's camp virtually were
unanimous in believing that the
champion would belt Nova out in
side of 10 rounds when they meet
Monday night at the Polo Grounds.
Stands by Hunch.
But the writer happens to have had
hunch for long time that Nova
was the one fighter with the physi-
cal equipment and the heart re-
quired to whip Louis. and there's no
sense in backing down now. Maybe
he won't, and maybe he will be
only another heart-broken heavy
weight after he has sampled the
Louis dynamite, but it will be after
a terrible fight. That much is cer-
tain.
In his final workout yesterday
Nova probably appeared better than
anybody ever saw him. He is as
ready as a fighter possibly can be
and is punching harder than ever
before. He still is absolutely con-
vinced he has the title in his grasp
He is by far the most confident
man Louis ever faced, barring Max
Schmeling.
Nova's Punch Underrated.
Lou has been underrated as a
puncher. He laid a right on Jim
Neville's jaw yesterday that al
most f1oored the heavyweight, and
Trainer Ray Arcel had to go be-
tween them until Neville recovered
His left frequently Jared and stag
gered both men he worked with
Not that he can hit like Louis does
but who can?
The principal thing is that Nova
can take it. Louis will clout him
many a time, probably will have him
on the floor not long after the bell
rings. But the surest thing in the
world is that Nova will get up. And
he is trained to travel for Is rounds
at the only pace he knows. Joe
to repeat. has not fought man like
that. He might not like it.
Evening star., 1941-09-26
Sturs Yesterday.
BY the Associated Press

BY the Associated Press.
Whitlow Wyatt, Dodgers -
Pitched five-hit shutout to beat
Braves and clinch pennant for
Brooklyn.
Max Butcher, Pirates-Crushed
Cardinals with five-hit hurting.
Ray Starr. Reds-Shut out
Cubs on two hits.
Bill Jurges, Giants-Tripled
with two. on to pave way for
victory over phillies.
Evening star., 1941-09-26
Injuries Romport, A. U.
Cancels Workout

American University today an
nounced cancellation of a scheduled
scrimmage with the Quantico Ma
rines because of increased injuries.
Carl Byham, regular tackle. is
the latest casual, suffering frac-
tured cheek bone that necessitated
an operation. He will be out for
the season.
Evening star., 1941-09-26
Phog Allen Sees Fall of Grid Big Business
Holds Coin vii! Be Too Scarce After War Pay Players

have snap courses under pro-
fessors who won't funk them.
"One school in a conference
you all are familiar with pays its
football and basket ball players
s45 a month for doing nothing
except playing on the varsity
team.
In three years university
presidents will control the white
elephant of intercollegiate basket
ball and football that they have
been afraid to fight and unable
to control since the early 20s."
Evening star., 1941-09-26

today" he told the William
Jewell College football team at
a kickoff dinner last night.
OF the $40 universities playing
football, only 80 made profit last
season, making the game a great
money loser"
A year ago he forecast death
of intercollegiate football in about
10 years.
Coaches today are just beagle
hounds shifting the bushes seek
ing athletes who will be given
salaries for doing no work. They
Evening star., 1941-09-26
b. the Associated Press.

b. the Associated Press.
LIBERTY, Mo, Sept. 26-Dr.
F. c. CPhog) Allen, head basket
ball coach at the University of
Kansas, predicts intercollegiate
football will cease to exist as a
big business after the defense
emergency passes.
THE economic structure of the
Nation will be such that no
money will be available to pay
the athletes as is being done
Evening star., 1941-09-26
SoIIy Wanted to See the Buns Come Home

bat The Buns had pushed run across and they
had make big inning if Cookie hit long ball Roy
all support could. OF the dis
Brooklyn "Cmon LAvago he yelled
Lavagetto!' he screamed
sounded like sCreech owl clear night.
struck retiring the side.
developed that Marty hre-
o'clock midnight? asked Soy ring
ing up a Marty nodded, foam his lips
sighed Sol You'll have tough night II our Buns
busting them and sending
false alarms
Marty WELL he said W don't happen
often doing yezzelf?"
whipped again "Jee he said I'm m de
wife she don't
Yesterday payday but she don't want no money
with the overparked tested his drink and then
asked. "Whats-a -matter?"
"Wen" said Soy little late last night and the old
if anybodyu be home when get
I'll to
Grand and seed
Evening star., 1941-09-26
Minor Results

BY the Associated Press.
DIXIE SERIES.
Nashville. e; Dallas > Nashville wins
series, 4-0).
PACIFIC LEAGUE.
(Semifnal Playoffs.l
Sacramento. ,; San Diego, =.
Only game scheduled.
Sacramento leads in Shaughnessy
playoffs. 3 games TO o.
Evening star., 1941-09-26
Pacific Coost PIoyoffs
PIayofs.

PIayoffs.
R H. E
Sacramento - 001 600 1913 . 3
San DIEGO GOO 600 0n2-2 IL
Freitas and Kluttz; Thomas, Rich to)
and Detore.
Sacramento leads, 3 sames to o)
Evening star., 1941-09-26
Seventh Shutout by Wyatt.

Somehow the session at Boston.
perfectly played on the part of the
Dodgers. seemed an anti-climax.
The Buns had had to battle for
every inch in their furious, often
frantic. foray against the Western
clubs of the league and even against
the loWly PhillleS.
In Boston yesterday they knew
they were in and were just marking
time. But they certainly can keep
time They never missed beat.
Whitlow Wyatt, their friendly,
baldish pitching ace produced a
masterful five-hit performance to
achieve his seventh shutout and
22d victory of the season. His team
mates loosed a vigorous offensive
which young Pete Reiser climaxed
with two-run-seventh- inning
homer. The game had been nailed
down. however. when Brooklyn
bagged one run in each of the first
three innings.
Max Butcher, a big West Vir-
ginia mountaineer who once was
with the Dodgers, took care OF
crimping the Cardinals. He held the
Red Birds to five hits. Their only
run was forced in with a walk. The
Pirates plastered Ernie White with
defeat through Rookie Bill Cox's
triple for a run in the third and
Elbie Fletcher's homer with one on
in the sixth. ~-.-...
Most Brooks to Idle.
Both clubs have open dates to-
daytime for the Dodgers to cele-
brate and for the Cardinals to lick
their wounds Tomorrow and Sum-
day the Cards clash again with the
Chicago Cubs. and the Dodgers
finish against the Phils.
All along the Brooks have had
hankering to win 100 games. but
they acknowledged on their return
home last night that they didn't
care much about that goal now
Lefty Larry French was scheduled
to start tomorrow's contest. AS
manv of the Brooklyn regulars as
possible will be rested for the open
ing of the World Series with the
New York Yankees next Wednes-
day.
In the other games Yesterday the
Cincinnati Reds stormed to a 60
decision over the Cubs and the New
York Giants squeezed to a 80 vic
tory over the Phillies.
Cincinnati'S win came on tire two
hit hurting of Rookie Ray Starr.
The Giants triumph resulted from
Billy Jurges' two-run triple in the
seventh and Johnny McCarthy's
single with the bases loaded in the
ninth. For six innings the New
Workers were held hitless by John
Podgainy.
All clubs in the American League
were idle.
Evening star., 1941-09-26

NATIONAL.
Results Yesterday.
Brooklyn. d; Boston. o.
Pittsburgh. 3; St. Louis. 1.
Cincinnati, Is; Chicago, q.
New York. 3: Philadelphia, ..
Evening star., 1941-09-26
And So, 'Berklyn' Wins q Pennunt

SandWiched pui Fgg and Sullivan above the bar
liquid Named
Dodger double
said he'd
lousy"
III
"Shuddap" yelled Soly, "and listen to >
announced that Pitcher Whitow Wyatt had singled.
them better sweat-shot
someting that His might cold"
anyhow.
needed him, didn't he? Them Buns -
flashed that Pittsburgh had beaten the
eighth inning and Brooklyn
quick reached under the
brought forth carefully set of sheets designed for
World Chalk ALL he announced
black be pasted window.
the ninth. but the fat
he I'll
the second and then the
the superannuaed newsboy into the
Buns win!
Buns! Brooklyn the pennant'
parking his
ca
"twenty-one years long, long
Evening star., 1941-09-26

Games Today. Games Tomorrow.
Wash. at NJ Y. t2). Wash. at New York.
Cleve. at St. L. t2). Cleve at St Louis.
Chicago at Detroit. Chicago at Detroit.
Only games. Boston at Phila.
Evening star., 1941-09-26
Standing of the Clubs

Games Today. Game Tomorrow.
Cinci at Pittsburgh. st. L. at Chicsso.
Only game. N. Y. At Boston,
Phtla. ct BROOKLYN.
Cinct. at Pittsburgh.
Evening star., 1941-09-26
Major Statistics

FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER :6, 1911.
AMERICAN.
Results Yesterday.
No games scheduled.
Evening star., 1941-09-26

See DODGERS, Page C-2D
The Dayton forum. [volume] (Dayton, Ohio) 1913-1949, 1941-06-27

DRESS MAKINGOf all kinds
and alterations. Mrs. Gertrude
Ewing, 30 Frederick street.
The Dayton forum. [volume] (Dayton, Ohio) 1913-1949, 1941-06-27

tern Ohio
Mr. Grusenmeyer was born
September IL, 1898, in Green
vile, Ohio, and received his edu-
cation III the Dayton public
schools. He started his career IN
the telephone business with the
Central Union Telephone COM
rany, predecessor Of tn Ohio Bell
at Dayton IN March, 1910. Later
in the same year he left Dayton
to go to Columbus as a testman.
Then in August, 1911, he left
Ohio and went to Rockford, ILL.,,
as a wire chief for the Michigan
State Telephone company. He
returned to the Central Union
company on June /, 1918 and
worked in various cities through
out the state as wire chief in
charge OF construction
Mr.. Grusenmcyer left the tele-
phone business June /, 1913 to
serve in the Signal Corps Of the
United States Army and reioin-
ed the Central Union compay in
August, 1919. He came to Day
ton as fieldman in the engineer
ing Office in 1929 and July, 1924
went to Springfield as district
plant engineer. He returned to
Dayton in 1923 and has been