davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1941-03-21
BY HOWARD w. BLAKESLEE,
Associated Press Staff Writer

NEW YORK, March 21.-Death-
dealing carbon monoxide turks at
the ends of the flame-throWer
This weapon, brought up to date
by Germany in the present war,
probably accounts for occasional re-
ports of poison gas of a new type.
The f1ame-thrower does not use
poison gas. The carbon monoXide,
and other occasional lethal gases
from it are only incidental, although
potent results of its use.
These throWers are described in
the Allegemeine SchWeizerische, a
Bern publication.
The jets are streams of oil on
fire. They travel just like the
streams from a fire hose. They fan
out with distance, but preserve a
fair concentration right up to the
end.
About 300 feet is the length of
one of these jets from a flame
throwing armored tank, and up to
115 feet the distance of one carried
by an asbestos foot SOL
dier.
The OIL lighted by pilot at the
nozzle, blaZes all the length of the
stream. This fire is about three
times the diameter of the stream
Thus the flames may fan out to a
diameter of several feet at the
streams end.
The oil is a mixture of tars, hydro
earbons that blaze easily, creosote
Evening star., 1941-03-21

and other chemicals. They are de-
cidedly smoky, fact useful for hid
ing the flame -thrower when neces-
sary, and accounting for some of
the lethal effect when the stream
enters a closed room, bunker or
fort.
Carbon monoxide, forming as q
result of incomplete combustion OF
the oil droplets where they strike,
is the most lethal of the gases.
Reduction of oxygen of the air also
is dangerous.
Both the carbon monoxide, how
ever, and the oxygenless air are
effective only in closed spaces.
Examples are cited. The article
says the German Army employed
-thrower tanks with great sur
prise effect in Flanders last year.
Directed against enemy tanks,
the 300-foot oil streams entered
Sits and other apertures. Some of
the oil burned inside the tanks, the
poisonous fumes attacking the
fighters, while the low oxygen de-
prived motors of a proper mixture
and either slowed the speed of the
stricken tanks, or actually stopped
some of them. These results were
enhanced by flaming oil coating
the exterior of the tanks.
The military article comedies that
f1ame-throwing tanks cannot always
get within effective range. But it
claims that both for tanks and for
foot soldiers carrying portable
fame -throwerS, there are many
special operations which can be
planned effectively.
Capture of some supposedly i'm
pregnable forts was evidently ac-
complished in part by aid of fame
throWers. Sometimes one or more
throwers got close enough to pro-
ject flames, gases and smokes
through breaches in walls. Some
times the throwers, unable to do
this, laid down smoke screens under
cover of which supporting troops
crept up.
The article says the hame-throw-
erS all are constructed on similar
principles. There is one tank con-
tanning the oil, and a second filled
with gas under pressure. Nitrogen
is the preferred pressure gas, since
it is non-inf1ammable, and safe.
The nitrogen forces the oil out
of the nozzle at high speed. This
pressure has to be gagged ac-
cording to the diameter of the noz-
Evening star., 1941-03-21

zle, for too much pressure would
make useless spray instead of a
lethal, almost solid stream.
These jets are not continuous,
but intermittent. The large pro-
jectors in fighting tanks are capable
of so to 100 bursts of flaming oil.
But each burst lasts no more than
few seconds, and the total time
Evening star., 1941-03-21

of the stream, If all the bursts are
added, makes about three minutes.
The foot-soldier projectors can
fire 80 to 40 bursts, each lasting
about one second.
This comparatively short duration
of the effect of a flame-thrower.
says the article, limits the useful
ness of this weapon.
Evening star., 1941-03-21
Deaih-DeaIing Gas
Turks al End Of
FIame-Thower
Jets Of BIuzine Oil
Also DepIete Oxygen
And Stop Tanks

Editors note - HolUard w.
BlakeSlee OF the Associated Press
Special Ne,US Service concludes
his three-part series on "Chemi-
cal Warfare" 1Uith significant
facts about me-thro1uing
7DedDOuS
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-11-16

ndls treasure house Of the British EMPIRE engaged
today In about effort TO defend herself against possible
Invasion by Adolf Killers armies.
Chief danger point of the vast nation her northwest
en frontier whore empire leaders fear Nazis would strike
they conquered the Russian Caucasus and swept on
through British-oeeupied Iraq and ran
The five most important passes through the mountains
TO Afehanistan, indicated on the map being
heavily fortified than Great armies of engineers and
aborsrs busy building underground Notifications and
elaborate system Of land mines has been installed The
augmented indian Royal Air Force is establishing chain
of border air bases TO supplement the land defenses
With India busy building planes and automotive equip
ment for the Soviet forces the Boan pass leading from
Cuets is OF great strategic value shipments from India
90 through there and Afehanisten to meet the
1rsnsSiberisn Railway at Merv Highly important TO de-
Tense OF India is the famed khyber Pass where strong
indian gsrsons glare at Afghan tribal soldiers who
said TO have been influenced by Maxi agents.
india has million men under arms directed by Gen.
sss Wsveu who threw back the Italians in north Africa last
year. Tho general has army of 10000 in Iran and aq
which be dispatched nohward to assist the Russians
n defense of fhe Baku oilfieIds. If necessary.
india. proper. Is operating with full wartime precau-
lions Giles and hameis alike especially in the northwest
Hscked cut at night and plans have been made for
cvac.asion OF civilians TO safer inland points,
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-09-30
StoUes and Heaters

ALI. HEATER BARGAINS
Used Coal Heaters. As rooms - T. sc
Used Duo Therm, AS rms crculator % SO
Used Quaker. As rooms circuator. 20 81
Used Lonegon, Is rooms, circulator 49, 90
Used Lonegon, 81 rooms, circuator 81 sc
New 1872 81 rooms. cifcuIator -. 10 30
New 1872 al rooms. circulator... 81 Sc
% New 1912 Models on Display
Up 20 40os Discount
Big Trade for Your Old Stove
Long, E-z Terms Low Down Payment
LEES
1881 GRATIOT. cor. CHENE
OPEN DAILY 9 P.M.--TUE.,W WE'D. s. PM.
SUNDAY, ~ TO 4.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-09-30

BERk'S for nigh grade urhoistcrnF and
restylHg 1885 ". Chicago. Hogarh
20Gs
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-09-30

4 5-PtECE stainless tubular breakfast set,
Sli BERNEY. 63i7 MACK.
AN outstanding, all-new. l2-piece living
room group includes 2-pc. living room
suite 9X12 rug thrOws, lamps. 2
tables smoker. $40. terms. WARDS Outlet
1894 Harper, 1910 Harper
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-09-30

i Electric Refrigerators
Sewing Machines

Al SEWING machine. vacuum. washer
repair IN home Si.00: free estimate.
LEnOX $3.50. Central Service.
SINGER DROP LEAF; GOOD SEWER.
1875 BROADWAY CADILLAC 3is3
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-09-30
-fASffOR- TERMS

wAREHnusf.-3 FENKELL
NEAR LfNWOOD OPEN SUN q EWES
DE LUKE Frgidaire. sealed unit. like
new. repossessed. SJg.85. Universal q.
1880 Gratioi AZ 6-Mne Road.
FEfGfDAIREa cubic feet used. Meter
Miser; S37 Many others. Shamrock
1920 Grand River
WESTINGHOUSE refrigerator. repossessed'
reasonable WAGNER 12ng2 TfnWo0d
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-09-30
Musical Instruments
Radios and Supplies

A REAL buy. 1910 Zenith radio ph0no
combination with automatic record
changer. regular SI4q 30. now $40 so.
BENJAMIN APPLIANCE SHOP
1855 GRATIOT. At SMILE RID. T.
OPEN EVERY EVENING.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-09-30

LIT Famous restyle AID rebuild your lly
inE room suite can TO $500
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-09-30
1920 LIVERNOIS

100 LIVING room and bedroom suites 10c,
above cost. sun Furniture, 1922 Grstiot
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-09-30

A s-TUBE 1871 RCA console radio IN
crates $40 so. Benjamin Appliance Shop.
1883 Graiiot, at Smile Rd., Z. Open
every evening.
ANY radio repaired. So 80; guaranteed, IN.
Guiding parts Gin stockb Tyler e-s03S.
Evening star., 1941-08-31
RADIO NETWORK PROGRAMS SCHEDULED FOR THE COMING

Refer to published daily for changes
tn these hsttngs notes and features OF outstanding
presentations and foreign shor-oave neDs paey and
| musical periods.
Evening star., 1941-08-31
Short-Wuve Programs

LONDON, 6:05-Wsr commentary; Gsit. 9;5a
meg, 3I.3 m.; GSD. Ills meg, 25.5 m.
MOSCOW, 7;00-Broadtssi in English; RV96
i5.4i meg. 1919 m.; RNe, z meg, Is m.
BUDAPEST. 7;30-Nsws in English; HkI4,
9.i2 meg. BIB m.
BERLIN. 8:i5-New in English; DID. I'LL
meg. 75.4 m; DID, 1854 meg, 2S.5 m.
GUATEMALA, i0;00-Shsyinskys Rites Of
Sprngiime" and Fire Bird suites; IOWA,
9.tS meg 81 m.
ROME. 10:00-New5 in English; 7R03, o.63
meg. 3i.t m.; 7R04. ii.8i meg, 75.4 m.:
7206. 1880 meg 1876 m.
LONDON. i0:00-Radio newNeeI; CSC, 9.58
meg, BIB n; 6SD. It's meg, 25.5 m.
Evening star., 1941-08-31

Todoy's High Lights
Gan Times PM. un,a.s rneIcated.)

WhAL. tt;t5-Bob zuppks Of Illinois U
WMAL. ti;30-hozats e Minor Quartet,
corelIi's -Four Pieces" portion Of Dohnanyi'
D Flat Quartet" Jan Peets sings R. Strauss
"zueingnung,". Gluek's % Dell Mic DoIe'
Ardor," 6riegs Elm Traum.
WRt, t7:30-Binhday celebration for ihs
Netherlands ruler in exile. Messages by Prn
cess Juana from Canada; the Governor o.
Dutch East Indies from Batavia; Author Pierre
Van Paanen from New York. Hans Kinder
conducts n B, {. Symphony in special program,
WBv, f:00-Jossph Hergeshelmer help,
probe Homer's "lIlad."
WhAl, f:00-Radio's primitive days.
WRC, t:30-Rsvew Of World War II.
WJv, ZOO - Berslowsky's Waltz for
Strings" holsts Fine KIsins Hathfmusik, "
Sthoenbergs "VerkIare Naehi."
WRc, 3:00-Frank Black returns 10 the air
with hendeIssohn's . Major Quartet"
WINK, 3;05-Retorded versions Of Debussys
Afternoon Of Faun," Chabriers "espasna
Rhapsody" portion Of The Frantk Symphony.
WHV 3:30-To Fort Bragg IN. e. 10 hear
wy yupS VI atIVH'
WJSV 400-New musical show, with Deems
Taylor Soprano Gladys Swarhout, Al Goodman's S
Orchestra and Ray BIoth's mixed chorus.
VOL. 5:o0-senaior Chandler Of Kentucky
speaks from 81. Louis under auspices Of Fight
for Freedom.
WC, 5;30-Throtkmonon P. GiIdesleeye
Steps out with his own snow,
VOL. 6:30-AnnuaI Commanders Banquet of
the 4oth entampmeni Of Jewish War Veterans
WhAL, T00-"SkeetsH In the Clearing"
. father.son drama
VOL, 7;00-"How Far Should We Curb
lnstallment BuyIngl" Discussed by six credit
authorities.
WhAL. 7:3O-"The Hand Of Death" with
George Coulours.
WhAL, 8;45-csr SnaveIy, Cornell coach.
W0l, o:00-Briiish Actor Sir Cedric Hard.
witks; Child Actress Rae eolIet describes war
scenes experienced while in England.
WJSV 9:30-Elsa Lancaster in Conwin's satire,
The Exceptionally Good Fairy"
WBV 10:f5-The former head Of SeIsetiye
Ssvlte speaks before the 46fh entampmeni Of
Jewish War Vets.
Evening star., 1941-08-31
Evening Star Features

Star flashetlaiesi morning news, Monday
through Friday WhAl. al II am. Analysis ol
fhs weeks news by Loihrop Sioddard, Saturday
at II am.
National Radio Forum-Sensior Harry F. Byrd
OF Virginia speaks on National Defense lime.
liable WNAl. Monday al $50 DIN.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-10-29

Subway Mural: Pretty gals try
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-10-29

nights special meeting that the Rev. Joseph Griffin, president of St. Thomas Seminary and a native of this city, would be the speaker at the November session of the Cath olic Mems Super Club, which will be held at the Hotel Elton on Mon- day, November 10. Thomas Bane is in charge of the committee of arrangements under the rotating plan adopted by the council for this activity at the outset of the fall season.
 Committee assignments were an- nounced by Grand Knight Patrick J. Wallace last evening as follows: religious program, Joseph Sullivan; educational, Arthur Bowling; social, James Gibbons; and physical, George T. Dillon.
 The appointment of the Rev. J. Oliver Cronan as council chaplain was also announced by Grand Knight Wallace.
 The following activities were as- signed: Catholic activities, Joseph Cronin; council program, Vincent Le Roy; insurance, Elmer Shove; publicity, Cornelius F. Maloney; membership, Edward Horgan.
 As the entertainment feature of
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-10-29

It's the two-piece look that's smart as whip. in tidy frock of the sheerest wool! You'll like it in gold, aqua blue! You'll be mad for the style the buttoned jacket with softly draped peplum the diff ferent shoulder treatment the neatly gored skirt! Sizes 10 to 18
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-10-29
KNIGHTS SPONSOR
 RARE EXHIBITION
Famous Paintings, Reli- giOus Articles at Vatican
 to Be Presented

Presentation of 'The Vatican, a priceless collection of exhibits in miniature, famous paintings, famous religious articles, in Waterbury un- der the sponsorship of Sheridan Council, 24, Knights of Columbus, was announced at special meeting of the council held last night at the Columbus Club.
 The exhibition will open in Wa terbury on November 25 at Temple Hall and will be presented during the entire week. Complete plans will be completed early next month for this event, which is scheduled to be outstanding in local religious circles.
 It was also announced at last
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-10-29

help our fellows get back into Oe- flee next year'--Such a request is presumptuous and approaches an insult.
 We are confident that voters of this type will prove astute enough to recognize the proportion of red- herring in such statements of our opponents. We are confident that the votes of such unfettered cit- izens added to the normal Demo- cratic vote will result in a sweep ing najority for Mayor SculIy and . consequent endorsement of his honesty and integrity and of the manner in which he has performed the promises which he made in 1939.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-10-29
NEW YORK HEARTREAr

NEW YORK HEARTBEAT
 The Big Parade: Q. Aubrey Smith ~-aS British as a monocIe, Rita Hayworth-the reason eyes were in- vented Herbert Marshall and Arthur Preacher ringsiding at the Riviera, giving each other the
 reallehs" and "y'don't-saysl" . The Bob Towards of Hollywood (An- nrea Leeds), just back from South America, up at the Rainbow Room corso-toSSing Louis Bron1field at Fefes Beach. His latest book, Wild Is the River" is candidate for the Best-Seller lists Eddy Duchin, curling up with a good bookie in the waldorf foyer {. Rosemary Lane signing autographs outside the Barrymore Theater. One of them asked her to get PriscillaB, too. The crumbs have crust !. The Andrews Sisters wearing spangled skirts, spangled gloves and spangled hats. Looked like a Christmas Tree-o Owwwwchl l Who threw that? :. Wendy Barrie in the Roosevelt Grill-with a 10- penny nail dangling from her brace- let. "They say I look like one-I might as well wear one," is the ex- planation Swiftly Morgan greet ing a sucker at the House of Chan with: "5it down, pal, and have a check"
 Sallies in Our Alley: In Back Street" Margaret Sullavan played The Other Woman opposite Charles Boyer. In their latest, "App't for Love-" she plays his wife, who has to contend with two other gals. An lnterviewr asked Boyer if he or Mar garet had given 1t a thought. "Oh, yes," he said, Miss Sullavan thought of 1t. She said that this time for her-the shoe was on the other foot, but was still the heel"l .. A hefty sort of lady floated across the Club IS floor and dared clown Jack White to make fun of her. "G'wan," she dared him, make a wisecrack and see what happens!..' :. Vince Curran deflated her with: Say, didn't you used to have Goodyear printed on you?" If left her b-limp.
 Broadway Small-Talk: Pat Pear don, Moss Hart's l5.year old Junior Miss" star, is being readied for 8 Life front cover .. Broadway Rose, after doing 30 days, looks a little cleaner, anyhow. Say, how long can a bath last? Sam Ward is as- signed to the Burns and Allen show for Gracie's songs Chico Marx will tour with a 16-piece orchestra Dave Mal1on Che does MT. Co., han at the Horseshoe) and Maude Paley were weducated on the 27th Dixie Dunbar is pretty sick gal. Loss of too much weight |. Frances Mercer, the gal who looks like tAey always do on smart naga- zine covers, is being adored in movie style by Carlos Jelonna, Chilean Mileanaire Al Bernie is booked for the Roxy Oct. 3lst Pro- moter M. Jacobs of the 20th Gen. tury Fight firm, will stage the great. est card of fights ever held (Joe Louis starring) for Navy Relief. 9Ianwwav MmrAl. Pretty gals try.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-10-29
HANGER BABY THRIvEs

Trinidad, Colo. - (UP) = Baby Johnny" the babe born in the manager is thriving at Mt. San Rafael Hospital but all efforts to learn the identity of his parents has failed. It is probable that the child will be placed in the state home for neglected children in Denver.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-10-29
WAR IN EUROPE A YEAR AGO.
 OCT. @, 104O
(By United Prs)

Action i'm the 1emllam~e eg@ war was confined largely e aEs tiIleFy exchanges
 Revolt in AHbaniA WIS ns@8g ing, impeding the naovegnsmt oG Italian motorized troops Q @a Greek border.
 British shipping 1ogges 9sg slao week ending Oct. Sl wers ans nounced aa 146,S28 teugs eh1 highest for any seven-day pegan& in this or the World War.
 Turkey celebrated tho xy anniversary of the founding q the republic.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-10-29

last nights meeting I,ectufee vsna cent LeRoy presented Q series cA films depicting '@Tl1e Story Of tl1s Coast Guard". It is gp0ugOrOd by the U. s. Treasury Department and is presented through Coast Guard auspices.
 The next council meeting w1ll bo held on Tuesday, November ia.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-10-29

Cubans are raising funds for China.
Evening star., 1941-01-20

r The Ma extending from the c vtxo to the Washington Monument the oldest
p.o Of ssose wonsn the keystone meenent
mode
mile the
At The Mon before 1880
World War buildings Directly is
arSafPh
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-10-28
CITY HAS GOOD
 WATER SUPPLY
Frank Cassin, In Charge Of System, Says Water.
 bury Is We'll Off

Waterbury is fully living up to its name during the present long-con- tinued drought, according to Frank Cassin, in charge of the city's water system, its plight being far less seri- Pous than that of many communities in the state and in the east as a whole.
 Like the recent oil shortage, he said today, the water problem here is largely one of transportation rather than one of supply. Last nights heavy rainfall of more than an inch of rain will help the stua- ton considerably, though no further precipitation is predicted by the in1- mediate future.
 One of the indications of the de- mand for water exceeding the sup ply is the reatively low level of the East Maintain reservoir, Mir. Cassin said, and this is due to the 24-hour- a-day use of water in the local de- fense factories. In previous years, he explained, it has been custom ary to bring the reservoir up to normal levels during the night,
 <ro,1tiu,,aIj a,. paoa AN
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-10-28
Taxpayers Group II Has Opposed Incinerator
Recommends That If Municipal System Of Refuse
 Collections Be Established, It Be On Fec. NA Basis, Not From City Funds

The Waterbury Taxpayers Asso- citation today declared itself op- posed to construction of city in- cinerator at this time and recom- mended that if municipal system of refuse collection be established 1t be on a fee basis rather than financed from the city's general fund. The association disclosed its stand in a lAkter to the special refuse committee appointed some months ago by Mayor Vincent A. Scully, the communication accompanying 8 45-pAge report on a survey of the garbage and rubbish problem by the association.
 Criticism of present practices Is made in the letter by Raymond F. Botch, managing director of the as- sociation. He hits at the existence of only one authorized dump, the illegal dumping of rubbish on va cant lots and the fire hazard ac- companying the burning of com- bustible rubbish in backyard in- cinerators. MT. Botch claims that garbage collection costs are too high under the present system and pro- poses that the privileges of collect ing garbage on specified routes be let by contract to the highest bid- der.
 Unfair To. Taxpayers
 Should it be found desirable to have the city take over refuse col lection, says MT. Botch,~ it would be unfair to many taxpayers to have the cost come from tax receipts. Instead, he says, any such system should be operated on 8 self sustaining fee basis.
 MT. Botch says, in summing up his report, that the present system can be improved and that means of improvement should be studied. If the system still seems inadequate, he goes on, municipal collection
 (Continued on Page D
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-10-28
President Roosevelt Hurls Bold Challenge At Hitler
Shooting Has Already Started IT Ger many Has Fired First Shot" - All
 Religions In Danger Of Eclipse
BY LYLE c. WILSON UJnited Press Staff COrrespOndent)

Washington, Oct. Multiplication Roose- veIts emphatic statement that "the shooting has started" was spectacular notification today that the nation is moving beyond short ofwar boundaries into the field of limited naval hostilities. America has been attacked and Germany fired the first shot, MT. Roosevelt last night told his world wide broadcast audience and the Total Defense and Navy Day diners who heard him in person in the Mayhower hotel here
 Summons to Hesitant
 His address charging Nszi plans to abolish religion and to take over South America and parts of Central America including the Panama Canal, seemed to combine sgnH cantv with dramatic reminder that the dead and lnureo aboard the destroyer Kearny were the sons oi many states The whole appeared to be summons to the hes tant at home in Latin America ana perhaps even III Iae Vatican to join the crusade against Hitler MT RooseVets own estimate of his speech that the religious phase was the most newSworthy.
 Greatest Applause of All
 Mr. Roosevelt was interrupted 12 times by applause but the big outburst of whoopS and cheering came when the United Mine Workers of America to shut down pro- duction in captive coal mines In 1l6 razorSharp WordS the five most significant of which were wholly extempor- aneous Mr. Roosevelt dealt with business and labor ob StrUction to national defense.
 eyes, nation must speak from every assembly line yes every coal mne the President began but was interrupted by burst of cheering at the ntepoated ref erence to "and in the ancuSve whole of our vast industrial machine Our factories and our shpyards are constantly expanding. Our output must be multiplied
 It Cannot Be Hampered
 Tt cannot be hampered by the selfish obstruction of who hold out for extra profits for business usua it cannot be hampered by the selfish obstruction of small but dangerous minority of labor leaders ore cheers and shoutS) who for labor whole knows that the small minority is menace - to the true cause of labor itself more cheers) well to the nation as a whole"
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-10-28
Messages On Speech Poured Into White House Today

Washington, Oct. 28.-(UP) = White House communication facili- ties were strained today by tele- grams and telephone calls reacting to President Roosevelt's Navy Day address. Secretary Stephen T. Early estimated that reaction was running eight to one in support of the presi- dents foreign policies. Early said that a radio survey indicated that MT. Roosevelt,s radio audience in the United states last night was the 7ourth largest the president hes had. The survey gave the presi- dent a rating of 51.0 per cent for domestic home audience, which in- cicated that his speech was heard by at least 5000. 900 persons in their homes across the country.
 "Ie undoubtedly had 8 larger audience outside the United States than in," Early said. Previous ad. dresses which had received larger audience ratings were his unlimited national emergency on May 21, los1, 70 per cent: his "shoot on sight" iant sept. a, e per can't and his fxs1ido cbat on defence, De &e,