davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
La gaceta., 1941-10-25
Estados Unidos ha perdido la esperanto
de llegar a I'm acuerdo con ell Japon
La guerra Sc estima inminente

Washington, Octubre 25.-
FL Secretario de Marina, Knox
declare aver solemnemente
que Estados Unidos ha perdi-
do la esperanto de llegar a un
acuerdo con ell Japon. Una
collision EN- ell Oriente, cree
ell secretario que es inevitable.
Tan tirante eS la situaci6n
que va no Sc considera segura
la ruta transpacifica para ell
embarque de materialeS a Ru-
STA Y sera utilizada una nue.
va, por ell Norte del Atlantico,
La gaceta., 1941-10-25
LA JUNTA DE BENEFICEN-
lIA PlDE UN CUERPO ME-
DECO

La nueya Junta de Beneficen
ella del condado pidi6 aver a IA
Soeiedad M6dica del Condado
conStituya I'M cuerpo mGdico
para el asilo Y hospital del con.
dado.
Conference la Junta, duran.
te mas de una bora, con el DR..
Harold c. Nix. que representa-
ba a la Sociedad Medica.
FL hospital Y asilo esta diri-
gido por ell DR.. Julian c. Pate,
que la senlana pasada Sugirid
un plan EN- csc sentido.
Actualmente el condaGG pa
ga, a sus medicos, $4,000 al
,ano y abOna al hospital munich
pal, por servicios m6dicos Y hos
pitalizaciGn. $13.500 o mas, to.
.dcS los amos.
Empleara la Junta una secre
taria ejecutiva que ganara no
mas de $500 al aho.
La gaceta., 1941-10-25

en- ell fondo, aunque Sc enriquez-
ca Y llegue a alcanzar gran po-
der social. Y es liberal porQue
queda en- 81 un resto de aquel
mOzo que tuvo que salir de su
terra, dejando Ia pobreza del
hogan campesino, para no ser
vfctima del cacique, del usurero,
de toda aquella mala politica en-
fin que la RepGblica trataba de
desterrar y que la subrevaci6n
franquista, ayudada y negocia-
da por Hitler y Mussolini, ha
entronizado de nuevo.
No habia sentimiento falan-
gista en- los espaholes de Anne
RIGA. Nj siquiera sabian que era
ESQ del falangismo... como no 10
habiamos apenas EN- Espana
donde el falangismo estaba re-
presentado por cuatro gatos que
no lograron llevar un solo dipu-
tadO al Parlamento.
Pero esa prensa a la que aho-
IA Sc trata de %convertir en- van
guardia de la Democracia Sc en-
cargo de p%resentar a los mas al
tos espaholes-por su inteligen-
cia Y su conducta-como a la
peor calaha del mundo: eran
bandidos Azaha, Prieto, Bestei-
70, Negrin, Ossorio Y Gallardo,
Martinez Barrio, Albornoz.. En-
Gambia, Franco, Hedilla, 0 cual-
quier chisgarabis falangista a
parecian-ahi estan las colec-
y arohivOs-como los
grandes cruzados de nuestra e
poca.
Asi Sc engan6 a muchos espa-
holes en- esta America a los que
ahora la policia tiene que vigil
lar como falangistas.
Asi los engah6 esa prensa a
la que Sc le ofrece ahora apoyo
en- ciertOs circulos de Washing
to y que tiende pasar ante nues
tras propias narices por espejo
Y guia de la DemOcracia.
81 este fuera asi, 81 tales CO.
sas pudieran suceder, 10 l6gico
entonces es que nos hicieran en-
mudecer a cuantos hemos veni-
do sosteniendo ell credo democra
tico frente a los ataques de esa
prensa, Y nos mandasen a un
de concentration.
Porque esa democracia de los
sehores ex falangistas no es la
nuestra desde luego.
Angel LdzdrO.
La gaceta., 1941-10-25

con Arcangel como puerto de
desembarco.
"NoSotros estamos conven-
cidos de que ell Jap6n no in
tenta declinar sus planes, Y 81
sigue tai curse una collision"
es inminente.
En- un articulo publicado
hoy en- ell Army y Navy Jour
nal, ell secretario dice que ell
Oriente es un barril de p6lvo-
ra-listo para e~Xplotar con u
ma detonaci6n que Sc ORA a
traves del oceano.
La gaceta., 1941-10-25
ENCONTRADO Ell NINO Nc
LEAN

Fitchburg, Mass, Octubre
25.-Fue encontrado hoy, sin
dano alguno, ell ninO Kenneth
A. Mclean Jr., que aver Sc lie
v6 una mujer del cochecito
en- que la madre lie tenia, en-
la Gale de Main. La madre
habia entrado a hacer una
compra en- un establecimien-
to-.
Durante la noche mas de
400 personals estuvieron reco-
rriendo la pOblaci6n y sus al
rededores, en- busca de la cria
tura.
La gaceta., 1941-10-25

Estes parrafos son de la ms
tancia mandada al presidente
Roosevelt por mas de mil obs
pos, pastores presidentes de uni
v~ersidades y maestros, TODD pro
testantes ell sentido com1n y la
conciencia nos dictan que debe-
mos hablar antes de que esta
naci6n siga los derroteros de l.
Italia, Alemania, Espana y Fran
cha"
LA riha entire Hitler Y aque-
los que Sc beneficiarian con su
victoria podra ser pospuesta
hasta que la meta final de la
conquista del mundo este a la
vista. Nuestra riha no es la su-
va.
Nuestra riha es con todos a.
que tienen finalidades
parallels con las de Hitler.
Nuestra rina es con todos aque-
los que bajo cualquier pabell6n
sagrado o no sagrado, 0 con cua
lesquiera pretextos del bien o
del NAL Sc unan, aunque sea en-
un solo case, con Hitler en- un
intento para deshacer la histo-
ria de cuatro siglos de libertad
y tolerancia humana. FL mum
do libre hace hoy frente a una
bestia. No significamos Hitler.
Significance 81 demonio de
ia desesperaci6n en- tOdos los
hOubres dondeQuiera que CO.
La gaceta., 1941-10-25

Ell problema de la prohibi-
ci6n dominical, en- cuanto a Ia
pcblaci6n latina, no tiene carac-
ter politico y tampoco religioso,
Todos los ciudadanos &c Ybor
City y West Tampa, sin distin-
ci6n de partidos, ETC., Sc opo-
men a que Sus derechos indivi-
duales sean a~ntidemocratica-
mente dominados por un grupo
"seco"....
Todos los ciuddanos de Ybor
City Y West Tampa Green en- la
libertad de quito, en- ell respeto
a todas las ideas religiosas, pc
70 deteStan ia PROHIBICION
dominica, por cuanto ataca ell
progresO de suS sociedades Y al
mismo tempo trata de alejar el
turiSmo de los restaurantes la
tinos Y de los hOteles del distri-
to comercial.
No es una lucha politica, nj
tampoco una controversial reli.
giOsa, sine la defensa del legi-
timo derecho de TODD hombre a
beber en- domingo, 10 mismC
que Sc lie recOnoce ell derecho a
beber en- los demas dias de la
smana.
Els una lucha contra la into
lerancia; una lucha contra ell re
tornd del GontrabandismO, de
la fabrication clandestina de IL
cores, de los pactos entire pOlfti-
cos y "gansters" Y de los otros
males terribles que la PROHI-
BICION hubo de engendrar y
diseminar.
Los hombres que predican la
"prohibici6n dOminical", con-
traria a la verdadera libertad,
aseguran que 81 ellos TRUMAN
vendra despu6s la otra prohibi-
ci6n... la de todos los dias y to-
do ell condadO.
Hay que defender los dere-
chos in~dividuales contra los in
transigentes, contra ell fanatis-
mo de los p~artidarios y mantle
nedores de la "violencia"
La gaceta., 1941-10-25

No Sc atreven a pedir en- Tam
pa los sehores "paladines" de la
prohibition dominical, que Sc
impida la venta de cigarrillos y
puros en- domingo.
No Sc atreven a demandarlo
porque saben que contra ellos
Sc ~levantaria la opinion pdblica
y trituraria sus planes; pero
grupos de la misma "vena' ia
natica realizan va, en- muchas
de las ciudades del pals, activa
y malsana propaganda, por me-
dio de discusses y panfletos,
contra Ell tabaco y los fumado-
res.
lCual es ladiferencia, en- 10
que a salud sc refiere, entire ell
tabaco y Ell alcohol?
E lque fuma morigeradamen
te goza de buena salud y vlve
muchos amos; ell que bebe mo-
deradamente disfruta de buena
salud y llega a la vejez,
Todo hombre o mujer que fu-
ma con exceso, como ell que CO.
me con exceso, finalmente tiene
que consultarse con un medico.
TOdo hombre o mujer que be-
co nexceso, cast siempre termi-
co nexceso, cast siempre termi-
ma en- la consulta del medico o
en- la cana de un hospital.
Para Ell borracho, ademas hay
leyes que castigan su exceso, CO.
mo las hay para los que con su
coche desarrollan mas velocidad
de la permitida por la ley.
Ell exceso en- ell conner, beber
" fumar... no es la regla
lPor que no Sc les ocurre a
los senores pastores la prohibit
ci6n automovilista por el hecho
de que anualmente mueren en-
ell pals, bajo las ruedas de Co
ehes y eamiOnes, De $4,000 Sc
La gaceta., 1941-10-25
ACUSACIONES PRESENTA-
DAS POR Ell FISCAL WILL
LIAMS

Ell fiscal del condado, Joseph
E. Williams, present6 aver va
rios escritos de cargos en- la Cor
to de 10 Criminal.
Anibal Herrera por explOtar
una loteria y tener nGmeros en-
su poder; Fernando Celaya, eau
sa igual al anterior; David SEQ
niers, asesinato en- segundo gra
do, siendo la victima Scottie Ri
vers; Roosevelt McKinnon, no
micidio. La victima de McKin-
non Sc llamaba Hezekiah Hill.
La gaceta., 1941-10-25
LOS P~ERIODICOS NIPONES
ATACAN A KNOX

Toxic, Octubre 25.-Los pc
rl6dicos japoneses atacan hoy
ell discurso pronunciado aver
por Ell secretario de Marina,
Knox Y dicen que contiene
nuevas amenazas y es solo un
'bluf" mas. Fl Jap6n manten-
da sus planes, dice uno de los
diarios, apesar de csc dicdr-
80. La crisR ha sido creada por
Estados UnidOs, no por noso-
tros.
La gaceta., 1941-10-25

Pedimos nOsotroS a la colo
MIA latina que vayan a votar, ell
dfa 4, en- contra de la prohibi-
ci6n dominica.
TenemOs Ell deber de impedir
que la intolerancia arruine o
quebrante las SociedadeS mutua
listas que atienden a nuestras
famiiias en- el curse de sus en-
fermedades; tenemos el ,deber
de evitar que las Quotas sean az
mentadas, porque va Sc traga-
ron los "patriotas' de TODD ma
tiz Ell diez por ciento cOncedido
a los ObreroS de las fabricas; te-
hemos todos la obligation civil
ca de procurar que nuestroS res
taurantes, orgullo de los barios
latinos, no pierdan la mayor
parte de sus parroquianos en- la
noche del sabado y Ell dia del do
mingo; tenemos todos ell deber
de evitar que pierdan ell traba-
jocentenares o miles de HON
bres...
La intoleraHcia de los paste
res no analte.a a las iglesias que
elloS representa-.
La gaceta., 1941-10-25
APROBADA LA LEY PARA
ARMAR LOS VAPORES
MERCANTES

Washington, Octubre 25.-
FL comite de relaciones exte-
riores del Senado, por IL vo-
tos contra II, aprob6 hoy la
ley de la Camara que conce-
de permiso al Executive nacio-
nal para armar los vapores
mercantes.A
La gaceta., 1941-10-25
PRISMA
Ell F~ALANGISMO Y Los
E~SPANOLES DE CUBA

Mientras atlas autoridades Gu
banas-el senior Jefe de Policii
-hacen declaraciones en- los f.
tados Unidos de que existen er
Cuba pe'igrosos elementos ia
langistas, funlcionarios nortea-
mericanos que han venido a Gu
lba para colaborar en- la politica
de defensa continental Sc ponen
en- contacto, NADIA mas llegar,
con quienes han animadO desde
el primer momentO el falangis-
mo en- esta isla.
Use trata de atacar al enemi-
go en- su propio campo cOmpar-
tiendo la mesa con 81 amigable-
mente? Made sabe a donde pue-
den llegar los secretos de las
cancillerias. Tai vez Sc piense
1ue nadie mejor puede infor-
MAI sobre las actiVidades falan-
gistas en- Cuba que sus propios
alentadores, Y que ninguna
prensa mejor para desenmasca-
rar al falangismo que la misma
cue ha venido batiendo ell par
che en- honor de Hitler, Musso-
lini y Franco.
"Cosas veredes, ell Cid"
Hace POGO tempo Sc declare
en- tos Estados Unidos que Mr..
Welles fue partidariO de una
politica de oontemporizaci6n
con los elementos falangistas de
H~ispanoam6rica porque estos
representaban la mayoria, y no
era cosa de disgustarse con ellos
por el mOmento. Ahora habra,
no solo que disgustarse, sinO
que disgustarlos pero es que ell
argumento era ~recusable por
esta clarisima raz6n: ell falan-
gismO, es decir, Ell n~azi-fasci-
.franquismo, no habia brOta-
do en- America por generation
espontanea. No es cleric que "a
qui hubiera una opinion falan-
gista: la crearon durante la in
vasi6n de Espaha por Hitler y
Muasolini, con la complicated
de Franco, los peri6dicos que
qresentaban a Muss0lini y Hit
Ter como salvadores de la civili-
zaci6n occidental Y cristiana, y
a Franco como ell salvador de
Espaha contra la barbarie msr-
xista. lahore Inglaterra COM
bate al lado de la "barbarie mar
x.sta" y los Estados Unidos en-
vian la maxima ayuda a los ejer
citos rojOs).
No. No habia en- esta Ameri-
ca, entire las colonies espaholas.
ningdn sentimiento faloingista.
espahol emigtante es liberal
La gaceta., 1941-10-25

res humanoS, ninos, mujeres y
hombres?
La gaceta., 1941-10-25
M Ell DE
LA EMBAJADA DE WA
, SHINGTONa

MoscG, Octtbr 25.-El go
bierno ha ord nado retorne,.
para ser consul tadO, ell tent
te coronel Ivan d. Ye@tS
taehS militar en- la emh
russ en- Was Tor.
La gaceta., 1941-10-25
CHUNGAS Y No CHUNGAS

Ell problema no es p~olitico nj r~eligioso. = Defen-
sa de los derechos individuals. Votar en- con-
ira de la Intolerancia. = Ell Japon y sus 'Espa-
dones". - Contraste.
La gaceta., 1941-10-25

0ldI dIllClitC NIJC agNI u oS~N
tario de marina Knox que esta-
mos al horde de la guerra con
los arrogantes e imbeciles mill
taristas nipones, verdugos de su
pueblo.
Estados Unidos no retrocede-
-ra ante la csadfa Y crueldad de
los ''matarifes" al servicio del
Mikado Y de sus prOpios inte-
reses.
va nos han insultado bastan-
te, por medic de libros, discur-
SOS, informaciones y embustes,
los que aun no han pOdido VEN
Ger, nj venceran, al pueblo chi
nc
81 los japoneses insisten en-
robar las tierras de sus vecinos
y en- antagonizar a Estados Uni
dos, el gobiernO debe ordenar
que 'hablen" los canones de Ia
escuadra y los aeroplanos AFRO
jen sus bombas.
Bueno es repetir que los ciu-
dadanos civilizados de Norte A
merica detestan la guerra; pc
70 uue no sacrificaran sus dere-
chos para "amansar" o "apaci-
guar" a la hiena japonesa.
Imperial Valley press., 1941-03-27
Barbs

Heating expert contends that our
apartments are too warm. Tear
this up before the janitor sees it.
Being two-faced person doesn't
double your face value.
Imperial Valley press., 1941-03-27
MEMBER

American Newspaper Pub
fishers Association. National
Editorial Association. Cali
fornia Newspaper Publish
ers Association.
Imperial Valley press., 1941-03-27

WASHINGTON, March 81 In
the great task of this day-the deep
duty of moving products from the
assembly lines OF the factories to
the battle lines of democracy-one
of the great sacrifices steel-workers,
stevedoreS, StorekeeperS and house
wives might like to see is the sac
rifice in Washington of one of the
primary bottleneckS interfering
with defense produCtion-the bot
tleneck of politics.
This crack is not aimed at con-
greSsmen who may argue against
a leaSe-lend bill or a 81 billion ap-
preparation. 1t Is aimed at the petty
administrative fringe which plays
departmental or personal politics in
the defense effort and plays the
game with such determination that
opponents can be given cards and
spades in any casino contest or
ganized. and still be licked.
The crack is not aimed at indi-
viduals. either but at the entire
stratum OF men who in private
industry would be rated as second
assistant vice presidents in charge
of something or other, and who
play office intrigue practically all
the time, and should be slapped
down
Imperial Valley press., 1941-03-27
WHO WILL
BOSS O.P.NI.?.

You have to live in this Wash
ington smokehouse for time to
learn the catch-aS- S-catch-can rules
Every player has a hand of cards
which represent the personalities
and programs that particular play
er wants to put over. This hand is
shown to any kibltzer who has any
influence and can help in the put
ting over. The game is to guess
what cards the other players hold
and how they will be played.
For instance. one OF the big
guessing games right now centers
around the question of who is 60
ing to be the eventual boss of the
knudsen-Hillman Office of Pro-
duction Management There is the
skeleton Office Of Emergency Man
agement which might be the real
head OF the defense effort if it
were given a boss instead of q
presidential secretary liaison man.
With the President gone fishing
and this point not clarified. the
rumors which surround activities
of the defense effort multiply like
Imperial Valley press., 1941-03-27
by Willis Thornton :.
The Fiqht is Between Force and Reason

Cold chills and cold feet would
be simultaneously justified if the
United States were now undertak-
ing the task of forcing every coun-
try in the world to become a dem
ocratic republic like our own gov
renment.
That is not American policy.
When we talk of aid-to- -demorac-
les, we talk in pretty general terms.
What we really mean is aid-to-vic-
tims-of-aggression.
The American people and the
government of the United States
believes in live and let live. We
believe in the right Of all peoples
10 set up the kind of government
that suits them best. We did MT
interfere when Russia. Italy ana
Germany set up governments
which were repulsiye to us. 1t was
only when they began imposing
those forms on other countries
that we began to worry.
The President has spoken OF -Four
F'reedoms-freedom of speech and
expression, freedom to worship God
according to conscience, freedom
from want, freedom from fear. He
added, however, that all are not
Immediately attainable through
out the world He has no illusion
that they can be imposed by force
on any people, and the United
States has no such intention.
What We stand for is that all
countries and all peoples shall have
the right to choose their own in
stitutions; that when they have
so chosen, other peoples shall not
by force or threat compel them to
change, or TO yield precious indie
pendence and freedom.
That is the key to the whole
matter. That is what unites in
spirit and purpose such otherwise
diverse people as the British, the
Greeks, the Turks, the free sections
that remain Of Holland, Belgium,
Norway, France, and the rest of
the dozen overrun countries.
Should Hitler be defeated tomor-
row, it IS certainly unlikely that
all these people would form gov
rcnments and Institutions on the
same model-even on our model
We would not try to make them dc
So The goal and the hope is that
they will argcC on an international
order in which reason and peaceful
settlement of controversies will
Imperial Valley press., 1941-03-27
FOOD FOR GERMANY

At long last the Vichy government has
let the cat out Of the bag. "Unoccupied"
France is going to send huge food sup
plies to occupied" France, in exchange
for the wheat and other foodstuffs which
Germany so generously (the word is one
Vichy used not long ago. permits to be
sent to unoccupied France.
And while this little trade is going on,
unoccupied France is pleading by all the
propaganda tricks known to humanity
for food from America.
France needs the food, undoubtedly.
Hardship and even starvation must be on
the march there. But whose fault is it?
Germany's! And who will benefit if
more food is sent into any part of France,
occupied or unoccupied? Again, Ger
many.
This nation cannot afford to strain
every resource to help Great Britain win
the war, and yet feed Britain's enemies.
And the trade announced by Vichy this
week shows that any food which goes to
France will only increase the total avail
able to Germany.
We don't like to see innocent people
starve. But neither do we like to see in
nocent people killed
Imperial Valley press., 1941-03-27
by Peter Edson...
The Inside Track in Washinqion

microbes in a culture. Regardless
of the degree to which Knudsen
may have caught the popular con-
fidence of the country, he may not
be considered adequate by the top
schemers in Washington. 1t is this
official uncertainty which is dis
turbing to the relentless forging
ahead OF the defense effort.
LONG LIST
OF GUESSING
This same uncertainty and the
resultant gossip about it affects
the other phases Of the defense ef-
fort:
The constant sniping at Secre-
tary of State Hull.
The speculation on the think
ing being done by Supreme Court
Justices Frankfurter and Douglas
in shaping policy and legislation,
The role of Harry Hopkins as a
White House guest in residence.
The problems of who will do
the buying under the British aid
bill.
The suspicion with which army
navy men view dollar-a-year men.
The rivalry between National
Youth Administration and Office
of Education as to who shall do
What part of the training of de-
tense workers, against Knuqsen's
contention that the best place to
learn trade is in factory, and
the charge that WPA and all re-
lief agencies keep men off defense
industry payrollS.
The conflict between theorists
as to what makes best diet for
troops.
The mystery of what Leon Hen
derson'S Job is to be and the eX-
act position of the price stabiliza-
ton set up in defense
The constant overlapping of
countless agencies with similar
functions, each of which has a
piece of the defense pie.
All these and dozens more petty
squabbles about which the coun-
try at large may not give a hoot
are the games that Washington
plays daily. No collections Of ia
natic bridge players can discuss
vulnerability, tricks, games
and rubbers with more rabid seri-
than these Washingtonians
in their daily playing of
politics, but you have to see them
III action to really appreciate the
game.
Imperial Valley press., 1941-03-27
HOW ABOUT ANOTHER
KIND OF SLOGAN?
Editor, the Post-Press:

Editor. the Post-Press:
Health and Wealth Are in Imperial
Valley.
Even the Desert Blooms in Imperial
Valley!
These two slogans | suggest to show
not only the richness of our valley SOIL
but to infer also that if our desert blooms
here, then how much better will the cul-
tivated land, health, friendship, and
wealth.
Your interesting article about DR.. w.
c. Lowdermilk's speech on conservation
in the Thursday Post-Press. March 20,
1941, makes me wonder why we don't
have slogans to remind people of the
need for preserving this unusually rich
land, such as:
Let's Conserve Imperial Valleys fer
tile Soil
Or:
Let's Help Keep Imperial Valleys Soil
Fertile
The fame of Imperial Valleys excep-
tional climate is we'll known as far east
as Chicago, Illinois. When my health
broke under the strain of nurses train
ing, doctors there urged me to come out
here to convalesce.
Sincerely yours,
Imperial Valley press., 1941-03-27
MASS PLANE PRODUCTION
AND THE FUTURE

Henry Ford has developed a powerful
new airplane motor capable of being pro-
duced in mass quantities much the same
as his automobile engines are at the pres
ent time.
Other manufacturers are beginning
mass production not only of airplane mo-
tors, but of fuselages and all other air
plane parts. The war-aid needs of the
United States make such production nee
essary. We've got to turn out planes, and
turn them out fast, if we are to follow
the policy that has been established of
giving all possible help to warning democ-
racies.
Mass production of airplanes is unus-
ual in this country. By the time the en-
ergency is another six months older, it
will not be unusual. 1t will be establish
ed practice. And by the time the war Is
over, it will be commonplace.
That is where the average man comes
IN.
Mass production of airplanes will not
stop with the end of the war The factor
les will be set up. The tools will be at
hand. The workmen will be trained. Only
the market which exists today will be
lacking. And mass production, forced by
wartime needs, will make the creation
of new market possible. 1t will be
market represented by those who now
buy automobiles.
War has its compensations as well as
its losses World War No l represented
the greatest short period of development
in the use of airplanes, and in the refine
ment of safety measures included In
their makeup. Already, World War No.
2 has seen great forward strides in the
further development of airplanes. Most
of the refinements have been of mill
tary nature, it is true, but they can easily
be changed over to meet civilian require
ments, after the military need passes.
Mass production, coupled with the re-
suits of research making planes more
foolproof and easier to fly, will make
aviation a thing for the average man as
we'll as the specialist after the war IS
over Additionally. the thousands of reg
ular and reserve army and navy fliers
now being trained will be equipped, when
they return to civilian life, to continue
with their flying without further train
ing.
There will be more fliers when the
war ends. Mass production, as it always
does, will make cheap yet safe planes
available to everyone.
1t may be that this war is the real be-
ginning of aviation's greatest era In civil
ian, as we'll as military life