davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1941-05-15
SANTO WINNER TO
BE NAMED MAY %

The 1941 winner Of the Santo scholar
ship medal will be revealed at the ju-
Nor college assembly Friday, May g.,
Dean Sigurd F. Olson has announced.
The medal is awarded annually to the
student having the highest scholarship
ranking for his two years in the COL
lege. The award is in honor Of Dean
j. H. Santo, founder of the college, who
died in 1886.
Winners in past years include Mar
jorie Berglund, Margaret Hanson, John
HeImberger, Patrick Fleming, and Julia
Skule.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1941-05-15

Buffalo's News Stand sells The Ely
Miner each week.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1941-05-15

A second of carelessness may de.
stroy a lifetime of carfulneSs.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1941-05-15
THIRD PRECINCT:

All of City Precinct of the City
Of Ely, and the East p Of Section 26,
South p Of Section "a, East p of
Section 35 Southwest Il Of Section 81
and Sections %, %, 25 and SO of Town
ship 63, Range II.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1941-05-15

Sections 1, 2, 3 10, IL, IL, Ii, IA,
Is, %, %, "a, 25, 26, 81, %, 80, "a, 35 and
SO of Township 81, Range IL.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1941-05-15

Room 3-Pioneer School Building
between eighth and ninth Avenues
East.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1941-05-15
SECOND PRECINCT:

All of City Precincts 4 and 5 of
the City Of Ely, and the West - of
Section 80, Southeast Il of Section 80,
Sections 10, 20, p, 90, 80, 81 and 80 of
Township 63, Range II; Sections 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 16, II, Is, 10, 20, q, 20, 80, 81
and 81 of Township 81, Range II; all
of Townships 62, 63 and GA, Range Ii.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-10-23
Whizzing Autos Inspired
Turf Failure TO Do Comeback
Cinesor. Sold for $4,000. Given
Awuy Letter. Wins at Tunforun Now

"Nhen / got on him for
workout he was scared to
death" SAYS Mcdaniel. 81
could even feel his heart pound
ing. 80 ! decided he would do
better without workouts. I've
only had a saddle on him
once"
Cnesar perked up and began to
eat and run. he won his last
start at Pomona a $500 claimer.
BABIED HIM ALONG
When We got to Tsnforsn,
Just habied him along. took him
for walks on the halter in the
morning and let him watch the
autos going by on the highway by
the track. He likes that" said
Mcdaniel
Cinesar won his first three starts
at Tanforan, stepping up each
time until Wednesday, on his
fourth start, ne ran for $1,000 and
was beaten a nose. coming from
behind courageously in the stretch
I'D take him 10 an auto
show II l thought II would do
any good" SAYS Mcdaniel.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-10-23
Ducks Work on "Q-T'

EUGENE-The University
of Oregon varsity scrimmaged
again against the Oregon
frosh who were using UCLA's
LOT" formation. Assistant
Coach Mamie Nezie. who
secuted the Bruins, aaid they
were improving rapidly.
CORY ALLIS-Coach Lon Stiner
drilled his Oregon state Beavers
in pass defense today aware that
the Washington State Cougars
headed by Billy sewel. will con-
centrate on an aerial offenss Boz
Panagis held the keystone spot
with Quentin Greenough, regular
center. still out with injuries.
Los ANGELES - UCLA
practiced against oregon
PLAYS today on a wet field to
a record breaking rainfall in
the southland area Forecast
for the game against the con
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-10-23
Texas Aggies
Face Baylor
Southwest Eleven
Sill Undecided

COLLEGE STATION. Tex
Once the Texas Aggie Southwest
conference season gets started,
there 10 no rest for a weary team.
% for the second week In a row
the Cadets take on another Of the
rugged foes of the nations
toughest league" the Southwest
conference. where any team can
lose any week they face off.
This coming Saturday the Az
gisa will play host Ia thu Frank
kimhrcugh-coached Baylor Bears
On Kyle field here. II win mari
Coach kimbrough's second start IN
Mn first year ~ q newcomer d
THE loop, but his circuit record nc
far h perfect with one impressive
victory IN one start over = confer.
ence opponent
With a new coach in the circuit
the Baylor offense and defense
plays this year are 20 much Greek
to the other six conference coaches
All Of the past scout dope and
movies taken Of Baylor games Of
other years are 10 much exposed
film or scratch paper. for Kim
brough has brought along his idea,
which carried him TO fame at Har.
din-simmons university In Abilene
Tia Aggies play in Tacoma
WASH, against Washington stat'
college on Dec. 9.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-10-23
B 0 W LIN G
sixth Avenue Bowling Center

SINH Avenue bowiing center
Tuesda, >ighters
VI I No. / took four points from
the f r Girls. 1855 20 lils Helen
Fisher had high single and series.
i65. 36S. for the winners. Evelyn
Vests 325 was high for the losers
Y l. No. 2. with 1889. dropped all
four points 20 the sixth Ave alley
team who shot the high series for
the night. 1906 Hazel Coleman had
high single. $50. and Norma Num-
merdor high series. 4o4.
Gas Co. League
sixth Ave. Alleys
Both matches IN the Gas Co ended
In q draw. the office and Plant teams
with 2i6s and 2226. split two points
apiece Ola was high with 1873 for
single and q 5o4 total. The other
match saw the shop team take two
games from the Sales dept. but the
Sales boys won their game by enough
pins 70 take point for high total.
They scored 3322 and 2zls 7 Burke
shot high single, i76; Pred Hill had
high series, z75
Rustou zoo League
The Bobcats took -four points from
the Bears 1926 to iTSh. Only one
pin separated the two teams In the
first game but the Bobcats gained
strength when Lew FvRncich shot 200
and 2O4 in the last games Bryan
Huff rolled s9a, which was the Bears
tor score Irfna Froshler Tailed 1875
1855 and 1T for a total 81 4as for
I the womens high series OF the eve
ninE
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-10-23

FORT LEWIS Soldiers of X
Army corps units, most Of whom
have been toughening up leg
muscles for nearly a year or more,
will have an opportunity to dem
onstrate their stamina Thanks
giving day. For on that day. &C
cording to plans announced by
Major General Kenyon A. Joyce,
five-man battalion teams VIII COM
pete in q cross country run over
a five-mile course.
Each battalion or provisional
battalion will be allowed one team
of five members. There are more
than score OF such units directly
under the X Army corps COM
mand.
Winning and second place teams
will be awarded trophies. The
winning team will he judged by
the aggregate number Of points
earned by individsl contestants as
follows: LIST place. 10 points; I'd
.: Sd, S. 4th. :; 5th. 6; 9Th, s.
7th. 4; sth, ;: 9th, . 10th 10 18th
1. and 18th TO goth. = point.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-10-23
Cougar Back
Makes Jump
Troy's Robertson
Sets Yordoge Pace

sEATTLE-An admittedly m
ferior Southern California foot
ball squad hasn't yet been ousted
from the Pacific Coast conference
rsce-and the answer seems 70
be Bob Robertson. the Trojsns'
Workhorse.
Comparing him to Troys past
quarterbacking greats doesn't help
Robertson's stature, but the
American Football Statistical
bureaus figures today credited
Robertson with the best yardage
Of any conference back. including
games outside the conference.
In four games. he has gain
ed 544 yards, placing him
ahead of such glittering talent
a. Billy Sewell. Washington
States pass-slinging halfbsek.
and the Individually great
Frankie Albert, who quarter
backs the Stanford Ct.
Against Sewell and WSC last
Saturday, Robertson ran up 143
yards in passing and running.
Today he tops conference ball
carriers. is third in passing and
ninth in punting.
The figures read this way.
Total offense - Robertson
544 yards; Sewell. 1856: Al
bert, $40; Mecham, Oregon.
277: Robin, Oregon. 276.
Rushing - Robertson. 2s2;
Robin, 229; Jones. Montana,
225.
Passing - Albert. 80 com
pletions In 5s attempts:
SewelI, 90 In Sc attempts:
Robertson, 81 in 4s attempts.
Punting - Phillips, UCLA,
4l.26 yard average: Mecham,
41.04: Sewell. 39.17; Reinhard,
California, $3.50; Albert,
S8.17.
This left Albert as the confer
ences outstanding triple-threat,
with Robertson and Mecham not
far behind. Mecham was fourth
in rushing offense and ninth in
passing.
Leading pass receiver was Nick
Susoeff, WSC end, with 10 COM
pletions for ia yards. but Fred
Meyer. Stanford gained 1872 yards
on only eight competitions.
Stanford's injured half
back. Pete kmetoyic. dropped
far down the list of rushing
! leaders but the 7 formation
ran riot against University of
San Francisco last Saturday
and boosted the Cardinals
team offense average to S45.2
yards game. Last years
Rose Bowl champions aver
aged only 1864 yards.
On the debit side, weak de-
Tense that permitted the Dons to
score four touchdowns dropped
Stanford from second to sixth
place IN sll-sround defense while
twice-beaten California maintain
ed the lead in this division. The
Bears have yielded only 1921
yards per game.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-10-23
WhirlY at
Santa Anita

LOS AN ELES - Calumet
Farms string Of ~ thoroughbreds,
including the brilliant whirlsway,
arrives nj the Santa Anita race
track In Arcadia, Cal, this week
end.
Two carloads of the Calumet
runners. which this year set n new
ali-time record for n single stable
with winnings of s45s,556. will ar
rive at santa Anita saturday. Two
more carloads are due SUNDAY.
The track will begin 81 days of
racing Dec. 81.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-10-23

extent. That was oeffnitelv eStf
survey Of last week ends u gam
When this latest legislation be-
came public the gridiron solomons
predicted that manpower would
flood the field In such quantities
that fans would not be able TO see
the game for the substitutions and
asserted that contests would be-
come 20 long drawn out that the
rule would be hooted out Of exist
ence.
Although during SATURDAYS
games there werv n many n
IFS substitutions In = single
rnme none of the contests suf-
fered ~ far ~ pace wns con-
cerned.
No contest ran longer than two
hours and IS minutes and the
average playing time-two hours
and % minutes-was not longer
than that of games in the past
The facts furnish no other re
suit. The avowed intention Of tn
rules committee was 10 ease th'
burden on smaller schools witt
parse reserves.
The results are inconciusive-
North Carolina called on ~
players while being beaten.
SIS, by Tulane. hut Pitt used
only "a while being trcunced.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-10-23
Harmon
Quits Pros

NEW YORK - Previous radio
commitments win prevent Tommy
Harmon, Michigan's Au-America
gridiron star of 1910. from playing
any more professional football this
year with the New York Amcri-
cans, Il was announced today.
Harmon, who describes college
football games for \ cigaret con-
cern. made his pro debut last
Sunday when he performed In
the same bacisfieid as John Kim
brough, formerly of Texas A. 4 NJ.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-10-23

SAN BRUNO Cinesar. horse
that cost $4,000 as a yearling and
failed so dismally he was finally
given away. has learned to run by
watching the automobiles whizz
past Tanforan racetrack.
At least that is the story of
Bob Mcdaniel. ex-jockey who owns
and trains Cinesar. His pet has
won four races and was beaten
once by nose IN his last five
starts, stepping up in class each
time.
Cinesar. n four year-old geld
ing by ksar out of Cinema.
looked like n future Derby
winner when Movie Men Harry
l. Warner and Mervin lie Roy
plucked him out of the Sara
toga sales ring In 1888 for
$4,000
But Cinesar never ran TO mis-
looks and breeding Pitted against
the thoroughbred princes and prin-
cesses. ne ran like an armadillo.
GAVE HORSE AWAY
Warner, Disguised with Cinesar.
finally offered him for sale. hut
nobody would offer more than $500
for him. Rather than take that
insulting price. Warner gave the
horse to Chappie Sims at Holly
wood Park last summer.
Mcdaniel battered the hand
some bay at Del Mar out of a
$1,000 claiming race. hut Cine
sar still looked like sucker
horse" He wouldn't eat. he
wouldn't work In the morning
and every afternoon he had
chronic attack of the slows.
Even with 500 company at the
county fairs he couldn't WIN. Fin
ally Mcdaniel found the key 20 ms
problem horse
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-10-23


said to be in the best shape since
the season opened with Bill
Sewell. ace passer. fast recovering
from bruises.
SEATTLE - Jack Stackpool.
two year veteran fulback, ap-
parently will be unable TO start
for Washington against Stanford
Saturday Coach Jimmy Phelan
announced today. He groomed
Neil Brooks, red haired sophomore.
TO fill in for stackpool.
MoSCoW-Coach Francis
Schmidt used several new
players in the University of
Idaho lineup today seeking
additional speed for use
against Willamette university.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY
Cole. halfback, was promoted to
understudy TO Stanford Quarter
back frankie Albert today now
that Signal Callers Ray Hammett
and Ray Durham are laid up.
Cole is fast and has a good arm,
and though smaller than Albert,
may end Coach Clark Shaugh-
nessy's worries about the quarter
back spot for next year.
BERKELEY The California
varsity scrimmaged yesterday
against the 12th Naval district
football team and looked good
principally because II was only
the third time the navy had en-
gagged in contact work. A second
string backfield of Johnny Graves.
Merlo, Jack McQuary and AL
Dorian may start Saturday against
use if it continues its good work
Of yesterday.
LOS ANGELES Coach Sam
Barry said today that the Univer-
sity Of Southern California foot
ball squad would leave for Berke-
ley Friday instead Of day earlier
as previously announced. The
first string hammered against
California plays on a sloppy field
but made little Roadway against
reserves.
Los ANGELES-Coach Marty
Brill dipped into his bag Of re-
serves today and pulled out Irish
John Daugherty for his starting
baekfield TO oppose st. Marys
Sunday. Daugherty has PLAYED
only five minutes in the first four
Lion games, but Brill was con-
WINGED from his showing against
Texas Mines last week that
Daughterty will become one Of the
teams best backs.
ference leaders saturday. how
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-10-23

There will he no soccer game
with the "Warspite" team this
Sunday afternoon, M originally
planned. but instead regular
soccer league game will be played
on Sunday afternoon, November 2.
Further details at a later date.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-10-23

500. nv Minnesota
The rate of substituting is much
higher than IN previous years with
coaches making more frequent use
of single play" specialists AND
also shifting men on offense and
defense. However, because virtu'
ally all of these changes are being
made when time Is normally out
the length Of the games is moi
being greatly affected.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-10-23
GRID CAREER OVER

NEW YORK - Don Snavely of
Massilon. o.. one of the greatest
centers in Columbia university's
history. was through with football
for good today because of torn
cartilage In his left knee.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-10-23
BRONCO RECORD BEST

SAN JOSE-Santa Clara has
the best college football record in
the land over the past five years.
The Broncos have won 81. tied four
and lost five.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-10-23
Souihpaw Is
0ne-Man Team
Left-Honded Poser.
Kicker Sets Pace
~ HARRY GRAYSON
fTseoms Times Special Writer

tlHoHe flnter ~p%flHi Nfltffl
Oregon has a remarkable left
handed passing and left-footed
kicking back In s-foot, 1ss-pound,
21-year-old Curtis Mecham.
In the L~mon-Yellow's 20-6 de-
feat Of Southern California under
q broIling Los Angeles sun. this h
all the quiet. earnest. modest and
well-liked Curt Mecnan did:
He threw all three touchdown
passes into the hands Of As many
receivers.
He intercepted two vital South
ern California passes, and turned
them into touchdowns. One rum
back was for 53 yards.
TROY IN HOT WATER
He kept the Trojans In hot
water all afternoon with a brilliant
display Of power and control punt
ing. He averaged more than 40
yards while kicking out Of bounds
inside Southern CALIFORNIA; 10
yard line with monotonous regu-
larity.
He was the outstanding runner
on the field.
He also can throw a nice meal
together In jiffy. but stand back.
girls! He Is the only married man
on the Eugene squad, and in addi-
ton to attending classes regularly
he manages an apartment house on
the campus with the aid of his
attractive wife. Gerry. They were
hitched last Jan. 2 at Las Vegas.
Gerry having been curlys junior
college sweetheart in Bakersfield,
Calf.
DOES EVERYTHING
In the first three games against
Pacific Coast conference oppo-
nents. Mechsm, the hardest
worker on the squad, scored two
touchdowns and tossed perfect
hfIihis Iof -FOUR olntlh.
He averaged more than 40 yards
per punt and his coffin-corner
kicks were something to see.
He In the fastest and hardest
runner on the team. He In the
clubs leading total offense star
:. one Of the finest blockers In
the history Of n school rich In
football lore.
He is brilliant on pass defense.
His quick analysis of enemy plays
is big point on oregons side. He
In n team man of vast inspirational
value.
Mecham. stationed on right half
back, does just about everything
except take motion pictures of the
games in which he plays.
PITCHED PERFECT PASS
Against Stanford. which re-
PEELED Oregon. 1918, In n great
battle, Mechsm put the Nebfoots
in front In the early minutes with
a perfect pass into the hands OF
Tommy Robin, his touchdown
twin at left hslfback. Robin
SHARED the ball over the head OF
a Cardinal defender, the play
netting 30 yards.
Strategist Mecham Snuffed an,
hopes Idaho may have entertained
by keeping the Napdals ON the de
fensiye most of the time. Hi,
analysis of their attack reduced
its power "a minimum. He scores
two touchdowns, going around end
once for IS yards and once for 10
The third touchdown wss scores
by Robin. with Mecham blocking
Mecham played only 1s4 min
utes last fall, but led the league ii
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-10-23

Oregon Goes Far to Left With Curt Mecham
Cougars IN
Good Shape
For O.S.C.

PULLMAN Washington state $
Cougars scrimmaged against the
frosh squad using Oregon State
PLAYS in preparation for satur-
DAYS game The Cougars were
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-10-23
Wolf" Story About New Sub Rule
Lenuiheninq Games Proves a Myth

NEW Y0RkThe permitting unlimited Of substitutes
IN
extent definitely today by United
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-10-23

All table tennis fans In Tacoma
and on the army reservation will
meet tonight at s o'clock In the
Metropolitan Park District Recre-
alton office. 2i2 City Hall annex,
to make final plans for a table
tennis league.
Teams TO consist of two players
with all matches being played on
the park club tables in the Medical
Arts building.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-10-23

Your postmaster can tell you
how 10 invest in U. s. Defense
Bonds.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-10-23

ference leaders Saturday. how
ever. was for clearing weather.
Evening star., 1941-11-07
Underdog Roosevelt Ties
Unbeaten Central, 14-14

Roosevelt turned in surprise this
afternoon by holding highly IA
vored Central eleven to l4-l4 tie IN
an interhigh series football game
this afternoon at Central Stadium
Roosevelt previously had not won a
game in six Starts while the Vikings
were undefeated and united. Gen.
tral now must tie or defeat Western
next week to claim the West Division
championship.
Roosevelt scored the tying touch
down in the last two minutes OF
play on a 73-yard pass play from
Carl Sturges to Billy Garner. the
latter shaking himself loose at mid
field and outrunning host of Cen
trail players.
Roosevelt threatened to win the
game following the next kickoff
when it marched to Central's 49,
yard line, but three l5-yard penal
ties knocked the Riders cut of their
final hope for an upset.
Central scored a safety on the
second play of the game when Gar
ner recovered bad pass from Gen.
ter Bernie Miller behind the Roose-
welt goal.
The Vikings scored a touchdown
in the second quarter on a 38-yard
pass from, Ward to Denikos, but
Roosevelt came right back after the
ensuing kickoff and marched SC
yards for its touchdown. The Riders
scoring play was pass from Sturges
to Irwin Lust, lateral pass having
put the ball on Centrals 9-yard line
Sturges converted.
Evening star., 1941-11-07
Reuben James Sunk
Trying 10 Aid Salinas,
Ship Passengers Say
Navy Tanker, q Member
Of Their Convoy, Attacked
At Night, Witnesses Soy
By the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
NEW YORK. Nov. 7.-Passengers
on the Icelandic steamer Godafoss
said on arrival today that the Amer
lean destroyer Reuben James was
sunk by submarine during night
time effort to aid the torpedoed
American naval tanker Salinas.
The Godafoss. they said. was a
member of convoy attacked by
submarines during westward cross
ing Of the North Atlantic.
1t was in this attack. they said,
that the Reuben James sank with a
loss of 100 American lives as later
announced by the Navy Department
The Salinas, badly damaged,
reached port.
According to Godafoss witnesses.
the Salinas was torpedoed on Oc-
tober 80 They said they heard 16
explosions of depth charges before
a larger explosion they presumed
to be the torpedoing of the Salinas
llC ilVht ddS tIlC. Sdlll, tllC NJoud-
foss radio reported the Reuben
James was sunk in an effort to
rescue the Salinas.
The night attack was not discern
able. they continued. except for flares
sent up by the stricken ships.
During the rest of the voyage. the
Godafoss passengers and crew lived
in lifeboats while the ship received
constant warnings that she was be-
ing trailed by pack of submarines.
On three occasions the 81 pas
Sengers were ordered to lifeboats.
Neil Sullivan. Pathe neWSreeel
man, one of three Americans on the
Godafoss, said the area between Ice
land and Newfoundland was alive
with submarines.
He said they attacked only at
night, travelling in packs and pop
ping up in the middle of a convoy to
fire through the group of ships.
Evening star., 1941-11-07
Nine Soldiers Hurt as Truck
PIunqes Down Mountain
By The Associated Pres.

By the ASSocla TED Pres.
LYNCHBURG. Va. Nov. 7,-Un-
able to make a sharp turn on a
mountain road near Alton. trans
port truck of the 74th Coast Ar
tillery tanti-aircraft Regiment.
which had Camped overnight in
Lvnchburg. went down A 2O0-foOt
embankment today injuring nine
Of its ten occupants. one seriously.
The artillerymen hurt are all prl-
Yates They were brought to
Lynchburg General Hospital in two
Army ambulanceS. Edward Korzen
of Buffalo. N. Y, who suffered
lacerationS of the head and a prob
able fracture of the spine, was the
most seriously injured
Others hurt. most of whom were
cut and bruised. were John Fields.
Baltimore. Robert Anderson, Buff
falo: Norman Barr Buffalo: Fred
Gillette, Baltimore; Francis Lewan-
doski. Buffalo: Frederick Lafave of
near Buffalo John Flynn. Scranton.
Pa. and Virgil H, Carter of St.
Charles. Va.
Pvt Anderson was driving the
truck in convoy when the accident
occurred. At the hospital the SOL
dier said; Il just couldn't make
the turn" He described how the
truck rolled over and over down
the mountainside and stopped when
it hit big log
Some of the soldiers were thrown
clear, receiving their injuries when
they landed on the rough hillside
amid the underground.