davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1941-11-08
5000 Throng Soviet Embassy
At Reception Celebrating
Anniversary Of Revolution
Diplomats and Officials Jam
Luxurious Mansion; Take Leave
Of Mme OumanskV
BY KATHARINE BROOKS.


Republics yesterday called Embassy
diplomatic
the Gath anniversary of revolution The
proportion this throng $50
Sixteenth
Wallace considerable
difficulty the trouble reaching
stately Corden Hull
osled
interested in than in protocol
The Chief Justice
the Australian Minister Mr. Richard Casey
especially fond of the elaborate refreshments
ordeal
dAfaires Nine Gronyko
Oumansky Buffet tables
Evening star., 1941-11-08
High Court Writ Sought
To Return Sanders 10 D. T.,

In a new move to obtain the
release of Hilliard Sanders, held in
connection with the Hyattsville
bank robbery on September Is,
James J. Laughlin, defense counsel,
has applied to the Supreme Court
for a writ of habeas corpus to
bring the defendant back to the
District of Columbia.
Sanders is detained in Baltimore
on what Mr.. Laughlin contends is
a legally insufficient warrant. II
customary procedure is followed,
the Supreme Court will announce
its action when orders are handed
down Monday.
Sanders was taken to Baltimore
after an unsuccessful attempt by
counsel to obtain a writ OF habeas
corpus in United States District
Court here. Under Federal law, 1t
will be necessary to get him back to
the District, before an appeal can
be prosecuted, as petitioner must
be confined in the jurisdiction OF
the court hearing removal pro-
ceedings.
Evening star., 1941-11-08
Overseas League

The 18th annual breakfast of the
Washington unit Of the Women S
Overseas Service League will be held
at 1890 pm. Tuesday at the Will
lard Hotel. Two members. Miss
Ruth Burnside, recently returned
from Japan, and Miss Florence A.
Stone. from Greece. will speak. All
women who served overseas with
the Allies in the last war are in
vited to attend Reservations are
In charge of Miss Mabel Holgate,
Neighborhood House, 47o N street
S.W.
Evening star., 1941-11-08
Dinner Planned

Mrs. William Landers will enter
tain at a dinner and dance Monday
evening in honor of Miss Dorothea
Leslie OF Frederick, Md, who will
celebrate her 18th birthday ami
versary November Is.
Other parties which will be given
during the week for Miss Leslie in
clude a dinner and bowling party
Tuesday evening, when Mrs. Leon
williams will be hostess, and din
ner and dance Thursday evening
given In Baltimore by Mrs. Frank
JuAntta.
Evening star., 1941-11-08
Iowa State Society
Plans Fete Nov. 10

The Iowa State Society OF WASH
ington invites all Iowans and their
friends to attend the anual Thanks
giving dance, which will be held IN
the west ballrom of the Shoreham
Hotel November 10 at $50 o'clock.
Representative John w. Gwynne
is the president of the society. Mrs.
c. D. Cass and Mrs. Stanley O'Con-
ner are the vice presidents.
Excellent music will be furnished
for the dance. with a floor show
during intermission. An Iowa
turkey will be given as door prize.
A large number of reservations
have already been made with the
secretary, Miss Gertrude M. Louis,
Hotel Roosevelt.
Evening star., 1941-11-08
D. c. Flyer Graduated
By Conadian School

E. w. Bierer of Washington wa.
one of 10 Americans to become Ca
madam pilots after graduation yes.
terday from the No. II Service Fly.
ing Training School at Yorkton
Saskatchewan. the Associated Pres.
reported.
The others are r. E. Adams
Huron, S. OAK; Arthur Bourque
Chicago; w. L. Burchfield, Potts.
town, Pa; E. r. Colligan, New York
City; S. S. Gasscock, Austin, Tex;
C. P. Grimm. Pennington, ILL.,; H
L. Phillips, Caddo Mills, Tex; r. H
Simmons, Pembina, N. OAK; w. c
Southcott, Detroit.
Evening star., 1941-11-08
]. E. JOneses, Jr.,
Enter New Home

Mr.. and Mrs. James Emlyn
Jones, jr., have moved into their
new home at 1914 Worthington
drive which recently was COM
pleted.
Mr.. and Mrs. Jones have spent
the past few months with the
formers mother, Mrs. James
Emlyn Jones in her home on
Thirty-fourth street, while the
house was being built.
Evening star., 1941-11-08
Ralph A. Bards
To See NAVY Game

The Assistant Secretary of the
Navy and Mrs. Ralph A. Bard
are in Baltimore today to attend
the Navy-Notre Dame football
game.
Tomorrow Mr.. and Mrs. Bard
will have as their guests Mr.. and
Mrs. Harold Edwards of Santa
Barbara, Calf, who will be with
them for a visit.
Last evening Mr.. and Mrs. Bard
entertained at dinner for the
Assistant Secretary of the Navy
for Air and Mrs. Artemus l..
Gates.
High ranking officials of the
Navy Department were the
guests, including the Secretary of
the Navy and Mrs. Frank Knox
and the Undersecretary of the
Navy and Mrs. James v. For
restal.
Evening star., 1941-11-08
Fraternity Luncheon

A luncheon tomorrow at the Lee
Sheraton Hotel will close the con-
vention of the Eleventh Province of
Phi Delta Delta, women's legal fra
ternity, in session here this week
end. Miss Helen B. Arthur, an in
structor at the Washington College
Of Law, will address the meeting at
which Beta Chapter will be hostess.
Evening star., 1941-11-08
Lecture on India

DR.. Kirshnanal Shridharani, In.
dian author and lecturer, will speak
on India and Democracy" on the
program of the Near East lecture
series Tuesday, at the Shoreham
Hotel.
DR.. Shridharani went to Jail with
Mahatma Gandhi on his famous
march to the sea and while there
wrote the outline for his book, War
Without Violence" In his lecture
he will discuss industrial develop
ment of India, her leaders, politics
customs, her caste system and mis-
sionarieS.
Evening star., 1941-11-08
Weddings Of Interest
Louise Westphaling Becomes
Bride of John B. Morgan

The quaint old Log Chapel at
Notre Dame University, built IN
1912. was the scene this morning
of the wedding Of Miss Louise West
phaling and Mr.. John Barrett Nor
gan. The bride is the daughter OF
Mr.. and Mrs. Robert Paul West
phaling of St. Joseph, Mo, and the
bridegroom is son of Mrs. Margaret
B. Morgan of this city, all of whom
made the trip to South Bend so that
the wedding could take place in the
chapel of the bridegroom's alma
mater. The Rev. Charles NJ. Carey
officiated at 10 O'Clock and the we'd
ding breakfast was served in the
Oliver Hotel at South Bend. only
members of the two families and
the weddirk party attending.
The bride was dressed in street
length frock of new teal blue with
accessories of darker shade OF
blue and her corsage bouquet was OF
orchids.
Miss Dorothy MacFarlane OF
Kansas City, Mo, was maid Of hon
or and the brides only attendant.
Her costume was of beaver brown
fashioned in street length and she
had accessories of dubonnet and q
corsage bouquet Of gardenias.
Mr.. Edmund A. Smith. professor
of history at Notre Dame, was best
man.
MIR. and Mrs. Morgan left later in
the day for New York and an East
ern wedding trip. They will be at
home at 4376 Pershing drive, Arling-
ton. Va. where they have taken an
apartment in Buckingham. Mrs
Morgan was graduated from the
Convent Of the Sacred Heart anc
from St. Joseph Junior College, both
in St. Joseph, Mo. Mr.. Morgan Is q
graduate of Notre Dame and the
Strayer College of Accountancy, ano
is a member of the Phi Theta p
Fraternity.
Among the guests from Washing
ton were Miss Harriet Barrett, Miss
Katharine Barrett. Mrs. F. A. Cole
Miss Kathleen Cole and Miss Nellie
M. Slavens. In addition to Mr.. ano
Mrs. Westphaling. parents Of the
bride. others at the wedding from
ST. Joseph were her sister, Miss
Martha Ann Westphaling, and Mrs
David S. Curtin. Other guests were
Miss Henriette Slavens of Kansas
City. MO-; Mr.. and Mrs. Paul West
phaling, jr., of Clarksdale, Miss.
Mr.. Edward L. Heating of Moberly
Mo, and Mr.. and Mrs. Norbert
Amelunxen and their daughter
Miss Carol Amelunxen, of Milwau-
kee.
Evening star., 1941-11-08
Sorority Plans Tea

Mrs. Hugh Allison Greenwood, au-
thority on South American silver
smithing, will be guest speaker at .
tea to be given by Phi Pi Epsilon,
George Washington University in
ternational relations sorority, to-
morrow in Sorority Hall.
Evening star., 1941-11-08
Roberts Are Hosts

Mr.. and Mrs. Lawrence Wood Rob-
ert, jr., entertained at dinner last
evening for Mr.. and Mrs. George
Sloane of Warrenton, Va, who are
their weekend guests.
Mr.. and Mrs. Robert will again
entertain at dinner this evening
after the Navy -Notre Dame game
in Baltimore. The affair will be held
at the 1925 F Street Club.
Evening star., 1941-11-08
Third Son Is Born
To Albert Clarks

DR.. and Mrs. Arthur B. Crane
have visiting them their daugh-
ter, Mrs. Albert Hobbs Clark,
wife of 1t. Clark. U. S. N, and
their two sons, Craig and Guy.
1t. Clark is on sea duty. Mrs.
Clark is at Georgetown Hospital,
wheree her third son was born
November 3.
Evening star., 1941-11-08
DR.. Mafett Guest

DR.. Minnie L. Maffett Of Dallas,
Tex, president of the National Fed
Grafton of Business and Professional
Women's Clubs, will be the guest of
officers and board members of the
local B. and P. w. Club at a break
fast tomorrow at II am. at the
Iron Gate Inn. DR.. Maffett is here
today for conference of national
club presidents on defense.
Evening star., 1941-11-08
Miss Anne Claxton Wed
To Mr., Arthur F, DorSch,

st. Martins Church was the scene
Of the marriage this morning of Miss
Anne Frances Claxton, daughter
Of Mr.. and Mrs. Arthur Bertram
Claxton Of Silver Spring. Nd, to
Mr.. Arthur Francis Dorsch, son Of
Mrs. Ellen G. Dorsch Of Washington.
Lighted candles With white chrysau.
Evening star., 1941-11-08
Attlee Is HOnored

The Minister Counselor of the
British Embassy, Sir Ronald
Campbell, was host at luncheon
yesterday entertaining at the
Embassy in honor Of the Deputy
Prime Minister of Great Britain,
Mai. C.. r. Attlee.
Evening star., 1941-11-08
Sorority Plans arty

A rushee breakfast will be given
by Alpha Gamma Chapter, Chi Sig
ma Sorority, tomorrow at the Pen
Daw Hotel.
Evening star., 1941-11-08

MRS. WILLIAM JEROME
GARRICK.
Before her marriage she
UdS Miss Mildred Roden,
daughter of Mrs. o. J. As
mann and the late Mr.. J. D.
Roden of Ell Paso, Ter. She
and Mr.. Gdrrick tDtU reside
IN Washington.
-HeSsle1 Photo.
The daily monitor. (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1940-1942, 1941-08-28
NO 'MARTYRDoM'
FOR HABINYAk

Some effort may be made to creote
q wove Of sympathy for John Hobinyok.
the 2e-yeor-oId seIectee who received
q sentence Of 10 years at hard labor
for deIberote and repeated refusal to
obey orders at Fort Bro99.
The sentence wos for too severe,
and it was promptly modified by the
War Department to three years, which
may be further cut to 30 months by
oood conduct. But as for the principle
at stake, there can be no question. The
whole discipline and morale Of the SER
vice, sheer justice to comrades making
much ereoter sacrifices. demands no
compromise with the rather nasty sPir-
it shown by this young man. A less
attractive candidate for sympathy has
seldom come to public attention. 10
binyok should have justice, yes, but
sympathy dries up rother promptly on
reading this record Of surly and selfish
stubbornness.
The daily monitor. (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1940-1942, 1941-08-28
TANKS IN ARLINGTON

The National Cemetery on the Ar
Iineton Heights across the Potomac
from Washington is q place Of peace.
There rest, undisturbed by the frontic
churnings of the copitoI, men who died
for their country. Except for an occo-
sionoI numbering Of coissons, the in
frequent crash Of volley Of rifle fire
as another soldier joins his comrades
in the last bivouoo, Arlington is quiet
place.
It must have been q strange sight
to see six tanks chuffine through the
quiet drives Of Arlington, attending the
funeral of General Choffee. But why
not? Fighting men since the world be-
gan have been accompanied to their
graves by some symbol Of the weapons
they bore-o sword, on artillery co.'s
son, q faithful horse. This general who
worked himself to death in his efforts
to develop the mechanical side Of the
army, could not be better accompanied
to his grave than by the tanks to whose
development he devoted his later years.
Other times, other manners; let the
manners change with the times, SO long
as they be fitting manners.
The daily monitor. (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1940-1942, 1941-08-28

Charles son was 8 years OLD
but in this one he's only 5
The role is played by Dickie
Hall, a prodigy who began to
read at the age of /, played the
piano at 2, gave recitals at g.
and now knocks off Bach and
Beethoven as easily as he steals
scenes. Powell won't be sur
prised if Dickie writes the
script for their next picture
Powell certainly doesn't have
to act in pictures unless ne
wants to, yet he always works
as hard as a half-dozen aver
age stars. The Thin Man, and
particularly his teaming with
Miss 10y, have done a lot for
them. Their first picture to-
gether was Manhattan Melo-
drama in 1884, with Clark
Gable a third member of the
cast. Powell was free-lancing
at the time, and the picture
brought him a fat contract from
Metro. Miss 10y was just be-
ginning to emerge from slant
eyed siren roles.
SCHOOL FOR STARS
Cesar Romero was given a
boost by the first Thin Man.
Jimmy Stewart played the muir
derer in the second, and Ruth
Hussey started toward stardom
in the third. The current pic
ture is an important break for
Donna Reed and Robert Mel
son, a couple of ex-collegiate
newcomers to Hollywood who
have the romantic second leads.
Asia, the dog, was a Movie
town flop until he got a chance
in the first Thin Man film.
Trainer Henry East had coach
ed Asia for two years but
couldn't get job for him and
gave him to couple of friends
East had the foresight to keep
contract permitting him to work
the dog in movies. Asia has
earned a good-sized fortune by
The daily monitor. (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1940-1942, 1941-08-28

1.-THE Secretary Of the interior" sold
the Portland, Oregon, Journal recently,
us trying to establish Federal power
monopoly. himself the chief monopo-
list. And thereby hondiooppine the
electric power industry at the very time
when every generator and power line
is vitoI to notionol defense
WHY not adjourn politics and
propaganda? Let the whole power in
dustry public and private, voluntarily
unity to meet the emergency. This
should mean the cooperation Of its
leaders ia single proerom It should
mean the voluntary interconnection Of
public and privote lines where, in SO
doing, current can be more quickly and
fIexibIy supplied to defense industries "
In tt.e Pacific NortI,west-where q
political drive is now underway to So
cioIize the private power industry at
public expense, whether the people
want it or not-utiIity experts have es-
tmoted tt.ot tens Of thousands Of kilo-
wott-houys Of additional power for vital
factories could be supplied if all power
IOSUItISS WSIC pOO'CO TIC SOSI "
Power Commission has made similar
estimates The heods Of the private
utility industry have pledged their COM
pIete cooperation. Yet those who have
charge Of the governments power pro-
gram have done nothing to effect this.
Their policy seems to be rule or ruin.
Their purpose seems to be the elnino-
ton Of privote enterprise - not the
roxnum power output for national
defense end civilian needs.
Whot the people of this country
want is results They don't want time
wasting. resource-wostine squobbles
between government and industry.
They don't want officehoIders who 90
on playing politics os usual" in time
Of grove crisis They don't want poiti-
col persecution Of those very indus
tries whiik ore most importont to the
successful and swift contamination Of
our defense effort. A policy Of such
ruthless, needless distinctions is too
dangerous to be followed in q country
thot is o5l'gotino itself, the lives of its
citizens and its lost dollar, to perpetu-
ote demoe .ooy and the free enterprise
system.
The daily monitor. (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1940-1942, 1941-08-28
. SO THEY SAY

Defense, even il successful, Is
not the same thing rs security,
which we have had in the past,
and which means freedom from
fear of attack. - DR.. Eugene
Stanley, professor OF Interna-
tional Economic Relations,
Fletcher School.
Dresses are just as short TO-
day as decency and grace Will
permit. - Maurice Rentner, N.
Y. fashionist.
1t is all very fine for US to be
good at golf and swimming, ut
making money and partyine'
but these abilities will not help
us to deal with problems tnat
are going to require . wide
spread aptitude for statecraft'
Gov. Charles Edison OF New
Jersey.
The daily monitor. (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1940-1942, 1941-08-28
. MCKINNEY ON BRIDGE

One rubber Waldemar Won
Zedtwitz and played against
Mrs. Mckinney and Mrs. Al
bert Rockwell. When Mrs. Nc
Kenney took the finesse of the
five against me, which was the
winning play, I asked, What
ever made you fnesse the five
spot?" She said, well, some
body told me today that the
Grand Canyon is mile deep,
so I thought this was the place
to take a deep finesse."
Mrs. Mckinney (North) won
the opening lead with the ace
Of spades. Then she led the
three of clubs. l played the
deuce and was astonished TO see
her play the FIVE from dummy.
OF course it held the trick. Be-
sides six clubs, she took two
spades and two diamonds.
The idea of the club play was
to be safe against possible
holding of four clubs in my
hand. Five club tricks would
be enough for game il the dia-
mond king was held by West
or with some good breaks in
the end play. To put up a club
honor and try to run the suit
would probably be fatal if the
clubs were split 40.
The daily monitor. (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1940-1942, 1941-08-28
STORIES .
. IN STAMPS
Iron Guard Opens Gotes
For Germons in Rumonio

Iron Guord Opens 0otes
For Germons in Rumonio
DUMANIA fell into the Nazi
~ orbit in 1910 by the bloodless
method of infiltration and over
throw Of the established govern
ment. King Carol was forced to
abdicate and in October Ion An
tonescu, leader of the Fascist Iron
Guard, moved to- take control Of
the government. One month later,
Rumania signed a pact joining the
Axis, became a puppet state.
But Rumanians, who cherish
their independence rs much as
other states which fell victim to
actual military aggression, are
fighting back through the UNDER
ground.
Rumania won its independence
from Turkey in 1878, the year OF
the death of a great Rumanian
patriot. Juan Creanga, writer. &C.
clesiastic and educator. Creanga
was honored philatelically by his
government in the 1887 stamp
above commemorating the centen-
airy of his birth.
The guerilla activities in Ru-
mania are carried on by thousands
Of soldiers who deserted the army
before IL was demobilized, and
fed. They blow up railway tun-
nels in the mountains. cause land
slides on vital highways, And
snipe ct German troop&
The daily monitor. (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1940-1942, 1941-08-28
. BEHIND TIE SCENES
IN WASHINGTON .

outhor Of on Outline Of Mod
ern History" and omember Of
the War College. How Jorge a
stoff Boxter and eorle will
have to assemble for their tosk
is something they themselves
don't yet know, but in their
work they will hove specialized
sections of historians, geo.
erophers, economists and mis-
oeIloneous professors recruited
from the obIest schoIors in the
country. Their exporting will
be supplemented by stoff ond
field officers from various gov
eminent departments whose
information they will eo:ordin-
ate. Booking oil up will be q
Library Of Congress reseorch
stoff under Prot. William
Leonard Longer Of HoNord.
Longer wos O sergeant in the
First Cos Regiment Of the A.
E. F., and SOW oction in. the
Areonne and at St. MihieI.
Granting that the now-tor-
ed Colonel Donovon's Fiohtin'
50 Professors. or how many Of
them there may be, con CO.
ordinate all this information. It
is not the jdeo to boil it down
to q dolly bulletin and then
drop it on the Presidents desk.
While the Donovan office will
have no authority over the de-
portments whose information
it eo-ordinotes, it will be q
Donovan function to "hunch"
the various departments on
courses Of stroteeic oction
they might follow, and follow
fost. For instance, if the For.
eien broadcast monitorine SER
vice picks up advance informo-
ton Of q new japanese move to
the south, as it did q month
before the invasion of lndo-
Chino, that is something the
Stote and Navy Departments
want to know about.
The daily monitor. (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1940-1942, 1941-08-28
HOLLYWOOD

HOLLYWOOD, Aug. Z6-
Bill Powell, Myrna 10y, w. S.
Van Dyke and Asia are making
another Thin Man" picture.
The two stars, the director and
the dog are the only ones who
have worked on all four. The
Thin Man himself has been
dead since 1884. Played by
Edward Ellis, he was an in
ventor who was murdered after
appearing in only a few scenes
of the first film.
Nobody suspected, of course,
that initial whodunit comedy,
whipped up in IA days, would
make a million dollars, start a
cycle of daffy domestic flickers
and establish Miss 10y and MIR
Powell as the stars of a series
So when things turned out that
way, it was too late to revive
the original Thin Man. but the
name was so valuable that il
has been worked into the sub
sequent titles. Current effort
is The Shadows of the Thin
Man"
Sitting in his dressing room
and frowning over script
Powell said the job is getting
tougher all the time. Dashiell
Hammett isn't around any more
to write the original stories
nor are Albert Hackett and
Frances Goodrich, who did the
first two screenplays. New
writer's have a hard time stay
ing within the established pat
tern, Powell explained.
PLOT THICKENED
Result is that the two stars
and Director Van Dyke do a
lot of rewriting as they &c
along. They're in frequent
huddles over situations and dia-
los, and in thinking up new
gags for the dog and the kid
The youngster, by the way. is
an anachronism. In the third
Thin Man" picture, tn e
The daily monitor. (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1940-1942, 1941-08-28

Announcement by Charles a. Ketz-
lnff attorney for the City OF Center
Line thot the United Stotes Housing
Authority hos oereed to 'toce-litt the
nroposed two million dollar defense
housing unit planned for thot oonmun ;,
IT, viii come as welcome news to oil
residents Of Mocomb county.
The thriving, stobIe city Of Center
Line hos won the reputation OF oe'n9
. truly fine residential oreo and, o9,,
orovoted as the odjocent housing need
snoy be, it would hordly seem right tnot
the Federal government should oro'-
troriv step in with construction OF q
tvpe unsuited to the community.
vitoI as the defense problem is,
and horried as workers may be for shell
ter nearby their places Of employment,
il seems reasonable to suppose that the
government con just as we'll lend some
decree Of beauty to its undertakings
without socrifice either OF speed or OF
Procticolity.
The Dolly Monitor compliments the
FederoI officioIs and the Center Line
Observation-Disclosures Russell {. Lynch.
Commissioner Raymond Grubbo and
RetzIoff-on getting together" on q
sensible program which will olIeviote q
d1finite need on a bosis satisfactory 70
ali concerned.
The daily monitor. (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1940-1942, 1941-08-28
. FROM
THE MONITOR
FILES .
5 YEARS AGO TODAY

1880
Mrs. Floyd Rosso, accompan-
led by Miss Elizabeth Sumner
of Detroit, left Tuesday on boat
for Duluth.
Local cattle breeders take
honors at Thumb District Par
ish Show"
10 YEARS AGO TODAY
1881
daughter, South Wilson boule-
ward, left this week for a visit
with relatives in Columbus,
Ohio.
William Wendt named plumb
ing inspector in East Detroit.
35 YEARS AGO TODAY
1906
Mrs. Edward Racine and baby
are home for the rest Of the
summer.
Judge Spier represented
Mount Clemens Eagles at Mil
WduKee last week.
so YEARS AGO TODAY
1891
Harry Donaldson is taking the
school census.
A scurrilous Sunday newspa-
per in Detroit stated that a GER
tain Mt. Clemens alderman had
as much brains as a fly, and the
whole of flydom is in a state
of indignation.
60 YEARS AGO TODAY
1881
Donaldson Bros. are building
a handsome wagon for the New
Haven Band.
Samuel Dole Is q great read
err. He devours on an average
of one novel q day. The sheriff
reports him a docile, well be-
haved prisoner.
The daily monitor. (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1940-1942, 1941-08-28
. HARRISON IN HOLLYWOOD

now in a total of 81 pictures,
and he again belongs to East.
A fixture in the series now
is Sam Levene, who in the Sec
ond film created the role of
Lieutenant Abrams of the
homicide squad. The comedy
cop never could solve a case
without Nick's help.