davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-10-27
3 Escape City Prison

Police today are hunting three
youths serving minor sentences
who escaped from the House of
Correction. They are Harold
Baker, 1S, of 2S49 Standish avenue.
serving 90 days on a traffic charge
Robert Young. 19. of 102 Stimson
avenue. serving 60 days for as
sault and battery. and John Camp
bell. Is, of 1890 Parkview avenue,
serving 80 DAYS for simple larceny
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-10-27
Gas Death Quiz
Off I Weeks

With consent Of both prosecu-
ton and defense. Recorders Judge
John ]. Maher today adjourned for
two weeks examination of Corne-
Illus J. Conway. IS. suspended
Board OF. Health Inspector! and
Samuel d. Brodie. missing fuml-
CATION guard. charged with in
voluntary manslaughter in the
fumigating gas deaths OF two
newsboys. last July 8.
Assistant Prosecutor eph
Bannigan told Judge Maher that
without Brodie the case against
Conway is materially weaker.
Brodie has been missing since
Richard Powers. 9. and James
Cabaniss. IL. were killed when
they walked through an unlocked
door into an apartment building
Al 574 Peterboro street which was
filled with cyanide gas.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-10-27
4 More Die i'm Traffic
I94l Toll Raised TO ia or n Ahead Of 940i
Driver Killed as Car Hits Trolley

the path of Checkouskys car and
the driver was released.
The injured Patrolmen are Jack
Harkins, SO. of 20041 Irvington
avenue. and Raymond Williams.
80. of 1234l Chelsea avenue. Har-
kins suffered a broken jaw and
Williams a broken arm and head
decorations.
The policemen's car collided
with the auto of Thomas j. Saski.
"a. of 1858 Wexford avenue. as
Ssski was making a left turn at
Seven-Mile road and Yonka ave-
nue.. The scout car then glanced
off and hit a light pole.
Saski was given a ticket for
driving cause he
changed his course of travel
without observation"
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-10-27
Police i'm No Hurry
Sunday Robbery Goes Without Fineerprintne
That Day as Expert Is OF Until Monday

When the police fingerprint ex-
pert visited the apartment home
of former assistant prosecutor
Van II. Ring of 140l Calvert ave.
nue. today, he got only moder-
ately warm reception and few
fingerprints.
The Ring home was robbed
Sunday by a prowler or prowlers
who got two heirloom watches
and other jewelry valued at $50
and overlooked a $500 fur coat
and S13 in cash. When the Rings
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-10-27
Lawyers Give Praise
To VigiIant Officer

A letter commencing him upon
the splendid manner in which
you are discharging your duties"
was sent today to Patrolman Luz
vern McNally of the motorcycle
division by the Detroit Bar Asso-
ciations McNally has been waging
a successful one-man war on
youthful speeders in the vicinity
of Cooley, Mackenzie and BEDFORD
high schools.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-10-27
Firm Loses Battle
On Defense Property

Contempt proceedings were dis
missed today by Judge Edward j.
Monet against the American
Metal Products Company and, its
president, Frederick c. Matthaei,
when the company agreed to turn
over a half acre plot of ground
condemned by the government.
I The plot lies behind the metal
conpanys plant al 1859 Liddesdale
avenue and is to he turned over
10 the Holly Carburetor Company
for additional plant space in ma
uonal defense work.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-10-27
coprisht BY o,,roH TINES All RIGHTS reserved

returned and reported the robbery
at p. m. to police headquarters,
they were told:
There's no fingerprint ex-
pert on duty Sunday nights.
Don't touch anything and we'll
have one out about 8 a. m.
Monday"
But the Rings found il a little
difficult TO live in their apart
ment and not touch anything. So
they touched things like a late
snack in the icebo& the alarm
clock and finally the beds.
When the fingerprint man ar
rived today, they told him he'd
have to do the best he could, since
Detroit criminals don't follow the
Detroit police working schedule.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-10-27
Clio Aide Didn't Quit,
He's Sick, Union Says

An announced resignation of
James Porter as a regional direc-
tor of the Go, in protest against
"raiding' of the AFL Transfers
Union. was repudiated today by
Ray Thomason, acting regional
director, who replaced Porter.
Porter. said Thomson. was
given a leave of absence, with pay,
for disqualification.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-10-27
Man Fleeing Deputy
Wounded in Back
TImr. stan Corrr.pondent

MONROE. Oct. 27-Arrested
for creating disturbance in a
beer garden, Cecil Dobbs, %, was
near death today in Monroe Hos
pital from a shot in the back fired
by a sheriff's deputy as he at
tempted to escape while being
taken into the county Jail.
Dobbs. a railway section hand,
was shot by Deputy Harold Will
son who said he chased him for
two blocks after he made break
for freedom on the Jail steps,
shouted 10 him twice TO halt and
then fired.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-10-27
TRACED BY LICENSE

Nowak died in Receiving Hos
pital of injuries received late Fri
day when he was struck at East
-EeFry-ard@ ButoTs avrnues. me
driver left the scene. but a wit
ness obtained his license number
and Edward Kozak, "A Of 1883
Tarnow avenue, was arrested.
Jones was killed at Fenkell and
Dolphin avenues when he was
first struck by car driven by
Richard r. Alexander, %, of S22
West Fort street. and then thrown
against the auto of Alex Jeffray.
"a. of 121l4 Schoolcraft avenue.
Jeffray's car dragged Jones body
l76 feet. police said. Both drivers
were held for investigation of neg
ligent homicide.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-10-27
Mill Piepul TO Speak

,Milt Piepul, fullback on the
Detroit Lions and captain of the
Notre Dame football team in 1910,
will be the speaker at the Young
Mems dinner 10 be held AT 6
p. m. tomorrow at the Hannah
Y NJ. c. A.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-10-27
POLICEMEN HURT

Pajoff was killed by car driven
by Joseph p Checkousky. 20. of
20l79 Greeley avenue, As he was
crossing at st. Aubin avenue.
Witnesses said Pajoff ran into
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-10-27
Coffin Gets Y.M.C.A. Post

II. A. Coffin of Detroit, today
was elected vice president of the
national council of the Young
Mems Christian Association at
that groups annual convention in
ColurnhiI< O
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-10-27
Seize SiIverston
In Gang Murder
Here Of Levine
Police Hunt Bennett
After FBl Locates
Missing Witness
BY JOSEPH UNiEK

Jack (Scotty the Bookkeeper)
Silverston was rearrested today
for the murder OF Sidney Levine,
"a. gangland figure, on Aug. ID,
1910. He had been accused previ-
ously but released.
Sought is David Potato Nose)
Bennett. former joint defendant
with Silverston in warrants issued
when Levine was killed.
The order TO arrest both men
was issued by Insp. John o. Whit
man of the homocide squad. after
missing witness in the case
Bernard Weiss, q. was located by
FBI agents in Talladegas, Ala.
on Fugitive warrant.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-10-27

Deaths of three pedestrians and
a motorist who crashed head-on
into street car on Grand River
avenue raised Detroits 1871 traf-
fc toll TO PA today, "a deaths
ahead of last years total at this
time.
Among the seriously injured is
76-year-old Mrs. Nellie Mepham of
1924 Morrell avenue, who is in Re-
ceiving Hospital. the victim of a
hit-run driver. The motorist
stopped his car, got out and looked
at her as she was lying in the
street and then ran back and
drove away.
Two patrolmen were also in
jured chasing a speeder, and the
driver with whose car they col
lided as they raced along Seven
Mile road was charged with
reckless driving.
WEEKEND DEATH TOLL
The dead:
ROBERT HOOKER, 5021 South
Clarendon avenue.
PHILLIP NOWAK. SIS. of
5706 Chene street. victim of a
hit-run driver who was later
captured.
PAUL A. JONES, "a, of 1876
Centralia avenue, BEDFORD
Township.
JOHN PAJOFF, So, OF 5000
Gallagher avenue.
Hooker was killed shortly after
6 a. m. today when his car
crashed into the street car at
Grand River and Roosevelt ave-
nue.. A man believed 10 be David
Green, 1926 Grand River avenue.
riding with him. was critically in
jured and is in Receiving Hospital.
Mrs. Mepham was injured late
last night as she was crossing
Beaubien street al East Mil
waukee 10 transfer from an Oak
land avenue 10 a Grand Belt bus.
She could give police no descrip-
ton of the car nor driver and no
one of four persons who witnessed
the accident from a distance OBJ
tanned the license number of the
auto.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-10-27
SLAIN ON STREET

Silverston was located on
Twelfth street this morning by
Sergt. LYMAN Ulnick of the homo
eide squad.
Silverston and Bennett were
charged with the murder five days
after Levine was shot down in the
street by two men in what was be-
lieved gangster shilling. They
were later released. however, be-
cause Weiss had disappeared.
Recorders Judge Donald Var
Zile finally dismissed charges with.
out prejudice last April 10 wher
Weiss could not be located. With.
out prejudice" meant the case
could be reopened later.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-10-27
LOUIS TRAINING THEN

Under cross-examination. De-
Tense Attorney LOOMS brought
out that Roxborough was out OF
the city with Joe Louis from jan
uary to September OF 1899, while
Louis was training for his fight
with Bob Pastor.
did you know Roxborough
was out OF the city during that
period ?" LOOMS asked.
NO." Anderson replied.
LOOMS then asked Anderson
what he had talked about at 8
a. m. today when he met group
OF defense attorneys in the Ma
tional Bank Building.
I'VE talked about the boats on
the river and the weather and
can't remember bout what
else" Anderson replied.
"You can't remember what
YOU talked about two hours ago.
vet you can remember hat
happened two years ago."
LOOMS commented.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-10-27
HELD UNDER U. s. LAW

Weiss is held by federal agents
under a law prohibiting a witness
in a criminal case from fleeing
across state line. Detective Lieut..
Thomas Hutchinson is now en-
route to Alabama to return him.
Silverston, "a, was key figure
in the now famous DR.. Martin B.
Robinson fix" case. Indicted in
the gambling conspiracy, Silver
ston was fugitive at the. time OF
the trial Later arraigned, he was
never convicted.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-10-27
Joe Louis Name
Raised as Afbi
In Reading Trial
State Witness Calls
Manager Roxboroueh
Go-Between in PayoH \

The name of heavyweight cham
pion Joe Louis today was brought
into the trial OF former Mayor
Richard w. Reading and So others
on grand jury graft charges as
defense attorneys attempted to es-
tablish an alibi for defendant
John Roxborough, co-manager OF
Louis.
marlborough was named today
by state witness William L. An
derson as the man TO whom he
had paid 500 a month between
January and July of 1889. Ander-
son. who was a partner with Lee
Williams and Bee Mitchell in a
policy house. testified that Rox-
borough told him he had to take
the money downtown"
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1941-08-15
Harry Burleigh, Famous
Singer and Composer, Is
Nominated ASCAP Board

Among those first to be inn
pressed by Burleigh was George
Maxwell, one of the founders and
first president of ASCAP. Bur-
leigh himself is a charter member
of the Society. He is meticulous in
his manuscript writing and his
copy prepared for printers looks
Burleigh has an honorary degree
of Master of Arts from Atlanta
University and of Doctor of Music
from Howard University. In 1917,
he received the Spingarn Award
for distinguished achievement in
music. HE has written more than
so spirituals and the concert ar
rangements of more than 100. In
addition he has composed more
than 200 songs. Among his best
known numbers are "Jean," Gust
You," "The Grey Wolf" Ethiopia
Saluting the Colors," "The Young
Warrior" and "The Soldier" He
did the settings for "The Five
Songs of Laurence Hope"
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1941-08-15
Twin City
News Briefs

Miss Ruth Benner, ga Carroll
avenue, left Monday for Youngs-
town, Ohio, where she will visit her
cousins for a few days. She will
accompany her sister, Helen, home.
Mr.. and Mrs. w. II. McAlister
and granddaughter, Lula Jane, of
Topeka, Kans., were the house
guests of Mr.. and Mrs. R. J. Sise-
more for the past week.
Mrs. Helen Williams, of Carroll
avenue, entertained friends at an
outdoor barbecue at Minnehaha
Falls, the occasion being the cele-
bration of the birthdays of Mrs.
Williams and Antoinette Morris,
young daughter of Mr.. and Mrs.
Ed. Morris. The guest list included
about % persons.
Mrs. Clifford Hawkins, 419 Col
fax Ave. No., entertained at break
fast on Friday, August 8, honor
ing Mrs. A. R. Howard, ST., of
Sumpter, S. c., who is in the city
visiting her son, Rev. A. R. How
ard, Jr., pastor of Border Metho-
dist Church, and her daughter,
Mrs. Evelyn Hawkins of 2201 9Th
Ave. So. Guests included: Mrs.
B. S. Smith and her house guest,
Mrs. Thos. S. Rose of Chicago,
Mrs. George Hall of st. Paul; Mrs.
A. R. Howard, Jr., and Mrs. Evelyn
C. Hawkins.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1941-08-15
YOungdahl Has
Signed Poll
Tax Petition

In a letter to this newspaper,
received this week, Congressman
Oscar F. Youngdahl of Mime
apohs revealed that he had
recently signed House Petition
No. l, which would, if enough
signatures are obtained, release
H. R. bill No. 1924, the Geyer
Anti-Poll tax bill from committee
and allow the House to vote it up
or down.
Congressman Youngdahl had
been criticised by individuals and
organizations in Minnesota for his
failure to sign the discharge petit
ton before. In a letter to the
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car
Porters, Twin City Division, in
May, he said he did not believe in
signing discharge petitions.
The Brotherhood had written all
of the Minnesota Congressman on
the Geyer bill at the suggestion of
an editorial in this newspaper.
Congressman YoungdahPs sig
nature makes the Congressman
from the Twin City area 1000 on
the bill. Both Melvin Mas of the
Fourth District and Richard Gale
of the Third, were among the first
to sign the petition.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1941-08-15
RECORD EXHIBITS
STRESS DEFENSE
AT STATE FAIR
National Needs Graphically
Depicted in Marvellous Dis
plays at the Big Exposition

The Northwest's ringing answer
to the challenge Of national de-
tense needs will be graphically de-
picted at the Minnesota State Fair,
August % to September l.
Mobilizing its facilities of service
and education behind the banners
of the democracies, the Fair Man
agement has spurred production of
farm, factory and fireside with all
time record premiums of $146,6O2
production which is reflected in
57,216 individual exhibits valued at
$4,000, 900.
Outstanding Exhibits
Prize cattle, swine and sheep,
outstanding displays of corn,
grasses, grains, potatoes and other
field crops, unique developments in
farm methods and machinery, and
new ideas for the home will be on
review in this demonstration of
economic strength.
Attention of the draft horse
world will be centered on the Ma
tional >Percheron Show, which has
been returned to the Fair for the
third successive year. Percheron
breeders from virtually every state
and Canadian province will send
entries to the show.
Reassuring answer to the world
demand for cheese, butter and milk
will be the enlarged exhibits of
dairy products representative of
Minnesota's $150,000,OOO dairy in
dustry.
Augmented premiums and the
need for increased production of
corn, grains and other field crops
will be reflected in the expanded
agricultural exhibits.
Mirroring the vast surge of agri-
cultural development, the 80 acres
Of famed Machinery Hill will buzz
with activity as the nations lead
ing manufacturers put on display
the newest types Of tractors, baby
combines and other farm machin.
cry.
Women's Display Best
Displays in the Woman's Activi-
ties department will reach a new
record with display of the prize
baking, canning and needlework Of
more than 5000 women.
Americas farm army Of tomor-
row-the All Club members-will
have complete demonstrations and
exhibits in their new building.
Nearly 1000 boys and girls will
compete.
The bee, wool, school exhibits
and varied industries departments
will have enlarged displays.
Special dog, puppy and cat shows
will be staged August 80, 81 and
September /.
New varieties Of plants and vege.
tables will be on display in the
horticultural division.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1941-08-15
Big Labor
Picnic Aug. II,
At Riverlyn

All Out and All Welcome to
Smash Hitler Labor Picnic and
Barbecue, all day Sunday, August
18th, at Riverlyn Park, Goth and
Lyndale Avenue North. Sports
and Games. You can take a shot
at Hitler! Dancing in Pavilion,
Lunch in the Spacious Picnic
Grounds of Beautiful Riverlyn,
Barbecued Ribs and Lamb, product
of famous barbecuer w. T. Olas.
Special games for children. Bring
the whole family for a day of en-
joyment. Hear Ned Sparks, promi-
nent labor leader of Milwaukee,
speak on how to defeat Hitler, and
meet Helen Allison Winter, choice
of $4,000 voters in Minneapolis
Election. Free transportation to
picnic grounds from 18th Avenue
North and Lyndale bryant car
line). Prizes, Educational Fea-
lures, Fun.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1941-08-15
MANY SOLDIERS
WANT THE NEWS
FROM BACK HOME

In the camps a soldier receives
this paper weekly because some
member of his family or friend
sends it to him. The most eco
nomical way to send the paper is
to have our circulation department
send it weekly. A one years out
of-town subscription costs only
$3.50 and it's worth $40 in pleas
ure to the boys who are a long way
from home in Uncle Sans army.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1941-08-15

Harry T. Burleigh, noted Negro
composer, has been nominated for
the board of directors of the
American Society of Composers,
Authors and Publishers. Mr.. Bur-
leigh is one of eight candidates
named for three vacancies on the
ASCAP board to be filled by
Standard composers. Others nOmi-
mated are Deems Taylor and Obey
Speaks, present board members,
and Clara Edwards, Horace john
son, Godfrey O'Hara, John Tasker
Howard and Harvey Enders.
Mr.. Burleigh, who is approach
ing his 18th birthday, is active as
baritone soloist at exclusive st.
Georges Protestant Episcopal
Church in New York City. He was
a pioneer in correlating folk music
to art music and was instrumental
in popularizing spirituals. Among
his best known spiritual arrange
ments is that of Deep River"
Best known of his original COM
positions is Little Mother of
Mine," sung throughout the world
by John Mccormack.
Burleigh was born Dec. 2, 1866,
in Erie, Pa. His grandfather had
been a slave in Maryland; his
mother was a college graduate.
While singing in Erie churches as a
youth, Burleigh won scholarship
in the National Conservatory OF
Music in New York City. The
registrar of the school was Mrs.
Frances Knapp Mcdowell, mother
of Edward Mcdowell. Mrs. Mac
Dowell gave Burleigh employment
in her office to aid him financially.
At the conservatory he studied
with many famous teachers, in
Guiding Antonin Dvorak, with
whom a great friendship sprang
up.
While singing in the Negro
choir at st. Philips Episcopal
Church in 1894, Burleigh learned
of a vacancy in the choir at st.
Georges. Of go applicants, Bur-
leigh, the only Negro, was selected.
For rs years, beginning in 1900,
he also was a member of the choir
of Temple Emanuel. Rurleigh
sings in English, Hebrew, Latin,
Italian, French and German.
The first ]. P. Morgan invited
Burleigh to the Morgan home each
Christmas for years and at his
death had left instructions that
the baritone was to sing "Cal-
vary" at his funeral. Burleigh
performed before King Edward
VII twice during a concert tour of
Europe. He gave up concert work
at go.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1941-08-15
Embree Refuses
To Answer Georgia
Governors Charge

Chicago. - Edwin R. Embree,
president of the Julius Rosenwald
Fund, asserted here last Wednes-
day that the fund has as its sole
objective, expenditures to benefit
mankind.
Embree declined to discuss the
charge by Gov. Eugene Talmadge
of Georgia that the Rosenwald
Fund advocates the teaching of
white and colored children in the
same schools. Such an issue fig
ured in the recent ousting of DR..
Walter D. Cooking and DR.. Mar
vim S. Pittman from positions
with white state schools in Georgia
because of their liberal views on
the race problem.
He did assert that the Fund "did
not necessarily" advocate the CO.
education of whites and Negroes,
but worked with conditions as
found and that in the South there
were laws providing for the segre-
cation of whites and Negroes in
the school system. Said he:
"The life of the Fund has COW
cred two distinct periods of ap-
proximately decade of each. Dur
ing the first period, the Fund was
devoted to a program of helping
build schoolhouses for Negroes in
the South.
During the second period, the
Fund was enlarged into general
foundation under the control of an
active and responsible board of
trustees and under the direction
of a group of officers who gave
their full time to the work.
ain this period, the activities
were expanded to include various
aspects of Negro education and
welfare and also programs in medi-
cal economics, library service, gen.
eral education, social studies, race
relations, and more recently, a
special effort in rural education"
DR.. Embree said the julius Ros-
enwald Fund was Incorporated
under the laws of Illinois and was
authorized to receive and disburse
funds for philanthropic causes,
the purpose as stated in the char
ter being "for the well-being of
making" The Fund has received
gifts from other sources, such as
Carnegie Cooperation, Embree
said.
In a report of the Fund in 1910,
DR.. EmbTee wrote:
Among the weaknesses of our
democracy is our treatment of
Negroes. Our attitude toward this
race is a threat to the whole theory
and practice of democracy.
$50 long as we degrade one seq
ment of the people we set a pat
tern of caste and discrimination
that may easily be transferred to
other groups. 1t is a question not
only of the rights of the Negroes
themselves: it is a question of the
total health and strength of the
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1941-08-15

Pastor of Mt. Olvet, Entertaining
Church and Corresponding Secre-
tary of Convention
Rev. Wheeler was elected Presi-
dent of Sunday School Convention
in June.
grammed some of our leading
Evangelistic preachers for these
services.
DIR. JemisOn to Preach
DR.. D. V. Jemison, President of
the National Baptist Convention,
will preach Thursday evening the
21st. Mrs. W. S. Legion, President
of the National Baptist Woman's
Convention, will speak also.
Sunrise Service
The young people will motor to
Snail Lake for a sunrise service
Wednesday morning. Rev. VIM.
Smith of Sioux Falls, S. D., will be
the speaker. The local committee
has planned a sightseeing trip for
the messengers. There will be a
public reception for DR.. D. V. Jemi-
son and Mrs. W. S. Legion Thurs
day night, August Fl.
One of the special features will
be a ministers chorus, conducted
by Rev. VIM. Shaw of Ottumwa,
Iowa. Rev. Wheeler, the entertain
ing Pastor, is expecting $50 tines
sengers." This promises to be one
of the greatest meeting of this as
ISOLATION.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1941-08-15

Ottumwa, Iowa, Supervisor Music
of the Convention
by, Mr.. Harvey Hopkins, Edith
Massie, all of Mt. Olivet; Peter
McFarlane of Union Gospel Mis-
sion, and Cecil Newman, editor of
the St. Paul Recorder.
Some of the high-lights of the
Convention: Sun Rise Services
every morning, 600 a. m. Rev.
E. D. johnson, Chairman of the
Evangelistic Board, has pro-