davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-12-24

sContsnued Prem raxe on-l
- ne 1apen<ss. eseelupinx th<zr
ianasnE 81 th< kulf ros.f -
mites nerth - the capital. .ttssk.
81 sisa " n. fiksa ami kp.fri
arsAs
Newspsp<r sl<p>teA>~ $50
hire ts~er ssN~~r~rtsI s~~-
t.i-ias theasseas - J.r&e<><
lad s~~. s.~k ~ s<sslt~sy
fire EFF SO Fsk<s.. ~ ~
Isssssee .<stsf. ssa Thai Iva
Jsr.ae-s slss~s he'd s~es ss>s
ae~s.
AL remaining infantry. sftllieFy
sna engineer coFrs offlcsEs wsFs
ralist u eelers ~ tnAsn<siA.ts -.
tive duty Tuesday a. ths eesa.
hinsa United states rhfappsas.
armies sirdsa for the Hest ssssx.
Japanese sls.es ~ the r.s1fls
war.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-12-24

Buy ". 8. Bonds and Save!
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-12-24
sArs ACTIVE N Am

A D m army s~mmunsen<
said fighting euafinaea 81 TIE
norshsrn fsons ~ssh - asssFtsl
change In pesitlans
rhe. Japanese ~es. vess -
tive IN th> sis. " s.ss
The sssasflnn ~ the Dss.s area
- Alaasn.n island. srash Il
Manila. wss stlii eh~eufe. \
added.
The Par Eastern headquarters
oommanlqus. issued ~ II . N.
said
-N~sy h~ssy fighting h -
Ing ~ - tie s-vsh~ss treat
n reported Intensified J.rxnese
hemssng activity ard ssla that
eight Japanese planes had h>~n
shot dawn N rsesnt days ~ thf~s
pllots ere q Filipino. ths others
American.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-12-24

satisfactorily served thsrein por -
less, asht consecutive years
Members NJ The United States
cosst Grard Hsssrvs. ether than
temporary members. received fhs
same classification - msmhsrs n
the Naval Reserve
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-12-24
Reclassify Men for Service;
Class IVA Is Discontinued

consecutive yesss !. the r~g-
uisr army or N the active
national guard.
ANY person who VAS ~ officer
or enlisted man In the active M.
tionai guard At the tim. fissd for
registration. and who satisfactorily
~ryed therein for Al least sin con.
seeutive years
ANY person who va. an officer
In tho Officers. Reserve eeFps on
the eligible is, ., the time fixed
for registration. and who sstls.
hetoriiy served therein on the
.lisible list foe At least sis con
seoutiv~ years
ANY .prrsea .he - . nssas-
her Of the Naval ass~svs -
the Marine Corps resesve sat
i.ssetersiy served fer NJ hast
ess year m active duty ssd
FOE ~ hast TIVE consecutive
years IN TIE beGtanr NAVY et
Marine Corps ar with IN ss-
Eanised ,ss,t 81 We Naval Ne
s~rve ~ ths Marine Cssps
reserve.
ANY peson who WAS IN offioe'
or enlisted man in the organised
Naval Reserve OF In the organ
izsd Msrine Corps Reserve st the
time fixed for registration. and
who satisfactorily served thsrsir
for at least s,s consecutive years
Any person who ~~s an offissl
or enlisted man IN th~ Hsva
h~ehant Marine Reserve OF Vol
sntssr Naval Reserve or voIunsss
Marine Corps Reserve al the tim
fixed for registration. and wh'
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-12-24
Observation-Disclosures

" esss hF-'sT eiseyits.
hrss1s rcs --sr bs.ogs
y fsss sF-- s-1T Ger r-stt
s-ss s,s RE- er-- cflzsi
.-s- s-sfs St-sr 20 fs.s
s-s Frsf etc
~- -sss Ncrf ..f-r . sscs -
Cs-fe-~s f-sr VIII tic.Sys 81
<-ssr o9sffY
yo ,.,sf' - 80 ssfrs s-fses-
we-- 81 .lfs-t01. Hcr 49,
-sfsls Csrfe-rIsl fiogf
eoc's1E
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-12-24

p<>~~rts. 1r1sys - s<s~<v1ss -
r~<s~s ~ re- f1ow n eo<oruu<y
EnurI<=1es ee1 - ssIp=lI@9 -
- nz<p~n<1ed - e<e<rxzso ol1<u~
sn@t>z re- - lIz<<tznu n fHe -
- To - nrssvr~s~<b an~~a1
Enne - meH1zz<ps oer@lu4<y
~ - nzll>~e snplemeatnsfce =
Ne fe-sues<u pvf~<ipi>s=
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-12-24
WHITE HOUSE GUEST

WHITE HOUSE GUEST
The British prime minister Is Mr..
Roosevelts guest at the White
House. Other members of the
party scattered to hotels. Lord
Beaverbrook. British minister Of
supply, to the swsnk Mayflower
Canadian Prime Minister ". l..
Mackenzie King announced In OF
tawa that he would visit Wash
ington while Churchill IL here.
There are no plans TO take
the public far into the conf
dence Of the comforting states
men.
The two men are aided today by
British and American military
chieftains. With Churchill came
Lord Beaverbrook. British minis
ter Of supply. Sir Dudley Pound.
first sea lord. Air Chief Marshal
Sir Charles y. A. Portal. and Sir
John Dill, former chief of the i'm
nsrtal ganeral staff ard nous so.s
ernor OF BOMBAY
The fou, ,h..,.,. n, mar .x.
pected TO be agreed upon probably
win no assigned variou.ly n IN.
cor,rol q, m.,or m.r,h.rs =, ~.
ar,i..x,. i..vu. THAI a.. -
n.cted IN he:
Europe.
-
4 Middle East and North Africa.
!
- INV ''"''' N''a'e'
a r.. p..,,. 40
s..,,., D. -.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-12-24
Churchill, F. D.,
Map War Program

Continued From Page onel
here. The best current explsns-
ton was that the United states
navy had given the sea-going Brit
on proper salute.
Smyrna times., 1941-08-07

C1HeN PUTTING FLOWERS m WATER NEVER
CUT THE STEM WITH a SCISSORS. THIS CLOSES
THE ENDS OF THE 5TEh5, AND so PREVENTS
THE WATER FROM ENTERING. ALWAYS CUT
THE STEMS OuA SLANT WITH A KNIFE"
Smyrna times., 1941-08-07

the Army and Navy of the Philip
pine Commonwealth within the
command of the armed forces of
the United States, and named Gen.
Douglas A. Macarthur, former
Chief of Staff, commanding gener-
al.
The State Department protested
the dropping of bombs by japanese
planes near the U. S. Gunboat
"Tutuila," and announced the Incl
dent closed after the Japanese
Government promised full investi-
cation and reparauon. Acting Sec
retary Welles denounced Germany
for its note to the Mexican Govern
ment with regard to the blacklist
recently issued by President Roose-
velt and for the Nazi Government S
reported threats of reprisal.
Aid to Russia
Lend-Lease Administrator Hop
kins arrived in Moscow to discuss
exdepiting of needed war materials
to the Soviet Union and the Rus
sian Military Mission conferred
with President Roosevelt and the
State Department. Acting Secre-
tary Welles said Lend-Lease aid
has not been discussed because the
Russian Government can purchase
needed materials with cash.
Tax Anticipation Notes
The Treasury placed on sale al
Federal Reserve Banks tax antici-
patton notes intended to help tax
payers set aside sufficient money tc
meet increased tax bills of the
coming year. The notes are re.
deemable in cash or as payment fol
income taxes and bear interest uI
to 1872 percent. Secretary Nor.
genthau, in a letter to all banking
institutions, said ut is important
that the taxpayers of the nation
become aware of the unprecedent.
ed taxes they will have to pay next
year on this years income, anc
they should be encouraged to sci
aside funds now with which tc
meet those later payments"
Army
The War Department created
five air support commands in order
to coordinate the activities of avia
ton units and ground forces. The
Department announced the sigma
Corps has developed electrical sen
tries that will warn of invading
aircraft long before they are ac
tually sighted" but said the Army
needs 500 ment from the radio en-
gineering field to learn to operat,
the secret devices.
War Secretary Stimson said /,
600 airplanes and 10000 Air Corp
offers and enlisted men will TAX
part in maneuvers stressing coordi
Smyrna times., 1941-08-07
EX Of The
.HU'S'MARINES
TRAVEL ON SNOW CRUISER

Camels, mules, oX-carts and air
planes have been used by the U. S.
Marines as modes of transporta-
tion. but at least four of Uncle
Sans sea soldiers know how it
feels to travel in snow cruiser
the first craft of this type ever
made.
The Marines were with the Ad-
miral Byrd expedition to the Ant
arctic and were selected to make
the trip because of their abilities
as radio operators, mechanics, or
airplane pilots. The strange craft
in which they made their home at
the faraway southern base was
called the Penguin.
Built like a huge trailer, approx
imately so feet long and 20 feet
wide, it was powered by two Cum
minis diesel engines. The odd con-
veyance included cooking, living
Smyrna times., 1941-08-07

and sleeping quarters, machine
shop, engine room and other COM
partments.
Huge rubber-tired wheels, weigh
ing three tons each, enabled the
snow cruiser to pass over wide
spaces in broken ice fields without
making detours, and the cruiser
also was able to carry an airplane
on its ample roof.
/ Living in the odd craft was fair
ly comfortable. the Marines say,
except when it became colder than
40 below zero and the kerosene in
the cruiser wouldn't burn. At such
times they were forced to seek
shelter where coal was available.
Minerals which promise to prove
valuable were found by geol-
ogists with the expedition, and
new shore lines and mountains
were discovered. The Marines had
a good opportunity to test ex-
tremes of temperature, most OF
them having served previously in
the tropics.
Smyrna times., 1941-08-07

Defense Savings Stamps available !?
A. Ten cents. 25 cents, 500 cents,
81, and So. An album is given
free with first stamp purchase to
mount stamps of 25 cents up.
Q. In what denominations are
Defense Savings Bonds available?
A. You can buy Series E Bond
for S1s.75. $3.50, SIS, s375, OF
S7750. The prices of Series F
Smyrna times., 1941-08-07

Bonds range from STA to S7,4O0;
Series G Bonds from S100 to S10,-
900.
Note.-To buy Defense Bonds
and Stamps. go to the nearest post
office. bank, or savings and loan
association; or write to the Treas
urer of the United States. Wash
ington, D. c., for a mail-order
form.
Smyrna times., 1941-08-07

AUG. I2."klNG PHILIP DIED NEAR MOUNT
HOPE, ,R.L,AN0 THE WAR WHICH BEARS HIS
NAME CAME TO- CLOSE .'/676
AUG. rs .'.AMERlCAN5 UNDER JOHN STARK
DEFEATED THE BRITISH ~ THE BATTLE OF
BENNINGTON, VERMONT -. .''fT71
Smyrna times., 1941-08-07
This Week
In Defense

President Roosevelt sent a spec
ial message to Congress saying we
stand. as we did in the closing
months of 1915, at the beginning
of an upward swing of the whole
nrice structure" and asked author
ity to set ceilings for prices and
rents. to purchase commodities
when necessary to assure price sta
bility, and to deal more extensively
with excesses in installment credit.
He said the facts today are
frighteningly similar" to the situa-
tion in the last war when the
wholesale price index increased
nearly 140 percent between octo-
ber, 1915, and June, 1920. In the
past 60 days wholesale prices have
risen more than five times as fast
as during the preceding period
since the outbreak of the war in
Europe, h esaid.
1.-The whole production machin-
cry falters under imitation" he said
and "the unskilled worker, the
white-collar worker, the farmer
the small business man and the
small investor all find that their
dollar buys ever less and less"
The Bureau of Labor Statistics
announced its index of prices, as OF
July 26, stood at 88.8 percent OF
the 1926 average, 10 percent above
a year ago. Price Administrator
Henderson said the crisis in the
Far East necessitates price CELL
ing on raw silk and may make nee
essary ceiling on tin prices. He
asked dealers and consumers not to
pay prices for high grade waste
paper above those prevailing July
&C. pending an investigation of the
price structure.
Economic Defense
President Roosevelt created ar
Economic Defense Board consisting
of Vice President Wallace, Chair
man, seven Cabinet members, anc
such additional members as Mr.
Wallace may select, The President
said the new Board will formulate
the nations international economic
policy, coordinate the economic ac'
tivities of defense agencies anc
plan for postwar reconstruction.
Foreign Affairs
The President ordered the freez
ing of all japanese credits in the
United States and etended the or
der to Chinese assets to protec
China against japanese use of as
sets controlled from occupied
China. The President ais oplacet
Smyrna times., 1941-08-07

British women are teaching Ger
man pilots in prison camps the art
of making.
Smyrna times., 1941-08-07
DEFENSE BOND
@ uiz

Q. In what denomination are
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-12-17
Urqes Fitness for Defense

UMBUS. O.. Dec. II
tlNS Americas physical ft-
ness. or the lack Of II, constitutes
a serious problem in its relation
10 the national defense effort.
Miss Alice Marble, nationally.
known tennis star and member
Of the speakers bureau Of the ma
tional board Of physical defense
declared TODAY.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-12-17
DIFFERENT IN SCOPE

However, il is thought in some
responsible qua RI ers that the
Set-up VIII be somewhat different
in scope than the supreme allied
command OF the first World War.
There are indications that there
may be general board of
strategy with a chairman rather
than a gcncrallSSimo such as the
late Marshal FoCh.
The battlefronts in the war are
so far flung that the problem Of
unified action Is regarded as one
of deciding grand strategy rather
than commanding military forces.
II is considered possible that
there may eventually be unified
commands in the various theaters
Of war, such as American naval
command in the Pacific: British
army command IN tho Middle
East, and Russian military com
mand IN Eastern Europe.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-12-17
Allied Strategy
Head Expe:cted
10 Be American
BY KINGSBURY SMITH
Init New, SerSir. stan Correspondent

WASHINGTON, Dec. Thigh
official quarters in Washington to-
day anticipate an early announce
ment concerning plans for unified
allied action 10 direct the grand
strategy of the war against the
Axis.
? The announcement is expected
TO be made by the White House.
The question of unified planning
OF major strategy is now being
discussed by the United States,
Great Britain and HE other pow
ers engaged in war against the
Axis.
There is a general feeling that
something should he done quickly
for coordination of the campaign
TO defeat the Axis powers.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-12-17
5-NATIoN BOARD

The view prevails in some dip
lonatic quarters that the unified
sct.up should be confined 10 the
FIVE ma or Allied powers, such as
the United States Great Britain,
Russia. the Netherlands and China.
However, there is strong reason
10 believe Australia intends 10 in
sfst onFepreScntaiion II Australia
IS granted a scat on the board
Canada. New Zealand and the
smaller Allied powers probably
VIII wish 10 be represented
-Great Britain and tho Neither
lands are believed 10 favor an out
right alliance among the Allied
powers. In tho first World War.
the United States remained an
associate power rather than an
outright Ally The British. par.
ticularly are understood 10 hope
this country Will agree 10 closer
relations this time.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-12-17
Allied
Strategy
United

LONDON, Dec. II CINS):-yThe
British government today formally
announced establishment of nut
most cooperation among Great
Britain. the United, States and
Soviet Russia for the defeat OF
HtleriSm.
AS formulation of grand
Allied strategic war plan took
shape, the question was raised in
the House of Commons by Edgar
Granville. Liberal National.
Granville asked the government
TO consider steps 10 create an
Allied war council to include rep
resentatives OF Britain, Russia and
the United States for the purpose
OF obtaining closest cooperation
in all matters affecting production.
propaganda and the world-scale
strategy called for by President
Roosevelt. y
UNITE IN VITAL FIELDS -
To this Major Richard Clement
Attlee. lord privy seal. and Prime
Minister Churchill's deputy in the
House replied:
"All steps are being taken 10
Insure utmost cooperation both
In the field Of strategy and sup
ply among the United States,
Great Britain and Soviet Rus
STA
That p grand alliance for sue
cessful prosecution of the war is
~ the making was evident 10
London quarters in the light OF
Washington reports that klmpor-
tant representatives OF the British
government have arrived in the
American capital. for a series Of
conferences.
Informed London quarters re-
Garded II as equally important u
hold a conference with Russia and
10 obtain hrst-hand knowledge
regarding Soviet strategy with re-
Spect 10 Japanese Developments
and the German foat on the cast
crn front
For the Inside News" of
Washington. Follow Paul Nal
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-12-17
BOARD TO DECIDE

/. However. IL is felt in Washing
Ton that The major strategy OF
deciding where and when The AXIS
should bo hit hardest and of allo-
eating supplies. viii be left 10 a
general hoard composed Of repre-
>cntatyes Of the major Allied
powers.
The American government Is
going 10 insist that the board or
whatever Setup. Is decided upon
shall be heAdquartered in Wash
ington . II already is assured The
support Of several Of the Allied
powers in this respect. including
the Netherlands and China.
The chairman OF the board also
is expected 10 he an American
Among tho names beng mentioned
for" ~the post are Col. William j.
Donovan head Of the Office Of the
co-ordinstoT of information. Gen.
George {. Marshall, army chief
or staff and Admiral William D.
Lcahy American ambassador 10
France.
CndcrSeCrctary Of State Sumner
WcllcS also IS considered as a
possible choice.
While the boards headquarters
would be in Washington. its mem
hers might meet AZ various places,
such as London or Moscow. when
decisions directly affecting those
countries are under consideration.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-12-17

rpce' Sp5i,ct 10 81 sale, Tm
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-12-17
Scarfs and
Squares
Are Gifts for Her"
Soc

Answer to your Christmas-gift
questions over THIR
STYLES on our counters 10
help you find just what you've
been looking for. Printed rayon
satin ascots in vivid floral and
paisley patterns 4. sheer wool
squares in plaids and checks :.
spun rayon squares with floral
designs sheer wool scarfs.
NEcKWEAR-FIRST BASEMENT
WooDWARD-SEcTIoN z
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-11-04
On Broadway.

disappearing country-except England where he
is just another good playwright.
The prosperity of the British newspapers, all
of which are making more money than they did
before the They restricted 20 four
small-size pages Tor eight tab)oid-size) and their
price is pegged at a penny. For the first time
they are making profit out of circulation as
well as advertising
rT'HE morale in Germany, which is worse than
anybody Except United States Embassy Of
ficials) realizes
The intelligentsia can't figure out how Ger
many can win the war; the lower classes say
ia, we won glorious victories In 1sl4-l8. too.
but lost the war"
And the middle classes don't say anything
they Just breathe, which is pretty poor subst-
iute for living
The Savoy Bar the meeting place of young
naval lieutenants who have boards more luxurious
than Monty Woolleys They are the bravest of
the lot-the submarine commanders
The blitzed parts OF Buckingham Palace still
lacking repairs because there is a shortage Of
labor and the King insists the Palace have its
regular turn.
THE famiy-for generations associated with a
Guards regiment-which lost its last three
male members at Dunkirk And the young
widow. now the family's breadwinner who feels
she isn't doing enough for the war effort
The popularity of Jack Benny among British
listeners. Recordings of his American broad
casts are put on by the BBC-after the COM
merciaIS have been cut out.
The food situation England improving
steadily over the low OF three months ago. You
can get plenty-but not what you want.
T'HE perplexing problem facing every girl in
Britain Should she join the ATS's the
WAAF"s the WREN's? The ATS's are most
needed TO help along the army: the WAAF"s
string with the air force and have the incest
uniforms; and the WREN's, the naval auxiliaries
the snootieSt.
Carol Reed. director OF Night Train" and
1ther movie hits. listening Wide-eycd as re-
orter told him of his great personal success in
America. He honestly had no idea
The sign outside the chop suey place on
Piccadilly Circus:
japanese not served here"
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-11-04

Fairbanks who received S65oOO0 cash on her
divorce from Douglas Fairbanks ST.
"WHY don't you express more opinions as TO
w the effect of women's styles men
What's the matter, are you timid:" asks a
feminine client OF Chicago.
Yes, ma'am. I'm tmid. But 1 will say /
don't like wimples
President Ortiz of Argentina smokes cigars
II inches long That's a lot of cigar what3
"You once quoted Mr.. Wncheil as referring
to the chorus girls, poor kids and observed that
this Indicated the ladies of the ensemble were
well defended you thought you would take up the
cause OF the housewives, poor kids" writes a
young matron of Baltimore.
"And what: Now you continually
deploring the lot of the maids, poor kids Make
up your mind. Eddie. Which side are you on
Don't you know that the housewives, poor
kids have TO pamper the maids. IL Is the maid
that must be pleased.
MANY Of said maids give me pain in the
neck because they 10 feel they BELT
Ting themselves by doing housework.
"You say why don't housewives treat maids
do their secretaries. Why the average
maid would consider that brutality. You have
60 treat a housemaid like a maiden aunt you
expect TO leave you million dollars"
MUssoLINI is 5 feet 6, Hitler feet 10 and
vi Stain 5 feet 5. Mussolin is So. Hitler 81
and Stain 81 -e
Stain is a pipe smoker takes mite of
liquor and has been married three times. His
first two wives died.
Statue of the second is in Moscows Park
OF Culture His present wife is half Jewish.
Stain wrote a book, too. An 825-page book
titled "Lenism."
His salary is equivalent Of $40 a month plus
living expenses Maybe L should have headed
this item who cares
QUERIES from clients
" Q-How many presidents Of the United
States were of Swiss descent.
A-Only Mr.. Hoover.
Q-Why don't you write more about old time
Snowman.
A-What do you mean. sir. about men such
as Al, tGive Me Credit Reeves, Sliding Billy
Watson, Alexander Pantages and Chris Won Der
Ahc
| know Chris was a baseball magnate; but
wasn't he a. Snowman in that line?
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-11-04
QUESTIONS, ANSWERS

n. l.: 1 have a skin ulcera-
tion back OF my ear.-.--l-have
tried all kinds of ointments.
but il won't heal. If / miss
a few days. a watery substance
starts 10 flow.
Answer: Any liberated area
of the skin which does not heal,
no matter where. should have
the benefit of examination by a
physician.
1t may be condition that
slowly turns into skin cancer.
IL may be a wen, in which case
a doctor is useful too.
J. J. D.: Are fallen arches in
peoples feet disease in itself
or only a symptom of some
other serious deterioration of
the body? What is the cause
and remdy of fallen arches?
Answer: Fallen arches. or
fat feet. is not a sign of gen.
eral body inferiority. but
usually a local disease Of the
tendons and arches of the feet
themselves,
They are the result of strain.
most often from occupations
that cause long hours of stand
ing.
Treatment is by arch sup
ports, shoes that support the
foot properly and exercises Ia
strengthen the weak tendons
and muscles. ny
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-11-04

The IuftWaffe chief and Goerings right hand,
has Jewish mother He keeps his job because
he Is the best man available which proves how
phony Hitler is. He even cheats on his Jew
batting.
bank clerks remark
THE blitz Is quite uncomfortable but not
really rs bad your American papers made IL.
After three weeks OF Jerrys pounding last year.
] looked at the latest American papers 20 arrive,
and, by dove almost died OF fright"
VISCOUNT CRANBORNE. the coming young
man OF British politics. He is a gooG
Winter-book bet to become one of Britain's early
peace-time Prime Minsters-after Churchill has
retired with honor and Hitler's scalp Cranborne
is now Secretary of State for the Dominions
Noel Coward. who is lionized in every Eng