davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1941-10-02
BeIgions Cross Africa to Strike Italians in Ethiopia

fThis is the first OF a series of
articles by Chicago Daily NeDs
correspondent Uho donned the
Belgian uniform and trekked
1000 miles up the Congo and
doton the White Nile NTH Belgian
forces stormino Italian strong
holds IN EthiopiG.)
Evening star., 1941-10-02

to know or care whether Belgium
and italy are formally at war
several of the Saio staff frankly
confessed today uncertainty as to
how things stood legally the
juridical pattern was already COM
plete before the black sons of the
Congo embraced their wives and
pickaninnies the last time and faced
eastward.
Italian bombing planes had be-
gun using Belgian fields for take
offs against England and a Belgian
steamer had been sunk by an Ital-
ian submarine. Gov. Gen. Ryck-
mans proclamation of November
IS, that a state of war existed be-
tween Italy and the Congo, was the
signal for launching of the Congo's
plans for a counter invasion Of
Ethiopia which developed rapidly
after the Sudan frontier was crossed
on February 2.
Progress Kept Secret.
The entire heoric progress Of Bel
gums trans-African campaign has
been curtained in secrecy not only
for military reasons but because,
from the time the campaign opened,
Congolese troops were inaccessible.
Foreign correspondents following
the South African Army's progress
around Asmara (Eritrea) or north
ward from Mogadiscio 1talian
Somaliland) were separated from
the Belgians by the italian lines.
The post army could not be
reached from the Sudan because
heavy rains had erased the exist
ence Of the trans-swamp road over
which they reached the foothills of
the Ethiopian mountains. Although,
as far as Belgium is concerned, hos
tilities are suspended and the army's
only task is to ensure order while
the British complete the cleanup
Your correspondent is the first cor
respondent to don a Belgian uni
form and join the trans-African
force In the field.
While preparing a definitive story
OF once-unknown campaign, the
writer Is using as his quarters the
former bedroom of Gen. Cazzera.
The only battle he has thus far en-
gagged in is against hundreds OF
tiny aggressors. too small for the
Belgians to capture. who are still
defending Gen. Cazzeras s mattress
against all corners.
tcopyriRht. 1e41. Chieaso Daily News. IneJ
Evening star., 1941-10-02
Eastern Shore to Map
Anti.PoruIysis Drive

No new infantile paralysis cases
were reported in nearby Maryland
or Virginia today. but announce
me1t was made of a conference Of
Eastern Shore counties at Easton,
Md, October II to map q 1912 par
alysis campaign.
Senator Radcliffe, Democrat, Of
Maryland, will be among the speak
ers before infantile paralysis chair
men. committee members and news
papermen from nine Eastern Shore
counties, Norman W. Harrington.
Talbot County chairman in charge
of conference arrangements, an
nounced.,
Also expected were State Con-
troller J. Millard Tawes, Catherine
C. Gaule, assistant secretary treas
urer Of the State paralysis chapter;
State Senator A. Raymond Marvel,
Democrat, of Talbot County and
other State and chapter officials.
Evening star., 1941-10-02

said two Frenchmen, Henri Leclercq
and Germain Lepoivre. had been
executed following their conviction
by a German military court on
charges of espionage.
Paul Colette. 21-year-old French.
man whose attempt to assassinats
Collaborationist Pierre Laval August
% was followed by widespread sabo-
tage and other acts of violence in
German-occupied France, was con-.
demned to death.
Colette was convicted at q secret
trial yesterday before a special
French anti-treason court In Paris.
M. Laval, former vice premier In
the Petain government, and an asso-
ciate, Marcel Deaf, were wounded
by Colette's gunflre, but now are
convalescing.
NJ Laval, who had asked before
Colette's trial that his assailant be
spared the death penalty, arrived
at his estate near Vichy yesterday,
while M. Deaf was released at the
same time from q hospital at
Versailles.
Gestapo Works Overtime.
With Europes millions chafing
bitterly under the yoke of Naz con-
quest, German executioners and the
dread Gestapo have been forced to
work overtime in the occupied
countries.
Slipping through the night to
kill, burn, wreck and spy on German.
occupying forces, conspirators by
the thousands have challenged Hit
ler's regime in Norway, France, Bel
gium, Holland, Yugoslavia, Greece,
Rumania, Bulgaria and elsewhere
Germany usually says these are
| Communists.
Resorting to the hostages system
Of reprisal-executing men In Jail
for anti-NaZi attacks committed by
! others-Germany has threatened TO
retaliate against the whole populace
of Paris for assaults on Nazi SOL
diers, has executed Dutch and Bel
gians by the score for aiding British
flyers and has shot or hanged un-
told hundreds who refuse TO submit
TO German rule.
In little Croatia alone, tens Of
| thousands of Serbs are reported to
have launched guerrilla warfare
against the Axis-sponsored regime.
Some observers returning from Eu-
rope have predicted a French revolt
within four months, while the Dutch
news agency reported that sabotage
and anti-Nazi demonstrations were
on the increase throughout Holland.
Industries Transfer Predicted.
Authorized Czech quarters In Lon
don said the wave of executions in
Bohemia -Moravia was aimed at pre-
pairing the German-controlled coun-
try for the transfer Of Germanys
heavy industries from bomb Scared
Hamburg, Bremen and Ruhr Valley
industries cities
1T is our belief that the Germans
plan TO reduce the population to
slave -laboring class by killing all
leaders capable of carrying on op-
position, then move heavy indus
tries to Central Europe where they
would be out Of reach Of the
r. A. F."
Czecho-Slovak sources described
the wave of executions in Bohemia
Moravia as an intellectual purge"
These sources said there had been
72o trials by Gestapo courts-martial
and l26 executions.
Evening star., 1941-10-02

that Gen. Gilliaert's two lieutenant
colonels and three majors, heading
three battalions Of colonial troops,
received overtWes OF peace from no
less than nine Italian generals and
370 ranking officers. To these are
added $1,000 Ethiopians, headed by
Eritrean non-commissioned officers.
BeIsians Outnumbered.
In every one of the bitter engage
ments eliminating in the siege Of
Saio the Belgians were outnumbered
between three and four to one
For periods Of as long as two months,
due to the impossible roads and ebb
conditions on the tributaries Of the
White Nile. the Congolese troops
were isolated from all supplies.
Their condition was continuously
more precarious than that of their
antagonists.
How formidable natural barriers
here can be may be judged from the
fact that cavalcade Of American
manufactured Belgian trucks, bear
ing prisoners to camps near Adds
Ababa, is today trapped en- route by
weather conditions in the noun
tains and will not be able to return
until the dry season turns mud into
dust.
The Italian-built network Of
smooth autostrade ends more than
300 miles from Gala Sidamo. Al
though Halle Selassie has succeeded
in sending 60 loyal guardsmen TO
nearby Gore. capital of the province,
where they are under command of
British captain, the Negus' re-
lations with Nilotic Ethiopia, re-
covered for his crown by the Bel
gians, are dependent on local atti-
tudes toward his successive missions.
one of whose leaders in the area
outside of Belgian operations has
been decapitated. Rivalry for con-
troll of Gala Sidamo is being closely
disputed between parties OF pa
triots' and guerrillas, are armed
with ample rifles and ammunition
stolen from Italian magazines.
Risks Closely Studied.
Risks Of taking the Congolese de-
fense force on a rans-African ex-
pedition several time as long as any
similar caravan had attempted, and
Evening star., 1941-10-02
Civil Liberties Union
Counsel Opposes
Press Role in Radio
Ernst Tells F. G. G. Joint
Operotion Of Stations Is
Menace TO Bill Of Rights
BY CARTER BROOKE JONES.


Morris L. Ernst, counsel for the
American Civil Liberties Union, told
the Federal Communications Com
mission today he favored excluding
all newspapers from owning radio
stations.
Testifying at the commission s
hearings on the general policy OF
allowing newspapers to own radio
stations, Mr.. Ernst saw such joint
operation as a menace to the Bill of
Rights.
II don't think" he said, 1--WE can
maintain democracy against Com
munism and Nazi-ism If power in
the market place thus is concen-
trated"
He was willing to concede for the
sake OF argument, that newspapers
could do a better job of running
radio stations than any other inter-
ests, but he felt that radio, the new
pipeline to human thought" could
preserve freedom OF speech only il
there were diversity of ownership.
Mr.. Ernst charged the newspapers
with unfairness in reporting the
present hearings because. he said,
they fail to state their stake in the
matter-the money they had invest
ed in radio stations.
Don't tell me-" the noted attor-
ney and author said as he was ques-
toned sharply by commissioners
and attorneys, that the owner OF
mike hasn't an advantage In
forming the public opinion Of q
community"
Mr.. Ernst said it probably would
be conceded that newspapers should
not own all radio stations, and he
understood the present proceeding
was not designed to take away
licenses already granted newspapers
but to determine future policy and
the question was how far the COM
mission should go in allowing or de-
nying future journalistic radio en-
terprises.
Personally. he emphasized. he
would deny newspapers the right to
run stations, on the theory that this
was placing too much power in one
group.
Mr.. Ernst said that if newspapers
came to dominate this pipeline to
human thought" he feared prac-
tices resulting would bring about a
public demand for the Government
to take over all radio. And that.
he added, is what I fear most
He saw as one Of the undesirable
features of newspaper-radio affilia-
ton the failure Of these two means
Of communication to criticize each
other. Already, he said, newspapers
have stopped the old practice of
criticizing one another, which he
regarded as healthy condition.
Pointing out that radio already
was dominated to q large extent by
chains, he asked: do you think any
radio chain would hold a debate on
the present issue before the Fed
eral Communications Commission?
Never"
Mr.. Ernst said he did not care
who owned radio stations. but added:
What want is diversity of own
ership."
Evening star., 1941-10-02
Yankees Offer to Give Back
Fairfax County's Official Seal

seal was in the possession of Mrs.
Ira Walton Henry, historian emer-
titus Of the Historical Society Of that
town, who desires to return 1t to
the county.
The Governor was informed that
many persons and museums have
attempted to get the seal and years
ago impressions made from it were
sold for 81 each for charitable and
relief purposes.
The seal is one Of many historical
documents and articles removed
from the courthouse here during the
Civil War, probably the most IA
nous being the original will OF Mar
tina Washington. The will was re-
turned to the county number Of
years ago, but many other valuable
records are still missing.
Evening star., 1941-10-02
Special Dispatch TO The Star.

Special Dispatch to The Star.
FAIRFAX, Va, Oct. 2.-An offer
to return to Fairfax County a seal
removed July II, 1861. in one Of the
first skirmishes Of the Civil War
was received by the Board Of Super
Nsors yesterday.
A committee consisting of Circuit
Judge Walter T. Mccarthy, Com
monwealth's Attorney Paul E.
Brown and 6. Wallace Carper,
chairman Of the board, was named
to 60 to Greenwich, Conn, where
the seal is now located, and formally
receive 1T at exercises to be arranged
by representatives OF various his
torical organizations there.
In q letter to Gov. Price, Wilbur
M. Peck, chairman Of the Board Of
Selectmen, at Greenwich. said the
Evening star., 1941-10-02
BY GEORGE WELLER,
Foreign Correspondent Of The Star
and Chicago Daily News.

and Chicago Daily News.
SAIO, Province of Gala Sidamo,
Western Ethiopia. a.-Blitzed at close
quarters in Europe, Belgium has
crossed the entire continent of
Africa to take revenge on the Axis.
In tropical campaign whose like
for continuous and varied hardships
has not yet been witnessed in this
war, Belgium has bested Italy in
Ethiopia.
Starting as nucleus with the
Force Publique, the equivalent of the
American State constabulary, Bel
gium has taken her black police
force of the Congo and hewn it into
a modern army. To strike at Ger
many's partner, that army with an
other army of patient porters to
bear food and munitions up Ethi-
opia's dizzy mountain trails, has
travelled from the damp groves of
the Congo jungles, homeland of
gorillas and pigmies, across the
watershed lying between the Congo
and the Nile, down the other side
into the Anglo Egyptian Sudan along
the waters Of the White Nile and.
finally, across the salty wastes Of
the western Sudan to the mighty
rampant of mountains guarding In
ner Ethiopia.
To attain the Italian stronghold
the Belgians had to surmount heavy
tolls of dysenteric and pulmonary
diseases. In face of an Italian army,
superior in numbers. fire power,
strategic positions and not inferior
in personal bravery, the Belgians
have seized for the British-with
whose campaign their own was CO.
ordinated-the natural mountain
fortress commanding the upper wa
ters of the White Nile.
White Nile Headwaters Safe.
Britain's ascendancy in Egypt de-
pends on her maintaining control of
the two Nile watersheds which re-
manned insecure so long as Italy was
master of the Ethiopian mountains.
The British force now besieging the
last Italian forces near Gondar
aims to recover control of the Blue
Niles Ethiopian headwaters in Lake
Tana. Thanks to tiny Belgiums
daring trans-African expedition,
England no longer needs to worry
about the White Niles headwaters,
the other source of Lower Egypt's
indispensable annual supply of fer
tile topsoil and life-giving water.
Congolese troops under the direction
OF Maj. Gen. August Gilliaert,
Belgium's solidly built. six-foot gen.
eral, and commanded by 1t. Col.
Leopold Dronkers Maertens, have
delivered over to Britain the Ethi-
opian watershed with a correspond
ing effect on Londons bargaining
power with regard to the Egyptian
government.
The Italian army under Gen.
Pietro Gazzera, Mussolini's onetime
War Minister, had its headquarters
IN this mountain town-known to
them as Dembi Dollo, after a nearby
village. The Belgians have restored
the original Ethiopian name OF Saio.
Saio is 5,62l feet high and COM
mands a matchless view Of the
ranges Of mountains in the direction
OF Adds Ababa as well as the byoil-
ing Sudanese swampland which the
Belgians conquered before ASSAULT
ing the chain OF Italian garrisons
directed by Gen. Gazzera.
An idea of the magnitude OF the
forces met by Belgiums handmade
army may be derived from the fact
Evening star., 1941-10-02

a state Of emergency was extended
to additional districts. The Ger
man radio was heard yesterday to
say the state of emergency had
been extended to three new areas,
making nine in all
Authoritative sources indicated
that Gen. Elias appealed for clem-
ency after repeatedly confessing that
he had conspired with enemies Of
Germany.
The sentencing Of Gen. Elias was
said by Germans to have impressed
the Czech people with the firmness
of the German intention TO employ
the sternest measures to crush op-
position within occupied territory.
1t was asserted that with Ger
many herself deep in fight for life
it was understandable that she can
not tolerate an internal front"
against her.
Deny Bohemia in Revolt.
Germans pronounced inaccurate
any impression that Bohemia is in
a state of rebellion. They said the
death sentences were made on the
basis of a police inquiry over an
extended period. As the situation
was described in Berlin, it was not a
case Of suppressing rebellion, but of
nipping one in the bud.
The street scene everywhere in
Bohemia IS calm spokesman said.
Besides the 80 new death SEN
tences, Dienst said another 228 per-
sons had been arrested by the Ges-
tapo on charges of preparation for
high treason and economic sabotage
Some Of these later were released,
however, it said.
There has been no official total Of
death sentences and executions in
the protectorate since the state of
emergency was declared last Sun
day.
Separate. unofficial compilations
based on figures released by DNB.
and Dienst aus Deutschland, how
ever, indicated that 130 Czechs
either have been executed or con-
demned to death.
Reich's Protector Reinhard Heyd-
rich also decreed control of food
supply and distribution in the pro-
tectorate through establishment Of
special economic supervision bu-
reaus. Their purpose, Dienst aus
Deutschland said. was to combat
sabotage of foodstuffs.
Frenchmen Executed.
The Bruesseler Brussels Zeitung
Evening star., 1941-10-02
New Move to Give F. B.
Jurisdiction Here Seen

The move to give the Federal Bu-
reau Of Investigation jurisdiction
over major crimes Of violence In
Washington probably will be revived
soon.
Senator Herring. Democrat. OF
iowa. author Of one Of two bills on
the subject, said he plans to ask q
Judiciary Subcommittee TO resume
consideration Of the proposal as soon
as Senator O'Mahoney. Democrat,
Of wyoming returns to the city.
Evening star., 1941-10-02

through virtually uninhabited coun-
try, underwent. close study and
warm discussion within the Belgian
Congo before it was undertaken.
Gov. Gen. Pierre Ryckmans and 1t.
Gen. Paul Ermens, commander in
chief, took part in the discussions
as we'll as the South African and
British military missions in Leopold
vile.
Suggestions dating as early as q
year ago, that Italy should be at
tackled. were considered premature.
The Congolese army, having been
organized chiefly as a colonial con-
stabulary, was considered to have
defensive obligations of greater i'm
portance so long as Germany's in
tentions towards Portuguese Angola,
the Congo's neighbor to the south,
and the extent Of Vichy influence
in French Equitorial Africa, the
Congo's neighbor to the north, re-
manned undefended
When the De Gaullist putsches In
the Moyen. Congo, Gabo. Ubangi-
Shari colonies and the Chad terri
tory tall in French Equitorial Africa
ended the uncertainty on the north
ern frontier and Germany's drive
into the Balkans made the posi-
bility Of her seizing Portugal more
remote, the Congo's war staff with
their refugee cabinet in London,
judged the moment opportune to
risk an expedition.
Expedition Debated.
Frozen by the Greeks in Albania,
Mussolini's forces had deeply in
dented the British in Kenya and
there was the possibility that II
their success continued they might
attempt to seize Sudanese air bases
along the White Nile, thus severing
Africa horizontally and ending
American arms going to the Near
East. Belgium's trustees in the
Congo were forced to consider at
length isolationist sversus interven-
ZIONIST arguments of a nature ex-
actly like those in the United States,
namely, whether the undefended
nature of the home position justified
taking military risks abroad or
whether aid should be limited to
feeding and arming the British Isles.
Although some Of the Belgian Of
flcers here, known to this writer,
have been too far from London and
too close to Italian machine guns
Evening star., 1941-10-02
Unrest

Continued From First Page)
down In the protectorate, accord
ing to the well-informed Dienst aus
Deutschland news commentary, and
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-09-18
Police Board Names
 Ten For Promotions
One Lieutenant, Three Sergeants, Six Patrolmen Alp.
 pointed; Mayor Gives Address of Advice

The board of police commissioners yesterday made Sergeant Bernard J. Burns lieutenant, promoted three patrolmen to the rank of ser- geant and made six supernumeraries regular patrolmen.
 The promotion of ofiicer Burns became effective today while the three officers who were named ser- geants will assume their duties as sergeants on Mondayq septem- Der 22.
 Patrolmen Robert Phelan. Joseph R. Reilly and Patrick B. ORourke were elevated to the ranks of ser- geants. Ofticers Phelan and Reilly have been on the force for 26 years while Patrolman O,Rourke has been with the police department for 25 years.
 Lieut.. Burns has served in the department for 28 years and this group of newly promoted officers was commented on by Mayor Vincent A. Scully who pointed out that col- lectively they stood for more than 100 years of service.
 The six supernumeraries who be- came regular patrodmen in Grade c of the police department are: Har- old Green, supernumerary since 1885; Jerry F. Kenney, 1881; Joseph K. Dunphy, 1926: John J. Driscoll, 1886; Carmine Albino, 1935, and Paul F. Laguna, 1886. They will off, cially start as regulars on Monday, September 22.
 The rules of the department were 1 read to the new officers by Chair 1 man Verriker on the requirements of strict obedience, sobriety, disci- piine, neatness and courtesy to the public, and 6 readiness to show bravery when in the performance of duty should danger arise.
 Mayor Scully after congratulating the men, launched into a brief ad- dress. He told the newly appoint ed policemen that they were enter- ing upon a new phase of police ac- tivity, through period of unlimited emergency and told them that they constituted the bulwark of our local defense activities.
 we are passing through & period of unlimited emergency today. and the entire community looks to you to measure up to that Tesponsi- billty. The police force is the bul- wark of our local defense activities during this period.
 Your only responsibility is tc your superior officers. to the police board and to the community, You have no obligations to anyone else
 we in Waterbury feel a great pride in our police department. We expect them lo enf0ree these laws yet preserve their common sense at all times, Co he courteous Co the public. You can be Arm and stu
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-09-18
Two Local Youths
 Pass Examinations
Appointment to Flying Cadets Follow Mental Tests; Ten Selected By Travelling Board Meeting Here

Two Waterbury youths were among ten who successfully took physical, examinations for entrance into the army flying cadet { corps given yesterday and Tuesday at the Elton Hotel by a travelling board, The local candidates are: Charles R Phillips, 20, of 90 Hewlett street, and John w Bristol, %, of % Holmes avenue.
 Others were Herman Herfuth, 2S, Hartford; Francis O. Jackman, 23, of 9s Harrison street, Bristol: Je- rome Malliet, g, West Hartford ; Robert J. silvernail, 32, West Corn wall; Arthur c. Beach, 22, l04 Main street, Watertown; Frank 1T. Mer- dian, 2I, of 4 Smith street, A1sonia; {; and Robert 0. Martin, 26, of Hart ford.
 During the last two days twenty five men were examined. Of this number ten were disqualified, four held over, and another withdrawn, One of those held over will be re- examined today for another pulse reading, officials yesterday having expressed the view that with @ nights rest the candidate would pass this phase of the examination.
 Beach and Malliet will imme- diately qualify for entry into the fly. ing cadet corps, since both have had more than two years of college training, but the remainder will have to take educational examina- tions at Q later date before they can gain admittance.
 Head of the board, Captain w. J, McCracken, of the army air corps, stated yesterday that those who had not passed might take subsequent exarnina tons, and would be admit ted providing they had succeeded In correcting minor defects, the cause of most failures during the last two days He also urged that those now taking the refresher courses offered in Crosby and Leavenworth High schools, appear for examination. Without having passed the physical examination, these men could not hope to be allowed to enter the corps.
 Reports from headquarters Of the first army corps in Boston revealed yesterday that 5000 navigatorS are being sought. Requirements for navigators are not so stringent as the qualifications needed for pilot duty, and those failing to meet pilot standards, or feeling that they car-