davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-03-08
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Monday

The War-CBS s, 9 a. m, S:55,
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The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-03-08
NBC. Blue-12:15-I'm an Anne,

NBC-Blue-12:15-I'm an Amer
lean;
1:30-Briltsh Refugee Children;
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The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-03-08

A MAN IN ST. PAUL,
iHIXH., BuiL1 A SNAIL cANpch
N MAicA he WoRSHlPS, ANn
ONLY HIS WIFE AND ehfl1pEh-
HpE MEMBERS
Evening star., 1941-03-09
BRITAIN ABOUT TO FACE SUPREME ORDEAL
Aid Will Be Limited Toughest Bottle Ever Fought
By Constantine Brown.

to consolidate impoverished and war
SCARED Europe under Germanys leader
ship.
Hitler, it is believed here, will follow
the tactics of Napoleon before he became
Emperor OF France. The young general
of those days told his ragamufins, when
they reached the Alps, that behind the
high peaks of those mountains lay the
fertile plains of Lombardy; clothes, food
and riches would be found there if they
could defeat the powerful armies of the
Austrian Emperor. The same logic could
be used now
Hitler can tell the starved European
people that behind the stretch of water
to the west lie the richest countries in
the world. There are gold, food and
everything the Europeans are hankering
for in the Western Hemisphere That
Hitler is ready to make such speeches is
evident from the fact that in certain
Balkan countries German propaganda
has only now begun to exploit the story
of the millions of hogs being killed and
thrown away in the United States. Of
course, Herr Goebbels' agents don't say
that this occurred seven years ago. And,
to the hog raisers of the Balkans, this
appears either an unmitigated lie or
something proving fantastic wealth.
Nazis Preparing Strategy.
From every corner of Europe--from
hungry France to the starved-out Eastern
and Southeastern European countries
come indications that the Germans are
getting ready to transform their Euro
pean subjects into the most bitter
enemies of the Western Hemisphere, with
particular attention to the United States
Of course, we are assuming that the
republics from south of the Rio Grande
to Cape Horn are fully aware of the
danger which is threatening them and
are willing to cooperate to the fullest
extent with the United States for the
hemisphere defense
There is no question that the majority
of the South American governments
the most important ones-are co-opera-
tive. 1t is equally true that the pro-
American sentiment has been rapidly
increasing among the intellectual classes
of those republics. But the good-neighbor
and hemisphere policy is something new
There are powerfully organized minorities
in the key states in the south-in Brazil,
Chile, Argentina, Mexico, etc.-which are
ready to pounce on the existing govern
ments as soon as Germany has completed
her victory in Europe
In all these republics the democratic
majorities are amorphous and happy
go-lucky. The minorities are active and
ready to raise the standard of rebellion,
as soon as word comes from Berlin. 1t
is not an exaggeration to say that in
some of these countries there are we'll or
ganized units of Fascist-Nazis, we'll in
structed. These units are situated, as q
Evening star., 1941-03-09

governments announcement that more
than so industrial enterprises manu-
featuring goods for everyday life would
be closed in order to release as many
as 100000 men and women for arms
manufacture. The program was de-
scribed to the House of Commons by
Oliver Lyttleton, president of the Board
of Trade.
The second statement came from A.
v. Alexander, first lord of the Admiralty,
who told the House of Commons:
ITO reinforce the feet I ask unhesi-
tatingly for many more ships, for great
numbers of men and for
Atlantic great quantities of stores to
Bottle equip them. In facing
the battle of the Atlantic
now opening, we need every ounce of
our workers energy and ever-increasing
production"
Berlin reported the day before that
Nazi subs and planes had sunk three
British-b bound vessels in the battle of
the Atlantic" while the British an
nounced they had bombed the deck of
q German cruiser at Brest
Evening star., 1941-03-09
Home Front

The American Government took
diplomatic step against Italy on Thurs
day, placing restrictions on Italian off,
cials here and directing Rome to close
her consulates in Newark and Detroit.
1t was retaliatory step. Italy restricts
the movements of the American EN-
bassys staff outside of Rome and has
ordered the closing of American con-
sulates in Palermo and Naples The Ital-
ian Embassy was notified that its per-
sonnel should conflne their movements
to the areas in which they have official
duties and was directed to inform the
State Department of any movement by
the italian military or naval attaches.
On the same day Thomas D. Campbell,
known as the wheat king Of the Amer
lean West departed from New York
aboard the Dixie Clipper for a secrecy
shrouded trip to England. Mr.. Campbell.
so far as is known, is the first major
American expert on food production who
has been sent to England. He went
officially at the administration instiga-
ton His trip aroused some speculation
that his mission might have to do with
an emergency attempt at mass produc-
ton of wheat in the British Isles.
Evening star., 1941-03-09

Despite the remarkable stamina
shown By the British and their de-
termination to fight to the bitter end,
there is concern in some informed
quarters here regarding Britain's ability
to stand the forthcoming onslaught of
the Germans.
In high official quarters it is believed
that if the total" attack against Great
Britain were to take place year from
now there is no question that the Brit
ish would be able to Withstand it sue
cessfully. But the German attack may
be only few weeks off.
Our defense production is still ex-
tremely slow-even slower than it ap-
pears on the surface. For instance, in
the month of February, the number of
combat planes mot including the train
ing unitS) produced by our factories was
far below the thousand mark. The ex-
act figure cannot be given because it
would violate the rule established by
the War and Navy Departments, but
the SlowneSS of production has had
depressing effect in responsible quarters.
OF course, a slackening in speed of
production was to be expected, because
so many skilled workers had to be taken
off their regular jobs and placed as in
structors. But the number of airplanes
manufactured for this country and
Great Britain will not gain its expected
momentum until this summer. And the
German blitz Ga submarine and air
blockade more effective than any yet
witnessed followed by an attack on the
island itself as soon as the body is
thoroughly debilitateD is expected be-
fore the end of this month
Ships for Conveys Lacking.
Even SuppoSing that the good fairy
should touch the American factories
with her magic wand and everything
that Britain needs today for her defense
were gathered overnight in American
harbors,> the British have neither the
ships nor the men of war to convoy them
to the British Isles in the teeth of the
lurking submarines and airplanes of the
Reich.
Under the circumstances, the battle
for Britain will be tougher proposition
than the British have ever encountered
in their history and the physical assist
ance they can expect within the next
few months from this country will be
only limited
The possibility of the British faltering
Is not excluded in many responsible quar-
ters in Washington. And the question
which comes up Immediately in their
minds is: What next. if such disaster
should occur?
The answer is that all our efforts must
be bent toward preserving the Western
Hemisphere from totalitarian invasion
That such move is next on Hitler's list
is evident, not only from the Fuehrer's
utterances, but also as q practical means
Evening star., 1941-03-09
Far East Front

The Oriental tempest which was blow
ing from Japan a fortnight ago has
subsidized. The one important piece Of
news from the Far East last week was
the official announcement in Toxic that
agreement had been reached on the
principal points" of Japan's mediation
plan to settle the territorial quarrel be-
tween French Indo- China and Thailand.
This quarrel is the Oriental danger point
which seemed to offer prospect of gen.
eral AsiatiC trouble with global repercus-
sions if it was not resolved.
The announcement followed an hours
conference between French Ambassador
Henry and two Japanese officials
Premier Konoye and Foreign Minister
Matsuoka. Thailand and French Indo-
China engaged in bitter border fighting
for more than three months before an
armistice was signed January 81 under
japanese mediation. The japanese set
tlement plan is supposed to have re-
quired that the French agree to cede
to Thailand areas of the provinces of
Laos and Cambodia.
Evening star., 1941-03-09
BULGARIA IS GATEWAY TO THE NEAR EAST
Small Balkan Nation Has Tremendous Strategic Importance

has no desire to confront the Red Army
in Europe also.
Assuming that Bulgaria was destined
to come under the control of either Ger
many or Russia. the Turks throughout
have regarded the present outcome as
the lesser evil. And that the Russian
threat to Bulgaria was real is evidenced
by Moscow's evident irritation over the
German coup.
The British Secretary of State for
India, Leopold Amery, has already voiced
warning. in London, sof a German ad-
vance into the Near East, through Tur-
key While such a development is pos
sible, it would not at the moment COLI
form with Hitler's habitual technique of
handling one job at time.
AS the occupation of Bulgaria demon
strates, the present job, from the NaZl
viewpoint, is to block Russia off from any
further European penetration, which has
now been done, and to clean up the Brit
iSh-Supported resistance of the Greeks to
Italy. And in this picture the position OF
Yugoslavia, the one nation of Eastern
Europe which has so far been able to
maintain precarious neutrality, is more
delicate and probably far more of an i'm
mediate anxiety to Great Britain. than
is that of Turkey.
A very definite part of the picture in
Bulgaria today is that tragic sequence of
events which occurred nearly a genera
ic I'll h,It fnroOtfnn if
known at all. by the millions of Amer
leans who are today wondering what
Hitlers latest move may mean for them.
1t was in 1912 that Bulgaria, in alli-
ance with Greece and Serbia, declared
war on then decripit Turkey. In a few
months the Balkan allies fought their
way to the gates of Constantinople,
where intervention of the Great Powers
forced a negotiated peace. Over the
terms of this the Allies fell out, particu-
larly over the issue of whether the Vardar
River, now we'll within YugoSlavia, should
be the western boundary of Bulgaria.
Embittered by Defeat.
In 1913 another Balkan war ensued in
which Bulgaria fought alone against
Greece, Rumania and Serbia and was
badly beaten. Embittered by this defeat,
Bulgaria in 1915 joined with the central
powers and as result of the World War
lost more territory and was further i'm
poveriShed.
The wounds of those three wars are
healed but the memory of them fingers
in all Bulgarian minds. And while the
government of King Boris did its utmost
to avoid ENHANCEMENT in the present
struggle, it may be assumed that, having
taken sides, Bulgaria will welcome Ger
man aid directed to definite redress of
old grievances.
1t is startling to realize that, in en-
barking on this revisionist policy, Bull
garia. though an unknown country to
Evening star., 1941-03-09

lister Eden in Athens. But the world
expected that the German wooing of
Prince Paul would win Yugoslavia to the
axis. Except to the south, where Yugo-
slavia touches Greece. whatever direc-
ton Yugoslav looks he faces axis
controlled territory.
To President Ismet Inonu of Turkey
went on Tuesday special message from
Hitler. Turkish newspapers all week,
rejecting the official view, showed strong
antipathy to the German overtures.
Turkish government leaders turned down
an invitation from Franz Won Papen,
German Ambassador in .Ankara to see
the German propaganda film, Victory
in the West" show of how the Ger
mans conquer.
The Greek high command, already
conuLC,.n2 a BaIAen war, announced:
The army and the Greek people have
Evening star., 1941-03-09
Contracts
Continued From Page CID

available space The machinery proved
to be an automatic screw machine or a
drill press or a punch press or drop
forge fooled up to produce some small
product needed in the manufacture of
war supplies. Next, supplies of semi
finished materials came up, and the
farmer was taught how to make rivet
for use in airplane assembly or to punch
rivet holes in a plate for armor for a
tank or to rough-drill hole in a con-
Meeting rod.
The inherent organization of German
industry made such program easier, of
course. In many important industries,
such as toy making, the work has been
contracted out in small lots. The tend
ency in the United States has been to
centralize in ever larger and larger
units
Mr.. Cooke is not pessimiStic over the
prospect here He believes that with
goodwill and the force of public opinion,
large manufacturers will find a way to
farm out" an ever-increasing share of
the huge contracts they have obtained
under the defense program. This must
come about, he adds, if America Is to
carry through the tremendous task that
Is now ahead.
Evening star., 1941-03-09

rule. in regions not easily policed by the
central government
In high quarters where these things
are known but not openly discussed it
is realized that in the event of Great
Britains being overrun, it won't take
month for instructions to break out in
the key states of the Southern Herni-
sphere. The governments of these coun-
tries are welded TO the idea that democ-
racy in its present form must be main
tained in this section of the world. The
local organized forces may not be strong
enough to suppress such outbreaks. since
a number of high-ranking military Off
GERS in those armies are either openly or
secretly favoring the Nazi system.
The presidents of these republics will
undoubtedly appeal to the United States
for assistance Whether we can give
such assistance is matter open to ques-
ton. In many military quarters it is
believed that our present system of mill
tary preparation does not lend itself to
dispatching protective and police forces
to South America The Army is being
trained with view to meeting a hypo-
thetical enemy, such as the axis powers.
For this reason, a great emphasis is be-
ing placed on heavy artillery, heavy
tanks and heavy motorized units. All
these would be useless if we we're ever
called on to put down Nazi-Facist out
break south of the Rio Grande. We
would need, for such an eventuality,
light units, light armored cars and a
large force of horse cavalry to cope with
instructions in the roadless countries.
Hemisphere Defense.
In Washington quarters which are not
dealing in wishful thinking the prospects
of such an intervention at the request
of the existing governments in the South
are believed to be very good. There is
good deal of feeling that the Army
should not confine its main activities to
duplicating the warfare methods of the
European nations, but should concen-
trate on hemisphere defense-a defense
calling for different types of arms and
training from that needed for an expedi-
tionary corps to fight in Europe-this
last being something that nobody be-
lieves will ever be necessary.
The case of Great Britain is by no
means hopeless. There still is a good
deal of fight in the British lion. But
the fact that Britain is fighting most Of
the European continent Single-handed,
that the help she expects from the
United States may not be forthcoming
during the most critical period of the
war and the fact that Britain is much
more completely blockaded than Ger
many. cannot be overlooked
The whole story will be told within the
next few months. If catastrophe were
to occur, those who judge the situation
Internationally figure that we must look
with all our resources and with all our
strength to hemisphere defense.
Evening star., 1941-03-09

bases in Tripol, he said, German planes
are operating along the British-occupied
Libyan coast. And, he added, Germany
is moving into Sicily in big way"
On Wednesday the Germans unleashed
mass raid by more than 100 planes on
Malta, the British Central
Molto Mediterranean stronghold
Bombed south of Sicily. The Brit
ish reported in Cairo two
days later that Malta's defenders had
shot down l6 dive bombers, bombers and
fighters and lost but one fighter of their
own Nine aircraft were brought down
by anti-aircraft fire, while British fight
ing planes destroyed two dive bombers,
a big Dornier bomber and two Messer-
schmitt fighters.
The Germans, however, contended that
the raid, aimed at the Halfar Airport on
Malta, was great success" An Italian
communique said three British planes
were destroyed on the ground, and that
artillery emplacements on the island
fortress were bombed and machine
gunned.
Evening star., 1941-03-09

Judged by standards of size, popula-
ton and economic development, Bulgaria
seems an unimportant as well as a dis
tant country.
It's area even including the strip of
territory taken from Rumania last year,
is approximately that of the State OF
Ohio. While the number of its inhabi-
tants mas doubled during the present
century, the total today is short of
100000. Although 80 per cent of the
population is engaged in agriculture
mostly as small peasant proprietorS, the
country is the least fertile of the Balkan
states.
Wheat and tobacco are the most val
liable crops; timber and coal the most
important natural resources. Industrial
development is primitive. but Bulgaria
is we'll supplied with livestock. and eggs
rank mex. tc tobacco in the value of ex-
ports. In the past 18 months it has
become ar important adjunct of the
German lGrder.
In common with the other Balkan
states, and like those of Latin America,
Bulgaria does very little business with
adjacent countries. Before the first
World War its commerce, both export
and import, was primarily with the Aus
uo-Hungarian Empire. With the break
up of Austro-Hungary, Germany became
the predominant factor in Bulgarian
trade. The growth of this relationship
has been phenomenal and goes a long
way to explain the acquiescence of the
Bulgarians in the occupation OF their
country by German troops.
Percentages Mount.
A careful, study of the economic status
of the Balkan states was made in 1896
by the Royal Institute of International
Affairs in London. This showed that in
1880 Germany took 26 per cent of the
value of Bulgaria S exports and provided
% per cent of the value of her imports.
In 1885 these percentages had mounted
to 48 per cent and 535 per cent, reSpec-
lively. Commenting on these remark
able increases" the Royal Institute study
4 noted that Germany has accorded the
Balkan states an unusual degree of reci-
procity."
In the case of Bulgaria, even before
Hitler's rise to power, the balance be-
tween raw materials shipped to Ger
many and manufactured goods taken
from Germany was particularly pro-
nounced. The Nazis cannot claim credit
for having first tied Bulgaria firmly into
the Relchs economic orbit.
After annexation of Austria and
Czecho-Slcvakia, the German proper
ton of Bulgarias total foreign trade
jumped TO almost 10 per cent. War con-
ditions, especially the British blockade,
have now created a virtual monopoly.
Long before last Sunday, when German
troops marched into Sofia. Bulgaria had
become an economic dependency OF the
Reich.
Evening star., 1941-03-09
By Felix Morley.

But the political and strategic I'M
portance of Hitler's latest thrust is not
discounted by the fact that it was FORE
shadowed by German economic pene-
tration in small agricultural state, with
resources naturally complementary TO
those of the highly industrialized Reich.
If Bulgaria ranks low in area and popu
lation it is none the less a country which
looms large in the scale of strategic
values.
This is most obviously the case with
reference to Greece, whose heroic re-
sistance to Italy is gravely menaced by
the presence of German troops along the
Greco Bulgarian frontier. The narrow
strip of Greek territory along the Aegean
Sea to the east of Salonika is back
door difficult to defend. And the Bull
garians have not forgotten that much
of this menaced area belonged to them
before it was awarded to Greece by the
peace treaties of 1919.
Logical Ally of Italy.
Because of her aspirations for the re-
covery of this Aegean littoral, Bulgaria is
a logical ally of hard-pressed Italy, as
against Greece. Bulgaria's economic de-
pendence on Germany makes close politi-
cal affiliation with that country equally
natural. So the decision of King Boris
to join the axis, even aside from the
Nazi pressure brought to bear upon him,
cannot be regarded as wholly surprising.
1t would probably have come earlier
except for the pronounced desire of all
Bulgarian governments, ever since the
other war, to follow peaceful policy and
to counteract efforts to revise frontiers
by force.
Greece is certainly seriously affected
by the German occupation of Bulgaria.
But the threat of an extension Of the
field of war does not stop there, for much
of the strategic importance of Bulgaria
is found in its position at the gateway
from Europe to the Near East
Across this historic portal. however,
lies Turkey, nominally British ally, but
actually playing lone hand, designed
only to protect and strengthen Turkish
interests. Turkey made no move when
Rumania was partitioned and occupied.
She took no action when Greece was in
vaded by Italy. Seemingly Turkey will
also accept the occupation of Bulgaria,
and the developing German pressure on
Greece, provided her control of the pas
sage from Europe into Asia Minor is
not threatened.
In one respect the Turkish position is
simplified by the German occupation of
Bulgaria. Until last week there has al
ways been the possibility that Russia,
having regained Bessarabia from Ru-
mania, would creep down the Black Sea
coast through Bulgaria toward the Bos-
porus Turkey has Russia as neighbor
at the eastern end Of the Black Sea and