davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1941-05-30

Mr.. and Mrs. Earl w. Bowman,
1855 4th Ave. &c., entertained at a
dancing party in honor of their
daughter, Alice Bowman, on her
sixteenth birthday. Guests of the
party were: Misses Harriet Thomp-
son, Emma Roberts, Charlene
Noble, Yvonne Weber, Maryanne
Terry, Mae Blackwell, Audrey
Banks, Elizabeth Hughes, Francis
Jones, Alice McElroy, Eloise Vas
sar, Lorraine Curry, Carolyn
Combs, Norma Wright, Evalyr
Escue, Jane Moss, Messrs. Norman
Davis, Bub Powell, Douglass Dill
lard, Clayton Hughes, Leroy Bell
George Morgan, Ira Allen, Carl
Banks, John Murphy, Nelson Peery
and Kenneth Wallace.
The BONES ct Bellies bridge club
held it's meeting at the home of
Miss Cleo Young. The following
officers were elected: Mrs. Doris
Anderson reelected president, Miss
Verda Winston, secretary; Mrs
Katherine Pierro, reelected treas
urer and Miss Ora Jones, reporter
The Ophelia Rice Chapter of the
w. C. T. U. held a silver tea at the
home of Mrs. Helen Lane, 722 Ere
mont Ave. No., Sunday, May 25th
from 2 to 5 p. m. Pouring tea were
Mrs. Gertrude Vinegar and Mrs
Hattie Bell Douglass. Speaking on
the program were Mrs. E. L.
Baker, state president; Mrs. Eva
Cruzar, 9Th district president; Mrs.
jeanette Green, state legislative di-
rector; and Mrs. Signe Houch, di-
rector of the child welfare division.
Mrs. Ophelia Capes rendered sew
eral piano selections; the Lane Sis
ter's trio sang and Miss Mary
Davis gave a reading. Decorations
for the occasion We're in orchid, the
official color of the chapter. Mrs.
Marguerite Washington is presi-
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1941-05-30

Phi Alpha fraternity. :. Saturday
morning and afternoon will be de-
voted to business sessions in the
Coffman Memorial Union. Prompt
ly at 6 p. M, Saturday evening,
the sorors will dine formally at a
closed banquet in the Terrace Din
ing room at the Union. Soror
Jeanette Dorsey's string ensemble
will furnish chamber music. Al
artists program will be held in the
Fine Arts Room at 1880 p. m. J.. .
Following the recital, the sorors
and guests will dance until mid
night in the Junior Ballroom at the
Coffman Memorial Union after
which Eta chapter will entertain
the visitors at a midnight until
dawn party. Sunday morning
the Twin City Chapter of the Ma
tional Association of College Wom-
en- will be hostess to the visitors
at a breakfast, following which
special church service will be held
at st. Peters A. M. E. church of
Minneapolis of which the Rev
Carlyle Fielding Stewart is the pas
tor.
Miss DOrOthea Harris, daughter
of Mr.. and Mrs. Simon Harris, 953
Rondo avenue, became the bride of
Mr.. Louis Mason, son of Mr.. and
Mrs. Louis Mason, Sr., 900 Bryant
avenue north, Minneapolis, Monday,
May 26, in a simple ceremony in
the home of the brides parents in
the presence of relatives and few
friends. Rev. FIR. M. R. Hogarth,
rector of St. Thomas Episcopal
Church, read the service at 7:3O
p. m. Mrs. Paul Thomason, sister
of the bride, was matron of honor,
and Mr.. Albert Mcclure of Mime
apols attended the groom. The
bride wore hellotrope dreSsmaker
suit with black accessories and a
white orchid corsage. Mrs. Thoma-
son wore a yellow plaid suit with
wheat color accessories and a be-
gonia corsage. Miss Leah Mae
Minor, pianist, played soft music
during the service. Mrs. Joseph
Leftridge of Chicago, aunt of the
groom, came here to attend the
wedding. Mr.. and Mrs. Mason are,
for the present, residing at 953
Rondo avenue. The bride is an en-
ployee at the St. Paul Athletic club
and the groom is a 1871 graduate
of the University of Minnesota.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1941-05-30

dent of the Ophelia Rice Chapter
of the w. C. T. U.
Mrs. Emma L. Thompson, 1927
Fifth Ave. So, mother of Mrs.
Clarence w. Smith, returned from
Chicago, last Saturday where she
spent two weeks visiting her son,
William S. Thompson, his family
and other relatives. Mr.. Thomp-
son formerly resided in Mime
apolis.
Miss Jewel Mann, student at
Langston University, Oklahoma, is
in the city for the summer vaca-
ton at the home of her parents,
Mr.. and Mrs. C. L. Mason, 1929
Columbus avenue.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1941-05-30
40" CLUB SPRING
SPORT DANCE

The eighty members of the Twin
City 40" Club have the pleasure
of knowing that their guests en-
joyed delightful evening while
dancing along with sweet music
flowing and cool breezes blowing
at the Keller Golf Club on High
way 81 in st. Paul, Tuesday, May
27. Strikingly outfitted in sports
attire, the guests and members
numbered over 200. Included in
the invitation list were: Doctors
and Mesdames Charles Williams,
A. M. Butler, Maurice Crouch and
Cornelius H. Mobiley.
Messrs. and Mesdames o. L.
Alexander, Clarence Anderson, E.
J. Brown, Donald Bryant, Tela
Burt, Claude Burt, L. E. Boyd,
Harry S. Brown, John L. Banks
Jr., George W. Brooks Jr., Ray
mond Brown, Milton Buford, Paul
Shelby Curry, Ernest Charleston,
Harold Combs, Bert Davidson, Ma
thaniel A. Evans, David R. Francis,
Lafayette Fields, Herbert Ford
Foster Jr., Warren Grissom, Will
liam M. Godette, S. o. Harris,
Gerald C. Hargrave, Earl A. Har-
ris, Thomas Hargrave, Raymond
Hatcher, Simon Harris, Charles
Hargrave, Chester Johnson, Mar
win Jackson, Robert Jones, James
Kirk, Jimmie Lee, John R. Law
renee Jr., Harvey Moss, Albert Nc
Clure, John L. Nellie Jr., Eugene
Moore, Louis Mason, Thomas Neal,
Cecil E. Newman, James Oliver,
Lounneer Pemberton, John M. Pat
ton, Clifford Rucker, Sam Ransom,
Arthur H. P. Rhodes, Richard
Stokes, Edwin Salter, Fred Schuck,
Milton Shanks, Lloyd Shanks,
Bertram Shannon, Huron J. Shell
ton Jr., John Sheppard, C. v.
Troupe, Paul Thomson, Hammond
Turner, Russell Sage Underwood,
Hector Vassar, Everett Vaughn
and Johnny Williams.
The following Misses and their
escorts: Estyr L. Bradley, Jean
Curry, Florence Gibbs, Margaret
Gibbs, Anita Gibbs, Dorothy Hall,
Evelyn E. Kelly. Elizabeth Lee,
Elizabeth Moore, Elizabeth Nc
Cracker, Ikaline Moore, Barbara
Mcclure, Louise Neal, Billie Rita
Rhodes, Earline Stokes, Gladys
Smith, Harriet Walls and Myrtle
Wormley.
The following Mesdames and
their escorts: Frances Davenport,
Rose L. Davis, Alice Marshall Nor
gan, Edith Sizer and Mrs. Ramon
Booth from out of the city.
The following Messrs. and their
ladies': Donald J. Brady Jr., Ray
mond Cannon, Morris Gibbs, Wal
ter N. Coins Jr., Clayton Hughes,
Percy Hughes, A. V. Hall, Peavey
Johnson, Kenneth Mason, Thomas
Stovall, Manley Rhodes Jr., Lewis
Sutton and Ashmore Stokes. The
St. Paul committee, headed by
Lawrence H. Mccoy, had charge
of arrangements for the party.
Mr.. and Mrs. William GOdette,
62S st. Anthony avenue, and Mr..
and Mrs. Clarence w. Wigington,
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1941-05-30
CALCIUM
The Great Human
Need

People of all ages need calcium
and few today get a sufficient
amount Of it for the greatest or
most abundant health.
The best and the cheapest source
of calcium is in dairy products.
The lower the income for food,
the, greater the need for more of
dairy products is the regular every.
day diet of all of US.
Fresh fluid pasteurized milk
daily in some form should be used,
either as beverage or in cooked
food.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1941-05-30

house guest while in st. Paul.
Wedding bells will ring for Miss
Violet Bernice Parke and Edward
Sanders on June the 10Th.
Miss Lavinia Stone, 857 st. An
thony avenue, was hostess at a
dancing party at the residence of
her aunt, Mrs. Curtis Raymond,
654 Rondo avenue. Guests present
were the Misses Mabel Hickman,
Harriet Parker, Billie Rita Rhodes,
Corinne Powell, Elizabeth Moore,
Helen Smith, Janeabelle Murphy,
Revoida Wright, Junald and Har-
riet Brown, Messrs. Louis Cason,
Kenneth Mason, James Murray,
Albert Harper, Jack Mills, Robert
Jones, James Martin and Horace
Brown.
Mrs. Martin ApariciO, 1874 Rondo
avenue, was the winner of the twin
lamps drawing held by the children
of Mary Sodality of st. Peter
Claver church, Friday, May %. The
children of Mary are now making
plans for a Sodality breakfast
Jeanne Cannon is publicity chair
man.
The Crispus Attacks Home AS
ISOLATION will hold it's annual tea
Sunday, June Is, from four to
seven at the Home, 469 Collins
street. Mrs. Jay P. Williams is
president of the association ano
Mrs. Florence E. Evans is chair
man of the program.
Mrs. Charlotte Smith Brown OF
Chicago and Mrs. James Oliver
were dinner guests on Monday OF
this week of Estyr Bradley.
Mrs. Emmett A. Galloway, Toe
w. Central avenue, and John w
Kelly will celebrate their respective
birthdays, Friday, May 80.
The Coterie Club members en-.
joyed a pow-wow and outing Sat,
urday evening, May "a. The party
left from the Majestic Drug Store
The Credjafawn Social Club Inc
met Wednesday,, May FL, at the
Halle Q. Brown Community House
with Mr.. Elmer Graham as host
The president, John R. Lawrence
Jr., announced the new club COM
mittee chairmen for the year: So.
cial, John L. Banks, Jr.; program
Virginia Hedge Doyle; initiation
Beatrice Vassar; entertainment
Ruth Carroll; club song, Laura JEFF
frey; recommendations, Gertrude
Green; budget, Bertram Shannon;
club pins, Earl F. Kyle; goodwill
Theresa Herring; club house prof
ect, Huron J. Shelton, Jr.; athletics.
James Lee. Following the business
meeting, delicious refreshments
were served.
THE DUNBAR GIBSONS HAVE
BABY GIRL
A 10 pound, 5 ounce baby girl
was born to DIR. and Mrs. Dunbar
Porter (Bootley P. BROWN Gibson
of Detroit, Michigan, Monday, May
26, at 1870 a. m. The new arrival
has been named Sondra. DR.. Glib
son is a former Saint Paul resident,
having attended the University of
Minnesota where he received his
Bachelor of Science degree and at
tended Medical School for two
years. He was a member of Psi
chapter, Kappa Alpha Psi fra
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1941-05-30
Social and Persona
. Q ST PAIJI, q
Friday, May 80, 1871
Q ST. PAUL Q
SAINT PAUL SOCIETY
By Estyr L. Bradley
500 Carroll Avenue - Dale 961:

Friday, Saturday Sunday May &c. 81 and June Eta
chapter Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority will be hostess the Eighth
Central Region social activities
we'll the business meetings have been planned entertain the
visiting Friday evening" the will be entertained with
Park, Paul. by Mu chapter, Alpha
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1941-05-30
Social and Personal
Q MINNEAPOLIS 0
Uncle Sam.

In the meantime there are or
ders to be carried out according to
the bulletin from the office re-
cently-drain, and tie up your gar
bage and keep yourselves and your
children off the grass.
Until our minds are more settled
pax vobiscum.
Evening star., 1941-05-19
Boys Club Member
To Get D. A. R. Medal
AT Event Tonight
Presentation Is First
OF Series Celebrating
National Week

Award of the D. A. RS Junior
Citizenship Medal to 1l-year -old
Richard Janigian at 7:45 o'clock to-
night at the Central Branch of the
Boys Club, Third and C streets
NV, will feature a week-long series
of events sponsored by the Boys
Club of Washington in celebration
of National Boys Club Week.
Young Janigian, who has been
selected as the outstanding member
OF the Central Boys Club, will re-
ceive the medal from Mrs. Russell
Stine, president of the junior cit
izenship group of the D. A. r. He
lives at lois First street NV.
At noon tomorrow a contingent
from local boys clubs will present
President Roosevelt with a ships
model made by members of the
various clubs.
Other events scheduled during the
week includes a boys versus girls
baseball game at 7:30 pm. today at
the Central Boys Club; a father
and-son baseball contest at pm.
tomorrow at the Corcoran School
playground and freckle contest at
8 pm. at the Central branch; an
nouncement of the winner of the
essay contest, whose subject was
What the Boys Club Means to Me- N
at 8 pm. Wednesday at the Central
branch; the second annual spring
carnival of the Eastern branch of
Evening star., 1941-05-19
Harris 81 Ewing Photo.

losses from the British air and
land bombardments, the Italians
related, "but they counter attacked
the enemy each time and chased
him back to his starting point"
The Italians said that when the
defenders began running out OF
munitions they hurled bottles of
gasoline as hand-grenades, presum-
ably exploding them with flaming
wicks or with real hand-grenades,
thrown afterward.
Fascists as well as native troops
captured in the fighting and forced
to act as guides for British tanks
were said to have exploded grenades,
killing themselves as well as the
British crews.
Political circles recalled that Ambi
Alaji fortress was the scene of an
other fierce battle during Italy's con-
quest of Halle Selassies kingdom in
1886.
Italians, although "saddened,' .
were described as no less proud.
Aosta, they asserted, capitulated
only after his last cartridge had
been used up."
Evening star., 1941-05-19

the Fascist officers to retain their
pistols and will render military hon.
ors to the garrison when it files out
of the fortress in a parade past the
British detachments, the high COM
mand said.
The duke, it added, is sharing the
lot of his troops.
Italian resistance is continuing in
two remaining regions of Ethiopia,
Jimma in the south and Gondar in
the northwest, the high command
announced.
In North Africa, British attempts
to attack German and Italian forces
at Tobruk, 80 miles west of the Lib
yan-Egyptian border, were declared
to have been broken off at the be-
ginning"
British planes bombed Axis COM
munication lines yesterday, the war
bulletin said, without causing dam
age"
The island of Rhodes. in the Do
decanese, also was bombed and the
high command said that no damage
was inflicted there either.
Tribute to Gallantry.
Italians said the Amba Alaii gar
rison held out gallantly in the 40
day fight, despite many wounded
who lay on the summit without
shelter or treatment, because it had
been ordered to resist as long as
possible to keep the British from
sending their forces to other war
fronts.
The British first attacked the
fortress April 8. Fascists said the
defenders were enormously in
ferior" in both numbers and arms,
lacked planes and had only scare
anti-aircraft defense"
The position was strong because
of its brush-covered mountainous
terrain, it was explained, but was
most vulnerable from above for the
reason cited"
Resistance therefore was made
without hope of victory" the Ital-
ians added, "for the sole purpose
of maintaining military honor and
holding out so as to engage enemy
troops as long as possible and pre-
vent them from being sent to other
war fronts"
Correspondents were told at a
press conference that the British
attacks followed one after an
other without rest until May IT,
always prepared with the most vio-
lent fire from medium and small
caliber artillery night and day
which gave no rest to the defend
ers and was intensified before In
fantry action began"
italian troops suffered heavy
Evening star., 1941-05-19
CoppeI Cited on Work
For American Music

c. G. Cappel. manager of the
United States Marine Band, who
recently resigned managership of
the National Symphony Orchestra,
has been cited for his services to
American music by the National
ASSOCIATE for American Composers
and Conductors, it was announced
here today.
Mr.. Cappel received the award
Friday at the associa tion's annual
reception at the Waldorf Astoria
Hotel in New York.
The association commended Mr..
Cappel for encouraging the per-
formance of American works and
giving all-American programs in all
parts OF the country. 1t also marked
his efforts for creation of American
music by personally interviewing
composers.
Mr.. Cappel was instrumental in
arranging the all-American pro-
gram presented by the Marine Band
On its tour of 10 States last season.
Evening star., 1941-05-19
Bo kcNi|Iin Will Speak
To Indiana Alumni

Bo McMillin, Indiana University
football coach, will be the chief
speaker at the Foundation Day
dinner of the District Indiana
Alumni Association at the Kennedy
Warren at pm. tomorrow.
The president of the National
Alumni Association, Alex Campbell
of Fort Wayne, Ind, United States
attorney for the northern district
Of Indiana, also will speak.
Among those receiving guests will
be Paul V. McNutt, Federal Security
Administrator and former dean of
the university's law school; Sherman
Minton, administrative assistant to
the President, who has been nom
mated g United States Court of
Appeals judge for the seventh cir
cult; Representatives Halleck and
Wilson. Republicans, of Indiana, and
Everett Sanders, former secretary to
President Coolidge.
These honor guests will be in
troduced during the banquet by
James L. Fieser, vice chairman of
the Red Cross, and Jerome w. Shay
of the Federal Reserve Board, chair
man of the Committee on Arrange
mentS.
Evening star., 1941-05-19
Food and Water Exhausted
At Fortress, ItoIions Soy

ROME, May 19 (P.-The Duke
of Aosta, viceroy of Ethiopia has
surrendered himself and his troops
to the British at Amba Alaji In
Ethiopia, the Italian high COM
mand announced today.
The war bulletin said the capitula-
ton of the 9,000-foot mountain
fortress was made necessary because
the Fascist forces ran out of food
and water.
After having resisted beyond all
limits" the communique asserted,
the Amba Alaji defenders were re-
duced ito the material impossibility
of taking care of the wounded and
had orders to cease fighting"
Will Receive Military Honors.
The British, in tribute to the GAL
lantry of the Italian troops, allowed
Evening star., 1941-05-19
300 Italians Captured,
kenyo Communique Says

NAIROBI, Kenya Colony. May 10
R.-Eght hundred Italians were
captured when British imperial
forces occupied Dale. an important
road junction IS miles south of
Sciasciamanna. Friday, a British
communiQue said.
Staff officers, two guns and two
armored cars also were taken, the
communique said.
AS result of the fall of Dale,
the British said. two Italian divi-
sionS, "if they escape at all, can dc
so only by taking to the bush"
Dale . is in the lakes region of
Southern Ethiopia about lao miles
from Adds Ababa.
Evening star., 1941-05-19
Doctors and Nurse Check
GdlIinqer HOSPITAL Fire

Three doctors and a nurse, using
a hand extinguisher and pals of
water, kept fire confined to one
room of small building about 80
feet from the isolation ward of
Gallinger Hospital until firemen
could arrive last night, DR.. Edgar
A. Bocock, hospital superintendent,
reported.
The superintendent said the blaze
started in overstuffed furniture of a
room used as resting quarters for
hospital maids, apparently from a
cigarette. Damage was estimated
at 500.
The fire was discovered around
Gas pm. by DR.. Lawrence A. Rapee.
After giving the alarm, he battled
the flames, aided by DR.. r. A.
Osburn, DR.. J. M. Leary and Miss
Evening star., 1941-05-19
CopitoI Will Greet
Peruvian Air Leader
By the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
The Peruvian Embassy announced
today that Gen. Fernando Melger
of the Peruvian Air Force, chief of
the Peruvian Presidents military
staff, would arrive in Washington
late today for six-week tour of
Army posts.
Col. Armando Revoredo, air at
tache, said that the itinerary would
be arranged after the generals ar
rival and conferences with the War
Department.
Evening star., 1941-05-19

Hazel Wilson, night supervisor of
nurses.
The damage was confined largely
to the furniture and plastering of
the room, which DR.. Bocock said had
not been occupied since the maids
went off duty at pm. There were
no patients in the building.
Evening star., 1941-05-19
Ship Explosion Fatal
To 7 UNAVOIDABLE
Coroner's Jury Says
Three Missing Bodies
Sought by Plane Off
Carolina Coast
p the Associated Press.

LITTLE RIVER, S. c., May ia
coroner's jury termed IAN unavoid-
able accident" an explosion yester-
day which killed seven persons and
injured IA others and left the excur-
sion boat Nightingale an inferno %
miles at sea.
The verdict ended an inquiry into
the accident, which marred the
annual fishing outing of SO en-
ployes of q soft drink company.
A Coast Guard officer attended
the hearing and took notes, explain
ing that a separate inquiry might
be launched by the Coast Guard.
Meanwhile, the Coast Guard pa
troll plane from the Charleston sta
ton searched the area today for
three missing bodies.
Top Deck Ripped OFF.
The blast ripped off the top deck
and wrecked passenger seats in the
area of the engine room.
Many of the life preservers were
destroyed, but those that were left
and several sea RATS were quickly
utilized by passengers who jumped
into the sea.
Curry Krider of Salisbury, N. c.,
an eyewitness, said most OF those
who persisted had hesitated to jump
from the boat until forced off by
the flames. Then, he said, they were
unable to reach a raft. Thirty-two
passengers and the crew of four
were rescued by two other excursion
boats.
Four Bodies Recovered.
Soon after the explosion the
bodies of T. w. Cothran and G.
A. Barber, both of Salisbury, N. c.
and E. r. Griffin and George B.
Barfeld, both of Rocky Mount, N. c.,
were recovered.
The Coast Guard plane searched
for the bodies of Grey Barber, ir.,
and Jerry Barber, brothers, and
Shelton Lesler, of Salisbury.
A few hours after the tragedy.
Coroner John Dix summoned jury
and started the investigation. John
Mintz, engineer on the Nightingale,
told the jury that he was feeding
gasoline into an ailing carburetor
The blast occurred while the craft
was anchored in calm sea. At the
time many of the men and women
aboard were fishing.
Flames Spread Rapidly.
W. A. Warton of Rocky Mount. a
passenger, said that some of the
crew had been emptying gasoline
from a five-gallon container into
soft drink bottles.
The gasoline, he said, was poured
into the carburetor while the engine
was being worked on, and some of
the liquid spilled. The gasoline, he
said, somehow became ignited and
the explosion followed.
Fire seemed to break out every
where" he said. Some of the peo-
pie became frightened and leaped
into the ocean. The explosion de-
stroyed all but a few of the life
preservers.
The passengers who were un-
able to get life preservers held fran
tically to pieces of timber and
debris until they we're picked up"
Evening star., 1941-05-19

the Boys Club at Seventeenth street
and Massachusetts avenue Sc. at
7:30 pm. Thursday, and a dance at
8 pm. Friday at the Central branch.
Wreath-laying ceremonies will be
held at IL am. Saturday at the
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in
Arlington National Cemetery, fol-
lowed by beauty contest in which
participants will be girls between
the ages of 2 and 10 who are sisters
of Boys Club members. and an out
ing In Rock Greek Park.
Evening star., 1941-05-19
Africa
Continued From First Page)

his desire to be the last man to
leave.
The figures on actual prisoners ex-
pected to be taken differed from
previous estimates that 5000 to
80 900 troops, including 1000 Ital-
ians, had been trapped at Amba
Alaji
The R. A. F. reported heavy dam
age on Axis motor transport and
tanks in the Fort Capuzzo and
Halfaya Pass areas in Libya. A num-
Der of tanks were said to have been
put out of action and serious dam
age inflicted on vehicles.
The full British terms of sur
render were not disclosed.
It was believed IN London that
Fascist forces, holding out in the
vicinity of Gondar and Jimma
would go on fighting independent OF
their viceroys action.
The British made no estimates
of how long it might take to wipe
out the last two eenters of re-
sistance, but it was said the Brit
ish efforts would be slow because
the rainy season-hard campaign
ing time in Ethiopia-already is on.
British forces still hold Salum,
Egyptian village just east of the
Libyan frontier, an official source
said The Germans had reported
recapturing the village after once
giving way before British forces.
Evening star., 1941-05-19


presided May and the Blessed Virgin traditional