davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1941-11-30

The English Language
'Empire' and How
1t Came to Spread
VIII,

This is the eighth OF a series OF
informative articles and maps on
the fascinating geographic back
ground OF 1DOrld areas in the
neWS OF today. At the request OF
The Sunday Star. the National
Geographic Society, as q part OF
its many educational activities,
has prepared the basic data and
accompanying maps from its rich
resources OF geographic knoUl-
edge and surveys. By clipping
this series from meek to 1Deek
adults and school pupils may ac-
Quire gazetteer for permanent
reference and Interpretation OF
nelOs dispatches.
Copyrisht, National Geographic Society.
One of every 10 or II persons in
the world speaks English as his
native tongue. The figure itself is
not particularly impressive, for al
most as many speak the Hindu
tongues of India and twice as many
speak Chinese.
Yet the two great English-speak-
ing nations, the United States and
Great Britain, govern between them
nearly a third of the worlds surface
and about the same proportion of
its people
Englishmen who proudly say that
the sun never sets on the Union
Jack" are voicing the literal truth
Notice on the accompanying map
how every continent possesses some
British territory.
These varied lands, scattered from
the tropics almost to the poles, have
an area of more than 260 times
that of England itself. They are
united by their participation in the
British Commonwealth of Nations
and the British Empire In 1926
Canada, Australia, South Africa
New Zealand and Fire Irish Free
State, became self-governing do
minions, linked to Great Britain only
by the King. India and all the
colonies. dependencies and protec-
torateS are governed by Great Brit
ain and constitute what is left OF
the British Empire.
The people OF the commonwealth
of nations and the empire are a.
diversified as their prairie, noun
tain. jungle and desert lands Many
African savages. Malays and Hin
duS who swear allegiance 10 the
British flag never have heard a word
of English. To much smaller de-
gree. that statement holds true OF
some natives in United States pos
sessions. The average man in Puerto
Rico. for example, is as apt 10 speak
Spanish as English.
But the way in which the English
language and culture have spreao
into every part of the globe is one
of the most exciting chapters OF
geography. history and commerce.
For the beginning Of this fasci-
mating story, look once more at e
Evening star., 1941-11-30

Argentina has created a pensions
<und for commercial employees,
Evening star., 1941-10-15
By DEWITT MACKENZIE.

Moscow's very real danger has
been increased still further by the
launching of a violent Nazi at
tack against the big industrial
city of Kalinin, which lies only 95
miles northwest of the capital
on the main Leningrad-Moscow
railway where that line cuts the
River Volga.
This means that the Germans
are attempting to hammer open
this gateway through the i'm
portant bulwark which the great
river affords the capital. The fall
of Kalinin would create a grave
position for the defense.
At the same time the Germans
claim to have captured Tula, 100
miles south of Moscow. Thus the
attacking Nazi crescent before
the beleaguered metropolis con-
tinues to draw tighter and reach
out its encircling arms like q
great octopus.
The Reds are defending their
ground stubbornly. Meanwhile
the much publicized weather
finally is giving them some relief.
Berlin itself today admits that
bad weather and the mud. deVel-
oped from the snow and sleet are
impeding operations, and from
now on will be the greatest enemy
of the Nazi soldiers.
Terrible Loss of Life.
The fighting is furious, and re-
ports indicate that the loss Of
life is terrible. I can't get out Of
my mind the Berlin story that in
one sector the Nazi troops drove
over the bodies of Red soldiers
who fell as they advanced in
lines Is deep against the invaders.
The stark bravery of that Mus
coVlte Sacrlnce is deeply moving.
The Germans themselves must
get thrill from such devotion
and discipline, for it is the sort Of
thing their own soldiers do so
well. Many a time in the World
War I was on the battlefield
where the Kaiser's men advanced
in exactly that manner-driving
in mass formation into almost
certain death.
And then inevitably comes the
thought Of what pity it is that
arguments between nations have
to be settled by the slaughter Of
such men, who, because of their
young strength and courage and
devotion, could do Sc much
toward making the world a better
place for grand folk of their sort
to live in. However, I'm forget
ting that I'm war analyst and
not a preacher.
Evening star., 1941-10-15
The Great Game Of Politics
Defense Is Still EnfeebIed by Confusion and
Expectation Unfulfilled.

swered letters were printed all over
the country.
Expectation Unfulfilled.
For while there was a real ex-
pectation that Mr.. Nelson would
measure up to these advance notices.
But the expectation has not been
fulfilled. Most definitely he has
not developed into the individual
responsible directing head, COM
parable to Mr.. Baruch, and no
amount of publicity describing him
as a hard hitting, two-fisted, red
blooded herman" is going to make
him such.
Everybody connected with de-
fense now recognizes that his di-
rectorship Is limited and not COM
plete. The reasons are clear. For
one thing, he has never been told
by the President that he is the sole
boss whom he wants to 60 ahead and
do the job. Nor has he been told
anything like that by Mr.. Wallace,
chairman of the S. P. A. B. Actual
ly, he is subordinate who does not
report directly to the President at
all and who can operate without
interference just SO long as he does
not clash with the views of Mr..
Wallace and other New Deal men,
bers OF his board closer to the
President than he.
The natural result of this situa-
ton is that Mr.. Nelson plays a
cautious game, is careful not to as
sumo too much in the way of au-
thority. or display too much in
dividual initiative or enterprise. In
addition, those who have observed
him most closely say that he lis
slightly bewildered, which, after all,
considering the size of the job and
his lack of power, is not surprising.
1t seems fairly certain that from
Mr.. Nelson there will come no ac-
ton unpleasing to the New Deal
politicians, who are in the majority
on his board and in the administra-
ton. At least, such Is the view
of some of his colleagues, who, in
the interests Of results, sought to
have him assert himself in a big
way. only to be met with the New
Dealish statement that after all.
We have got to hold fast to our
social gains"
(Copyrisht 1e4l)
Evening star., 1941-10-15
By CONSTANTINE BROWN.

Some day after the smoke of
what is declared to be the
flercest battle in history clears
away, the world will learn the
real facts and will be astounded
at the courage and self-sacrifice
of the Russian soldier.
The number of men, cannons,
tanks and airplanes involved in
the death struggle now raging
on a 1,200-mile front makes the
bloodiest battles of the last war
including the epic defense of
Verdun-pale into insignificance.
Whatever their feeling may be
toward Stain and the political
doctrines he represents, even the
most confirmed bolshevik- -baiters
are confessing admiration for
the heroism of the Russian SOL
dier. The campaigns from Po-
land and Dunkerque to Crete
were comparative picnics for the
Nazis.
All estimates received in this
country on the number of killed
and wounded on both sides must
be discounted. The battle is too
fierce to enable either opponent
to count the casualties. 1t is
possible for the high commands
to tabulate the number of pris-
oners, but even those figures
must be only approximate. 1t
is reported that mountains of
corpses have been left by both
sides and many wounded die be-
cause facilities are lacking TO
take care of the hundreds of
thousands who fall in battle.
Soviets Keep Their Heads.
Not once in a single sector of
the huge field have the Russians
retreated in panic: nor, accord
ing to German sources, have they
yielded mile of territory with
out disputing it with untold
stubborness. For the first time
in Russia's military history COM
munications have been adequate
and the men have never lacked
for arms and ammunition. Dur
ing the last war, more than once
this writer saw long strings of
trucks on the Russian front ar
irving with cases of pistols and
rifles instead of much-needed
shells.
Nothing of the sort is happen
ing now. according to reliable re-
ports. Whenever the Germans
attack they are met with fierce
artillery fire and the Russians
yield only after they are over
Whelmed by sheer numbers. Nor
have there been any cases of
treason. No staff officers have
communicated the positions of
their forces to the enemy; nor
are orders to retreat given as
long as troops can still hold out.
These things occurred frequently
during the last RusSo-German
war and again, according to
unimpeachable reports, in this
war during the battle of France,
when whole divisions were with
drawn from excellent positions
by orders from higher ups"
Nobody-not even the Russian
Evening star., 1941-10-15
Earl Hodges Dies;
Ex-President of Lions
By the Associated Press

By the Associated Press.
NEW YORK, Oct. l5.-Earl w.
Hodges. SO, for many years an execu-
tive Of Cities Service Corp, former
Arkansas secretary of State and
one time president Of Lions Interna-
tional. died at his home yesterday of
q heart attack.
A native Of Newark, Ark, Mr..
Hodges was in country newspaper
work for q time and also worked on
newspapers In st. Louis. Later he
was named secretary of the Arkansas
Press Association.
Mr.. Hodges served on various State
commissions and was prominent in
civic affairs.
Evening star., 1941-10-15
New Attack PeriIs Moscow
Nozi Assault on KoIinin Threatens to Extend
Crescent Around CopitoI; Weather Helps Reds

To get back to earth, the Far
East remains a likely spot to
watch. The Japanese appear to
be continuing to worry for fear
they are missing a grand oppor-
tunity to attack Russia while
Hitler's pressure against the Reds
Is so great. However, anxiety
over what Uncle Sam might do
keeps showing itself and may be
the chief deterrent to move by
Japan against Siberia.
The Toxic newspaper Chugai
Shogyo pleads for new efforts to
prevent a clash between the
United States and Japan. The
paper then naively discloses what
really is in its heart by saying
that the United States needn't be
greatly affected if the European
war is extended to the Far East,
but that Japan will face great
pain" That would seem to be
plea for us to keep hands off in
event Nippon should decide that
this is the appointed hour for an
attack on Russia.
This column ventured the view
the other day that Japan is play
ing with fire when 1t entertains
such ideas. I had a very definite
reason for this suggestion, but
hesitated to state it. Now, how
ever, along comes Senator Norris
of Nebraska and takes the lid of
for me.
Ready to Fight Japan.
The Senator, in discussing the
danger of war between Japan
and the United States in the
event of Hitler's defeat of Russia,
declared that he was mot so sure
that war with Japan would be a
bad thing for U.S." Now that
isn't the first time by long shot
that I've heard that same idea
voiced in recent weeks.
It's surprising the number of
people who are quite ready to
subscribe to a war with Japan,
even though they are against en-
tanglement in the European con-
f1ict, or are at least doubtful
whether we should 80 beyond our
lease-lend aid. In all instances
the opinion is expressed that the
Japanese policy is inimical to
this country and that Japan is
deliberately inviting trouble,
which we might as well settle
now as ever.
If there Is any moral in all this
for Nippon, it perhaps is that a
word to the wise is sufficient. If
Toxic has seen the evidences OF
the feeling, as voiced by Senator
Norris, then Japan has a very hot
tip in advance Of any contin-
gency.
Evening star., 1941-10-15

regulate the business Of broadcast
ing. 1t has said that the commits
sion can issue licenses for wave
lengths based on public interest,
convenience and necessity" This
means regulation as against coils
ions of a mechanical nature which
might interfere with the quality of
the-service rendered. But at no time
has the high court interpreted the
phrase public interest, convenience
or necessity" to mean the right to
censor or pass Judgment on program
quality.
Many otherwise sensible liberals
have taken the reactionary position
that because wave lengths are dis
pensed by the Government the right
to issue licenses carries with 1t
plenary power over the business Of
broadcasting and program content.
But the Federal courts have held
that the issuance of governmental
privileges, as, for instance, in the
matter of second-cla mailing, does
not give the Government control
over the publishing business or the
matter mailed unless obscene or
immoral or fraudulent.
Provides Wedge.
What the commission has done is
to usurp the power to regulate the
minute details of broadcasting, and
If the courts should sustain such
power the same right then would in
here to any political administration
to use the license privilege to con-
troll or regulate newspapers and
magazines. Small, wonder that
Representative Martin, Republican
leader, says freedom of the press is
in danger today.
1t is remarkable that in the midst
Of war to preserve democracy
President Roosevelt allows his ap-
pointees to demolish freedom of the
air and establish a precedent for
future intimidation of this vital
Evening star., 1941-10-15

means Of expression by political
bosses.
The F. c. c. divided by a 4-to-2
vote in favor of usurpation of power
to administer the broadcasting busi-
ness and the minority of the COM
mission sounded a sober note of
warning against this trend. But if
liberals no longer care about the
principles of freedom of expression,
why should billions of dollars in
taxes be raised and real sacrifices
asked from the people? Freedom of
expression is being whitfield down
by the Governments own officials,
even as the establishment of the
four freedoms" Is extolled as the
basic purpose Of our defense effort.
Reproduction Rights Reserved)
Evening star., 1941-10-15

ference reassurances; nor Mrs.
Roosevelt's Pollyannish platitudes
over the air; nor optimistic state
ments of administration spokesmen;
nor the enormous output of the
publicity agencies: nor the immens-
ity Of the awarded contracts alter
the fact that the material We are
sending the British still flows in an
exceedingly thin stream and not in
the great flood anticipated by them
and promised by us. Nor do they
alter the further fact that the pros
poets of the great flood in the near
future still remain pretty poor.
These three enfeebling things can
be listed as follows: First, there is a
vast confusion, inevitable in a swol-
len and nco-ordinated organization
loaded with many times as many
jobholders as can be of any conceiv-
able use and affected at the top with
incompetency, duplication and po-
lltical feuding. The second thing is
the lack of firm labor policy by
which the delay due to strikes in
defense plants could be minimized,
the exploitation of the crisis for
their own purposes by racketeering
labor leaders ended and the full
productive capacity of the defense
industry truly realized.
Authority Is Lacking.
The third thing is the absence of
single, responsible, individual head
OF procurement, comparable in au-
thority and in capacity to Mr.. Ba-
ruch, who held that responsibility
in 1918. Throughout the whole Or
ganization there isn't a single clear
headed man who does not know
these three things to be true and is
not appalled, at the needless waste
Of time, effort and money.
They are disputed only by the
New Deal politicians and White
House sycophants, whose numbers
have been greatly enhanced since
the unlimited emergency" was pro-
claimed. Fear of the presidential
displeasure keeps the frustrated
businessmen from publicly speak
ing out in protest, but privately
neither they nor the ADLER depart
mental officials make any secret OF
their encouragement.
So far as the centralized authority
In a single individual head is con-
cerned, the hope was that this
basic deficiency, from which so
much Of the futility and confusion
derives, would be corrected by the
selection Of Donald Nelson as execu-
tive secretary of the S. P. A. B. II
was indicated that in Mr.. Nelson at
last had been found the man to
run the show; that he lacked
neither the authority nor the
ability; that under his alleged force.
ful personality the days of duplica.
ton and lack of direction were
about to end.
In the first month the publicity
department, headed by Mr.. Horton
depicted Mr.. Nelson as a human
dynamo who could be depended
upon to make things hum. Various
stories of the swiftness with which
he eliminated red tape and reduced
the accumulated mass of unan-
Evening star., 1941-10-15
This Changing World
Death Struggle Of Russians Is Declared
One Of the Most Epic in MiIitoy History

general Stdn-Can forecast now
long the Soviet resistance will
continue on the present lines.
But it is evident that the Nazis
are throwing everything they
have into the battle in the hope
of smashing the Russians. 1t is
also obvious that the Soviet high
command could abandon Moscow
and the other threatened posi-
tions and withdraw to the Volga
and the Urals by fighting a rear
guard action which would delay
the Germans sufficiently to allow
the Russians to make an orderly
retreat. But the Soviet marshals
have apparently decided to sell
their skins dearly and exhaust
the Germans even though the
Russians are themselves ex-
hausted. 1t is evident that Stain
is relying fully on the promises
of immediate aid from the United
States and Great Britain.
Nazis Greatly Weakened.
With the huge losses the Nazis
are sustaining, even if they take
Leningrad and Moscow, they are
expected to be so weakened at
the end of the campaign that it
would require months to reor-
ganize their battered divisions.
They have large reserves in the
rest Of Europe, it is true, but
many military experts in Wash
ington are beginning to doubt
whether they will be able to re-
sumo operations elsewhere on a
large scale until long after the
Russian campaign. This opinion
is shared by Washington and
London officials, who feel that
the Soviet resistance has already
weakened the Germans sufi-
ciently to delay future Nazi ac-
ton and thus enabling the Brit
ish and the Americans to COM
plete defense preparations.
But whether anything at all
will be left of the Russian armies
as actual military units-at the
end of the present holocaust is
another matter. Not that the
Russians will ever lack trained
men. They will have more than
they can use. But the Soviets
have exhausted about all the war
material they had at the out
break Of the war. When the last
German offensive started on
October 2, according to the best
available reports. the Russians
had spent all their first line
material and had dug into their
reserves. Only about IS per cent
OF the original reserves built up
during the last five years were
on hand when Hitler began his
smashing offensive How much
of that is left now and how much
will be left when the campaign
is over. nobody can say. But the
possibility is not excluded that
the Soviet forces may be COM
PEELED to give up because of the
lack of equipment. When the
present battle ends their forces
will need to be replenished with
thousands of tanks, armored cars,
guns and airplanes. They will
need gasoline And they will in
all likelihood have to be fed.
Evening star., 1941-10-15
Finnish Steamer Sunk
By Torpedo, Crew Saved

BY the Associated Press.
HELSINKI, Oct. 15.-The Finnish
Foregn Office announced today the
Finnish steamer Margareta, flying
British colors after she was seized at
Gibraltar, had been sunk by a tor
pedo on voyage to England. The
crew was rescued.
Lloyd's register lists four Marga-
retas Of Finnish registry, ranging
from $50 to 3,l03 tons.
Evening star., 1941-10-15

& a m e warden
getting q I t -
you?
Now that the
hunting season
is here, and my
m ket is all
oiled up, I want
to know when I
can start firing
on those men
ana women WHO
clutter up every
thing from al
buns to news
papers with pic
Evening star., 1941-10-15

issued a statement menacing the
broadcasting stations whose licenses
he controls. He tells them in effect
that pressure of any kind must not
be used to protect their rights.
William S. Paley, president of the
Columbia Broadcasting System,
openly stated that the F. C. c.
chairman tried to prevent these
new rules from being tested in the
courts and offered to bargain with
the companies in order to prevent
court action.
Chairman Fly was willing" says
Mr.. Paley, Ito make greater con-
CeSSionS than those unSubStantial
ones just announced, provided the
major networks would agree not to
contest in the courts the jurisdic-
ton of the commission. Columbia,
however, believed it owed a duty to
itself and to the public to have its
day in court, since it is sincerely
convinced that if the commission
can exercise the powers it now seeks
to exert, its grip on broadcasting
will be so throttling that freedom
of the air will be a thing of the past,
just at a time when the minds and
hearts of most Americans are 50
set on preserving essential liberties
at home as well as abroad"
Predicts No Court Action.
To this declaration, Mr.. Fly made
the answer that no member of the
commission could properly object
to court action, but at the same time
he confidently predicted to the press
there wouldn't be any court action
to enjoin the commission. Why was
he so confident? On top of that,
he spoke significantly and threat
eningly against networks using
pressure"
Mr.. Fly'S whole attitude in the
matter of administering the broad
casting system has been strange.
He doesn't like criticism or oppo-
sition and the moment the major
broadcasting networks have dared
to disagree with him, they have run
into difficulties. So long as a Fed
eral commission holds the power to
issue or revoke licenses, 1t can
build up or ruin a broadcasting sta
ton. So it is plain to see how easy
intimidation becomes.
Now, when the broadcasting sys-
TENS desire to invoke their right Of
petition in taking views to Congress
or their right to ask the courts to
rule on the arbitrariness OF a Fed
eral commission, the head of such
an agency shows his bureaucratic
teeth.
This is not a surprising develop
ment 1t is in conformity with the
New Deal theory of a Government
not of laws but of men, a govern
ment of arbitrarily-made rules
which cannot be reversed in the
courts except after lengthy litiga-
ton and after damage has been
done.
Compromise Attempted.
If Mr.. Fly tried to settle the
broadcasting controversy amicably
within legal bounds-and there have
been efforts to compromise it-there
would be no objection from any
quarter. But when action of
Federal agency is based on a doc
trine plainly in contradiction of a
Supreme Court decision, it is not
surprising that efforts should be
made by such commission to pre-
vent court tests.
The Supreme Court has said that
the Federal Communications Com
mission does not have the right to
Evening star., 1941-10-15

mission through
a set of disrup-
tive rules for ra-
dio broadcast
ing, a n d n o W
that the station
o W n ers ar e
thinking of put
ting their case
in the courts,
they are met
with threats of
reprisals.
James L. Fly,
chairman of the
Evening star., 1941-10-15

feebled our de-
fense effort at
the start still in
terfere terribly
with its speed.
its size and its
e ( t e C t iveness.
Though he has
twice reorgan-
iZe d it, NJ r.
Roosevelt h as
done little to
lessen this ham,
pering effect.
Neither his
own press con-
Evening star., 1941-10-15
BY FRANK r. KENT.

After 18 months in which un-
limited funds and unrestricted au-
thority have been given the Presi-
dent, the three things which en-
Evening star., 1941-10-15

HE opinions OF the Driters this page their
necessarily The Stars Such opinions presented in The
Stars effort to gue all sides OF questions of interest
readers although such opinions may contradictory among
themselves and directly opposed to The Stars
Evening star., 1941-10-15
McLemore-
He'd Like to SIoy
Cundid Cumeromen
By HENRY McLEMORE.

What is the bag limit on amateur
photographers?
How many of them can you shoot
in a day or season without the