davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-01-31
Casey Dusek At
 New Britain, Monday;
 Steve Joins U. 5. Army

New Britain, Jan. 31 Steve (Crusher) Casey, the County Kerry Irishman, will probably be making his farewell appearance as a wrest- Ter in Connecticut for a year at least Monday night at the Stanley Arena here when he faces Rudy (Rowdy) Dusek, senior member of the famous wrestling family from Omaha, Neb., in the feature clash on a four-bout mat program. Casey, only three years in this country, is now a citizen of the United States and, unwilling to await the draft, he has decided to volunteer for years service in the United States Army. It is expected that he will enter the service on Fepruary 8.
 Former worlds champion, Casey is probably the most powerful of all the wrestlers in action today. He gained his tremendous strength through the fact that starting as a boy in Sneem, County Kerry, Ire land, he used to help his father, a fisherman, by rowing boatloadS of fish from the fishing boats to the shore He first gained athletic fame as an oarsman and he and three of his brothers, won many champion ship regattas both in England and Ireland before he turned to the wrestling game. They will wrestle to the best two out of three falls.
 In Dusek, he meets one of the toughest of them all. Rudy the 'Rowdy" has been among the fore most v'restlers in this country for a long number of years. He broke in his three brothers, Ernie, Walter and Emil at the game and because of their roughneck and wildcat ways they are known the country over as the "Dusek Riot Squad"
 There will be three other all ac- ton bouts on the card. Principal among these Is the 30 minute, time limit clash between George Timothy Linnehan, the interruptions Boston Irishman and Heinie Olsen, the Duluth Swede. Tn another match on the program. Marty Jones. blonde giant from Columbus, O., will meet Andy Mexlner of New York City Tn the third undercard match, Leo Numa, the Seattle strong man, will come to grips with Fred Miller ot Bristol. The first bout will start at 0:30 o'clock.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-01-31
MULLOY-KOVACS NET
 MATCH IN FLORIDA

Coral Gables, Fla, Jan. 31-(UP) Gardner Mulloy of Miami at- tempts to halt the tournament winning streak of Frankie Kovacs of Oakland, Calf, today when they meet in the semi-final Of the Uni- yersity Of Miami tennis tournament,
 Mulloy lost the first set of his match to Hal Surface of Kansas City Ia the quarter-finals yesterday, but won out 6-8, 6-0, 0-4. Koyacs outstrkoed Elwood Cooke of Port land. Ore. Gel, 6-4
 Bobby Riggs Of Chicago. former national amateur champion, and thlrd-seeded Jack Kramer of Mon- teeello, Calf, made up the other semi-flnal scheduled for tomorrow. Rgigs busted Wayne sabin Of San Franelsco in Q hard-fought match. i.0. 7.b. 6-3. and Kramer defeated Gardner LArncd Of Chicago, Ga, Gel.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-01-31
Revelers, Local Hockey Team, All French Canadians

DuD to bad ice condition at the Fulton park rink, the Red Hawks Revelers hockey match has been put of to next week.
 The Revelers A. A. started on their winning streak this week, de- feattng the Naugy Giants To on the Thurston rink last Sunday Monday evening in bitter battle from start to finish, they Subdued the enraged Red Wing aggregation 2-1 in an exhibition.
 The Revelers are made up entire ly of players of French-Canadian extraction. Several of those learned their hockey in Canada. Jacque Laperiere, Jean Blais and Tony Crabot started playing at Berthie- vile, "a commercial college in Can ada. While in school they devel- oped a command over themselves and a degree of physical confidence. The training which they received in sport competition gave them a fine spirit Of team play, greater courage and higher sense of sportsmanship.
 Bob Laounette, (Kid Broadway, who developed the right knack of holding a hockey stick and hand ling a puck by consistent practice at Pritchard pond, is utility man, filling many positions. Most regu- larly he plays the front line.
 Ralph Rathier, from Rhode Is- land, has pair of very black and very bright eyes like those of a little black and tan terrier and is a heroic fighter on the ice. To the Revelers, it is as some missing cog has been supplied, since they ac- quired him.
 Leon Bournival, the youngest of the Bournival brothers of hockey fame, plays wing Though not of very tall stature, he owns a pair of shoulders which spills many fast skater with his legal body check.
 Jim Fournier, brother of Paul, popular young twirler of the City Amateur Baseball league, is right defenseman who does well enough to win the confidence of his goalie by resisting all attacks.
 Henry Baribault, Delage and Malanfan along with Linteau, whose relax features help win many contests, are all valuable defense- men. At various times, Baribault fills the position of goalie.
 Jean Paul Cloutier, the great profile, is wingman whose spe- cialty is passwork. Joe Caouette is unbeatable in the cage,
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-01-31
WATERFOWL ST. JOHNS
 DEFEAT ST. MICHAELS

Watertown, Jan. 3l.-The St. Johns c. Y. O. Quintet of Water town chalked up its sixth victory of the season at Sprague School gym Wednesday night with a 21-l6 tri- umph over St. Michaeps c. Y. O. of Waterville. Both teams stood on an even footing at the half. the score being 10-9 in favor of Water town.
 The St. Johns hoopsters sparked by Capt. Keilty then pulled away from their Wateryille rivals in the last period and dropped in five bas- ketS.
 T. Rowlison was high scorer for the evening with four baskets.
 The box score:
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-01-31
Interesting
 Baseball Bits Here and There
BY PAUL SCHEFFELS

tUnlte0 freSS SGdII NOTEtSpuuuchty
 New York, January 31. - (UP)- Sparks from the Hot Stove League;
 The "no-trade" rule for cham pions which currently ranks as the silliest piece of legislative insanity ever passed by the American League, may boomerang this season. De- signed primarily to halt the appar- ently unbeatable New York Yankees last year, the rule may now help to deaden the game in Detroit, one of baseball's most rabid towns.
 Detroit, winner of the American League pennant last year and pos sessor of the oldest infield in the circuit, is given little chance to repeat their 1940 conquest, because of that rule. And, if the draft calls colorful Hank Greenberg, most pop ular man on the club, watch the Tigers attendance drop. When that happens, look for the American League Moguls to kill the rule in record time.
 If reports from Berkeley, Calif. are true that Augie Galan is walk ing naturally again, the Chicago Cubs outfield burden will be light ened considerably. Galan cracked a kneecap against an outfield wall in Philadelphia last July and was unable to play for the remainder ot the season. He has been taking diathermic treatments and working out on a bicycle at his home. He believes he'll be ready to run in an- other month.
 l Foreigners?
 A survey of American League rosters reveals that 12 players in | that league were born outside of the United States. namely:
 Boston - Pitcher, Judd, London Ontario.
 Cleveland - Pitchers, Calvert and Krakauskas, Montreal; outfielder Heath, Fort William, Ontario.
 Detroit - Pitcher, Cock, Lemon vile, Ontario.
 New York Outfielder, Selkirk Huntsville, Ontario; pitcher, Ardi- zoia, Novarra, Italy.
 Philadelphia Outfielder, Valo l fllDIllk, OESCIlOoiOFdh4d, piUSAASA Marchildon, Penetang, Ontario. Washington Pitchers, Carras- quel, Venezuela, and Clearly, Cork Ireland; infielder, Robertson, Mon- treal.
 One of the most active players in the major leagues during the off season is Ben Chapman Washing ton outfielder. Besides playing basketball and golf, he coaches foot ball, referees basketball games ano recently became half-owner of 8 group of bowling alleys in his home town of Montgomery, Ala. Chap man will manager the alleys during the winter and his partner will take over in the summer.
 Major-Domo Branch Hickey oi the St. Louis Cardinals plans new spring training innovation for his club at St. Petersburg this year He's going to install pitching ma chine in part of the training fiele where 1t can be adjusted for fast ane slow pitching and can be fixed tS throw the ball at a set spot, Ht also figures on trying the machine in one of his minor league campi where farm club players train.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-01-31
Louis Burman Title Bout Facts

New York, Jan. 31-CUP)-Facts On tonight's fight:
 Principals-C Champion Joe Louis of Detroit vs. Challenger Clarence Red" Burmar1 of Baltimore.
 Title at stake-World heavyweight championship.
 Distance-15, rounds.
 Place-Madison Square Garden. Promoter-Mike Jacobs. Expected crowd-17 900.
 Expected gate-$70,000.
 Fighters purses-Louis gets 40 per cent of net gate; Burman IT 1-2 per cent.
 Time of main bout-10 p. m. EST. Broadcast-NBC blue network.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-01-31
YMCA BADMINTON

The Waterbury Y Badminton Club has three matches scheduled for this weekend. Saturday after noon, the Mems Q. and D. team play the Hartford Dadmlnton Club at Hartford. Matches are scheduled Co start at 2;30 D, tFi. Sunday at 2;5O the Mixed Doubles team plays Daiis loiSon at panieison.
 There will be the regular CosEd Iladmlnton period Sunday night, Starsine at 7i50.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-01-31
GIRLS CLUB GAMES

Brooklyn Alpha and Beta teams of the Girls club league were win ners of baSketgall games played last night the Alphas winning a close game 15-12 from Washington Alphas while the Betas were 16-6 winners over the Washington Betas. Misses Signore and Cilfcne of AL phas scored l2 of their teams 15 points, Miss Kelly scored 10 for Washington, Miss Collucci 8 for Brooklyn Betas and Miss Egan all six points for Washington Betas.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-01-31
FIGHT RESULTS
By United Press

Barre, Vt.-AI NettIoW, l44, Des trolt. stopped Eddie Connolly, l37, Boston (4); Buster Beaupre, IA, Burlington. stopped Nicky sullo, i43, Boston (2): Babe Labrec. i33, Burr lington. decisloned Mickey Ryan. i37, Boston t0),
 Portland. Mc.--Ted Lowry. ITO, Portland. stopped Jackie Fisher, i0l, WateryIlle lAl; Billy Conneriy, lbO, Boston, stopped Billy Lancaster. i4B, Portland (b); Leo Liottl, i4B, Bos' ton, declsIoned Herb Tracy, iiO, south Portland co.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-01-31
NORTH END PALS
 OPPOSE DUTCHLANDS

The North End Pals will play the Milford "Dutehland Farms" out- fit tonight at the Webster gym starting at 8:3O. This is the first ape pearance Of this popular downBtate aggregation in Waterbury and . large crowd K expected 70 attend 10 sec the encounter.
 Tn the preilm tho Tarnpaelng Pol Co-Eds will be out after their Ttn victory Of the season when they play the strong Bethlehean A. q, Ulrla,
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-01-31

In an effort to give the youth of Waterbury chance to learn the technique of self defense and give them the necessary confidence in themselves so they may better stand up for their rights and not have to be pushed around by the
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-01-31
Tale Of The Tape On Louis -Burman
WRESTLING RESULTS
Ry United Press

Hartford. Conn,--Yvon Roberts, Montreal, Canada, threw Marvin tBhadow) Westenberg. Tacoma, Wash; Joe Cox. Kansas City, pinned Tommy Rlce, San Francisco; Sammy MenacheF, Boise, Idaho. pinned Cove boy 0ovfo, Cheyenne, Wyoinliig; Red o'Doll, Boston, defeated Bvtreit Ribbons. T'uisa. Okla,
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-01-31
CRAY BASKETBALL

Three games are scheduled in the dra-Y Basketball League at the Central Y for tomorrow morn- ing, At i0;00 o'clock, the Wildcats play the Shamrocks; at i0:40. the Panthers play the Bombers and at ii:20, the vultures play the Eagles,
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-01-31
LOWRY BY K. o.

Portland, Me, Jan. 3i.-(uP)-Tcd Lowry. ITO, Of Portland knocked out Jackie Fisher, i6i Of Waservilie, with c left hook io the Jaw In the fifth round Of c scheduled i0.round bout last night.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-01-31
St. Casimir s Cops Terry1viIle Title

Terryville, Jan 31-The St. Casi- mfrs basketball team won the first round championship of the Terry vile Community league Thursday night by defeating the Stag A. C.. of Thomaston, 32-22. St. Casimir's held the Stags to a single point in the first half, but in the second half the Clock Towners outScored the Polish five. The score at half time was 16-1.
 Thomaston House continued to show improved form by adding their sixth league victory, defeat ing a hard-fghting Independent five, 28-27. At half time the h. dependents were leading, 20-13, but were unable to hold onto their lead.
 The third contest also proved a hard-fought contest with the pow erful South Ends managing to hand the Young Men a 26-21 defeat.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-01-31

East Lansing ,--Chet Aubuchon, Michigan State basketball star forced out Of school by illness, has recovered and is working in Q Gary, ind, factory.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-01-31
ST. MICHAEL's c. Y. o.

Score at half time, St. Johns 10; st. Michael's Q. Referee, O'Brian.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-01-31
Basketball Tonight

Coach Joe Jablonowski put his Terryville high basketball team through a light workout Thursday afternoon in preparation for their contest with Thomaston high in Thomaston tonight. In the first meeting of the two teams early in the season, Terryville was victorious in close contest. The prelim to- night will be played between the second teams of the two schools.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-01-31
Boys Club Bombers Meet New Preston

Tonight will be a red letter date in the annals of the Boys Club Bombers. They entertain a team which has averaged better than 50 points game, the New Preston Five of the Litchfield County "Y" league.
 The New Prestoners have warmed up for this game by Smothering the Plymouth town team last Wednes- day by score of 80-37. The Bomb CTS will have to keep their eyes on Platt, Humeston and Cherniske, who combined in the Plymouth game to score 52 points.
 The Bombers after having taken the North End Tigers. have been idle. but have put in some hard practice in anticipation of tough evening tonight Coach McIlroy says his charges are ready for any, thing.
 BOMBERS NEW PRESTON Karpavich ............... Krasselt
 left forward fSdCKe .................. Platt
 right forward Chipman ....-........ Humeston
 center ScnlOSSe~ ............... CnernlSke
 left guard LuCfFs. aCZ ................. Plckett
 right guard
 Game time is 800 with a prelim fea f1tV.iVNn fhn ,aciTa, Hxt1.lc ot T.nn
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-01-31

right guard Game time is 800 with a prelim featuring the Varsity Girls, at TOO.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-01-31
Joe Louis Al 26 Ready To Be "7aken" 7?
Winter Sports Lines
Hockey Hits Big Time

Charles Adums backed first National League unchse in Unite States in Boston l9 New York Americans followed in 25 Runge Detroit Red Wings and Chicago Buckhowk joined %
 Circuit split into two divisions of five teams eoeh
Evening star., 1941-05-01
Decorators End Session

The quarterly board meeting Of
the American Institute of Decorators
closed yesterday afternoon at the
Shoreham Hotel following visits by
the delegates to the White House
and Dumbarton Oaks in George
town. The visitors spent yester-
day morning at Mount Vernon and
Arlington National Cemetery, and
were guests at luncheon in the
garden of the Arts Club.
Evening star., 1941-05-01

Wilbur L. Gray is unopposed as the
associations secretary, as is Milton
w. King for treasurer.
Three directors are to be elected
from this list of candidates: Herbert
M. Bingham, Robert F. Cogswell,
Arthur P. Drury, Walter G. English,
James j. Hayden, who is editor OF
the Journal of the association; Paul
E. Lesh, Wilbert McInerney; Assist
ant United States Attorney George
z, Mcneil and Harlan Wood.
Evening star., 1941-05-01

the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
reported today in outlining its pre-
cautionary work in the national de-
fense program.
THE presence of these mosquitoes
provides the setting for an outbreak
of yellow fever unless the most rigid
maritime quarantine is maintained" ,"
the report stated. AS these bases
are being located in the insular pos
sessions of a country at war, the
possibility of an outbreak OF this
disease occurring as result Of the
Evening star., 1941-05-01
acCracken, PretfYman
Candidates TO Head Bar

William P. MacCracken, Jr., AS
sistant Secretary of Commerce for
Aeronautics from 1926 to 1929, and
E. Barrett Prettyman, former cor
poration counsel of the District,
are the two candidates for the presi-
dency of the Bar Association Of the
Evening star., 1941-05-01
District of Columbia, 1t was learned

District of Columbia, 1t was learned
today.
Successful candidates will take
Office at the annual meeting, sched-
uled to be held June 10, after bal
loting has been held at District
Court.
For the post of first vice president
candidates are Samuel F. Beach,
John J. Carmody and Joseph c. Nc
Garraghy: for second vice presi-
dent, Justin L. Edgerton, Herbert
p. Leeman and Colman B. Stein,
Evening star., 1941-05-01
Yellow Fever Precautions
Prescribed al New Bases

Although the epidemic form OF
yellow fever does not now exist IN
or near the new United States naval
bases acquired from Great Britain,
the species of mosquito which trans
nits this disease lis found fairly
widespread in most of, these bases
and throughout the Caribbean area,
Evening star., 1941-05-01

disruption of hygenic, sanitary and
public health programs must be
considered"
For this reason, the Navy has es-
tablished complete incubation for
Navy and Marine Corps personnel
and civilian workers, as well as
their dependents, who are being
assigned to these bases.
Evening star., 1941-05-01

A Russian burglar gang, includ-
ing a woman. has been ""oken up
by Shanghai. (China) police.
Evening star., 1941-05-01
Not High Priced

The julius Lansburgh Furniture Co.
offers q complete selection OF furni-
ture In all famous periods priced
within all income brackets.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1941-07-10
NOTICE
TO TAXPAYERS

NOTICE is HEREBY GIVEN
by the undersigned Treasurer of
Montgomery County and Collector
of State and County Taxes for
the said county as required by
Section 1877 of Article 16 of the
Code of Public General Laws of
Maryland, title Montgomery
County," subtitle County Treas
urer," to all persons to whom
State and County Taxes are
assessed in said County, that the
animal levy has been made and
placed in the hands of the under
signed for collection.
All such taxes bear interest
from October list, 1910, at the
rate of 6 per centum per annum.
All taxpayers are hereby warned
that unless such taxes as are
assessed against them be paid on
or before the
LIST day of January 1912
their names will be published in
the list of delinquent taxpayers,
and that if said taxes, with inter-
est and proportional part of cost
of advertising, and costs, remain
unpaid until the
Second Monday of April, 1912
the property assessed such de-
linquent taxpayers, or so much
thereof, as may be deemed neces-
sary, will, on said last mentioned
date, be exposed for sale to pay
such taxes, interest and expenses.
State and County taxes may be
paid by persons presenting proper
bills on or before December 31st,
1941, during banking hours, at the
following named banks:
Kensington Bank.
First National Bank of Gath
ersburg.
First National Bank of Sandy
Spring.
Suburban National Bank, Silver
Spring, Md.
Suburban National Bank, Ia
koma Park, Md.
Bank of Damascus.
Bank of Bethesda.
Bank of Poolesville.
Germantown Bank.
Citizens Bank, Takoma Park,
Md. d. G.
JOHN B. DIAMOND.
Treasurer of Montgomery
County, Maryland. 925
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1941-07-10
Gaithersburg News And
lS0cidI Items

The daily vacation Bible School,
which is being held in the Grace
Methodist Church, under auspices
Of the Washington Grove Method
list and Grace Methodist Churches,
had an enrolment of 65 on Mon
day, the opening day; according to
the Rev. William j. Elliott, pastor
and director. The Rev. Richard
N. Edwards, pastor of the Wash
ington Grove church is the assist
ant director and those in chare e
Of the various departments in
clude Mrs. Walter Keir, beginners;
Mrs. Elsie Ward, primary; Mrs.
Marshall Walker, junior; Mrs.
Richard N. Edwards and Mrs. Will
liam ]. Elliott, intermediates.
With Miss Margaret Wallace Of
Baltimore, as director, the daily
vacation Bible School, which has
been in progress at the Epworth
Methodist Church for the past two
weeks will hold its closing exer-
cises in the social hall of the
church tomorrow evening. Friday,
July II, at 8 o'clock. An inter-
esting program followed by the
presentation of certificates and an
exhibition of the handiwork will
feature.
A wedding of interest to num-
Der of friends in Gaithersburg was
that of Mr.. George T. Davis, local
manager of the C. & P. Telephone
Company who was married to Miss
Mary Elizabeth Gehau of Cumber-
land. The ceremony was perform
ed in Washington, D. c., on June
16, with the Rev. John Edwards
officiating. Mr.. and Mrs. Davis
are living in Washington Grove
for the summer.
A largely attended reception was
held in Epworth Methodist Church
in Gaithersburg on Wednesday
evening of last week in honor of
the Rev. and Mrs. James E. Haley,
the new pastor and his wife. Ar
interesting program followed by a
social hour with Mrs. Norman ia
cobs in charge, featured. Those
taking part being Mr.. William Da-
Wis, Mrs. Clay Plummer, Mrs. Bow
man, Miss Susie Belle Cronise, who
extended greetings; Miss Doris
Gonso, who entertained with an
instrumental solo, and Mrs. Kirk
Griffith, a noted soprano, who gave
several renditions in song. The
response by the pastor, the Rev.
Haley, was characteristic of the
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1941-07-10

man - warm, earnest and sincere.
Trinity Methodist Church, Ger
niantown, Joined in the reception
and program.
Miss Sallye Holland is ill at the
home of her sister, Mrs. McKen.
dree Walker, near town. A trained
nurse is in attendance.
Following a visit to friends in
Bethesda over the weekend Mrs.
Maud Waters left on Monday for
an extended visit with Mrs. ]. R..
Pardew in Baltimore.
Mrs. Henry Sterrick in company
with her niece, Miss Betty Lou
Byrne, left on Tuesday for six
weeks visit at the home of Mr..
and Mrs. William N. Watson in
Springfield, Mass. A stop-over in
New York for several days and
visit to Radio City were enjoyed.
Mr.. and Mrs. Ernest Warfeld Of
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1941-07-10
BOYD

Mr.. and Mrs. William E.
Thompson and Mr.. and Mrs.
Arnold Price gave a buffet lunch
con to their employees and friends
at the home of Mr.. and Mrs.
William E. Thompson on July a.
Those present We're Mr.. and Mrs.
William E. Thompson, Mr.. and
Mrs. Lynwood Thompson and chill
dren, Mr.. and Mrs. Arnold Price
and daughters, Misses Mildred and
Mary Edyth, Mr.. and Mrs. Ernest
Huffer and daughter, Miss Vir-
GINA, two sons, Donald and Glen,
Mr.. and Mrs. Hugh Gregg, Misses
Louise and Geraldine Billie and
Tommy Grogg, Mr.. Frank Miller,
Mr.. Tommie Robertson, Mr.. Lii
lard Robertson, Mr.. and Mrs. Leo
Knott, and son, Tommie, Mr.. and
Mrs. Samuel Stout, Miss Ellen
Brandenburg and sister, Mr.. and
Mrs. Elwood Huffer and Joe Ann,
Helen and Virginia Huffer.
Mr.. James P. Elldns Of Wash
ingotn Grove spent Friday night
with his sister, Mrs. Wade Hit
and his niece, Mrs. Kingston
Pickrell.
Master Bobby Headley has re-
turned home after a weeks visit
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1941-07-10

Notice To Creditors
NOTICE is HEREBY GIVEN,
that the Subscriber of State of
Virginia, has obtained from the
Orphans Court of Montgomery
County, in Maryland, Letters of
Administration on the Personal
Estate of
WARNER L. WILKINSON
late of District of Columbia, de-
ceased. All persons resident and
nonresident having Claims against
the said deceased, are hereby
warned to exhibit and file, the
same, in said Court, with vouch-
ers thereof, on or before the 9Th
day of January next: they may
otherwise by law be excluded from
all benefit of said Estate. All
persons indebted to said Estate
are requested to make immediate
payment.
Given under my hand this 18th
day of July, in the year of our
Lord, one thousand nine hundred
and forty-one.
ESTELLE w. TERRELL,
4760 N. oath Road
Arlington, Virginia,
GIG Administrative.