davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-11-01

WASHINGTON INS-Amerlcan
authorities reported today that
substantial amounts of L. S. war
materials are being sent to Turkey
via Great Britain under the lend
lease program. with the full knowl-
edge of the United States. News
that American aid is reaching the
Near East country came after
short-wave broadcast from Aukara,
Turkeys capital, which stated that
L. S-made howitzers and other
weapons have been seen in Turkish
army reviews staged for the bene-
fit of German authorities visiting
there.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-11-01

OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES authori-
ties charged today that the Soviets
are using packs OF dogs with dyna-
mite strapped to their backs against
German forces northwest Of Mos
COW. An official BERLIN announce.
-meHt said the mine dogs FsH to
ward the German positions and
crawled under the barbed wire en-.
tanglements, where many were
blown to pieces by the explosives
they were carrying.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-11-01
Community Fund Pledges
Mount to $4,000 Total

Ann Arbor, Mich. Nov -
Pledges 10 the Community Fund
for 1912 mounted to $4,000 Friday
as other reports were received by
officials. Returns by divisions now
are special gifts, $9646.50; Uni
versity. S2,737. commercial, $4,000,
womens, SS9225. Junior Chamber
of Commerce $l22.25; service clubs,
Sis: industrial. Sg5, University
Hospital $50, and Dunbar $3.50.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-11-01
Monteith Collection of
Books Added to University

Ann Arbor. Mich, Nov. l-Ap-
proximately 500 books from the
collection Of John Monteith, presi'
dent Of the University OF Michigan
from 1917 10 1922. are on an indefi.
mite loan TO the University OF Mlchi-
gan Historical Collections. The
books were secured from Mrs.
George Stevens, descendant OF Mr..
Monteth. an Elyria, o..
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-11-01
E. YpsiEanti
SPENCER CLUB MEETS
WITH MRS AlJSTO|

WITH MRS. HUSTON
East Ypsilanti. Mich Nov. l.
Spencer Club met Thursday with
Mrs. Karl Huston. Ridge Rd. \ co
operative luncheon was served to
the seven members present,
y very interesting report Of the
meeting OF the county Federation
OF Womens Clup at Manchester
October IA was given by Mrs. Leo
HOsmau.
The remainder OF the afternoon
Elsls- spent 50 II :. Gan hlorkS-.ar
quilts for the nursery school
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-11-01

SAN FRANCISCO 49, ms Two
leaders of the welders' revolt in
American Federation of Labor
ranks took their grievances TO
Warrington today in an effort to
win independent bargaining recog'
milton from Sidney Hillman, labor
representative of the OPM.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-11-01

The Spencer Extension Club was
entertained Tuesday by Mrs. Mil
ford Osburn, Sweet Rds with ten
members present. \ nose-bag
lunch was enjoyed at noon.
1t was decided to meet on the
first Tuesday of each month, and
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-11-01
I.Aop HEADS NAMED

Ann Arbor Mich, Nov. Tied
F Sharpe, engineering student
from Detroit, will lead the 1872
J-Hop. Charles NJ. Dotterrer en-
gineering student Detroit. viii be
chairman of the Soph Prom com
mittce.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-11-01
Daily Market Report

l9c; leghorn hens, lbs up,
lac; COCKS. I7ul4c; rock spring.
ers, average run. l9c; leghorn
springers. Ice; young hen turkeys.
10 lbs up. 23c; young tom turkeys.
IS lbs up. PIE; ducks. white. 5 lbs
up. l5c: geese. lac. No unloading OF
poultry before a. M. or after p.
m. Saturdays. no unloading.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-11-01
Vegetables

Detroit, Mich, Nov. i
BEANS Lima. No. l, $l.75Q2.00
bu.; Wax Beans, No. l. Sl.50Q2.00
bu.; Roman Beans. No. l. sl.50Q
81 bu.
BEETS-No. !. 30445c doz. bchs.
CARROTS-No. l, SOd soc doz bchs.
CABBAGE-No. /. 50Q60c bu.
CELERY-No. l. 25Q30c doz. bchs.
ONIONS-No. ! green. 45Q60c doz.
bchs.
POTATOES-No. l, 75G s5c bu.
PUMPKINS-No. l. 4Oq6U bu.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-11-01
Aunt Succumbs

Mrs. Addie Ross was called 20
Grand Rapids, Ohio. last week by
the death of her aunt, Mrs. Title
shank. who was 80 years OF age.
Mrs. Ross remained in Ohio to
visit relatives and friends.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-11-01

Detroit. Mich, Nov. /
APPLES-Jonathans, No. l. sl.25G
$50 bu.; Delicious, Sl.50ql.75;
Shows, $1a1.50.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-11-01
Ann Arbor Ne1OS

Knoxville: and a sister, Mrs. Gym
thia West, Bad Axe.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-11-01

Detroit. Mich. Nov. Poultry:
market steady Hens. average run.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-11-01
EXTENSION CLUB HAS
LESSONS ON CUPBOARDS

quilts for the nursery school.
The Nome nugget., 1941-07-25

Nothing that needs to be done s unimportant.
The Nome nugget., 1941-07-25
Halifax Doubts Sunny California

LOS ANGELES. July - The British ambassador 10 Washing ton. Lord Halifax. arrived in Los Angeles today, apparently pre- pared for the worst in weather. Although the temperature rang ed upward from so degrees, the ambassador carried topcoat and an umbrella.
 Lord Halifax will inspect the huge Lockheed A rcraft factory and persona ly accept the one tiousardth plane that the plant has built for Britain.
The Nome nugget., 1941-07-25
Hawaii To Get 5000 Workers


 VALLEJO, Calif., July Navy officials announced a Val eio that 600 skilled Workmen hired in the East have arrived at the Mare Island Navy Yard, enroute to Honolulu.
 The men are part Of about 3,c0O skilled workers to be added to the civilian force at the Pearl Harbor naval base in the islands.
 The workers will be given tenn porary employment at Mare Is- and while awaiting passage to Honolulu.
The Nome nugget., 1941-07-25
ORCHIDS FOR ALASKANS

Orchids for Alaska brides may come from England now, for tie Beall Greenhouse Company of Seattle has just received a ship ment of $5O,0O0 worth of rare p ants which came by boat to New York and rail to the west coast. Fragile flowers from bomb shattered Sussex will now grow in the quiet of Vashon Island in Puget Sound. A few plants were rotted from fire-hose water pour ed on them while standing on the Liverpool docks during a bombing. Lack of fuel and labor for flower-groWing is acute in England and greenhouses are favorite marks for Nazi bombers.
The Nome nugget., 1941-07-25
REDUCTION IN ADS TERMED MISTAKE

Thomas H. Corpe told the Pac- fife Clubs Association conven- tion that "wise business leaders will avoid the pitfa Is of the World War, when a number of fine firms cut their advertising ac propriations.'
 Corpe, assistant sales manager of Lockheed Aircraft Corpora tion, said these firms found them selves out of the public eye in two or three years and unknoW- ingly 'greased the skids for their own crash"
The Nome nugget., 1941-07-25
Neon Sign Causes Bombers To Crash

MARCH FIELD, Calf. July - That they mistooh a bright neon sign fer an airport beacon was one explanation offered by the commanding officer of three light bombers which crashed in the vicinity of Madeira, Calf, few days ago.
 No one was serious'y injured when the bombers crashed as the six occupants all bailed out safe ly in parachutes.
The Nome nugget., 1941-07-25
ITALIAN TROOPS IN GREECE REBEL

M@GCOW, July - The Soviet hign %" neand reported that dis turba7ces and rebellion had b~oz en out among troops of Italian divisions in Greece which had been ordered to go 10 taa Turk :sh front. Details of the disturb ances were not given.
The Nome nugget., 1941-07-25
FBI Efficiency


 All this time Congressman Maj tin Dies, Democrat of Texas, wa: issuing blasts about spies, though arresting none of them, and lo1 of people were asking:
 "Why doesn't Hoover do some. thing?" Finally, Hoover was ready; and just about two weeks ago the biggest spy ring in Am erican history was rounded ur in New York.
 The machinery by which these spies were arrested and confes- sions secured from many of them is the best illustration of the uuiet efficiency of the FBI. It all happened on a Sunday. The ar rests were made simultaneously in about 20 different parts of New York and the vicinity. Each suspect was brought to differ ent room at FBI headquarters and was interrogated by a diff ferent FBI agent. The rooms were so separated that no pri- soner knew what his colleagues were in the adjoining rooms and might be spilling the goods on him.
 Cross examination continued quietly all afternoon, interrupted by time-out for a sandwich, a cup of coffee or a smoke (FBI men have instructions to kill their prisoners with kindness). In the end, the evidence placed before the prisoners was so over whelming that most of the key ar rests decided to plead guilty.
 J. Edgar Hover has been in charge of the Federal Bureau of Investigation about 20 years. It was Harlan F. Stone, now Chief Justice, then Attorney General under Cooledge, who put him in charge. Prior to that Hoover had been merely a hard-working clerk who burned the midnight oil studying law and worked his way up to chief assistant inside the FBI.
 Hoover's predecessor was the famous William J. Burns, who under President Harding had made a shambles of the FBI. Pol iticians and ex-convicts of the
The Nome nugget., 1941-07-25
s Q | R D o U c H "
 s ' A T 1 o N E R Y

Tn lr.que and humorous no ;yp cai Alaskan stationery Sourduagh Roadhouse Letter ads ana Envelopes. have beer
 '.sn' s:r.ctIy uptodate. and are
 sVa..aoie al he Nugget off,
The Nome nugget., 1941-07-25
New Men To Fly For Navy Are We'll Trained

SEATTLE, July - That U. S.. Navy f1iers are second to none is well known-but what about the new men, the flying officers who will fight and fly the Navy planes now coming off the production lines?
 They too, will be second to none.
 Stories of the stamina and en- ergy power of the German luft- waffe may be well organized pro paganda, but there is no propag- anda about athletic education and recreational program under way at the Naval Air Station, Sand Point, Capt. Ralph Wood, U. s. Navy, Commanding Offic- CT of the Station, has just an- nounced the appointment of Lieut.. Norman F. Kunde, U. S. Naval Reserve, to head the staff of the athletic instructors who will keep the airmen in top physical trim.
 Fine Type of Man
 Lieut.. Kunde is well known in the sports world, and he holds a Bachelors degree, Masters de- gree, and has completed advanc- ed work toward a Doctorate at New York University. Education al and recreational experts con- sider him fine example of the type of athletic director needed to carry on the Navys new pro- gram Kunde is on a leave of ab- sence from his alma mater, the University of Washington, where he was supervisor of Required Physical Education, and handled technical training courses in re- creation, corrective physical ed ucation, first aid and safety. He was formerly boxing coach at the University and turned out 2 championship team.
 Welfare Building
 The Naval Air Station, Sanc Point, is now completing an ath. letic welfare building which vii house athletic and recreation fax ilities for both officers and enlis ed men. It will feature gymna sium, swimming pool, bowling alley, theatre, and special eXer else rooms. A turf athletic fielC adjoins it for the staging of sea sonal outdoor sports. The station already has a fast-moving soft ball league and baseball tean which competes with outside ol ganizations.
 Kunde and his staff will schee ule regular physical education classes which will fit into the Naval air training program o1 the officer personnel, cadets ano ground crews.
The Nome nugget., 1941-07-25
WHAT THE WANT ADS
 MEAN TO NOME

To Sell that gun, furniture baby carriage, coat, trunk at a profit.
 To Buy that ice box or rug piano or suit, car or accOrdian al low cost. To Rent that room, garage. apartment or that house to de. Sirable tenants.
 TuE NnNYE NITCCET
The Nome nugget., 1941-07-25
MERRY-GO-ROUND THE WASHINGTON
By Drew Pearson and Robert s. Allen

WASHINGTON For approxi n1ately one year J. Edgar Hoover Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, has not been particularly happy.
 A most every week there issu ed from Capitol Hill a Dies Committee blast about spies and saboteurs in the United States. The blasts made headlines. Also they caused all sorts of people and editorial writers to query:
 What is J. Edgar Hoover do- ing about these foreign spies? Why is he leaving everything to the patriotic MT. Dies?
 h reply MT. Hoover said abso- lutely nothing.
 And there was very good reason. For during that year he had under surveillance the great est spy ring ever shadowed in the United States. And one word leaking out that they were being shadowed would have sent every suspect running for cover, upset the evidence FBI agents were col lecting during months of cease less vigil.
 For instance, J. Edgar Hoover's men knew, more than a year ago tha ta Nazi spy ring was plot ting to blow up the British liner Queen Mary, then docked in New York. They knew it because at that time they were permittedf to tap telephone wires, and they listened in on the plot.
 Right in the middle of the plot, the Supreme Court ruled that tlephone wires could not be tap ped, and from that ime on the FBI had to shadow the spies in stead of listen in on them. To have arrested the saboteurs at that tme wou'd have meant that the other spies, su;pected but not yet in the net, would have fled the country. So Hoover said nothing and waited.
 Also he had the Queen Mary carefully guarded. She sailed un damaged. It was more than a year ago, also, that Hoover learn ed that Nazi agent inside the Sperry gyroscope plant was try ing to lay hands on the blue prints of the secret United States bomb-sight. In fact, four prints were almost within his reach when the FBI found out about it For more than a year since then, those plans have been kept tan talizingly just out of reach while Hoover waited for more spies to walk into his net.
The Nome nugget., 1941-07-25

Gaston B. Means type were hired as investigators. And if a Sen ator did not want certain mat ter investigated, it was dropped.
 Hoover saw from watching Burns, that there could be no pol itics inside the FBI. He has been rigid on that point ever since. He is a gland-hander, and will talk the arm off congressman, but a lot of kind words is all the con- gressman gets. Hoover will drop no investigation because of pol itical pressure. Nor will he in vestigate a congressman, senator or neWsaperman unless he has written orders from the Attor- ney General himself.
 Ii was the sorry example of William J. Burns under Harding that made Hoover resolve that every one of his agents must be a college graduate. That rule is followed even today when the FBI has expanded ten tmes its step back in the Coolidge days. A college degree, sometimes ev- en law degree, is just as essen- tial to an FBI job as West Point and Annapolis are to commis sions in the Army and Navy.
 Up From Plain Beginnings
 Despite the atmosphere of guns and gangsters surrounding the FBI, there is nothing very sen- sational about either Hoover's past or his present. He came from very plain surroundings, and up until a few years ago still lived with his mother in the none too fashionable Washington house in which he was born. His family has been a family of gov ernment workers, and his bro ther was Chief of the Bureau of Navigation of the commerce de- partment.
 No family influence Or polite al pull pushed Hoover ahead in life, and probably his success stems chiefly from ceaseless, un remitting work plus personal in- tegrity, plus a scrupulous care not to infringe upon the civil liberties.
 The CIO has been suspicious of Hoover and sometimes accuses nim of planting labor spies. Un- 1uestionably if there are sabot- CUTS inside national defense fac tories, Hoover will have men planted to find them out. But the | real fact is, though the CIO may not appreciate it, that Hoover is one of the most circumspect pro- ,ectors of civil liberties in the country.
 No suspect gets his reputation 'uined by having his name splash ed in the headlines unless Hoo yer definitely has the goods on lim. There are no raids on the 1 private files of political organiza- jon such as staged by the Dies Committee. Hoover is tough, but l 1e respects the rules of game - the fundamental lib erties on which the nation was iounded.
 Labor, indeed the whole nation n times like these, is lucky to l nave him on the job.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-06-24
Police, Firemen
Seek Pay Boosts

A request Of both police and fire
departments for IS per cent salary
Increases IN Bext years budget for
every memoer Of the public safety
department was placed on the city
council table Monday morning.
Petitioners, u members Of the
departments. declared Commission
er Holmes Eastwood u whole
beartedly in accord with their
proposal. which they aid they
were ASKING to meet rising living
costs.
''Rslizble statistics indiosts.
they wrote. that living costs had
risen "a per cent a. Of May 70
Mayor Harry r. Cain told the
eouncilmen he already had ad-
y1sed the petitiOnIng firemen and
police officers that their matter
would b oDe 20 take up At one
q the new administrative sessions
n the city council. now held each
1ss@oAE. 1inAEnday AID FroaL
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-06-24
Await Word
On Policy
Of Japan
Nippon Presently
Holds Treuties
With Both Sides

TOKYO - Premier Prince
Fumimaro Konoye and Wang
Ching Wei. head of the Jap
anese sponsored Marking gov
eminent, pledged themselves
in n joint statement tonight to
collaborate in eradicating the
evils OF Communist agrees
sion" in establishing = new
order in East Asia.
An announcement Of japanese
policy In connection with the war
between liz axis partners and Rus
STA. with whom II has = neutrality
treaty. In expected tomorrow after
= meeting OF thu war council and
hugh command. which originally
was scheduled for today.
The statement by konoye
and Wang reaffirmed prsvieu.
DESTINATIONS concerning the
establishment u q new order"
In East Asia and predloated
them On good neighboriy
smicAbie relations. eommon
defense against communism
and economic cooperation
The Japan Times and Advertiser.
organ OF the foreign office. said:
Japan. under terms OF treaties
with Germany and Russia. main
tains friendship with both. This
implies neutrality while the ma
lions future policy is being ds-
termined.s
Gen. Eugen OFT. German ambas-
sador. conferred for half an hour
today with Foreign Minister Yo-
suks Matsuoka. lie had con-
ferred with hAtsuokA for an hour
last night.
Usually reliable quarters re-
ported that Germany would not
nsk Japan 10 take part In the war
against Russia under the German
Jspanese-i,aiian alliance
Russia Was expected 10 ask
the foreign office 10 observe
strict neutrality under tevms
Of the Japanese Russiaa nen-
aggression accord.
British Ambassador Sir Robert
Craigie conferred IS minutes xdth
Vice Foreign Minister chuichi
on problems eentsrinE
around the new phase Of the Euro
psan war" II was announced.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-06-24
Death Comes
Sunday Night
Puul A. Preus Dies
Of Heurt Attuck

Paul A. Preus. twice Re-
publican nominee for congress
from the sixth district, died
suddenly Sunday evening at
his home In Falkland.
He would have been 81 years
old Monday. having been born
June 20, 1891. near Leeds. Wis
He was stricken with a heart
attack last April at Fresno. Calf.
and physicians there warned him
that he must be extremely careful
not 10 exert himself.
Preus was forced to remain in
the hospital at Fresno about 10
weeks and only two weeks ago re-
turned TO his home here.
Made short Trip
He had returned appearing ex-
tremely well and apparently feel
ing well, except. as he explained
Continued on Pags II. Column 81
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-06-24
Hike
Army
Bill

WASHINGTON - Tho
senate appropriations commit
tee today approved > sio.sab.-
0o0. 900 army bin for the 1912
fiscal year. carrying $780,
100000 more than approved
by the house for accelerntion
and expansion Of defense pro-
ductlon.
Most u ths proposed Increase.
subcommittee members explained.
viii BE- used 10 expand production
In governmsnt.ownsd srssnsls 81
the urgent request a Acting See.
Rotary of War Robert =. Patterson
The COMMITTEES voted about tvu
20 one tn favor ~ the Increase.
with the minority holding that tho
army already has been given funds
30 large thai u cannot spend them
intsillgsntly and effectively.
The bill. largest peacetims ap.
preparation measure IN the natlous
history. probably win carry he-
tween sii.boo 600 COO snd 81. 600.
0oo. 600 BY the time Il u reported
BY tho subcommittee. members
said.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-06-24

WARRINGTON - Ths 10y e
she lase sen. rsf ffnrFssaf. %.
kffzs. pFeslasaf pa tsmpe<s ~ ne
ssnafe snd ehairuzsn a the finance
eommiftss. 9TH - h state toszav
n shs chamber sheEs n served
his nnlion for - xesF4
The 50 YssF-oia Mefssman assd
early yesterday II szhxusfion fob
low1ng . ma1oF intsst1aai opef-
alton performed wsek ego. Re
had been n mose q tAs earFeuk
session sna receHfiy had undsr-
gons Z long series Of treatmeutH
= "a Arkzneas hospital.
Harrison nd seen n congress
30 years. ne ha1 hsen = nnembeF
q lhs ho.ase - Representatives fox
seven yssrs when bs ven eiectzcn
t. ths senala n le1A
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-06-24

LONDON - -Four million
men FLASHED today on a LOO
mile front under massed fleets
Of airplanes in Adolf Hitler's
war against Soviet Russia,
which Germany called the
greatest military march In
world history"
II was the eve Of the i7oth ami.
vsrsary OF Napolson's march into
Russia in 1919 r. thu march that
doomed him 10 ruin.
Details were scant and thu zen.
srai position was obscure. Rumania
Was marching with Germany. Fin
land seemed holding hack. and
there were reports that ia csei-
net had split on the question nf
supporting Germany. Turkey de-
elared 81 neutrality: aloyzhls. Ger
many's satellite. broke dipinmatir
relations with Russia.
Great Britain had declared
10. support 81 Russia. Prime
Misistsr Winston ChurchiIl. In
making fhe declaration. had
promised war 30 the finish On
Germany.
Stockholm observers had picked
up a Radio MOSCOW broadcast that
said an alliance Of Russia. Great
Britain and the United states sas
under consideration.
IL was Indicated, In dispatches
from warning and neutral capitals.
that Germany was driving ~ fol-
lows.
i-From the karslisn istkmns
on Leningrad. Ruasias second city.
psrilounly Close to ths Tlnnlnh
frontier.
From East Prussia
From Poland
From RumAnia.
The second ana third prongs ~
thu German ariye wsrs pointed
toward Moscow.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-06-24
F. r. Ponders
Aid to Soviet
Russion Funds
Now Frozen Here
BULLETIN

NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. Secre-
tary Of State Sumner Welles,
speaking on behalf of President
Roosevelt, said today that while
all forms of dictatorship are in
imical 10 the American way of life,
the immediate issue IL to stop
"Hitlerism."
Nelles said this il the immedi-
ate outstanding consideration In
connection with the German at
tack on Russia.
WASHINGT0N-P reside en- I
Roosevelt was confronted today
with an explosive decision on ex-
tending lease aid 10 the
Soviet union while dispute de-
veloped whether the Moscow Ber-
lin break created more danger for
the United States, or less.
Meantime. there were reports
from Stockholm that the Soviet
Nnion was considering an alliance
with Great Britain and the United
States. Talk Of an alliance"
would not be taken seriously here.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1941-06-24
ANNOUNCEMENT

A. the request u the U. ,.
treasury department, The Ia
coma Times announces = new
feature Of interest and service
10 many readers who are buy
ing or vilI bay Defense SAY
lngs bonds and stamps. This
viii BE- called the Defense
Savings quiz. starting Tues
DAY.
This questions will be chosen
from among those asked ~
most bond and stamp buyers,
The answers will tell what the
new Defense Savings program
means 70 the individual and TO
the nation.