davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The potters herald. [volume] (East Liverpool, Ohio) 1899-1982, 1941-12-11

A colored man was caught trying
to sell insurance without a license,
and was hauled before the insurance
commissioner.
"Don't you know" demanded the
Commissioner, "that you can't sell in
surance in this town without a H.
cense?"
"Boss," said the colored one. "Dat
splains de mattah. | done foun' out
dat I couldn't sell none, but l didn't
know whuts de reezin wuz ontil you
tOle me-"
The potters herald. [volume] (East Liverpool, Ohio) 1899-1982, 1941-12-11
Bostwick Again
(COnfinued From Pd1e One)

CONTINUED From Page One)
guard. Brother Lester Locke stays in
as trustee.
The conference will convene in the
East on the 18th, so you had better
get busy if you have any suggestions
to give to our men. They have made
an appeal for all information you
might be able to gather.
A very good idea was advanced last
Monday. AS you all know, that was
the day we declared war on Japan.
We thought it very fitting and proper
that we rise and renew our pledge to
the Flag of the United States. This
was carried on very enthusiastically.
This o. c. recommends this to all
Locals throughout the trade. 0. G.. Al
The potters herald. [volume] (East Liverpool, Ohio) 1899-1982, 1941-12-11
Full Support
(Cout;uued From Paoe One)

(Confinued From Page Onr)
possible. Our country has never
called upon the A. F. of l.. in vain.
We are again responding. The A. F.
of l.. workers Of New York are ready
to give. theil~Ses if necessary, just
as our brothers did during the First
World War" v
The potters herald. [volume] (East Liverpool, Ohio) 1899-1982, 1941-12-11
MILWAUKEE COOP SIGNS

Milwaukee, Wis.-Contracts carry
ing pay raises have been signed be-
tween the Greendale Cooperative and
AFL unions representing the meat
cutters, grocery clerks and garage
men, with all of the co-operatives COW
cred.
The potters herald. [volume] (East Liverpool, Ohio) 1899-1982, 1941-12-11

A Christmas present made in a
sWeatshop can not carry with it the
true Christmas spirit. Be consistent
buy Union Label gifts!
The potters herald. [volume] (East Liverpool, Ohio) 1899-1982, 1941-12-11

Don't question me too closely;
sometimes | don't understand what
mean myself.
The potters herald. [volume] (East Liverpool, Ohio) 1899-1982, 1941-12-11
: + 4. + + i + + j. j. + j. j. i j.
ATTENTION L. U. NO. 13Q

You are requested to attend :
regular meeting of Local Union :
13O Friday night, Dec. II. I'M :
) p0rtant business to be followed >
by election of officers for the "
coming term.
BY Order of President.
j. ! i i i \ j. + = \ i X i \ + !
The potters herald. [volume] (East Liverpool, Ohio) 1899-1982, 1941-12-11
: j. j. = j. i
NOTICE

! All members of Local Union
+ No. 81 please pay dues by end of
: year, as there will be division :
+ of the Local in January and
! finances must be divided.
The potters herald. [volume] (East Liverpool, Ohio) 1899-1982, 1941-12-11
3 4 + 4 4 + = + i + 4. 4 ! + !
SPECIAL NOTICE
TO ALL WAREHOUSEMEN

. Election of officers will be held
. Monday night, December Is, at
; the regular meeting. Door prize
. still unclaimed. o. c. 86.
: i + i + j. i 4 i X 4 + i \ j. j
The potters herald. [volume] (East Liverpool, Ohio) 1899-1982, 1941-12-11
NOTICE.!
Important Announcements of Local
Unions are to be found in this
Column
J. i j. + = j. i i !. ! !. !. J. \ j
GROUP INSURANCE .
REGULATIONS

In case of disability, first see :
doctor; second, file report at :
Headquarters. This report must >
be received within ten days after :
disability.
! 4 + 4 j. + j. j. i + i + j. + i + !
The potters herald. [volume] (East Liverpool, Ohio) 1899-1982, 1941-12-11

Demand the Union Label on all
your purchases.
The potters herald. [volume] (East Liverpool, Ohio) 1899-1982, 1941-12-11

tOle me-
Evening star., 1941-03-23
Home Front

The United States now has a policy
aimed at making Hitler swallow the
words he uttered Monday in a German
Memorial Day speech: NO power and
no support coming from any part OF the
world can change the outcome of this
battle in any respect. England will fall"
The House passed and sent to the
Senate the bill appropriating s70O0,OOO,-
600 for buying goods to be turned over
to England and her allies. The United
States is getting ready, it was said at
the Capitol, to build five IS 5000-ton bat
tleships for the two-ocean Navy. Presi-
dent Roosevelt asked Secretary of Agri-
culture Wickard and Surgeon General
Thomas Parran, who recently was in
England, to submit him a list of British
food needs. William S. Knudsen, defense
director of production, said that the
s7000,000 900 program will require an
increase of so per cent in the countrys
activity
Evening star., 1941-03-23
OPEN SEA LANES FOR BRITISH AID ESSENTIAL
Experts Believe Some Ships Could Be Safely Shifted Pacific
BY Constantine Bro,pn.

food safely to port. our own light units
may have to do the escorting Whether
they will be manned by American or
British sailors is not yet clear. The
question of whether we have sufficient
force in the Atlantic at the present time
to do the job properly is open to dis
cuSsion. In many quarters it is felt
that We have not. The Atlantic Fleet
is composed of old and new units At
the present time that force does not
exceed 130 units. including three old bat
tleshipS used in the past for training
purposes only. A part of the cruiser
fleet is equally obsolescent.
Many of the destroyers are old, too;
only relatively small proportion have
anti-aircraft guns, essential in modern
warfare for conveying ships. Some of
the anti-aircraft artillery on the larger
ships also is obsolete.
The navy yards are working overtime
and have done remarkable job of COM
pleting ships ahead of schedule. But it
takes some time before completed man
of war can be put in commission, and
viz tuOoNiOli Vi SOliNOy olllDO ID oil
immediate one, requiring fast, modern
ships for service at once
Halfway Measures Fatal.
Halfway measures are invariably fatal
Hence, in the opinion of some experts, it
appears necessary to withdraw from the
Pacific proportion of fast cruisers, de-
stroyers and possibly airplane carriers for
service in the Atlantic The addition of
such vessels to the existing Atlantic feet
can guarantee the safe arrival of the
merchantmen in the British ports. In
usually weu-informed quarters it is be-
ieved that such withdrawal would not
seriously impair the force defending the
West Coast.
There is no question that the Japanese
are going to do lot of saber rattling, on
their own account and at Hitlers bidding,
to prevent such transfer But military
and naval quarters in Washington feel
that the japanese will undertake no
major action against this country, even if
the Pacific fleet is weakened by sending
units of the scouting force to the At
lantic.
The Japanese may attempt to attack
Singapore and the Dutch East Indies if
the United States Fleet in the Pacific is
depleted. Both those territories are in a
position to hold out against the Japanese
for a number of months. The most pes
simistic appraisal shows that the British
and the Dutch could resist Japanese
attack without any outside help for at
least four months.
Evening star., 1941-03-23
By Lothrot Sfoddard.

its towering ramparts beat off each
assault. The hour of peril presently
passed, an6 the empire continued to be
a center of Christian civilization during
long centuries when Asia and Africa
were overrun by the Moslems, and when
Western Europe was sunk in the night
of the Dark Ages.
This Eastern empire ended a trifle
less than 500 years ago. In 1853, the Of
toman Turks captured the city and made
it, in turn, the seat of their aggressive
empire which overran the Balkans and
threatened all Europe until its devastat-
ing march was halted under the walls
of Vienna. During the height of Otto
man power, the Black Sea was Turkish
lake and the Eastern Mediterranean
was wholly under Turkish control
Time Works Changes.
About two centuries ago, Ottoman
power crumbled and went into such
swift decline that Turkey became known
as The Sick Man of Europe" At once,
the question arose who should be his
heir. The rising empire of Russia seemed
the most likely claimant. Having
wrested control of the Black Sea from
the Turks, it coveted Constantinople as
its natural exit to the outer world. But
the other powers of Europe felt that
this would mean Russian mastery over
the whole Near East, so they supported
the decrepit Ottoman Sultans against
In lJrN1N 10
intrigues punctuated by periodic wars,
the problem of the Straits was gradually
worked out.
This problem had twofold aspect.
ships. Here the Turks were soon con-
strained to let all such shipping pass
freely through the Straits without pay
ing dues or other vexatious regulations.
Warships, however, were a different
matter, and here the Ottoman Empire
maintained its sovereign right to admit
or exclude such craft, especially in war
time.
The question of the Straits entered
an acute phase when Turkey joined
Germany and Austria Hungary in the
World War Britain tried to force the
Straits and join hands with its Russian
ally in the Black Sea. A great British
fleet and army assailed the southern
end of the Straits, known as the Dar-
danelles, a winding waterway some IS
miles long and with a width varying
from miles to less than a mile. But
once more it was shown that the Straits,
if we'll fortified and bravely manned,
are virtually impregnable to direct as
sault. The tragedy Of Gallipon cost
Evening star., 1941-03-23
Battle of the Atlantic

The war on the sealanes that divide
America from Europe is the war of most
immediate concern to the United States,
because a primary object of that cam
paign is to keep from Britain the sup
plies sent over by the United States. The
battle of the Atlantic brings the war
close to the United States; on Tuesday
Prime Minister Churchill declared that
mot only German U-boats but battle
cruisers have crossed to the American
side of the Atlantic" where, he said,
they have succeeded in sinking British
ships. 1t was later reported that the
warships were the Gueisenau and the
Scharnhorst.
On the same day the German high
command in Berlin announced that
German submarine had sent to the bot
tom five armed merchantmen of $1,000
tons out of a British convoy.
Yesterday Berlin announced that bat
tleships have sunk % British vessels in
the North Atlantic.
The destruction on the high seas since
the wars beginning exceeds anything the
world has ever known. On
Shipping Monday, March II, Lloyd's
Losses of London reported that
British, allied and neutral
shipping losses in the wars first 18
months amounted to 1862, ,257 tons-700,-
900 tons more than in the first two and
a half years of the World War. Total
German, Italian and aXis-controlled YES
sells lost were given as 2028, ,140 tons, 422
ships The British, allied and neutral
ships sent to the bottom numbered 1,245.
An exciting picture of the war at sea
was brought to this country Wednesday
by Capt AIRY Kooy, Hollander, master of
the 8616-ton Leerdam, which tied up
in New York.
I'VE left Glasgow March 8 in 38-
ship convoy with four destroyerS," Capt.
Kooy said. "I was on the bridge at 4:20
am. March when I noticed that my
squadron leader, the Delilian, began
slowing down. Apparently the crew was
emptying ashes from one of the boilers.
Instead of slowing down I continued my
normal speed and decided to pass her
on the port side. At 4:30 I was parallel
Evening star., 1941-03-23

At the same time, it is realized here
that the japanese cannot attack either
Hawaii or the West Coast. Even if some
of the cruisers and destroyers are shifted
from the Pacific, the air force, the bat
tleshipS and the submarines will all still
be there. These are the principal de-
fense forces of the West Coast and the
Japanese Navy-granting that it is much
stronger than it is generally believed to
be-could not attempt an attack against
us in the triangle which forms the
United States Western defense line.
Under these circumstances and in view
of the pressing need to force Herr Hitlers
blockade, the opinion of those who be-
lieve that a portion of the light units of
the Pacific force should be transferred to
the Atlantic is gaining weight.
Nazi Strategy Unchanged.
The strategy of the German general
staff has not changed; the German
forces must attempt to bring about the
collapse of Britain in the course of this
spring and summer. Their principal
weapon is to debiltate the body before
the knockout blow is administered. Hit
Ter will not hesitate to use every avail
able submarine and every available plane
to make the blockade a success. The
other theaters of operation, such as the
Balkans. are of secondary importance to
him. They have a nuisance value, but
nothing else
The forces the Reich will be calling
into use in that section of Europe are
completely apart from those it intends to
use against Great Britain. The airplanes
are more or less old (most of the planes
which have been sent to Bulgaria and
Rumania are of the 1899 model. The
new bombers and fighters and subma-
rines are all reserved for the blow against
the British Isles. The British aviation,
when strengthened by daily arrivals
from the United States, after May 1,
will be in position to oppose successful
ly the German attempts to invade Great
Britain.
1t is likely that the increased number
of fighters will enable Great Britain to
give battle to the German air raiders
which form a part of the blockading
force, but it is the speedy surface vessels
which are essential for the conveying Of
ships carrying war materials to Great
Britain that are really needed. The Brit
ish do not have enough Of them and
neither does the United States, in it's
Atlantic fleet. Hence they must be taken
from the Pacific. Otherwise, it is felt
in responsible quarters in Washington.
the aid-to- Britain measure will lose
much Of it, value.
Evening star., 1941-03-23

High-ranking military and naval au-
thorities in Washington scoffed at Hit
lers statement last Sunday that no
power in the world can save England
now. There is no doubt. these sources
say, that Britain is in precarious posi-
ton, but she has more fight in her than
ever before. Furthermore, it is added,
her resistance will be bolstered by the
food and necessary war materials which
will reach her, regardless of the German
air and submarine blockade.
No one here has any illusions regard
ing the difficulties which are, and will
continue to be- in the way of transports
trying to reach the beleaguered island.
No one attempts to underestimate the
fighting qualities of the German naval
and air arm. But since "all-out aid to
Britain" has become our national policy,
the game has become more even. The
cards are no longer stacked against
Britain as they were few months ago. .
The likelihood that American men-of-
war will have to convoy transports until
they reach the safety of British ports is
strongly envisaged in responsible quar-
tiers in Washington. The British fleet
alone is not sufficient to maintain its
supremacy in the Mediterranean. defend
the British coasts against invasion and,
at the same time, meet the menace of
severx hundred submarines and many
times as many planes which will shortly
start the total blockade of the island
Blockade Problems.
The bulk of the British battle fleet
and better than so per cent of its de-
stroyer and submarine force are now
in Mussolinis mare nostrum," where it
still has adequate bases for repair and
supplies.
The vigil around the coasts of Eng
land is kept with the balance of Britains
shrinking force. The blockade of Ger.
many is still the policy of the British
government, but there are not enough
ships available to make it as tight as
during the last war and occasionally
German ships slip through.
There is only relatively small force
available for conveying purposes. That
force will be further diminished when
the great blockade" starts within the
next few weeks. The number of trans
ports from the Western Atlantic to
British ports will be increased as soon
as our factories begin to step up their
production and will require additional
men of war to see them through the
blockading belt. Losses OF warships can
be expected to increase.
In order to bring war materials and
Evening star., 1941-03-23
TURKISH STRAITS ALWAYS A GOAL OF EMPIRE
Now Of DID, Peoples Are schemng for the Grand Prize

Britain some of her finest warships and
many thousands of her best soldiers.
However, three years later the COL
lapse of the central powers gave Britain
not only her revenge but golden dip
lomatic opportunity. Turkey was pros
trate and Russia, gone bolshevik and in
chaotic civil war, could not press her
old claims to Constantinople. So Brit
ain, at the peace conference, engineered
a settlement designed to rivet the domi-
nance she had acquired. Though Con-
stantinople remained technically Turk
ish, rigid international control was
set up over the Straits, which were to
'be open, both in peace and in war, to
every vessel of commerce or of war,
and to military and commercial air.
craft, without distinction as to flag" All
of which meant that British sea and air
power controlled the Straits and domi-
mated both the Mediterranean and
Black Seas. For the moment, Britain
was mistress of the entire Near East.
But this settlement" did not stick In
two short years it was upset by the re-
volt of the Turks under the genius of
Kemal Ataturk. In 1923 the treaty of
Lausanne recognized Turkeys inde-
pendence and sovereignty over the
Straits, though these were to be unfor-
tilted. Merchant shipping was to pass
freely through the Straits; war ships
could pass under certain restrictions
Lausanne Treaty Effect.
The Lausanne treaty was a COM
promise. British power was diminished,
but neither Turkey nor recovering Rus
sia were satisfied. AS the European
situation Worsened, Turkey, now trans
formed into progressive, stable nation,
resolved to assure it's own safety Ac-
cordingly, it negotiated new settle
ment at an International conference held
at Montreaux in 1886. BY this, Turkey
regained full sovereignty over Con-
stantinople and the Straits, with the
right to refortify them-which it prompt
ly did in thorough fashion. The only
restriction was mild oversight by the
League of Nations, and this became
meaningless when the League itself van
ished from the scene. To all intents
and purposes, Turkey is as free to do
as she likes about the Straits as she was
in the old days.
The Straits are now virtually i'm
pregnable against an attack by sea.
Gallipoli proved that. But the threat
no longer comes from seaward, since
Britain is Turkeys ally. The present
danger is from Germany, who would at
tack by land. What are the chances Of
defense against that assault?
From its European domain lost In the
Evening star., 1941-03-23

The "straits of Constantinople" are
historically the most significant strate-
gic spot on earth. Uniting the Black
Sea with the Mediterranean and also
linking Europe with Asia, they form
vital crossroads of water and land routes.
Nature herself has destined them to be
both a seat and a goal of empire. Since
the dawn of history many peoples have
schemed and fought for this grand prize.
Now, with the aggressive legions of Nazl
Germany massed in nearby Bulgaria, and
the Turkish defenders girding them
selves to repel the threatened onslaught,
the age-old drama may soon be repeated.
These straits are a saltwater river,
beginning with the Bosporus at the
entrance tc the Black Sea, passing the
city of Constantinop!e, widening into
the Sea of Marmara, an irregular body
of water about half the size of Lake Erie,
and again contracting into the elongated
channel of the DardanelleS, which opens
into the island-stuoded Aegean Sea-an
arm of the Mediterranean.
The BoSporuS sweeps in from the Black
Sea like an elongated S, winding past
high shores dotted with ancient forts,
picturesque villages and summer palaces
emboWered in gardens, until it nears the
city of Constantinople. with its majestic
crown of domed mosques and minarets.
The Bosporus is narrow. In places it
is only half a mile wide. Yet its cur
rents are swift and ITS waters deep.
City With a Past.
Constantinople has long and check
cred past. Originally it was Greek city
named Byzantium. In the third century
of our era. the Emperor Constantine the
Great, despairing of maintaining his
capital on the Tiber against the en-
croaching barbarians from the north,
moved his seat of government to this
strategic site, where the Bosporus widenS
into the Sea of Marmara, enlarging the
old Greek town and surrounding it with
tremendous walls. He named it New
Rome" but his grateful subjects called
it, after him, the City of Constantine.
Such it has remained, for the present
title, "Istanbul," is merely the Turkish
version.
For more than a thousand years, the
City of Constantine was the seat of
the mighty East Roman or Byzantine
Empire, drawing perennial wealth and
strength from its unrivaled position at
the junction of trade routes overland
and by sea. Time and again it was be-
sieged. Persians and Saracens invested
1t from its Asiatic side Wild barbarian
hordes, pouring down through the Bal
kans, assailed 1t from the westward. But
Evening star., 1941-03-23
African Front

The British have axis troops on the run
in one part of the world-Africa.
The British began the African week by
announcing triumph of peculiar relish
to them-the capture OF
Berbero Berbera, the seaport capi-
Retoken tai of British Somaliland.
Seven months ago, when
the British were still organizing their
African campaign, the Italians took this
city. The British recapture operation
was carried out with the aid of warships.-
which covered with their fire the move
ment of land troops. With a foothold
gained in their own Somaliland and with
their mopup of Italian Somailand nearly
complete, the British were in greatly
improved position for the final drive to
crush Italy's holdings in East Africa.
Evidently timed with the thrust from
the Gulf of Alden at Berbera, another
movement by British and Indian troops
was said by general headquarters in Cairo
to have resulted in the capture of several
important heights in positions covering
Cheren." Cheren is a strong point of
Eritrea, northernmoSt of Italy's East
African territory. 1t is a key city on the
railway to Asmara, Eritrean capital AZ
miles southeast of Cheren, and to Mas
saua. The campaign in italian Somali-
land has been turned into an invasion
of Ethiopia from the south, while other
forces stab at Italys Ethiopian lines
from the west and northwest.
The assault on Cheren was the chief
British business in Africa last week, after
Berbera's fall. British bombers, dropping
many tons" of bombs in one day, tried
every day to blast the Italians away
from that mountain stronghold. British
land forces must pass Cheren in order
to complete their conquest of Eritrea.
Rome reported that the Italians were
holding their positions despite the steady
battering from the British Military
circles in London heard that the natives
in the extreme north of Italian Somali-
land are in revolt against the slight au-
thority still remaining there-Italian au-
thority.
Evening star., 1941-03-23

The British yards are clogged with con-
struction work, and they are within the
reach of the German bombers. So from
us the British ask cargo ships, naval
ships and shipyards in order to keep
them strong and dominant in the battle
of the Atlantic.
The dependence of England upon the
United States for those things was made
clear last week by our Secretary of the
Navy, Frank Knox. He said that Great
Britain had asked for the privilege of
using American navy yards to repair
war-damaged British battle vessels, al
though he added that no decision had
been made whether the request would be
granted At the same time he revealed
that this country will make available
to the British a large number of light
craft for use in coastal protection work
Probably $50 light craft will go to Eng
land.