davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
sORTINo-CIANCULLI

Miss Janice A. Cianculli, daugh- ter of MT. and Mrs. Nicholas Cian- culli of Francis Street was married on Saturday to William F. Sortino son of Phillip Sortino of Walnut street. The ceremony was per- formed at g o'clock by the Rev. P. J. Flynn at the Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel.
 Miss Martha Rollo and Michael Cianculli, a brother of the bride, were the attending couple.
 The bride wore an ivory crystal lized slipper satin gown, styled with sweetheart neckline, and the skirt terminating in a long train. Her veil was fingertip length, and she carried calla lilies. The maid of honor was dressed ill cornflower blue, designed with long waist, and bracelet sleeves She carried small huff of pansies and yellow roses.
 The mother of the bride wore poudre blue with navy, and 8 sweet pea corsage.
 When leaving for a trip the bride wore a beige covert cloth suit. a steel blue coat with lynx trimming and brown accessories. Upon their return the couple will reside at 272 Walnut street.
 Mrs. Sortino is a graduate of Will by High school, studied at Post College and the Felt and Tarrant Cornptometer School. MT. Sortino is a graduate of the Perry School, and is affiliated with the American Brass Company.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
SOCIAL ACTIVITIES E
|B&PWonlen WiLL
 Present Program

In the midst of war and blitz- krieg, the International Federation of Business and Professional Won1- en will celebrate its seventh annual International day on February 28, Dr. Lena Madesin Phillips of New York city, international president, announced. In occupied countries, where the work of woHnen's organi- zations centers largely upon relief, there will be no formal observance, but il countries, stretching from Finland in the far north to Argen- tina in the south and Australia and New Zealand in the east will ac. lively participate. The theme of their programs will be the obliga- tion of women in. countries which are still free to restore all women everywhere to their former prestige and influence when the war is over.
 Keyed to variations of this theme will be a triple observance spon- sored by International Federation headquarters in New York city, but reaching out, through the medium of radio, to all parts of the United States and the world.
 Participants who will broadcast brief messages to their homelands are the Countess Listowel of Great Britain; Mrs. Margit Lysholm of Sweden; Miss Lea Halpern of Hol- land; Mrs. Kaarlo Kuusan1o of FiI1- land; Mrs. Mila Vegrova of Czecho- slovakia; Mrs. Ethel Camp Hugh of Switzerland; Mrs. Jouba Sugden of South Africa; and an anonymous member of German dependency.
 The international and national federations will jointly sponsor 8 discussion panel on Pan-American Relations at the Waldorf Astoria hotel.
 Speakers who discuss "What the Americas Have to Contribute to One Another" will be Mrs. Ramos Mejia, Argentinian journalist; Miss Mary Wirslow, secretary of the Inter American Commission of Women; Sonora 2. E. Antay de Vaughan of Peru, president of the Union Mujeres Americanas; Mrs. Frederic Beggs, International Rela- tions Chairman of the General Fed- eration of Women's clubs, who con- ducted a goodwill tour to South America in 1940; Mrs. Pierre Cas- grain, wife of the secretary of state of Canada and president of the Equal Rights league of Quebec, who led the successful fight for woman suffrage in that province; Sonora Josefita Arias, consul general of Panama in New York city and sis ter of the president of Panama, and Senora Maria Marchant de Con- zales Zera, student from Chile.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
Italian Women
 Mduct Officers

The Italian Sisterhood installed its recently elected members at a meeting in Moose hall last night. There was also an initiation of g new members.
 John Sforza, president of the Italian Brotherhood presided at the ceremonies, with the following of- ficers participating: President: Mrs. Joseph PernatozZ; Miss Betty Dam- iani, honorary president; Mrs. Ma rie Pappiani, orator; Mrs. Minnie Marinara, vice president; Mrs. Julia Ferriera, recording secretary; Miss Mary Trumfio, financial secretary Miss Lucia Matarazzo, treasurer 1; Mrs. Josephine Cesariello and Mrs. Rose DeSantis, trustees; Mrs. Jo- sphine Rubino, hostess; Mrs.. Philo- mena Gizza, guard; and Mrs. Mary Rinaldi and Mrs. Laura Marbbeo, sick-callers.
 Councillors are: Mrs. Anna Trumfio, Mrs. Susan Ricciutti, Mrs. Eva Briola, Miss Anna Pater- nostra and Mrs. Antonette Assetta.
 The social committee to act dur ing the next three months includes Mrs. Louise Storto, chairman, as- sisted by Miss Nallie George, Mrs. Steven Ricciutti, Mrs. J. LoRusso, Mrs. Rose Rinaldi, Mrs. Jessie Macri, Mrs. Mary Guerrero, Mrs. Rose Fisher, Mrs. Josephine Mor- eli, Mrs. Lena Marine, Mrs Marie Rinaldi and Mrs. Joseph PernatoZI.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
Weddings
Waterbury Girls On Deans List

On the recently announced Dean's list of the College of St. Elizabeth were the names of three local girls: the Misseses Mary Jane Hayes, Katherine Griffin and Jean Shan- ley. This list is based on high scho- lastic rating, and mentions only those students who are in the first ten of their class.
 Miss Griffin, 6 freshman, the daughter of MT. and Mrs. James B Trimble, 40 Fox street, holds active membership in the French club.
 Miss Hayes, also 8 freshman, the daughter of Mrs. Marie and the late David Hayes of Willow street, is a member of the Glee Club.
 Miss Shanley, the daughter of MT. and Mrs. Eugene F. Sha1lley, of IT Chestnut avenue, is junior, and has retained her second year as an honor student.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
Personal

MT. and Mrs. Edmund J. Rival of Savings street, were recent guests at the Beekman Tower Hotel in New York.
 Miss Grace Flanagan of Wilson street and Miss Mae Lannen of Cole street are in New York city.
 Bowling associates honored Miss Olympia Andria at birthday party recently at the home of Mrs. Rae Corbett.
 Those present were: Misses Mary Borreli, Emile Corbett, Josephine Andria, Jean Antonio, Vincent Mastrianni, Joseph Sileo, Nicholas Rosa, and Tony Valiante.
 Miss Olga Helen Duke, daughter of MT. and Mrs. Stephen Duke of South Eagle street, and Edward F. Gwizd of Waterbury were mar Thomas Gwizd, son of MT. and Mrs. ried Monday afternoon in SS. Cyril and Methodius Russian Orthodox church, with Rev. Joseph Federonko, pastor, officiating. Miss Mary Milan kas of Bristol and Fred Gwizd Of Waterbury were attendants.
 Following a reception at the home of the brides parents, the couple left on an unannounced wedding trip. Upon their return they will reside in Waterbury.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
Catholic Daughters :.
 Meet In NelU York

The Supreme Directorate of the Catholic Daughters of America, comprising the national officers and directors of that organization, will meet in New York tomorrow and Friday, February 27-28, for their semi-annual meeting. Miss Mary c. Duffy, of South Orange, N. J.. the supreme regent, will preside at the two day session.
 The part that the national mem bership of the c. D. A. will take in aiding the federal government in the National Defense Plan, will be one of the important subjects that will come up for discussion.
 The c. D. A. is the largest frater- nal organization of Catholic Wo- men in America with membership of approximately 100000 divided in- to 1,50O courts or local units. The social welfare program carried out in the various communities throughout the country has been widely praised for the constructive work accomplished.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
LONGO-GUERRERA

The wedding of Miss Carmella Guerrera, daughter of MT. and Mrs. Antonio Guerrera of Division street, to Michael Longo, son of Mrs. Car meia Longo of West street, took place on Saturday morning. Rev. Felix Scoglio performed the cere- mony at 8 o'clock at St. LucyS church. |.
 Attending the couple were Miss Ann LucarielH and Anthony Palla- dino. Mrs. Carmen Mascon was the orgarist.
 The bride wore a slipper satin bridal gown, with & sweetheart cap trimmed in orange blossoms. She carried calla lilies.
 Miss Lucar1ello was dressed in
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
BY VIM. E. MCKINNEY America's Card Authority

The count of honor tricks in the 1941 Culbertson System has been frightened up somewhat, and so that this will not make the requirements for two-hidS more strict than they already were, these requirements are now expressed in Q new rule: the Rule of Thirteen"
 Tn this rule, the player counts his honor tricks: then counts the number of winners" or expected playin gtricks in his hand, then adds the two together. If the total is IS oe more, assuming that he has about Ave honor tricks h his hand he may make 6 forcing two-bid.
 eouths hand represents about the minimum strength on which . two.bid may be made. Counting eight sure winners with spades as trumpg. and a little more than five honor tricks. South gets . total Of thirteen and can bid two spades Once North heard the opening two' bid, lne was resolved 10 get Q slam and after South gebid tho spade suit twice, North bid the slam lIl spades
 South son the first trick and made c clever play---he immediately Ied the ilvO Of clubs. 70 would be very difficult toE . player in Westa
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
Personal
Local Man Wed
 M Washington

St. Matthews Church in Wash- OnRton, D. O., was theI scene of a %edding this morning when Miss Dorothy Lee Hewitt, daughter of Mrs, Anna s. Hewitt of Baltimore, Maryland became the bride of Will Iiaxn Henry Monagal, son of At- tOrney and Mrs. Walter Monagan of Euclid avenue, this city. Rev. J, M. Cole performed the ceremony at i1:3O o'clock.
 i Miss Kathleen Murphy of Balti- more attended as nlaid-of- honor, aud Walter E. Monagan, brother ] of the groom, was best man.
 Following the ceremony recep- kion was held at the Ivy Terrace. The couple will reside at 3025 Porter street, N. w., washington.
 Mrs. Monagan is a graduate of the University of Maryland, and attended the Washington College School of Law at Washington.
 MT. Monagan is an alumnus of Holy Cross College at Worcester, and Georgetown University Law school. He is affiliated with the Department of Justice in Washing ton,
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25

The Daughters of Italy circle sponsored fashion show and card party last night, at which fifty tables were in play. A musical pro- gram was arranged by Mrs. Cosmo Vendetti, pianist, and Mrs. Marie DiCrosta, soloist.
 Special prizes and table prizes were awarded. The proceeds will be donated to the Italian Aid com- mittee of Waterbury.
 The committee included: Mrs. Jo- seph Parziale. chairman; Mrs. Jo- seph Lombard, Mrs Christine Val lett, Mrs. Angela Oliver, and the Misses Della Vanni, Clara Sasano, Carmella Petricone, s. Dolores Pao- lini, Theresa Meoni, Lena Rinaldi and Louise Mazzaferro.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
DOCTORS WARN FOLKS WHO ARE CONST IPATED-

TITS SAID constipation causes many human discomforts-headaches, lack of energy and mental dullness being but few. BUT DON'T WORRY
 For years noted Ohio Doctor, Dr. F. M. Edwards, successfully treated scores of patients for constipation with his famous Dr. Edwards Olive Tablets now sold by druggists everywhere.
 Olive Tablets, being purely seOesable, are wonderful! They not only gently yet thoroughly cleanse the bowels but ALSO assist liver bile flow to help digest fatty foods. Test their goodness TONIGHT without fail! 15s, 3Of. 60E
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25

baby blue chiffon with which she wore dusty rose bonnet, and car- ried rose bouquet.
 The mother of the bride wore black crepe, black hat, and a red rose corsage. The groom'S mother was dressed in black crepe, and a corsage of roses
 When leaving for a trip to New York and Washington, the bride wore a black coat with Kolinsky trim, and beige accessories. Upon their return the couple will live at 1884 North Main street.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
BUDD-CRONAN

Miss Mary Margaret Cronan, daughter of Mrs. Helen Cronan of Rose street was married to Clarence Budd, son of MT. and Mrs. Clarence M. Budd of Oakville. The ceremony was performed at the parsonage of the Union Congregational Church in Oakville on Friday evening, with Rev. Oscar Lock officiating. Miss Helen Ruth Lawlor and Howard Krantz attended the couple.
 MT. and Mrs. Budd will reside on Rose street,
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
Sorority Meeting At
 Home Of Miss Morse

Miss Shirley Morse of Grove street was hostess to the Gamma Sigma Tau Sorority at it's weekly meeting. During the business meeting plans were made for a theater party to be held on February 27, for bowl ing match, and for a trip to New York city.
 A social hour followed, and re- treatments were served.
 Among those present were: Dor othy Rosato, Thelma Barone, Mary and Janice Cimaglio, Claire Diana, Doris DiLoren7o and Shirley Morse. The net meeting will be held at eIle home of Miss Claire Diana of 9'udor street.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
CORNELL CLUB

Scorers in the Monday afternoon play under the direction Of Mrs. J c. Moriarty were: north-south, Mrs George Mueller, Mrs. Clifford Petit jean, III 1-2; Mrs. Frank Driscoll Mrs. E. J. Nelson, 107: east-west Mrs. John Shea, Mrs. Timothy Col lins. 122; Miss Rachel Hengeveld Mrs. Peter Costigan, 100.
 The official standing Is: Mrs Mueller, Mrs. Petitjean, 403 1-2; Mrs. Collins, Mrs. Conlong, 395; Miss Hengeveld, Mrs. Costigan 393 1-2; Mrs. James Bulger, Mrs George Largay, 385 l-2.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
Store Employees To
 Enjoy Dinner Dance

The annual dinner dance of the employees of Grieye, Bisset and Hol- land, Inc, will be held on Saturday evening, March 8, in the Rhythm Room of the Hotel Elton.
 Members of the committee are chairman, Thomas Shackley, Mich. ael Mccormick, W. c. Bailey, Mar5 Carrolan and Joan Ruggiero. Music will be furnished by Lowe's orcl1es- tra.
 Miss Bernadette Barry of Chase Parkway, and Miss Bernice Lasky of Middlebury, have returned from a short stay in New York City, where they were registered at the Hotel Barbizon.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
Contract Bridge
CORNELL CLUB

Scorers in the Monday evening play under the direction of Mrs. J c. Moriarty were: north-south, Mrs John Panalitis, Mrs. Robert Treat 73; Mrs. William Deadly, Mrs. Dantle McNulty. Il 1-2; east-weSt. Mrs Harry VanHorsten, Mrs. Robert Fowler, II: Charles Byron, Mrs Florence Sullivan, 70 1-2.
 The official standing is: Mrs Treat, Mrs. Panalitis, 133; MT. By ron, Mrs. Collins, 123 1-2; Miss Mc- Gee, Miss Kelly, 128; Mrs. Var Horsten, Mrs. Fowler, 127.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25

Miss Edna Lazdauskas, daughter of MT. and Mrs. Anthony Lazdaus- kas of Fox street was recently sel- ected to play the part Of Kate McEim" in the Rider College Pro- duction of Spring Dance"
 The play is 8 three-act comedy with the setting a small house on a campus near girls college in New England.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
POSITIONS REVERSED

Twenty-Five years ago, Donald MacBride, co-featured with Alan Mowbray in RKO Radios ''Footlight Fever" made his debut in 8 picture which starred Maurice Costello then matinee ido. Today Costello plays 'bit" in support of MacBride.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
Weddings
sAUER-wNsHR

Miss Ruth Marion Winship of New Haven, daughter of Mrs. Law renee Averill Moore of Albany, Ga, was married to Bennett Karl Sauer, son of MT. and Mrs. George Sauer of Courtland avenue. The ceremony was performed on February 15, at the rectory of St. Mary'S Church in New Haven.
 Miss Helen Wallace of Hamden and Joseph Youngquist of this city were the attendants.
 The couple will reside at Al Pros- pect street.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
KING'S DAUGHTERS

The Bunker Hill Kings Daughters will meet this evening at 8 o'clock at the Bunker Hill church. Mrs. Ruth Davis, social service worker at the Waterbury hospital will speak.
 HoStesses for the evening are: Mrs. Howard Freeman, Mrs. Gladys Joslin, Mrs. Reginald Hurlburt and Mrs. Alvin Pierpont.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
AAUw CLUB

Mias Florence Porter, head-mis- tress of the Watertown Country Day School will speak on Progressive Education" tomorrow afternoon at 2:45 o'clock at a meeting of the American Association of University Women. The group will consist of the education study group and the International Relations Study group.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
WIEMER-RuDz1ONIs

Announcement has been made of the engagement and coming mar riage of Miss Ann RudzioniS, daugh- ter of Anthony Rudzionis of John street to Raymond Wiener, son of Mrs. Elizabeth Wiener of Walnut avenue.
 The wedding will take place on April 26 at St. Joseph's church.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
S. K J x H. K 0 K D. K 0 J c. A \ K X md tB)
 $. A K K H. 10 x \ x D. A K c. x K x X

In hand A you have 4 Honor Tricks and 2 of the top honors in support of partner suit and in hand B you have trunps plus double ton. Ill each case the raise is war ranted.
 If your partner responds with 3 in a suit over your opening Notrump bid, do not pass. You must either raise his suit with 4 truInps, bid 3 Notrump, or bid 3 in higher rank ing major suit. For example:
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25

Partner might have a card spade suit headed by a high honor in which case the best contract is 4 Spades.
 If your partner responds with a bid Of 4 Spades or 4 Hearts over your opening Notrump bid always pass as partner is informing you there is game but not slam.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
mWIsH AuxmIARY

The Auxiliary of the Jewish War Veterans will meet tomorrow night at 8 o'clock at the American Legion Home on Holmes avenue. All mena- bers are urged to attend.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25

This hand is a minimum opening Notrulnp bid and should not be re- bid unless partner makes 8 forcing response.
 If partner raises your l Notrump bid to 3 Notrump always pass, as the combined hands are evidently of balanced distribution and slam is out of the question.
 When your partner takes out your opening Notrump bid with bid of 2 in a suit, pass unless you have 4 Honor Tricks. But if you do have 4 Honor Tricks either rebid 2 Mo- trump or raise your partners Major suit takeout if you have 4 trumps and doubleton or trumps, A K X, A @ X, or K @ X. With the folA lowing hand,
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
GROOM. s1. BRIDE, 30

Fort Wayne, Ind.-(UP)-A mar riage license was issued here to Ed ward Booth, S1, and Artt Missa Destamony, 30. It will be the third marriage for the groom, and the second for the bride.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
. MelkENNEY'S BRIDGE QUIZ


This is the eighth of g series of 12 articles on the new bidding rules in the 1941 CulbertsOn Sys- tenn.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
S. A K J H J X \ D. K o J c. K x \ X

and your partner bids Hearts in response to your opening 1 Notrunp your rebid is 2 Notrump with 4 Honor Tricks. With either of the following hands raise your partners takeout of Hearts to Hearts:
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25

position. # he held the ace and saw the long club suit in dummy, to resist putting up the ace, for be would have to fear Q singleton club in souths hand. When West played the club ilij1e. dufnmy's jack of clubs was played or the assumption that We6t could not hold the ace. The fineSse succeeded. East having to win with the ace.
 on q diamond return. South won, drew tFlimps, and then enter ed dummy with tho club king % discard his loelng heart on the queen of diam0ndA
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
Engagements
FEINSTEIN-BRAUER

The engagement of Miss Bess Brauer, daughter of MT. and Mrs. Morris L. Brauer of Hartford to Frank D. Feinstein, son of Jacob Feinstein of Bronson street, was re- gently announced.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25

Misses Margaret and Helen Noo- nan of Highland avenue are spend- ing a few days in New York city. Attorney and Mrs. Walter Mono- gan and family of Euclid avenue, are in Washington to attend the wedding today of their son, William H. Monagon.
 Miss Nora Dolan, who has been visiting her sister, Mrs. P. F. Barnes of Fox street has returned to her home in New York city.
 William Garrity, son of MT. and Mrs. William Garrity of Grove street is spending his school recess as the guest of his grandmother in Roxbury.
 Mrs. Mary Hogan and daughter, May, of Frederick street, were re- cent guests at Parkville, Hartford, where they visited Sister AloysiuS Joseph.
 Mrs. William Jones of Second avenue is convalescing at her home, after a three weeks illness at the Waterbury hospital.
 Miss Joyce Ribers of Traverse street is spending the week with relatives in Torrtngton.
 Dr. and Mrs John Egan of Tdyl- wood avenue, accompanied by the Misses Margaret and Helen Egan of Odylwood avenue, have returned from a visit with Dr. and Mrs. Egan's son, Captain John Egan, and Mrs. Egan, at Camp Edwards, Fall mouth, Mass.
 Among those from this city at tending the tea and dinner dances Saturday evening at Cheshire acad- emy were Jane Bryce of Chestnut avenue with Tyler Welch; Carolyn Hayes of Willow street with James Boyes; Julie Cavanaugh of Plaza avenue with Toby Gould; and Eileen Mayer of Ridgewood avenue with William Fay.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
Club News
BDE-A-WEE CLUB

The annual banquet of the Bide- A-wee Club will be held on Satrr- day evening, March l at 2 o'clock at the Copper Kettle. Reservations are in charge of Mrs. Robert Mont- gomery and Mrs. Pierce Carew.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
$. Q X \ H. A J \ D. J \ \ \ c. A K \

your opening bid is 1 Notrump. If your partner bids 2 Spades, pass. The hand does not contain enough Honor Trick strength to bid again. But if you hold this hand,
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
s. A K \ H. @ X X \ D. Q J 10 c. K \ \

Raise your partners takeout of 3 Hearts to Hearts. But with this hand bid Notrump over your part ner's takeout bid of Diamonds,
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25

Honor Tricks but every suit is well stopped, therefore the rebid to game is justified. Pass partners raise to 2 Notrtlmp with this hand after you have open- ed with Notrump.
 s. K @
 H. A Jx
 D. A xx
 c. 10 Y xx
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25

The above hand only has 3 1-2
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
194l CONTRACT
 BRIDGE
Lotest, Revised Rules As
 Played By CulbeTtson

Explained by Mrs. William Sherman Smith
 (Certiied CuIbertsOn Teacher)
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25

This hand contains 3 1-2 plus Honor Tricks which Is sufficient Honor count to carry the bid to game. The following also warrants a bid of 3 Notrump if your partner raises your opening bid of 1 Mo- trump.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-02-25
LESSON g

My topic today is "Rebids after opening with 1 Notrump." If your partner raises your opening No- trump bid to 2, bid 3 Notrimp with the following hand:
Evening star., 1941-02-05
Mrs. Roosevelt Praises
Strikers Co-operation
BY J. A. OIEARY.
BY the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
NEW YORK, Feb. 5.-Mrs. Frank
lin D. Roosevelt told strikers of the
Leviton Manufacturing Co. today
that she was personally grateful that
they had stood together to gain
things that will make life better for
your group as a whole"
The strikers, members of the In
ternational Brotherhood of Elec-
trical Workers CA F. L., packed a
Brooklyn meeting hall and over
flowed into the streets to hear the
Presidents wife. The strike began
six months ago, the union demand
ing higher wages.
"Only as we cooperate and really
make life worth living and make this
country a real democracy can we
hope to make the battle before us
today-that of democracy against
dictatorship" said Mrs. Roosevelt
She said she believed in labor Or
ganization because "the ideals of the
organized labor movement are high
ideals. They mean we are not self
ish in our desires and that we stanc
for the group as a whole" she added
That must be the attitude Of every
citizen. = ="