davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-10-07

Officers were chosen at the an
nual meeting OF the Garden Club
Monday night in Starkweather
Hall. Miss Eugene Mereness was
reelected president; Mrs. Harry
L. Smith is vice president; Mrs
Carl f. Graves, recording secre-
tary: Mrs Nslena Perry. cores
ponding secretary. Mrs. Joseph L.
Burke. treasurer these being the
recommendation OF the nominating
committee, Mrs. Fred ? Wilber'
Mrs. Mac F. Begole and Miss Jo-
sephine Clute.
The business meeting. which bad
been devoted 10 yearly reports and
work on the revision Of the CON
stitution closed with a delightful
review of vacation experiences by
the members. although there were
many who had not left the city
this summer
Mrs. F. ;. Brundage reported the
pleasure she had derived from the
birches she tad seen. and lba Bias
sett spoke OF the coniters in his
vacation path. When yacationing
near Traverse City Miss Mary Hat
ton had seen cardinal flowers near
Glen Lake, which has been called
the loveliest lake In the world. Miss
Mereness had seen wagon wheels
forming a fence Mrs. Smith had
had a new experience with dust
bowls and thought the Garden Fed
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-10-07
Calendar of Social Events
TODAY

TODAY
Npant and Professional Womens Club will meet with
Ann Plymouth B. P w Clubs Michigan League,
Arbor Dinner $50 p in celebration OF National
Women Miss f. Margaret Sebert state pres
speaker. Strengthen Democracy For Defense
Twenty Club. Charles McKenny Hall $50 m.
Phoenix Lodge number 10 and NJ NJ degree 1850 Masonic
Temple lodge
Capsule Club. o'clock with Mrs William Renon.
Ypsant Lodge number LOOF O'Clock, Odd Fellow Hall
Meet Club 80. with Mrs George Waterbury
Circle Of Lutheran Church $50 wiener
roast Of Mrs. Ernest Maddux.
Ypsant Foreign Wars meets this evening at
GAR. Hall
Barnhin Memorial practice and meeting 80 m
Ypslanti High School auditorium
WEDNESDAY,
Literary Club fall parade and tea; report OF renna
will be given by Mrs Luman Seamans.
Pythian Sisters 1880 dessert luncheon with Mrs
Harry MaGraw
Summit Study Club luncheon Charles McKenny Hall
MaMara Missionary Society OF Lutheran Church +5 at nome
Of Ldke, Sr
5 RAM regular convocaton 100 Ma
sonic Temple lodge room.
Prospect Association business meeting fol
by social time charge OF Mrs Floyd woodward at
school.
Red five WEIGH Hall to o'clock
Council Ypsant Chapter Order DeMolay o'clock Masonic
Temple
Community Leadership Training School Presbyterian
Educational Chapel Use Of Bible with Children
McKercher; Youth and Worship Miss Martha
Norris Administer Program Of the Local Church
Or The Christian Message for Our Present
World" Rev W r. Shaw.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-10-07
University Women
Give Lovely Tea

A tea honoring prospective mem.
bers OF the Ann Arbor.Ypsilsnti
branch OF the Americans Associa-
ton Of University Women was Mon
day evening at the home OF Mrs.
Harry Smith. second vice presi.
dent. Assisting hostesses were
Dean Susan B. Hill. Mrs. S. Z.
Fagerstrom and Mrs. Leslie Butler.
Visiting officers from Ann Arbor
were Mrs. +. s. Durham, presi-
dent. Mrs. Ralph Sawyer. state
president, Mrs. 7. II. Hilldebrandt,
membership chairman. and Mrs F.
w. Ouradniak, junior club presi-
dent.
The prospective members we're
informed OF the program for the
year and the work Of the organiza-
ton. Announcement was made re-
garding general meetings, small
group meetings. study groups and
special projects for the year.
The first dinner meeting OF the
Junior group for the year will be
tonight at the Michigan Union at
6:l5. The subject for the evening
will be Information Please"
The lace covered tea table was
beautiful with its appointments of
silver and beautiful floral center.
piece OF chrysanthemums arranged
by Mrs. Butler Dean Hill and Mrs
Durham poured.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-10-07
John P. Kirk Will
Speak at Banquet
HOnoring Burrell

Committee reports were read and
final plans were made for the Ray
/ Burrell banquet. az the weekly
meeting OF Queen City Lodge mum.
Der 1877 knights OF Pythias, Mon
day evening in X. p. Hall. James
Hart, chairman Of the Burrell ban.
quet, reported that a change has
been made in the speaker Past
Grand Chancellor Commander Hugh
Van de Walker, who was 10 have
been the speaker has been called
TO New York on that date. The COM
mittee has secured John p. Kirk,
the oldest living past chancellor
commander Of Queen City Lodge, to
take his place. The program, the
committee reports, will be one to
be long remembered. and will be
followed by dancing and cards.
The first rank was conferred on
one candidate, Garland Holsclaw.
He will receive the second rank at
next Monday nights meeting.
A communication was read from
the Grand Lodge urging the forma-
tion OF a junior group under the
name Of the Sons OF Syracuse. Chan
cellor Commander John Wiseley APP
pointed A. E. Augustus. Earl Snyder
and James Hart as a committee to
investigate the matter further and
to start an order here. Boys under
IS years OF age are eligible.
Several are planning to attend
the area meeting In Flint. Oct. IL
when Ivanhoe Lodge will be host.
annual election OF officers will take
place.
The lunch committee for next
week is Ernest Dieterle, Walter
Weaver and Fred Spencer.
The Past Chancellors Club will
arrange final details for the Burrell
banquet at 4 business meeting TO
follow the lodge meeting next week.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-10-07
Ypsilani Garden Club Names
\ Officers at Annual Meeting

Grafton might we'll study this phen.
omenon.
Mrs. Elmer Warner visited the
glass flowers at Harvard College
which had taken so years 10 as
semble, and found their delicacy as
Well as precision very remarkab BILE
and attractive. Mrs. WILDER had
been impressed with roses she had
seen. Mrs. :. p. Toles described a
rock garden which had been a beau
~ spot in Hamilton Ont.
In making her annual report the
president expressed gratitude over
the progress made in introducing
the red geraninm as the club flower
in Ypsilanti and. when she asked
those who had taken some share
in this project 10 raise hands, prac-
tically the whole gathering did So
She hoped that an introduction into
the schools would follow.
Mrs. Smith, in reviewing the pro-
gram for the year, pronounced the
flowershow managed by Mrs. Perry
as the climax OF the year. Mrs.
Perry, in speaking on the subject,
attributed its success 10 the gener-
Gus help received from members
Mrs. X. c. Colburn. speaking Of
conservation, stated that it took
1000 years to lay down one inch Of
top soil and people are not appre-
ciatiye OF its wonderful value.
many people building houses being
very negligent Of conserving its po'
tentialities.
Mrs. George Cullis had distribut-
ed packets OF seeds 70 school chill.
dren and supervised them in plant
ing and bringing the plants to fruit
ton.
The president recommended
thorough survey Of the club scrap
book stating that il contained
review OF the club work for a num-
Der OF years and was ready 10 be
loaned out.
Miss Hatton spoke OF book
called PLANT Wonders
An admirable review OF Adult
Education was made by Mr.. Bas-
sett in which he warmly praised
the American Red Cross. He EN-
phasized the importance OF adult
education as practiced in this com
munity by citing the variety of the
subjects which IL covered.
Mrs, Alebrt Henneke read the
parts OF the club constitution which
it was deemed should be revised
and all the recommendation were
voted upon tavorably
Miss Mereness spoke earnestly
OF conservation having been chosen
as the main consideration IN this his
years work. 1T is the Garden
Clubs defense work she said.
This is conservation week lasting
from Oct. ) 10 H. Mrs. Colburn
gave a review Of the Conservation
Institute in Ann Arbor this week.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-10-07
Degree of Honor
Past Presidents
Planning Dinner

Past Presidents OF the Degree OF
Honor made plans for dinner and
for assisting the nursery school at
their business meeting, which was
followed by entertainment, Monday
evening at the home OF Mrs. George
Anderson.
Final plans for the annual chick
en- dinner, Nov. 4. were made. 1t
was decided TO change the meeting
date from the first Monday to the
first Tuesday for period Of three
months.
The club will donate to the nurs-
cry school emergency fund, and
will give a soap shower for the
school at the next club meeting.
After the meeting table games
We're PLAYED and refreshments were
served by the hostess. Ten were
present.
Mrs. Robert Lambie was assist
ant hostess.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-10-07
DeMolay Parents
Night to be Nov. 3

Plans for the annual Parents
Night observance for Ypsilanti
Chapter Order OF DeMolay were
discussed, and a report OF the dis
trict Rlmber four Sweetheart ball
in the Dearborn Masonic Temple
Friday night was given at the meet.
ing OF the local chapter Monday
evening.
Donald Hayden, reporting on the
Sweetheart ball, said that Miss
Dearborn was chosen sweetheart OF
district number four. Miss Carol
Dieterle was Miss Ypsilanu. About
rs from ffpsfiafftt4i- Cha Chapter ware
present.
A number expect TO attend the
state conference in Bay City Oct.
10 II and y.
Committee appointed to make ar
rangements for Parents Night, Nov
8, includes Harold Leverett, chair
man, Robert Fletcher and William
Reed. They expect to have banquet
and program.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-10-07
Street Crew Have More
Than Usual Share of Work

Street department crews had
more than their share OF work Mon
Cay night and early today.
Recent light frosts have turned
many Of the leaves and caused
them to drop on lawns OF city res
idents. The yard refuse has been
raked and placed in the cutters
for the street crews to gather.
Rains Monday night washed these
leaf piles into drains and scattered
them along cutters. Street crews
spent considerable time clearing
drains and gathering leaves dur
ing the night and early today.
II residents would place leaf
piles in the margin between the
sidewalk and the curb street crews
could gather them street. C"'''-''is-
sioner Ernest Maddux explains.
They should never be burned on
the street as that practice damages
paving or other street surfacins
he states.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-10-07
BRIDGE

Continued from Page one)
foot span apart in order TO free
the other span, OF similar size.
Patrolman z. H. Anderson said
at police headquarters that there
had been talk" OF sabotage but
that this had been discredited be-
cause the bridge had been very
well guarded.
81 don't think sabotage was pos
sible," Anderson said.
Rain was falling as the freight
train-40 to so cars loaded with
paper from the mills OF Canada.
pulpvood, steel rails and miscel'
laneous freight-proceeded out
onto the bridge. Suddenly, said
Bridge Tender Albert Penman, the
north span started saggins.-s.
Then 1t went down. slowly.
Penman said. Il stood there
watching IT, The locomotive went
with 1t. Two of the fellows crawl
ed up the bridge but the other two
drowned"
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-10-07
Past MatrOnS Tell
of Vacation Trips

The program for the Past Mat
rons Association Of the Order OF
Eastern Star. which followed brief
business meeting. Monday night,
consisted OF interesting vacation ex-
periences related by members. Mrs.
George Norman was hostess for
the meeting. attended by Is mem
bers. Mrs. Dwight Hand presided
az the business meeting when com
mittee reports we're read. Mrs. D.
H. Moftett will be chairman Of the
Novem Der meeting.
At the close OF the evening re-
treshments were served by the COM
mittee Mrs. Norman. Mrs. Der
tina O'Neill, Miss Gertrude Muir
ray. and Mrs. Otis Lee
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-10-07
Fine Points in Bridge
Nv SHEPARD BARCT.Av

a fact confirmed by his also fol-
lowing suit on two spades. He
therefore based his plan on finding
the diamond Q with East. On the
fifth trick he led to the diamond
A and returned the diamond 3,
East taking his @ and returning
his heart J, which was ruffed.
The rtow-set-up diamond ] was
scored and the club led, West
winning with the A and returning
the heart A, which was ruffed.
Now the club K was an entry for
the diamond x, on which the club
s was discarded, the declarer then
taking the last trick with the
spade Q and making his contract.
At another table, that identical
play was attempted, but East,
after winning with his diamond
@, led back the club J. to make
sure that the X was knocked out
of dummy. AS a consequence,
South was blocked from taking
his diamond ] and then going to
the dummy again to use the dia-
mond X for a discard. The declar-
er had to lose two tricks in clubs
and was beaten in spite Of his
own good try.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-10-07
BANK

CONTINUED from Page One)
been sustained, the decision points
out.
A point OF complaint by the ap-
pellants that there had been NAL.
administration in accepting in es-
crow and later reinstating certifi-
Gates OF deposit of John P. Kirk in
the amount OF $4,000 in order to
bring the reorganized bank under
Federal Deposit Insurance Corpor.
alton protection, was denied by
the court. Mr.. Kirk. who Is pres
ident of the bank. entered into an
agreement that these deposit GER
tificates should IN effect be
placed in escrow and their pay
ment subrogated or held in abey-
ance until all other deposits were
paid in full. Thereby the bank
qualified for federal insurance.
Later. and with the approval OF
the state banking department. as
funds accrued from either bank
earnings or liquidation of the as.
sets of the % per cent trust fund,
$4,000 were taken over by the bank
and Mr.. Kinks certificates of de.
post restored TO him as normal
obligations he-hank- we
view this transaction, II was in
full accord with the primary pur-
pose Of the depositors' agreement
in that 1t was at least proper il
not absolutely essential to secure
federal insurance...Of such a
transaction clearly plaintiffs have
no cause TO complain"
The plaintiffs also complained
Of a partial loss on a $4,000 de-
post with a Detroit bank which
later failed, but the court. after
examining the allegations, ruled
again that there is no showing OF
dishonesty or bad faith In the man
agement OF the banks business.
Complaint that a note for SASS
had not been collected before a
sufficient amount OF time had
elapsed to outlaw it from legal
collection was admitted by the
banks officers, who were prepared
/ to make adjustment for the over.
sight But the court ruled that
The particular item Just above
noted was but one OF a very large
number aggregating large amount
which entered into the execution
Of the trust and the simultaneou
conduct OF the recognized bank s
affairs Faithful execution OF a
trust does not require Of the trus-
tee only honesty and a fair degree
OF skill and industry"
At the time the present suit was
started. Feb Is. 1888, the bank
held s12,2s263 for distribution
among holders OF certificates o
J participation in the depositors
agreement. The court now order.
that the bank start. further pro
cedure looking TO the payment o
the amounts due under the &C
counting to plaintiffs provided tina
taxed costs OF this appeal may b.
deducted pro rata from tn,
amounts determined to be due 4
the respective plaintiffs and in
tervenors. II Is so ordered" |
is estimated the costs will excee,
$500.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-10-07
Girl Scouts Enjoy
Growing up Party

Girl Scout troops ~ and 10 met
together Monday in the recreation
room OF St. John Rectory for a
growing-up party.
The Girl Scouts OF Troop 10
who have entered the seventh grade
were officially transferred to Troop
/ y. They were honored at a tea
by the girls OF Troop 10. Mary Stahl
and Joyce DUPONT poured Mary
Alice Macdonald was chairman Of
the entertainment of games and
singing
The two troops planned to get
together once a month for more
fun together at a game and singing
meeting.
Mrs. Harold Gregg, leader Of
Troop u, was a guest.
Mr.. and Mrs. William F. Geesey
went TO Van Vert, o.. TO visit rela-
tiyes Saturday afternoon and re
turned Sunday.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-10-07
In The Sick Room

Harry P. Banks. who fell while
descending a ladder In his garage
week ago and injured his right
leg, is recovering very well.
William Crast, who has been III
with pneumonia In the NJ. z. Glib
son home, is recovering.
Miss Alice Goodison, who has had
rheumatism the past eight weeks,
remains quite i'll.
Mrs. George S. Collins underwent
an operation for appendicitis IN
Providence Hospital, Detroit, Mon
day. She is making good recovery.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-10-07

Whist state Of all the oryegh has the biggest acreage
white potatoes? It's not Idaho, Maine, but our own
Michigan with yearly average Of about quarer.mllion
planted this staple crop Three other have
larger total yield But fried baked mashed or boiled
Michigsn annual % crop lot of potatoes
The potato grower usually has decide whether to sell
his potatoes they dug to hold them in storage
to sell in winter spring Weather conditions the sire Of the
nations crop and other factors be followed closely and
the telephone helps many potato farmers keep informed By
telephone too, the wholesaler sells retail stores and the
housewife places her weekly order Of potatoes What about
othose new tendersknned Michigan pud for dinner?
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-10-07
Baptist Circle to
Have Supper Sale

Plans for a supper and ghost
bake sale were made by members OF
circle three of the Baptist Wom-
ems Union. Monday evening. Mrs.
Ernest Hunt, the hostess, was as
sisted by her two daughters, Mrs
Edwin Miller and Mrs. Ernest John.
son. Mr.. Alonzo Miller leader,
presided, and Mrs. Robert Chris
tian led the devotions.
II was voted to serve the college
Y.W.C.A. supper, Nov. 5, The ghost
bake sale is TO take place at the
next meeting Nov at the home
OF Mrs. Carl Glow.
After the meeting refreshments
were served Is members and three
visitors
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-10-07
Plan October Meeting

Central Grades Parent Teachers
Association will hold the October
meeting Thursday evening at 1880
in the Ypsilanti High School lunch
room. After the business meeting
entertainment will be provided by
pupils from Principal Jack Lock
woods room. There will be several
talks by kindergarten and first
grade teachers explaining how the
home can assist in adjusting chill
dreu to school.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-10-07
Lambda Chi Omega
Plans Guest Party

At the business meeting of the
Lambda Chi Omega Sorority. Mon
day evening in Charles 'McKenny
Hall 1t was decided to have the
next social meeting Oct. 20. a guest
party. 1t was announced that Ann
Arbor will be hostess chapter for
the annual state breakfast to be in
Plymouth Park, next Sunday. If the
weather is unfavorable the break
fast will be in Ann Arbor.
Mrs. W. o. Allen, president, con
Quoted the business meeting.
Mr.. and Mrs. Elmer Halter. Milan
Sunday afternoon visited Mr.. and
Mrs. IA. Geddis.
Mr.. and Mrs. Webster Hardy
Willis. called Sunday on Mrs. Har'
dy's mother, Mrs. Henry W. Green
Mrs. Willard Hathaway and her
niece, Miss Carol Hathaway, who
came for the Wedding of Miss Mary
Alice Jefferson and Neil Hathaway
returned to Chicago Sunday after
noon.
Pvt. Joseph Conner, who is In the
coastal artillery unit at Fort Casey
Washington. arrived Friday night
70 spend rs day Through with his
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. John Conner
Crane Rd.
Mr.. and Mrs. Lee y. Brown re
turned Sunday from a four days
business trip TO Upper Michigan
En- route home they stopped at Clare
and called on Miss Abbie Hawkins
formerly Of this city.
Mr.. and Mrs B. c. Tentelow and
daughters, Rose and Vesta, Adrian
spent Sunday afternoon and eve
ming with Mr.. and Mrs. William X
Crawford
Mr.. and Mrs. John Dawson anC
son Michael spent the week end in
Jackson.
Gordon Gable returned from Al
bion College Sunday to attend the
wedding OF his cousin, Donald Gable
and Miss Ellen DeVee.
Mrs. Karen Jensen, who has
spent the summer at Mt. Pleasant
and Gaylord, has returned to the
home OF her daughter, Mrs. c. c
Wescott. and spent the week enc
in Detroit.
Mr.. and Mrs. Frank Fogg have
moved from Youngs ST. to Ames
bury. Mass.
Mr.. and Mrs. Andrew Frank 40
derson, Los Angeles. Cal, came Sat
urday. 10 visit their son. Harold
Anderson. They were formerly resi-
dents here.
Mrs. Sara Rust has returned from
her summer home at Mullet Lake
Mr.. and Mrs. A. A. Bedell have
returned from a delightful southern
trip. They visited Conway, Ark.
where their niece's husband is ath
letic coach at the State Teachers
College. then went to Chattanooga
Tenn. took the Great Smokes tour
10 Knoxville, and came home by wa,
OF Washington. d. c. Mrs. Bessi
Hathaway, who had been spending
some time with the Bedells. he
cousins, has gone to her home in
Pasadena. Cal.
Sunday afternoon Mr.. and Mrs
Frank Johnson and their daughter
and son-in.law, Mr.. and Mrs. Thorn
as Sargent, Jackson, were visitor;
at the home of Mr.. and Mrs. B. K
Ford
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-10-07
Leadership Training
School Will Open

The fall Community Leadership
Training School will be started
Wednesday evening in the Presby.
terrain Church at 7:l5 and it will De
open to teachers, parents. officers
OF churches and OF church organ
izations. Rev. Gordon c. Speer is
dean.
Between the two sessions OF 50
minutes each there will be an as.
sembly session conducted by the
chaplain. Rev. Raymon B. Bair,
The subject this week will be The
Pathway TO God. the Bible as one
OF the pathways
In the division be conducts Rev.
William r. Shaw will speak on "A
discussion OF the Christian mes
sage for the individual and for so
ciety."
Miss Muricf Mex ere Il e= -E-i4ll deal
in The Use of the Bible with chill
dren" and speak on The use Of the
Bible by parents and teachers in
| presenting TO children the Chris
tian way of living" Miss Martha
Norris will speak on Youth and
Worship" and lead a discussion OF
how TO guide young people and
their leaders into an understanding
OF the meaning and purpose OF
worship.
DR.. E. W. Brakeman will head an
other discussion on How to admin
lister the program Of the local
church" intended TO help trustees
deacons, elders, wardens, officers
OF mems and womens groups.
The faculty and the registrar, Ear
Hubbard will be at the church
each Wednesday evening from 6:45
to 7:15 TO advise as 10 courses Ger
tificates OF Credit will be awarded
on Wednesday, evening, Nov. y.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-10-07
Observe Birthday

Mr.. and Mrs. Daniel Miller and
daughter, Detroit, and Mr.. and Mrs.
Joseph Sari, Jr., we're Sunday din.
ner guests OF Mr.. and Mrs. Robert
G. Fuller observing the 60th birth
day OF Mr.. Fuller. Dinner was
served at l o'clock and afterward
the party went for a drive. The hon
ored guest received gifts and en-
joyed his birthday cake.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-10-07
PANAMA UPSETS
PLAN To CHANGE
j. s. NEUTRALITY

Continued from Page One)
have entertained a political ami
mostly toward the United States"
On the other hand, Senator
George (D-Ga) ranking member OF
the Foreign Relations group, told
reporters that Panama presumably
had decided that armed merchant
men flying its flag would be
dealt with as warships and there
fore would be subject to attack"
Capitol Hill leaders indicated
that the Panama action would hs
a major topic of discussion at to-
days White House conference.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1941-10-07
GUESS HIS INTENTIONS

TO A GREAT extent, good de-
tense consists Of figuring out what
the declarer is trying to do and
then devising a means Of thwart-
ing him. Duplicate is a great
means Of displaying this factor at
its best. One declarer may play a
hand badly and be set. Another
may try the best play and succeed
with 1t. That very play, however,
may be thwarted at third table
by expert defense.