davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
Report Jap
UItiIlnatunl
To Russia
international New. s.ryic. o.sr.

LONDON, Aug. s.-A report
that Japan served virtual ulti-
matum on Soviet Russia, demand
Ing among other things that the
Soviet Union demilitarize the
Vladivostock area and zone
along the NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS.
frontier. was published in the
London Daily Express today in
dispatch from Shanghai.
Tin Toxic. Japanese officials
denied the report as pure nom
sense.")
The Daily Express asserted
that Nippon's demands were:
- Decentralization of the
Vladivostok area containing
Soviet air bases within about
700 miles of Toxic. Kobe. Yoko-
hama and other Japanese cities
highly vulnerable 10 aerial
attack.
2-Creation OF demilitarized
zone along the Siberian frontier
with Manchukuo.
3-Soviet grant to Japan Of
economic concessions in Siberia
paving the way for japanese
economic penetration of the
huge Soviet Asiatic territory.
Assurance by the Soviet
Union that no strategic military,
air or naval bases on the Asiatlc
mainland will be granted 10 the
United States.
London military CYCLES stated
IL was understood the Soviet
Union had three crack field
armies totaling about 100000
mon in the area Toxic seeks 10
clear.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
Attack Suspect
by Police

AS police searched for an elderly
man with badly decayed front
teeth who attempted TO assault
Elizabeth Rutledge, IS year old
daughter of former police commits
sioner William p. Rutledge, police
women today awaited doctors
permission to question the young
woman.
While her parents sat on the
front porch of their home, 1922
Harding avenue, Wednesday after
noon, Miss Rutledge was struggling
with her assailant in the garage
at the rear Of the lot, according
TO the scant account of the incl
dent she was able 10 give.
Today. she is AT home under the
care Of DR. Edward X. Carmichael.
suffering from shock and many
scratches and bruises about the
head and shoulders.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
IN THE NEWS

free country are saving and
sending our aluminium and
gasoline to Russia to help en-
slave a sister republic?
And is il not amazing and
diScouraging and humiIiating
that the Firms should have 10
depend upon despotic Ger
many for support in their
fight for freedom
Fellow citizens. we do not
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
Lozovsky Denies
Friendship Pdlt


MOSCOW. Aug S.-Vice For
eign Commissar s. A. Lozovsky
declared today that RuSso-Ameri-
can relations have. improved but
that no friendship agreement has
yet been reached.
He said the recent exchange OF
notes between Assistant Secretary
of State Sumner Welles and So
Wet Ambassador Constantine Ou-
mansky in Washington indicated
a rapprochement but does not
mean a pact OF friendship has
been concluded.
Lozovsky said the exchange
simply emphasized American as
gistance 10 the common cause OF
destroying Hitlerism.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
Two Youths Held
In Armed Robbery

Charged with participation in
the armed robbery on July % Of
the Eppinger Sporting Goods
store. William Toomey. Is. of 925
Michigan avenue and Charles
Fisher, 20. Of Asa West Baltimore
avenue. were ordered held today
for examination by Recorder
Judge Arthur r. Gordon.
A third youth charged with the
same offense. James Carlson, Is,
still is in Receiving Hospital re-
covering from knife wounds suf-
fered in a fight the night Of the
robbery. They are accused Of
stealing Is guns 13 Of which have
been recovered by police.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
Nouns
Bruno Musso|ini

PISA, Italy, Aug s-Mourned
by members Of his family, the body
of 23-year-old Bruno Mussolni lay
in state amid final preparations
for funeral services today.
The services were 70 he held
later in the day and burial will be
az Predappio tomorrow.
Among those who came 10 Pisa
for the funeral was Foreign Min
lister Count GaleazZo Ciano
brother-in- law Of the dead aviator.
II was announced this afternoon.
however. that Ciano was indisposed
and would be unable 10 attend the
funeral
II Duce last night personally
inspected the cornfeld where his
sons bomber fell Farmers who
witnessed the accident were ques-
toned and remains Of the plane
we're carefully inspected
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
Traffic Court Pull
Denial Set for Trial

To prove that no one has a
pull" in Traffic Court. Dennis
O'Neill 81. OF 1919 Vicksburg
avenue will 60 on trial today on
reckless driving charge before
Judge George T. Murphy and a
jury. ONeill is accused OF collid-
ing with the car Of Daniel w
Meske OF Akron. o., while il was
standing.
Meske told the court yesterday
that O'Neill told him: Il have a
pull around here and you won't
get anywhere" Judge Murphy
told MeSke no one has a pull in
this court and If he would remain
in the city he would hold the trial
today. Meske agreed.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
Detroit Mdrkefers
Choose Officials

Officers and directors Of the IN
dustrial Marketers Of Detroit,
chapter OF the National Industrial
Advertisers Association. were an
nounced today with r. G. Howell.
advertising manager of the Car
boloy Company. Inc. as president;
Charles NJ. Gray vice president;
John A. Marshall. secretary and
W. H. Blodgett, treasurer.
Directors arc: Pierce Lewis,
Charles Schweim and Forrest
Webster.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
Eagles Get @
u. S. Unit of Raj Reveals
First Months Score
International News service Cable

LONDON. Aug. S.-The Ameri-
can Eagle Squadron of the Raj
destroyed five German fighting
planes and one Dornier bomber
during its first month as a first
line unit OF the air force. the air
ministry announced today.
High scorer among the Eagles
is Pilot Officer G. A. Daymond,
20, of Los Angeles--two fighter
planes and the bomber.
Pilot Officer r. Dunn. former
airline pilot, bagged two fighters.
The other fighter accounted for
by the squadron was credited 10
Squadron Leader Woodhouse. the
British commander.
The Distinguished Flying Cross
was awarded today to Whitney
Straight, American Raj pilot,
who made forced landing over
French territory last week.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
Balkans Report
More Red Riots
International New, s,ryie, C.bl.

BUDAPEST, Aug. S.-More dis
orders and executions in south
eastern Europe were reported in
advices 10 Budapest today.
An official Croatian announce
ment said that on August 4. Com
munists threw a bomb among
student guards in the Zagreb
Botanical Gardens. wounding rs.
Four Communists were caught
and shot. the statement said. after
which 9S additional Jewish Com
munlstS were executed.
At Belgrade the German mill
.tary commander, General Kaisen-
berg, said Communist agitation
was causing trouble every day.
Other advices said the German
controlled Greek government or
Idered the death sentence for
peasants who fail to deliver their
crops to the official pool or who
try 10 sell their produce on the
black market"
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
Cuba Says Bundists
Took Cash for Reich

HAVANA. Aug. SINS
Nine Germans. accused of MEM
bership in the chamberlain
Bund and charged with collecting
funds for the Reich with boxes
for which the German legation
allcgedly holds the keys. were
under arrest in Havana today.
Cuban authorities seized several
of the boxes and announced they
were seeking % others. Police
officials said they possessed a list
of japanese also reputedly active
on behalf of the relationships and
said they would be arrested soon.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
10000 in Windsor
Give Britain Salute

Ten thousand persons witnessed
a military display in Jackson Park,
Windsor. as various nationalities
participated in a salute to
Britain.
The Polish army unit in Canada.
Netherlands representatives from
Stratford and Greek and Belgian
legions of Detroit marched in a
parade OF military units.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
DENIED IN NEW YORK

tHtFFuhuounl NrNs SefNff Nue
NEW YORK, Aug. s. 49, New
York Telephone Company officials
said they had been informed of no
severance in communications with
Japan.
Regularly scheduled telephone
service with Japan. they said
operated only between 6 p, m. and
3 a. m. (EDT). Wires To Japan
are slated TO reopen on schedule
tonight. they said.
Actually this meant Toxic alone
could confirm or deny the German
radio report.
The American telephone Of
ficials we're stating only that they
were unaware Of any severance.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
z Music Guest Conductors

Guy Fraser Harrison. director Of
the Rochester Civic Orchestra. and
Frank Biddle supervisor Of music
IN the Cincinnati public schools,
VIII he guest conductors at the
Sunday evening concert at the
National Music Camp at Inter-
loChen. Mich
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
Odessa in Peril,
London Reports
Int,m.tlonaI Sow, s.rrlc. c.bl.

LONDON, Aug. s.-British mill
tary authorities declared today
that the Nazi threat 10 the
Russian Black Sea port of Odessa
is now becoming serious"
These quarters said there were
indications that the Germans are
making increasingly rapid progress
in a southeasterly direction from
Byelaya- TSerkoY.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
EACH CLAIMS SMOLENsK

Russian military quarters
claimed that Smolensk. which the
Germans already claim to have
captured, is continuing TO hold out
against the Nazi siege.
RetaGating blow for blow, il
was stated, the Russian garrison
at Smoiensk has rounded up and
exterminated large groups of Nazi
parachutiSts."
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
ARMY LIFE HARD
u. S. Chart

petror and vicinity: Saturday partly
cloudy with scattered thunderstorns and
locally cooler. lowest tonight IS degrees
highesi saturday. 90 degrees gentle south.
erls winds
For the region within 500 miles NJ ne.
troit. Partly cloudy weather Will prevail
over the northwest PARTON % me region
tndAN with faAir weather over the south
east portion Scattered thundershopers VIII
occur over the upper Michigan section and
HHrtnEru fuwrr Nrrttgan Saturday viii pc
partly cloudy with scattered thunderthowers
mostly IN the afternoon, occurring over the
Wisconsin section southern lower Michigan
and the southwestern Ohio and Kentucky
sections.
DETROIT DATA
Temperature Al ~ m TODAY, N.
Temperatures Thursday Highest, SIS low
So mean -
Departure from normal temperature
THURSDAY. o.
Departure from normal temperature since
January / $40 degrees
Temperatures one year ago today High
est Sc lowest a. mean 10,
Relative humidity Thursday. - a m ,
7s 7.30 = m, ~ 80 p. m 26. 80
n m as
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
BLAST NAZI CLAIMS

simultaneously the Russian in
formation bureau branded German
victory claims as fantastic" and
asserted the Nazis have lost more
than 100000 men since the
Russo-German conflict began.
(The German high command
previously claimed that 1000
600 Russians had been killed,
wounded or capturedD
In formal statement the So
Wet information burea denied the
German figures on Soviet war
losses and gave out a set Of fig
ures OF its own.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
Brands
Victory
as False

MOSCOW. Aug. 3. 49, IncesSant
fighting during the night on the
Estonian sector and on the battle
fronts defending Leningrad, Mos
COW and Kiev was announced by
the Russian high command today.
A new war Communique stated:
Fighting continued last night
on the KeNholm, Smolensk and
Byelaya-Tserkov sectors and on
the EstOnian front"
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
PAY AMENDMENT

The bill approved by the Senate
would SCI a maximum Of rs
months additional service for
draftees national guardsmen and
reserNists. An amendment by
Senator Mead ID OF New York.
WAS adopted adding SO p month
70 each man salary for every
month served IN excess OF one
year,
House Democratic leaders took
advantage upon opening Of general
debate on the measure 20 attempt
10 put down a coalition movement
among some Republicans and The
non-intervention bloc for a sub
stantial reduction IN the proposal
adopted by the Senate.
II was expected the most popu-
lar compromise proposition that
would develop in the lower cham
Der would call for an extended
service Of one year. a proposal
sponsored by Senator Burton RI
Of Ohio and defeated in the
Senate.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
Red Army Chief,
10000 Others
Say Ndzis
Inl.rnstIon.I N.w. ser,le. c.hI.

BERLIN. Aug. standardization
of another Soviet force southeast
of Uman in the Ukraine and cap
ture of an additional 10000
prisoners were claimed by the
German high command today.
The captives, il was said. in
cluded the commander-in-chief of
the Sixth Soviet Army and a
number of other high officers
JUNCTION CAPTURED
In the North. according TO the
communique. German and Finnish
troops continued their steady adj
vance. NaZi forces in Estonia cap
tured the town of Wesenberg,
reaching the coast of Finland Bay.
Previously, military officials had
announced capture of an i'm
portant railway junction in the
northern part OF the Ukraine and
heavy new luftwaffe raid on
Moscow.
Many tons Of explosives and
tens Of thousands" of incendiary
bombs were declared TO have been
dropped on the Moskva River
bend and on the sections 10 the
south and east.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
Us. Boys i'm Red Army
Glad They're Captured
BY PIERRE J. HUSS
Int NeNs service special Correspondent

Ieading and talking, mostly
about the greatness Of Lenin
and Stain and the fact that all
capitaliStic countries-our enc
mieS-must he smashed.
Nothing was taught In school
except Communist matters and
that all foreigners are devils"
TALK OF ROOSEVELT
Political commisSars, they said.
told the troops every day that
President Roosevelt was coming
90 Russia ION demands Of the
American people 10 declare a pro-
.ctarian war on Hitler.
The Red army, Doyle continued,
cannot last much longer
at Nights because II must or
he shot from behisd." he said.
"1n addition. 90 per cent Of the
troops were sent out under the
impression they were going on
maneuVers.
During the last five days I
got nothing 10 eat except
piece Of black bread.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
THREAT OF DEATH

political officers were al
ways behind us with loaded PTS
tolls. Many men were killed for
hesitating single moment.
III soldier surrenders, his
family probably won't get food.
There Is no democracy In
Russia-that's bunk. It's cast
iron dictatorship where few
privileged ones rule ruthlessly,
and these consist OF Communist
Party members who total 2 per
cent of the Russian people.
THE average living standard
IL about level with that Of
American squatters. Grumblers
disappear without a trace"
Doyle said that both he and
Ianhunen ran over" immediatel,
when they heard the Firms were
near.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
Peru Cabinet Quits

LIMA, Peru, Aug. SINS
The Peruvian cabinet rendered its
resignation today but the presi-
dent refused. TO accept it.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
sELEcTIvE PROPOSAL

Another compromise proposal
expected 10 he offered in the
House would limit the extension
Of selectee service 10 six months
The Senate rejected a similar
proposal sponsored by Senator
Taft (R) Of Ohio.
House leaders forecast that vot-
ing on the bill would probably not
begin until next I've iis7--
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
And President Ryti further
said:

Is 1T not astounding. fellow
i democrats Of America. that
our country should be supply
ing planes and bombs 10 blow
up the good democrats of
Finland?
And that we citizens Of a
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
u. S.. Jap Phone
Cut, Ndzis Say
International New. seryIc. cabl.

LONDON. Aug. S.--The Ger
man radio reported late today that
Japan has cut all telephone COM
munication with the United States.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
Battle in House
Faces Bakers
OF Long Draft
BY ROBERT \. McGlLL
Int Nsws Ssrvirs StaH Corrcsrondfnt

WASHINGTON Au- Al
minlstrauon leaders TO-DAY faced a
bitter hattie IN The House over
their bin % extend SclCCtRc Se0-
ice n a total az TWO an- one-haf
years.
After senate approval Of tho
.,,oos,t,,o "a, n ,.ate 81 a. II. al Tho
House took Do over with the To-
Republican members almost S0holy
opposed % any extension q Tho
statutory 1G-months term Of Serv-
ice for SeieCteey.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08

WITH TIE FINNISH ARMY
INSIDE RUSSIA. VIA BERLIN.
.Aue. s Two American-horn boys
who lived in Russia and who were
captured bN Finnish troops IN a
battle N the woods to-day Nolun-
tcercd information on inside con-
diton> In the Red Army.
I'm "a barn-hkc provisional in
tcrnmcnf camp ] found Allen Jan
huncn from lloquiam Wash. and
.Krfo D0vie az PHt>hHrgh-hoth
hungry. weary and dIsheNcllcd.
They WcrC with a batch of White
Russians. Ukranian> RuSSo-tlnns
Tartars and MongoIanS.
IAN we hope for IL Ia get
back 10 America" they ChoruSed.
ENGINEER FATHER
Jsnhuncns father an engineer
was summoned 10 Russia IN 1887
as a specialist at PeirosavadSk.
HIS son Joined the Red army as a
non. commissioned officer.
LION 10 NNN dNli NAltN w. ihN"''i't
ta=1Q24 b. Tho promises Of a Rus
sian employment agency in New
York lie also lived at Pertosa-
Xadsk. DOYLE said he worked
like a slave. was constantly
watched and fired hall his wages
II he abandoned ms workbench
for five minutes.
Janhunen Joined DOYLE in warn
Inc any American against signing
up with The Red Army.
ARMY LIFE HARD
In peaee-time We had fair
food" DOYLE said, hut the Red
Army il hard life.
I'VE knew little ~ anything /
beyond our own company. Most
Of us couldn't pal up due To
strange tongues and nationali-
ties. like the Tartars.
"Our only teaching aside from I
military school was political. 4
Every day we'd get hours Of A
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
The Weather

The tur v.. 80 o. -i1 y w foda,.
40 zee t1uoffrv a.
me mon VII Rae frca - -
Il nj anc-xst tor Hrr-v a. sos NJ
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
COMPARE LOSSES

This statement claimed that the
Russian losses were lower than
German losses in all categories.
Here is comparison of losses
CERNA RITGGVA n,
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-08-08
FORECAST

For Detroit
and vicinity
Partly cloudy
with
scattered
fnunnerSforuS
tomorrow
temperatures
In the COS
Today Pollen
Count 50,
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-05-17
FOSdick to
Address
Meeting

A mass meeting will be held at
Central Methodist Church, Friday
evening at s o'clock. DR.. Henry
Hit Crane will preside and DR..
Harry Emerson Fosdick of New
York City and DIR. Charles Clayton
Morrison. editor of the Christian
Century of Chicago. will speak on
the subject: Must the United
States Enter the War;"
This meeting will be part of the
churChmen's campaign for peace
through mediation, which is held
under the auspices of ministers no
war committee and other peace
groups.
DR.. Albert w. Palmer of the
University of Chicago is chairman
of the committee and DR.. Charles
f. Boss Jr. is secretary.
Doctor FoSdick has agreed to
speak only twice, once in Cleveland
on the 22nd and in Detroit on the
23rd. He very rarely speaks outside
New York City.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-05-17
College Maps
Golden Jubilee
Celebration

When the golden jubilee of st.
Joseph's Commercial College is
observed on Sunday. the Brothers
of the Christian School will be
honored for the orders 80 years of
service.
At 8 a. m. in st. Joseph's Church.
Archbishop Edward Mooney will
preside at a solemn high mass,
while the officers of the mass will
be the alumni of the college.
Students and alumni will attend
the mass and Immediately after.
the alumni will partake of
jubilee breakfast. Informal re-
unions and open house will be held
throughout the day by the Christi
ian Brothers.
Ninety years ago the Brothers
arrived in Detroit to teach at st.
Mary's grade school. In 1889 they
organized the commercial college
with a course that took three
years TO cover. This years class
is the fiftieth one TO graduate.
The elf-sacrificeS of the Broth
ers were concentrated Is years
ago by the alumni. when they built
De La Sale Collegiate at Glen
field and Connor avenues.
On Tuesday a banquet will be
served at Hotel Statler and on
Friday a dance will be given at
the same hotel. Both are. part
of the jubilee celebration.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-05-17
Creighton
Quotes
History

In the May issue of the Mich.
gan Churchman. the Ri. Rev
Frank w. Creighton. bishop of the
Episcopal diocese of Michigan
writes this interesting bit of infor'
nation under the title. The
Church's Democracy" We quote
Bishop Creighton:
THE Episcopal Church is
Democratic institution. The gen.
eraI convention of 1889, at which
the constitution and canons of
our church were adopted. was
held the same year and in the
same room as the constitutional
convention of the United States.
"Many delegates attended
both conventions. Naturally the
same general plan adopted by
the church was in their minds
for the national government. We
have as our chief executive a
presiding bishop. We have
general convention comparable
to Congress with two houses sit
ting separately. We have a do
cesar convention comparable TO
our State Legislature with dele
gates, clerical and lay. elected
by the parishes and missions"
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-05-17
Ascension Day Plans
Arranged for Friday

The Detroit Council of Church
Women will observe Ascension
Day for the ninth consecutive year
on Friday at Christ Church Gran
brook. The meeting starts at IL
a. m. Ascension Day is Thursday,
but the church women believe
many women attend church serv-
ices on Thursday and would be
unable to attend on that day. thus
Friday is chosen.
At the morning session, Bishop
Frank w. Creighton will speak
and DR.. Benjamin Bush will ad-
dress the assembly during the
afternoon.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-05-17
Attention Drawn
To New Bible

The revised English edition of
the New Testament will be brought
to the attention of Catholics
throughout the United States on
Sunday. May Is. which has been
named biblical Sunday"
Bishops at their last annual
meeting designated Sunday as the
day to be observed.
Archbishop Mooney has asked
that it be brought to the attention
of the congregations at all masses.
The archbishop stated that he
believes a remarkable task has
been accomplished by the Amer
lean, Canadian and English schol-
ars who performed the work. 1t
was done under the direction of
the Episcopal Committee on the
Confraternity of Christian Doc
trine. and had the approval of
Rome.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-05-17

The sixteenth annual closing
lecture of Beth FL College of
Jewish Studies will be delivered by
Prof Nelson Glueck of Hebrew
Union College. in the Brown Me
mortal Chapel. Monday night. He
will speak on IAN Archeologlst
Looks at Palestine
On Friday night, Rabbi Leon
Fran will preach on "A Heart 10
Heart Talk With My People" The
services will be followed by a
meeting of the youth group OF the
Temple who will discuss the ser
mon with Rabbi Fran.
The confirmation exercises Of
Temple Beth Fl will he held On
the Festival of Shabuoth, Sunday
morning, June !.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1941-05-17
Bethel Group 10 Mark
50th Anniversary

The Young Peoples Society of
Bethel Evangelical Luth er n
Church. Mitchell and Hendrie ave-
nues. will celebrate its fiftieth
anniversary with a special pro-
gram to be held at 1880 p. m.
Sunday.
w. F. Weihermann of Chicago
assistant executive secretary of
the international Walther League
will deliver an address. as will the
Rev. Paul Boecler, pastor of the
Church of the Atonement. A rally
will follow the program.