davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-05-16
Bridges, Allen Hear Spit Ball Charge; |55 Per Cent Of HurlerS Pitch Illegally
Cute Moundmen Use Mechanical "FouIts" To Their Advontose
BY HARRY CRIMSON NEA Service Sports Editor

New York, May 1S-Joe Gordon of the Yankees charged Tommy Bridges of the Tigers with throwing the spit ball the other afternoon.
 Catcher Birdie Tebbetts rolled the ball to Pinky Higgins, who rubbed the pellet. in his glove. Whatever evidence there was, if any, was removed long before the argument subSided.
 Roger Peckinpaugh suspects Johnny Allen threw at least . half dozen spittery to the Indians in St.. Louis.
 When Alien was with Cleveland, the opposition complained about the right-hander splitting in his mitten and rubbing the ball there- in, and about too free use of resin in connection with his clothing.
 Allen quit a game in Boston rather than have a huttery sleeve amputated.
 Cincinnati players are reported to have conhded that Paul Der- ringer repelled Detroit in the de- ciding game of the world series last fall with the saliva shot.
 The batter has all the best of 1t anyway and effectiveness is the pitchers coffee and cakes.
 A chap like Bridges, who is be- ginning to lose his stuff, can't be blamed for resorting to tricks.
 While the spit ball was outlawed years ago, 1t never has been totally eliminated,
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-05-16

TOday's Games Brooklyn at Pittsburgh. New York at Chicago. Boston at St. Louis. (Only games scheduled.)
 Games Tomorrow Boston at St. Louis. New York at Chicago. Brooklyn at Pittsburgh. Philadelphia at Cincinnati.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-05-16
NATIONAL LEAGUE

Yesterdays Results Boston 6, St. Louis 8. New York 2, Chicago 1. Brooklyn-Pittsburgh, rain. Philadelphia 6, Cincinnati {.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-05-16

Today's Games Wilkes-Barre at Springfield. BinghRmton at Elmira. Albany at Willlamsport. AOnly games @Cheduled.l -.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-05-16
G.nmen T0m0rrnAx

Chicago at New York. Cleveland at Boston.
 St. Louis nt Washington. Detroit at Philadelphia.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-05-16
KEEPING ILLEGAL PITCHING DOWN TO MINIMUM IS AIM

Bill Mcdowan, topnotch Amer lean League umpire, some time back was authority for the statement that 66 per cent of major league pitchers deliver the ball illegally one way or another.
 The cutter pitchers use mechanical faults" to advantage.
 The more common mechanical faults are:
 Not having the back foot in con- tact with the rubber.
 Taking Q step, or crowhopping with the front foot.
 Not coming to Q stop before pitching with men on bases.
 Moving the shoulders, head, arms, feet or fingers after coming to Q stop.
 Not stepping toward first base in attempting to pick of Q base runner.
 Failure to first back of the rub. ber after coming to c stop in hold- ing men on bases when not in the act of delivering the ball to the plate or throwing to bases.
 Empires will tell you that they'd spend half their time running to the box if they dld 50 in response to every mechanical defect and in- fringement.
 The best they can hope for is to keep illegal pitching down to Q minimum.
 NEW BALL ENDS OLD METHODS OF CHEATING
 Years ago chuckers discolored the sphere with mud, licorice, coffee and whatnot.
 They roughened 1t with sandpa. per, emery and Angernails.
 They cut the seam.
 They loaded the seam with mud.
 They loosened the cover threw c punk" ball.
 Two swipes on his trouser leg and Eddie Cicotte of unhappy Black sox memory had one side of the ball shining like c ball. room slipper.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-05-16

Into the ninth but knocked out Gene Thompson and Joe Beggs and scored enough to win before Whitey Moore stopped the rally. Nick Et- tens fly to Ival Goodman scored what proved to be the winning run.
 YESTERDAYS HERO - Denny dalehouse, big righthander Of the St. Louis Browns, who pitched a one-hitter in his first start Of the season to beat the Washington Senators, 7-0.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-05-16

Totals ....., 10 1 c 1 27 z 0 bliatted for Sturgeon in 9th. bllnn for Gnlnn In 0th.
 clintted for pusSeHti in 9th. dRnn for Dnlosandro in 9th.
 
 GIANTS ..... 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 o 0s-2 CUBS .,,t,.., 0 ] 0 0 Q 0 0 0 0--l TWO BASE 1IfT--Ruckor. STOf.- EN BASf=-ArnoVlch. SACRtFICi CisS --. StrIngcr, Sturgeon. DOUBLE PLAYS-DnnnluF nud Orengni fa"- goH, Whltchond and Young; Stur. ge0n, Strlnger and Lelber. LEFT ON BASl3S.-GInnlN C, GuDa .. Eh,. :, ,e ON BAlI.S--Om SchumnGhcr 5, Pas- mach C, Pnssoau 1. UMPfRES- stewart. Dunn and Mogorkurth. TfMI1--2:1t,
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-05-16
Boxing Justice Via Double Talk
By DAN PARKER

CThe Boxing Commission In the State of Confusion Manager Fiddle D. Dee whose fighter Ken Overn title decision, been sum- before the commission for . hearing)
  held authority the State Confusion hold right hand oEE-Yes sir. GENERAL-Shut up talk fohermore the complaining decision life We'll fargison the epde around DEE-I beg your pardon, Generalp piece there the
 
 for yourself, guilty not guilty? DEE-Well sir uENERA-Another you your revoked legally constituted body the laws the State of r->E9 C~ss C.:::::: E: :: ::s @D es r1a >'|'''''||l >'|''''''||l TNN#z .
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-05-16
EASTERN LEAGUE

Yesterday's Results Scranton 4, Hartford 3. Wilkes-Barre 5, Springfield 2 (night). (Other games postponed.)
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-05-16
NEW BALL ENDS OLD METHODS OF CHEATING
Baseball Standings
AMERICAN LEAGUE

Yesterdays Results Cleveland c, Boston 1. Detroit 10, Philadelphia 2. St. Louis [, Washington 0.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-05-16
Scranton Tops Laurels

Hartford, conn, May l6 - (UP) The Hartford Bees dropped their ninth straight game here yesterday. lowing to Scranton, 4 to 3, in an Eastern League contest.
 Score by innings: Scranton ...... 200 900 0li-4 10 2 Hartford ...... 300 900 000-3 10 q
 Krausse and Colgan; Doll and Andrews.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-05-16

TnInls .,,,.,.a..,I, g ] c 27 : bIiHttcd for Itybn In 9th.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-05-16

CLEVELAND % 0 2 0 9 0 O--G BOSTON .,..., 0 0 0 l 1 0 0 2 O---4
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-12-09
SOCIAL ACTIVITIES F
Women tO Attend
 Defense Meeting

One thousand club leaders repre- sentlng every state in the Union will assemble in Washington, D. O., January 23-26, for the mid-winter the General Federation of Women's meeting of the Board of Directors of Clubs, and the series of brilliant forums on vital phases of national defense, which have been arranged by the president of the Federation, Mrs. John L. Whitehurst.
 Never before has there been aS~ sembied on 6 General Federation program such Q galaxy of illustrious women and men, as viii be heard on this occasion. Discussing the Dee sense of our Economic System sat- urday afternoon, January 24, will be two members of the Presidents Cob- met: The Honorable Henry Mor- ganthau, IT,, Secretary of the Treasury, and the Honorable Fran ces Perkins, Secretary Of Labor. Wii- Ham s, KnudSen, Director General of the Office of Production Manage" meyit, and pr. Harriet Elliott, Assoc ciate Director, OPA, will speak aS will Leon Henderson, head Of the Price Administration Office, and Donald Nelson, Executive Director Of the Supply prioriHes and Alloca- tons Board. Other speakers will in. clude representatives of the Aineri- can Federation of Labor, the Con- gress of Industrial Organizations and the National Association Of Manufacturer.
 Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Assist. ant Director of civilian Defense, will preside over the civilian Defense Foruin, Friday evening, January %. Participants will be Miss Eioise Davlson, Assistant Director in
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-12-09
Miss Kay Bobbin
 Presented Gifts

Mrs. Peter daug, Jr., of East Main street entertained on Sunday with Q supper shower in compliment to Miss Katherine Bobbin of Clifton avenue.
 Among those present were: Mrs. J. II. Meshan, Mrs. Clarence Man. ley, Mrs. Blanche SpotanslSi, Mrs. Edward Joy, Mrs. Mary Garren, Mrs M. s. Carroll, Mrs. Peter Gaug, ST., Mrs. John Robinson, Mrs. Raymond Wrenn.
 And the Misses Gertrude Me- 0rath, Margaret O'Neill, Mary Kil- Han, Dorothy Blacker, Stephanie dworek, Jean Doran, Celestine Wolff, Lillian Caffrey, Elaine Maier, Doris DeMadeline, Maureen Sulli- van, Claire LAwlor, Ethel Pierson, Madella Lanonette, Charlotte Graves, Marjorie Farley, Patricia Bestor, Helen Steinmetz, Gloria Di- Vito, Helen sabatowAch, Eleanor Drumm, Doris DiMariene, Ethel Fibre and Madeline Mccormack.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-12-09
Personal

Mrs. William daunt of Granger street entertained the members of the Chase Parent !. Teachers asso- ciatIon ct . ChristmaS party last night ct her home. The group efls joyed 6 grab bog, and sang ChFist- mas carols.
 Miss Betsy Drummond of Robin. wood and MiSs Helen Latimer of Pennington avenue have been en- tertaining Miss Louise Palmiter Of Boston.
 Mir, and Mrs. Dennis Kean of Baldwin street have with them for the weekend, their son, Francis Kean, Q student ct Holy Gross col- lege.
 Mir. and Mrs. Thomas Collins have returned to their home on Farns ham avenue after visiting in ches. hire, Mass.
 Mas Mary Fitzpatrick of Bald- win street, and MT. and Mrs. Eds ward Fitzpatrick Of Rye street, have been visiting in Brooklyn, N Y.
 Mrs. Edward Taylor, Mrs. Charles Holmes, Mrs. Walter E. Baldwin and Miss Joan Holmes Baldwin, have returned from Miami, Flors Ida, where they had spent . month. 
 The members of the ?. x. L. Club met At the home Of Miss Florence Kalpln of Burton street. Refresh- Inents were served following the business meeting. Those attending Included Louise Lango, Wanda Las zeski. Anna Paternostro, Mary L0fls go, Gtacia LazeSki, The next ineet- ing will be held at the home Of Miss Anna Paternostro.
 The Concordia Ladies Auxiliary will hold it's regular meeting on Friday evening, December i2 ct Q o'clock in the hall. Mrs. Fritz Muel.
 At this time the annual Christ. mas party will take place.
 The Christmas party for the children of oil Concordla members will be given on December 2i ct 2:30 o'clock in the Bank street hall. Ter, general chairman, is being ass sisted in the arrangements by Mrs, Karl schaas and Mrs. William Mueskes,
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-12-09
THE RRIVATE PAPERs 0F A

CUB REPORTER
 Karl Decker, who died the other day, made his rep on q spectacular piece Of reporting, back in ieoe. He grabbed Evangelina Cosio y Cis- neros, daughter of Q Cuban revo- lutionist, out of Spanish prison and whisked her to New York. He was then Q staffer on the N. Y, Journal, and his stunt is still mar veled at in the city rooms. 1t gave Decker the name of a daredevil re- porter, But Decker had a greater talent: He was one of the clin- ningest writers who ever whacked c keyboard. His wCrdage sizzied and painted pictures.
 He was good ct any style of tale telline--laughs, Bohs or straight news. But he was at his best dish- ing Che hell fire. His coverage of the Leopold-Loeb trials should be bound In a book. He was running the Morning Telly then and never even went to Chicago. He rewrote the wire copy that came into the old cowharns, opposite Madison Square Garden, where the Telly lived then. He called the murder CTS everything the law allowed, and lot that it didn't. His story on their sentence, whcih excused them from the gallows, almost set the mail bags on efire.
 Tn his later years Decker pre- ferred the frivolous sheets to the dlgnified dailies. He had lots of contempt for some of the blggies running the sheets, and he liked the horse papers whore he could have his cracking say.so. Toward the last he worked with the late E. phocion Howard on the New York Press, c racing weekly. It was one of the most readable sheets in the country. Howard was Q genius ct slangy writing, and Decker gave the paper It's wallop.
 Decker never mingled with the B'way and track set. His interest was world news. Every now and then he'd write an editorial on one of the absorbing topics of tho day. It staggered the horse players. They plowed through 1t, hoping 1t cofl- tained Q "code horse" or something, but the piece was invariably ad- mired in the managing editors of. fees. Howard said the editorials represented Decker's guilty oon- science - he felt he should be busying himself with better things than the trivia of the B'way and racing sheet.
 Sloppy reporting used to enrage Decker. The phony about Q thief stealing the Mona Lisa out of the Louvre drove him nuts. The ex. plantation was that the stealer roleld up the canvas and hid it down his pants les. Decker explained, in Q satevepost expose, that the painting was lot on . canvas. but on q solid surface that couldn't he rolled, A week after his Post piece appeared,
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-12-09

charge of Group Activities; Briga. dier General Lorenzo D. uasser. Ci- vilian Protection Division; Mss Wilmer Shields, Community Volun- teer Service: Miss Jane seaver, Youth Participation; and James F. Kirby, Press Relations Section.
 The Honorable Frank Knox, sec- retary of War; General George E, Marshall, Chief of Staff, United States Army and Bridier General Donald Connolly, Civil Aerotlautics Administrator, will be heard on the forum on Military Defense, Friday afternoon, January 23,
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-12-09
. McKENNEY
 ON BRIDGE
BY WILLIAM E, McKENNEY

If you hope to win champIo onships you must learn how to handle suit combinations and high cards. Thege are the gadgetS used by the expertS in winning tournaments, and we saw many such plays ct the na- tional games in Richmond, Va, the week Of Dec. 1.
 Fast properly played the jack of diamonds on the opening lead and deciarer allowed it to hold. When the deuce of diamonds wRs re- turned, South won with the king and elected to play the spade suit,
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-12-09
Santa Mario Circle
 NeuV London Guests

The degree team and the choir of Santa Maria Circle, Daughters of Isabella, were guests at the initia- ton and installation of the Father Brennan Circle at New London on Sunday, December 2.
 They were feted at Q banquet with c program of entertainment during the evening.
 Due to illness in her family, Mrs, Mary White o'Rourke, past regent, was unable to be present.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-12-09


 He Jed g low spade, played the queen from dummy and East won with the ace, returning a low heart. South's singleton king won, the king of spades was cashed, and when the suit failed to break, de- clarer complained of his bad luck.
 South should have protected him. self against 6 bad break. He se- lected the right suit, spades, but the thing he had to guard against was the loss of three spade tricks. If the spades were split 3-3, 1t would cost him nothing to fnesse the eight-spot, as he still would not lose three spade tricks. But with Q four-two split, he must play the eight-spot to make sure that the opponents do not win three spade tricks. Had he done that, he would have made his contact.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-12-09
HEBREW LAnTwR

4 board meeting of the Wateg. bury Hebrew Ladies Aid Associaslc0 was held yesterday afternoon mA the Institute. Mrs. George RMplan presided in the absence of Agrn, Harry Klamkin.
 Final plans were made for tho show and dance to be given on @un- day, December i4 ct Temple hall.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-12-09

The Leavenworth Tri.Y of the Central YMCA will sponsor . Yu.e- tide dance on Saturday, December 18th ct o:30 D. n. The dance will be held in the west and boys lobby Of the Central YMCA.
 The committees and chaiFmen in charge of the affair include: Gen. oral chairman: Shirley Asplund, president of the club; tickets com. lnittee: Ruth Mcintyre, chairman, Gloria Maeholt, Marie Larusso, 0enevfeYe MaSterfrank; refresh lnents committee: Gloria Mannettl chairman, Helen True, Theresa Eur. 10, Alice DiCflsanti; decor etlons committee: Lucille O'Deli. chairman Eleanor Walsh, Helen PaSefa ano Frances Peteechia.
 Dress for the affair will be in. formal.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-12-09
Weddings
Club News
epANTem Cr.rYm

SPANISH CLUB
 The first social meeting e a Senior Spanish Club was held xe. gently. Games were played, taaasn discussed, puzzles worked out an Spanish, and other interesting games enjoyed. Those ln charge os the program were: 0loEia Prescott and Mary Daversa. Every fourth meeting of the club vii Do a social one. The next meeting win take place on December ioth at which e Christmas grabbing will Do held
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-12-09
ELTON CLUB

Scorers in the Friday afternoon tournament under the direction of Mrs. w. s. Smith were: north-south Mrs. EdrIs Alderson, Mrs. Earl Ave very. 73; Mrs. James Ross, Mrs. Charles Haywood, 70 i.2; east-west, Mrs. Edmund spiceN Mrs. Edward Balthazar, 77 leg; Mrs. Ambrose Egan, Mrs. 6. M. Main, 7b.
 aThe official standing Is: Mrs. Al" derson, Mrs. Avery, 2i4; Mrs. Homer Bernier, Mrs. Philip Shaler, 200 leg; Mrs. Ross, Mfrs. Haywood, 207 1s2; Mrs, Egan, Mrs. Main, 202.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-12-09
Junior Women
 Present Pianist

Miss Ann Valenti, talented blind pianist of this city, will be present. ed ct c concert this evening under the auspices of the Junior Women'S Club.
 Miss Valentl is c graduate of the Hartford Institute for the Blind where she completed her high school course, and studied piano and organ for twelve years.
 The recital will be given ct the Tudor Room of the Waterbury Wo- mems Club. The public is invited, and there will Do no admission charge.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-12-09
Contract Bridge
CORNELL CLUB

Scorers in the new series of Monday evening tournaments under the direction of Mrs. J. c. Moriarty included: north-south, Mrs. Paul Reusch, Mrs. Phillip Roy, 74; Miss Kathleen Sullivan, Miss Betty Me- Carthy, 64; east-west, Charles Phelps, Mrs. Elsie Forman, S3 i-2; Ethel Waters, Mrs. Ernest Bowman, A1
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-12-09

Russell Swan1A, the magician who became Q comedian, was offered q job by the Music Corporation of America booking dept SwaH1n thought the salary too small and turned it down. T don't mind your offering me such Q small salary" he said, "but aren't you ashamed to work for such small Conmis- slonp"
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-12-09

one of the pipe-dFeamers in Paris revived the oidie about tho pants leg brigand.
 Anyway, a lot of talent died with Karl Decker.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-12-09
Democratic Women
 Arranging Party

The regular meeting and Christ mas party of the Wofnen's Demo- cratic Club of Middlebury will bo held tomorrow evening ct 6 o'clock at the home of Mrs. Mary TeFrili, White avenue, MiddlebuFy. All meme bers are invited to attend and bring c surprised gift for the grabbing.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-12-09

saying he'd like to know what he could do to help the men in the service. They told him they'd like him to go to Iceland and tell gofno jokes to the men there.
 "Iceland9" he exclaimed. "Away up thereP"
 "You1l only be gone for forty days" the voice said.
 q can't Ro," he replied, "1 don't look good In 6 life preserverI"
 Never. Give. Up. Ship Dept! Several years ago 6 young author became discouraged about . sea novel fe was trying to write. he told his agent, I'd Bodif, that he didn't think he could finish 1t :. :. TO which Bodin wisely counseled him: "The strongest boats in any harbor are the tugs. And tho word tugs Is Q true anagraEli for gutS. You'll never dock without saTne.P
 The discouraged author was Rich. ard Sale. The advice helped him finish his manuscript which simon 6 schuster published under the title: Not Too Marrow, Not Too Deep" On the screen 1t was called "stFange Cargo.
 How tO Write Movies in One Easy Lesson. Tn "sun Valley Serenade Joan Davis meets Milton Berle in c resort. She asks him for . cons trlbutlon for charity and ho donates Q dime A few hundred feet laater on in the film, Miss Davis again encounters him and requests another contribution. Hey" heys nerle, T gave you something be" forei" "so," Joan exciaims, you're the guyI" -. And 50 say. ing she puts Q huge x" on Berle'S sweater and zig-zags from the scene while the audience Toars, laughs and holds It's sides.
 From the colyum of January 24th, io40: It Is supposed to have. hap pened in one Of Broadway's shadier lolntS. A eagey chorus girl, slightly tippy, had an equally tippy gent at c table and was giving him c Sobby saga Rent, due, an Aiiing mother, on unemployed father and brother, etc., fahsrah ,. And SO the hiccuppy listener slipped her $50 ;. An hour later she met the same guy ct the bar and started to unfold her story .... Hey" he interrupted, "you told mo that story m hour aaol" =. And so the gal took out her hpstick and put an K" on his forehead and xlgs ragged away.
 Al JOIs0n's intimates caution you about mentioning the name of Ruby Keeier, his ex.wife. "He isn't carrys ing any torch for her." they OK. plain, "but 1t reminds hlm Of c heartache he has gotten over"
 A moment later in one Of the eles yators atthe Hotel Lord Tarletofl In Miami Beach, Poison started teas. ing one of the pretty girls who opers ate tho elevators. "Ill bet l can guess your name" he said. Ifs it Flo, Fiossie, Fredericka, Fanny Freda, Fay, or Frenasl9"
 "ItS the incest name iTl the world" she said. "ft's Ruby"
 gpeaklnug of toFch.cAFrlers, the same MT. Jolson was arguing the subject with q chuI1i, whose wife went Go Reno.
 T suppose" said the chun, "th0 best way to get over the torch Is to 20 out and look for another love"
 You can't look for it," said Mr J., you've got to find It."
 A refugee, noting the American flag flyiag from the Waldorf, Te. marked that our national emblem was Q bit peculiar. "The red and white stripes" he observed, Hook like c peppermint stick"
 "Yep," yepped cab driver, "the kind of peppermint stick that makes everybody sick who tries to lick t." IL SHOP@
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-12-09

4 bingo party under the auspices of the Rosary Confraternity ok 60. ThomaS church will be held at tho parish hall Wednesday night Tn charge of arrangements for the ags fair Is Mrs. William Weir.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-12-09

A refugee, noting the American flag flylag from the Waldorf, Tee marked that our national emblem was Q bit peculiar. "The red and white stripes" he observed, Hook like c peppermint stick"
 "Yep," yepped e cab driver, "the kind of peppermint stick that makes everybody sick who tries to lick t."
The Waterbury Democrat., 1941-12-09

speaklnug of toFch.CaFrlers, the same MT. JolSon was arguing the subject with q churi, whose wife went Go Reno.
 T suppose said the chunl, "th0 best way to get over the torch Is to 20 out and look for another love"
 You can't look for it," said MT J., you've got to find it."
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1941-04-26
The Mon Chus
Gives Bridge

The Mon Chu Eight club spon-
sored bridge and whiet party
during Easter week The ladies
at the Twelve Hosemrn's club
looked very lovely in their Eas-
ter finery Among those present
were: Mesdames Annie Booth. AL
beria Washington Leila Davis, SUI
lee Stinson. Dottie Blackwell. Eva
lace Byrd. Mary Marhin Fannie
Gravitt Dora Prather. Alta OTIS
Laurs Heard. Theins viekers Nell
lie Pumpkins. Rose Jackson. Jew
FL James. Marguerite Mann Ro-
nina Rucker. Earleue Duncan. Ie-
ona Brown. Kitiie Jackson. Mary
hell Jackson. also Dan McCasklll
Ella Ross. Sarah Robinson and
Mamie Brown
A tasty rspset Was served.
Among the members presen,
We're: Erma Tulloch. charming
president. Carrie Washington,
secretary; villa Byrd. JAMIE Mil
Ter. Mary Young and Amanda