davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1940-05-30

America, the continent ranking sec
ond, and more than three times the
1.3 miles OF boundary In North
America, including Central Ameri-
ca. The figure for South America
is 81 miles; for Africa, rs; for
Asia, 1.6, and for North America
If the boundary of Canada with
Labrador is omitted, IL.
Other Ratios.
The boundary nuisance factor
for Europe including the Soviet
Union is 480; for Asia, 100; for Asia
except Asiatic Russia, 100; for Afri-
ca 80: for Africa emitting the
boundaries CT the Union of South
Africa with other British territories,
80; for North America, including
Central America and the West
Indies but emitting Greenland, ~:
for South America, 80.
In many parts of Europe bar
riers which are invisible but more
formidable than the Alps have been
erected as a concomitant of post
war nationalism," Mr.. Boggs SAYS.
III human beings could come and
go as freely as they choose, thou
sands would probably trek across
their frontiers, almost anywhere, in
the hope of escaping from almost
uncomfortable psychological and eco
nomic pressures."
Even before the outbreak of war
IN 1899, Mr.. Boggs points out, the
barriers to trade in E,lrone rice
like walls between nations, slowed
the pulse of industry, robbed arti-
sans and labors of a chance to earn
a living, improvised peoples whose
ample capacities were thwarted.
and instilled fear and despair.
Evening star., 1940-05-30
Geographer Gauges
Vicious Boundary
Problems Of Europe
State Department Aide
Finds Nuisance Fuctor
For Over North America

Western and Central Europe
has boundary nuisance factor"
representing lengh of boundaries
In relation to area and pressure of
population, go times greater than
that of North America, S. Whit
temore Boggs, geographer of the
United States Department of State,
estimates in study of International
boundary functions and problems
issued by the Columbia University
Press.
In the first American survey of
international boundaries and what
is believed to be the first continental
comparison ever made, Mr.. Boggs
summarizes Europe, it is pointed
out in foreword by DR.. Isaiah
Bowman, president of the Johns
Hopkins University, as crowded
populations, a profusion of bound
aries, in short, a house with mar
row rooms"
Even under peace conditions, Eu-
rope presents "a vicious circle of
boundary problems and multifari-
GUS and onerous boundary restric-
tions,' declares Mr.. Boggs, who adds
that disputes arise in many in
stances because too much history is
remembered by both parties con-
cerned.
Specifies nuisance"
Defining boundary nuisance fac
tor as miles of boundary per 1000
square miles of area, multiplied by
the population per square mile,
Mr.. Boggs shows that the figure
for Europe apart from Russia is
1,400, while that of North America,
emitting the boundary between
Canada and Labrador, a depend
ency OF Newfoundland, is %.
The boundaries of Europe, ex-
cluding the Soviet Union meas
ure "the surprising length" of 7.3
miles per 1000 square miles area,
Mr.. Boggs finds. In Europe with
Russia included, there are, on the
average, at least miles of inter-
national boundaries for every 1000
square miles of area, or at least so
per cent more than in South
Evening star., 1940-05-30

Fire is starting new classes in
Irish to provide positions for un-
employed teachers.
The government Of Spain will
regulate prices of automobiles,
Evening star., 1940-05-30

"A liquid coloring that
shampoos out, yet will not
rub or smear of. Grand
re-touch between perma-
nent tints. Easy to apply.
Eight shades.
Evening star., 1940-05-30

A smooth pad that re-
moves unwanted hair in a
jif1y. Easy to use as a
powder puff. Leaves no
stubble. In handy bakelite
compact.
Evening star., 1940-05-30

Made, bottled and sealed
in France! Five lovely
fragrances: Muguet Lilly
Of the Valley, Oillet (Car-
nation), Lilac, Violette, Jas
min.
Evening star., 1940-05-30
SKOL
Sunburn
Preventive

Acquire a smooth golden
tan painlessly and effort
lessly-just apply "Skol"
before exposure to the sun.
A cool, soothing lotion!
Evening star., 1940-05-30
LOTUS De Luxe
SANITARY
NAPKINS
81 for 81

The new "nut1 type
cotton-processed for extra
comfort. Moisture proof
backing. Easily disposable.
And they cost so little!
Evening star., 1940-05-30
Matched Makeup by
Richard Hudnut

Choose Red Flare" for
brilliancy and Peppermint
Pink" for softness! $1.00
lipstick with skillfully
matched rouge and filmy
powder. All three for $l.95.
Evening star., 1940-05-30

Made by the makers Of
Kleenext Delsey Is as soft
as their famous cleansing
tissues. Double ply for
extra strength
Evening star., 1940-05-30

Have harmonizing nails
and lips with this match
maker" set! Regular size
bottle nail polish and q
half-size matching lipstick,
in the most popular shades.
Evening star., 1940-10-15
Wages and Hours

In modifying it's definitions of per-
sons covered by the Wage-hour law
after two years of experience in ad-
ministering the statute, the Wage
and Hour Division Of the Depart
ment of Labor has adopted more
sensible formula for interpreting the
intent of Congress than was the case
in the. past.
The new definitions, which be-
come effective October "a, still fall
short of enunciating clear-cut rules
for the guidance of employers. But
certain improvements have been
made. Most important of the
changes is the separation of "ad-
ministrative" and executive" func-
tions for purposes of definition.
Under the old phraseology, according
to Administrator Philip B. Fleming,
one employe in DeS Moines, although
earning $4,000 year, could not be
exempted from the act. Similarly,
he added, numerous cases arose in
which employees earning $4,000 and
$4,000 a year had to be denied ex-
emption.
1t is to be regretted that the di-
vision has not seen fit to fix some
minimum wage figure, however high,
which of itself would exempt work.
ers from the scope of the statute
Under the new definitions, it is still
possible that a $5000-a-year en-
ploye would be held subject to the
overtime provisions of the law, al
though there is little if any reason
to believe that Congress intended
such result. AS matters stand an
employer, with little to guide him,
must exercise his own discretion in
the numerous borderline cases, and
he is subject to heavy financial pen
alties in the form of back overtime
payments if the wage and hour
officials subsequently should decide
that he had erred in interpreting a
law which they are not willing to
define in exact terms themselves.
According to the best estimates,
the new definitions will extend ex-
emption from the act to 100000 or
more workers covered in the past.
That total, however, is only about 1.6
per cent of the 12,3OO,0O0 employees
affected by the statute. In view Of
the fact that the law is designed to
protect the so-called underprivileged
workers rather than those who re-
ceive relatively large salaries, the
wage and hour officials, during the
coming year, would do well to con-
slider a further Qualification of their
definitions with a view to confning
the application of the law to those
classes of employees who actually
need and who were intended to have
the benefits of its protection.
Evening star., 1940-10-15
Urges Willkie to
Clarity Remark.

To the Editor Of The Star:
Speaking at Los Angeles, Mr.. Willkie
said, IF you elect me President of the
United States no American boy will ever
be sent to the shambles of any foreign
trench"
A careful rereading of that statement
will be valuable. Exactly what did he
mean?
The term "sffambles" is the stock
phrase of the ultrapacifist who believes
that all wars are merely greedy conflicts
between rival imperialisms. Such an
individual could draw from Mr.. WILKES
statement something which would read:
Even though millions of women and
children who speak our own language
am elected President, under no con-
ceivable circumstances will any vigorous
American fighting man ever lift. a finger
to help them
That is hardly what Mr.. Willkie meant.
But it seems regrettable that he should
have used a phrase capable of being
translated into this
Could not Mr.. Willkie, some time be-
fore election day, revise his phraseology
into something more in keeping with our
historical traditions? He has it in sflim
to do so. GEORGE B. STUDLEY.
Del Mar, Calf.
October 2
Evening star., 1940-10-15
'Fuust'

Many thoughtful music lovers must
have remarked about the strength
of the hold which the opera Faust"
continues to exert upon popular
favor. 1t was on March 19, 1859, that
the master work Of Charles Francois
Gounod first was produced. The
place was the Theatre Lyrique in
Paris. A distinguished audience ap-
plauded, yet "the criticism of the
journals was, as usual, blend
ing of censure and praise" Publish
ers, motivated by timidity in the
circumstances, hesitated to print the
score. An amateur patron finally
was found with ten thousand francs
to invest. The money came from an
inheritance. He who risked it made
a fortune with it. The public, as
distinct from professional musicians,
had chosen the tragedy of Marguerite
for Immortality. In 1887 the five
hundredth representation was given
with the composer in attendance.
The explanation of such success,
of course, is obvious. Goethe's YER
sion of the ancient story of the
scholar who pledged his soul to Satan
in exchange for youth and love has
universal appeal to men and to
women who, being human, are re-
sponsive to theme so poignant in
its implications. Even Mephistoph-
eles gains a certain sympathy from
the average listener susceptible to
melody nobly rendered by however
wicked a character. He is a villain,
certainly, but not an intolerable
one, as for example when, for his
own sinister purposes, he sings lie
veau dor est toujours debout" The
devils victim, too, is likeable char
acter, not altogether unworthy of the
affection which he Stirs in the heart
of his adored. Indeed, it is necessary
to the logic of the plot that Faust
should be sincere in his suit. He as
well as Marguerite is damned, yet
saved. The Easter chorus at the end
of the opera is for sinners repentant,
not merely for saints without need
of salvation.
But even if the libretto were less
engaging than in fact it is there still
would be a vast attraction in Gou-
mods music. He was genius in
the creation and manipulation Of
great harmony. Following the re-
cording offered in the current music
appreciation campaign of The Star,
a sensitive spirit may discover beauty
difficult to tell in words but pro-
foundly real.
Evening star., 1940-10-15
lutin American Trade

Because closer economic relations
between the United States and Latin
America will strengthen the defense
of the Western Hemisphere against
totalitarian aggression, the recent
gains in our two-way trade with
Latin American countries are
cause of justifiable satisfaction. In
the year ending August 81, exports
from the United States to the twenty
Latin American republics were
valued at more than $4,000 900, an
increase of fifty per cent over the
totals for the previous twelve-month
period. Our purchases amounted to
approximately $616, 900 900, a gain of
thirty-one per cent over the pre-
ceding year.
In reviewing trade trends in the
current issue of Foreign Commerce
Weekly, Mr. Lew B. Clark, chief of
the Latin American section of the
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce, points out that Cont
mental Europe no longer offers Latin
America a market for its raw ma
terials. Before the war the conti-
nent purchased over $500,O00,0OO
worth of the raw products of Latin
America annually, or nearly thirty
per cent of the yearly exports of
these twenty nations. Many of these
export items are competitive with
our own products. For this reason,
it will not be easy for Latin America
to find an outlet here for the raw
materials previously shipped to
Europe.
During the twelve months ending
August 81, our exports to Argentina
increased eighty per cent, while our
purchases from that country ad-
vanced forty-six per cent. Imports
from Brazil gained IA per cent, as
compared with a 662 per cent in
crease in exports to that country.
Sales to Uruguay were more than
two hundred per cent greater than
last year. Shipments from the United
States to nearly every Latin Ameri-
can country showed a sizable in
crease. Imports from several coun-
tries, however, showed a decline.
Despite the stepping up of our
purchases, the problem of develop
ing compensating market for many
Latin American commodities for
merly shipped to Europe has yet to
be solved. Now that continental
Europe is no longer a source of sup
ply for the manufactured and other
goods which they need, Latin Ameri-
can countries have become increas-
ingly dependent on the United
States. AS part of its program for
economic cooperation, the admins
Evening star., 1940-10-15
Labor Rucketeers

1t was a sordid and disturbing story
of labor racketeering which was un-
folded in New York's General Ses-
SionS Court in connection with the
conviction of George ScaliSe, former
president of the Building Service
Employees International Union, for
stealing funds of the union. Here was
a man who, after serving more than
four years in a Federal penitentiary
for violation OF the Mann White Slave
Act, had no difficulty in "muscling
in" on, seizing control of and finally
robbing the treasury of an important
American Federation of Labor union.
According to probation report sub
mitted to the court, Scalise has
record of twenty years of association
with such gangsters as AL Capone,
Lepke Buchalter, frankie Uale and
others, during much of which time
he was a Strong arm" organizer of
union locals, a fomenter of strikes
and, most important of all to Scalise,
a collector of union dues and assess
ments. Despite this disreputable rec
ord, Scalise attained and continued
to enjoy position of high leadership
in the ranks of organized labor.
Only a few days before the SEN
fencing of Scalise to from ten to
twenty years in Sing Sing Prison, a
jury in Cleveland, Ohio, convicted
Albert Ruddy, president of the A. F.
of L. Carpenters District Council, of
extorting $S,500 from building con-
tractors under threat of calling union
members off on strike. 1t was Ruddy's
second conviction on extortion
charges during his thirty years as an
Ohio labor leader. And it was the
fourth conviction obtained among
Cleveland union officials since the
launching in 1887 of a cleanup of
union racketeering.
The disquieting thing about all of
this is that organized labor seems to
have been reluctant to take the
initiative in Kidding its leadership of
the laWless leeches which have fas-
tened themselves on some of the
Enthusiastically in soft and juicy
spots near the bulging Golfers. The
housecleaning in most instances has
been done by law enforcement agen-
cies under pressure of public opinion.
The revelations in the Scalise and
Ruddy cases indicate the need for a
thorough stock-taking by the unions,
with view not only to protecting
organized workers against such graft
as that exposed in New York and
Cleveland, but to meriting the public
confidence and support upon which
unionism must depend in it's COM
mendable efforts to improve the lot
of the workers.
Evening star., 1940-10-15

Nation that before another year has
passed their country may be engaged
in a struggle which would strain
their morale to its ultimate limits
II such an ordeal were to be the fate
Of the American community, the
poor, the sick, the crippled, the blind,
the very old and the very young
would be destitute should the Chest
drives of 1910 have failed. The Pres
ident was abundantly justified when
he urged the solemn necessity that
'in this critical moment of our
history, we must be more than ever
conscious of the true meaning of -
our community Of interests, our COM
munity of faith in the democratic
ideal, our community of devotion to
God"
Evening star., 1940-10-15
Humun Needs

In preparation for the annual
Community Chest Embarrassing cam
paigns which are to be conducted
In cities and towns throughout the
United States beginning November
13, President Roosevelt has sum-
moned all Americans to prove their
good faith in good works. when
we join together in serving our local
community" he said in a broadcast
Sunday evening, 1--WE add strength
to our national community, we help
to fortify the structure of our whole
national Union"
Al. some considerable length the
President discussed the problems
which, he declared, could be han
died" only by the Federal Govern
ment, but he insisted that private
charity is essential to personalize
and humanize the task of relieving
suffering" There always are "a
thousand matters which do not fit
Into pigeonholes," and Mr.. Roosevelt
was specific in his warning that "as
long as there is illness in the world,
as long as there is poverty, as long
as families are stricken with personal
misfortune, it will be necessary for
the goodhearted men and women of
America to mobilize for human
needs"
BY the same incontrovertible logic
individual philanthropy is required.
The President quoted "the ancient in
junction" which, despite the horrors
of contemporary times, still animates
men and women in civilized society.
Love thy neighbor as thyself," he
told his listeners, is doctrine which
has practical Importance "in a world
poisoned by hatred and ravaged by
war;"
Mr.. Roosevelt perhaps might have
gone on to remind the people of the
Evening star., 1940-10-15
THIS AND THAT
BIZ Charles E. TrdcetDell.

garden, demands very little thought,
once it is'established. This comes about
because it is composed mostly of shrubs
and evergreens. Once set, these are left
alone, except for necessary pruning. The
green garden, therefore, may be recon-
mended to lazy gardeners, or those who
have been called weekend gardeners.
through lack Of time during the rest
OF the week.
The red, white and blue yard can be
worked out only through spending much
time, as suggested. in seeking the proper
varieties of different plants
Not every red is flag red, by any
means. The softer blues, too, scarcely
suggest the national emblem. There
are whites which are more green than
white.
Then the desired shades may not
bloom together.
This is task for the beginning gar
dener, who has his floral enthusiasm at
white heat.
Much poring over seed cataloges, and
much experimentation will be demanded,
as well as some money and time and a
great deal of patience.
One variation of this type of garden
ing would be the patriotic flower bed.
In this, beginning with the bulbs in
the early spring, the suggestion of the
national colors could be worked out so
that no one could miss it. On the
other hand, 1t need not be any out
and-out suggestion of the flag itself, but
merely a massing of the essential colors.
After the bulbs had done Towering
other things, including zinnias, petunias,
ETC., could be planted among them, so
that the new stalks and leaves would
afford excellent coverage for the dying
tulip leaves.
In recent years accent has been placed
in Horticulture on securing good clear
colors, and especially in getting shades
and tints which were not known before
in the varieties.
Today one could plant good patriotic
garden with gladioluses alone, or even
with petunias or zinnias
The gold of marigolds might be used
by way of accent just as brass buttons
adorn the Navy blue
1t is interesting to note that two of
the colors of our flag, white and blue, are
colors which are known in gardening
work as binding colors
That is, they bind together all other
colors in the garden
1t has been common garden practice
for many years to include a certain
amount of white Towering plants in the
garden, not so much because they are
pretty in themselves, but more because
they tie together the many other colors
The softer shades of blue have been
used in the same way.
Every one knows the beauty and ap-
peal of combinations of blue and yellow
either in the yard or in the vase.
Advantage should be taken of these
groupings in experimenting with a pa
triotic garden 1t has always been the
belief of this column that a garden or
anything else with an idea behind it is
better than one without an idea.
Evening star., 1940-10-15
Entered IS second-class matter post ofnce
Washington. D. c.
japan at Shunqhui

Japanese military action in tempo
rarily closing off the HongkeW area
from the rest of the international
Settlement of Shanghai yesterday
may be a manifestation of TokioS
longing to obliterate the influence
of all other powers in the great Chi
nese port. Hongkew is the center Of
japanese business and residential
population in Shanghai.
1t was there that sanguinary
clashes with the Chinese occurred
in 1882, and it is an ominous COIN
cidence that Mondays furry springs
from a similar cause-an alleged at
tempted Chinese attack on japanese
subjects, in this case, officers. The
affair synchronizes with Japan's
aggressive activities in Indo-China
and with reports that Toxic is di-
recting increased attention to the
French Concession at Shanghai,
which is separate from the Interna-
tional Settlement.
Abolition of the Settlement would
make the islanders monarchS of all
they survey in Shanghai. They have
laid claim to complete overlordship
of the port ever since its capture by
them in 1888 during the present war
with China. Throughout the occu-
patton Japan has exhibited a pro-
gresSively arrogant mood toward all
WesternerS, especially after the
withdrawal of the British garrison
in August. Not long ago, United
States marine forces, who are now
virtually the sole defenders of the
international Settlement, had occa-
sion to take firm stand against the
intrusion of japanese plain clothes
police into the recognized American
zone of the bustling commercial
metropolis.
News cables suggest that the
Hongkew episode may somehow be
the forerunner of renewed japanese
pressure on Britain, France and the
United States in connection with
disputes over distribution of au-
thority in the international areas
of Shanghai. Tokio's hopes of fore
ing Frances hand are high, because
the local French authorities are re-
ceiving little support from the en-
feebled Vichy regime, and it is ap-
parently expected that they may be
inclined to yield to japanese de-
mands rather than risk military
occupation of the concession. Many
Americans reside in the French set
tlement and, in the event of a
Franco-Japanese conflict, they might
have difficulty in evacuating it, in
pursuance of the State Departments
advice to our nationals to leave the
Far East.
With British forces withdrawn
from Shanghai, with the French
position there weakened, and with
Japan now an ally of Germany and
Italy, an increased responsibility
rests upon the United States. Our
currently expressed determination
not to succumb to pressure and in
timidation by the axis combination
should be fresh warning to Japan,
If it be needed, that we intend to
fulfill that heavy responsibility.