davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1940-05-08
HOUSES UNFURNlsHED.

HOUSES UNFUKN1SheO.
1908 MINI AVE SEC RMS. SEMI
ss' soR Rorehss as$s 'sa5 f:nns saFsss sSs s Sc
54O5 N. H AVE. N.w.-s r.. B., 2
School. Key at 57Ie 10th. dE: 1883. ewes.
y SEpGTAGHFR SEM c1D sMs rms sA sas bas
2osDos 9ai a1so i27 NHsa Eys to St Dis Bis $50 H.
CHEVY CHASE. D. &C RMS; gA:; 3 II
sms 5a apa4tmes nsS also oee 1ns sso
pm Pm FULTON g5LLIJS R. GORDON. 1927 Eye st,
1917 WooDLEY RD.-7 ROOMS q BED
rans sse oil pors sso mains 2o
sol BRADLEY LANE, CHEVY CHASE;
sxsssnt condition opeR for SS nSBecisn 1sth
3-BEDRoOM BRICK AUTO. HEAT, RE-
ssSns make xsd ss suesa esae
Cod; Cod Th; refriserstor t porch porch, sarase; $50 =
bedroom Dutch Colonial. almost new; auto.
heat: refg.. porch. garage; make ofIer.
ssa10' ss71 EVes., syAsa. 81 iafn s471 ST. 0us
ooM53ll S., 1st s, ST. ,,n NV bs,51 M3DEFN. H
1879 5fs hsfssd s. attic
~. IHv1NG ST. HwsY NJ beas ,o2.iy Rscf
creek location; reas. ia. oss3. Open.
1927 PERRY PL Nw.-6-RM BRICK: "a
baths porehes conG ear porcMhfs Mf
s.@i. Key At es5 11th. Phone Lincoln
renting location; "a. block Dept. Of Asricull;;
dseiss tass ssss o1 eau
NEW GROOM sEM1-DETACHED BRICK
house. $50 per month. Inquire 1852 You
BUNGALOW, N sRooKMoNT: PoToMAcc e
porch. fnauire slI Kentucky ave: -.
523 IRVING ST. N.w:-s RMS. BATH,
T. il. CARTER. 6l3 18th st. NV. MA.
1910 GLENN ROSS RD. SILVER SPRING
coFFNAN REALTY CO, SHEPHERD 1923
$75-coNvENIENT LEGATION Il N g SILVER 9. YER
saraes. ga nss' nsDsi sSepiherd d 1875. ~ .~"
ALExANpRIA. vA.-CoLoN1AL,, RESI-.
river view. Alex. 934-J.
NEAR 18th AMP coLgM5BIAt !5 5aat RI p. NV. W.
Taylor 1914 or District 1921.
SILVER SPRING. $40 VIOLET PL.-6
sto9es Eo9esa sss5S ss s0ny sH 1885, lAns SCHOOLS
373e KANAWIIA ST. NV, JUST EAST
Of Connecticut awe rooms, baths.
ess furnace. inclosed porch, fine closets,
garage: $4,000 per month.
LOUIS p SHOEMAKER,
1919 K st. NV. MA. 1855.
e4l3 GLENN RIDGE RID.
5 rooms. bungalow. $4,000. Front and
back porches, garage.
1910 SHEPHERD ST. NV.
6 rooms two baths, automatic neat.
WAPLE & JAMES. INC.
Silver Spring Once.
S433 Georgia Avenue. Shepherd 62OO.
S52 -BUNGALOW-S52. so.
Large lot, oil heat, auto. b. W.: perfect
cond. II Lee ave-, TAX. PIX Nd. SH.
WE HAVE A FEW DESIRABLE HOMES
for rent, available at once containing SIX
rooms, bath, built-tn garage, hot.water
heat. ranging from $3.50 to S6b per
month. For inspection see Mr.. Ganzert At
IT'S Tuckerman st. NV. after O'Clock Pm.
HENRY J. ROBB, INC.
1924 Vermont Ave. DI. s141.
1923 ONTARIO PL. N.W.-6 RMS. BATH.
EDWsSxRD P. SCHWARTZ, me-
1914 Vermont Ave. NV. d. 0210.
Evening star., 1940-05-08
ROOMS uNruahlsHEp.

l4le A 81. e.E.-I large front room and
kitchen; gas heat; elec. furn.; $27.60
Evening star., 1940-05-08
ROOMS WANTED.

COLORED-1O19 Goth NV.
LARGE rrn., porch, SIS. North Q120.
Evening star., 1940-05-08

REFINED YOUNG LADY wishes furnished
room with bath in private home. Box
24l-C, Star
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1940-03-28

ll673--Louis Joliet, a merchant,
commissioned by Frontinac, gov
ei'hor of New France. explores the
Mississippi river as far south as
the Arkansas river in company
with the Jesuit Missionary
Jacques Marquette.
1682-Robert Cavalier, Sieur de
la Sale, makes a proclamation
near the mouth of the Mississippi
river where, in the name of Louis
XIV of France, he takes posses
sion of all lands drained by that
river, and as far east along the
Gulf of Mexico as the River of
Palms draining into Sarasota bay,
in Florida The French thus gain
control for the next century of
the area traversed by a por-
ton of the road now called the
Old Spanish Trail.
l6S4-Returning from France
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1940-03-28

1565-John Hawkins, an Eng
list navigator, sells negroes on the
Florida coast. .,
Pedro Menendez de Aviles
POUNDS st. Augustine, the first
permanent settlement made by
Europeans within the present
continental limits of the United
States and which eventually be-
comes the eastern terminus of the
Old Spanish Trail.
1588-Spanish Armada defeat
ed by the English. This marks the
beginning of the decline of Spain
as a power in the Old World.
1605-About this date Juan de
Onate makes the first permanent
settlement in New Mexico at
Santa Fe.
1633-Apalachee (Tallahassee)
founded by the SpaniardS on the
Old Spanish Trail in Florida.
1655-Capture of the island of
Jamaica by Oliver Cromwelrs
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1940-03-28

A general outline of the main
Spanish trails, leading from Mexi-
CO City to the Spanish possessions
in North America, has been pre-
sented by the foregoing prehmi-
nary remarks and chronology. In
presenting this information, the
emphasis has been placed upon
the Old Spanish Trail, Ell Canine
Real, extending northeastward
from Mexico City to St. Angus
tine, in Florida, concerning which
road the following statements are
made:
First-The location of the Old
Spanish Trail from Mexico City
through Texas to Natchitoches, in
Louisiana, has been established
with certainty.
Second-The existence of Span
ish overland and water routes be-
tween Natchitoches in Louisiana,
and Pensacola, in Florida, has
been established with reasonable
certainty.
Third-The location of the
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1940-03-28
EAST AND WEST SECTIONS OF THE OLD SPANISH TRAIT.
ARE WELL. ESTABLISHED

Spanish overland trail between
Pensacola and Tallahassee, in
Florida, has been established with
reasonable certainty.
Fourth - The location of the
Spanish overland trail between
Tallahassee and St. Marks, on
Apalachee bay, and ST. Angus
tine, in Florida, has been estab-
liShed with absolute certainty.
Fifth-There was sporadic trav-
el over the continuous overland
and the combined land and water
routes connecting Mexico City
with st. Augustine.
Sixth-The main route from
Mexico City to st. Augustine was
overland to Vera Cruz, thence by
the Gulf of Mexico to the captain
cy-general at Havana, Cuba,
thence by the Gulf to st. Marks,
on Apalachee bay, thence over
land to the east coast of Florida.
Seventh-The mileage overland
on the Old Spanish Trail between
Mexico City and st. Augustine is
estimated as follows:
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1940-03-28

expedition into the TEXAS country
and builds rude chapel north
west of the present site of Crock
EFT, Texas. A few months later he
establishes a second mission on
the Neches river called Santa
Maria. His explorations are made
over portions of the present Ell
Canine Real.
Beginning at this date the Span
iardS from Mexico establish in
Texas several ecclesiastical, mill
tary and civil settlements, known
respectively as missions (Francis-
cam, presidios and pueblos. These
are more numerous in east Texas
into which explorers first pene-
trated from Sante Fe.
1693-Spaniards abandon Texas
and make no further attempts to
occupy the province until fear of
French penetration arises again in
1716.
1896 - Don Andres d'Arriola
builds Fort San Carlos near the
present site of Fort Barancas, in
Florida, and seems to have named
the place Pensacola. 1t becomes
an important town on the Old
Spanish Trail.
1699-French settlement found
ed at Mobile bay on the Old
Spanish Trail.
Pierre lie Moyne d'Iberville
builds Fort Maurepas near the
present site of Biloxi, Mississippi.
He establishes upstream the first
settlement in Louisiana, 40 miles
above the mouth of the Missis-
sippi river.
1702-Mobile, on the Old Span
ish Trail in Alabama, founded by
the Frenchman, Pierre lie Moyne,
Sieur d'Ibervi1le, and his brother
James. This was the capital of
Louisiana until 1920.
1712-14 - Antoine Crozat,
French merchant, receives from
his government a monopoly of the
trade in Louisiana. He wishes to
trade with the Spaniards in
northern Mexico but is prevent
ed by the exclusive Spanish
commercial policy. To overcome
this obstacle Governor Cadillac
of Louisiana selects Louis Juch-
erau de st. Denis, an experienced
Indian trader and explorer, to
approach the Spanish officials.
In company with the missionary
Fray Francisco Hidalgo, who is
eager to establish a mission
among the Asenais Indians in
east Texas, st. Denis agrees to
gain commercial access to the
Spanish trade as far southwest
as the Rio Grande river. Over
the present Old Spanish Trail he
leads his party in five canoes
from Mobile to Biloxi, up the
land Of the Natchitoches. Here
begins the march overland, with
thirty Indian guides and burden
bearers, following generally Ell
Canine Real in Texas.
1713-The French build an ex-
IRENE western frontier post at
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1940-03-28
sPAN1ARDS ATTEMPT CONSOLIDATE THEIR possEss1oNs
IN THE GUILE REGION nzsa. lannl

1763-By treaty made at Paris
between Spain and France, and
between Great Britain and Por-
tugal, all that portion of. Louis
lana lying east of the Mississippi
river, the Iberville river and
Lakes Maurepas and Pontchar-
train, is coded to Great Britain.
Louisiana province is coded to
Spain by Louis XIV of France and
Mobile becomes part of the Brit
ish territory east of the Missis-
sippi river. Florida is coded to
Great Britain, also, and Pensa-
cola becomes the seat of their
administration.
At this date there is mo road
by land" from Mobile to New Or
leans. ~. ;. ami .t.
1765-After this year hundreds
of French exiled from Arcadia, in
Canada, come to Louisiana and
take up their homes in the Alta
kapaS country where their des-
cendants live to this day. Evan
geline," written by Henry Wads-
worth Longfellow, presents the
romantic story of these Arcadian
people living beside the Old
Spanish Trail.
1766-Antonio de Ulloa, a dis
tinguiShed Spanish naval officer
and scholar, arrives in New Or
leans to take possession of Louis
lana for his king.
1768-American immigration to
the Gulf of Mexico begins.
1769-An August 18, Louisiana
is formally transferred to Spain
and Spaish law and language re-
place French among officialdom.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1940-03-28
GULF COAST AND MISSISSIPPI VALLEY CONE INTO THE
POSSESSION OF THE UNITED STATES usoalslsl

from NatcheZ east to Fort Stevens
is the first road opened across the
Mississippi territory.
18l2-The side-wheeler steam
boat New Orleans" docks at the
City of New Orleans on the even
ing of January 10. She is the first
steamboat to descend the Missis-
sippi and Ohio rivers from Pitts
burgh and the pioneer steamboat
on the Mississippi river.
1S15-In decisive battle of the
War of 1912, the Americans under
General Andrew Jackson defeat
the British led by General Edward
Pakenham at the Battle of New
Orleans. This engagement is
fought after the Treaty of Client
was initiated because the news Of
the peace had not had time to
travel across the Atlantic ocean.
1819-Florida is purchased by
the United States from Spain.
1821-Stephen Austin brings
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1940-03-28

l803-Under the administration
of President Thomas Jefferson,
Louisiana province, lying almost
entirely between the Mississippi
river and the Rocky Mountain di-
vide, is purchased from Napoleon
Bonaparte of France for the rela-
lively small sum of eighty million
francs, equivalent to fifteen mil
lion dollars.
The transfer stimulates Ameri-
can trade as the Mississippi river
is freed from foreign interference
Trading paths now begin to be
improved to accommodate an es-
tablished commerce. This date is
a milestone in the history of west
ward expansion by the United
States beyond the Mississippi
river
1804-Portion of the Louisiana
Purchase lying south of latitude
80 degrees is organized as the ter
ritory of Orleans.
1807-'Three chopped way"
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1940-03-28
EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT THE MISSISSIPPI
VALLEY BY THE FRENCH DIVIDES THE SPANISH TERRI
TORY TO THE EAST AND WEST us7s-l7s2

by way of the Gulf of Mexico, La
Sale attempts to cettle a colony
in the new French territory. He
misses the mouth of the Missis-
sippi and lands at Matagorda bay
in east Texas in 1885.
1687-La Sale explores north
eastward in search of the MisSiS-
sippi river. He is killed by one of
his followers and is buried west
of the Brazos river along the Old
Spanish Trail. La Sale is prob
ably the first white man to set
foot on the Texas section of FL
Canine Real or the Old Spanish
Trail.
1689-Spanish Captain Alonzo
de Leon finds four survivors of
the La Sale expedition living
among the TEXAS Indians in east
Texas.
1690-De Leon leads a second
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1940-03-28

Natchitoches, Louisiana, on Fl
Canine Real.
1714-Returning to Natchez to
report to Governor Cadillac, st.
Denis begins another trip to the
Rio Grande. A march of six
weeks, following substantially Ell
Canine Real, brings his party to
the presidio attached to the mis-
sion of San Juan Bautista, two
leagues across the Rio Grande
river and a few miles south of
the present Eagle Pass. The
crossing of the river at the Paso
de Francio French Ford) is the
southernmost terminus of FL
Canine Real in Texas. The Span
iardS at the Preside del Norte
take st. Denis into custody and
bring him to Mexico City, over
Ell Canine Real, where he is re-
quired to make written state
ment of his aims. This documet
causes the Spanish authorities to
recommend the establishment
of their decaying missions along
Ell Canine Real in Texas to pre-
vent the threatened encroach-
ment by the French.
1716-Spanish Captain Domin-
go Ramon, in company with the
French st. Denis, leads a colon
live expedition from the Preside
del Norte over the Ell Canine in
Texas. The portion of Ell Canine
Real between the preside and
across the Rio Grande river to
San Antonio later is called the
Old Preside Road.
They establish a mission in the
village of the Nacoches Indians
in Texas, four leagures further
inland from the original mission
of San Francisco de los TEXAS es-
tablished by Father Massanet in
1890.
1717-Nacogdoches mission es-
tablished by the Spaniards as
their farthest east outpost in
Texas to forestall threatened in
vasion of the French from the
Red river. Nacogdoches becomes
an important town on Ell Canine
Real. The section of Ell Canine
Real between Nacogdoches and
San Antonio becomes known as
the Old San Antonio Road.
1718-San Antonio town, mis-
sion and preside constructed by
the Spaniards on Ell Canine Real
in Texas.
Jean Baptiste lie Moyne, Sieur
de Bienville, Pounds the French
settlement of New Orleans on the
Old Spanish Trail in Louisiana.
1719-Pensacola captured from
the Spanish by the French gov
ernor de Bienville of Louisiana.
1723-French relinquish pos
session of Pensacola to the Span
ish.
1729-Trade between Pensa-
cola and New Orleans carried on
by boat supplemented by land
routes between Pensacola and
Mobile. Isl.
1762-By secret treaty Louis
lana is transferred from France
to Spain.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1940-03-28
CHANGES WORLD TRADE ROUTES CAUSE THE DISCOVERY
AND EXPLORATION THE NEW WORLD BY
THE SPANIARDS (l4s3 to 1854


: and over five hundred men. He
Pounds Vera Cruz, marches to
Mexico City and conquers the
Aztecs.
Pedrarias POUNDS Panama City
and opens road across the 18TH
mus.
| 1521-Magellan, a Portuguese
in the employ of Spain, after dis
covering the straits named after
him, sails across the Pacific ocean
and is killed in the Philippine
Islands, named after Philip II of
Spain.
1528-Panfilo de Narvaez lands
with Spanish settlers, equipment
and horses near Tampa bay in
Florida. He and his followers
travel over portions of what is
now called the Old Spanish Trail.
His secretary, Cabeza de Vaca,
crosses the mouth of the Missis-
sippi river.
1531-Francisco Pizarro begins
his conquest of Peru. He captures
Atahualpa, the Inca chief, and Of
fers him freedom in return for a
room full of gold. He begins ship
ment Of gold to Spain by way of
the Isthmus of Darien Panama).
1533-Cartagena, the capital of
the Spanish viceroyalty in South
America, is the first Spanish city
founded on the northern coasts of
the continent and called the
Spanish Main or mainland.
1534-Cortes reaches the Pa
cific and begins settlement of
lower California.
1536-Cabeza de Vaca reaches
the Culiacan in Mexico after nine
years of wandering.
1537-Viceroy Mendoza having
established a printing press in
Mexico City publishes the first
book on the continent of America.
1539-Hernando de Soto lands
at Tampa Bay, in Florida, with
six hundred and twenty-five men
and two hundred and thirteen
horses, among them his favorite
mount Aceituno. He begins s.
year march north and west follow
ing Indian trails. Near Alachua,
in Florida, he traverses what is
now called the Old Spanish Trail.
1910 - Maldonado enters the
harbor now known as Pensacola
bay, on the present Old Spanish
Trail. De Soto designates this To-
cation as a base of supplies for
his expedition into the interior.
! Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
begins northern journeys from
| Compostela, in Mexico, in search
of the fabulous Seven Cities of
Cibola and explores as far east as
the present Central Kansas.
1559-The Spaniard Tristan de
Luna attempts a permanent set
Element at the harbor of Santa
Maria (Pensacola) on the Old
Spanish Trail.
1562-The foregoing explora-
tons do not result in permanent
settlements and now not a white
man of any nationality is alive
upon the soil now occupied by the
United States. Philip II of Spain,
discouraged by unsuccessful at
tempts to settle North America,
orders stopped all further efforts
to colonize Florida.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1940-03-28
spAN1ARps ESTABLISH sETTLEMENrs IN NORTH AMERIcA
(lS65-l672)

~
English expedition, and the eStab-
lishment there Of a nest of Eng
lish pirates, interfering with the
shipment of treasure to Spain.
1671-The English freebooter,
Sir Henry Morgan, with 1900 men
transported in 81. vessels,
marches across the Isthmus of
Panama, sacks and burns the City
of Panama and seizes immense
plumber. He is a leading example
of the buccaneers who terrorized
the region of the Gulf of Mexico
for many years. The name$is de-
rived from the French word "bou-
canier" meaning a curer of wild
meat. Originally they killed cat
tie in the West Indies, cured the
beef, and struggled the product
into the Old World. Later these
shore settlements provided the
buccaneers with a base of opera
tions to repair their ships and to
obtain supplies Of food.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1940-03-28

tinople by the Turks blocks fur
Their intercourse between Europe
and the Far East by way of the
ancient trade routes leading
through the Mediterranean sea.
| 1454-Pope Nicholas V decides
the Portuguese have the exclusive
right of exploration and conquest
on the route to the Indies toward
the south and east by way of the
coast of Africa.
1488-Bartholomeu Diaz, Portu-
guese navigator, rounds the Cape
of Good Hope.
1892 - Sovereigns Ferdinand
and Isabella of Spain supply
Christopher Columbus, a Geno-
csc, with a squadron of three
small caravels with which he sails
from Palos in Andalusia, on Aug
ust 3, 1892, westward across the
Atlantic ocean in search of a
route to the Indies. Driven south
westward by the prevailing west
ward winds, north of latitude 1856
degrees, he reaches Guanahani,
now identified as Waiting Island
in the Bahamas, on October IL,
1892. He touches upon the coast
of Cuba and establishes a small
post on the Island of Espanola or
Hispanola, now Haiti.
1493-At' the request of the
Spanish sovereigns, Pope Alexan-
der VI, in order to forestall any
disputes which might arise be-
tween Portugal and Spain, de-
cides the Spaniards have the right
to claim all land west of a line
drawn north and south and 100
! leagues west of the Azores.
1494-By common consent be-
tween Portugal and Spain, the line
dividing their claims in the New
World is shifted to about longi-
tude so degrees west of Green
WITCH. This line passes through the
mouth of the Amazon river on
the east coast of South America
and makes possible the later set
Element of the Portuguese in Bra
I'll. w.. .,
/ 1496-After this date Santo Do
mingo on the Island of HiSpaniola
becomes the seat of Spanish rule
in America. o ny
! '1497-Vasco de Cana, a Portu-
/ guese navigator, sails around the
coast of Africa and opens the
Cape route to Calicut in India.
Portugal and Spain begin their
( careers as great commercial and
coloniZing nations.
1903 - Spaniardsr establish
sugar plantations on the fertile
soil of Hispaniola and Cuba. They
exhaust the surface gold on the
islands of the West Indies and be-
gin their search for gold else
where.
1512-Juan Ponce de Leon be-
gins the first recorded explora-
ton of the coast of Florida.
1513-VaSco NuneZ Balboa, a
Spanish explorer, crosses the 18TH
mus of Darien (Panama( and dis
covers the Pacific ocean.
/ 1514-Havana and Santiago are
founded by the Spaniards on the
Island of Cuba.
1519-Hernando Cortes sails
from Cuba with twelve vessels
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1940-03-28

the existing continental boundar-
les of the United States.
Because of the limitations of
this story. the northern and wes-
tern branches of this emblematic
date palm tree will be reserved
for more detailed examination at
some convenient time in the fu-
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1940-03-28

ture. In order to provide a histori-
cal background for the eastern
branch, perhaps it will help to
present in chronological order the
dates of the main events leading
up to the Spanish explorations
and including their settlements in
the New World.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1940-03-28

First Spanish settlement in
California is made at San Diego.
The mission established here is
the first of series of twenty-one
extending to Sanoma, north of
San Francisco.
1776-William Bartram, cele-
brated American botanist and
Ornithologist, describes the rem
nantS of the Old Spanish Trail
visible between St. Augustine
and Pensacola in Florida. He
travels west from Pensacola by
boat.
1780-Mobile is captured from
the English by Spanish forces.
1783-England returns to Spain
her Province of Florida by terms
of a treaty made at Versailles. The
territory of the United States of
America is recognized as extend
ing west of the Mississippi river
and south of latitude 81 degrees.
1796-According to Collot, there
are no roads leading from Natchez
or New Orleans over the route
later known as the Old Spanish
Trail and boats are the sole out
let for trade. There is a pathway
leading from Natchez to Point
Coupee.
1800-Spanish rule in Louisiana
comes to an abrupt end when
Louisiana is retroceded to France.
In the United States there has
grown up an understanding OF the
supreme importance to the Union
of free navigation of the Missis-
sippi river and the unrestricted
use of the Port of New Orleans.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1940-03-28

first Anglo-American colony to
Texas and establishes FL Canine
Real as the northern boundary.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1940-03-28

Mexico completes her long
struggle for independence from
Spain.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1940-03-28
FL Canine Real
THE Old Spanish Trail"
By ALBERT c. ROSE

By ALBERT c. ROSE
Senior Highway Engineer. Bureau of Public
United States Department o Agriculture