davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ohio Waisenfreund. [volume] (Pomeroy, O. [Ohio]) 1874-1953, 1940-07-31

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fampagne 10 erid0pft, baB es in etnen
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lit. @ebrpfli6t mitten i'm Srieben?
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bleiben uniere 8olfspertreter? 9ei6t
nit ltnre9t bot man iie v8ubber-
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Ser Mnft6t iiberein, baB 1tnier 2ano
iiber cine @ebrma9t berfiigen ion,
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reren Willtar6en, bie fir ste natio-
nale 8erteioigung beitin1ut iino, it6
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flGrte:
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lit gefabrli6er als ie6e anoere Bro>
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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1940-09-08

a school. There is no substitute for
this type of training, he declares.
THE layman," insists Mr.. Dawson.
has no conception of the time and
difficulty involved in making a really
good all-around machinist. I have
heard military men say the same
thing about good soldier, and I
will not dispute what they say, as
they know their business. Such
skill and delicate precision are re-
quired in the manufacture of big
guns, for instance, that machinists
on the job even carry micrometers
in leather pouches to keep the heat
of their bodies from expanding them
and throwing their measurements
out an infinitesimal fraction of an
inch. Unless guns are made super
accurately, they are liable to blow up
and kill the entire crew."
Delaying Defense.
Mr.. Dawson even goes so far as
to state that, in his opinion, public
trade schools are actually delaying
defense, not promoting it.
ut is more question of rounding
up already trained machinists, put
ting them to work and letting them
have apprentices to instruct. We
have a lot of highly trained men now
unfortunately idle. Mr.. Paul McNutt
agrees with me that there is no
shortage of labor of the kind we
want.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1940-09-08

psychology into the picture. ara
claimed that the schools should work
even better in these times. for the
reason that youngsters learn faster
if Jobs are actually waiting.
There is also a shortage, he said,
of men at the top, industrial en-
gineers, but this is separate prob
lem not to be solved by the use of
trade schools.
Mr.. w. B. Boutwell,. in charge
of information service at the United
States Office of Education, Federal
Security Agency, called attention to
the fact that Federal vocational
education was first established in
1917 as a result of the last World
War, and has actually been func-
tioning ever since Thus when there
is again urgent need Of training we
do not have to start from scratch;
the problem is one of expansion
rather than pioneerinr.
The pressure, he sa.s. IS coming
on two fields: l. RiveterS, welders,
lathe operators, etc. 2 Highly
skilled technicians. Naturally more
of the first type are wanted, and also
are easier to develop. To help them,
the Office of Education submitted to
Congress last May proposal. Con-
gress is often accused of being slow,
but by the 23d of the next month,
June, it had appropriated SIS, 100000
for defense summer schools, giving
two kinds of courses, the refresh
ers," discussed elsewhere, and an
other specialized one for workers al
ready on the job who need addi-
tional skill. They are conducted
mostly at night, are free of cost to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1940-09-08

Furthermore, I could locate them
from our records, which are kept
up to date and accurate. Some
could find would be rejected as too
old; big mistake. The older they
are. the more they have learned the
trade, and the better they are I
would like to see the powers that be
break down age requirements ana
make skill. and skill alone. count"
Mr.. Thomas F. Moran of the Fed
eral Industrial Apprentice Program,
who provides consulting service both
to employers and employees. takes a
different view of the matter.
There are three types of employees
in demand: l. The foreman level,
including the technical man, the
craftsman and the minor engineer.
2. The highly skilled worker. 3. The
semi-Skilled worker. Trade schools
are a big help to all three, although
l will grant that they have not
enough equipment to turn out per-
feet examples of type two, the highly
skilled worker. will also grant that
after a man leaves a trade school
and works in a shop, he will get
better and better at his job-or
should if he has the right stuff in
him."
Term Misleading.
The semi-skilled worker is some
thing of a problem. In the first
place, the name itself Is definitely
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1940-09-08
PAM meran ATUdys UNCONDITIONAL airport at Miami,
Service Joining Lands of Americas
1naugurated by Flying Cloud Feat

of Bahia San Miguel and were over
tropical forests. Then came noun
tains. all forest clad save for the
occasional silver of a stream.
We are climbing high, with the
western Cordilleras of the Andes
ahead, and at an altitude of $4,000
feet we cross the main range and
slide down over exceedingly deep
river gorgeS, rushing streams, rap
ids and falls There are mountain
meadows, and lonely houses cling
to the hills. Trees with blue-white
and yellow blossoms stand out in
the forests. There are towering
peaks and occasional spectacular
little towns amid wild scenery. We
skirt the cliffs of giant peaks and
slide off into a broad valley. to land
after nearly four hours of flight at
Cali, the chief commercial town in
Western Colombia.
Of again. we climb fast. with an
other crossing of the western Cor
dillera ahead, and at 12:45 cross
from Colombia into Ecuador in a
region of great forested mountains
between the two Ecuadorean Cor
dilleras. We cross the equator at
LOO pm. and ease down into the
mountain-girt airport at Quito
Off again. we leave the dazzling
peak of Cotopaxi to the left, clouds
around its majestic base, but with
the cone projecting high into azure
sky. We land at Guayaquil for the
night $3.50 miles from home, after
% hours of flying.
Landing Places.
Away again before dawn. we soon
top the clouds, with the far Andes
against a Frightening eastern sky,
and cross into Peru. Breaks in the
clouds reveal an absolute desert
and broken streach of wild bad
lands" We land at Talara and at
Chiclayo. Nearing Trujillo, we land
across the ruins of Chan Chan, i'm
perial city of the Chimu Indians.
Between thu snow-capped noun
tains and the sea we drone along
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1940-09-08
Bv Basil Gordon.

ut is easier to make a soldier out
of mechanic than a mechanic out
of a soldier. and as war today is
mostly mechanical, it is we'll to keep
this in mind"
So states Emmett c. Dawson, chief
Of the International Association OF
Machinists. an affiliate of the Amer
lean Federation of Labor, in express
ing his views on the controversial
train men to meet the requirements
of adequate national defense? Or
rather, which is the better of two
ways-trade schools or actual shop
work? Much can be said, and GER
tainly is being said, on both sides,
while some take the middle course.
Practically every one can see the
Importance to national defense of
manufacturing as quickly as possible
the thousand and one "a low figure)
different articles of equipment nee
essary. The theory. held at one
time, that sheer bravery in defense
of the homeland could prevail
against superior armament suffered
a severe setback in China, worse
one in Ethiopia, and died completely
last June in France. A hero with
hatpin has no chance against
coward with a cannon, and when
it is considered that, besides this, no
nation has monopoly on bravery, 1t
becomes all the more vital for us to
have what it takes to win wars-a
mechanical force maintained by
mechanical industry.
The United States already has
many plants capable, with expan-
sion, of producing what is needed for
this purpose, and supply of tax
payers capable, with stretching, Of
paying for them-but at the moment
the loudest demand is for skilled
men capable of working in the
plants. The man-power of the Ma
ton is ample-too ample, in fact, as
unemployment statistics show-but
can be utilized only If taught the
necessary crafts.
Mr.. Dawson, prominent propo-
nent of the shop or apprentice plan
of training men, gives two main rea-
sons for his views.
Maintenance Needs.
First, he says, the emergency"
while now considered acute, is likely
to be perpetual, in a less alarming
form. He means that the equip
ment, when constructed, will need
maintenance men to serve it, re-
gardless of whether or not it Is
used.
He points out that ships laid up
at docks have at least skeleton crews
to turn over the engines and check
on construction and equipment,
looking for faults, and what is
equally important, correcting them
promptly. The art of maintenance,
he says, cannot be taught in schools,
but must come from ingenuity de-
veloped and skill learned in machine
shops, where special problems, often
not even on the work schedule, are
continually arising.
His second reason is his contention
that after all Is said and done, it is
some man in shop who really
trains the novice, even If the novice
has already learned something In
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1940-09-08

misleading. Nine out of ten people
consider that the word semi
skilled denotes a sort Of jack of all
trades--a man who can do a little
of everything, after a fashion, but is
master of no special operation. This
is entirely wrong The word comes
up so often that it is important for
the man in the street TO know what
he really is.
He is really a specialist who has
picked one minor operation for his
field, and knows little outside it.
Let us say. for example, that his spe-
cialty is fastening aluminium sheets
together with counter-sunk rivets
He may be able to fasten sheets to-
gether with counter-su rivets
faster and better than any one else
in the world, and be able to take a
grand prize at it if there were ever
any contest staged, beating all
hands, including the highly skilled
machinists-but he Is semi-skilled,
and draws pay as such, unless he
can also turn his hand to other
machine operations of a different
nature and do them satisfactorily.
Also. when the plant where he works
suddenly decides to discontinue riv-
citing aluminium sheets, he is out of
work. In medicine, the specialist
may do better than the general
practitioner, but it does not work out
that way in the case of the ma
chinist.
Mr.. Moran thinks that a young
man attending a trade school is
bound to pick up more than that;
he will get information on many diff
ferent items of machine work, which,
when he goes into a shop, will give
him better chance to fit in one way
or another, and make it easier to
learn what he has to, later.
Upon request for little infor-
nation on German methods of
training, to see If there we're any,
thing valuable to be learned from
them, Mr.. Moran obliged. The re-
suit was not very helpful, as their
method is based on a totalitarian
oCt-oP dilQ WOu1O llOI UC UOlcId Icu III
democracy.
Fine Ordered
Briefly. a government representa-
tive calls at a machine shop which,
right from the beginning. is consid-
cred as belonging to the State. He
wanders through 1t, looks 1t over,
and summons the owner, whom he
regards as merely caretaker for a
particular unit of the Third Reich's
equipment. "You WILL" he says, lin
this so-excellent shop until further
notice, take on Is new apprentices,
which you pay so much per week,
beginning Monday, and If you lose
money 1t will be just too bad, as the
Fuehrer wants trained mechanics
any way he can get them. For every
apprentice less than Is you take on,
you will be fined so reichsmarks per
month. That is all. He'll Hitler!"
The viewpoint of the trained en-
gineer was next presented by an in
dustrial expert, temporarily asso-
ciated with national defense, who
prefers to remain anonymous. This
gentleman, who has himself been
responsible for the training of many
men, says that both school and
shop trained workers are In demand,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1940-09-08

the participants, and attendance is
entirely voluntary.
A great many from w. P. A. have
been taking the "refreshers," about
a quarter of the school enrolment
coming from this source. and have
shown a surprising adaptability.
Many have returned to industry
after only a weeks training. 1t has
been customary to regard W, P, A,
as unskilled, but perhaps this is
mistake 1t is easier to demonstrate
skill with a lathe than with pickax,
a shovel or a broom.
Mr.. Boutwell, is enthusiastic over
what the trade schools are accom-
pishing and gives figures showing
how the idea has caught on.
On July 81, 1910, one month after
the start of the program. 80.614 per-
sons had been enrolled. in 283 cities
of Al States. They are being taught
blue print reading, lathe work, mill
ing, filing. parachute-making, weld
ing, riveting, tool-making, auto and
aviation mechanics, pattern making,
drafting, electricity, radio, aviation
sheet metal. foundry and machine
shop practice.
No further comment is made on
the controversy. and there has been
no profound attempt to settle it.
The viewpoints of four men have
been presented-men who have &C
cess to the necessary information
and know their respective fields.
Time will determine which are right,
or more probably will show that
there is merit in both the shop ap-
prentice system and the trade school,
and that the best plan of all will be
judiciouS combination of the two.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1940-09-08

and the one should supplement the
other.
He points out that the main draw
back to the apprentice system is its
slowness. This is not entirely due
to the fact that it takes tine TO
develop skill; great deal of the de-
lay is caused by the apprentice hav-
ing to do such mental task as sweep
ing. OF course, somebody has to do
it, and the apprentice is elected, but
in trade school, where he or some
one else for him pays tuition, the
use of a janitor leaves the appren-
tice free to concentrate on learning
his craft. The some one else" to
pay the tuition should, in the en-
gineer's opinion, be the Government
of the United States.
Even experienced workmen may
benefit by attending these schools,
particularly if they have retired, or
have been laid off for some time,
and thereby become a bit rusty.
Brief courses, known as "refreshers, ="
enable them to get their hand back
in and resume their former skill.
Advice to Youngsters.
This particular industrial expert
gives bit of advice to green young
sters without means. He wants them
to put in little time in the C. C. C.
or the N. Y. A, then attend trade
school, and while there secure job
in shop. If it is a part-time job,
the holder should attend classes
when off, and even if it is full time,
should make arrangements to get
evening instruction once or twice
week. He also injected a little
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1940-09-08

ION Delta, during which we cross
the equator again. More unbroken
jungle follows, continuing almost
to Cayenne, French Guiana. Leav-
ing Cayenne, we fly between the
French penal colony on Devils Is
land and the mainland, with its
miles of swamp and jungle, broken
by countless little streams winding
into the coastal mud flats. The
landing at Paramaribo, Dutch
Guiana. is made near a scuttled
German steamer.
Georgetown proves to be a clean.
good-looking city-at least from the
air. We are off again with last
look at South America at the Vene-
zuelan boundary before we head
across muddy but gradually clear
ing sea toward Trinidad.
An overnight stop at Port of
Spain is interrupted by a call at
2 am, Eastern Standard Time. and
we change during the day, then are
off in the dark on an airline for
San Juan, Puerto Rico, seeing moth
ing but sea and sky for four hours
between. In crossing Puerto Rico
We Jump the important Mona Pas
sage to the Dominican Republic. We
climb over dry mountains and drop
into the great bay at Port au Prince.
From Port au Prince our course
lies along the coast of La Gonave
and out across Windward Passage,
so miles wide and 5000 feet deep
Just off shore, to Cape Maisi, Cuba.
There is one Cuban landing, at An
tilla, and we head out into the open
sea. airline. for Miami.
Our landing at the beautiful Pam
American base at Dinner Key,
Miami, brings the total mileage for
the great circle. Miami to- Miami,
to 12,819 miles and flying time to
80 hours AZ minutes, spread over a
period of nearly three weeks. Total
distance from Washington back to
Washington is 1889 miles and the
flying time ga hours 43 minutes.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1940-09-08

horribly dry country. Clouds
gather below and cut off this desic-
Gated world. We drop down through
clouds into great, fertile valley to
land at Lima, the capital of Peru.
Unfortunately, the stop is brief;
we see nothing of the city except
from the air after take-off. South
of the equator the midday sun was
in the north. but it now is getting
around into the northwest as we
continue down the coast, with the
great snow-topped peaks of Soil
mani, 20.700 feet; Coropuna. 81,
TOO feet; Chachani, 1220 feet, and
Misti. the last a perfect cone,
moving in majestic professional to
the east. We slid in for fast land
ing at Arequipa, most picturesque
of the airports on the route, at an
altitude of 300 feet. just off the
shoulder of Pichu-Pichu, an 18,80o-
foot peak.
The country again becomes COM
pletely arid and there are great
stretches of red sand fiat as table,
without ripple, extending for miles
in all directions 1t is almost dark
when we land at africa. Chile, on an
airport in the midst of an absolute
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1940-09-08
Dunont at 10 de Janeuo, Brazil
Remarkable Record Is Established
For Travel to Buenos Aires and Rio

remainder Of the flight into a beau
tiful valley down which we fly to
land at Santiago. Chile, where flow
ers bloom in spite of winter and top
coat weather.
Two days later we experience one
of the great thrills reserved for air
passengers, the flight across the
Andes through l2,000-foot Uspullata
Pass amid a welter of wild, ice-cov-
cred peaks dominated by mighty
Aconcagua. We suck oxygen tubes
to freshen up a bit at the peak of the
climb. In the heart of the pass,
over the spectacular statue of the
Christ of the Andes. on the Chilean
Argentine border, We pass a west
bound Panagra DC-3, at the same
level. rifling by like a cannon shot
at the sum of our two speeds We
Scrape frost from the windows to
see these magnificent, jagged noun
tains. breaking through their man.
ties of snow and ice. until we begin
to descend through the winding
Mendoza River Valley into Argen-
tina and find the country rapidly
fattening out, with dry, brown hills
giving way to farms and open land,
and then. from Cordoba on. to the
famous agricultural and cattle lands
Of the pampas. which extend to
Buenos Aires. Here we land, at the
southernmost point served by sched-
uled air transport. 1851 miles and AZ
hours of flying time from Washing
ton.
Stars Above Clouds.
There is pre-dawn takeoff from
Buenos Aires. amid rain and light
ming; we meet the dawn after climb
ing up through layers of overcast
and find the stars bright above the
clouds in which lightning still plays
Daylight comes and occasional holes
in the clouds reveal glimpses of for
ested Uruguayan hills; all we see of
Uruguay, since our first landing is
at Porto Alegra. Brazil. Cutting
corners from Porto Alegra, we cross
mountainous lakeland, with
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1940-09-08

jagged cliffs and gorges on its sea-
ward face; a coastal forest, and,
reaching the coast near Florisnap-
oils, head well out to sea on an air.
line for Rio.
Flying up to Rio is an experience
never to be forgotten, particularly
if the weather is perfect, as it was
for us. The coast becomes more and
more mountainous and picturesque.
There are sheltered bays into which
streams run through deep gorges
The first glimpse of Rio comes
towering mountains; it is so spec
tacular as to be almost theatrical
The plane flies by tremendous, sheer
cliffs over beautiful white beaches:
the city comes as a climax that is
almost breath-taking as the plane
flies between the world-renowned
Sugar Loaf and the peak of the
Corcovado.
From Rio north the flight is in
Sikorsky SAP and SAB flying boats
dlOllS lllC lOdol. WALL HULL DlllO
and overtop flying before we reach
Salvador, also known as Bahia. This
is the fourth largest city in Brazil
and is SO interesting from the air
that We regret the fact we are only
stopping for fuel. Beyond Bahia
forested hills give way to sand dunes
in peculiar patterns. There is a
stop at Maceio and we fly on along
a coast paralleled by a barrier reef
continuing for several hundred miles.
At Mouth of Amazon.
From Recife, we head around the
eastern hump" of the continent.
only 100 miles from Africa. follow
a lonely shore, with stops at Natal
and Camocim, interspersed by long
flights over tropical jungle as IN
broken and lhnitless as the sea. and
at Sac Luis The next overnight
stop is at Belem, Para, at the mouth
of the Amazon.
A dawn takeoff is followed by
two hours of flying across the ANA
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1940-09-08

desert, where not even the most
primitive form Of cactus grows. The
weather is cold and cloudy. We are
1000 miles and "a hours of flying
time from Miami and are nearing
the area of winter weather.
See Nitrate County.
Of early the next day. We see
spectacular sandy desert sloping
some 80 miles from the mountains to
the sea. This is the famous Chilean
nitrate country-the workings are
clearly visible for several hours of
flying
We land on the great sand desert
at Antofagasta and taking of, we
follow coast where mountains rise
sheer from the sea for way and
then head inland across a country
gradually becoming greener. land
on another tabletop airport at
Vallemar, with the town in a green
valley below. The air is chilly, and
there are great snow-streaked
mountains. growing in stature until
they reach 23,380-foot Aconcagua,
highest of all mountains in the New
World, and nearby Mercadario. a.
3l5 feet. There giants and many
others are our horizon during the