Evening star., 1940-10-13
Stokes
Continued From First Page.)

curry, nickel. tin, tungsten, magne-
slate. nitrates, petroleum. potash
and rubber
Control Board Set Up.
In response to pacifist sentiment
against Merchants of Death" Con-
gress towards the end of 1885 made
it unlawful for any person to export
arms, ammunition or implements of
war except under license from the
Secretary of State For the eXecu-
ton of this act, there was set up in
the State Department a National
Munitions Control Board. Between
November and December 81. 1885,
the board licensed exports to Japan
in the sum of $108552 The figure
for 1886 rose to $1,13l 1895.
Japan,s invasion of China proper
began near Peking. with the Lukou-
chiao incident of July T. 1887. This
was a milestone in a series of acts OF
expansion which opened in 1894-5
with war against China and which
in AZ years had brought 100000
alien people under Japan's domi-
nation and enlarged the area Of hel
control from 147000 to $4,000
square miles. Further steps were
the Russian War in 1904-5, the
award of former German depen-
dencies in the South Pacific after
the World War, and the conquest
of Manchuria in 1881. The United
States had protested vigorously over
the famous twenty-one demands
served on China in 1915, and in par
ticular against the attack on Man.
churia.
American exports of arms, NUM-
tions and implements of war to
Japan. according to annual reports
of the Munitions Control Board,
amounted to sl908,S45 in 1887. and
in 1888 scared to a record figure of
$9,241 ,282. A breakdown OF the lat
ter sum is significant Cartridges
and shells accounted for s170,222.
and revolvers and pistol ammuni-
ton for $78,754. The residue, So
992, ,306, representing 81 per cent of
the whole, was spent for airplanes
and aircraft parts and motors. -.
Moral Embargo Imposed.
On June II. 1888, Secretary of
State Hull imposed moral embargo
on exports of aircraft and equip
ment "to countries the armed
forces of which were engaged in
the bombing of civilian populations
by air" 1t may be that Japan was
short of gold reserves, or had all
the planes needed, or found that
her own aircraft industry was get
ting into stride Or Secretary Hull's
moral embargo may have been
the decisive factor. At any rate, ex-
ports to Japan licensed by the Mu-
nitions Control Board tumbled
headlong in 1899 to $761,68 and
were virtually wiped out by 1910.
During the eight months of this
year ending August 81, Japan spent
in the United States, for arms, mu-
nitions and implements of war, ex-
actly $4,143.
Turning next to exports OF COM
modities essential to the manufac-
ture of military weapons and equip
ment, it is found that in compare
son the traffic in finished war i'm
plements was always negligible. The
four leaders among these indis-
pensable elements are iron and steel
materials, including scrap; petrole-
um and its products, copper and
power-operated Woodworking ma
chinery. The last is regarded as
the Achilles heel of the japanese
armament industry. Other COM
modities in this group include rub
ber, most Of the important nom
ferrous ores, automobiles, with parts
and accessories; hides and skins and
ferro-alloys.
War material exports to Japan
from about % countries or colonial
dependencies were $316,931 900 in
1887. $306 ,230, 900 in 1888 and $292,-
075.000 in 1899. OF these totals, the
United States and the Philippines
contributed $50 per cent in 1887,
ST. per cent in 1888 and $50 in
1899. Second stood the British EN-
pire group, consisting of the United
Kingdom, British Malay, Canada,
British India and Australia. The
percentage of their share during