davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1940-05-06

American oncers have been saying
these many years: That air power
must work with surface power II
the best results are to be obtained
from 1t, and that it must be organ
lied and trained to do 50. Take a
hypothetical case: Suppose that the
British Home Fleet had possessed a
naval aviation comparable in
strength, training and equipment to
that Of the United States Fleet.
What chance would the Germans
have had, In the beginning, of MAIN
tanning their small advanced air
bases on the Norwegian coast? They
would have been blasted out before
they had the smallest chance of in
creasing their air strength and base
capacity.
This Is not said by way of in
vidious comparison. It Is intended
to show that unless organization
and training are directed toward
the end Of cooperation between air
and surface forces they will not
achieve useful results in war. The
Germans have recognized this, the
British have not; or If they have
they have not translated their rec
ognition into practical accomplish
ment. And lack of the necessary
organization and training in turn
leads to hesitancy. to unwillingness
to take chances. On the other hand
complete confidence, not only of
each arm in its own competence,
but in the ability and power of the
others to support it at all times,
leads to the bold and resolute ex-
ecution of the plans Of the COM
mander
Planes Declared Vital Adjunct.
We shall do well not to talk 50
much Of the superiority of air power
over sea power, or over land power,
for no such superiority exists. We
shall rather profit from q clear rec
ognition of the fact that in all op-
erations air power is now a factor
to be reckoned with, that he who
neglects 1t or fails to make the best
use OF 1t will necessarily suffer, that
he who employees 1t to the utmost of
its powers while still recognizing
both its limitations and its virtues
will have taken a long step forward
toward victorious accomplishment.
The final decision, as it ever has,
will be obtained on the surface of
the land, where man lives, has his
possessions, and from which he
draws his sustenance. To such de-
cisions, sea power and air power can
contribute in great measure; they
cannot alone, either of them. bring
flnal decisions to pass.
In the last war allied sea power
contributed immeasurably to the
result, but Germany was beaten
when her armies were defeated on
the western front. In this war both
land and sea power will be very
Evening star., 1940-05-06

legislative district units, rather than
by popular vote, with IS convention
votes required for nomination. The
% counties control LOT votes and
the city's six districts 7 apiece, or
a..
Behind the Radcliffe Bruce con-
test is a fight for political control
of the State between the admins
tration, headed by Gov. O'Conor,
allied with Mr.. Bruce, and the
forces of Senator Tydings and
Mayor Howard w. Jackson of Bal
timore, backing Senator Radcliffe.
Vincent F. Gierttowski of Balti-
more was third candidate for the
Democratic senatorial nomination.
Senator Radcliffe and Mr.. Bruce
leave their fate in the hands of the
voters after a campaign that has
been rather bitter, but neverthe-
less lacking in outstanding issues.
Complaints brought about an in
quiry by the Senate Campaign In
vestigating Committee, headed by
Chairman Gillette, Democrat, Iowa
into reports that unusually large
sums were being spent in the DEM
ocratic senatorial contest.
The same group also looked into
what some of its members declared
were charges that improper ex-
penditures were being made in con-
nection with the selection of dele
gates to the Republican national
convention.
$50 Fair Election Seen.
Senator Gillette said Saturday
night, however, that there is reason
to believe that the election to be
held Monday will be conducted In
a way to insure free expression OF
opinion by the voters of Maryland. ="
In the Republican senatorial
primary between former Gov. Nice
and former Mayor William F. Broen-
ing Of Baltimore both sides pre-
dicted victory.
Mr.. Nice contended he would
carry all OF the counties and most
of the city districts, assuring him
nomination, while Broening hackers
laid claim to five city districts and
II counties for a total of 81 votes.
Sentimental interest in Mr.. john
son, the one-time diamond idol who
now is a commissioner in Mont
gomery County, where he operates
farm, has focused much attention
upon the race for the G. O. p.
nomination for the Western Mary
land district.
He is opposed by a fellow Mont
gomery Countian, Frank r. Long
of Kensington: A. Charles Stewart
Evening star., 1940-05-06
II Frostburg, who gave Representa-

Of Frostburg, who gave Representa-
tive Byron q close fight in the 1898
general election, and State Senator
Robert Kimble Of Cumberland.
Mr.. Byron, incidentally. is the
only member Of Maryland's COM
pletely Democratic delegation in
the House who is unopposed in the
primaries.
The House contests today include:
First district:
Democrats-Dudley g. Roe, Queen
Annes: David j. Ward dncumbent
Wicomico; Thomas F. johnson,
Worcester; E. Moores Lee, Cevil;
Henry H. Balch, Talbot; Louis c.
Merryman, Wicomico.
Republicans-F. Kirk Maddrix,
Somerset; William H. Lloyd. Dor
chester; Robert F. Duer, Somerset
Second district:
Democrats|ohn D. C. Duncan
Baltimore County: William p. Cole
jr. dncumbenD. Baltimore County;
DR.. Charles j. Wells. Baltimore City,
Republicans-Theodore F. Brown
Carroll County; Irving H. Mezger
Baltimore County.
Third district:
Democrats-John H. Kennedy
Vincent L. Palmisano, John G. Cal
Ian. Alexander j. Lane, Thomas j
D'Alesandro, jr GncumbenD George
D. Iverson, jr, and Michael ]. Schap
all Baltimore City.
Republicans-John A. JanetZke
jr., and Howard E. J. Harding, both
Baltimore City.
Fourth District. -
Fourth district:
Democrats-Stewart Brown, John
A. Meyer, and Ambrose j. Kennedy
GncumbenD, all Baltimore City.
Republicans-William ]. Stocks
dale and Daniel Ellison, both Balti-
more City.
Evening star., 1940-05-06
Plane Superiority
Over Ship Improved, ,
Says Maj. Eliot
Attributes Successes
Of Nuzis in Norway
To Coordination
BY MAJ. GEORGE FIELDING
ELIOT.

ELIOV.
There Is . great deal Of discussion
going on, rs q result of the Nor
wegian campaign, about the al
legged superiority Of air power over
sea power. The Germans are In
sisting that this superiority has been
conclusively proved: as well they
may, since they threw away q great
part Of their sea power in order to
establish themselves in Norway, and
since air power continues to be the
element Of armed force In which
they possess their greatest margin
Of strength. Their pronouncements
therefore have considerable propa-
ganda value.
But, as q matter Of fact, no such
thing as the superiority of the one
sort OF power over the other has
been proved at all. What has been
proved, or rather reproved, Is the
one great lesson which was FORE
shadowed in Spain, exemplified in
Poland and Finland, which may now
be accepted as absolute-as previ-
ously emphasized in these articles:
Operations on the surface OF the
earth must be supported by and
co-ordinated with operations in the
air.
The Norwegian campaign has
simply shown that this axiom ap-
plies to operations over water as
well as over land surfaces.
The Germans talk of air superb
ority, but these are words; their
real beliefs may better be judged
by their deeds, and what they prac-
tice Is air coordination. Their
words have other uses than military;
their acts show how well they
understand that air powers great
value lies in its close cooperation
with the other arms. It is in achiev-
ing this cooperation that the secret
Of their military successes is to be
found, In so far as these successes
are based on technique.
Norway Operations Analyzed.
Consider the operations in Nor
way in detail:
The attack on Oslo was a COM
bined effort of naval, air, land and
political forces - the last by no
means the least important. so it
was with the other seaports.
Once In Norway reinforcements
via the Skagerrak were partially in
terrupted by British naval forces; a
combination of German air and
naval units attempted to counter
these measures, while air transport
was called upon to supply the de-
ficiencies. But it was land power
which protected from allied and
Norwegian counter-attack the bases
| in Norway where the transport
planes landed.
Until sufficient German forces
could be assembled by this method
for an advance northward, it was
largely upon air power that the Ger
mans had to depend to prevent or
delay the arrival Of strong allied
reinforcements, and this was sue
cessfully accomplished. But there is
nothing to show that a really Wig
| orous allied effort was made to es-
Evening star., 1940-05-06
Hindsight and Foresight
BY HOLCAR ]. JOHNSON
President, Instialte Of Life Insurance

HOW long do you think you'll
IL live? Ten years or twenty
years longer than your father,
grandfather, great-grandfather?
Your chances of surviving
from infancy to adulthood are a
lot better than they used to be.
But, I'm sorry to tell you, once
xyo,,'va paachad y,,;d61a Efa x,o,,r
Evening star., 1940-05-06
THE EVENING STAR WASHINGTON D. c. MONDAY, MAY g. 1so

tablish allied air power In Norway:
thus. though the German air force
performed its mission, 1t had, for
one reason or another, little opposi-
ton IN Its own element.
Land Forces In Big Role.
In the advance up the valleys, all
forces co-operated closely with the
advancing troops: but here again
there was little air opposition, and
IN no case did the air forces succeed
in driving the opposing troops from
any important point. Dombaas, fol
instance, fell when the German land
forces entered and took 1t. And the
German victory was complete when
their land forces from Oslo Joined
those from Trondheim.
The Germans say that their air
force prevented the British sea
power from carrying out = strong
counter-odensive in Norway. The
answer is that no such counter
offensive by British sea power was
attempted. There is very good rea-
son to believe that If the British
Navy, strongly supported by the fleet
air arm, had attempted to storm the
Trondheim Fjord at the very outset
Of the operations, before the Ger
mans got themselves well estab-
lished, the attempt might have Sue
ceeded. It was perhaps fear of losses
which prevented this being done,
then or later; and in this fear, the
German air force may have played
a part, though mines, torpedoes and
heavy guns were doubtless also con-
sidered as capable Of damaging
British ships.
From the allied viewpoint, 1t was
clearly and almost altogether, so far
as technique is concerned. lack
of air support and anti-aircraft de-
tense which was responsible for
their failure to make good their
positions in Central Norway. This
may in part be due to faulty or
ganization, to q lack Of the habit
of coordination of all three serv-
ices; and this in turn may have
contributed to the irresolution, the
unwillingness to take risks, which
seems to have been at the bottom
OF the allied defeat. One is far
less likely to risk the unknown
than the known and practiced.
Fear Declared Factor.
Moreover, the terror of German
air power has lain over Europe like
a pail for several years. Men have
learned to fear it from TALKING
about 1t, reading about it, thinking
about 1t. IN so far as the decision
to do or not to do rested with civil
ians, this factor is not to be dis
regarded. The unframed mind
shrinks from that which it has beer
taught to fear and whose actua,
threat 1t has not the experience tt
weigh.
We are seeing reaffirmed what
Evening star., 1940-05-06

chance of living to ripe old age is about
the same rs it was q hundred years ago.
Why bring this up is that someone is al
ways asking me, If we are living so much
longer, why don't my premiums 60 down."
Did you know that the decline in the rate Of
interest earned on money in recent years has
increased the cost of life insurance far more
Evening star., 1940-05-06
Japan's Gold Reserve
Believed Reduced To
Less Than 100 Million
u. S. OfficioIs Puzzled
As to Where the Metal
Is Coming From .
BY LLOYD LEHRBAS,
Associated PresS Stan Writer.


A survey of Japan's financial
structure after the drain Of nearly
three years war in China indicates
that its gold reserves have shrunk
to less than 500, 100000.
Oficials here make that estimate
OF Japanese-held gold, despite the
fact that the Central Bank OF
Japan still lists its gold reserves at
$164, 1000, a figure which has re-
manned unchanged since December,
1898.
Japan paid - largely in gold
5000, 100000 for goods purchased in
the United States during 1899. and
gold shipments are continuing to
pay for purchases here.
Commerce Department figures
show that Japan shipped $166, ,000,-
600 in gold to this country in 1899,
and during the first quarter of 1910
has sent an additional $4,000, 900
to buy American goods.
American officials, who long have
predicted that Japan was reaching
the bottom of its gold barrel, are
frankly puzzled as to where the
Japanese are getting the precious
metal
Secret War Chest.
One explanation is that Japan
long ago began boarding gold in a
secret war chest" against any
trouble with Russia and has been
dipping into this fund to pay its
war bill in China.
Japan's gold production amounts
to only about $62 ,0O0, 900 year. The
country has made feverish efforts
recently to develop every possible
gold-bearing property, especially on
the Island of Formosa.
Japan's ability to obtain gold is
considered here to be minor and de-
creasing. Shipping services to other
nations can bring in very little for
eign exchange, the experts declare,
because most Of Japan's maritime
fleet Is needed in Far Eastern waters.
Remittances from Japanese living
IN the United States and other for
eign areas have declined greatly.
Foreign Exchange Balances.
Favorable foreign exchange bal
ances from trade with other coun-
tries have decreased steadily be-
cause of war conditions, especially
since Germany's invasion of Den
mark and Norway. Japan obtains
no foreign exchange from it's trade
with China, Manchukuo and other
yen blocked countries.
Japan's conquest of China has
slowed to an extent that little new
territory containing gold, silver or
other valuable property has been
taken in recent months.
The tourist business, which for
merly brought large amount of
foreign. exchange to Japan, has
dropped almost to the vanishing
point.
Japan needs raw materials both
for normal industrial purposes and
for war. This makes 1t imperative
for the Japanese to continue pur-
chases abroad.
Evening star., 1940-05-06
eumsters
Continued From First Page)

belief that no jurisdictionsl dispute
existed"
The court held, further, that the
action of the defendants was "just
as consistent with innocence as with
guilt" ana that the burden of prov
ing the guilty intent of the defend
ants rested with the Government.
Defendants freed by the courts
directed verdict-all officials of
Drivers, Chauffeurs and Helpers
Union, No. 639-were Stuart M.
Keyser, Charles j. Bell, LinWood A.
Trainham and Aubrey w. Stream.
A fifth defendant, Thomas
OBrien, a representative of the In
ternational Union of Teamsters, was
freed last week when the Govern
ment announced that the indict-
ment against him was dismissed.
Government counsel said that
while they had the right to appeal
In the case, the question of whether
such an appeal would be filed would
await further study.
Called Trade Restraint.
In arguing against the defense
motion for a directed verdict Mr..
Hayes cited cases purporting to show
that the teamsters' strike consti-
tuted an illegal restraint of trade
within the meaning of the Sherman
Act. He stated repeatedly that the
strike was an attempt to force con-
crete contractors to break contract
with the engineers union and to
substitute members of the teamsters
union on concrete-mixer trucks
The strike, he maintained, was di-
rected by one union against the
other and that the employers were
innocent sufferers in the dispute.
Labor unions should settle theil
own disputes" asserted the Gov.
ernment attorney; ''if they cannot
the standards of labor will be low.
cred. And if the unions are moi
willing to abide by the decisions
Of the courts in such matters, il
they seek to take the law into
their own hands, the standards o1
labor will be utterly destroyed"
Joseph A. Padway, general counse
for the American Federation Of
Labor, who made the motion for g
directed verdict before the court
adjourned last Friday, argued thai
labor is not subject to the Sherman
Act and that the strike here was tt
further the legitimate objectives o1
labor.
The defense contended that there
was no reason for the teamsters to
doubt that they had jurisdiction
over workers on the projects where
the strike was called because DR.
John A. Lapp. an A. F. of L. referee
had awarded operation of the con.
crete-mixer trucks to the teamsters
union In ruling in January, 1898.
Evening star., 1940-05-06

weighty factors. It may safely be
said that the decision will be had on
land, as 1t was in Spain, in Finland
and in Norway, but it may also be
said with certainty that in seeking
that decision air power will bear its
part both as affecting land and sea
operations, and that the more close
ly 1t is co-ordinated with the sur.
face forces, the more efiiciently
these will operate toward the
achievement of victory.
Copyright, 1910, BY New York Tribune. Inc.
Evening star., 1940-05-06
Economy League Urges
Pension Bill Defect

Defeat Of a bill by Representative
Rankin, Democrat, Of Mississippi,
which would authorize payment of
pensions to widows and orphans Of
World War veterans who suffered
no service-connected disability was
urged today by Ernest Angel, chair
man OF the National Economy
League.
Mr.. Angel said enactment Of the
bill would lead to q further descent
into fiscal lunacy."
Evening star., 1940-05-06

than the improvement in the death rate has
reduced it?
Don't let anybody fool you into believing
that the life insurance actuaries-the mathe-
maticians of the business-are making any mis-
takes. Competition in life insurance would
very quickly turn up cheaper policy if any
change in the average length Of life for group
Of people justified it.
The best hopes for losper Insurance costs Hs
in ineveased intsrest rates, not in increased
length Of lite.
NOTE In this regular Monday column, paid for At sdssr
tang The Institute a LIE Insurance has asked ts
president disess questions Of interest life insurance
pscyhedsrs Inquiries may Be addressed 20 East
]znd Street, New York City. -asr.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1940-04-23
By C. E. BUTTERFIELD Associated Pres Radio Editor

NEW YORK. April 23.-It looks like a water tower. It might even be used for that purpose Actu- ally, it's a unit of an ultra-short- wave relay network to pass tele- vision signals from city to city just as sound radio is distributed by wire system.
 Ultimately, the water tank mo- tiff may be replaced by some other basic design. But ill the first ex- perimental television relay be- tween New York City and River head, Long Island distance of approximately 70 miles, two of the tanks were perched on high steel frames resembling windmill towers. This test demonstrated, the en- gineers said, that the system was practical.
 6/10 of Meter
 Instead of holding water, the tanks housed the equipment com prising the automatic radio relay made up of special receiver and transmitters to pass along the signal considerably boosted ir strength. Extremely short wave lengths are used, the shortest yet applied to teleyision. They mea- sure six-tenths of meter, or just
The Daily Alaska empire., 1940-04-23
II IS 0kAY 10 BE TALL,
 BUT,U-kN0W

SEATTLE, April 23.-Art Stoelt- ing, siX-foot, eleven-inch tall cen ter for the touring House of David basketball team, admits his height gives him some advantages, but he's quite willing to cite the dis advantages, too.
 We ride all day and I haven't yet found place to put my legs in an automobile. so it's tough play ing at night " hen my pins are cramped
 Stcelting doesn't have to shoot for the basket, he can almost drop the ball through the hoop He used to play for Central Iowa College.
 And what does he do in the sum- mer? He's a painter. and he sell dem ever has to use scaffold
The Daily Alaska empire., 1940-04-23

diana teams during the course of one season.
 And that's not all:
 Tarkio tMo) College won as na- tional intercollegiate championship for small schools but on that win ming team were three Indiana boys. And they came from the little town of Gas City which never has come close to being one of the. top-notch high school teams in this state.
 southern California won the Race fife Coast conference championship and it's lineup was studded with Hoosiers, including the sensational Ralph Vaughn of Frankfort Ind iana
 Northwestern and Ohio State, two of the three teams which beat In diana University during the season, had several Hoosiers in their line ups.
 One Of the outstanding players from the south of the Mason Dixon line was you guessed itl Hoosier Gilbert Huffman of New Castle, now playing with Tennessee. Hes brother of Marvin Huffman, the Indiana guard who was voted the most valuable player in the NCAA tournament.
 And if that isn't enough, Indiana fans will tell you that the 23 colleges in this state won 104 of the l56 games played with teams from other states during the season.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1940-04-23
SHE CAN DO IT,
 BUT ITS HARD

AUSTIN, Texas, April 23.-A col lege girl can be well dressed for as little as, l9 cents a day
 Only one girl out of 80 ques- toned at the University of Texas home economics department, was able to accomplish it, however
 She spent $70 for clothing in one year; the group average was $230 and the greatest expenditure was $730,
 The girl who spent s70 bought four dresses, two of wool, one linen, and one silk; two wool suits tweel coat and sweater and made four blouses and slips She paid 69 cents for gowns and 79 cents for hose. Two pairs ot shoes cost $498 and $50
 The girl with the $730 ward- robe had 12 daytime dresses, five evening gowns. 16 pairs of shoes seven hats and six purses
The Daily Alaska empire., 1940-04-23
WEATHER SYNOPSIS

mil off the Washington yesterday inland al Idaho by this morning while nearly stationary Dutch Harbor has continued occurred the Northwestern otherwise the weather continued part y cloudy skies.
 Juneau 24.-S
The Daily Alaska empire., 1940-04-23

above 46o megacycles.
 T. is this same equipment de- veloped by Radio Corporation of America engineers in a long pc riod of testing which will be em- ployed in setting up the worlds first television relay link. It will connect Philadelphia to New York visually as the starter for what it is hoped will be coast to7coast network. maa a t g W e
 After this hookup gets operat- ing, probably by the end of the year, other cities are to be tied in, with Washington as a next step. Already i. is Intended to televise the 194l Inauguration if technical developments permit.
 Tanks 30 Miles Apart
 The New York Philadelphia cir cult, as now laid out, would have two of the water-tank stations, placed about 30 miles apart to span the 9o-mile gap Besides the booster stations, the tanks also provide space, Tor the receiving and transmitting antennas, so ar ranged with reflectors that they do not interfere with one another
 Coupled with plans for the net work start was the announcement of the National Broadcasting Com