davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16

(Continued from Page D threatened the government and plans had been found showing the layout of important government buildings, including parliament, through Fire.
 St. Patrick's day served to focus attention, however, on the outstand- ing question of the partition of Ire- land. The government has been widely criticized for failure to over- come obstacles for unity and this is expected to result in general elec- ton this summer.
 De Valera was understood to favor summer election, but w. T. Cos- grave, leader of the Fine Gael and firse tpresident of the Free State, Is opposed. One reason for the prime minister's position is that he believes an early election would result in 6 loss to his own government party and lead to c situation in which no party would have Q majority and which would force fusion of the Eianna Fall and the Fine Gael face tions into . coalition government.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16

Continued from Page D lished little firm named McKesson and Robbins and began branching out under the latter name. AS evil dence of Girard's prosperity at the time, Coster-Musica had mentioned in the letter that his customers in cluded Macy's, Gimbel's and Wana- makers, all large New York depart ment stores, and Marshall Fields of Chicago.
 On Stand 4 Days
 Coster-Musica killed himself in December, 1888. Dietrich, one of his three surviving brothers, all of whom have pleaded guilty to fraud charges, has been on the witness state the past four days. Assistant United States Attorney Irving Kaufman, prosecutor, had not men, eioned any relations between Coster- Musica and the department stores but Defense Attorney George z. Medalie, whose position is that Dietrich is not to be believed as a witness did so.
 Dietrich said Macy's was cover house"
 He said Macy's would pay Girard's for the hair tonic and lotions and "the bootleggers would pay Macy" On Girard's books he said, auditors would see that Macy's bought the products and paid for them, but au- ditors should have realized that de- partment stores do not buy alco- holic preparations in barrels.
 Enough For World
 Also, he said, "any auditor would know we were making more sham poo and Eau De Quinine than could be used by the whole world"
 Delos Walker. vice president oi D. H. Macy and Company, said Dietrich's testimony was fantastic, l" that the company would be glad to lend every facility to the federal attorney for the exploration Of this testimony"
 Meanwhile" he said, i've have made Q hurried examination of our records and also questioned the operating executives Of our manu- facturing division. We find nc trace or memory of any such 0roeri to olrard and Company, or to the later Mckesson and Robbins"
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16

escape from death by submersion and suffered severe injuries.
 Two more cases against the city were withdrawn yesterday in the Court of Common Pleas. The cases dated back to 1895 and in- volved plaintiffs who claimed they were injured in falls on a defective croSswalk and a defective sidewalk. The case were those of Margaret Rinaldi and William Accout0 against the city in which damages of $5,000 were sought by each of the plaintiffs.
 Corporation Counsel Lynch is eveidently intending to get rid of all the cases on which action has been deferred in the corporation counsel's ofilce, judging from the io36 dates on the writs withdrawn yesterday.
 The city Is said to have benefited greatly as c result of settlements being made and lawyers about the courthouse agreed ct yesterdays short calendar session of the Sue perior Court that Corporation coungei Lynch was doing Q splendid job ln his new position and that within . few months should be able 10 fii1d himself falTly well ln the clear in the big Job he is facing. The recent blizzard and the pses- ent condition ef the eityb sfrestf gre the background ef the fargo number Of new eases being pro. pared ioF fling against the sity.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16
BEACON FALLS MAN ON DANCER LIST

Achille AchIllio, of l24 South Main street, Beacon Falls. was on the danger list at the Waterbury Hospital today, suffering from . skull injury received last night when hit by an automobile on the eey. Iliour Beacon Falls road.
 State Trooper Morris Purteil said AchillIo, . eobbleF, was struck by . caY operated by Chsrles 0ilauskas %. Of Dl7 North Riverside street Waterbury. The eobbleF was walks Ing On CT aIoneside the road.
 0ilaliskas Was released on his eNai recognlzance pending further lii- vastaeation.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16
OBITUARY

CAPPELLETTI--Michae Cappel- letti, 62, of 145 Chase Parkway died at his home today after Q short ill., ness. He was born in Italy and came to this country and Water bury 43 years ago. Formerly a con- tractor, he was well-known in the city, especially among Italian resi- dents.
 He is survived by his wife, Mrs Michelina Cappelletti; four sons Ralph and Michael Jr, of Water bury, and Armand and Joseph, oi Providence, R. T.; four daughters Rose, Olga, Iona, and lola, all oi Waterbury; one brother, Raffaele of Waterbury; and two sisters, Mrs Michael Pantana, and Anna Maria Cappelletti, of Italy.
 The funeral will take place Tues- day, time and arrangements tc be announced.
 DAVINO-Vito Davino, 76, diec yesterday afternoon at his home 54 Fairfield avenue, after a briei illness. He was born in Italy and came to the United States and h Waterbury 48 years ago. He was re. tired by the American Brass Co. three years ago after 35 years ol service.
 MT. Davino is survived by three daughters, Mrs. James Grella, ant Mrs. Marchiano Stango of Water. bury, and Mrs. Marchiano Farnig. Netti, of Cliffside, N. J., two brothers, Domenic of Waterbury and Giuseppe of Italy. and a sis. ter, Mrs. Filomena Cocchiola, o1 this city.
 The funeral will take place Mon. day from the Colasanto funera home, 934 Bank street, at 8 o'clock to the Church of Our Lady o! Mount Carmel where a requiem high mass will be celebrated at o'clock. Burial will be in Cal. vary cemetery. Friends may cal at the funeral home today ant tomorrow from 2 to il o'clock.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16

Naugatuck, March 16 - Nauga- tuck lost a well-known resident last night when Timothy Patrick Bros nahan of 73 Highland avenue died at St. Mary's hospital, Waterbury after short illness. MT. Brosnahan, who worked for 37 years in the em- ploy of the Southern New England Telephone Company, was taken i'll about a week ago and pneumonia developed Thursday. He was the
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16
FUNERALS

The funeral of Stephen Gyuricsko will be held Monday morning from the Mulville funeral home, 27O West Main street, at 8:l5 o'clock to St. Cecilia's church where a solemn high mass of requiem will be cele- brated at g o'clock. Friends may call at the funeral home after 2 o'clock this afternoon.
 The funeral of Eleanor Elizabeth Farrell was held this morning at 8:SO o'clock from the home of her aunt, Mrs. Richard Burns, 24 Beecher avenue, to St. Thomas' Church, where a solemn requiem mass was celebrated at 9 o'clock. Burial was in Calvary cemetery.
 The funeral of James E. Walsh was held this morning at 8:30 o'clock from the Bergin funeral home, 20O East Main street, to the Church of the Immaculate Concep- ton where solemn requiem mass was celebrated at g o'clock. Burial was In Calvary cemetery.
 The funeral of Martin c. Kast was held this morning at 8:SO o'clock from the home, i43 Euclid avenue, to St. Margaret's Church, where Q solemn high mass was celebrated ct Q o'clock. Burial was in Calvary cemetery.
 Funeral services for dustaf A. Johnson will be held this afternoon at 2 o'clock ct the Anderson funeral home, 70 Central avenue, with Rev pr. John o. Walker, pastor Of the Second Congregational Church, of- iiciating. Burial will he in Riverside cemetery.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16
sos REPORTED

San Francisco. March ie--tUp) --oiobe wireless today reported an sos from the ee Kahika, an Aus. traIian ship. saying she was on the rocks and sinking rapidly in the pass between the southern tlp of Australia sFd TanmaIila. It vas uilderstood the closest ship was % miles eWag.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16
SPECIALIST DIES

Merlden, Conn. March le.--CUp) --Dr. Leslie Adams wilson, DS, enr nose end throat specialist. died lets yesterday. lle engaged in praetlcs here tor % years and was q gradu' ate Of Yale medical school He served la q medical unit during the World War. His widow and two soni survive.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16

Waterville, March 16-Following months of construction work, the new division of the Blake and Johnson Manufacturing Company has been completed. and employees with their friends will gather to- night at the Plant and go through the entire building on a tour of in- spection.
 The Casper s. Davis, American Legion Post, No. 136, will sponsor 8 card party this evening, open to
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16
CHURCH DAMAGED

New Haven, Conn.,, March 16.- (UP)-Fire, starting in the rear of an altar, damaged the St. Bar bara's Greek Orthodox church early today and was confined to that area. Its cause was not determined.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16
Politics
 in Passing
R RAYMOND j. FETzPATRICK

The millions on millions of peo- rle about the globe who are heart sick as they contemplate the seemingly irresistible progress of dictatorship and oppression should take heart as they consider the symbolism of the bit of green to be seen in many a lapel today and tomorrow. For the green, whether at be an expenstvely- tinted flower or q tiny sprig of shamrock, rep- xesents a love of freedom to which one race has clung fiercely through many Q dark year. No matter how gloomy the picture, surely there is hope for Q world of equality and justice when one considers the dauntless fight of those who have adopted St. Pat rick as Q patron.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16
DIED

DAvINO-In this city, March 18th, 1940, Vito Davino, of 54 Fairfield Ave. Funeral Monday morning, at eral Home, 934 Bank St., to Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church. Burial in Calvary cemetery. SILLERY-In this city, March 14th, Ave- Ave- % Funeral Ni Monday o,y' morning, no at 8:15 o'clock, from Lunny Funeral Home, 25 Central Ave, to Imma- culate Conception Church. Burial in old St. Joseph's cemetery. CAPPELLETTT--In this city, March 18th, 1940, Michael CappelIetti, of 145 Chase Parkway St. Funeral arr engagements later.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16

William E. Riether, veteran member and officer of the Water bury lodge of Elks, Is . patient at St. Mary's hospital. His condition today was reported as fair.
 MT. Riether, prominent as . merchant for many years, is g trustee of the local lodge of Elks. He has been active in several other organizations.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16

South Africa wiil AIbsIdiSs lls wheat growers to prevent . rise 70 wheat prices.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16
SOlOist
Speaker

Speaker SOont appropriate feature of evenings broadcast of the Water a 630 o'clock Will DC ad Fauce native of Waterbury and presently pastor Conception Hartford He will speak the evening will be Joseph F. Masger The Catholic Hour presented Columbus with Rev. Oliver Crnan
 St. Margarets church chairman.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16
CITY IS LIVING
 WITHIN BUDGET

(Continued from Page D
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16
FIRE EXPECTS
 QUIET HOLIDAY

Continued from Page D
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16
Factory Holds Open
 House Program Here
Blake and Johnson Employees and Friends to Be Taken
 on Inspection Tour This Evening
WATERYlLLE

Frs K W. RenOn COrrespOndent-23 Origgs StTe S5A0S
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16
LEGAL DEPT. IS
 CLEANING BOOKS

Continued from Page D
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16
GOV.
 IS UNDER ARREST

(Continued from Page D
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16
COSTER- -MUSICA
 BIG BOOTLECCER

Continued from Page D
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16

St. Patrick's Day could not have come more opportunely. The green is more than c sign of love Of Ireland: 1t is the expression of 6 hope that all oppression may one day be ended. It is the bright, brave symbol of a new era to come.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16
Gospel Hall

Morning service is scheduled for 10:30 o'clock; Sunday School at IF noon, and evening gospel meeting at 7:30 p. m.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16

It may be that Hitler and Stalin will find they conquered lands, but not peoples. As long as the desire for freedom lives, and it can never die, the oppressed mi- nOritles will keep up their battle. They may face . long, hard road but they can recall that ether peoples have fought persecution against tremendous odds, but have triumphed.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-03-16

The Irish could tell many a tale of persecution and oppres- sion. Not beyond recollection are tho days when 8 son of Ireland had to risk his life to practice his religion, when an Irish father faced death for sending his chill dren to school. Not too long aga are the days when an Irishmau had little hope of owning the land that he farmed, that he had to yield temporarily to an ab- sentee dictatorship while he kept bright his deams of the future.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1940-04-27
MnHtt AutrH

Ann B. Cooper, soprano, Is improv-
ing after being very seriously i'll for
several weeks.-Suthland Parker, plan
ist, and his commentator, Miss Mary
Wright, recently returned TO Boston
from a short concert tour.-Laura
Duncan, soprano of New York City,
appeared on a program as guest SOLO
ist on Sunday afternoon, April q, In
the Repertory Theatre under the aus
pices Of the Eastern New England
Congress for Equal Opportunities
Ena Alleyne, talented young soprano,
was married Sunday afternoon. April
81, In the New Charles Street Church.
Jesse Owens, baritone sang for the
wedding.-Nrs. Bessie Rhodes Don
nell, soprano and a sister of William
A. Rhodes. of Boston, viii sing in
Washington, D. c., on April 25, %
and q. She Is the wife of Prof. Oscar
Donnell of Greensboro, North Caro-
lina.-Muriel Nelson, pianist, and a
pupil Of G. G. Quarker, viii give a
.eoncer in Bates Hall, on May 12-
VAR.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1940-04-27
BR0CKT0N

BROCKTON, Mass, April 27-De-
spite the inclement weather a fairly
large audience were present last Sun
day afternoon at Messiah Baptist
Church to hear Attorney Ray W.
Guild, president Of the Boston branch
N.A.A.C.P., who gave a very informa-
tive talk on what the N.A.A.C.P. had
accomplished during the past year..
Vocal selections were given by Mrs.
Bernice Marrow, and Mrs. Geraldine
Holland, and Paul Duarte rendered
organ solos. Because all workers were
not present partial report was given
by Miss Alice Marrow who reported
seventeen memberships with MANY
more expected during the week. Mem
oers Of the committee who worked
very diligently during the past two
weeks securing memberships are:
Harry 0. Bernard, Chairman. Mrs.
Charlotte Jones, Miss Alice Marrow.
Mrs. Lena Ghomes, Rev. BENJAMIN
Duarte, Mrs. Mary Roberts, Mrs. Ma
tllda Howell, and Mrs. Ophelia Smith.
An unusual feature in the form of
"Cozy Cafe" was sponsored Sunday
evening in the vestry of Lincoln
Church by the "Good Cheer commit
tee OF the Lincoln Guild. The room was
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1940-04-27
Armstrong the Poet
By GEORGE SKELLY

Henry Armstrong is better known
for his fistic achievements but more
than likely, before he gets very old,
he viii some day be known for his
poetic accomplishments. Of all things
70 associate with a prize fghter-this
seems TO be the farthest from thought
In the ring he has always been known
to sink his arm, up 70 the elbow, into
hostile breadbaskets. He crunches
jaws with powerful blows Of his fist.
He puts on his hip boots and wades in
the blood Of his victims. And Gosh
He's poet!
Here is a poem he has written TO
commemorate his first visit 10 Boston:
GREETINGS. BOSTON"
Hi, Boston; I ask about you
Are you just Baked Beans and Irish
Stew;
Just a spider-web Of streets, with no
avenue
That's not filled with descendants
from the Mayhower crew?
Or Boston, are you something infni-
tely more?
For truth, didn't you grow on that
rocky shore
That Graded America?
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1940-04-27
MRS. ROOSEVELT SAYS:

Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt feels
the greatest contribution this country
can make to humanity today is to
solve Americas domestic problems,
but cautions we cannot set our own
house in order without cooperating
with the rest of the world. What's
more, she says, this cooperation IS
probably the best way TO stay out OF
war.
Mrs. Roosevelt declares: mo amour:
of talking about wanting war, or OF
being unwilling to fight, viii really
give US any secure foundation Iol
peace in the world unless we can acVu.
ally bring improvement in economic
conditions to our own nation, ana
hope Of something better to the BELL
gerant nations so that they are VIII
ing to stop fighting and cooperate IN
rehabilitating the world as a whole.
Unemployment and farm price
parity are the most important dones-
tic issues of the coming campaign
Mrs. Roosevelt holds, but the coun-
try's attitude on peace and interna-
tional affairs overshadows everything
else"
A major accomplishment Of the New
Deal during the past seven years Is
the fact that it has aroused the inter-
est of the everyday citizen in govern
ment. Mrs Roosevelt thinks.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1940-04-27

effectively decorated, with private
booths attractively placed. UNIQUE
menus were set at each table which
included from waffles and hot dishes TO
sodas and fancy ices. The Misses
Hazel Johnson, Lucille Kersey. and
Betty Humphrey served as efficient
mattresses seeing that each customer
was carefully looked after. Members
Of the committee are as follows: Miss
Claire Hargrove, Chairman. Edna
Tubbs, secretary, Miss Esther Tor
renee, treasurer, Miss Laura johnson.
Miss Ruth Terrence, Miss Beverly
Beach, Mrs. Pearl Coward, Mrs. Mar
garet Baker, and Miss Christine Ba-
ker. Little Miss Juanda Carol
Shanks, daughter of Mr.. and Mrs.
John Shanks of Crescent Street was
hostess at a birthday party recently
at her home celebrating her sixth an
niversary. The house was prettilv
decorated in streamers of pink and
white. She received many gifts in
GLIDING large cake and a purse of
money from her uncle. Games were
played and refreshments were served
by her mother Mrs. Rosetta Shanks.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1940-04-27
Lincoln House Notes

Thursday evening, April IS. Mabel
Johnson-Dean, assisted by Mesdames
Bessie Bankett and Dora Duke, enter
tanned the members of Lincoln House
so Emerald ST., with Dance and Pro
gressive Whist Party.
The younger members enjoyed the
excellent recorded music, while top
scores were won in whist by: Mr.. and
Mrs. Nelson Wise; Messrs. Joe Ben
ner and Joseph Webster; Mesdames
Mary Mcfarland, Ursula King, Lille
Randolph, Alfredo Ramsey, Mazarean
Best and Emma Green.
The members Of Lincoln House con-
graduate Alicia Roach, daughter OF
Mr.. and Mrs. John Roach Of "a Flor
ence ST., for her accomplishments IN
receiving a scholarship to the New
England Conservatory Of Music from
Practical Arts High School where she
is a senior. Alicia is an active mem
Der Of the Lincoln House Amateur
Players Society.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1940-04-27
martntt AnntHntt
DaHHFH

Marion Addison of 81 Cunard St.,
stricken April 8 at the Garter Play
ground, died Sunday, April q at City
Hospital. Funeral was Thursday from
Zion Church.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1940-04-27
MISS JONES
HEADS UNION

At the Annual Convention of the
Mass. State Union Of Women's Clubs
held IN Shiloh Baptist Church, West
Nedford, Mass. Friday. April 10, Miss
Susan Jones was elected State Presi-
dent. Miss Jones. who Is an ourstand-
ing Boston woman, prominent in many
civic. religious and social activities, Is
well equipped for the many problems
that viii confront her. She Is surround
ed by an equally capable official group
Of well known club women as follows:
Mrs. Harry H. Brown, 1st vice
pres; Mrs. Myrtle Coleman, 2nd vice
pres; Mrs. Blanche Puryear, 3rd vice
pres; Mrs. Chester Canada, chm. of
Executive Board: Mrs. Florence H.
Taylor, recorder: Mrs. Elmore, cor.
see'y; Mrs. Chas. S. Trapp, I'm. sec'y;
Mrs. Vivennse Stokes, treas; Mrs.
Bankett. chaplain; Mrs. Harriet a. L.
Jones, parliamentarian; Mrs. Y. Ma
son, inspector; Mrs. Madelin Digger,
organizer; Mrs. Olive Joseph. histor-
ian; Mrs. Charlotte Simmons, chm. Of
finance; Miss Helene Smith, music
chairman.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1940-04-27

Present were: John Shanks Jr., Eu-
genia Shanks, Ann Pima, Beatrice
Pima, Evelyn Bullock, Bobby Bullock.
Nancy Howell, Melvin Howell, Mary
and Ulysses Reeves.-Mrs. Gertrude
Simmons, Mrs. Frances Hargrove,
and Miss Claire Hargrove attended
the annual Convention of the Mass.
State Union Of Women's Clubs Friday,
April 10 at the Shiloh Baptist Church
in West Medford.-Mrs. Keziah Can
ada celebrated her 18th birthday an
niversary quietly at her home Sunday
afternoon. Several friends visited her
throughout the day, and many tele-
phone messages Of congratulations
were received. Mr.. and Mrs. Clear
ance Bryant Of Parker Street spent
the weekend in Baltimore as the
guest of relatives Mrs. Mildred Ker-
sey and Mrs. Della Cromwall have
returned to their homes after passing
a few days in New York City. This
is your weekly reporter L. johnson
signing off.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1940-04-27
ELMA LEWIS TO PRESENT
DRAMATIC RECITAL

The second annual dramatic recital
Of Elma Lewis, youthful dance and
dramatic artist, viii be presented May
18th at Geo. Brown Hall in the n. E.
Conservatory Bldg. Miss Lewis, who
has done much important work in the
dramatic field, is now furthering her
talents at the Emerson College Of
0ratory. Her work at the school is
gaining much attention and her pro-
gress is one most interesting to watch.
Appearing with Miss Lewis in the
pending recital viii be Harold Evans,
popular Boston pianist. Mr.. Evans
recently appeared IN a solo recital at
Steinert Hall
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1940-04-27

titled Fins, tribute to the memory
Of Richard B. Harrison.
The Amieian Club was entertained
by Mr.. John D. Wise Of Meade ST.,
Cambridge, at the April meeting. Mr.
Issac Bailey was voted a membership
and his name is now on the waiting
list. Plans for two major event for the
summer are now being completed.
Mrs. John B. Hall returned Wednes-
day from visit in Washington where
she went in the interest of the new
magazine, The Afro-Ameri-
can journal.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1940-04-27

please Patronize Our Advertisers)
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1940-04-27
Relaxation

There's new record for those long
distance plodders to shoot at here
after-but it wasn't set by "Tarzan"
Brown-21 seconds faster than the
former time. The new record holder
Gerard Cote from up Canada way.
The first colored runner to cross the
finish line was Augustus johnson from
n. Y. State-he finished 18th and well
deserved the loud applause he got all
the way.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1940-04-27

"COloratura Soprano, who will be
heard on Sunday afternoon, May II,
at $3.50 o'clock in the Charles Street
Meeting House, corner of Charles and
Mount Vernon streets, Boston. Other
artists on the program will be: Wal
lace Thompson, tenor; Eleanor Trent
Wallace, dramatic reader; Helen
Worthy, violinist; the Beacon Hill
Handbell Ringers and a chorus of
thirty members of William Rhodes
Opera Society, which has been invited
to sing two groups of Symphonic ar
engagements of Spirituals. Reserved
seats $3.50, S1.00, Rush Seats so cents.
Tickets may be obtained in advance
from DIR. William Worthy. 239 North
amptOn Street, Boston. and Mrs. Susie
Peasants, at SO Howard Street, Cam
bridge, Mass.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1940-04-27
CORRECTION

Mr.. F. James Bradley is Of Ameri-
can Indian extraction and has studied
the lives and characteristics of the
American Indian Of the North, East
South and West. Miss Ina Rapier is
Of American Cherokee Indian descent
q tribe originating in the Southern
part OF Texas.