davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1940-12-01

cussed; agriculture, business, home,
family life and consumer education,
housing, moral and mental hygiene,
industry and labor, press, public
health and recreation, religion and
youth education were given a thor
ough looking into.
Sponsors Of Meetings.
Among the members of the spon-
soring committee of the conference,
in which President Roosevelt ex-
pressed keen interest, were Mrs.
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Mrs. Wendell
L. Willkie, Mrs. Andrew Carnegie,
Elmer A. Carter, Gov. Price of Vir-
ginia, Winthrop Rockefeller, Claude
A. Barnett and many other noted
persons.
Hampton Institute presents an in
teresting story, one which was re-
peated many times during the recon-
struction period Of our country's
history and in the stormy period
Immediately following the end of
the Civil War.
Founded in 1858 and incorporated
in 1870 under the administration of
the late Gen. Samuel Chapman
Armstrong, Hampton has played an
important part in the history of the
Negro and Indian In America.
Proponent of the learn by doing"
method of education, 1t has welded
a wide influence resulting in the es-
tablishment of several similar In
stitutions, most noteworthy Of which
is Tuskegee Institute, in Alabama.
At the close Of the Civil War, Gen.
Armstrong while working in Hamp-
ton with the newly organized
Freedmen's Bureau, became aware
Evening star., 1940-12-01

World War. And only then after
the stats of the Allies forces had
repeatedly noted the superior morale
of the Germans and begun to won
der whether it was caused by some
thing other than "spontaneity." And
also after they had noted the we'll
organized counter morale work being
put forth by the Boche.
Scattered Over Lines.
Outstanding among the latter was
the Continental Times, an English
language newspaper printed in Ger
many and distributed over Allied
lines and towns in France by small
balloons and perhaps also by Zep-
pelins and airplanes. The paper
was cleverly worked out because
there was Just enough truth under
lying the mass of outright lies to
cause an amount of reflection to
creep into the minds of stout
patriots.
Americas effort to counter this
counter morale did not take definite
shape among her armies until Octo-
ber 10, 1918, when the morale branch
Of the war plans division, general
staff, was finally founded. Col.
E. L. Munson was placed in COM
mand.
Directly responsible for the new
agency was a medical officer at
Camp Greenleaf, Ca, who had said
in an editorial more than a year
before: There must be q sys-
tematized education and training in
the psychology of the soldier and
Of the war"
In effect, he was only putting
into doctors language what Gen.
Sherman had said so years previous:
"An army has soul as well as q
man."
Once the general staff had realized
the need for this specialization in
morale-"the three -fourths part OF
war"-it threw itself in true Ameri-
can fashion Fundamentally into the
work. Mathematically calculating
from the outset, 1t started with a
definition:
Morale is term which expresses
the quality of group unity, willing
ness, determination and cheerful
ness. The adoption of morale meth
ods and measures is the application
of constructive principles through
psychological influence. Morale
should never be trusted to chance
for the reason that everything af-
fects morale through suggestion.
Morale effort must be directed
through definite channels and
founded on sound and scientific
principles, by means of which 1t can
Evening star., 1940-12-01

of the magnitude of the problems
of the newly emancipated freed
men.
He persuaded the American Mis-
sionary Association in 1867, to pur-
chase site known as Woods Farm.
He, two teachers and Is students,
ex-slaves, opened a school in 1868.
and in 1870, it received its charter
as the Hampton Normal and Agri-
cultural Institute from the Virginia
General Assembly. At the time of
the generals death in 1893, Hampton
had an enrolment of nearly TOO
students.
Today the institute boasts Of 139
buildings, nearly a thousand acres
of land, two farms which the stu
dents work, and an enrolment Of
925 students, of which 367 are female
and 558 males.
The teaching staff, which is ap-
proximately so per cent white and
SO per cent colored, exclusive of
administrators, numbers 120, and
the full staff of the school totals
$50 persons.
Succeeding Gen. Armstrong in the
capacity as principal of the school
were Hollis Burke Frissell, James
Edgar Gregg, George Peabody
Phenix and Arthur Howe, names
well known in the annals Of Negro
education. During the Phenix ad-
| ministration, the title was changed
from principal to president.
Indians ON Roll.
Up until 1912, when the Govern
ment began building schools for
THAR education. many Indians from
Evening star., 1940-12-01

the United States Sanitary Com
mission was set up by President
Lincoln as an adjunct to the Medi-
cal Bureau of the Union Army to
aid the health, comfort and morale
of the troops"
1t gave food, transportation and
shelter to soldiers who had become
lost from their regiment after a
furlough, it distributed ale, whisky,
tobacco, pipes, fruits, lanterns,
crutches, ice and a wide assortment
of foods and articles mainly for the
effect on the morale of the boys in
blue.
This commission recognized, for
perhaps the first time in organized
form, the very beneficial effect of
the presence of women at army
camps and sent women of all ages
with food and medicine to mingle
with the armies in all of their work
but battle.
According to official documents an
Army officer said of lady Sani-
tary Commission workers visit:
"You don't know what good a
lady's visit to the Army does. These
men whom you have seen today will
talk of your visit for six months to
come. Around the campfires. in
the rifle pits, in the dark night, or
on the march, they will repeat your
words, describe your looks, your
voice, your size, your dress, and all
agree in one respect that you look
like an angel and exactly like each
mans wife or mother"
Create Social Life.
For the present conscript army,
the morale division has planned for
hostesses, young and old, to work in
the service clubs and the cafeterias
of the major cantonments. help
create certain social life, and make
the young soldiers less homesick.
The same thing was done in the
World War.
The Sanitary Commission in all
of its morale and health work spent
half million dollars or more year
through the Civil War.
A clue to other diversions during
this war is found in an account Of
the winter of 1864 the Army Of the
Potomac spent in Northern Vir-
ginia preparatory to the wilderness
campaign. A chronicler observed
Evening star., 1940-12-01

Here Is morale and the an
tithesis of morale. At right
Is a group of German prison.
ers captured bX the "Yanks."
HopeleSsness and despair can
be seen in their gaunt faces,
and their clothes hang on
improperly fed bodies. The
once-high morale OF the Ger
man Army finally ,oas shat
tered as the Americans began
arriuing In great numbers, and
n1dny of the boches came oper
to the Allied lines to surren-
der voluntarily. Abope Is q
sn0ppy detachment from the
Arlington Cdntonment tn a
recent parade do1Dn Constitu-
ton GDenue. The morale OF
these men speaks for itself.
Star Staff Photo.
Evening star., 1940-12-01

that the soldiers gave themselves up
to unlimited festivity, balls, horse
races, cock fights, creased pigs and
poles and other games"
This is just the sort of entertain
ment the morale division is fighting,
for it is pure fun, with no con-
structive purpose, detracting from
the aims Of the war;" From reports
on file at the War Department it
appears that similar -undirected
entertainment went on in the Mag
mot Line during the winter, while
the Germans in their drills and in
their barracks leisure were not
allowed to forget for a minute that
they were going to march Mach
Franzreich und Mach England" and
perhaps mach" the world. Their
songs spoke of German supremacy.
their movies glorified the destruc-
ton already wrought by the Nazi
military machine, and their athletic
contests comprised no movements
which would not be useful in some
type of fighting.
To return to the Army of the
Potomac, it was added, however,
that the frivolities were offset by
drastic punishment meted to
deserters. Every Friday such in
fractionists were quite publicly and
regularly shot or hanged, with the
result, according to the chronicler,
that "the Army grew again into
superb condition"
Check Desertions.
Today Army scientist-psycholo-
gists are combating the causes OF
desertion. Listed among them are:
Homesickness, delayed pay, delayed
mail, unnecessary and too lengthy
drilling, inhuman treatment by the
officers, poor food, lack of amuse-
ment, gossip and infiltration Of
radical propaganda.
Exhortation in person or through
circulars by commanding officers
was popular during the Civil War
as a means Of popping up morale.
For example, Gen. George Meade
eloquently told his men on May 4,
1854:
Soldiers: The eyes of the whole
country are looking with anxious
hope to the blow you are about to
strike in the most sacred cause that
ever called men to arms. Remember
your homes, your wives, your chill
dren :. Bear with patience the
hardships!"
Incidentally, the constant dinning
of the cause into the mind of the
soldier is a great function of the
morale officers. Surprisingly enough,
many new soldiers during the last
war had to be told at some length
what they were fighting for. 1t
lent a certain amount of truth to
the German charge that America
did not know why she was in the
war.
Religion seems to have played
stronger part in the morale of
the Confederate forces than of the
Northern. One j. william Jones,
chaplain and a private with the
Army of Northern Virginia, writes
that he conducted countless revivals
and singings in camp and believes
that he was personally responsible
for converting 5000 men to the
faith.
There were 40 chapels along the
Rapidan River in the winter of
1864, he reported, and more than
Evening star., 1940-12-01

Morale Dds a Httle-under-
stood business in the CiDil
War. Soldiers lolled aimlesSly
about camps near Washing-
ton as they matted for the
spring offensive; aoith no Or
ganized or constructive recre-
alton of any consequence, de-
sertions zUere high. In con-
trast, ,oitness In the abope
picture d merry group of
guardsmen In 1910, en- route
to naaneuUers. Singing, card
playing, sports and dancing
are among the leisure-hour
diversions, encouraged by the
Armys neD. realistic morale
diDision.
Evening star., 1940-12-01

be made a factor of greatest i'm
portance.
Work toward the development Of
morale began when the recruits dis
embarked from the train outside of
the camp gates. There they were
met by morale specialists sprinkled
among the other officers and en-
couraged by one means and another
to make their march to their new
barracks an occasion for singing and
cheering.
Homelike Conditions.
For their first few hours at the
camp they were supposed to be
treated with gloved hands In an
endeavor to make them 'feel at
home" in the big barren canton
ment. The chaplains welcomed
them. gave them encouraging talks,
explained the lofty purpose of the
war and told them that the officers
had no desire to deal with them
other than on the most friendly
basis. If sometimes they should
think their superiors too harsh
well. "c'est Ia guerre," and nothing
really personal.
In an effort to penetrate beneath
the surface of the soldiers outward
emotions and actions, questionnaires
were submitted, asking all sorts of
anonymous information-What do
you think of it here? Are the off,
GERS nice to you? Why did you en-
list? Is there anything bothering
you9 Why is America at ware
.
They were encouraged to write
letters home, and, in turn, the COM
manders wrote form letters to the
parents saying In effect that your
George has arrived safely, he is in
good health and in good hands, and
I hope you write to him often" To
strangers, however, the writing OF
letters was strictly verboten, and
this rule applied to officers as well
Such correspondence was too easy
a meat for the spies with which
the country was known to be flooded
The Chaplains received instruc-
tions from the Morale Division.
They must organize Bible classes
must equate their sermons to the
current grim realities of life. They
must not preach dogmatically OF
faith, courage, honor and love, but
make each quality have some direct
bearing on the war and its purpose
on morale as it applies to fighting
man.
And there was organized enter
tainment, with talent drawn from
professional groups and from the
soldiers themselves. Plays, motion
Evening star., 1940-12-01

Up until 1912, when the Govern
ment began building schools for
THAR education, many Indians from
The Nome nugget., 1940-08-14
Hunting
 Season For " aterfoWl

JUNEAU, Aug. 12 - Tie AL aska waterfowl season Is set as follows:
 Waterfowl, coot and snisa sea son in fur districts one and shree in A 'aska, October 1 to NoVem- Der 29 and in the rest of the Territory from September 1 to October 2Oth.
 The Goose limit is three a day and six in possession. Gama birds can be held for 20 days following the close of season instead f on- ly ten days. Hunting wa. fowl and coot will be permitted from sunrise to 4 pm. and Snipa from sunrise to sunset"
The Nome nugget., 1940-08-14
German Air Force Attacking In Waves Break Thru British
 Believe Invasion At Hand

UNDATED, Aug. 13 (P) - At tacking in waves, 5100 of Ger many's ace fighting and bombing pilots stepped up the tempo of the three-days old aerial blitz- kreig against Britain in a tenn estuous assault all along the 200 mic front of the English Chan net while British RAF Spitfires and Hurricane fighters roared up to meet the Nazi sky raid CTS. The censored London press warned that Germany might at tempt an actual land invasion. From two other points, one bellig erent and one neutral, came strong intimations that the long awaited zero hour is near.
 In Berlin, Louis LOchner, chief of the Associated Press Bureau there messaged that "all signs pointe9 toward an early zero hour for the Nazi offensive ag- ainst England which will climax in an attempt to land German troops on the British Isles.
 In Bern, foreign military at taches agreed that the attempt ed invasion of England may come within 72 hours. Bern dispatches also said that reports were cur rent there that forty-mile Nazi Big Berthas at Calais and Dun- kerque had already begun laying down a cross-channel barrage be hind Dover.
 Simultaneously, an English cen sor, after holding back a dispatch of an AP correspondent from a southeast coast town, for 24 hours, finally passed the cabled report that shells were falling on coastal towns there. If is true, the Germans are apparently blast ing the British beach and shore line defenges to prepare for troop landings.
 Untold hundreds of German planes apparently surpassing the 500 hprled in yesterdays great bat les bombed and stn3fed coast al towns with rising toll of
The Nome nugget., 1940-08-14
BROTHER, FRANK ELLIOTT MAKES IDENTIFICATION

CLEVELAND, Aug. 14 LP) - The clothing and jewelry on 3 Woman's bruised body, recovered in Lake Eirie on July 31st was identified as belonging to Mrs. Benjamin Mozee, aged 53 of Nome, who had been missing from the steamship Seeandbee. A brother made the identification and reported that she carried a large amount of cash and three diamond rings.
 Her absence was not discover ed sooner because her stateroom had not been entered.
 Her husband is visiting in Seat tie and was formerly a superin- tendent Of Alaskan schools. She is the daughter of the late Henry Elliot, a prominent and leading advocate for the purchase and colonization of Alaska.
The Nome nugget., 1940-08-14
LAO German
 Planes Downed

UNDATED, Aug. IA (4) - The Italians announced that British bombs dropped of Milan, Turin, and other Italian cities killed p and wounded more than 50 per sons.
 The British declared the Cap roni factory at Milan and the Fat plant at Turin was badly damaged.
 A Berlin dispatch said that "an inquiry of competent quarters el icited no denial' of the reports hat Germany is using long range Big Berthas to shell the English coast and replacements across the channel.
 The British air ministry re- ported that 140 German planes were definitely destroyed and 40 others probably y destroyed in the past two days of intensive raiding on the edge of the inn .n1aiataly expected land inva- sion. Britons experienced mild alarm over the reports that II German psrachutists landed in Iidl2nds during the night but that seven of them were captur- e1. Aviation experts discounted .aa report saying the parachutes found were not of the type used by the Nazi chutist troops in Hol- land, Belgium and France.
The Nome nugget., 1940-08-14
British Bomb Milan and Turin

UNDATED. Ags. 14 lP)- Ger mans renewed sia st8 8eks on Brit ain, raidins M5llsa 5 and the South Coast. In tas latter place a huge battle occurred involving at least l5o planss.
 During the nlga. 30 British bombers crossed France and Switzerland ard ralded Turin and Milan, dropping tons of bombs and leaflets asking the It alians why they are fighting for Hitler ard warning that War with it's terror is now at your doors"
 The British said the raiders caused heavy damage to Italian factories. The British also raid ed Germany.
 The Germans said anti-aircraft guns turned the planes back at Potsdam, 20 miles west of Berlin but distant firing was heard in the suburbs of the capital.
The Nome nugget., 1940-08-14
POLICE ASK AID FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

CLEVELAND, Aug. IA (P) - FBI agents studied the myster- ious death of Mrs. Mozee, whose body was found in Lake Erie two weeks ago but was identified only last night, after a Great Lakes steamer reported her miss ing from her stateroom; and Frank Elliot, her brother in Cleveland identified the clothing and jeWelry on the bruised body found at Geneva, on the lake 50 miles east of here.
 Authorities started an investi- gation to determine whether Mrs. Mozee was. robbed and slain, af- ter Frank Elliott reported she carried a large amount of cash and wore three valuable diamond rings as she embarked on the Seeandbee on July 18th for a Cleveland to Buffalo cruise. De- tective Gordon Shibley said these were not found in her stateroom.
 Coroner Charles Webster, of AShtabula county, where the body is buried, said a wedding ring and ivory bracelets were the only jewelry found on the victim. These articles. Frank FL liott identified along with the shoes she bought at Seattle with other clothing.
 Police asked aid from FBI of fieers who said they would study the case to determine whether there was cause for their enter ing into the investigation. No de cision was reached on the autop- sy.
 Frank Elliot said Mrs. Mozee was enroute to Brookfeld, after a Connecticut visit to relatives
 Coroner Webster said the body bore severe bruises, apparently not received while the victim was in the water and that tht palms of both the hands were covered with grease.
The Nome nugget., 1940-08-14
Suspicion Surrounds Mysterious Death Mrs. Mozee
Woman Found In Lake Erie
 Identified as Mrs. B. E. Mozee
 Believed Robbed and Murdered

CLEVELAND, Aug. l3 (P) - The Steamship Seeandbee return ed from a Great Lakes cruise and reported missing a passengers, Mrs. Benjamin Mozee of Nome. Her absence couldn't be explain ed. The vessels owners, the Cleveland and Buffalo Transit Go. said the cabin was in order and clothing and personal effects all in place. There was no indication whether she had fallen over board or disembarked at a point of call.
 The Seeandbee left Cleveland on July 29. Officials of the line said Mrs. Mcgee possessed a tick ct to Buffalo. Her absence since then had not been noticed they said because the boats maids found nothing irregular but wher the clothing and personal be ongiags were not removed at the end of the cruise, a ship offic- CT was summoned.
The Nome nugget., 1940-08-14
NEW STATUS FOR WOMEN. FRENCHLAND

VICHY, Aug. 9 - Mershal Pe- tsins government has aanounc- ei fundamental change in the s.9tus of French women in the state.
 The announcement is made through the Minister O. Family and Youth in the ne Hspaper Paris Soir.
 It was pointed out that the French women now had the re- sponsibility of raising strong men for the State. The announce- ment followed in line with simil ar declarations made by Adolf Hitler in connection with Nazi Germany.
The Nome nugget., 1940-08-14
2 MONITOR RADIO STATIONS FOR ALASKA ARE PLANNED

SAN FRANCISCO, Aug. IA lP) = The Communications Commis sion plans to erect powerful mon- itoring stations in Alaska and Ha waii for tracing foreign agents and illegal radioing. Western in spector Ford Greaves said that three receiving stations were planned in Alaska and one in Ha waii to augment the present com mission equipment at Juneau. Possible sites include Nome and Anchorage. GreaVes starts home ward Saturday.
The Nome nugget., 1940-08-14

British soldier and civilian casual ties. First reports listed 10 known dead.
 Berlin reported that the air forces broke through the defens- es of British pursuit planes and anti-aircraft fire and bombed the Portsmouth base of the British home fleet, destroying planes, runWays and hangars at the air port there.
The Nome nugget., 1940-08-14
MOZEE NOTIFIED SEATTLE WILL GO EAST TODAY

SEATTLE, Aug. IA (F9 - U. s Marshal Benjamin Mozee of Nome was informed of the identi ication of his wife's body in Cleveland. He later declared him self convinced that the dead Wo- man was his wife.
 He said T am equally certain that she W9s robbed and murder 15. There is no question of sui eide. She was not of that tenn perment.'
 bIozee returned here tonight after taking federal prisoners to Portland which he had flown south with from Nome, Sunday. He said he planned to go East ] oday as soon as his business af- fairs were arranged. His wife ar rived Seattle a month ago. She is survived by her husband, a son, Elliott, at Nome; Miss Eloise Mozee, clerk in a Womans club here; Miss Jeanne Mozee of the Miners and Merchants Bank of Nome; Miss Yvonne Mozee, also at Nome; brother in Cleveland, and two brothers and two sis ters in Seattle.
The Nome nugget., 1940-08-14

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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1940-12-23
WASHINGTON c. MONDAY,
F. Scott Fitzgerald,
Author Of Jazz Age
Best Sellers, Dies
This Side Of Paradise
Won Fame for Novelist
After World War
By the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
HOLLYWOOD, Dec. 23.-A heart
attack at a has taken the life of
F. Scott Fitzgerald, novelist who
achieved his greatest success de-
scribing the Jazz Age" Of the 1920's.
Mr.. Fitzgerald, in recent years
motion picture scenarist, succumbed
in a friends apartment Saturday
afternoon but his death was not an
nounced until yesterday.
Mr.. Fitzgerald was born in st.
Paul, Mimi, and christened Francis
Scott Key Fitzgerald in honor of
the composer of 1.-The Star Spangled
Banner" maternal ancestor. The
novelist's early education was at
Hackensack, N. j.
He attended Princeton Univer-
sity, Joined the Army in 1917 and
became a first lieutenant. Return
ing, he sought literary career in
New York, won attention with sew
eral short stories, and jumped to
prominence in 1920 with This Side
of Paradise"-which ushered in the
flaming youth" period in fiction.
Hailed as Social Document.
The hero, Amory Blaine, of This
Side of Paradise" was somewhat a
composite of "all the sad young
men, of the unsettled postwar
"fapper" era and the novel became
sort of social document, in critical
estimation.
At 26, Mr.. Fitzgerald was in
who's Who" listed as a Socialist
in politics. A critic at that time
described his works as documentary
lin their vivid presentations of ado
lescent life, its turbulent spirit,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1940-12-23

swift tempo. charged atmosphere,
excuses and boldness, as we'll as
its uncertain psychology and CROP
ings to know itself in new and
unadjusted conditions"
Other successes followed, such as
"Flappers and Philosophers" THE
Beautiful and Damned" TALES of
the Jazz Age" 1.-The Great Gatsby"
and "All the Sad Young Men"
His last books were Tender Is
the Night" Q934) and Taps at
Reveille" (1935). He recently fin
ished script, 1.-THE Light of Heart"
for Goth Century-Fox Studio.
Stricken Seven Weeks Ago.
Ill since a heart attack seven
weeks ago, he apparently was re-