davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1940-05-24
ALLIED BIG GUNS
POUND AT NAILS
But They Fail to Stop
Them as They Pour
Through Gap
BY NJ. 8. HANDLER
UNITED Press STAFF Correspondent


Paris, May 24-(UP)-New Ger
man mechanical and motorized
units are driving northwcstward
toward the channel ports through
the Somme- Arras gap In the Allied
lines under terrible rain OF fire
from Allied heavy guns and air.
planes, q military informant said
today. The entire gap between the
Allied army OF the north, withdraw
ing from Belgium, and the main
French army, the army Of the south,
was ! ow under a violent Allied
bombardment by Allied artillery and
airplanes, 1t was asserted.
Nevertheless, the military Inform
ant said, the Germans persisted in
a desperate race through the
Somme-Ar gap in an attempt to
reinforce their men on the coast.
1t was said that the attachments
were small and that many OF their
units had been destroyed.
Situation Confused
The general situation IN the
Boulogne and channel port areas
generally was confused because Of
numerous running fights between
German attachments and Allied
forces, the military informant said.
The progress of German detach-
ments toward the channel was de-
scribed rather as an escape through
the Allied fire than an advance in
force.
The Allies it was said. had now
reduced from IS to Is miles the
gap between their armies between
the Somme at the Arras area after
taking Arras ard extending their
front TO the Arras-Bapaume road.
Heavy fighting continued in the
Valenciennes- Cambria region on the
CONTINUED OF Page 81
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1940-05-24
JUST
ESCAPES DEATH
Twenty Gunner Attempt
to Shoot Him Down in
Mexican Home
BY ED MORGAN
United Press staff COrrespondentl

Mexico City, May 24.-(Up)-A
band OF 20 unidentified gumen In a
swift 4 q. m. raid poured machine
gun fire into Leon Trotzky's bed
room today In an unsuccessful at
tempt to assaSsinate him.
Trotzky and his wife, who were
unhurt, rolled from their bed and
lay on the floor while gunfire rat-
tied at their suburban Coyoacan
villa for nearly is minutes.
One guard, Archie Sheldon, was
kidnapped by the raiders, all OF whom
were described as speaking Spanish,
Sheldon was the object Of @ Vide
spread police search.
In q statement TO the press Trot-
zky said that the dawn attack was
organized by the GPU (Soviet secret
police under the direct supervision
Of Stain himself"
Nothing else Is possible, because
OF the character OF the assault"
Trotzky said. He said that no blame
could be attached TO Mexican poll
teal groups because he had no
enemies among them.
Tried TO Burn Him
One Of Trotzky's guards said that
In addition to using machine guns
against Trotzky the raiders carried
q thermos bottle filled with incen-
diary liquid which they tossed into
the Tortzky home. Two small fires
were started next to Trotzky's bed
room but his wife, Natalia, quickly
smothered the flames with q blanket.
The raiders apparently resorted
to a ruse To enter the Trotzky home,
which Is surrounded by a high bar
ricade and guarded by five Of Trot-
zky's personal bodyguards inside and
by special patrol Of Mexican police
outside.
A guard said that the raiders first
overpowered and bound five police
men outside the villa and then en-
tered the grounds. Some, 1t was re-
ported, were dressed in police uni
Continued on Page q
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1940-05-24
GERMAN ARMIES
DRIVING AHEAD
First Trap Half Million OF
Men-T'hen Start Bomb
ing of England
BY FREDERICK G. oECHsNER


United Press STAFF Correspondent
With the German Army on the
Western Front, May "a (UP)-
Thirty minutes by air from England
now, two German armies are driving
TO trap 100000 British, French and
Belgian soldiers with the expecta-
ton that II they succeed, the Ger
man air force may bomb England
within eight days, German army
and air force men said today.
The Germans assert that they have
pocketed % Allied divisions, includ-
ing almost the entire British ex-
peditionary force, five Belgian d.
visions and some French divisions,
as the result OF their motorized dash
TO Abbeville on the French channel
coast.
(Other sources In Berlin estimated
the "entrapped" Allied forces at
from 100000 to 100000.
General Georg Won Kuechler,
commanding the Antwerp army, told
me and other foreign correspondents
that his forces were cutting their
(Continued on Page 81
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1940-05-24
GIRL DANCES HER
WAY TO DEATH

London, May 24-(UP)-London's
jitterbugs recorded their first war
time casualty today, i9-year-old
girl who danced her way to death.
Coroner DIR. Whitehouse returned
verdict of accidental" in the
death Of Virginia Guidotti who died
after a fall suffered while litter
bugging.
Her partner, Henry Cox. gave q
demonstration of the swing and
sway dance at the coroner's inquest
"Its peculiar" the coroner re-
marked. "and very vulgar
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1940-05-24
TREASURY BALANCE

Washington, May 24-(UP)-Gov-
eminent expenses and receipts for
the current fiscal year through May
22, compared with a year ago:
rhis Year Expenses Last Yenr
b8.432,S74,376.35 $S,135,S39,227.S1
Receipts
55,O74,190.735.S5 93,6S2,6i2.70
Gross Deficit
S3,35s. 6s3. $4,000 ss.142,15s.s15.11
Net Deficit
j3,277,519.740.5O $3.105, 2O1. 015.11
,2,Os6. s5s. 575.5s s2,S72,sss. oe5.Os
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1940-05-24
THE WORLD WAR
Is YEARS AGO,
MAY "a, 1915
INV United Pressl

Germany severed diplomatic
Eshtions with italy.
ia United states proclaimed
memermllty IN war between Italy
and Austria Hungary.
Rattle Of Beilewaarde Ridge On
Western Front.
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1940-05-24
MOST TERRIBLE
GERMAN WEAPON
Flame Throwing Tanks
Burn Towns; Veritable
He'll for People
BY RALPH HEINZEN
limited Press Staff COrrespOndent)

(Unlteu f'reSS otaIt NOEEcspOHuchV
Paris, May 24.-OP)-The newest
and most terrible of Germany's me-
chanized land weapon is the flame
throwing tank, a fast, light, cab-like
engine of destruction which can
consume towns, visit veritable hell
upon occupants Of defense classmates
and spread eXcruoiating death
among soldiers in the field.
These mobile fiame-hurlers made
their appearance ON French battle
fields after the advance OF Ger
many's heavy armoreG tanks had
been slowed IN places by refueling
necessities.
With their protruding, cannon
like muzzles. operated by asbestos
clad specialists. they took the offen-
sive at a time when the French
claimed that the Germans had lost
more than i.400 tanks, armored cars
and other mechanical weapons IN
10 days OF battle.
A
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1940-05-24
Arrests Rumored
At Southbury On
Hospital Project
First Report Said IA WOrkmen Were Arrested for
Theft OF Materials at Project-Nne to Be
NJ Arraigned Tomorrow

With rumor rampant that IA men have been arrested
by state police at the Southbury Hospital project charged
with theft of materials these the reports the Demo-
crat obtained today The office of the superintendent at
the project eve know nothing about It, AS far as we
know everyone working and has been arrested
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1940-05-24

We feature daily and Sundays Fresh
Hot Rolls. Open Sundays 4 .. IN. TO u
p m. Schuelder's. ss q. hiain Sts-Adv
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1940-05-24

Take summer IN your stride In
dashlng whl Red Cross shoes. $3.50
pr. st I. solo 60. Grand sL--Ady.
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1940-05-24
CONTINUED on Page y

Add distinction 20 that bridal or
graduation glfl by selecting " ~
Pierpont's. $50 Bank St.--Adv.
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1940-05-24
The Weather

Occasional Rain for To.
night, Saturday
Full Weather Report on Page .
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1940-05-24

Continued on Page 81
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1940-05-24

Continued on Page q
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1940-05-24

CONTINUED OH Page 81
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1940-12-05
e ENTERTAINER APPEARS
AT HIGH SCHOOL

Appearing at Dickinson Memoir
ial High School on Wednesday
morning was Viera, nationally
known magician and comedian.
With him this season was two
additions to his troupe, Tippe,
the guitar playing monkey. In ad
dition to playing the guitar, this
monkey shot a gun and rode b.
co, his dog friend, in cowboy
fashion. The trained dog did high
jumping, dancing, writing, null
tiplying, adding and subtracting.
Without doubt this was the
best pair of trained animals ever
to appear in this section.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1940-12-05
DeadwoOd Dick

Richard w. Clarke. a frontiers
man Of the Black Hills district, was
known as Deadwood Dick. He be-
.ame a noted character in the West,
taking part in the Sioux wars, act
ing as express guard on stage
coaches and aiding United States
marshals in SURPRISING lawless-
ness. His alliterative name was
popularized by dime novel writer's.
He died in 1890.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1940-12-05
Floating Dock

Secrecy surrounded the destina.
ton of a large floating dock which
was towed from Portsmouth, Eng
land, recently, but rumor said it
was destined FOR Alexandria, Egypt.
Dockmen on board were provided
comfortable quarters, with SWIM
ming tank and a place to play
cricket and other games on the
dock.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1940-12-05
HE LIKES THE PAPER

Emery B. (Bub) Chase Of Nc
Weigh, KY, sent us a buck this
week to pay for another years
subscription to The Herald. Says
Mr. Chase: II want to congratu-
late you all for getting out such
fine little paper" Glad you
like it.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1940-12-05
MULLINS RIDGE

Mrs. Cynthia Farmer received
nice Thanksgiving present from
her sister, Vestil Cantrell.
Mrs. Wash Mullins and Mrs.
Junior Mullins visited Uncle Cas-
Artrip, who has been ill.
Mrs. Ona Farmer and Jerlean
Farmer visited at the home of
Mrs. S. T. Mullins.
The men of this section have
not been working because of the
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1940-12-05
Composite Photography

There probably were earlier ex-
periments of composite and trick
photography, but the most notable
examples appeared after the assas.
sination Of President Lincoln. There
was great demand for his pictures,
but there was none showing him in
the heroic postures which the Amer
lean people wanted. Earlier states
men had been painted in such poses.
So photographers took pictures Of
the posed, draped figures of such
men as John c. Calhoun and Henry
Clay and superimposed the head OF
Lincoln Currier & Ives had issued
a Autograph showing Lincoln's
deathbed scene with Vice President
Andrew Johnson present. After
ward, when Johnson became unpop-
ular and was impeached, the head
Of General Halleck was substituted
for Johnson's.
Chinook Winds
The chinook is wind which blows
from west or north over the Rocky
mountains, where it descends as
dry wind, warm in winter and cool
in summer. 1t is due to a cyclone
passing northward and continues for
few hours to several days. In
Oregon and Washington the term is
sometimes applied to warm, moist
southwest wind. The wind was so
called by the white settlers of AS
toria because it came from the de
rection of the Chinook camp.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1940-12-05
BEAR PEN NEWS

BEAR PEN NEWS
Mr.. and Mrs. Junior Mullins
and Mrs. Jim Artrip and family
visited at the home of w. R. Rob
inson over the weekend.
Mr.. and Mrs. Oliver Moore Wis
tied at the home of Harrison
Moore Sunday.
Mrs. Mary Haynes visited Mrs.
Lima Mills Saturday.
Lee and Jimmie Kendrick call
ed on Vadna Mullins Sunday
afternoon.
Mr.. and Mrs. Ersil Johnson
spent Saturday night at the home
of Willard Mullins.
Abe Mills has returned to West
Virginia after a visit with his
brother, Dick Mills.
The small child of Arthur Stan
ley fell from a chair and broke
its collar bone.
School News
On Tuesday night, Dec. 3,
large crowd enjoyed a moving
picture, showing the results OF
preservation and destruction of
our forests. It was shown by Mr..
Shipley of the Jefferson National
Forest Service. We hope he can
return soon with another picture.
The hot lunch project began or
Wednesday with Bertha Mae
Combs and Viva Lee Kendrick as
cooks.
We have begun work on our
Christmas program, which will be
on the last day of school before
Christmas.
Percentage attendance for No
vember was the lowest Of any
month this year. The average was
about IS per cent. An epidemic
of chickenpox was responsible.
The pupils of Bearpen, thru
penny donations, have become,
collectively speaking, a member
of the Red Cross.
This week we are buying 'ban-
gles'', the funds from which will
be used to fight tuberculosis.
Later we will buy Christmas seals
for the same purpose.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1940-12-05
bad weather.

DdO WGdLH0T.
Mr.. and Mrs. Cline Sluss and
Mrs. Ona Farmer visited Geo. D..
Mullins and family at Clinchco on
Saturday.
Mrs. Dollie and Ona Farmer
called on Mrs. Jerline Sluss on
Thursday.
Cline and Charlie Sluss visited
at Clintwood Saturday.
Miss Odell Branham spent Sun
day with Miss Fern Rakes.
Miss Arbutus Branham is
spending a few days with her sis
ter, Mrs. Ona Farmer.
Recent visitors at the home of
J. A. Branham were Mr.. and Mrs.
FREQ Farmer.
Mrs. Garland Sluss, who has
been sick for few days, is i'm
proving slowly.
Saturday night callers at the
home of Fred Farmer were Mr..
and Mrs. Cline Sluss, Jerlean Far
mer, Kermit Stone, Elmer Artrip
and Norma Sluss.
Elmer Artrip and Kermit Stone
visited Mr.. and Mrs. Garland
Willis Saturday.
Miss Garrett Hawkins and Fred
Mullins were baptized Sunday.
Miss Clercie Mae Sluss visited
Mrs. Cline Sluss on business last
Monday.
Mrs Cline Sluss visited Mrs.
Fred Farmer Monday.
Mrs. Charlie Sluss visited rel
atives on the river Monday.
Garland Mullins and family
visited his mother Sunday even
ing.
Miss Norma Sluss called on
Jerlean Farmer Tuesday after
noon.
Mr.. and Mrs. Tall Owens have
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1940-12-05

bid farewell to Mullins Ridge.
Price Owens was a Sunday
evening caller at the home Of MOI
ma Sluss.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1940-12-05
DWALE NEWS

Charlie Sluss and son were in
town Saturday on business.
Jerry Mullins visited homefolks
Saturday night.
Norma Sluss and Jerlean Far
mer visited Mountain View
School last week.
Mr.. and Mrs. C. P. Mullins of
Kingsport visited in the county
last week.
General Sluss of Pound River
had an old time corn shocking
last week.
The stork visited Mrs. Lonzo
Lyall last week, leaving a fine
baby boy.
Chester Smith accompanied
Jean Hawkins to church and back
home Saturday night
Mr.. and Mrs. Cline Sluss, Nor
ma Sluss and Geraldine Farmer
visited at the home Of Fred Far
mer Saturday evening.
Hansel and Haig Artrip visited
at Dwale Saturday night.
Our good friends, T. J. Owens
and wife Of Cranesnest have NOV
ed to their new home at Fleming
town.
Mr.. and Mrs. Jim Moore spent
Saturday night with Mrs. Moores
mother, and she returned the Wis
it Sunday.
Pryce Owens called on Norma
Sluss Sunday.
Albert Stone called on Exile
Mae Farmer one day last week.
Uncle Cas- Artrip, who has been
i'll for quite a while, is showing
no improvement.
Alfred Mullins of Tarpon has
moved into his new home.
Norma Lee Sluss spent Satur-
day night with Geraldine Farmer
and she returned the visit Sum-
day.
Elmer Artrip and Kermit Stone
visited relatives at Skeetrock on
Saturday night and Sunday.
w. P. (Uncle Wade) Kennecy
of South Pittsburg, Tenn, sends
IL.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1940-12-05

Entered as second class matter
Aug. IL, 1889, at the post office
at Clintwood, Va, under the Act
Of March 3, 1879.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1940-12-05

Published Every Thursday
In
BEVERLY'S PRINT SHOP
Clintwood, Va.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1940-12-05

OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES agngNM mwmuIm mmmmmllh
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1940-12-05

w. P. (Uncle Wade) Kennecy
of South Pittsburg, Tenn, sends
US a dollar this week with instruc
tions to send the paper his way.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-12-14
PRIMA AND BAND
 AT RITZ SUNDAY

Manhattan's Hickory House" and Famous Door succumbed to the thrills of Louis Prima and his or chestra who make their Ritz ball. room in Bridgeport tomorrow night, Toast of musicians and dancers trumpeter Prima has also appeared In motion pictures - in Rose of Washington Square" with Alice Faye. You Can't Have ESN,rliiing' and other hits. Then from his pro- life music pen came Sing Sing Sing" Where Have We Met Be- fore" and ITO You Sweetheart Aloah." Alternating between New York and Hollywood, Louis Prima though young in years has 8 career which would make any topnotcher enviouS.
 Saturday, every other dance is an enchanting waltz, played by the Casa Ritz orchestra. Cecil Golly and | his Three Cts, come Sunday De- cember 9, followed December 29 by those talented musical Twins Arthur and George Mcfarland Mac" and Joe" managing owners of the Ritz ballroom are getting ready for the grandest of the grand parties, the annual New Years Eve celebration. Oldsters and youngsters will enjoy the Square Sets anc Waltzes of Eddie Raymond and his orchestra at the Wednesday, Decem- Der IS.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-12-14
PARTY ARRANGED
 BY FLORIO POST.
Children to Be Guests of Italian=American World
 War Veterans

Plans are being completed for the holding of the annual Christ mas party to be held by Florio Post of the Italian American World War veterans of the U. s. and its Auxi- liary at Liberty Hall on Sunday af- ternoon of December 22nd at 3 p. m. The joint committee is headed by Sen. Vice. Commander John Feb- biani from the Post and Mrs. Philis Mangini from the auxiliary. The party will include distribution of gifts to children of members of the Post and Auxiliary and several needy children who will be invited.
 The Post recently voted donations to several charitable causes, irclud- ing the American Red Cross, Anti Tuberculosis league and the Salva- tion Army.
 Committees will also report at the next meeting of the Post to be held at the State Armory Friday night of December 20th on arrangements for the annual Christmas cheer cf the Post and Auxiliary at the New ington Veterans Hospital and the distribution of Christmas baskets to families of needy veterans in Wa terbury.
 Commander Eustacchio Schiappa will announce the names of all com mittees appointed by him at the next meeting. He has also started membership drive which will be directed by Sen, Vice Commander John Fabbiani.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-12-14
FIRE HYDRANTS
 BEING CHECKED
''Winterizing" Treatments Being Accorded as Matt
 ter of Precaution

Waterbury fire hydrants will be "winterized" to maintain their effec- tiveness in water pressure, Frank Cassin, assistant superintendent of the water department said today. Four men will start Monday to check hydrants for water above the main valve, and watch for corrosion which sets in and obstructs drain age is still in the hydrant above roughly about 1900 hydrants situat- ed throughout the city and if vast age is still in the hyddrant above the sidewalk drainage by pumping will be used. This will assure local fireInen of a steady flow of water and eliminate sub-zero weather from disrupting the use of the hydrant by freezing. If water, &C., cumulates in the hydrant, freezing
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-12-14
FIRE AUTOS IN
 TRAFFIC TIEUP Small Fire in Rear of Gar. den Building Results
 in HJarn0

Eleven companies of firemen re- sponded to a still and box alarm received within a short time of each other late yesterday afternoon to a slight blaze in an incinerator in the rear of the Garden Building at East Main and School streets. Traffic congestion resulted during the late rush hours as motorists were home -bound. Fire damage was slight, the marshaps office reported.
 A telephone call received at head quarters at 5:24 o'clock sent four companies to alarm. Two minutes later another alarm from box IT at East Main and North Elm streets sent another seven companies to the scene.
 An automobile owned by Albert Jenkins of 32 Hewey street, which was parked at Brown place caught fire as workmen were welding the cars gasoline tank, but was quickly put out.
 A sprinkler system in the Manu- lecturers Foundry Company, Rail- road Hill street accidentally went off strhmoning four companies of firemen to the scene. A slight rubbish fire in an in- cinerator at 352 South Main street was extinguished by firemen last night.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-12-14
GUARDS PLANNING
 FOR BIG SMOKER
Major Fox Directs Plans !;
 Camp Pictures Will Be , Shown

A smoker of the Sedgwick Guards to be held Dec. 20 in the mess hall at the armory was arranged last night when the committee com- pleted final plans. Maj. Peter E. Fox who heads the committee arranged at the meeting last night for a show ing of motion pictures of the 1889 and 1940 camps at Plattsburgh and Northern New York area. The smoker is for all present members of Go. c, 1O2d Infantry and former members only.
 Plans were also made to have vo- cal and instrumental music and pos sibly some boxing. Maj. Fox will act at master of ceremonies, and will have application blanks for enroll- ment in the Connecticut State guard at the smoker and those who wish to form a state guard unit composed of ex-national guardsmen will be in- vited to sign up.
 Sentiment for eX-guard units mas been shown and with the time for the departure of the 102d regiment definitely set. steps to form the new unit is expected to begin soon.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-12-14
sar s @ eo"r''tpt By His Excsnency RAYMOND E. BALDWIN Governor A STATEMENT

approach the brought problem the people Connecticut highways traffic multiplied the The many The pedestrian particularly has suffered because z 0 hs abnormal tahy situation More than hall of pedestrians December iaa veal enhe oi the year hundred and twenty-five seriously injured during the holiday period hope state And munsIPd dealing with traffic control problems of life and suffering averd this To that end these agencies led the Highway Safety Commission are planning state
 
 lo4 agencies help and driver and pedestrian coOperuon everyone recognize abnormal conditions precsuucn necessary All times M dus hn the people connec,sut with whom tradition give visible fellowship which bands them together during holiday period great eliminate suffering and death accomplished discussion the subject schools of Connecticut campaign impressed with the necessity of taking for the themselves and of others
 N,~-~ 2 R4.s.,.-
  Dated a Hartford, December l94o
 By His Exeelencys Command
 9~~~-- g. o$~H
The Waterbury Democrat., 1940-12-14
DR. STARECK SPEAKS
 ON COLOR PLATING

Dr. Jesse E. Stareck described the advances in the industrial field of color plating to the Waterbury Electro -Platers' Society last night at the meeting in The Elton.
 pr. 6tareck. who is an official of the United Chromium Corp. demon- strated his subject with display of numerous products finished in the newly developed color-plating pro- cesses.
 He explained that plating is a process in which manufacturers, through a simple, easily controlled electroplatlflg bath can finish metal surfaces in color. The speaker said that iis use makes possible the ob- tainiag from one plating solution any color from the spectrum. and results produced by sold plating and |oxidixlng.