davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1939-12-29
BY Stan Correspondent Of The Star.

BY Stan Correspondent OF The Star.
COLUMBUS, Ohio, Dec. 29.-Su-
pershell stars, an hitherto unknown
class of heavenly objects, were de-
scribed today by DR.. Ernest Cher
rington Of Ohio State University.
They are extremely hot stars
whose spectra show that they have
enormous atmospheres of luminous
gas expanding outward at velocities
of from 5 to so miles a second This
can be calculated by separating the
light from the surface of the star
from that of its she'll The brighter
the star, Dr. Cherrington found, the
faster the rate of the expansion of
its atmosphere.
The phenomenon is similar. but
on a greatly reduced scale, to that
of the spectacular novae, or new
stars, which occasionally blaze forth
in the skies and after a few months
fade to invisibility again. These
supposedly are due to some form of
stellar explosion.
With the discovery of the super
shells, DR.. Cherrington said, novae
may be considered as stars with the
same expanding atmospheres which
get so hot that the force of outward
expansion becomes explosive.
Time Interval.
At the same meeting DR.. Dean B.
Mclaughlin of the University of
Michigan reported observations on
the rate of increase and decline of
the light of novae which show that
the time interval from the maxi
mum to any stage in the decline of
the light is inversely proportional
to the square of the velocity of ejec-
ton of the gases. The brighter the
light the slower it fades.
This rule does not hold good, how
ever, for the supernovae, products
of the most titanic explosions in
creation, which in few days attain
a brightness equivalent to that of
the entire 100000, ,OOO OOO-star galaxy.
Observations of these in external
galaxies show that there is no re-
lation between the brightness and
the rate of its decline.
This indicates, DR.. Mclaughlin
said, that supernovae and ordinary
novae are altogether different kinds
Of explosions and that the former
cannot be considered as extraor-
dinarily great manifestations of the
latter.
Discovery of apparent fortifica-
ton systems within the body which
protect the brain and may save the
majority of the human race from
becoming helpless cripples was an
nounced before the American Asso-
citation for the Advancement of
Science here today by DR.. Albert
B. Sabin of the Rockefeller Founda-
ton.
These Notifications serve as bar
riers against the invasion of the
Evening star., 1939-12-29
Liechtenstein Students
Receive Princes Gifts
BY the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
VADUZ, Liechtenstein, Dec. 29-
Each of Liechtenstein's 1900 school
children found a present of S Swiss
francs (about $115) in an envelope
bearing the crown of this tiny prin-
cipality when they went to school
yesterday.
They were holiday gift from the
young ruling Prince, Francis Josef,
who has left his estate and castles
in Germany and moved into cas-
tie overlooking the principalitys IS
square miles, for the first time since
he was crowned his uncle's heir
last year.
Associates of the Prince said he
planned to make his home in Liech-
tenstein although his predecessors
spent most of their time in Vienna.
Evening star., 1939-12-29
SupersheN Stars Discovery
Is Described to Scientists
Hitherto Unknown Objects Have Vast
Atmosphere Of Expanding Cos

central nervous system by some OF
the most dreaded diseases known to
man, such as poliomyelitis and en-
cephalitis.
For some years it has been rec
ognized that in epidemics of these
maladies relatively few persons are
affected. The victims, in poliomye-
litis especially. are most likely to
be children. Those who escape ap-
parently are exposed to the same
degree as those who succumb. If
infantile paralysis broke out with
the explosive force of measles or
whooping cough it would mean all
entire generation of cripples and
would constitute one of the great
est catastrophes in history.
DR.. Sabin experimental with mice
and guinea pigs inoculated with
viruses of two similar animal NAL
aides, vascular stomatitis and the
equine encephalitis, which swept
through American horses few
years ago. He found that in mice
the degree of resistance to infec-
ton from the outside depended to
some extent on the age of the ami
mails. Inoculations were made in
the muscles, under the skin and in
the noses and eyes, The old animals
were relatively unaffected, while
the young died.
When DR.. Sabin put the virus
directly into the brain, however, the
old suffered equally with the young.
This indicated that the resistance
was not one of acquired immunity
of the whole system. Tracing the
progress Of the virllses along various
routes from the outside, he found
that they we're able to 60 certain
distance and then were stopped, as
if they had encountered an unsur-
mountable wall.
The experiments with viruses put
in the nose of the older mice were
striking The nose is practically
an open road to the brain. It is
believed to be the way in which
poliomyelitis and encephalitis make
their way into the human central
nervous system. He found that the
infections could go no farther than
the part of the brain known as the
rhinencephalon, where the brain
centers of smell are located and
which serves as sort of border
land of the higher cerebral areas.
Maginot Line Around Brains.
Whatever was responsible for
stopping the invaders in the rhinen-
cephalons of adults apparently was
not present in those of infants. In
guinea pigs, however, the same bar
rier was found in the young as in
the old. Nature has worked faster
in producing the necessary Maginot
Line around the brains of these ami
mails, so that it is completed by
the time they are born.
Three-legged and three-Winged
Evening star., 1939-12-29
Office Open tomorrow
For Late taxpayers
By staf Correspondent Of The Star.

By Staf Correspondent Of The Star.
ROCKVILLE, Md, Dec. 29.-The
county treasurer's Office will be open
tomorrow morning to receive tax
payments the last day before taxes
become delinquent, County Treas
urer John B. Diamond announced
today. Other Offices in the court
house will be closed.
Taxes which were due September
/ will become delinquent January l
and penalty and interest are added
after that date, Mr.. Diamond ex-
planned An additional charge for
advertising is added when delin-
quent taxpayers are published about
the middle of February.
Tax payments are running about
per cent ahead of last year and
are approximately IS per cent paid,
Mr.. Diamond said.
Evening star., 1939-12-29
Conditional Purdons
In Virginia Increase
BY the Associated Press.

BY tne Associated PreSS.
RICHMOND, Va, Dec. 29.-Ray-
mond L. Jackson, secretary of the
Commonwealth, said yesterday that
the number of conditional pardons
given Virginias prisoners this year
had increased over last year, but
that the percentage of increase was
in line with higher percentage of
commitments.
He urged that Virginia adopt
probation and parole system. Few
of the prisoners now released with
out subsequent supervision are re-
turned for new violations of the law,
and Mr.. jackson believed that,
with proper supervision, many more
penitentiary inmates might properly
be conditionally pardoned without
an undue number coming back"
Evening star., 1939-12-29

she said. and all schools will be
asked to help collect lone penny
from each child for each year he
has lived safely under our American
form of government"
Funds raised will 60 to Finnish,
Czech, Chinese, Austrian and other
unfortunate children, she told the
American Historical Association, to
show that "our neutrality is not an
excuse for being selflshly SAFE"
Evening star., 1939-12-29

The novelist listed as sponsors of
the movement Helen Hayes, Harry
Emerson Fosdick, DR.. George Butt
rick, President Conant of Harvard
University, william Green, president
of the American Federation of La
Dor; Dorothy Thompson and Alfred
E. Smith. She said Offices will be
in the Empire State Building, New
York City.
Evening star., 1939-12-29
Port of Shadows Wins
Foreign Film Honors
By the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
NEW YORK, Dec. 29.-"Port Of
Shadows" a French film made by
Jean Renoir, has been judged the
best foreign-language movie of 1899
by the National Board of Review,
an organization of women's clubs
and civic groups.
The foreign award was erroneous
" reported to have gone to "Har-
vest" which placed second to Port
Of Shadows" in the selections an
nounced by the board last Sunday.
Evening star., 1939-12-29
Guessed Wrono

ATLANTIC, Iowa (P.-John Alex
ander, %, has made his first New
Year resolution: To learn to dis
tinguish between toy pistol and
the real thing.
Alexander, a service station en-
ploye, picked up a small revolver
and thought it. was Christmas
toy-until he pulled the trigger. A
22-caliber bullet pierced his left
hand.
Evening star., 1939-12-29
'ChiIdren's Crusade
To Aid Wars Youth .

A "children's crusade" in America
to aid distressed children in war
regions Of Europe and Asia was an
nounced here yesterday by Dorothy
Garfield Fisher, novelist.
Seven days in April will be set
aside as Children's Crusade Week,
Evening star., 1939-12-29
Bonner Potent Year

The year 1899 has been q banner
one for inventors. Patent Commis-
sioner Conway p. Coe said yester-
day the 1890 patents issued in the
first II months Of this year ex-
ceeded the number for the whole
of 1898.
Evening star., 1939-12-29

SIGNS STADIUM George Allen left
singing petition municipal stadium, while Fred Pickett
the volunteer promoters of the project looks Mr.
Pickett and members of the Touchdown Club made up of
college football players have been campaigning for such
q stadium for the last two years. Star Sta6 Photo.
Evening star., 1939-12-29

A SPECIAL GROUP OF FULL DRESS
SUITS in all sizes. Regulars, 36 to
AZ. Shorts, 81 to AZ. Longs, 81
to42--No~ to AZ s3l.75
Evening star., 1939-12-29
s,.ts of Winfer Stocks for Men and Vomen
. Mems OVercOatS

Ne) s35 IMPORTED AND DOMESTIC
FABRICS in browns and ereys. Reou-
Iors, 1867, ] t30. z 1881, Z 1897,
(30. ] 1897, z (4o), | t42).
Now 1895
nol $40 IMPORTED SCOTCH CHEW
lots. Regulars, ! (30, ! 1887, |
!3el. ! !4ol. | t42). Longs, t30,
! 1887, t5e), | (4o). / t42).
No~ $3.50
uD s55 AND $40 DRESS COATS in
sineIe-breosted, fIy-front and double
breasted ChesterfieIds in oxford eroy
and blue. Longs and stouts only. Longs,
z t30, ! 1887, ! 1897, 2 (4O), Z
t42). Stouts, 1897, | (4o), !
(44) -------------Now s23.85
n3D $40 AND s45 FINE IMPORTED
SCOTCH TWEEDs. Regulars, | 1867,
! (30. z 1887, 2 1897, | (4O), Z
t42). Longs, (30, | 1887, z
'42 No~ s27.85
t25) $50 FINE IMPORTED SCOTCH
AND IRISH FLEEcEs in reeuIor, short
ond long nodeIs-----Now $3285
1857 S35 AND $40 FLEEcEs, in Ok
fords and blues and browns. All sizes
regular, short and long Now so 76
(42) $40 AND s45 IMPORTED AND
DOMESTIC FIBRES in regular, short and
stout -----------Now s3475
t4s) s45 AND $50 IMPORTED AND
DOMESTIC FLEEcES AND SHETLAkDS.
Remarkable values. Good size range.
N0~ 1875
Evening star., 1939-12-29

A SPECIAL GROUP OF TUxEDos in
black or midnight blue, single or
double breasted styles. All sizes.
Regulars, IS to AZ. Shorts, 81 to
~. Longs, 81 to AZ.
Non s26.75
Evening star., 1939-12-29

WOmen's Accessories
S5.s5 DOVE SUEDE ROBES in full Upper and
wrop-oround styles. Popular coIors. Sizes
II to 20
$lo.95 ROBES, kEGLIGEEs, in pink. royoI.
copen and raspberry fIonneIs, slipper sotins,
cheniIIes. Wrop-oround and Upper styles.
Sizes Y to 2o---------s7.59
$5.s5 and $3.50 BLoUsEs. mostly sotns,
some metoIIics included. Sen1i-toiIored and
dressy models. Light and dark shades. Sizes
81 to 4o----------------No~ So 20
So and 81 WOOL SWEATERS in cardigan
and puII-over styles, high shades. Long and
short sleeve models Sizes 81 to 40.
Non $1.89
$3.95 WOOL SKIRTS. solid coors and SNORT
tweeds in popular types Limited quantity
only Sizes 81 to SO Now ST 90
So SUEDE HANDBAGS in Ioree and small
styles in smortIy styled handbags in black
and new eoEors s----N No~ 81 .89
81 to Sl.15 TWO, THREE AND FOUR
THREAD HOSE. Discontinued shades in
broken sizes. Limited quontity -Now 20.
Evening star., 1939-12-29
. Mems TOPCOATS

. Mems TOPCOATS
(0 s2s.75 AND s35 sHETLAhDs in
brown, grey and heather mixtures. Reg
ulors, 1917, | t42), ! (44), t4o).
Shorts, ! t30, | 1887, (4o), !
(42), ] (4e)- )------No~ s19.85
u5) $35 1oPcoATs in brown, green
or grey; some with extro zp-in Innings.
Regulars, z t30, z 1887, I (39), Z
t4O), 2 t42). Shorts, 2 t4O), 8
t42). Longs, 1887, | (4o), z
t42) -Now 50 50
uD $40 FINE cHEVIoTs AND WoR-
sTEDs in green and ton. Regulars,
1887, ! (42), (44). Shorts, ! (30.
! 1887, ! 1897, | t42). Longs,
(50, z 1887, t4o' -No~ $685.
CD sze.75 AND s35 TWEEDs,
FLEEcEs AND cHEvIoTs.
Now s24.75
t42) $50 IMPORTED FLEEcEs in rich
shades Of grey, blue and ton. All sizes.
Regular, short and long Now $44 76
tze) s45 AND $50 CAMEL HAIR
ToPcoATS in natural shades only Reg
ulor, short and long--Now $36 26
Moose Pass miner., 1939-06-10
Considerable land scape

Considerable land scape gardening is going on at Mel son's Store. A retain ing wall has been built of stone facing the highway,t ( insure the land scape stay ing in place. Lattice work fences the front porck and there will be porch boxes of nasturt iums atop the lattice.
Moose Pass miner., 1939-06-10

Mrs. Clarence Scheiber and Mrs. Ant oine Velanis spent Friday in Seward.
 Levi s Tu1are went to hi Grant Lake property Friday morning tolremain until Sunday.
Moose Pass miner., 1939-06-10

Mrs. James. H. Pierce returned to Moose Pass on
 Wedne sday night s train
 from Anchorage. She is the guest of Mrs. Glen Collins until the windows have
 been placed in her own new home.
 Mrs. Cal M. Brosius of
 Seward, Mrs. Donald Macdon1 a1d of Fairbank s, Miss Met d Bloom of Fairbanks and Le o1 Urbach of Seward paid the Moose Pass Miner office a call last Saturday after noon. All but Mrs. Bros jus sailed for the States on the A1eutian. Mrs. Mac \ donald to join her hu sband in New York, Miss Bloom ,whd teaches in Fairbanks, for a vacation trip and MT. Ur1 bach to attend the nat ona1| grand lodge of A.F.& AIM. at Tac oma.
 Soon the mining tfit 8 operati ing up the Johnson Pass road can cross Canyon Greek with their equipment and supplies. Ted Boyd, who has staked the Lynx Greek claims, made his own "bicyc1e bridge" and has moved provi si ons enough fo1 a start.
 Mrs. Oscar P1 bowman of Lawing, is cooking for the crew at the Oscar Dahl mini ing property.
 A daught CT was born to Mir. and Mrs. Robert DeFrand of Hope, at Seward Generel hospital June l. I
 Mrs. Clarence Scheiber and Mrs. Ant oine Velanis spent Friday in Seward.
 Lewis Tu1are went to hi $ Era nt I,oke nronartv Fri 5aV
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1939-12-15
Farms Reservoir, Wallingford.

Farms Reservoir, Wallingford.
Old Marsh Pond, Bristol and Ply
mouth; Patagansett Lake, East
Lyme; Peat Works Pond, Meriden
and Berlin; Quassapaug Lake, Mid
dlebury and Woodbury.; Wuonno-
paug Lake, duilford; Roseland Lake,
Woodstock; saltwater Pond, Tor
rington; Tankerhoosen Lake, Ver-
non; Taunton Lake, Newtown; Wat
ties Pond, Newtown; winchester
Lake, Winchester; West Hill Pond,
New Hartford; Wononscopomuc
Lake, Salisbury; Good Greek Pond,
Norfolk, and Mashapaug Lake,
Union.
In the following lakes restricted
Ice fishing will be permitted: Column
bia Lake, Columbia, fishing permit
ted TO January ! only, pickerel IA
inches and over, creel limit six; yel-
low perch, seven inches and over,
creel limit 10. Shaw Lake, East Had
dam, fishing January to January
81 only, limited to three tipups TO
the licensee, pickerel 10 inches and
over, five O day; yellow perch, eight
inches and over, IS q day. Waum-
gumbaug Lake, Coventry, fishing on
Tuesdays, Thursdays and Sundays
only, pickerel, 10 inches and six per
day.
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1939-12-15

Heavy Traffic Toll in December Is DepOred- Deaths
This Year Running About Same as In 1888

hicle administrators and highway
patrol chiefs Of all states 70
the mayors and police chiefs Of ell
cities over 10000 population to
the thousands Of safety council one
cials and safety contact men. In adj
dition, the campaign Is being laid
at the door of every man and wO-
man In America, with q personal
appeal to drive and walk safely this
month.
1.-THE December traffic toll must
be drasticallyAr reduced" said Colonel
John Stilwell, president Of the Ma
tional Safety Council. III II ls not.
and the 1889 deaths exceed the
number IN 1888, the saving In life
last year will be in effect only Q re-
prieve from death. Everything de-
ponds on this final month.
"Sleet, ice, snow and fog soon
will make highways doubly danger
Gus. Darkness comes earlier. Then
there Is the Christmas rush and
hustle, the spirit of conviviality, the
fever of excitement and the natural
tendency to be lenient toward traf.
&c offenders because of the genial
ity of the season.
Last year we proved that Q
steady increase In the trafilc toll
was not inevitable. This year we
must prove that a steady decrease
can be accomplished"
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1939-12-15
Mr., MRS. CLUB.
TO HOLD MEETING.
Church Group to Have
LunCheOr-GirI Scouts
to Repeat Play

The Mr.. and Mrs Club Of the
Second Congregational church win
have covered dish luncheon and
Christmas party In Davenport hall
next Wednesday evening. Supper
will be served at $50 o'clock, fol-
lowed by the party which will In
clude dancing, carol singing and fun
around the Christmas tree.
The Second church Girl Scouts
will repeat their play, Mother
Qoosa's Party" Sunday noon In
Davenport hall for members Of the
junior department.
Charles M. Sutherland will speak
on Christmas Reveries" Sunday
evening at the Pilgrim Fellowship
meeting at 8 o'clock In the Second
church chapel. Miss Isabelle Nc.
Guffle will sing several Christmas
carols.
A Christmas carol and candlelight
service will be held In the church
auditorium on Christmas Eve. The
senior, intermediate and junior
choirs will take part, assisted by the
soloist, Mrs. Frederick Nuhn, soprano,
Mrs. Foster, contralto, Mr.. Boyd,
tenor, Mr.. Bentham, baritone and
Miss Betty Mink, harpist. There will
be antiphonal choral work, double and
triple choir numbers and q harp
solo silent Night" by Miss Mink.
This will be a service entirely new
In character 10 Second church and
all indications point TO O very beau
tiful and impressive service. Mr..
Jensen and Mr.. Coonlbs will be In
charge.
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1939-12-15

Chicago, Dec. Is - stop the
Christmas carnagel
The National Safety Council
made that appeal today to the
drivers and pedestrians of the coun-
try in an effort to cut down the
heavy December trafflc toll.
Each year, the council pointed
out, the Christmas spirit Of peace
on Earth, Good win Toward Men"
undergoes an ironic transformation.
II Is converted by the very genlality
and excitement Of the holiday sea-
son into suffering and sorrow
through wholesale slaughter on the
streets and highways.
The nationwide campaign being
conducted by the Council and par
ticipated In by 80 other national Or
CARNATIONS has two-fold siHni-
tlcance this year.
Not only Is 1t aimed OF the blight
on Christmas happiness, but II Is a
last-ditch fight to prevent traffic
fatalities this year from exceeding
last years total.
Trafflc deaths this year are about
even with 1888. The margin Of diff
ference Is so slight that December
will tell the story whether the
nation will reduce Its traftlc toll for
the second consecutive year, or
whether part Of last years gain will
be lost.
Last year $3.50 persons died IN
December trafiic mishaps. Expert
ence shows that the December
death rate on a mileage basis Is one
third higher than the average for
all months. The month when Joy
and happiness should reign I'M
touched by tragedy is more than
one and q half times as hazardous
as the safest month-June.
Why this Yuletide massacre?
The Council blames bad weather,
more hours Of darkness and the
Christmas holiday rush.
To thwart these traffic bugaboos
the Council Is taking Its campaign
straight to the governors, motor ve-
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1939-12-15

fishing, golf, and Indian Summer II
Connecticut. The viewpoint pro
gram adopted by the commission
includes:
/. TO promote and develop
salt water fishing facilities IN
order that Connecticut may get
o larger share Of the 81 900 ,0o0,-
900 spent each year by fisher
men.
2. Promote the game Of golf
by setting forth Connecticut AS
O golfers paradise with 1873 UNI
excelled courses; to encourage
and develop tournament golf as
q means OF attracting more va
cation golfers to Connecticut.
3. TO develop the indian
Summer season as the ideal time
In which TO visit and vacation In
Connecticut.
A. To assist In promoting,
publicizing and developing
recreationai events, festivals
and celebrations throughout
Connecticut.
5. To enlirt the aid of wo-
mems clubs and civic organi-
cations In a movement to beau-
tify the States public areas and
to preserve and promote Our
historic silrineS,
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1939-12-15

"1he industrial development de-
parttnent and the planning division
have already begun compiling all
industrial atlas Of Connecticut"
Chairman Role said. Estate and
federal funds have been made avail
able for rnuch-needed research work.
Public and private agencies now
furthering Industrial development
In Connecticut are cooperating with
the Commission not only In bringing
new concerns to this state but in
promoting the profitable develop
1nent In industries now operating In
Connecticut.
"Our program" Mr.. Role said,
"is designed to produce concrete
results In agriculture and recreation
as well as in the industrial field"
Immediate detectives for the In
dustrial development Of Connecti-
cut as adopted by the Development
Commission are:
l. TO induce the location OF
new manufacturing and COM
mercial enterprises In Connec-
ticut.
2. To maintain a centralized
index file Of vacant industrial
plant facilities and suitable In
dustrial sites; to analyze prod
ucts now manufactured IN
Connecticut; to secure and
employ factual data through
study and research TO support
promotional efforts.
3. To enlist the aid Of direct.
ooordinated action OF public and
private agencies In furthering
Industrial development through
out the state.
A. To promote profitable de-
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1939-12-15
OUASSAPAUC OUT
TO ice FISHERIES
n Other State Ponds Are
Closed Including Cedar
Lake, Bristol

Closing Of 20 ponds to Ice fishing
was announced by the State Board
Of Fisheries and Game today, and
at the same time special regulations
on three other bodies OF water were
made public.
The ponds which will be closed To
Ice fishing are Beardsley Park Pond
Bridgeport; Besseck Lake, Middle
field; Burr Pond, Torrington; Cedar
Lake, Bristol and Wolcott; Cream
Hill Pond, Cornwall; Day Pond, Col
chester; Gardner Lake, Salem:
Greenfalls Reservoir, Voluntown;
Halls Pond, Eastford; Hatch Pond
Kent; Holbrook Pond, Hebron;
Manitook Lake, CRANKY; North
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1939-12-15

velopment Of manufacturing and
and commercial enterprises now
operating In Connecticut through
participation In youth craft
training movements.
The agricultural development
which will be under the
direction Of Sidney A. Edwards
former deputy commissioner o.
agriculture and now managing di.
rector Of the Development Com.
mission, includes the following:
/. To develop broader market
outlets for Connecticuts Off
cially graded and identified farm
products through cooperation
with organized groups Of pro-
ducers, distributors, and con.
sumers.
2. TO develop broader mar
kets for Connecticut's forest
products by participating In o
statewide survey to ascertain
possible Industrial needs.
3. To explore possible advan-
tages OF part-time or subsist.
ence farming as O means 0f
furnishing additional income
for city workers, encouraging
home ownership, and q more
efficient use Of idle land within
easy access OF industrial
centers.
4. Encourage future rural
leadership by giving special
recognition TO the outstanding
achievements OF Connecticut
youths.
The program for recreational de-
,elopment lists as immediate objec-
ives the DEVELOPMENT OF saltwater