davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1939-01-30
Science
Continued From First Page)

did not know that it was being
guarded with such care.
Prof. Rosenfeld stopped at Prince
ton University and told some ac-
quaintances there of the strange
thing that had happened in a
Berlin laboratory. A quiet tip was
given to Prof. Enrico Fermi of the
University Of Rome, this years Nobel
Prize winner and now a visiting
professor at Columbia University.
He Immediately started his COL
leagues, equipped with an 5000 600
volt cyclotron, on the problem.
Bohr and Fermi both came to
Washington last Thursday. The
Danish physicist did not know that
the secret was out until he talked
with Fermi at George Washington.
Then he proceeded to tell the whole
group what had happened. Sitting
in the meeting were physicists Of the
Carnegie Institution Of Washington,
caught at a disadvantage because
their great demonstrating machine
first put into operation two months
ago was temporarily out of order.
All day Friday and all Friday
night they worked to get it in shape
and the final triumph, kept secret
at the time, came Saturday night
At about the same time unknown to
DR.. Fermi who was Immediately
brought from his hotel to witness
the Washington results, his own
colleagues at Columbia, Drs. ]. r
Dunning and G. B. Pegram, had
gotten the same results and Johns
Hopkins University chemist, Prof
Fowler, had accomplished the same
thing in a different way.
Experiments With Ekauranium.
1t first happened, as the story now
develops, at the Kaiser Wilhelm In
stitute in Berlin about three months
ago. DR.. G.. Hahn, chemist, was ex-
perimenting with ekauranium-the
synthetic element first produced by
Prof. Fermi three years ago by
bombarding uranium with slow
neutrons. Hahn found some Of the
chemical element barium In his
residue.
The German is q chemist, not q
physicist. He couldn't believe his
eyes, or his test tubes, and believed
that some barium impurity had been
in the uranium in the first place
He kept it to himself, except for
letter to DR.. Lise Mitner, formerly
his associate, now in exile in Sweden
because of her Jewish blood and
her associates say, almost heart
broken because of the interruption
of her life work.
She had a different idea and
communicated with Prof. Frisch
one of Bohr's associates in Oopen-
hagen. They saw the real picture
and told Hahn about 1t. Still he
was loath to let the world know
about it for fear of ridicule and
they promised to say nothing until
he had made some sort of publica-
ton.
Thus it stood when Bohr ane
Rosenfeld came to America last
week.
The exiled woman had come te
the conclusion that Hohn's bariun
was not an impurity In the uranium
that instead the uranium atom ha.
split in two, one half becoming
barium and the other half some
other element. presumably masy.
rum, one of the rare earths and
about the rarest Of a4 the substances
Evening star., 1939-01-30

in the atomic table. For this to
have happened would have required
an energy of more than 200,000,000
volts, such power as supposedly
could be produced only In the hot
interiors of the stars.
Perhaps never before has so SEN
sational an announcement been
made at gathering of scientists
without any warning. But up to
Saturday night 1t was still a theory.
Hahn had gotten no indications OF
any energy release at all. The veri-
fication OF the report came only late
Friday with communication from
the Berlin laboratory.
First the Washington physicists
produced with their atom-cracking
machine q supply Of slow neutrons.
Then supply OF uranium was
placed in an ionization chamber.
Uranium, heaviest of the elements,
has the property of shooting of
alpha particles, or nuclei of helium
atoms, into the atmosphere. In this
way it breaks down into radium,
which eventually breaks down into
lead. When these particles are shot
of they 'ionize", the atoms of the
air in the immediate vicinity-that
is they knock of some Of the
outer electrons Of these atoms and
this causes variation in an electric
current passed through this air.
These can be picked up by an
| amplif1er and measured.
The ordinary energy release Of
the uranium was thus measured.
There was the expected series Of
''kicks," all in the neighborhood Of
100000 volts. Then stream of the
heavy neutronS was turned on the
uranium In the ioniZation chamber
with an energy of 100000 volts
behind 1t. Immediately the thing
happened. A series of "kicks" oc-
Cured far beyond any capacity to
measure them. They ran in the
neighborhood, it was reported to-
day, of 50,0O0,OO0 volts, 50 far as
they could be measured. Since it
was possible to measure only one
half the reaction the probability is
that the energy release was very
close to 200,000,000 volts, If not a
little more. Various very difficult
technical problems remain to be
worked out before there can be
an accurate estimate of the voltage.
Two young physicists, Drs. Richard
B. Roberts and r. c. Meyer of the
Carnegie staff, actually saw the
thing when it happened and they
apparently just escape being the
first human beings in earth to
witness the release of atomic en-
ergy. Now, it. appears, it was wit
messed at Columbia little earlier.
There the uranium was bombarded
with an energy of about 5000, 900
volts. Only about 10000 volts were
used for the bombardment at the
Johns Hopkins laboratory.
The technique of the experiment,
it was revealed today, was suggested
by DR.. Fermi as soon as he heard
DR.. Bohr's report.
The suggestion was picked up at
once by DR.. John A. Fleming, di-
rector of the Terrestrial Magnetism
| AdUOI dCOIy, diIu OIS. MC11C AuVC,
L. r. Hafstead and M. r. Heyden-
burg, in charge of the atom smash
ing machine.
Meanwhile, it now appears, the
same thing was accomplished on
January 16 at the University of Co.
penhagen and kept secret. This was
revealed when DR.. Tuve called Prof.
Bohr at Princeton this morning. The
Danish professor had Just been in
formed by his asso tates.
Evening star., 1939-01-30
Hitler Urged, in Irony,
For Nobel Peace Prize
By the Associated Press.

6y tne Associated rrcS.
STOCKHOLM, Jan. 30-A Swed-
ish Senator ironically proposed Sat-
urday that the Nobel Peace Prize be
awarded to Adolph Hitler because
millions look upon Hitler as the
prince Of peace on EARTH"
Laborite Senator Brandt, a school
superintendent, in communica-
ton to the Nobel Peace Award COM
mittee said the German Fuehrer
saved peace at Munich last Sep
tember by desisting from action,
although he had the power to start
a new world war.
He suggested that British Prime
Minister Chamberlain, participant
in the four-power accord which pro-
duced CZecho- -Slovakia's dismem-
bernent, might get a small prize,
but that mo other name should
outshine Hitler's."
Evening star., 1939-01-30
Chamberlain 10 See
Cabinet Advisers
After Hitler Talks
Delays Writing Speech
To PurIiument Till
Address Is Made

BY the Associated Press.
LONDON, Jan. 30.-Prime Min
lister Chamberlain, facing opposi-
ton in a foreign affairs debate in
the House of Commons with a re-
shuffled cabinet, was represented as
much more concerned about the
speech Adolf Hitler makes tonight
in Berlin.
So vital vas Hitler's address to
the rickety European peace frame
work that Mr.. Chamberlain delayed
writing his parliamentary speech
until after Hitler has spoken.
Mr.. Chamberlain was expected to
confer with close cabinet advisers
Immediately upon the conclusion. OF
the Reichsfuehrer's remarks.
Bid for Peace Gesture.
In a conciliatory speech in Bir-
mingham Saturday Mr.. Chamber
lain invited Hitler to make some
peace gesture. Observers here, how
ever, were Skeptical about results.
Reassembling tomorrow after the
Christmas recess that began De-
cember %, the House Of Commons
will lose no time in going into what
is expected to be an angry debate
on foreign affairs. The members
are eager to hear Mr.. Chamber
lain's report on his talks with Pre-
mier Mussolini in Rome January
lila.
The plight of the Spanish govern
ment and Britain's attitude toward
Italy's colonial demands upon
France were among many foreign
questions to be debated.
Europe Is now waging war Of
words in an effort not to 60 to real
war. Following Mr. Chamberlain
and Hitler to the speakers rostrum,
Mussolini will speak in Rome We'd
nesday when the reviews Blackshirt
troops on the 10th anniversary Of
the Fascist militia.
May Clarity Demands.
II Duce may give clearer picture
Of just what concessions he wants
from France.
Further changes such as the Sat-
urday shake-up which brought Ad-
miral of the Fleet Lord Chatfield
into the cabinet as minister for CO.
ordination of defense, appeared un-
likely after conference between
Mr.. Chamberlain and r. s. Hudson,
secretary of the overseas trade de-
partment.
Mr.. Hudson was the leader of q
junior ministers revolt against pol
icies of War Minister Leslie Hore-
Belisha and Sir Thomas Inskip, for
mer minister for coordination OF
defense.
After the Chamberlain Hudson
conference authoritative sources
said Mr.. Hudson would stay in the
government. apparently acquiescing
in Mr.. Chamberlain's reiteration of
confidence in Hore-Belisha.
Evening star., 1939-01-30
New Chilean Quakes
Throw Stricken Area
Into Renewed Panic
ChiIIon and Conception
Rocked; Terror Spread
Among Homeless

BY the Associated Press.
SANTIAGO, Chile, Jan. 30.-New
panic was reported today among
survivors OF Chiles disastrous earth
quake after more shocks, described
as very strong" in the same region
where between $4,000 and 10000 al
ready had died.
The new temblors, lasting more
than two minutes, rocked Chillan
and Conception shortly before last
midnight, injuring 20 persons at
Conception and spreading terror
among the homeless sleeping in the
public plaza at Chillan.
Some sources said the new shocks
were almost as strong as those last
Tuesday, which destroyed Chillan
and left an estimated $4,000 dead
among the city's 10000 population.
There was little property left to be
damaged, however. At Conception
several more walls caved In.
Ground TrembIes Violently.
When the ground again trembled
violently, reports said, women and
children in Chillan screamed and
men fought to reach open spaces
safe from falling trees and crumbling
walls.
The earthquake climaxed repeat
ed, less severe shocks yesterday in
the quake area $50 miles south of
here.
The government, alarmed by the
increasingly difficult situation, called
Congress into extraordinary session
today to consider relief measures
Informed sources expected the Leg
islature to seek an emergency for
eign loan of about 1900 900 600 pesos
approximately $62, 100000.
The work of an army of carpen-
ters building mammoth wooden bar
racks to house the homeless of Chill
Ian continued.
Constant Epidemic Peril.
The carpenters in Chillan, as in
other towns, were Joined by troops
and civilian workman, who kept at
the task of removing the debris.
Bodies still were underneath and
there remained the constant danger
Of disease epidemics.
Medical supplies and food and
Evening star., 1939-01-30
Three Insurgent Armies
Advance korthword

BARCELONA, Jan. 80 (P).-InSur-
gent armies struck from three direc-
tions today in an effort to break
newly formed government lines
north of Barcelona and complete the
conquest of Catalonia, which, in
surgents predicted, would be done
within a fortnight
Forces moving northeastward from
Manresa pushed government troops
back to Moya village and captured
dominating positions, the insurgents
reported. Troops operating along
the highway beyond Granollers said
they dominated the town of Llenars
del Vallas, and other forces moving
up the Mediterranean coast ad-
vanced past Arenys de Mar.
A Burgos dispatch quoted the
insurgent high command that three
international brigades, apparently
newly organized by the government,
offered some resistance along the
Granollers-San Celoni road.
Most insurgent positions were said
to be within 81 miles of Corona, cap
ital of Corona Province. The city is
SO air miles northeast Of Barcelona,
occupied ThWsday, and on a main
highway to the French frontier.
Manresa is 80 miles northwest of
Barcelona. Moya is IS miles east
of Manresa and 20 miles north of
Barcelona. Granollers, IS miles
north of Barcelona. is ON an i'm
portant road to the north. Arenys
de Mar is Is miles northeast OF
Barcelona and on the coast.
Insurgent Generalissimo Francisco
Franco was pushing his drive rap
idly with the idea OF turning against
Valencia and Madrid If complete
success in Catalonia does not end
the two -half-year war.
Evening star., 1939-01-30

bella, Miss Andrea Leeds, Mr.. and
Mrs. Jean Hersholt, Miss Eleanor
Powell, Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Bellamy,
Mr.. and Mrs. Paul Whiteman, Eddie
LIE Baron, Frank Fay Mrs Edwin
Watson, Mrs. Louise N. Miller, La
Trianita, Mr.. and Mrs. Melvin c.
Hazen, Mr.. and Mrs. George E. AL
len, Raymond Keech, Maj. Horace
B. Smith, Miss Mitzi Green, Mr.. and
Mrs. Charles Pettijohn, Keith Nor
gan and Mr.. and Mrs. Harold v.
Smith.
Stars Begin Rounds at 9 PM.
The stars will start making their
rounds of birthday balls at pm.
Preceded by police sirens and law
ishly escorted, they will make their
rounds of the seven hotels where
balls will be held, put in appear
ances at the Earle and Capital the
aters, go to the White House to
hear President Roosevelt speak to
the Nation at 11:30 pm. and con-
tinue with their hotel visits until q
few minutes before 2 am, when the
$25 gold plate breakfast at the Carl
ton winds up the festivities.
Mrs. Roosevelt, as in former years,
will not be in the White House with
the President when he makes his
broadcast. She will listen to the
broadcast at the Wardman Park
Hotel Her route tonight will be
kept secret, although she will ap-
pear at all the hotels.
The balls will be held at the
Willard, Mayfower, Shoreham,
| Wardman Park, Hamilton, Raleigh
and Washington Hotels. Paul White
man and his orchestra will hold
forth at the Mayf1ower, while Eddie
LeBaron's Orchestra will provide
rhumba and tango music, to say
nothing of the simpler tunes, at the
Willard. Mr.. LeBaron also will
furnish the music at the gold plate
breakfast.
With the arrival of the stars, ticket
sales were booming. Tickets for the
balls cost $3.50 and are available at
the American Automobile Associa-
ton, the Young Mems Christian AS
sociation, the Army and Navy Club
the Keystone Automobile Club. the
larger department stores, practically
all hotels, and all police stations and
fire houses.
Admission to the Earle and Capt.
tol Theaters, where stage shows from
both theaters will be shown, is ST.
Red Shelton will act as master
of ceremonies at the Earle while
Roscoe Ates handles the same duties
at the Capitol.
Evening star., 1939-01-30

Indio's Population Grows
India's population is expected to
be 40G, ,000, 900 when the next census
Is taken, in 1941.
Evening star., 1939-01-30
Senator'S Wife Improves

Mrs. Isobel Lawton, daughter Of
Senator Smith, Democrat, of South
Carolina, said last night that her
mother, Mrs. Annie Farley Smith,
was much improved and that the
family hoped for an early recovery.
Mrs. Smith has been in Emergency
Hospital several days. DR.. Leonard
Ravenel, specialist Of Florence,
S. c.. came here yesterday at the
request Of the family.
Evening star., 1939-01-30
Missionary Convention

A five-day missionary convention.
starting Wednesday night. will be
held at the Arlington (VaD Church
of the Nazarene. Miss BERTHE Karns,
missionary to the Far East, will
speak at the opening session of the
meeting. The convention will be
preceded by a pageant, "A Greater
Vision" presented by IS young peo-
pie of the church, under the leader
ship Of Miss Olive Batterton.
Evening star., 1939-01-30

clothing are being distributed az
fast as they can be obtained from
Santiago and cities of the north.
The army was in charge of re-
Mobilization, and eight persons were
reported executed for looting and
profiteering in Chillan.
One amazing rescue was reported.
Chillan workmen said they found
alive 10-year-old boy, caught be-
meath the ruins Of the municipal
theater In which 100 persons were
killed.
Evening star., 1939-01-30
By the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
PERPIGNAN, France, Jan. 30 (H).
The Spanish government was re-
ported today to have smothered an
anarchist plot to gain control of the
refugee jammed town, Puigcerda,
just across the frontier from France.
Reports reaching the border at
Bourg- Madame said a short-lived
anarchist revolt was broken up last
night.
Refugees from Puigcerda the last
few days reported isolated clashes
between Communists and anarchists
in the town, which has normal
population of $500, but into which
$4,000 refugees have crowded.
Dispatches yesterday said Span
ish border guard was killed and an
other wounded in a fight with civil
ians.
An extremist military leader at
Puigcerda, a Maj. Quintila, was
reported to have imprisoned the
Republican mayor and other town
Evening star., 1939-01-30

l66, ,456 in Guatemala City
Guatemala City, Guatemala,
has a population Of 166,456, &C
cording to a census Just completed.
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1939-12-28
PINE COUNTY RURAL
SCHOOL NEWS
A. E. GUSTAFSON, County Supt.

Miss Mary Gallik, teacher in dis
trict 1875 east of Hinckley, almost
had serious argument with herd
of wild deer last week on her way
to school. One old patriarch of the
herd stood guard in the road, paved
the dirt and refused to allow her to
pass.
The number of pupils on the school
census lists, eligible to draw net in
come tax aid for the school districts
of Pine county are as follows: 1897,
1919; 1888, $685. and 1889, 1923.
The state pays $40 per child. The
first half, based on the 1889 census
($22, 640) will arrive within a week
or 10 days.
Most of the other aids earned on
last years school business (1938-39)
will arrive the early part of January.
This includes classification, supple
mental and transportation aids and
will net about $1O8 900 for Pine coun-
ty. Thus all school districts have
earned state aids last year that have
not yet been paid. Some have earned
more than others. Aids depend on
various factors.
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1939-12-28

on little Finland, a country having
a population of less than 100000
and whose citizens, along with the
other Scandinavian people, also
threatened by Russia's Communists,
are among the most friendly, kindly,
industrious, intelligent and honorable
of the races inhabiting the earth.
diplomatic relations between Rus
STA and all countries should be severed
until that country has a government
fit for decent people to live under)
The question uppermost in the
minds of all thoughtful persons at
this time is how can the reign of
terror instigated and directed by the
Communicated criminals in Russia
and Germany be brought to an end
and this earth once again be made
fit for men, women and children to
live in? The answer is, only through
the establishment of democratic world
government
For almost a quarter of century
the World Peace Association, now
cooperating in varying degrees with
more than 300 national and inter-
national organizations, operating in
Sc different countries, has advocated
the establishment of world govern
ment with an International Congress
as its highest legislative body, whose
members should be elected by the
people upon a proportional, moral
and intellectual basis and having SUI
preme authority to set up World
Courts, to create an international
Police, an International Naval and
Air Patrol and to deal with all in
ternational questions.
In order that beginning may be
made in this direction the World
Peace Association respectfully urges
the president of the United States
to invite representatives of all ma
tons to Washington, D. c., for the
purpose of devising ways and means
of making world government pos
sible. No time should be lost More
than half OF the entire worlds popu-
lation of two billion is at war. The
world is on fire-fire of the sword,
OF cannon, mine, torpedo and poison
gas, of hatreds and intrigues. Civil
cation is at the crossroads. The pres
ent world war is no longer one of
territorial conquest but death strug-
gle between democracy and the Com
munist-Nazi form of government
sustained by slavery, murder, pillage
and destruction. Against this bar
barrie and insane brutality all that
is good in humanity revolts. Man
kind is calling for world freed from
the curse of war and this can be
made possible only through law and
order and the establishment of a
united nations of the world.
CARL A. RYAN.
Jenkins, MINI.
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1939-12-28
Wealth Can Serve

We humans find our happiness in
various ways; some by giving, some
by doing and several of us by taking.
But we rather think and we hope
that the latter group is very much
in the minority, even in this world
of selfishnesS.
A wealth of this worlds goods can
be justified if it is used for spreading
comfort and cheer rather than fur
thering ones own selfish ends. The
trouble is that too many, who have
started from the common ranks and
who have gained wealth, forget that
they were ever in modest circum-
stances. But fortunately some do
remember and Immediately set out
to bestow comfort upon the less for
tunate.
Such an instance was the situation
in a little community near BemldJl
this Christmas and possibly in many
communities throughout the country;
but the one is worthy of special men,
ton.
It so happened that former gro
Gerry clerk rose to fortune and now
that he has wealth makes it his
annual duty at Christmas time to
send invitations to each family in
the little community to come to a
central place on Christmas eve when
Santa Claus will distribute useful
and needed articles of clothing.
Snowsuits for school children and
sweaters, gloves, caps and other arti-
Giles for the grownups are given out
with compliments from the donor,
but with no fanfare or flourish. The
people, generally, of course know
the giver personally as man of
wealth, but not of snobbishness He
is a regular fellow, say the citizens
and his neighbors, for he lives among
them many months of the year in a
lakeside home.
His deeds will outlive him and
after he is gone from this earth gen.
erations will speak of his service to
mankind and not of his wealth. Not
only does he give at Christmas time
to neighbors and friends, but his gifts
of candy to children throughout the
year brighten little hearts and his
lakeside camp is the free home of his
factory employees during the summer
vacation period where they rest up
with full pay.
If more wealth were to be used in
the above mentioned manner, less
suffering would be in evidence in
this world and more circulation of
the comforts of life would be en-
joyed. For a person who gets enjoy
ment in giving at Christmas time is
generally a person who will be hui
name the remainder of the year.
Giving is an art worth cultivating
and it will bring greatest happiness.
Try it!