davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Henderson daily dispatch., 1939-03-23
Italy King
Says France
KnowsClaiirn
Has Been Advised of
Italian Demands, Wit
terio Ernanuele Tells
Nations Legislators;
Pope Pleads for Peace

Rome, March % (AP) king
Vittorio Emanuele told the new
streamlined legislature today that
Italy had notified France of questions
dividing them, giving some of his lis
teners the impression his government
was awaiting French moves toward
settlement.
His Majesty, in a speech from the
throne, also said Italy wanted peace
to last ''as long as possible, so she
could develop her African empire,
but he declared it was necessary to
continue rearming "in the sky, on the
land and on the sea-"
Because the speech had the OBJ
vious approval Of Premier Mussolini,
diplomats considered it of hopeful
significance.
"Regarding France" the king said,
my government has made known
(COntinued on PaUo Thraol
Henderson daily dispatch., 1939-03-23
European Strife Makes
Orphans of Ambassadors

ing to war with us, isn't in such bad
shape. In situation of that sort it's
a point of honor for any government
to see that the opposition govern
ment's emissary in its midst is sent
home in style Back in World War
days, although we deported German
Ambassador Count Won Bernstorff,
we die it with every formal mark
OF respect; we treated him as a sure
enough mogul SO long as he was on
the job.
But diplomat whose domestic
rulership pops overnight is left IN
the position of man who has had
the ground suddenly jerked from
under him, with no place to land as
he falls. He isn't recalled. He simply
is terminated. He goes to bed an am
bassador or minister Extremely
prominent in official Washington
and he wakes up-nothing; country
Continued on Page Three)
Henderson daily dispatch., 1939-03-23

Memel, March 23.-(AP)-Adolf
Hitler formally welcomed Memel ter
ritory into the expanding German
Reich today, after receiving a tre-
mendous welcome here.
A few minutes after the fuehrer
landed at his new Baltic port, he
told Memellanders from theatre
balcony:
'In the name of the entire Ger
man people, I greet you and accept
you into the great German Reich.
Even IT our course does not please
another world, for this new Germany
some 8O,OOO,0OO stand sponsor.
You are frontier land and will
best appreciate having a great nation
behind you. A new community has
sprung from need and adversitv.
That no other power shall ever sub
Jugate us-for this we shall look
out
$50 greet you today as members
OF the German community-and as
the youngest citizens And Just as in
this minute, throughout the whole
(COntinl1ed IN Pooo TbrooN
Henderson daily dispatch., 1939-03-23
Legislature Gives Time
To Local Bills Solely
n-SlOvakia
Treaty Is Signed

Berlin, March 81 (AP) "A
treaty concluded today between
Germany and SlOvakia provides
that SlOvakia retain its status of
an autonomous sovereign state.
Germany establishes no formal
prOtectOrate over the region, as
she did in the case of Bohemia
and MOravia, but agrees tc protect
it in case of any attack from any
side whatsoever. Sl0vakia will
have its own foreign minister and
diplomatic representatives abroad,
according to the treaty.
Henderson daily dispatch., 1939-03-23
Place Check
On New Bills
In Assembly
Daily Dispatch Bureau
In the Sir Walter Hotel.
Rv HENRY AVERHT,

Raleigh, March % Seventeen
members of the current General As
sembly were yesterday named to full
time jobs, but unfortunately for this
year a score of lawmakers the posi-
tions involved nothing but plenty of
hard work, whole lot of criticism,
no thanks whatever and, worst OF
all, no pay.
The seventeen referred to are the
nine House members and eight sena-
tors named on the calendar commit
tees of the two branches yesterday.
In the House they are: Raymond
Continued on Page Four)
Henderson daily dispatch., 1939-03-23
BLUE MOLD FOUND
IN WAYNE COUNTY

Goldsboro, March % (AP)-
Farm Agent C. S. Mintz said today
blue mold had appeared in tobacco
beds in northwestern Wayne county.
He said the mold had infected small
plants, adding that it was unusual
for the disease to appear in the weed
until after some growth.
Henderson daily dispatch., 1939-03-23
OPEN BIDS APRIL 18
ON HILLSBORO ROAD

Raleigh, March 23.-(AP)-Chjef
Highway Engineer Vance Baise said
today that bids would be received
April 18 for grading and surfacing Of
four miles of Route 81 near Hills
boro, in Orange county, and for
similar work on about four miles of
a Pitt county road from Fountain
to the Wilson line.
Henderson daily dispatch., 1939-03-23
Fair Trade
Act Killed
In the House
Daily Dispatch Bureau,
In the Sir Walter Hotel.
RY LYNN NISRET

Raleigh, March 23.-Being unable
to determine whether Senate Bill
rs, locally known as "Sandy Ora
hams, bill'', was an unfair sales act
or fair sales act, and if so, who it
was fair or unfair to or with, House
members just washed their hands of
the whole business yesterday by re-
turning a hree-to-two vote against
it.
Mr.. Bryant, of Durham, admins
tered several Knockout blows to the
(Contin1ed on Page Fnl1rl
Henderson daily dispatch., 1939-03-23

whose home gov
ernment has just
blown up, leaving
him a foreign re-
preventative with
nothing to repres-,
ent. Minister Vladi
mir Hurban, of
what was Czecho-
Slovakia, is in this
fix in Washington
now. Uncle Sam
has had a number
of such derelects
on his hands in
recent years. A
Henderson daily dispatch., 1939-03-23
Menlel Talk
Viewed AS
Assurances
Fuehrer w e com e S
Baltic Port into Ger
man Reich and Says
No Power Will Dis
solve N e w Union:
Promises Protection
to Area

Memel. March 23.-(AP)-
Adolf Hitler concluded two
hour visit to this Baltic port, lat
est addition to his expanding
realm, when he departed at 4
p. M, today aboard a torpedo
boat for an undisclOsed destina-
ton.
Henderson daily dispatch., 1939-03-23
By CHARLES p. STEWART
Central Press COlumniSt

Washington, March 23.-About as
forlorn an Individual as one can
think of is diplomat far, far from
his native land
Henderson daily dispatch., 1939-03-23

diplomat whose government falls out
with ours, even to the extent of 60
Henderson daily dispatch., 1939-03-23
WEATHER

FOR NORTH CAROLINA.
Fair, not so cold in interior
and north portion tonight; Fri
day fair, warmer except in ex-
treme southwest portion.
Henderson daily dispatch., 1939-03-23

Continued on Page Three)
Henderson daily dispatch., 1939-03-23

Continued on Page Four)
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1939-02-08
he Citadel"
To 7 emple

1.-THE Citadel" based on the now
eli by DR.. A. ]. Cronin. returns to
the Beverly theater Wednesday.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer produced
this film at its British studio in
Denham, England, with Robert
Donat and Rosalind Russell in the
leading roles. A cast of more than
one hundred players appears in
support. principal among them the
well-known English players Ralph
Richardson. Rex Harrison, Emlyn
Williams and Penelope Dudley
Ward.
The dramatic story of a young
and obscure physician in the Welsh
collieries is revealed on the screen
with all the emotional power of
Cronin's outstanding novel. A
whole village was reconstructed
for one sequence and the depths
OF a coal mine are shown In an
other.
The gripping story Of an inno-
cent girl who gets into trouble and
becomes girl on probation"
also opens tomorrow at the Tenn
pie with Jane Bryan. Ronald Rea-
gan. Shcila Bromley. and Anthony
Averill. The girl. played by Jane
Bryan, finds il increasingly diff
cult to lose the stigma of being
a girl on probation, despite tile
love and aid of young lawyer,
played by Ronald Reagan How
she eventually wins out over such
adverse circumstances forms the
basis of this powerfully human
film.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1939-02-08
And Po,te Goddard At Music Box Starting TOMORROW

FIRST SHOWING


BILE Bash Rathbone.
Bella Lueosi and Boris Karloff
IN Son OF Frankenstein Il 80.
gao. Sis. s05. 100, also
Charlie RugRles and Make
Rosenbloom in His wild
Night" as. Alb. 7;l0. 1000,
LAKEwOoD-Eric Won Stro-
helm. Jean Grabin and Pierre
Fresnay in Grand Illusion"
7:30 and $50.
MUSIC BOA-Dick Powell and
Anita Louise In Going Places.
~ so. $3.50. TOO. 1000. also
Randolph Scott and Hope
Hampton in The Road TO
Reno. II 80 2 80. 5:35. $40.
RIVIERA-William Boyd and
George HAYES IN The From
tleTsman II 80. 2:05 $50.
7:30. 1918. also John Carroll
and Kay LInaker in Il Am A
Criminal" 1885, 80, 6;lO.
9 :56
ROXY - Virginia Bruce and
Fredric March IN There Goes
MY Heart" 1885. 400, TOO,
1910: also Preston Foster and
Slim Summerville in Up the
River" II 80. 2.35. $40. s:45.
RETURN SHOWING
BEvERLY-Ronald Colman and
Frances Dee in IT | Were
King" also Tom Brown and
ANDY Deyine in Swing That
Cheer"
TONMTSITS-Bette Davis and
Enrol Flynn In The Sisters.
also Gloria Stuart and Michael
Whalen in Time Out For
Murder"
KAY sTREET-The Lane Sis
ters and Claude Rains in -Four
Daughters. also Jessie Mat
thews and Barry Mckay in
Sailing Along"
PARK Chester Morris in
smashing The Rackets." also
Jack Oakie and Lucille Ball In
The Affairs or Annabell."
PROCTOR-Edw G Robin
son and Wendv Barrie in Il
Am The Law" also Ginger
Rogers and Fred Astaire in
Careifec.
REALART Joe Penner and
Kay Sutton in I'm from The
City" also Barbara Stanwyck
and Henry Fonda in The Mad
Miss Manton."
REN John Barrymore and
Marjorie Weaver in Hold That
Co-Ed," also Jack Holt and
Maria Ralston in Crime Takes
A Holiday"
sHELi-The Jones Family In
Love on A Budget" John Litel
in Missing Witnesses" also
Andrea Leads and owen Davis
Jr. in 1T Could Happen to
You "
SUNSET Barbara Stanwyck
and Henry Fonda in The Mad
Miss Manton" also Joan Wood
bury and Gordon Jones in
Night Spot"
Wallace Beerv and
Mickev Rooney In stable
mates. also Glenda Farrell and
Barton MacLane in "Torchy
Gets Her Man"
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1939-02-08
Dope Facts Barred
In New Picture

Assassin Of Youth" the full
length motion picture dealing with
the evils Of marihuana smoking
IL booked for its Northwest pre-
mier showing at the Riviera the
alter, beginning Friday.
The story of this picture con-
Germs youthful high school boys
and girls who become ensnared In
the habit Of smoking marihuana, a
''recfer" cigarct, for new thrill.
II contains its gripping tale of
q reporter assigned to uncover the
activities of small town high school
students believed to be using mari
huana. He finds and reports de-
plorable conditions driving the
young people to promiscuity and
even attempted murder and sui
eide.
Arthur Gardner. Laura Walters.
Fern Emmett and Earl Dwyer have
important roles In Assassin Of
Youth" The second feature on
the Riviera program will be Gang
Bullets" with Robert Kent and
Anne Nagel.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1939-02-08
Harry Langdon In
Comedy At Roxy

Harry Landon, famous "oaoy
face" comedy star, returns to the
screen after four years in Hal
Roach's There Goes Ny Heart, "
in which Fredric March and Viz
ginia Bruce are currently co-star-
ring at the Roxy theater.
And it was Nancy Carroll, who
is also staging a comeback in this
comedy romance, who brought 1t
about.
Langdon, who has been working
on the Roach lot as gag man for
the Laurel and Hardy unit, made
his last screen appearance with
Nancy Carroll
When the pair met again at the
Roach studio Nancy suggested That
Langdon be tested for the role OF
the minister who marries Fredric
March and Virginia Bruce. He was
and the role was his.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1939-02-08

with the sweetheart Of her dreams,
a handsome and wealthy marquis
portrayed by Alan Marshal.
Included in the important sup
porting cast are Gale Sondergaard,
Henry Stephenson. Melville Cooper.
Erik Rhodes, Virginia Grey, Lana
Turner and Anthony Allan.
Lew Ayres sensational return
to the screen spotlight continues.
With Lionel Barrymore, he is fes-
tured in Young DR.. Kildare
which also opens at the Music Box
tomorrow. Lynne Carver has the
feminine lead.
Ayres performances in "Holi.
day. and Rich Man, Poor Girl
resulted virtually in demand per-
formances by this young veteran
whose unforgettable work in All
Quiet on the Western Front
zoomed him to stardom 10 years
ago. neutrality-suspicious. an
swered the demand by placing him
under contract and casting him
Immediately as Kildare. Barry
more plays the grizzled diagnose
tici n, Dr. Gillespie, who is at once
the nemesis and mentor of the
amazing young Kildare.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1939-02-08
IF WERE KING" AND "SWlNo THAT CHEER"
RETURNS TO THE BEVERLY THeATER TODAY

fiance of royal authority. rallies
the half-starved people of Paris to
the defense of king who has all
but forgotten them and drives a
powerful enemy from the very
gates of the city in IF I Were
King Frank Lloyd's glorious
story of Francois Villon, which re-
turns today to the screen of the
Beverly theater. Ronald Colman.
in the most romantic role he has
ever played. will be seen as
Frances great medieval hero
whose verse caused the proudest
hearts in the realm to flutter and
whose courage rallied the Paris
populace into battle against the
Duke of Burgundy. His sweet
heart is Frances Dee. star of
wells Fargo" Frank Lloyd's bril-
liant production of a season ago.
One of the first realistic stories
of life at a typical American col
lege, In which youthful romance
IL interviewer with all the thrills
of the football season Universals
college picture. Swing That
Cheer also opens today at the
Beverly
Written. directed and played
mainly by young people, many
of them former undergraduates
thmselves, the film presents an
authentic picture of college life
without resorting to the conven-
tional
Heading the cast on the roman
tic side of the story are Tom
Brown, Robert Wilcox and Con-
stance Moore. Brown and Wilcox
are the football rivals and Miss
Moore il the beautiful object of
their attention.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1939-02-08
Anti-War Film
At Lakewood

II you're true believer in world
peace, and wish to see the best
French motion picture ever made.
you will enjoy Grand Illusion"
opening tonight a two-day ex-
elusive run at the Lakewood the
alter. The film, another French
masterpiece shown in the series
Continental Nights" was award
ed first prize by the National
Board of Review. as the best
picture from any country, includ-
Ing the u. S. during the year of
1888. The film is still running its
first consecutive run on Broadway
following its American premiere
there in September.
There are no actual war scenes
in the film: il shows all char
acters from a very human side.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1939-02-08

With an impressive cast headed
BY Luise Rainier and Paulette Cod
dard. Dramatic School takes the
world into the little known class
rooms OF a typical dramatic school
in Paris where the daily life ana
struggles of two score dramatic
students are revealed for the first
time.
Adapted from a popular Euro
pean play, the story is woven
around Louise Mauban, poor fac
tory worker, and her determine
ton to become great actress.
She labors in the factory at night
to pay her daytime class dues
meanwhile living in an imaginary
world to conceal her poverty
Romance enters the story when
she is suddenly thrust face to face
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1939-02-08
Three Features On Shell Program

Shell theater. beginning today.
Alan Baxter, Andrea Leeds,
Owen Davis, lr. and Al Shean are
featured in Republics ut Could
Happen To You" the second at
traction.
John Litel heads the cast of
Missing Witnesses" the other
feature.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1939-02-08

They have to blow up the towns
exposition hall to smooth things
out for the Jones Family when
Bonnie and her new bridegroom
try Love On a Budget at the
This Goth Century-FoX laugh riot
gives you your favorite family's
biggest budget of fun with Jed
ProutY.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1939-02-08
"Young DR.. Kildare" Opens
With dramatic School
European Story Of Poor Factory Girl Who Would be 0rea
Actress Also Features Gale Sondereasrd and Henry
Stephenson Lew Ayers in Medical Story

Serving as an inspiration to all young people fired with
ambitions to become great actors and actresses dramatic
School" opens Wednesday at the Music Box theater.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1939-02-08
"Frontiersmen"
Has Great Plot

Photographed against the gor-
geous scenic background of the
San Jacinto mountains, the latest
"Hopalong Cassidy range ro-
nance, THE Frontiersmen, which
is now playing at the Riviera thea
ter boasts both setting and
story unsurpassed by any of the
previous "Hoppys." The plot deals
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1939-02-08
ROLAND M9yES..
IoesY IS DeAMlhG..AuTAoR
OF SEVERAL eOON/ OF
CARlCATuRESssss

Although born and reared In
England, Roland Young is best
known as typical American
character that of Thorne
Smiths character Topper Z.
Smith dedicated Topper Takes a
Trip" which will open at the Roxy
on Thursday, to Young made
his first screen appearance 10
years ago . with John Barry
more in Sherlock Holmes Z.
before that he had made a name
for himself on the London and
Broadway stage B feet 4,
weighs 142 brown hair. blue
eyes never wears makeup on
the screen will be 81 NOV. ii
divides his time between Eng
land and America.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1939-02-08

with { h e at
tempts of New
Mexico rustlers
to set the clock
back in the I'M
tanned ca It'll Re
country and to
use the | oc a |
school as a foil
in carrying out
their plans. De-
[ e + M n e d I o
ALL A. .s
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1939-02-08
WILLIAM BOYD
as "HOpalOng"

ton In hand and make the region
fit place for youngsters to grow
up in, "Hoppy" and his hard-shoot-
ing saddlemates fling down chal-
lcnge to the local mayor, who is
New Mexico's leading rustler-king
in disguise.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1939-02-08

A romantic r5gue from the Paris
underworld becomes ruler of France
because he killed one Of the kings
enemies in street brawl, makes
love to naughty princess in de-
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1939-11-28

Der brings Cecil Golly and his
Music by Golly" the midwest SEN
sation which received such terrific
ovation upon their first appearance
at the Ritz Colored Count Basi will
be heard Sunday, December 10.
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1939-11-28
Movies Playing
Today
POLLS

The popular italian Senators, the
Romano Broth ers, headline the all
star vaudeville program being pre-
sented tomorrow evening at 8 P. M.
from the stage Of the Loew Poll
Theatre.
Others appearing on the bill are
Ernestine and Joe, outstanding
dancers from the International
Cafe, Frances Berke, singer Of char
acter songs, the 4 G Notes, ton OF
harmony, and Bill Mitchell and Co.,
presenting plenty Of fun on wheels.
Furnishing a scintillating back
ground for the show are Gus Mey-
ers, Jr. and the Loew Poll Theatre
orchestra.
The greatest double horror show
on eerth, 1.-THE Return of the Frog"
and 1.-THE Demon Barber Of Fleet
Street" opened at Loew's Poll to-
day for an engagement of 2 days
only. This twn-thriller program
ends tomorrow night.
This bill of twin-thrillers has
been standing 'em up all over the
country, and, never so the reports
say, has any other pair Of horror
pictures, or any single horror pic
ture, so delighted audiences who
revel in gore, thrills, and shocks.
We dare you to see this great
show. and we double-dare you to
miss 1t!
The first named picture is
screen version OF one Of Edgar Wal
laces most dynamic books, 1.-THE
India Rubber Man. Tod Slaughter
is the thrilling new horror-man in
The Demon of Fleet Street." and
he'll give you the creeps with his
mad, maniacal, murderouS menace
ingl
Opening at Loew's Poll on Thanks
giving Day is the Holiday Show OF
Shows, Another Thin Man" star
ring William Powell and Myrna 10y.
And here's news!! Mr.. and Mrs.
Thin Man have baby, and just
wait until you sc this cute surprise.
On this Holiday bill is another
smash hit, '"The Honeymoon Is
Over" with Stuart Erwin and Mar
jorie Weaver.
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1939-11-28

STATE

Ending this evening at the War
ner Brothers State Theater is "Mr.
Smith Goes to Washington" co-star-
ring Jean Arthur and James Stew
art: also Joe E. Brown and Mary
Carlisle in Beware Spooks".
Fast and furious fun that will
leave audiences breathless with
laughter is promised theatergoers at
tending the State tomorrow after
noon when the funniest picture Of a
lifetime, "The Amazing Mr.. Will
liams" arrives at that popular thea
ter as the headliner Of the gala
Thanksgiving program.
The delightful comedy brings to-
gether Melvyn Douglas and Joan
BlonGell in this their third straight
Taught hit and you'll agree after
seeing 1t that 1t is Melvyn and Joan
at their best and funniest.
Said to be as amusing as he is
amazing, Mr.. williams is a super
sleuth who solves murder mysteries
on the run, even while he is desper-
ately struggling to reach the altar
and marriage to Joan Blondell.
The amazing Mr.. williams is not
amazing, he's incredible and MELVIN
Douglas plays the role to the hilt.
AS fans will instantly notice, Miss
Blonden and Douglas are reunited
after their success in Good Girls
Go to Paris" and other hits. Each
has always been q comedian Of the
top rank and the result in this pic
ture is merry melange of comedy,
thrills, mystery and romance.
The story, briefly concerns 1.-THE
Amazing Mr.. Williams" and his
fiancee, Maxine Carroll, two hearts
which beat as one. Kenny williams
Is a police lieutenant and a good
one, In fact, too good, for he Is con-
stantly sleuting after malefactors
when he should be devoting some
time to Miss Carroll. He spends far
more time in a squad room or a
careening police car than in her
company.
When his fiancee rebels, Mr.. Will
liams really has a tough case" on
his hands, one far harder to crack"
than the robberies and homicides he
takes in daily stride.
And on the same holiday program
Is another big treat entitled, Meet
Doctor Christian" adapted from the
famous radio program and starring
Jean Hersholt, Dorothy Lovett and
Robert Baldwin.
Make date to be at the State
every Monday evening for the "Sil-
yer Dollar Jack Pot Quiz. The
pig Jackpot question, many silver
dollars and loads of fun are the
highlights of the big event.
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1939-11-28
Larry Funk At Ritz
Thanksgiving Night

Your musical hosts on Thanksgiv-
Ing night, Thursday, November 30
at the Ritz ballroom In Bridgeport
will be Larry Funk and his band f
1000 Melodies. With glamour song
stress Bette Harris, featured soloist,
Larry Funk is a consistent favorite.
For eight consecutive years he has
been aired on NBC and other i'm
portant networks. His famous Tea
Timers and Morning Melodies"
programs have won for him world
wide fame. Thanksgiving time at
the Ritz is a joyous one one that
will attract hundreds to New Eng
lands beautiful ballroom. On Satur-
day waltzes and swing will view for
dancers favor, with the Casa Ritz
orchestra creating the melodies.
Krakowska'S Polish orchestra will be
heard at the Ritz Wednesday, De-
cember and 10. Sunday, Deem
The Waterbury Democrat. [volume] (Waterbury, Conn.) 1917-1946, 1939-11-28
DINNER HELD AT
HOME FOR AGED

A dinner for the board Of direc-
tors and for q group Of entertainers
who performed recently was given
last night at the Jewish Home for
the Aged.
Mrs. Title Myers Is president Of
the association which conducts are
home. Mrs. Sadie Frank Is vice
president, David Goldberg, secretary,
and Mrs. Ida Greenfield, treasurer.
Bernard. Schryer was POSTMASTER,
and Rabbi Moses D. sheinkopf was
the principal speaker.