davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1939-03-05

dent was voted s25,ooo a year for
living expenses, over the energetic
protest of economy minded Samuel
Livermore of New Hampshire, who
wanted the sum set at $4,000. This
was generous, he said, since he had
ascertained that the expenses OF
the President of the Continental
Congress had averaged only $4,000.
Equally economical Thomas Tucker
of South Carolina agreed with him.
but proposed that Gen. Washington
be given $4,000 the first year and
$4,000 afterward, since it would cost
him something extra to set up an
establishment in New York fit for
entertaining foreign potentates.
But the House was in a generous
mood and Washington was popular
idol. When the members came to
consider the compensation of Vice
President John Adams there was an
altogether different situation. The
Constitution provided that the Pres
ident should have fixed COM
pensation," but no reference had
been made to the pay of the second
ranking figure in the Republic.
Vice Presidents Day.
Representative Alexander White
of Virginia proposed that he be paid
like the rest of them-by the day for
every day he presided over the Sen
ate. His constituents would resent,
he said, paying a man for doing
nothing, and that was the only work
Evening star., 1939-03-05

cold and drizzly. There was a wild
animal show-the precursor of the
later circus-in town. Its chief at
traction was camel. The Senators
and Representatives gathered about
the strange beast like small boys and
asked questions of its owner. There
were plenty of churches and the leg
islators used to make the rounds of
them to relieve their ennui. There
were even, it was recorded, "Romish
and Hebrew congregations" which
greatly excited the curiosity of the
men from the back country. There
was even theater. In April Sheri-
dams School for Scandal was pre-
sented. vain and silly" was the
comment of New Hampshire Min
ister-Senator Paine Wingate, who
was, nevertheless, an exceptionally
broad-minded man. He had to OBJ
serve the styles of hats worn by the
New York ladies for the sake OF his
wife and daughters back home.
Six Dollars Per Day.
These first Senators and Repre-
sentatives had to struggle along on
Sc day-some of them bit worried
over what their constituents would
think of such extravaganza.
The session lasted 312 days, so
each drew a pay check of $1,872, plus
travelling expenses of $6 for each
20 miles. Since all travel was by
coach or on horseback this mileage
was hardly exorbitant. The PreSl-
Evening star., 1939-03-05

the country could expect from the
Vice President. If the country paid
Mr.. Adams by the year, warned
Joshua Seney of Maryland, what was
to prevent him from being away
from New York during an entire
session and thus draw his salary for
doing absolutely nothing. James
Madison of Virginia took the lead of
those who wanted to give Adams a
fixed salary.
The Vice President, he said, would
be forced to give up his ordinary
means of livelihood and hold him
self constantly in readiness in case
of death of the President.
$50 are all of u.s." shouted Geor-
gias James Jackson. 1t was ri
diculous. broke in Michael Stone
of Maryland to pay man for work
he didn't do.
The House. however. sided with
Madison and voted Mr.. Adams a
salary of $1,000 a year. 1t was
an academic question, after all,
compared with the next one which
arose, the pay of the members
themselves. Somebody had pro-
posed-just who is not clear in the
record-that Senators get Sc and
Representatives S. day. This
seemed absurd to that rough Re-
publican, James jackson.
Can Senator eat more than
Representative, he asked? "Or
can he drink better?"
Evening star., 1939-03-05

got on well together. They found
themselves in an entirely different
atmosphere, however, than had been
experienced in the Continental Con-
gress. During the greater part of the
existence of that body the members
had been bound together by COM
mon purpose, the winning of the
war against Great Britain. They
had had fights, and bitter ones, over
questions of policy, but they could
hardly have been said to have rep
resented sectional interests. They
had assembled rather as representa-
tives Of closely allied governments
than as members of one govern
ment.
New Duties Faced.
Now the members found them
selves in the quite different position
of representing constituents and sec
tions, none of which were any too
enthusiastic over the new Nation
to which they had, somewhat re-
luctantly in many cases, assented.
The job was no longer to win a war.
1t was to get as much as possible
for their own districts and to see
that other sections did not slip any,
thing over on them.
Few of them were altogether
happy in New York. in spite of the
diversions offered by the city, which
was, even then, the metropolis of
the New World, although not pre-
eminently so. March and April were
Evening star., 1939-03-05

the "drag-hunt" is substituted in
their stead.
Mr.. Pabst was quick to realize the
value of continuing and maintaining
the time-honored traditions of the
hunt, and built up his stables to
such fine standard that they are
without a peer in Wisconsin. He
has IS hunters on his estate, known
as Pabst Farms, and during the very
cold Wisconsin winter they are kept
in the cleanest and most modern of
buildings.
He is very proud of his stud, Nico-
demus, an English animal which
once was a hardy race horse of tre-
mendous stamina. His best distance
was above a mile and half, and
consequently he was at disadvan-
tage racing in this country. Never
theless, he started 65 times, won 10
races, second 8 times and third 10
times. He produces hardy type
Of hunter that is ideally suited to
the Wisconsin terrain. Mr.. Pabst
has owned Virginia-br horses but
has none on hand at the present
time. He has also experimented In
crossing the dray horse and the
hunter with good results. On o
Evening star., 1939-03-05

The Virginia delegation alone is a
fair cross-section. There was rough
John Brown, first voice of the wild
West" to be raised in the national
legislative halls. After the Revo-
luton he had set up law Office
in the frontier settlement of Dan
vile, in the Territory of Kentucky,
and the Virginia Legislature had
appointed him to Congress to keep
the restive settlers, suspected of
plotting with the Spaniards to set
up an independent Nation, quiet.
There was his colleague, Andrew
Moore, first Representative from the
Shenandoah Valley, who had start
ed a college in log cabin and was
worried lest Congress impose tax
on whisky, which would ruin his
constituents. There was DR.. Theo-
dorick Bland, graduate of Leyden,
"a tall, handsome, swarthy fellow"
and great-great-great-grandson of
Pocahontas. Side by side with these
men was scholarly James Madi-
son, later to become President,
and John Page, philosopher, astron-
omer, friend of Jefferson.
From the far South-Georgia, on
the edge of the Cherokee wilderness,
was then almost as much of wild
frontier as Kentucky-came two of
the most picturesque personalities
in the House The first was Abra-
ham Baldwin, a Presbyterian
preacher and Revolutionary chap
lain from Connecticut, who had
abandoned the pulpit after the war
and sought to carve out a career
for himself in the new country.
Beside him set fiery Gen. James
jackson, duelist and Indian fighter.
Members From Middle States.
Less picturesque and more con-
servative, on the whole, were the
representatives from the industrial
Middle States-Pennsylvania, New
Jersey, Delaware and Maryland.
But there was the gentle, religious,
mystic Elias Boudinot; the pictur-
esque soldier Frederick Muhlenberg,
who was chosen the first Speaker;
pompous Thomas Hartley, who
wanted to have the Capital estab-
lished on the Susequehanna. From
New York perhaps the most colorful
character in the House was John
Laurance, the first representative
from New York City and the man
who had been judge advocate at the
trial of Maj. Andre. The New Eng
land States sent down distinguished
delegations ranging from crafty,
politician-minded Elbridge Gerry of
Massachusetts,, who later became
Vice President to portly Samuel
Livermore, the squire of the White
Mountains.
On the whole, considering their
diverse origins and interests, they
Evening star., 1939-03-05

'tlle NelO power against any DILL WHICH
passed the First Congress
Besides these acts, the First Con-
gress sent out for ratification by
the States series of constitutional
amendments which became the Ma
tional Bill of Rights. This was done
to carry out the gentlemen's agree
ment between the Federalsts and
anti-Federalists of the ratification
period that if the Constitution was
ratified the Congress would consider
the amendments proposed by the
various conventions. There was
actually demand for a much
greater variety of amendments, in
elusive of articles which would
nullify the character of the Con-
stitution. This the purely negative
Bill of Rights did not do. since it
neither granted new powers nor
took away any which Congress could
legitimately exercise under the Con-
stitution. The opinion prevailed
that anything beyond these guaran-
tees of personal rights would await
the lessons of experience.
PrecedentS Set.
AS was to be expected. the i'm
portance of the First Congress was
not confined to its actual legislation.
Important precedents also were es-
tablished. The first of these, after
somewhat acrimonious contest be-
tween the two houses, fixed the title
of the President. Another matter
established was that, while the con-
sent of the Senate was necessary for
the appointment of officials, the re-
moval of them was the sole preroga-
tive of the President. This was
settled only by the deciding vote of
the Vice President. John Adams. The
Constitution provided that the "ad-
vice and consent" of the Senate
must be obtained both in the max
ing of treaties and the appointment
of officials. Washington began by
taking this provision in its most
literal sense and consulted the Sem
ate previous to action. This worked
out so poorly and caused so much
delay that before the end of the
Congress it was established as a
system that, except as they might
be privately consulted, the role of
the Senators should be restricted
to ratifying or refusing to ratfy
| the presidential acts. The initiative
was left entirely with the Chief Ex-
ecutive. where it still remains.
Washington got along, on the
whole, quite well with this First Con-
gress. He early adopted dual
system of communicating with 1t,
appearing before it for his annual
addresses, but sending minor mes
sages by the hands Of his secretary.
John Adams followed the same pro-
cedure, but jefferson confined him.
self entirely to written messages.
He wrote much more eloquently than
hA annkn
Evening star., 1939-03-05
By ". Preston Smith.

The breeding and raising of
blooded hunters is rarely associated
with Wisconsin. 1t is in Virginia,
where the hunting field traditions
have been jealousy guarded since
the colonists introduced the gentle
mans sport" from England, that one
usually turns for news of studs"
hunt clubs and the thrill of the
chase.
To Wisconsin, Milwaukee par
ticularly, one usually looks for the
best and latest in cheeses, dairy
products and beer, and it is there
fore with surprise that a visitor to
the beautiful lake district, about 40
miles from Milwaukee, finds that the
people Of that section also associate
it with the breeding and raising of
blooded hunters and jumpers.
Fred Pabst. son and namesake of
the founder of the famous breweries,
has found that his preference in
horse flesh is not for the powerful
draft horse that once pulled the
brewery wagons over cobble-stoned
streets. but for the Aristocratic
hunter, dear to the heart Of every
Evening star., 1939-03-05

horse minded Virginian and Mary
lander.
Mr.. Pabst, a tall, fine-looking
man, with the manner OF one born
to the saddle, was found most en-
thusiastic about the importation OF
oss-country hunting to his native
State of Wisconsin. He and several
friends first formed the Oconomowac
Hunt about IL years ago. and they
have succeeded in transplantlng an
atmosphere in which the "horsiest"
of Virginians would feel at home. IL
now is not an uncommon sight Tor
the Wisconsin farmer to see q large
group of men and women on horse
back on an early fall morning, fol-
lowing a pack of hounds across the
fields. Everything is in order &C
cording to the best Virginia stand
ards, from the pink coats 10 the
call of the huntsman's horn.
There is only one thing lacking,
according to Mr.. Pabst, and that Is
the fox itself. Foxes do not thrive
in this agricultural country, prin-
cipally because the farmers OF the
region have their own methods OF
hunting the creatures. For this rea:
son also they are not imported ana
Evening star., 1939-03-05

tour about the stables, In which
each horse was interviewed person.
ally" 1t was noted that the main
difference between the Wisconsin
hunter and those Of Virginia was
the height of the former. They seem
to average a hand shorter than Vir-
ginia horses. The colors were pre-
dominantly chestnuts and bays.
Each horse on the Pabst estate is
assigned an Immediately kept box
stall and has daily exercises during
the winter in the large riding hall
built adjacent to the stables. Be-
cause of the deep snowdrifts and
below freezing weather. it is imprac-
tical to do any outdoor riding. All
the Pabst horses had their winter
coats and the stalls had a triple
thickness of clean straw on the
floors. Something your people in
Virginia don't have to worry about" "
said Mr.. Pabst jokingly, 'is having
their horses freeze to death In SUBJ
zero weather"
The riding and exercise hall was
in a fine modern building and 1t
was interesting to note that the
-. Y~~,~,1~. ~e\
Evening star., 1939-03-05

Aristocrat Richard Bland Lee of
Virginia insisted that Sc day was
not excessive for living expenses in
New York. The Senate, he said, was
supposed to be made up of older
men, persons of substance in their
communities, men who had become
accustomed to ways of living in ac-
cord with their increasing prosper
ity and less able because of their
age to put up with inconvenience.
But the House upheld jackson and
all members were voted the same
compensation.
Stuffed Shirt Senators.
With no debate the Speaker of
the House, Muhlenberg of Pennsyl-
vania, was voted $12 a day, the
chaplain $500 a year, and the secre-
tary of the Senate and clerk OF the
House each $1,5OO a year, plus So
for each day they actually worked.
1t was hard even for the most liberal
of these first Congressman to sWal-
low the idea of paying any men for
time spent not actually working.
The members were equally mod
crate in their appropriations-$141,-
49273 for all expenses of the Gov
ernment except military and naval
for the fiscal year, including their
own pay and that of the President
and Vice President. At the time
they had no very clear idea of where
the money was to come from and
they were unanimously opposed to
any direct taxation.
Throughout the debates in the
House there was a growing under
current of suspicion of the Senate,
many of whose members were looked
upon by the majority of the Repre-
sentatives as stuffed shirts.
Federal Hall.
The antagonism came to q head
with a proposal originating in the
upper house that a message from
the House to the Senate should be
carried by two members, while a
message from the Senate to the
House could be sent over by the
secretary, mere paid employe.
This, it was stressed, was the first
move toward establishing an aris-
tocracy in the United States and
the House would not hear of 1t.
When New York City was selected
as a temporary Capital of the new
Government, 1t made over the City
Hall, according to plans drawn ur
l.. l~%& M
Washington-into q Federal Hall
to honor the new Congress. Thi.
building stood at the head Of Wal
street. On its balcony, facing thai
street. Washington was inaugurated
But by that time Congress had set
tied down to its important task O.
framing the laws necessary to pu
in operation the plan Of government
required by the Constitution. It hal
Evening star., 1939-03-05


for the meeting of the Federal Con-
gress. Until that time, he held, Vir.
ginia had had the right to invalidate
any contracts she pleased so far as
the Federal Government was con-
cerned, since it did not exist. From
that date on, he held, the United
States had come into being and the
old confederacy of Colonies was at
an end.
The date for the beginning of the
United States actually given in the
Marshall decision is March 2, 1889.
This is believed to have been due to
a clerical error in copying the docu-
ment. There is no reason whN the
I'd of March should have had any
significance whatever. The Chief
Justice obviously meant the date of
the first actual meeting. He appar-
emily did not consider that the elec-
ton of Langdon was necessary Tor
the existence of the Government,
although it certainly could not have
functioned in any way whatsoever
until the New Hampshire store
keeper became presiding officer of
the Senate.
New Congress Assemblies.
For two months, while the snow
melted and the roads dried under
the spring sun, the new Senators
and Representatives drifted into New
York and took their seats Some
were still absent when Washington,
his election certified by the Senate,
took the oath of Office on April 80.
They were a diversified lot-radi-
Gals and conservatives, rich men
and poor men, gentlemen and
plebians.
There were few strangers among
them. Eight had been signers of
the Declaration of independence.
More than so had been, at one time
or another, members of the Con-
tinental Congress. Thirteen had
been heads of their native States.
Most of them had taken an active
part of some sort in the Revolution.
Probably no other Congress has in
cluded in its membership so many
. men whose names have endured, or
men with more diverse personalities
and interests. Even in the Senate,
composed of older and wealthier
men on the whole than was the
lower House, the diversity was ap-
parent. The members ranged all
the way from the dashing Irish SOL
dier of fortune, Pierce Butler OF
South Carolina, to penny saving
William MacLay of Pennsylvania;
from hard-headed John Langdon to
radical Richard Henry Lee of Vir-
ginia; from rich, cosmopolitan, cul-
tured Ralph lizard to the unlettered
soldier, William Few of Georgia.
The diversity was much more ap-
parent in the House of Representa-
tives-closer to the people and
standing for more diverse interests
Montana labor news., 1939-11-30
Committee d o

Delegate Dial reporting for the
special committee regarding the
Great Falls football team staying at
fair establishments reported that he
had contacted Coach Hodges and
that he did not approve of the Lin
coin hotel at Billings, but stated that
he would have the team eat at union
cafes.
The executive board recommend
ed concurrence of the State Civil
Service bill. President Sylvester
Graham of the State CLIO Council
gave a verbal outline of the pur-
poses of the bill. He also stated
that the Butte Council had approved
in the measure.
The executive board further re-
ported on the revised wage scales
and working hours of WPA and
after considerable discussion a CO.
ordinating committee of five we're
appointed to assist the executive
board and solicit the cooperation of
the Building Trades Council in out
lining a program to attempt to have
the WPA restored to the prevailing
wage rates and union conditions.
Committee we're; Hajek, Willett,
McCracken, McLuke and Lefebre.
Montana labor news., 1939-11-30
OPEN FORUM
CONTINUED from Page .

Continued from Page p
it is specifically provided that the
United States goyernmnt will make
no claim on any foreign nation for
damages inflicted under such cir
cumstances; and Washington won't
have to be awake wondering where
are its wandering ships tonight.
Our ships will be safe at home,
or at least out of the danger zones
So it all SINNERS down to the fact
that this is a rule adopted by Amer
lea not to help or hurt any other
nation; but to strengthen its own
~self-defense. A self-denying law, in
volving a temporary surrender OF
certain rights, but spelling true
neutrality. 1t is not war-proof-no
law can make us so-but it appears
to have been made as nearly so as
is humanity possible.
PAT c. SULLIVAN.
Montana labor news., 1939-11-30
.Eddy's Rush Fruit
Cake Production

Sugar n spice n everything nice"
by the thousands of pounds goes
into the holiday supply Of Eddy's
Old Plantation Fruit Cakes.
Into the cakes made by Eddy's
for the Happy Holiday Dinner goes
9,805 pounds of sugar, 9,215 pounds
of shortening, 10,045 pounds of flour
and 1895 dozen fresh eggs, 22,260
pounds of raisins, $500 pounds of
citron, 5,565 pounds of orange peel,
1854 pounds lemon peel, 10000
pounds candied cherries, $4,000
pounds nuts, spiced and favored
with "a pounds of mace and 1856
gallons of pure rum.
Completion of the Old Plantation
Cake Kitchen, the largest cake plant
between Minneapolis and Seattle,
came just in time to take care of the
holiday fruit cake sales, which are
distributed through retail outlets in
eight northwestern states; and sent
to every state and many foreign
countries as holiday gifts.
Montana labor news., 1939-11-30
Christian Science
Lecture

The Christian Science Church,
First Church of Christ, Scientist, OF
Butte, announces a free lecture on
Christian Science entitled christian
Science, It's Challenge to the Wrong
Thinking of the Ages" will be given
in the church auditorium at 229
North Montana street, Sunday after
noon, December 3, at 8 o'clock p. m.
The lecturer, Peter V. Ross, C.S.B.,
of San Francisco, Calf, is a mem
Der of the Board of Lectureship Of
The Mother Church, The First
Church of Christ, Scientist, in Bos-
ton, Mass. The public is most cor
daily invited to attend this lecture.
Next weeks issue of the Montana
Labor News will contain the full
text of the lecture.
Montana labor news., 1939-11-30
MissouIa Council Prints
Letter on Chain Store
Labor Relations in Slate
Continued from Page y

kOUllllilutQ lIOlu rage -
enclosing, to the debate and DISPOSE
ton of said resolution. We submit
that the American Federation of La
Dor has acted in this matter not as
an enemy, but as your best friend.
In the state of Montana during the
last six years similar legislation was
proposed. The only body in the
state that has successfully opposed
this vicious tax upon you was the
Montana Federation of Labor "a. f.
Of H. through its president and its
executive board, whose organizer,
formerly a vice president Of the Re-
tail Clerks international Protective
Association, repeatedly appeared be-
fore the various committees of the
House and the Senate of the Legis-
'lature of Montana, opposing any
special taxation ON chain stores. At
all times Montana labor has en-
deavOred to be just to all in mat
tiers of taxation, and was successful
in helping you along those lines.
1t is a fact which can be readily
established by the attorneys for the
chain stores that the Missoula Mer-
camille Company's attorney, and the
president of the Missoula Employ
ers' Association, have appeared be-
fore the legislative committee de-
handing that a prOhibitive tax be
placed upon you. The tactics to
which they resOrted were of the low
est possible calibre.
Now, to our surprise, we find that
you, through your manager, are
taking the dictatiOn and advice of
the very elements who, a few short
months ago, were so anxious to tax
you out of existence and run you
out of the state of Montana. 1t
seems that the very people who un-
successfully fought you in the Mon
tana legislature now are working
along a different line of attack. Not
being able to run you out of the
state by an act of legislature, they
are taking your manager into their
bosom for the purpose of fighting
organized labor at the expense Of
you alone, making you the pro-
verbal goat. Surely you will not
be taken in by this form of trickery.
May we refer you to MIR. Thomas
Davis, Metals Bank Building, Butte,
Montana, attorney for the Safeway
Company, for confederation of the
facts concerning the fight on the
above legislation as stated by us.
We, therefore, submit to you the
following:
The present activities of your
manager, Mr.. Eby, are unreason-
Montana labor news., 1939-11-30

A colored minister looked over his
large congregation on Easter Sun
day. "Ah relaize,' he said, that
there are many heah who will not
be with US agin until next Easter.
All take this opportunity to wish
them a Merry Christmas"