davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Glacier County chief., 1939-06-09

very ClOSe W WlIlIllilS TIE WOilu
war for Germany will be an
equally important factor in the
next conflict. True, anti-sub
devices have been perfected,
but so have the submarines, so
that the relative importance of
these weapons is about the
same.
True to tradition, great maritime
nations like Japan, the United States
and Great Britain have placed little
defensive emphasis on U-boats in
the years since Versailles, because
sea-faring nations seldom fight each
other. The submarine is primarily
an offensive craft for use against
powers which control the seas. That
is why Germany used them so effec-
lively last time, and why both Ger
many and Italy are placing so much
confidence in them for the next war.
Italy Leads the Way.
Last November Is report by the
United States navy department re-
vealed that Italy is the worlds No.
/ submarine power, boasting l29
such vessels when her current build
ing program is completed. OF these,
SO were under construction last No
vember and SO were under-age,
leaving only obsolete.
Germany's submarine fleet, while
one of the worlds smallest, is mag
nificently efficient. Every one Of
her 43 working craft last Novem-
Der IS were under age, and 20 new
U-boats were under construction:
Since Reichsfuehrer Hitler de-
nounced the British-German naval
pact in April, the Nazis are expect
ed to push full steam ahead on their
submarine program.
This is an entirely fitting offensive
measure, because Germany knows
her probable enemy in the next
war would be Great Britain. Minus
colonies herself, self-sufficient and
with no shipping to protect, the
Reich can devote all her maritime
warmaking to preying on boats Of
her enemies.
Only 20 U. S. Subs Under-Age.
America ranks near the bottom of
the scale as a world submarine
power, though numerically she is
second. AS of last November Is,
onIv 20 of her subs were under age,
fewer than any of the other FIVE
great powers. When all new boats
are completed, however, and when
average craft are counted in, this
nation has log submarines. Since
the Squalus disaster was the first
American U-boat mishap in IL
wears. during which other nations
have suffered repeated accidents,
the United States fleet is apparent
" in pretty fair shape.
veteran submarine fighters who
recall World war experiences shud-
der at the possibilities Of these
weapons, once known as "tin CT
sars." One Of these men. Lieut..
Glacier County chief., 1939-06-09

ADVERTISING is as essen.
vi tial to business as is rain
to growing crops. 1t is the key
stone in the arch of successful
merchandising. Let us show You
how to apply it to your business
Glacier County chief., 1939-06-09
To Find Our DUTY

This truth comes to us more
and more the longer we live that
on what field or in what uniform
or with what aims we do our duty
matters little, or even what our
duty is, great or small, splendid
or obscure. Only to find our duty
certainly, and somewhere, some.
how, to do it faithfully, makes us
good, strong, happy and useful.
Glacier County chief., 1939-06-09
Examination Time

A NSWERS that turn the
teachers hair gray pre-
maturely:
The gold standard means
that one is a believer in 81
lence. ("Silence is golden."O
A crematorium is a machine
which separates cream from
milk by a scientific process.
Ali Bahia means being some
where else when the crime was
committed.
A specter is a man who
cheers a baseball team.
Matterhorn is a horn blown
by the ancients when anything
was the matter.
A prospectus is a man who
looks for gold.
Glacier County chief., 1939-06-09
Dice Thrown for Bibles
At St. Ives, England

Dice were thrown for Bibles at
St. Ives, England, when six chill
dren received a Testament each.
The ceremony was in accordance
with the will of Rev. Robert Wilde,
of Oundle, made 200 years ago. He
left $3.50 to st. Ives and stipulated
that the interest be used in the pur-
chase of Bibles, to be disposed OF
by the minister and church wards to
the children Of the parish.
Glacier County chief., 1939-06-09
A Quiz With Answers
Offering Information
on Various Subjects

S. Both. Glow means to shine
with intense heat.
6. Strictly speaking, turtle
means members of the order
which live in water, and tortoise,
members which live on land.
z. Mona is an abbreviation for
madonna (my LADY,. Lisa is a
proper name.
8. There are more than a hun
dred, but only one-fourth of them
are inhabited. All are very small.
9. Yes.
Glacier County chief., 1939-06-09

A DID variety and color, as well
"a as smartness, to your sum-
mer wardrobe by making the
charming accessory set in gay
printed cottons like linen, pique or
gingham. It's very easy to do
even the gloves, which have the
new, roomy, blunt fingers. Your
pattern (1643), includes a step-by-
step sew chart that tells you ex-
actly what to do.
This princess dress for after
moons is exactly what you want
for hot summer days. This style
(1752) is refreshingly simple, and
it has beautifully smooth, slim
figure-line, upped sleeves, and a
square neckline dipped in the
front to make it more becoming.
The frills at the neckline, sleeve
Glacier County chief., 1939-06-09
Anti.Sub Devices Are Perfected But
U-Boats Also Gain New Power;
Italy Has Biggest Fleet.
By WALTER p. SHEPPARD

Bateshps parade the might of nations. Submarines
hidden might forgotten peaceme they stink through the
deep Which is why the Squalls disaster off
Portsmouth, NJ H. created such interest Between
forget how submarines raise havoc with shipping how tiny
U-boat conceivably smash a mighty fleet
navies do not forget and the submarine which
Evening star., 1939-10-06
New York Concerns
Hold Big Lead in
Underwriting
Claim 74.5 Per Cent
Of TotuI Business
During Yeor
ooIA8
~ 3tN
By the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
The extent to which the under
writing of securities has been con-
centrated in New York City and
among so leading industrial bank
ing firms was disclosed yesterday
by statistics of the Securities Com
mission.
The S. E. c. reported 152 under
written securities issues, aggregat-
ing 81 l,649 ,339 900, were disposed of
in the year ended June 30, 1899.
Eighty-four New York firms ac-
counted for $l,l42, ,480,0 900, or 69.3
per cent, of participations, while
264 firms outside the city handled
the rest, $506,859, 900, or 30.7 per
cent.
Issues managed by New York firms
totaled 29,112.0OO, or 745 per
cent. Participations of New York
Arms in issues managed constituted
almost one-fourth of their total
participations, against one-seventh
for outside firms. The First Boston
Corp. of New York led in participa-
tions with $109, ,948 900. Dillon. Read
& Co. led in issues managed with
$50, ,466 900.
Evidence of the concentration of
investment banking was given in
figures showing that the five largest
firms accounted for 24.8 per cent
Of total participations and 80 per
cent of issues managed. while the
SO largest firms accounted for 1873
per cent and 96.4 per cent.
Evening star., 1939-10-06

Approximately 100000 growers in
260 counties were eligible to vote
Secretary Wallace promised help,
dependent upon a favorable vote, in
taking up the slack caused by with
drawal of foreign buyers. He said
that by use of Federal funds, facili-
ties of the British buyers would be
taken over for this purpose.
Growers looked to this assistance
and the results of the referenda to
stimulate sales which will be re-
sumed in the upper half of the belt
October 10. burden estimated about
GOO, ,000, 900 pounds remain unsold in
Virginia and the Carolinas.
A. A. A. official said 1t was un-
likely that 1910 acreage allowance
for old tobacco farms would be re-
duced more than 20 per cent below
the 1899 allotment of acres to
plant" State acreage allotments
will be about the some proportion
Of the national total as in 1899.
This years bright leaf averaged
145 cents a pound to date, COM
pared with 22.4 cents for last years
crop to September /, 1888.
Evening star., 1939-10-06
New York Produce

NEW YORK Oct g nP.-Egss. 1898
IRREGULAR. Mixed colors: Fancy to extrs
fancy. 24i2-"9la; standards, "a; firSts. 10
seconds. 1913; mediums. 15s4-16: dirties
.to5; .ia. = Fancy hssyyve,Sh,s' lSs.-asis
onds: l5s.-le: mediums. i5Ia; dirties
Whites Resale Of premium marks, 35ha
3s; nearby and Midwestern, premium
ms5ss a2s5 e1chsnse 5sas sDesss 81
nearby heavier mediums. 23l2-2s, Nearby
and Midwestern. exchange mediums. %
pIilets 1oH.i7; e. peeTees l4M.lb Re-
ards. 25-25la; nrsts, 23-23i?.
Browns: Nearby: extra fancy. 3o.34
nearby. MEDIUMS: Fl; puliets. II.
Butter. Iso392; irreeular Creamery
Hisher than extra; 2gH-3o; extra 20
''eS Cheese. Ia1 1865: quiet; prices un.
Dressed poultry generally easy. Frozen
Boxes. chickens. broilers. 1882. Othe
dressed prices unchanged
Live poultry, by freight: slow and weak
Broilers Rocks I5'3-l7' Leshorns' l5-l6
rGx Pnlets 'GSFia Roefs sd qooster - Il
BY express, slow and weak Chickens
Rocks. 15l2-o2 crosses. 1919; colored
Reds and Leehorns. 1917. Broilers. Rocks
1922; crosses, 1919; Reds. J.; Leehorns
ILLS Fowl, colored. 16-11 Southerns
small to medium, 20-22; colored. 90; small
at $50.
Evening star., 1939-10-06
Lehman Corp. Boosts
Holdings Of Common
Stocks Sharply
Shares Now Represent
1913 Per Cent Of Its
Gross Assets
BY the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
NEW YORK, Oct. 6.-Lehman
Corp, the first major investing COM
pany to report for the quarter end
ed September 30, largely increased
its holding of common stocks since
the midyear, the corporations state
ment disclosed.
AS Of the reporting date common
stock holdings were valued at $685.
1896, ,3l5, or 1913 per cent of gross
assets, against $34,745,447, or 55.6
per cent Of assets, on June 30.
Net asset value of the corpora
tion's capital stock was 1886 q
share on September 80, compared
with $29.79 a share on June 30.
Coincident with the rise in COM
mon share investments the con-
Germs holding of United States Gov
ernment securities were reduced to
$4,560,031 from $15,027,156. AS of
September 30 United States Gov
ernments, cash and receivables con-
stituted 9.6 per cent of gross value
of assets, compared with 1928 per
cent on June 30.
Principal additions to the port
folio were drawn from the follow
ing share groups: Steels, automo-
tive and rubber, chemicals, indus
trial machinery and equipment,
manufacturing, metals and mining
oils, railroads and rail equipments.
Holding of steel stocks, which
were negligible three months ago,
were augmented by large purchases
of United States Steel common and
Bethlehem and smaller amounts of
Republic and youngstown Sheet g.
Tube.
United Corp.
United Corp, investing company
reported yesterday that during the
period July l to September 80 it
had added to its portfolio diversified
(non-utility) securities totaling ST.
1888
Together with previous quarter
similar investments, this made a
total of s3,623594. There remains
not so invested $4,3764O6 OF the
not more than $8,OOO,OOO" which
was approved by Securities and
Exchange Commission order of last
March l3. BY virtue of a four
months extension granted by the
S. E. C. September 10 the company
now has until January 13 next to
complete the investment.
Utility Holdings Up.
Although the company during the
quarter disposed of holdings of 49,
500 shares of Columbia Gas & Elec-
Evening star., 1939-10-06
Chicago Produce
(Reported by Smith.

CHICAGO Oct. 8 4o:-Poultry. live, .3s
truck trucks easier earhs hens pogndS uD
II: springs pounds up: colored, II; Ply
mouth Rock: IA: White Rock. 1871; under
pounds, Plymouth Rock. Is: roosters.
1917: tom turkeys. 14Ka: other prices un-
Butter. e74,eos. steady; e0-score CEN
trallzed carlots, 26A-h: other prices un-
Esss. $3.50. firm. prices unchanged.
Potatoes. 1O6: on track, '4O4; total U. g.
shipments. 542; weak, supplies rather
heavy. demand slow; sacked. per cwt.,
Idaho Russet Burbanks. U. 8: No. /. .35-
70. accordins to size; Nebrsska, Bliss
few sales. 1885; Colorado, red McClures
q. 8. No. !. washed burlap sacks, 1.55:
car showing decay, spotted sacks, 80;
car, unwashed. 1.75; Minnesota Red River
Valley section, cobblers, U. s.. No. l. / 10.
IS; Michigan russell rurals. U. s. No. /.
medium. 100: North Dakota, Red River
Valley section. cobblers. U. 8. No. l. 1.15i
30 per cent o. 9. No. l. 1.O7h; Wisconsin,
round whites. q. 8. commercials, few sales
al 90.
Evening star., 1939-10-06
FOREIGN Exchange

NEW YORK. Oct. R,.-The market
for the British pound dried UP today while
foreign exchange, experts pondered the
latest Hitler speech.
With support for the money at a mini
mum. sterling quietly drifted around Ia
cents lower in terms OF the dollar. For
eisn exchange men emphasized pressure
was small.
Most other chief European monies fol-
lowed sterling lower. although the Swiss
franc managed a small gain. The belsa
hit another new low for the year with a
.O2 of a cent drop. the French franc dipped
.00l. Of cent and the guider lost .04 Of
a cent.
Despite the fall in spot sterling. the
future pound improved slightly. The pound
due in 80 days was quoted at discount Of
3'e cents. against 324 yesterday.
Late rates follow: Great Britain in dol
lars others in cents. Great Britain. de-
mand, 4.0l "a; Great Britain. cables. 4Oo1a 4:
60-day bills, 4.01 9O-day bills. 39els
Canada Montreal in New York SO 90;
Canada Canada. New York in Montreal: lls.37ls;
b9e; 6eneyoisns rrsnfe ;s 2@sh; Germany 40Ion
Nethsrands dunssEy ssyi aorHa2 aoon Itay
Sweden, %. 49,: Switzerland. 2s.4s: Ar
gentina (of1ciaD. 2977: Argentina ifree)
1850: Brazil (oficiaD. sos: Brazil (free)
$40: Mexico. 20.s6n; Japan % IS: Hong
2.33n.
Rates in spot cables unless otherwise in
dicated
Nominal
Evening star., 1939-10-06
Chicago Livestock

CHICAGO. Oct. 6 lP, Omitted States De-
Partment Of Agriculture) .-Salable hogs,
5000: total 5000: market generally 10;
active at advance: top, 735: bulk good and
choice. 2oo-27o pounds: 7.i0- -35: 270-3OO
pounds, mostly, 690s7 %: good and choice,
10000 pounds 6.s5-7,1o most 27O-33O-
pound packing sows, 6.40-65; 330-50O
salable cattle, 1000: salable calves, 300:
very unreliable outlet for measer showing
Of steers: few sales weak to unevenly lower:
odd-lot lightweight yearlings generally
steady: mixed lots selling up to 1928 with
bulk-fed steers 9;00-5O: heifers virtually
native Gamer and cutter COWS: 4OO: s. 90:
veaiers balt and sood to seisetea ssaea
lots. l050-1 90: stocker and feeder trade
salable sheep; $500: total. $500; late
Thursday fat lambs steady: sheep and
yearlings weak; best S4pound Utahs a65:
natives. tive ESQ: medium Texas yearlinas,
trade fat Ia; lambs slow; fed early sales fully
holding best kinds upward to e75: fat
sheep scarce. steady: small lots fat native
weights around 400.
Evening star., 1939-10-06
Jump Shown in Use
Of Textile Fibers
BY the Associated Press.

=
NEW YORK, Oct. 6.-United
States consumption of all important
textile fibers except silk increased
sharply during the first nine months
of 1885,
The use Of raw wool and rayon in
the first three-quarters practically
equaled the entire 1898 consumption
of these two commodities. In the
same period cotton consumption
reached almost 80 per cent OF the
total amount used in the full year
1888, and fourth-quarter demand
is forecast at still higher level.
Silk consumption has declined
primarily because of the prevailing
high price. Consumption for the
full year 1899 is estimated by rayon
"organon" at $50, 900 bales, compared
with al 800 bales last year.
Evening star., 1939-10-06
| Auto Production
Scars to 76,095
| Units in Week
By the Associated Press.

DETROIT, Oct. 6.-Ward's Auto
motive Reports noted today con-
tinued upturn in automobile pro-
duction, estimating the current
weeks output at 76.095 cars and
trucks, compared with 62,755 last
week and 33,165 units this week a
year ago.
The survey said that a further in
crease next week was likely and
added that expanding demand in the
field was continuing to surprise fac
tory officials who are advancing
production schedules which in many
instances are "above projections set
for them as recently as q month
ago."
Evening star., 1939-10-06
Excess Bank Reserves
Continue March Into
New High Ground
Deficit Expenditures
And Gold Purchases
Boost Volume
By the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
Lendable excess reserves of banks
continued their weekly march into
new high record ground with peak
d. of $500 100000 in the week ended
October 4.
The Federal Reserve Board said
the total was $50 0000,0 900 higher than
the preceding week because of Treas
ury purchases of gold and deficit ex-
penditures.
For the first week since the Euro
pean war disturbed the Government
bond market, the board also report
ed, the IL Federal Reserve banks
bought no Government bonds. In
previous weeks the banks bought
heavily in order to slow the decline
In Government bond prices. Gov
ernmental investments of the IL
banks declined $19.O00.000. however,
because the banks did not replace
that much of short-term Treasury
bills which matured during the
week.
The boards statement said:
; During the week ended October 4
member bank reserve balances in
creased $51 100000 Additions to
member bank reserves arose from
increases of $33,00O,OOO in gold stock
and 100000 in Treasury currency
and decreases of $83, ,0O0. 900 in Treas
ury deposits with Federal Reserve
banks and $1O,000,000 in Treasury
cash offset in part by decrease of
S9,OO0,0OO in Reserve bank credit
and increases of $71,000,000 in
money in circulation, and $4,000, ,00O
In non-member deposits and other
Federal Reserve accounts. Excess re-
serves Of member banks on October
1 were estimated to be approximate
ly $5,360,000, 900, an increase of $780,
100000 for the week
THE principal change in holdings
of bills and securities was a de-
crease of $4,000 in. holdings OF
United States Treasury bills"
Changes in member bank reserve
balances and related items during
the week and the year ended Octo-
ber 4, 1899, were reported as fol-
lows:
Evening star., 1939-10-06
Oct. 4, Sept. -, Oct. 5,
1889. 1899. 1898.
(In millions Of dollars.)
Associated Output Up

NEW YORK, Oct. (SpeciaD -
For the week ended September 20,
Associated Gas g. Electric System
and the New England Gas & Elec-
trio Association Group report net
electric output of 103,785, ,408 units
(kwh.). This is an increase of 49,
170,515 units, or AS per cent above
production of 90,614.893 units for q
year ago. This is the largest in
crease since the week ended July q
1887.
Evening star., 1939-10-06
New York Sugar

futures met fairly active speculative buy
ing and producer covering today. Prices
advanced Az to 71a points. March was
higher at .a8h. Profit taking and some
hedge selling cnt into early high levels,
Domestic contracts responded to trade
and Wall street demand ana in midafter-
noon were up < to points with March
ahead < at 2.26 OfferinEs were Iela-
lively light and confined to profit taking
and speculative liauidation
The raw sugar market wss slow and
refners showed little interest in duty free
oferinss At s.o5 cents No cuban sugars
Evening star., 1939-10-06
Cigarette Tobacco
Farmers Vote for
Output Control
Turn to Government
In Effort to Bolster
Reduced Income
BY the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
ATLANTA, Oct. 6.-Cigarette to-
bacco farmers, voting nearly nine to
one for production control, turned to
the Federal Government today for
assistance in a united effort to boil
ster their sharply reduced income.
Growers in six Southern States
voted 2O5, 400 to 23,016 for acreage
quotas designed to limit the supply
to $50 900 900 pounds next year. The
annual consumption is estimated at
750,000,000 pounds.
Virtually complete returns from
yesterdays referendum in Georgia,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Vir-
ginia. Florida and Alabama showed
89.9 per cent of the growers in favor
of returning to Federal control after
the unrestricted 1889 crop reached
record LOLA ,67o, 900 pounds. Farm
ers' income slumped approximately
one-third this year.
Agricultural Adjustment Admin
istration officials began setting up
machinery for determining acreage
allotments by States and then by
farms. A grower may sell all he
produces on his allotted acreage.
He would have to pay a penalty of
10 cents a pound for flue-cured to-
bacco sold from excessive acreage.
Official Is Pleased.
Homer burden, Georgia's A. A. A.
administrative officer, said he was
very gratified" to see the growers
return to IAN orderly solution of
their problems" Secretary of Agri-
culture Henry A. Wallace declared
the producers were looking beyond
present troubles toward q longtime
program "for economic recovery"
Much of the 1899 crop remains
unsold in Virginia and the Car
olinas because of auction postpone
ment due to export buyers with
drawal when the European war
broke out. Agricultural officials es-
timated q carryover Of 1861 900 900
pounds.
Foreign countries consume about
400 ,000, 900 pounds of Americas Gig
arctic leaf annually.
Growers in the Georgia Florida
Alabama belt sold their crop this
year for approximately $14,79O, ,O00-
loss of about per cent. Growers
rejected 1889 restrictions with IA
vorable vote of 568 per cent. In
1888 they were 862 per cent in &C
ceptance.
Favored in Virginia.
Virginia producers, 43.3 per cent
Of them voting against 1899 limita-
tions, made the major about face in
yesterdays balloting. They favored
1910 allotments by 88.6 per cent.
The vote by States VIRTUALLY COM
plete):
Evening star., 1939-10-06
Brokers' Looms Gain
$4,000, 900 in Week
BY the Associated Press.

BY The ASSOCIATED Press.
The Federal Reserve Board re-
ported yesterday that last week S
loans to brokers and dealers on
securities held by reporting member
banks in New York City totaled
$412 900 900.
For the week ended Wednesday,
the total represented an increase OF
$6 100000 when compared with the
previous week.
Loans for the corresponding week
year ago totaled S497 ,O0O,0 900.
Evening star., 1939-10-06

trio Corp. and 14,300 shares Of Nj
agara Hudson Power Corp. in open
market transactions, its actual hold
ings OF utility shares were increased
through acquisition during the peri
cd Of the portfolio of New York
United Corp, wholly owned sub
sidiary. up to the date Of the lat
ter's dissolution, September 13.
Two largest investments in the
new list, dollar value, were In Mont
gomery Ward IL Co., Inc, and
Chrysler Corp.
Evening star., 1939-10-06

Quotations furnished by National As
sociation of Securities Dealers Inc, which
states they do not necessarily reflect actua,
transactions or firm bids or offers, but
should indicate approximate prices. and
unless otherwise indicated. are as quoted
by the sponsors or issuers.
'Asterisk indicates, Not quoted By
sponsors or issuers."
Evening star., 1939-10-06
Zinc Output Rises,
But Stocks Decline
By the Associated Press.

NEW YORK, Oct. 6.-American
Zinc Institute. Inc, reported today
production during September of
1925 tons Of all grades of domestic
slab zinc. Stocks at the end of the
month totaled 95,615 tons and un-
filled orders at that time totaled
93,116 tons.
This compares with the Septem-
ber, 1888, production of 32,328 tons,
with 130,743 tons on hand and un-
filled orders of 40,435 tons.
Evening star., 1939-10-06
PeIicon Drops Fish

While a gardener was cutting q
lawn in Windsor, Australia, a pelican
flew over him, dropped a big fish at
his feet and swooped away.
Evening star., 1939-10-06
Washington Exchange
SALES.

SALES.
Potomac Electric Power 512 % pfd-
6 at 112.
National Union Insurance Co.'s
at 1872.
Mergenthaler Linotype-10 at 1S, 10
at 18.
AFTER CALL.
Capital Transit Cos at 1924.
Capital Traction 1st $500 at 80.
Washington Gas Light com-25 at
27A.
Evening star., 1939-10-06
London Bur Gold

LONDON, Oct. g dR.-Bar gold 1855,
UNCHANGED. fEouivslent. S33 SIS. on basis
Of dollar at S4.03). Bar silver, 22lad. UP
IA. Equivalent. 4O.sO cents)
Evening star., 1939-10-06
Rubber Futures

NEW YORK. Oct. 9. R.-crude rubber
19.46; March. 1925; Nay, l7.e0b. Bid.
Evening star., 1939-10-06
Investing Companies

NEW YORK, Oct GPr.-National Asso-
citation Securities Dealers, Inc:
moon quotations.
Evening star., 1939-10-06

.Ex-dividend. d zoe paid June Is. 1899.
tPlus extras en- extra. f3T extra.
fS14.00 extra paid December 20, 1898,
< zoe extra. m 81 so extra p60c paid
September 20. 1888. $4,000 paid IN 1888:
v$3.00 paid so far this year. ySb.OO
extra.
Evening star., 1939-10-06
AFTER CALI
BONDS
PUBLIC UTILITY.
MISCELLANEO

MISCELLANEOUS
Chevy Chase Club 1st 4l4s lO2
Col Country Club 1st 414s 102
Ter Ref & VIII Corp 1st 4As 100 -