davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1939-05-20

who has tried to swear away the lives
of innocent men" The hanging &C.
CURED on June 5, 1866.
Alb Chow, a wood gathering China
man, brought the Hangmans tree tally
to 8 when he murdered John r. Bitter
Helena's last hanging, a double one,
occurred April 30, 1870. when Arthur
L. Compton and joseph Wilson were
executed for shooting and robbing
George Lenhard. Lenhard, left for
dead, was found wounded and taken
into town and eventually recovered.
Lenhard Identifies Them
Officers brought 10 men into the
room, among them Compton and Will
son. Lenhard studied them, then
pointed to Compton. That's one of
them" he said weakly, and pointing
to Wilson, That's the other"
The men were taken to the jail.
an orderly discussion" of the matter
An aye and nay vote was taken as
to whether the men should be hanged.
1t is recorded one man voted no.
Shortly afterward he left town.
About 1000 men marched down
Breckenridge" with Wilson and Comp
ton," the Montana Post" records. On
the way Wilson, who remained tact
turn throughout in contrast to the
quaking Compton, told the men to
wait a moment. Going to a fence he
dug up the money the two had taken
from Lenhard. There's the old mans
money" he said The march contin-
ued.
The double hanging apparently was
the turning point in the city's history.
Swashbuckling "badmen" who had
Heretofore robbed at will saw the
ominous handwriting of the Vigilantes
and decided Helena was too hot.
And the grim-eyed men who welded
Montana had won again.
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1939-05-20
Written Indian Law Code
of Old Is Found in Oregon

do on the agency they must first at
tend to the agency.
18th: The following old people don't
have to work on road viz Old Rily, old
Elkins, Old Taylor, old j. Brown, old
Cass, old Amos, old Wachena, old
Clamath Jim, old Quackerty, Yamhill
10, all men pay tax and Sampson
Wilder.
Feb. %, 1881
31st: ANY Indian who own land and
don't build on 1t or work on it, and
live on another mans land when he
Is notified by the person who own
land that he lives on, and don't leave,
he is to be fined If found guilty In the
sum of $40 and cost.
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1939-05-20

A detailed definition of noun
tain meadowland under the 1889
range conservation program, made
public by the director of the west
ern division of the AAA( will af-
feet 81 Montana counties, accord
ing to A. ]. Borton, state executive
officer of the agricultural adjust
ment administration. In 1888, more
than $4,000 acres in the state were
listed as mountain meadowland under
the program.
The directors definition, which ap-
plies only to counties in Montana deS-
ignated as mountain meadowland"
counties, is:
Mountain meadowland is land, other
than hay land defined as cropland and
classified as non-depleting acreage-on
which the growth is predominantly ma
tive species Of grasses and sedge, and
from which hay is normally harvested
and fed on the ranching unit to range
livestock owned by the operator"
Three exceptions to this definition
are: land that normally grows less than
ree-fourths tons of hay per acre, land
that is not part of ranch engaged In
raising range livestock, and land that
has once been titled and later seeded
to domeSticated grass and legumes.
Land, however, where domesticated
grasses or legumes have established
themselves on native sod may be
clasSed as mountain meadowland.
The allowance for practices on noun
tain meadoWland is 35 cents an acre.
Payment at regular rates can be earned
on such land for contouring, artificial
reseeding and construction of spread
er dams and terraces.
Counties affected by the new defini-
ton are Beaverhead Big Horn, Blaine,
Broadwater, Carbon, Cascade Chou
teau, Deer Lodge, Fergus, FIathead,
Gallatin, Glacier, Granite, Jefferson,
Judith Basin, Lake, Lewis and Clark,
Lincoln, Madison, Meagher, Mineral
Missoula, Park, Pondera, Powell RAJ
valli. Sanders, Silver Bow, Saltwater,
Sweetgrass, Teton and Wheatland
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1939-05-20
BACK TO LAND MOVEMENT
Is PREDICTED BY EABRICK

More and more families dislocated
because of economic changes must gain
their subsistence directly from the land,
in the opinion Of d. P. Fabrick, chair
man Of the state planning board, mem
Der of the state water conservation
board and consultant of the national
resources board. F7abrick discussed the
conference he attended in Seattle
where the problem relative to some
10000 migratory families in the Pa
cific northwest was considered.
Most of these families, Fabrick said,
are from the great plains states and
have drifted westward in the hope of
finding more promising conditions. AS
a general thing, according to the plan
ming board chairman, these families
have to be supported by public agencies.
Fabrick considers profitable land use
as the basis of the economic structure.
He asserted that commerce and the
processing industries cannot exist I'M
less backed by new wealth from the
soil or the earth in some form. There
is too much of tendency, Fabrick be-
lieyes. for the metropolitan trade CEN
tiers to forget that they depend on the
hinterland for their existence.
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1939-05-20
FALLS COACH LINES
SOLD TO OMAHA MAN

Sale Of the Great Falls Coach Lines,
including the local bus service, lines
serving Fort Peck and Glasgow and the
bus route from Great Falls to Brown
ing, to Tim J. Manning of Omaha,
was announced by Ed Klies, operator
of the company since its inception In
1881. Manning has been general man.
ager of the Union Pacific g. Interstate
Transfer lines operating in Is states
He resigned to purchase the Great Falls
concern and operate it as an indie
pendent line.
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1939-05-20
Bv WALTER E. TAYLOR

By WALTER E. TAYLOR
Records Of what was perhaps the
first written Indian code of law
west Of the Mississippi have been
discovered among the old files Of
the Grande Ronde-SiIetz Indian
agency In Oregon by Supt. Earl
Woodbridge, a former Montanan.
Students of the American Indian
have long known that the tribes were
ruled by strict, though unwritten, codes
But this old record Of the Grande
Ronde Indians reveals that much OF
the old Indian law resembles modern
American law. For instance, the Grande
Ronde Indian had a law covering
breach of promise to wed and another
of the laws covers social security for
the aged The Grande Ronde laws were
written by "the Grande Ronde Indian
legislature" at various meetings held
between 1879 and 1881. Excerpts from
this earliest type Of code are given
below Just as the indian legislators
wrote them go years ago.
Nov. IL, 1877
18th: When the amount Of money
in the Treasury exceeds $50 it shall be
loaned out at the rate of 10 percent
per annum to Some good man who
Shall give Security, it shall not be
Six Months. If any wheat or oats is
on hand In the Treasury 1t shall be
loaned out to Some good Man every
10 bushels loaned to one man he shall
return IL bushels after harvest.
18th: If any man talk Saucey and
abuse another person without cause
and provoke him so that he whip him
the person that commenced the dispute
or was the cause Of the quarrel If
convicted shall be fined from $3.50 to
SIS and Cost of Court.
goth: Any doctor who doctors any
Person and thinks he can't cure the
person he must tell the person he can't
cure him so that he don't rob him OF
all his property, he is to receive $3.50
for his services, but if the Doctor keeps /
he is to be fined $40 and Cost OF Court
If proven.
Nov. 4, 1879
18th: IF any woman promise to marry
a man and he shall expend any money
for preparing for marriage and the
woman break her promise and refuse
to marry the man shall recover from /
the woman the amount so expended, I
and cost court If he have to bring law
suit.
18th: If a man promise to marry a |
woman and afterwards refuse to marry
her he shall pay all expenses fees and /
be fined $40 and Cost Of Court
goth: Any man who belong to this
Agency and rent land outside of the
Agency, and he use the Agency ma +
chimes reaper and mower and thresher
he shall pay tole for the use Of such
machines as if same as charged I
outside or whatever is the custom to
charge, if the machines got plenty to /
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1939-05-20
GOVERNMENT CONSIDERS
EFT. PECK NATIONAL PARK

Senator Wheeler said today the ma
tional park service had advised him it
would undertake another investigation
next summer of the possibility of Gre
ating national park at Fort Peck.
The first investigation was at Wheel
er'S request He said he would confer
with park officials soon on a plan to
authorize the service to administer the
recreational facilities in that area.
After the first investigation the park
service told Wheeler it felt "the dam
will attract many visitors"
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1939-05-20
JUNIOR COLLEGE BOND
ELECTIONS EXPLAINED

County high school districts planning
to hold bond elections to establish ju-
nior colleges must hold elections in the
same manner as provided for in issu-
ance of county bonds, Attorney Gen
eral H j. Freebourn ruled. The opinion
was addressed to I. w. Choate of Miles
City, Custer county attorney, who said
trustees of Custer county high school
desire to establish a junior college in
accordance with law of the 1899 leg
iSlature.
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1939-05-20

We don't know the causes of alb
normal weather, but one way to bring
it about is to prepare for an outdoor
affair.
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1939-05-20
TONY LBS, 81, SHEEPMAN
OF DAWSON COUNTY. DIE,

Tony Lbs, 81, a resident Of Dawson
county since 1881, died at the home of
a friend where he had been staying
temporarily after leaving the hospital,
where he had been i'll the last winter.
He was born Dec. Is, 1852, in Alsace-
Lorraine and came to the United States
in 1870, to Montana when the Northern
Pacific railroad was built. In 1912 he
homesteaded near Crackerbox creek
and became a sheep rancter Upon his
retirement he went to Glendive to live
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1939-05-20

Recent Kansas experiments disclosed
that on a percent slope of land pro-
tected by native grass sod 99.7 of all
the rain that fell in a six-year period
was absorbed; on clean titled soil 1872
percent of the rain ran off.
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1939-05-20
New sprout and Tree KiIler

A young man go years ODD at Jones'
town, Mississippi, has for several years
been making sprout and tree killer,
which seems to be a time, labor and
money saver. See advertisement In
classified column.
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1939-05-20

Real jasmine flowers worn as ear
rings, form new wedding fashion in
London.
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1939-05-20

Prevention always costs less than
cure.
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1939-05-20

The reticulated pythons Of the Phil
ippine Islands are the largest snakes
In the world, often attaining a length
Of more than 80 feet.
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1939-05-20

Peru expects to continue its public
works projects all this year.
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1939-05-20
NEW AAA RULING
ON MEADOWLAND
DEFINITION GIVEN FOR 1888 WILL
AFFECT HOLDERS IN 80
COUNTIES

Includes Mountain Areas Other Than
Hay Land Defined AS Crop Land
and Classified as NOndepIeting Acre
age; Allowance IS Cents An Acre.
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1939-05-20
OIL for
Troubled " aters

In EVERY industrial field, plant super
n intendents and management executives
turn TO the SOcOny-Vacuum Oil Company
with its 20 years. experience whenever a
fabrication problem, great or small, threat
ems to disrupt operating schedules.
Evening star., 1939-06-07

had made spectacular speed flights
from his country to others.
Details on the crash were cabled
Immediately to the Mexican foreign
Office and the Embassy here received
many expressions of sympathy from
diplomats and Government officials.
Secretary Woodring, in a mes
sage to the Mexican Ambassador,
said:
May I express through you to
the Secretary of National Defense
my sincere sorrow occasioned by
the accident which occurred this
morning to your gifted countryman.
Senor Francisco Sarabia.
1t is a distinct shock to learn of the
loss of newly found friend"
Gen. Arnold said:
PERSONALLY and in behalf of the
Army Air Corps I wish to express
to you, to Mexican aviation and to
the people of Mexico my sorrow and
extend to them my sympathy on the
death Of the distinguished flyer"
DR.. L. S. Rowe, director general
of the Pan American Union, said
that the union "mourns with Mexico
in this sad hour"
Words cannot express the grief
that is felt throughout the United
States at the tragic death of Senor
Sarabia," he said. The untimely
ending of his career means an ir-
reparable less to the entire Con-
tinent.'
Evening star., 1939-06-07
Mrs. Roosevelt
Defends Right
To Address Ro|jy

An hour before Mrs. Roosevelt
was to speak at a meeting of the
National-Right-to Work Congress
she defended her right to appear
before any group as long as it un-
derstood her point of view. An
swering criticisms launched against
her by people who claimed the
gathering was communistic, she told
her press conference that if the
group wanted her to answer ques-
tlonS she was willing to do so. She
said they understood her point of
view.
She added that she had lived too
long to worry about criticism and
that If criticism made her hesitate
she would never do anything at all
AS described at her press confer
ence her point of view was that any
group has a perfect right to convene
and make representations to Gov
ernment officials. She said it was
also her personal feeling that it was
all right for people to organize with
the understanding that strikes are
not a weapon they can use against
the Government.
mo group that is actually work
Ing for the Government has any
right to strike against it." she said.
ANY group has a right to organ
lze itself and have representatives
who will place its point of view on
any subject that may be at issue be-
fore responsible people.
Government people are in a diff
ferent position from any other en-
ployes," she said. When they have
reached a point where they can't
agree, they should leave the Gov-
ernment service"
Evening star., 1939-06-07
Workers
Continued From First Page

Workers Alliance Of Greater New
York. said the tactics used "indi-
Gated the complete lack Of desire on
the part of those running the Hous
investigation to be fair"
David LASER, president of the
Workers Alliance of America. indi-
Gated that another effort would be
made to present testimony before
the House committee to refute
charges made against the alliance.
Mr.. LASER also was to head a COM
mittee from the congress calling on
Col. H. c. Harrington, administrator
OF the w. P. A., this afternoon to ask
for the administrations support for
the proposal for 100000 workers
and an appropriation of 1850 O0O.-
0OO for the work relief program.
The congress was to adjourn for
the day at 2 pm, and delegates
planned to resume the canvass of
members of Congress urging sup
port OF the Murray-Casey bill pro-
vlding 100000 jobs on public works
projects during the next fiscal wear
A report to the congress today said
14O members of Congress had
pledged their support to the bill, 26
have said they will vote against it.
and SO have remained non-commit-
tai.
Evening star., 1939-06-07
Pact
Continued From First Page.)

Continued From First Page)
latest Soviet note, the Prime Min
lister said:
1T is not intended that the mill
tary support which the three powers
britain, France and RUSSIA had
agreed to extend should be confined
to actual aggression on their own
territory.
1T is possible to imagine action
In which any one of the three gov
ernments might feel its security was
indirectly menaced by the action of
another European power.
These cases have been reviewed
in detail. and 1 hope it may be
possible now to suggest formula
acceptable to the three governments
which. while having regard to the
interests of other states, will insure
cooperation between these powers
in resistance to aggression.
There remain one or two diff
culties to be resolved. In particular
the position of certain states which
do not want to receive a guarantee
on the ground that it would COM
promise the strict neutrality which
they desire to preserve"
Evening star., 1939-06-07
Serious View Taken
By British Officials
BY the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
LONDON, June 7.-Official circles
said today that Great Britain took
a serious view" of fatal injuries
inflicted by Japanese marines on
r. M. Tinker, British employe of
British-owned cotton mill in the
Pootung district of Shanghai.
No decision was reached. how
ever, as to what action the British
government would take. The foreign
Office awaited an official report
from British authorities in Shanghai
who are investigating the incident.
British officials said the stabbing
of Tinker grew out of labor trouble
which Japanese had been "instigat-
ing" to try to make the situation
untenable for British-owned indus
tries in China.
Sir Robert Leslie Craigie, Brit
ish Ambassador in Toxic, was said
to have made representations yes
terday to the Japanese vice foreign
minister over these alleged provo
cations and the absence of steps
70 preserve order.
Evening star., 1939-06-07
Soviet Terms Stated
In Reply, Says Provdo

MOSCOW. June 7 LP).-The Com
munist party newspaper Pravda de-
clared today that the Soviet Russian
reply to British-French mutual as
sistance pact proposals was IAN ex-
act reflection" of Vyacheslaff Molo-
toff's publicly spoken conditions
including a promise of assistance
for three well known" Baltic States.
The editorial disclosed for the first
time in Moscow that formal reply
had been delivered Foreign Com
nissar Molotoff told the Supreme
Soviet, or Parliament, last Wednes-
day that the Soviet Union considered
the British-French proposals made
quate.
Pravda said that the formal re-
ply formulated minimum conditions
for organization of defensive
front for peace against further ex-
tension OF aggression in Europe.
These conditions sre as follows:
Firstly, conclusion of an effective
pact for mutual assistance against
aggression among Great Britain,
France and the U. S. S. r.:
Secondly, the rendering of assist
ance on the part of Great Britain,
France and the U. S. S. R. to those
five countries to which Great Britain
and France already have guaranteed
their assistance against aggression,
and
Thirdly, the rendering OF as
sistance on the part of Great Brit
ain, France and the U. S. S. r. to
three well-known Baltic states
against violation of their neutrality
by aggressors, and,
Finally, conclusion of concrete
agreement on methods, forms and
dimensions of assistance.
"A peculiar feature of the pres
ent stage of negotiations is that the
Soviet proposals not only reflect the
position of the government, but also
express the will of the Supreme
Soviet itself. =" ="
Evening star., 1939-06-07
Killing Heightens
British-Ja Japanese
Tension al Shanghai
En9Iishmon Fatally Hurt;
. Attack on kipponese
Troops Charged
By the Associated Press

By the Associated Press.
SHANGHAI. June THE death
OF a British citizen of injuries IN
flicted by Japanese marines created
serious situation today.
japanese charged that the Eng
lishman, R. NJ. Tinker, who for
merly was inspector of municipal
police here, fired upon a japanese
officer and threatened his men when
they entered a British cotton mill
in the Pootung district to stop
fight between strikers and nom
strikers.
Lawlessness Charged.
This case is not a mere issue
involving pointing gun by Briton
at Japanese japanese Embassy
spokesman declared. 1T involves
lawlessness toward a Japanese off,
Ger in uniform. That japanese
marines should have disarmed Tin
kler and manhandled him is expect
able under the circumstances. We
are surprised he was not shot and
killed on the spot"
British privately charged that the
japanese misrepresented the facts.
British officials made no statement,
but were investigating.
| Adding to British resentment was
the fact Mr.. Tinker was taken to
the Shanghai General Hospital
IN Japanese-dominate Hongkew,
rather than to hospital in the In
ternational Settlement.
Two Japanese naval and two Ger
man surgeons operated upon him
while japanese sentries stood guard
He died within few hours of
head wounds-Japanese said he was
struck on the head by rifle butt
three stab wounds in the abdomen
and foot injury.
Several Incidents Recently.
The incident was one of several
in recent weeks that have created
considerable tension. Japanese naval
forces recently landed at a Pootung
dock where British were policing a
struck cotton mill, whereupon the
British withdrew. The British held
they first asked Japanese to police
the plant. but that this was not done.
Another incident is the detention
by japanese at Kalgan of 1t. Col.
c. r. Spear. military attache to the
British Embassy, and 1t. John
Cooper. Domei, Japanese news
agency, in Kalgan dispatch de-
clared Spear had collected military
information which he planned to
relay to his superiors through
Chinese Communist army wireless
communications. Cooper "smuggled
himself inside the Japanese lines
without informing the army, Domei
said, adding that investigation con-
tinued.
Evening star., 1939-06-07
Surubiu
Continued From First Page.)

reconditioned Gee Bee racer, had
crashed in Rumania in 1884 when
Jacqueline Cochran, American girl
flyer, was racing it from London to
Melbourne.
Subsequently, it had crashed twice
in Bendix Trophy and Thompson
Trophy speed races. but each time
had been reconditioned. Flyers at
the crash scene said that other
similar models of the plane had car
ried the same jinx-and that Sara
bias ship was the last like it. They
are no longer made. it was said.
Harbor police were summoned to
the scene and aided Navy divers in
towing the ship to dock. A crane
was rolled up and line attached to
the tail. After two hours work Navy
men were successful in getting the
ship out of water.
1t was necessary to use hack saws
in order to get the body out of the
cabin. The widow. when her hus-
bands body was carried to land on a
stretcher, fell on it weeping.
Son Still Wants to Fly.
As the family stood watching the
rescue efforts, the flyers son-whc
worshiped his father-said:
Il still want to be a flyer"
But don't you see what happens
to f1yers?' some one said.
I don't care" the child replied.
Il still want to fly"
Mexican Ambassador Francisco
Castillo Najera, notified of the fly
er's death. was deeply shocked. He
Cancelled all his engagements in
definitely, except those of an official
diplomatic nature.
An immediate investigation of the
crash was begun by the Air Safety
Board, Civil Aeronautics Authority.
William F. Sentner, air safety in
vestigator In the Investigation Divi-
sion OF the board here, was as.
signed to take charge of the in
quiry.
Loss to World Aviation.
Chairman Robert H. Hinckley of
the Civil Aeronautics Authority said:
The accident is not only a dis
tlnct loss to Mexican aviation. but
to world aviation as WE'LL
The flyers body was taken to
Chambers funeral parlors and pre-
pared for shipment to Mexico. Ten
tatlve arrangements have been made
to send the body back by train to-
morrow night.
Idolized by his countrymen, Sara
bla was known as the Mexican
Llndbergh." President Cardenas had
flown with him often and Sarabia