davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
Tallinn STEPPED in Legend

Tucked away in a corner Of the
Baltic seas coastline, lies the land
of Estonia-once the western out
post of Russian Czarist domination.
Tallinn, the capital and largest city,
is stepped in legend and history On
the pages of northland history, Tai
linn has played a prominent part.
Founded by King Valdemar II Of
the Danes, Tallinn-then known as
Reval-grew into prominence as
trade center. due to its geograph-
ical location. Here-as in Vsby on
the Isle of Gotland-member Of
the powerful Hanseatic league met
to trade and barter products of the
East and West Through the GEN.
turies, this area became the foot
ball'' of the Baltic with Sweden,
Russia and Poland playing the most
prominent roles. Peter the Great
Of Russia was the ultimate victor
and Estonia and Tallinn remained
under Russian rule until the World
war. In 1920 the new republic was
born and Tallinn took its place
among the capitals of the world.
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
Lightning Always Takes
Way of Least Resistance

lightning may jump from cloud
to cloud or from cloud to earth,
and vice versa, in what is techni-
cally known as a "resurge." 1t al
ways takes the line of least resist
ance.
The cloud-to-cloud electrical dis
charge is not damaging to trees or
property, but the cloud to earth, or
the resurge type, is apt to kill trees
and any humans or cattle which
seek shelter under the branches. Or
q resurge may, without immediate
ly obvious results, kill some or all
Of the root system, states a writer
in the New York Times. The cloud
to-earth discharge may strike tree
and rip down the entire length of
the trunk, even splitting it almost
asunder as the tremendous heat of
the discharge causes the moisture
in the tree to expand and thus
break down the cell structure 1t
may strike a large branch and leap
from it to an adjoining building
and do irreparable damage in its
path to earth.
Tall or isolated shade trees usual
ly stand high above other objects
and they therefore offer an invit-
ing path for an electrical discharge.
During summer trees give off
great deal of moisture in their nat
dral process of Transportation and
this ascends, column-lke, toward
the upper atmosphere, providing an
additional attractive point of con-
tact with any electrical discharge.
1t would seem, too, that trees hav-
ing roots which extend deeply into
the ground and are in permanently
moist ground are the most likely
to be struck.
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
Ancestors of All Primates

The division of the human family
into races, such as the white, the
yellow, the red, and the black, pre-
dates history and at the best can
be only the subject of scientific
speculation. Evolutionists do not
hold, as frequently is enormously
supposed, that man descended from
the monkeys and the apes. They
do believe, however, that man
sprang from the same great family
tree that produced the others of the
prirnates, the anthropoid apes, the
Old world and the New world mon
keys. the tarsioids, and the lemu-
rois. They contend that some
where in the dim past, millions OF
years ago, there were creatures
upon the earth which were the com.
mon ancestors of all the primates.
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
All Indians Could Talk
hy Aid of SIGN Lanpuar

No one knows how old the sign
language is, according to an author.
ity quoted in the Chicago Daily
News. 1t became known to the fur
hunters who first met the Indians OF
the great treelesS area Of the west.
ern prairies and, in time, they found
that only the plains Indians used
it. On these wide open stretches
many tribes were constantly shift.
ing about hunting the buffalo. These
buffalo hunters developed a system
OF gestures which was used for com.
munication.
Indians who could talk only the
language of their respective tribes
were able to communicate with
each other by means of the sign
language. l have squatted in an
lntertrlbal council with Sioux,
BIackfeet, Cheyenne, Shoshoni, Ara
paho, Kiowa and other tribes rep.
resented. None could understand
the spoken words of the other tribes.
but all understood every sign.
Every movement of an arm.
hand or finger in this sign language
is founded on some basic charac-
teristic. For example, a white man
wore hat; the first Indians to see
this just naturally concluded that all
white men wore this queer head
piece. So they indicated white
man by drawing the index finger
across the forehead A man is an
animal who stands erect; hence the
sign for man in general is the up
lifted hand, with the index finger
extended upward A woman has
long hair: hence the sign for WON
an is a sweeping downward move
ment of the hand at the side of the
head as though combing the hair.
"A straight tongue tells the truth,
so the forward pointing of an ex-
tended index finger means truth
while the same motion, with two
fingers separated, is split tongue
lie. Each tribe has its sign; the
Pawnee is the wolf tribe; its sign
is two fingers, wide apart. pointing
upward at the side of the head to
represent the standing ears of
wolf
Sleeping is indicated by inclin-
ing the head to one side and resting
on the open palm. AS days, or
rather nights, are counted by
Sleeps the same sign may mean
a day In the same way cold is
indicated by shivering motion of
the clenched fists, and Indians count
years by winters of cold sea-
sons. so this same sign may mean
a year"
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
Chair in Synagogue Is
Prepared, but Not Used

In the synagogue of the Sephar-
dim Jews in Jerusalem is a little
place of prayer. with lights always
burning, where the visitor sees a big
chair draped and prepared but nev-
er occupied, observes a writer in
the Montreal Herald
The story is told that four CEN
turies ago, when there were few
Jews in the city, only nine could
be found for worship. The number
was not enough, for by Jewish Gus
tom there must be ten to make a
congregatie
This is based on Gods promise
to Abraham to spare Sodom if not
less than ten righteous men were
found in it.
Suddenly stranger entered and
took a place in the congregation.
The service then proceed, but at
its conclusion the mysterious
stranger could no longer be seen.
He could have been no other than
Elijah. men said, and from that
day to this his place is ready in case
he comes again.
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
An Old Military Organization

The First Troop, Philadelphia
City Cavalry, oldest military organ
ization in the United States in point
of continuous existence, was found
ed on November II, 1774, by % gen.
tlemen ''for the defense of the rights
of their threatened country" The
troops served in various engage.
ments during the Revolutionary
war, the War of 1912 (vidette duty
in Delaware and Maryland, and dur
ing the Civil war. In 1916 the
troop served on the Mexican Dor.
der. In the World war its members
went overseas and shared in the
offensives of the Aisne, the Meuse.
Argonne and in Belgium. The or
ganization has acted as escort to
every President who has visited
Philadelphia while in office.
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
Liberia Founded in an
Effort TO Help Slaves

Liberia, Africa's dark elbow,
grew out of American efforts to ind
a home for slaves freed before the
War Between the States. The site
was chosen by the American Colo
nization society and the name was
coined by an American minister,
says a writer in the Washington
Post.
Settlers began landing in 1928,
at Monrovia, the present capital
They founded two nations, one
called Liberia and the other Mary
land, but within few decades these
were consolidated.
Adopting a constitution and flag
similar to ours, Liberia proclaimed
it's freedom in 1847. 1t was recog-
nized by almost every great nation
in the world-except the United
States. We waited while before
acknowledging it.
The first hundred years were hard
for the new nation. France and
Great Britain disputed its bound
aries. Original inhabitants resent
ed the intrusion Of the freed slaves.
And there was no money to develop
resources.
BY 1910 the country was in such
condition that the United States adj
vanced cash, helped out on military,
agricultural and boundary ques-
tions. Great Britain supplied gun
boat, threw in an English captain
to train the navy"
Liberia is prosperous. 1t vigor-
ously promotes education and other
progressive plans.
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
Polyharmony and Atonality

Polyharmony and atonality are
less common and relatively new in
musical jargon. Polyharmony is
the effect of two or more harmonies
sounding simultaneously but also in
dependently, according to an au-
thority in the Cleveland Plain Deal
er. 1t is often obtained by writing
melodies in whole chords SO as to
give each a harmonic character. or
by writing one melody in one key
against another melody in an en-
tirely different key. Polyharmony
became quite vogue in the second
decade of this century, but instances
of it can be found even among the
classic composers.
Atonality, on the other hand, in
wolves more radical departure
from tradition. Literally it means
music without any tonality or key,
though even its most distinguished
practitioners admit this to be prac-
tically impossible. 1t is achieved
by a dissonantal arrangement of
the II tones of the chromatic scale.
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
"Oldest City in World"
Recalls the Bible DAYS

Fifty miles from the coastal Syri-
an city of Beirut lies the once capi-
tai of Islam and the "oldest city in
the world" Approaching Kanawat
station outside the city's crumbling
walls the towering great mosque of
mayyads identifies the famed
gates of Damascus" entranceWay
to the capital to Syria and for four
centuries gateway to the Ottoman
empire.
Echoes of the ancient past unite
In a conglomeration of bygone civ
ilizations with traces of Byzantine
empires, Hebrew kingdoms, Greek,
Roman and Biblical scenes to greet
the traveller within the gates. The
whole landscape shows in the peace
and calm of beautiful gardens and
floral courtyards, fragrant with the
Scriptures mentioned of the damask
rose, ''The Roses of Damascus"
Entering the ancient city from
Deraa, mentioned in the Bible as
Edrei, once capital city of the giant
Og, writes a correspondent in the
Los Angeles Times, Damascus re-
sembles the outpost Turkish city as
seen from across the Biblical Land
of Bashan." From this approach is
the south gate where tradition says
that Mohammed twice hesitated to
enter Damascus as he wanted to
enter Paradise only once. Native
life centers on the Street called
Straight" mentioned in the Acts of
the Apostles, where stands the
house of Judas to which the blind
Saul of Tarsus was brought, with
other early scenes of Biblical men,
tion.
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
Fo0tgear Worn by Lapps

The Lapps wear no stockings
The shoes are lined with dry grass
"a short hay called starr" II is
trick requiring clever manipu
lation to stuff shoe with starr
so that it can be pulled over the
foot and worn with comfort. Wlen
the bottom Of the shoe wears
through, it is patched with a rou,d
piece of reindeer leather. In ra.
weather the natives wear rci,. s..
leather leggings. The pan.
blouses, coats, breast CLOTHS
caps are all made Of eoud -
Woolen cloth. blue preferred
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
Forty Days in the Bible

In Biblical literature the symbol
ical or sacred numbers are 3, 4, 7,
10, IL, 40 and 70 and their multi
pies. Forty, the multiple of q and
10. naturally follows the signif-
icance of its components. Forty
plays an important part in the chro-
nology of the period of Judges and
perhaps Of the early monarchy. 1t
is evidently used as a unit equiv
alent to generation. The duration
of the wandering in the wilderness
and the three periods of life of
Moses are also reckoned as 40 each.
The number four, one of its multi
Piles, early became a symbol of
completeness. The number 10. as
the highest of the series of units
and as the basis of the whole deci-
NAL system, is vested with sacred
ness.
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
The Worlds Oldest Toy

One of the largest toys in the
world is more than 400 years old.
1t is a 47-foot wooden doll, named
Lord Gayant, which has lived in
Douai, northern France, since June
19, 1880. The mammoth doll was a
bachelor for 35 years, but in 1865
he was provided with wife, almost
as tall as himself and worth four
barrels of new wine" according to
the archives of Douai. Since that
time, despite wars, seditions and
panics, Lord and Lady Gayant have
made their periodic appearances in
Douai, and unlike the usual carni-
val giants whose life lasts only a
fortnight, the wooden Gayants have
been preserved through the GEN.
turies. They have many offspring.
French Flanders possesses almost
a hundred similar giants, ranging
from so to rs feet in height and
fashioned of wood, metal or canvas.
Each "giant" has his own legend
and superstition and each is
dragged out on local feast days.
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
Baltic Is the "Big Sea"
to the Cassub Peasants

When the clouds bump together
it thunders; stars are angels peep
holes through which they observe
the antics of humans and when
lightning flashes, God and His army
are shooting at devils-tEese are
some of the quaint folk beliefs of
the Cassubian peasants in Pomorze,
Polands maritime province from
which shipping concerns get their
seamen.
Cassub peasants are farmers,
sailors and fishermen. To them
the Baltic is the Big Sea" and the
hundreds of beautiful lakes in their
country are known as the Small
Seas" They are Poland's Bretons,
hardy and so conservative that they
believe in their ancestral lore de-
spite their common sense, notes
writer in the st. Louis Globe-Demo-
crat
At school the Cassub is taught
that the earth is a globe. but to him
this is inconceivable He will tell
you, despite the teachers mon
sense" that the earth is a fiat disc
over which fits the blue dome of the
heavens; and that the light coming
through the angels peep notes.-the
stars-is the radiance of Gods
throne. And furthermore that Adam
and Eve live on the moon. Eve
sits eternally at the spinning wheel
while Adam leans on his pitchfork.
The weather is changeable from
year to year, most any old Cassub
woman viii tell you, because every
January God appoints a new saint
to administer it. Like everybody
else, saints have temperament and
difference of opinion as to what
is proper weather, among other
things. So the farmer and the fish
erman are sometimes up against it
trying to anticipate meteorological
orders from above.
The Cassubs have their methods
of weather forecasting. One saying
goes: If gnats play in January
there will certainly be snow in
May" If Christmas is clear there
will be a favorable harvest the next
fall; and if it rains on Friday it will
rain all week.
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
"The Blood Stone"

A small, silver-mounted crystal
ball is known as THE Blood Stone,
and is believed to have been used
by tie ancient Druids for calling
down spiritual fire and summoning
the gods. 1t was buried near what
is now Chatham, says London Tit.
Bits Magazine, with woman pre-.
sumed to be a high priestess in q
religion that practiced strange and
horrible rites; this type of stone
was popular with witches. Accord.
ing to legend it has had an evil eff.
feet on mankind since the dim
ages before Christ was born, and
people are chary about possessing
it.
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
Dry Falls Greater Than Niagara

Historians claim that over 100000
years ago a cataract 40 times great
er than Niagara thundered over the
400-foot face of the Dry Falls of
the Columbia river. The Dry Falls,
preserved as state park, has a
vista house on the brink of the cliff
where visitors may look three and
one-haf miles across the chasm to
its opposite side 1t is located at
the lower end of the natural Grand
Coulee. Biologists claim that a huge
river once drained the territory east
of the Appalachians into the Pacif-
ic, and that the great glacial age
changed the prehistoric channel and
left the Dry Falls.
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
Skin Of Sheep Consists
of Four Distinct LAYERS

Wool is made up of individual
parts or fibers, as they are called.
The skin of sheep as viewed under
a high-powered microscope consists
of four layers. Between the third
and fourth layers are found fibrous,
pliable tissues, which collect in
clusters or bundles, are connected
with the nerve and circulatory sys-
tenn of the animal and form the
roots of the fiber of wool, also from
the blood they gather an oil or
waxy-like secretion that follows up
the fiber as it grows. This secre-
ton is known as yolk, states a
writer in the Missouri Farmer. The
amount of yolk found in wool is
almost directly dependent on the
condition the animal has been in
during the growth of the fleece. The
hair bulb, with its system Of roots,
veins and nerve connections, looks
like flower bulb.
Through a high-powered glass, a
fiber of wool looks very much like a
stalk of cane. 1t is composed Of
large porous cells, the second COW
ering which looks like the bark of a
tree, lies fiat and fairly smooth, and
the third or outer covering is COM
posed of a laminated structure that
looks like the scales on a fish, with
the loose end towards the outer end
of the fiber. These scale-like pro-
jections are very small, much too
small to be seen with the naked eye.
There are from 300 to 500 of them
per inch of wool fiber.
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
How RaYOn Is Made

Rayon is made from either cotton
hnters or wood pulp. The raw ma
terial is treated with acids or other
chemicals to make it soluble. It is
then dissolved in alcohol and ether.
or other suitable solvents and after
publication is forced through very
small openings, from which it
emerges as fine threads. These
become solidified by evaporation of
the volatile solvents or by passage
through setting bath. There are
four principal processes in use,
but this is generalized descrip-
ton. All of them are derived from
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
NOTICE
TO THE REAL PROPERTY TAXPAYERS OF COOLIDGE SCHOOL
DISTRICT 81, PINAL COUNTY, WHO ALSO IN
ALL RESPECTS QUALIFIED ELECTORS THEREOF


Public notice hereby given that special bond election has
been called the Coolidge
na County Arizona and viii be held on Saturday the 18th day
District No A Pna County Arizona for the of submitting
all respects Qualified electors said School District the follow
ing question:
Shall Coolidge
No10o a3oooOo Dollars be issued and sold
District Arizona
four per eeu Of the assessed valuation of the taxable in
purpose of raising be site
construction thereon school building within School
to be dated January ls 1885, the denomination of which
bonds viii be as follows:
ThirThee sa One Thousand Dollar $4,000 bonds numbered
es at rate not exceeding five 5 cent annum payable
as follows:
% $4,000 January 1st of
each OF the years from 1910 to 1914 both incusve
Two q One Thousand Dollar $1,000 bonds 1st of
each OF the years from 1945 to 1858, both inclusive;
The ballot the receipt Of the ballots the said
day said polling and viii be closed at the hour of 500 o'clock
as of
the Board Of @ seoO @ district as W the aw Directs Ball
the question submitted will be furnished
judges election furnished the Each elector
no. and the ctor a indicate his approval or of
question submitted by placing W the opposite the
ballot his choice
ballot will the judges of election unless the
the real property in said school
in
WITNESS WHEREOF, the Board Trustees Coolidge
notice
be given September 1888
BOARD TRUSTEES COOLIDGE SCHOOL
DISTRICT COUNTY, ARIZONA.
By ANNA CLARK CHRISTENSEN
Chairman
By c. L. KENWORTHY
First Publication September 1888
Publication October 49, 1888.
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
American Elm, Favorite
for Shade, Decoration

There are about l8 species of elm
in the world A distinguishing fea.
ture Of the American elm, especial
ly when growing on wet soil, is its
large spurs or buttreSses at the
base. They serve as braces or sup
ports for the heavy top. American
elms five feet in diameter above
the swollen base and 100 feet tall
have been found, states a writer in
the Chicago Tribune.
Elms are favorite shade trees
wherever they grow well and where
there is room enough for them to
spread. The elm grows too large
to be subjected to cramped quar-
ters. Its wide crown with high goth
ic arches needs the width of a street
to give its breadth the proper pro-
portion to its height. When elms
are planted on both sides of an or
dinary street the branches even
tually meet in the center, forming
an archway.
Elm leaves are easy to identity.
They are pointed, coarsely double
toothed around the edges, and usu-
ally 4 to inches long by l to 3
inches wide. Prominent, straight
veins run out from the midribs and
the leaves often are rough on the
upper surface. They are unequal
at the base and are arranged alter
nately along the slender twigs. The
leaves are dark green on top and
paler green underneath.
The wood is hard, tough, and
heavy, weighing 40 pounds to the
cubic foot. 1t is used for wagon
hubs, barrel slaves, furniture, ve-
neers for fruit baskets, and for
building boats.
The American elm grows natural
ly from Newfoundland and Manito-
ba on the north to Florida and Tex
as on the south. It extends west
ward into Nebraska.
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
The Name Harrison

The name Harrison means just
Harry's son." Harry may
be diminutive OF Harold, mighty
in battle, leader" or of Henry, "rul
er of the home" although Harry
is an older form than Henry. Harry's
son would naturally partake of the
characteristics of Harry, so the Har-
risons may consider themselves
leaders in battle and rulers of the
home, which is quite comprehent
sive program.
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
Mermaid Statue Holds Secrets

An unusual statue called the Mer
maid sits on a rock at the harbor's
edge in Copenhagen. and tradition
says she holds behind her smooth
bronze brow the innermost secrets
of future officers of the Danish navy
1t is the custom of midshipmen
from the Royal Danish Naval acad
emy to drive out along the Lange.
line on graduation day and cast
their rings into the sea in front Of
the nymph, at the same time max
ing a wish. She is supposed to
bring fulfllment of that wish.
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
Flag Often Replaced

The Union Jack that flies high
above the Victoria Tower of the
Palace of Westminster in London
when the house of lords is in session
is probably replaced more Otter
than any other flag, says Collars
Weekly. Frequently the wind is sc
violent that it reduces to shreds as
many as three ensigns in single
day.
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13
Trees Thousands of Years Old

The oldest of the sequoias on the
western slope of the Sierra Nevadas
are said to date back 1000 or 1000
years. Compared with these Methu-
selahs of the vegetable kingdom,
oaks are shortlived, but several of
the more than 300 species of oaks
live to be hundreds of years old and
attain great size. The great oak of
Gloucestershire, England, for exam
pie, developed a girth of 4712 feet
S feet above the ground.
The Coolidge examiner., 1938-10-13

me process devised and patented by
a French scientist, Count Hilaire
Chardonnet, about the year 1889.