davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1938-08-26
The Wards Win
First Lawns and
Gardens Prize

The naughty violet-hued Dahlia
We'd with the brilliant Marigold in
a flower and garden show spon-
sored by the Minneapolis Garden
Club, an affiliate of the Minneap-
oils Urban League, on Sunday,
August Fl, at the home of Mr.. and
Mrs. J. W. Burrell, 3545 4th Ave.
&c., Minneapolis.
An abundance of flowers, vege-
tables and fruit, all aristocrats of
their species, made up the exhibits
of the Show. There were Dahlias,
Petunias, Marigolds, Zinnias,
Texas Daisies, Prince Feathers and
Cockcombs in the Flower Division;
okra, giant green beans, squash,
luscious red tomatoes, Swiss chard,
green peppers, white potatoes,
great Dubious onions and pepper
mint in the Vegetable Division and
red plums, purple grapes and a
bright green apple proudly repre-
sented the Fruit Division. These
exhibits were arranged under the
direction of Mrs. J. w. Ward,
Chairman of the Committee on Ar
rangements.
After an inspection of the ex-
hibits the guests participated in a
short formal session over which
Chas. w. Washington, Executive
Secretary, Minneapolis Urban
League, presided. Cecil E. New
man, Editor of the Minneapolis
Spokesman and the st. Paul Re-
corder, awarded the prizes. The
winners in the city-wide Lawns
and Gardens Contest sponsored by
the Club were: First Prize, Sill
yer Trophy Cup was won by Mr..
and Mrs. ]. w. Ward, 1897 4th
Ave. S.
Second Prize, a large plant
prince Feather), won by Mrs.
Gertrude Smith, 4O48 4th Ave. S.
Third Prize, a one dollar seed or
der, won by Thomas Carroll, 1922
Oakland Ave.
Honorable Mentions went to Mrs.
Isabel McQuerry, 4O48 Clinton
Ave-; Mrs. Wallace Chambers, 1915
Clinton Ave., and Mrs. Robert NAL
lory, 4053 Clinton Ave.
Ribbon Winners
The judges of the Flower, Vege-
table and Fruit exhibits were Mrs.
Elizabeth Ewing, Mrs. J. L. Nc
HE and Mrs. Alice Brown. Blue
Ribbons were awarded the follow
ing persons:
Vegetable Division, Mr.. and Mrs.
Isaac Judy, Mrs. Jesse Shannon,
Mrs. R. B. Moulden, Mrs. Hazel
Clark, Mr.. Eli Paul, Mrs. Harvey
Pitman.
Fruit Division: Mrs. Jesse Shan
non, Mrs. Gertrude Smith.
Flower Division: DR.. and Mrs.
M. W. Judy, Mrs. Jesse Shannon,
Mr.. and Mrs. James Burrell and
Mrs. r. B. Moulden.
DR.. M. w. Judy, President of the
organization, left his sickbed to be
present at the gathering for a
short period. The representative
group of citizens who were present
were loud in their praise of the
various exhibits. Refreshments
were served.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1938-08-26

Wise sponsors of public enter
tainments who want to show a
profit always utilize the columns
of this newspaper to reach pros
pective ticket buyers and patrons.
-Advt.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1938-08-26
HOBART MITCHELL HEARD
OVER WLB

Hobart Mitchell of Minneapolis
was heard over the University of
Minnesota radio station WLB We'd
nesday night at 7 P. NJ, speaking
on the subject: How Unemploy-
ment Insurance Works."
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1938-08-26
HALLE FOOTBALL CALL

A meeting of the members and
candidates of the Halle Q. Brown
senior football team is called for
tonight friday, Aug. 26, at the
community house at 553 Aurora.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1938-08-26

Hospital Insurance" - YOU
NEED NOT BELONG TO A
GROUP. Pick your doctor and
hospital. Theodore F. Allen, North
American Life and Casualty Co..
Advt.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1938-08-26
Use Hatchet i'm
Argument; M an
and Woman jailed

Mary Stancell, 81, and Sam Rob
inson of 21S1a Water St., st. Paul,
who tried to settle an argument
with a Ratchet, were each SEN
fenced to serve 80 days in the
Ramsey County workhouse.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1938-08-26
TWIN CITIAN WINS GOLF MEET
COlstOn Reported
Much Improved

Leonard Colston, Mill City de-
tective, confined to the General
Hospital with five bullet wounds,
was reported on the road to re-
covery Wednesday.
Colston was shot Wednesday,
Aug. II, by Leo Jaworski, white,
his father-in-law.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1938-08-26
PROMINENT TEACHER VISITS
HERE

Mrs. Ella M. Hinton, Mrs. Jes-
sic Jackson and Mrs. Lillian
Booker of Liberty, Mo-, have been
the house guests of Mrs. Carrie
Green of 655 Rondo St. Mrs.
Booker is a past president of the
Missouri State Teachers Associa-
ton and also of the Missouri AS
ISOLATION of Colored Women. She
was elected auditor of the Central
Association of Colored Women at
their biennial meeting held in Des
Moines, Ia, recently.
Mrs. Green's guests left for
home Thursday night.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1938-08-26
Congressman A. W.
Mitchell Speaker
atLeague Dinner

Announcement was made this
week by the st. Paul Urban League
that Congressman A. W. Mitchell,
the lone Negro representative in
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1938-08-26

Keep of the date Saturday night,
Oct. 29.-Advt.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1938-08-26

Keep off the date Gloom Chasers
Labor Day Dance, Seventh Street
Hall, September 5.-Advt.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1938-08-26

To be proud of Learning is the
greatest Ignorance.-Bishop Tay-
lor.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1938-08-26

Justice consists in doing no in
jury to men; Decency, in giving
them no offense.-Cicero.
Imperial Valley press., 1938-08-29
miscellaneous For Sale

Get your book today at Clements
Drug Store, Ell Centre. $50
Imperial Valley press., 1938-08-29
Riders Prepare
For Revival of
Pony Express

SACRAMENTO, Calf, Aug. %.
CUP) - William Tevis, California
millionaire sportsman and Cliff
Gardner, Nevada cowboy, today ar
ranged for the series of horses they
will use in a revival of the early
day Pony Express from Reno to
the California state fair on Friday.
The men will race over the orig
inal Pony Express trail across Mey-
ers grade and Echo Summit in the
Sierra Nevadas, carrying Nevada's
greetings to the fair and special
mail cachets for collectors. They
expect to average II miles an hour
on the $50 mile routs.
Imperial Valley press., 1938-08-29
I D

STENOGRAPHER. CAPABLE, ex-
perienced. State age, experience,
salary expected. Post Press Box
S-100. 81
Imperial Valley press., 1938-08-29
WANT-AD-
PAGE
-PHONE 800
HeLD Wanted

w A N / f d - UNINCUMBERED
housekeeper to stay nights. Call
1874 between 7 and and after
5 pm. During day call 1243. 8-29
Imperial Valley press., 1938-08-29

WHEN better roofs are made we
will put 'em on. S. L. Hartzell
and Son. Phone 251W 4-13TF
Imperial Valley press., 1938-08-29

BIACKMAN'S FOR PLUMBING
We have every plumbing need.
Our work is quick, efficient and
economical. Phone us for repair,
service or new installation esti-
mates.
1899 Main Phone 1047
Imperial Valley press., 1938-08-29
JUDGE INSTALLED
AS MOOSE HEAD

PITTSBURGH, Aug. 20 OPP
Judge Roy G.. Williams of the Ohio
preme court was installed as su-
prime dictator of the Loyal 0rde1
of Moose at ceremonies marking the
close of three day national Moose
conference here last night.
Imperial Valley press., 1938-08-29

3 ROOM FURNISHED STUCCO
house, electric refrigerator, cooler,
innerspring mattress, clean, close
in, $500. Marie Land, 0cd Main
street. 8-26TF
Imperial Valley press., 1938-08-29
Business Services

FOR CONVENIENCE while your
family Is away have that work
n done you have been needing.
y Cabinet Making and Remodeling
Painting and Furniture Finishing
Floor Sanding and Finishing
Linoleum Laid, Etc.
o. M. Stark, 1901 S. 4th. Phi. 9lOJ
Imperial Valley press., 1938-08-29

LARGE FURNISHED HOUSE at
654 Brighton. Inquire 642 Brig5-
ton. 8-18TF
Imperial Valley press., 1938-08-29

FOR RENT-FLAT. 3 rooms and
bath. Modern, furnished, decorat-
ed, electrically equipped. Water
paid. Adult. Phone 535J. $50
Imperial Valley press., 1938-08-29
6 Personals Special Notices

WILL BE BACH SEPT. ] WIN
Harvesting Equipment and Ready
for Corn Threshing. Jack Spinks,
$40 No. 7th. BraWley 9-7
Imperial Valley press., 1938-08-29

MAGIC CHEF GAS range, large
screened sleeping room, 2 piece
Overstuffed, Large desert cooler,
9x12 Rug. 730 Len Rey. 8-24TF
Imperial Valley press., 1938-08-29
36 Used Tires - Auto AcceS.

GOOD USED ISARTS ior Cars,
Trucks and Tractors. New and
Used Tires. Priced Right.
CARTER MOTOR CO 1858 Main
8-3 TT
The Northwest enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1931-1952, 1938-04-29
No Color Bar
At Youth Meet

There are no racial prejudices
among the progressive youth of
America" That is the only pos
sible conclusion to draw from the
events Of Youths Pilgrimage for
Jobs and Education" which was
held by tn American Youth Con-
gress in Washington last week.
Four thousand young people, in
Guiding five hundred Negro youth,
came from all parts of the country
to see their Congressman.
After a conference with Pres
ident Roosevelt on Saturday, Off
GERS of the American Youth Con-
gress, whose headquarters are at
55 West And Street, New York
City, predicted that a revised
youth Act would be passed by
this session of Congress. 1.-THE
need is too urgent to be ignored
by Congress-" William Hinckley
declared.
The Northwest enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1931-1952, 1938-04-29
Unions Prepare
For Labor Day

Plans for a massive and color
full May Day labor parade are
whipping into shape this last week
before May Day. Endorsements
of some fifty organizations
unions, CLIO unions, fraternal, po-
litical, and youth groups. Work
ers Alliance organizations and Old
Age Pension unions-ensure a live
and varied parade.
Among the more spectacular
floats will be the one sponsored
by the United Fishermen's Union
of the Pacific, which will be full
sized skiff with all the fishing nets
and parphenalia connected with
the trade.
A float, sponsored by the Work
ers' Alliance, will portray the spir-
it of the American volunteer in
Spain.
All other participating organi-
cations are working on floats de-
signed around this years slogan
of Peace, Democracy, Jobs, and
Security.
The parade will begin promptly
at 2 p. m. Saturday, April 80. The
marchers will form into line be-
ginning at 1 p. m. at the Times
Square.
The Northwest enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1931-1952, 1938-04-29

Taking his office over a month
ahead of time because of the de-
mise of former mayor John F.
Dore, Arthur B. Langlie is fast
rounding his program in shape.
The past few days since he took
his seat his office has been flood
ed with well wishers and telephone
calls could not be received.
Mr.. Langlie has many friends
among the Negro citizens, notably
among them E. I. Robinson, local
druggist, and civic leader. Even
those who opposed Mayor Langlie
politically have no fear of him dis
eliminating against the race. AS
councilman, Langlie always con-
suited his Negro friends whenever
the race was involved, then en-
deavord to give them an even
break.
The Northwest enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1931-1952, 1938-04-29
Berry Lawson
Well Insured

Berry Lawson, victim of police
brutality who met death March 25
while in the custody of three po-
lice officers was well insured.
Lawson whose home was in
Glasgow, KY, was twenty-seven
married and the father of five
year old child. His parents both
are dead but he is survived by six
brothers and two sisters. Four of
his brothers live in Detroit, Mich.
In Seattle he was a w P A work.
er. Also he had been to sea.
Glasgow, the home town of
Lawson is pretty little city of
1000 the population is about 5000
Negro of which the Lawson family
are an old and respected family.
The family and their many friends
were pleased to know that Berry
did not meet his end while break
ing law; but was the victim of
members of the police who were
noted for abusing and beating Ne
groes. They were high in their
praise for the wonderful work done
by the NAACP and other groups
in bringing the accused officers to
trial charged with murder.
The Northwest enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1931-1952, 1938-04-29
Calvin Pleads
For Press

In his letter to President Roose-
welt, Mr.. Calvin pointed out: "As
you no doubt are well aware, the
Negro Press suffers in it's fight
for existence, from the traditional
light of productive enterprise in
our Nation simply ignoring its
existence. 1t would, in truth, be
a Red Letter Day for this media
if the Treasury would grant it
even a small appropriation for
the promotion of the Regular Pur-
chase Plan outlined for the Saw
ings Bonds.
1--WE ask you, Mr.. Roosevelt, if
you will, in the goodness and fair
ness and generosity of your great
heart, give the Negro Press this
slight recognition by ordering its
participation in the Savings Bond
promotion?
please do not let our request
be lost in the suggestion that the
Treasury is not advertising in
newspapers. The Treasury is adj
vertising, and the Negro Press ex-
lists. Many colored citizens are in
a position to invest in the modest
Savings Bonds. Will you not let
it be said in the. annals of the Ne
gro Press that it was President
Roosevelt, for love of whom col
ored citizens broke ironclad polit-
ical tradition, who in turn gave
the press of that people a new
lease on life by recognizing it as
an established media for reaching
its own group?"
The Northwest enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1931-1952, 1938-04-29
Defense Loses
Demur Request
Bu L. c.. Caution

The case of State VS.. Paschal,
Whalen and Stevenson was argued
demur at $50 Wednesday morn
ing, April 81, 1888, before Judge
Robert NJ. Jones.
The defense counsels asked for
separate trials.
Attorney A. H. Lundin was the
counsel for officer Whalen. At
torney S. H. Garvin was counsel
for officers Paschell and Steven
son.
The defense argued that the
facts brought to bear were faulty
and too weak to prove that the de-
PENDANTS were guilty of felonous
action to the extent that second
degree murder could be charged
against them. To this point there
was much technical discussion as
to the extent of felonies and the
type of felony the defendants be
charged. The request for a demur
was overruled. The request for a
separate trial was overrruled. The
motion for a Bill of Particulars by
Attorney Lundin was granted. The
trial is set for May %.
The Northwest enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1931-1952, 1938-04-29
Many Pledges
Are Now Paid

Money is needed by the NAACP
to publish a pamphlet giving all
the facts about Lawson and his
death. Many pledges have been
made; more cash is needed, AS
rapidly as pledges are paid names
will be listed in this column. The
following individuals gave their
names and their cash at last Fri
days mass meeting:
C. M. Klass SOC; DIR. L. c. GRAY
es $1.00; Daughter Elks $500;
Louis Sass $1.00; c. L. Thomas
$1.00; Mr.. and Mrs. Clifton Nor
ris $1.00 pledge 5000; Sgt. and
Mrs. w. Hipsher S1.50 pledge $50
Mrs. A. c. Waters $500; Down
town Br. Communist Party $1.00
(pledge $1,000 Mozee Quick Ser
vice Station $500; Washington
Commonwealth Federation $500;
A. R. Isbell SOC (pledge $500 !;
Mt. Zion Baptist Church $3.50; Pu-
get Sound Lodge, I. B. P. o. E. of
w. $1,000.
Accurate records of all monies
are being kept and full and de-
tailed accounting of all expendi-
lures will be made at the close
of the campaign.
The Northwest enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1931-1952, 1938-04-29
Supreme Court
Favors Pickets

NEW YORK--The victory won
by the New Negro Alliance of
Washington, D. c., in the United
States Supreme Court last Mon
day, was called signal step in
the fight to open job opportuni-
ties for Negroes in a statement
by the N. A. A. c. P The new
Negro Alliance was formed five
years ago in Washington to in
crease job placement for Negroes.
it launched a "Spend-Where-You-
Can-Work Campaign" to get mer-
chants having stores in Negro
neighborhoods to employ Negro
clerks. 1t succeeded in several
cases but when it approached the
Sanitary Grocery Company which
a chain of stores through
out the city, it met with stiff re-
sistance and started a picketing
campaign.
The Sanitary Grocery Company
obtained an injunction against the
Alliance on the ground that the
controversy between the Alliance
and the company was not a labor
dispute, but a racial dispute and
not protected aginst court inter-
ference by the federal Norris-La-
Guardia anti-injunction act. The
United States Supreme Court re-
versed the lower court in a deci-
sion handed down March % stat
ing:
"Ths desire for fair and equit-
abb conditions of employment on
the part of persons of any race,
color, or persuasion, and the re-
mOval of determinations against
them by reason of their race or
religious beliefs is quite as i'm
pOrtant to these concerned as
fairness and equity in terms and
conditions of employment can be
to trade or craft unions or any
form of labor organization or
association. Race discrimination
by an employer may reasonably
be deemed more unfair and less
excusable than discrimination
against workers on the ground
of union affiliation."
Court ruled squarely that the
dispute was a labor dispute and
that the Alliance had the right to
picket peacefully without inter-
ference by the District courts.
The N. A. A. c. P. warned, how
ever, that picketing or boycotting
solely to get jobs for Negroes in
stores in Negro neighborhoods has
to be used with caution.
Counsel representing the ALI
ance in the supreme court were
Bedford v. Lafson, Thurman l..
Dodson, Edward P. Lovett, James
N. Nabritt, Jr., Theodore M. Berry
and Thurgood Marshall, assistant
special counsel, N. A. A. G. P.
The Northwest enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1931-1952, 1938-04-29
OFFICERS LOSE FIRST TILT
Gene Coy's Black Aces To
Play for Caravans Dance

9th, are being raised.
The committee is composed of
members of the Past Exalted Rul-
ers Council 20, and Eureka Coun-
Gil of Past Daughter Rulers. These
are higher degrees of the Order of
Elks. Mrs. Celestine Tudor is Sc
cretary; Mrs. Nellie Wilson, treas
urer; Editor John o. Lewis, chair
man; Mr.. Gus West, Exalted Ruler
of Puget Sound Lodge, No. 100,
is co-chairman; Archie Tudor is
secretary to the Council; Mrs. Hell
en- Leftridge, Daughter Ruler, of
Evergreen Temple, and host of
others comprise the committee.
The Northwest enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1931-1952, 1938-04-29
Robinson Sends
Open Letter to
Seattle Police

An Open Letter to the Police
Department of Seattle. Washing
ton. :. Gentlemen: am writing
this letter to express to you the
feelings of more than four thous-
and members of my race in Sc
attic toward you:
The rumors are, because of our
relentless efforts to further the
cause of justice in the case of
Washington VS.. Paschal, Whalen
and Stevenson, the Police depart
ment are under the impression
that we are inspiring an attack on
them. Such rumors are so ridicu-
lous that they are ludicrous, unless
you assume that Paschal, Whalen
and Stevenson are the consuma-
ton of such sublime achievements
as to make the department all in
elusive. I deny that assumption for
the splendid men who constitute
the Police department of Seattle.
In the public forum and in the
columns of this paper, we have
repeatedly said that the vast ma
jority of the Police department
are as fine a set of men as ever
patrolled a beat. The fine men of
the department know too well the
story of our accumulated injuries.
Not today, not yesterday, but ev-
cry day since these three madmen
roamed the range. And, if per-
chance you do not know, this col
umn may yet carry chronological
review of the brutal beatings ad-
ministered not only to men of my
race, but to many poor forgotten
whites as well. And each beating
is of such a nature, that if you
were judge on the bench you
would be forced to take judicial
notice of it.
Paschal, Whalen and Stevenson,
along with you fine men, took
oath to uphold the law and protect
it's citizens. But these men are
high priests of lawlessness whose
acts would ultimately have made
potential criminals of our boys
and girls. They never dreamed of
their responsibility. Rudyard Kip
ling says of the stealers of seals
in the North Sea, There's never
a law of God nor man runs north
Of fifty-three. 1t exactly fits Mr..
Paschal and Mr.. Whalen in sum-
mary of their brutalities.
The men and women of my race
and the white race did all that
could have humanely been done to
avert this fatality. Their plans
and their protests were given no
consideration by those in author
ity, for fear of disturbing the mo-
rale of the force. Has the State
of Washington disturbed that mo-
rale? If the morale of the Police
department must be kept acute
by brutality, then some day, some
body is going to destroy that pat
tern and make you a new one.
Continued on page two)
The Northwest enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1931-1952, 1938-04-29
Madison Branch
Is In League
By Al Smith

The East Madison Y. has enter
ed a softball team in the Y league.
This team is considered the strong
est team at present and should
win the championship in their di-
vision. They play their first game
next Thursday at Garfield at six
o'clock. They will be wearing uni
forms of gold and blue. Leading
the teams will be the Ellis twins
who will prove to fans they can
do something more than talk. Mgr.
of the team is Haskell Campbell.
Your editor, John o. Lewis and
Gus West, Exalted Ruler of the
Elks, have taken upon themselves
to sponsor the Royal Colored Gil
ants. The giants in a wild game
that went II innings won their
first game Sunday against the
Eagles 16 to ID. More news will
appear later.
The East Madison A. C. under
the direction of Frisco McGale
boasts of one of the strongest box
ing teams in Seattle. In an elm
ination being sponsored by the
Elks, the East Madison A. C. has
contenders in all other divisions.
champions in two divisions with
The champions are: Flyweight
(112 lbs. or less) Benny McFar-
lin; Bantamweight (118 lbs or
less) Asia Jackson. Contenders
from each division will appear ev-
cry Thursday at the Eagles ALL
ditoriumat $50.
The Northwest enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1931-1952, 1938-04-29
Giants
Win Opener l6-l4

In a wild but exciting game, the
Colored Giants defeated the Eagle
Athletic Clubs nine at Garfield
last Sunday. The final score was
Giants 16, Eagles IA.
Brennan King, the Giants ace
moundsman, tired in the latter
frames and was relieved by Ackit
Williams, who did splendid job
of relief hurting. Babe Wilson, the
Giants catcher, knocked a home
run that ended the contest in the
last half of the twelfth inning. All
in all, the game was hard-fought
contest with both teams showing
plenty of ability. Joe Station, first
baseman, actor and newspaper
man, stole several bases. The 9TH
er boys just couldn't throw him
out.
Manager Wilson has announced
the signing up of three new play
ers who are expected to strengthen
the weak spots. In the near flu
ture there will be a three-game Sc
ries between the Giants and the
Yakima Browns, great colored
aggregation.
This Sunday the team plays in
Lower Woodland Park at IL o.
clock, and a goodly sized crowd is
expected out to see the boys play.
Manager Wilson and sponsors Gus
West and Editor John o. Lewis all
were well pleased with the teams
showing.
The Northwest enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1931-1952, 1938-04-29

When the public demanded the
opportunity of again hearing and
dancing to the enchanting music
of Maestro Gene Coy and his Elev-
en- Black Aces, the Caravan to Bal
timore secured his services for the
night of May End, Finnish Hall,
18th and Washington street. Dane
ing will be from 9, until ?
Expenses of sending the Cara
van to Baltimore for the 39th an
nual Grand Lodge and Convention
of the Improved Benevolent and
Protective Order of Elks Of the
World. Baltimore, August 22nd to