davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1938-12-25
Mid-City Committee
Heads Are Named

Standing committees for the year
have been appointed by Arthur j.
Driscoll, president of the Mid-City
Citizens Association. Members
serving on law and legislation are
Nathan M. Lubar, chairman; Ed
ward E. Swami, Julian Pierce, Joe
High, Fairfax Oyster, Bertram Wise,
Sam April, Edward A. Conroy, Wade
E. Cooper, Arthur Clarendon Smith
and Lloyd J. Simmons.
Streets and HighWays-Frank B.
Hoffman, chairman; E. E. Brand
statter, w. M. Henderson, T. F. Was
gait, Harry Lanford, H. Carey Brown,
Capt. j. A. Sullivan, Capt. Hugh H.
Groves, John De Marco and Wade
H. Ellis.
Education-George A. Warren,
chairman: Robert w. Eaves, Miss
1nez Hunter, Miss Maud T. Miller,
DR.. Hugh M. Smith. Mrs. William
e. Mason, Miss Emily Chapman,
Miss Mary A. Dilger. Miss Mildred
Green and Miss Lois Yock.
The Committee for Public Health
is composed of Dr.. F. Thomas Evans,
chairman; DR.. Flora Taylor. DR.. Fred
Repetti, DR.. M. H. Darnall, DR.. Wade
H. Atkinson, B. Frank Hawley, Mrs.
F. j. Flood, DR.. Alfred Mcdonald. E.
w. Oeschger and Miss Edith Endi-
colt.
Membership served by Fred E..
Foch, chairman; Miss Satherlvn
Lynn. Robert w. Eaves, George
Urclolo. Mrs. Mary Clements, Will
liam Joeger H. J. Photis. Isaac
Jacobson, c. Lustic. J. H. Duehring
and DR.. Emma Eichelberger.
Entertainment-Miss Ann Spur,
chairman: Mrs. Alfred Wynne. Mrs.
Mabel M. Clark Miss Maud T. Miller,
Miss Florence Davis and Miss Mabel
E. Crissey.
Evening star., 1938-12-25

president and her staff, the depart
ment commander and his staff were
present Mrs. Louise Moore, depart
ment president at the time the aux
iliary was instituted. was present
and lighted the first candle. Mrs.
Daisy Cressmen. the first president,
was absent because of illness, but
sent her greetings.
The Daughters of '98, Capitol City
Fort, No. %, elected the following
officers: Captain, Louise Shaw; first
lieutenant. Estelle Fowler: second
lieutenant, Gladys Afford; chaplain,
Mollie Fowler; officer of the day,
Helen Musselman; sergeant, Mar
jorie Grissam; corporal, Gertrude
Stoll; color guard, Helen Grissam,
and sentinel. Beulah Cope.
The annual Christmas party will
be held December 20 at the home
Of Katherine McCaffrey, 403 Twelfth
street NE
Evening star., 1938-12-25

mission for District; also ap-
proved Commissioners recommen-
dations for limiting number OF
taxicabs, placing Of control of street
lighting under Commissioners and
jurisdiction to Commissioners to
condemn property necessary for
widening of Wisconsin avenue NV.
between r and Thirty-seventh
streets; requested extension of taxi
cab zone 2 from Thirty second street
NV. to Thirty-seventh street.
LINCOLN PARK-Heard John
Nolen, jr., director of planning of
the National Capital Park and
Planning Commission, who spoke
on future development of Eastern
part of city.
SOCIETY OF NATIVES-Adopted
resolution requesting Congress pay
District all additional money it
would have received while the old
60-40 fiscal relations law was In
effect had that law been followed
by Federal Government in paying
It's share toward District expenses;
program of entertainment and sing
Ing followed business meeting.
INTERPRETATION CONFER
ENCE - Endorsed two suggested
plans for proposed pedestrian con-
troll that have been studied by
Commissioners since early this
month; requested traffic director S
Office make study of all highways
leading into District from Maryland,
particularly Wisconsin and Georgia
avenues, with a view to lessening
speeding and possible accidents.
CITIZENS FORUM OF COLUM-
B1A HEIGHTS-Advocated erection
of national stadium in Washington
and study be made to forstall any
attempt to impose daylight saving
time on District.
BENNING - Voted protest on
hearing charges that school build
ings will be insufflciently heated
this winter; disapproved additional
smoke inspectors for District; re-
quested of Commissioners that Dis
trlct residents be given preference
on local projects passed motion
asking for half-hour bus service be-
tween Kenilworth Junction and
Seventeeth street and Pennsylvania
avenue Sc. instead of present hour
ly schedule.
PETWORTH - Instructed dele
gates attending hearing Thursday
on pedestrian control to favor it
at governed intersections for trial
period, with extension of regulation
into outlying sections if it proves
successful in congested areas.
SOUTHEAST COUNCIL Rec
commended paid executive secretary
Evening star., 1938-12-25

During the holiday season ques-
tions asked at the Central Library,
Eighth and K streets NV, and in
the branch libraries reveal a peren-
NAL interest in many of the old
Christmas customs and in the origin
and history Of Christmas symbols
and carols A few of particular
interest at this time are: What are
the names used in some other coun-
tries for the patron of Christmas
corresponding to the American Santa
Claus? What are Christmas GUS
toms in other lands? Is it true that
Christmas is not celebrated in all
countries on December Is? What
is the origin of the lighted Christ
mas tree and other decorations COM
monty used at this season? What
are the stories of some of the we'll
known Christmas carols and how
old are they?
The answers to the last two ques-
tions disclose many facts and fancies
that for centuries have made the
appeal of the Christmas celebration
so universal. Do you know that the
use of evergreens was so closely
associated with the garlands of
pagan days that their use was for
hidden in the early Christian church
and that it was not until the 18th
century that greens were used in
Christian homes?
The burning of the Yule log orig
inally marked the turning of the
year from winter to spring, but be-
cause that time conceded with
Christmas the Yule celebration, es-
pecially in England, grew into a
Christmas custom surrounded by
much ceremony and superstition.
Numberless legends have arisen
concerning the use of bells at Christ
mas time for both music and dec
Evening star., 1938-12-25

did not keep Griebl in cell after
he confessed.
Griebl told me that Nazi spy head
quarters got the exact design of a
newly developed underwater sound
chest apparatus, whereby the ap-
proach or presence of submarines
could be detected far better than
ever before
Griebl told me that Pheiffer told
him that once month four high
United States Navy officials met to
discuss naval building plans and de-
signs and experimets and inven-
tions. I checked up and found that
was true.
Griebl said that the subject of
their talks was known in detail to
Navy spy headquarters in Germany
within short time. 1 am inclined,
from what I have seen Of the op-
Grafton of this spy ring, that that
is true, too.
1t is partially corroborated by
| Jennl Hofmann. She didn't quite
understand what was being said,
but she told me she heard Schluter
and Griebl, In Griebl's Offices at Sc
East Eighty-seventh street. New
York City, discuss conversations be-
tween high naval officials at the
Offices of the naval architects.
Conspiracy Began in 1887.
"It costs a lot of money to get
that information" Griebl told me.
"Pheiffer's Office will pay as high as
5000 for blueprint, and sometimes
scores of blueprints are needed for
just one thing"
The Nazi spy conspiracy in this
country began in 1933-immediately
after Hitler and his Brown Shirts
flung the shadow of the swastika
over Germany-with DR.. Griebl and
a confederate as nucleus.
There were no real German spies
in this country before that, from
the time the World War ended. The
F. B. I. and CO., the United States
Military Intelligence, have delved
far back, but we can find no trace
of any prior to Hitler.
Whether Griebl did the first or
ganizing work here is not clear.
DR.. Griebl says that one day in
1888 long-nosed man with baggy
ears walked into his Office and asked
to be treated for ulcers of the
stomach.
That was Lonkowski, who became
one of the most dangerous, success
full spies in the world.
Aviation Mechanic.
He was good designer and ex-
pert mechanic, specializing in avia-
ton work. During the World War
he was a German pilot, and was
severely wounded and shot down in
combat with French plane.
1 have traced him as far back az
1928, when he was employed as an
aviation mechanic at Long Island
N. Y. But am positive he was not
a spy then. He became one as soon
as Hitler took actual though not
yet formal control of Germany, and
already had fairly far-flung spy
organization set up when he came to
Griebl's office that day In 1898. Il
do not believe Griebl's claim that
he knew nothing about Nazi spies
before he met Lonkowski in his Of
flee, but let's take it up from there)
DR.. Griebl says Lonkowski dropped
hints that he was doing something
or other for the Nazi government.
Evening star., 1938-12-25
THE SUNDAY STAR ONE
Pedestrian Contro|
Hearing Heads
Civic Week
Only Four Groups
Scheduled to Meet
During Holidays

Despite the leanest week Of the
civic season, with only four citizens
associations scheduled to meet, It
is not entirely devoid of interest.
The principal item, holiday fes-
tivities Notwithstanding, is the pub
lie hearing Thursday on proposed
pedestrian control of the District.
This Is the first "open to the pub
lie" meeting scheduled since the
proposals were inaugurated.
In preparation for this several of
the groups last week approved the
two suggested plans for pedestrian
control that the Commissioners have
been studying since early this month
and which will be presented at the
hearing for consideration.
Following is review of the asso-
Citations that met from Thursday.
December IS, through Wednesday,
December 81:
Evening star., 1938-12-25

ring By a former ace G-mdn.)
In January, 1898, w. Startling
Burgess, a noted American ship de-
signer, had confidential talk in
Washington with high-ranking Off
cials OF the United States Navy De-
partment.
Mr.. Burgess urged that the design
OF our warships and the material
used in their construction be radi-
cally changed. He pointed out
weaknesses in present design and
armor-plating. He showed blue
prints involving drastic departures
from accepted design, and displayed
q model of a new type destroyer.
1t was a lengthy, serious talk,
with all three fully aware that the
designs, the blueprints, the model
and the suggestions were in strlctest
confidence.
Yet Nazi spy headquarters in Ger
many knew most of the details with
IN comparatively few hours! In
few days they had copies of the de-
signs and blueprints Soon Schlu-
ter, the spy contact man who mas
queraded as a steward on the S. S.
Europa, was able to make a sketch
Tor DR.. Ignatz T. Griebl, Nazi spy
chief in New York, illustrating the
proposed changes in warship design.
1 almost laughed in Griebl's face
when he told me that during his
confession. That seemed to be
carrying the tale of even such an
amazing spy ring entirely too far.
Leak Never Found.
But when I checked with Mr..
burgess at his home in Burgess
Point. Wescasset. Me, he gasped
IN startled astonishment. That's
right he exclaimed. But how In
the world did they ever find out?"
To this day neither the F. B. T.
nor G-2, the badly -undermanned
United States Military Intelligence,
has been able to discover lust where
the leak was.
The Associated Press and the
United Press carried dispatches re-
veallng that Mr.. Burgess visited
Washington.
But that was not the only naval
secret which leaked in amazing
fashion to Nazi spy headquarters In
Germany. The plans for our new
Navy destroyers-not the ones sug-
gested by Burgess were known in
detail in Germany.
How did Pheiffer-or Griebl-
know all that? 1t is hard to tell.
Grlebl told so many different YER
Slons.
At one time he said he under
stood the information came from a
Nazi spy station at Bath, Me. An
other time he said it came from the
offices of the naval architects.
Knew of Many Meetings.
The firm itself is above suspicion,
but it has between 700 and 300 en-
ployes. Nazi spies could lurk among
them.
The heads of the firm say they
cannot believe it is true, but admit
that 1t is possible.
BY the time we heard of 1t the
trail was cold. The Nazi spies in
that office-if there were any-had
ceased their activities.
That was one of the reasons we
Evening star., 1938-12-25
District Furnishes
sos Of Georgetown U.
Student Enrolment
Dance Is Scheduled
Tomorrow; Fete
For Gridmen Set

The District of Columbia ranks
tops" at Georgetown University this
year with sos students represented
IN an enrolment that accounts for
every State.
In addition to this Nation wide
enrolment, the registrars Office an
nounced last week there are 81 stu
dents from Puerto Rico and other
United States Territories and IA STU
dents from foreign countries. In
the past decade, especially. the num-
Der OF students from the District
attending the university has in
creased steadily until now the local
representation comprises about 1s
per cent of the total enrolment.
Next to the District is New York
State with 487 representatives, fol-
lowed in order by New Jersey with
19l; Pennsylvania. 176; Maryland,
121, and Massachusetts, 109. The
school of Law has the best distribu-
ton, having students from every
State except Oregon.
Dance Tomorrow.
The freshman class at the College
OF Arts and Sciences, with students
from 36 States, is representative of
l3o high schools or preparatory
schools. Gonzaga High School in
the District holds the record again
this year of contributing the largest
delegation. 81 of its graduates now
being enrolled at the Hilltop.
With the Christmas holidays ex-
tended to January 4, when classes
will resume, the Washington Club
at the Hilltop is celebrating with
a dance tomorrow evening at 10
o'clock at 24O0 Sixteenth street
NV. A great many former stu
dents will attend.
William E. Schaeffer is chairman
OF the dance committee. assisted
by James Mcdonald ana George H,
Cain.
Gridmen to Be Feted.
Nothing is too good in the minds
OF the student body for the uni
verslty's first unbeaten football
team so the entire varsity SQUAD
will be feted January 13 at a tea
dance IN Copley Lounge. Thomas
Gildea, president of The Yard. is
IN charge of arrangements and will
be assisted by the nine co-captains.
Souvenirs for the varsity team are
to be given.
Georgetown students. through
various campus organizations and
individually contributed to various
Christmas funds before classes were
dismissed. One of the favorite
Christmas contribution activities at
the Hilltop is the basket fund of
police precinct No. in Georgetown
Corridor projects made the rounds
OF the dormitories and a sizable
collection was turned over to the
police to help in furnishing food
and clothing for unfortunate fam
lilies in the neighborhood.
The sodality, through its Coop
erative work in the churches, as we'll
as the st. John Berchman's So
ciety, also contributed funds and
clothing among deserving families.
The former took part in the Christ
mas activities for Our Lady of Vic
tory Parish, the sodality's mission
church.
Evening star., 1938-12-25

to Traffic Advisory Council and en-
forcement of moderated pedestrian
control plan.
CHEVY CHASE-Instructed dele
gates attending pedestrian control
hearing Thursday to vote in favor
OF pedestrian regulation and con-
troll Of jaywalkers; opposed gasoline
tax increase and any diversion of
gas tax funds for purposes other
than highway maintenance; asked
that bona fide resident of District
be appointed to fill vacant position
OF Commissioner, and that some
legislation be enacted in the coming
session of Congress giving District
suffrage; announced plans for COM
munity Christmas tree dedication
held yesterday at Chevy Chase
Circle.
SIXTEENTH STREET HIGH
LANDS-Voted that police officers
should have power to control Pc
destrians; all other forms of pedes-
trian control were voted down; re-
quested traffic lights at intersection
of Fourteenth and Kennedy streets
and Colorado avenue NV: asked
for deficiency appropriation to
maintain public schools throughout
school year.
CIVIC CALENDAR.
The following associations are
scheduled to meet this week:
Tuesday, December Fl.
Mid-Cty. Thomson School, pm.
Southeast, Buchanan School, 8
pm.
Thursday, December 20.
Conduit Road, Palisades Park
Field House, pm.
Friday, December 30.
Burroughs, Burroughs School, 8
pm.
Evening star., 1938-12-25

The rank of knight was conferred
on six candidates at Webster Lodge
last Tuesday. The candidates and
their lodges included: Robert j..
Hawkins, Judson A. Thompson,
George Lynn, Webster Lodge; George
B. Weston. Capitol Lodge; Benjamin
Coren, Franklin Lodge, and Elmer
w. Humphries, Union Lodge.
Evening star., 1938-12-25
Knights Of Pythios

Century-Decatur Lodge elected
officers last Monday night as follows:
Chancellor commander, Henry Bay
art Reid; vice chancellor. z. Trojan
sky; master Of finance, M. T. Pines;
master OF exchequer, c. P. Miller;
keeper Of records and seals. Christian
P Kar; prelate, Paul Snyder; master
OF arms, Arthur w. Caulfeld, and
inner guard. c. E. Stanton.
The grand chancellor, DR.. Robert
P. Bacon, was present. These officers
will be installed January 16. Re-
freshments will be served.
The finance committee will meet
January 6 at pm.
Evening star., 1938-12-25
Data on Worship Designs
Found Leaking to Spies

(This is the 18Th of series of
stories on smashing the Nasi SPY
ring By former ace G-man.)
Imperial Valley press., 1938-01-05
Dinner Party at
Heber Held Sat.
McCABE NOTES

Mr. and Mrs. M. A. Mailman
and son Gordon entertained a
group of friends Saturday with a
dinner celebrating the New Year.
Among those present were Mr.. and
Mrs. j. R. Decker, Mr.. and Mrs.
w. r. Decker, Mr.. and Mrs j.
l.. Ross and daughter La Verne, Mr..
and Mrs. o. j. Ray and daugh-
terS Mary Lou and Audrey Anne,
Mr.. and Mrs. D. Roberts, Cecil
Decker, Miss Vera Mae Decker, C.
Jones, Mrs. Anita Sumner, Billy
Decker, Mrs. A. c. Ramos and
daughter Lupe, Joe Borgess., Mrs
Daisy Boyer, Mr.. and Mrs. Sam
Cantrell, Miss Marie Kinkade, f
D. Geurian. The last four were
from Hemet.
Mrs. George Austin, who has
been i'll four days, showed i'm
provement Monday.
G. " Upholt was the dinner
guest Monday evening at the home
OF his parents Mr.. and Mrs. Henry
Upholt at Mt. Signal
Mr.. and Mrs. Harold Richardson
and sons Tommy and Harold jr.
returned Friday to Orange to make
their home.
Imperial Valley press., 1938-01-05
FAMILY DINNER GIVEN AT
JASPER HOME ON NEW YEARS

Mr.. and Mrs. Henry Hora drove
to San Diego to visit with their
friends over the New Year.
Mr.. and Mrs. Frank Cihak enter
tanned the families of Mr.. and Mrs.
Louis Kral and A. j. Magin at a
New Years dinner party.
Mr.. and Mrs. c. Steinsultz took
trip to San Diego in their new
car.
Mr.. and Mrs. Wesley Anderson
attended the Rose Bowl game in
Pasadena.
Howard Harlan of Yuma came
home to spend New Years with
his parents.
Mrs. Anna Suchma entertained
at a New Years Eve party given
in her home. Present were Mr.. and
Mrs. John Fiala, their son, Mr.. and
Mrs. Joe Vavrina and members oil
the Suchma family. Vavrina en-
tertained by playing his accordion
Imperial Valley press., 1938-01-05
GUESTS VISIT
FOR WEEKEND
HOLTXILiE MOVIES


Guests at the home of Mr.. and
Mrs. H. B. Graeser over the week
end were Mrs. Graeser's sister, Mrs.
B. S. Allen, and daughter, Mrs. Kay
Amsbough, and sons, Patrick and
Allen, of Claremont, and Mr.. and
Mrs. Stewart Allen.
Mr.. and Mrs. S. A. Lackey and
daughter, Opal, Mr. and Mrs. Travis
Lackey and two daughters, Marjory
and Dorothy, of Upland, visited
Mr.. and Mrs. Charles Lackey and
Mr.. and Mrs. o. L. Fudge, and Mr..
and Mrs. Jimmie Corners over the
weekend.
Mr.. and Mrs. Theodore Bolin, and
son John, Mr. and Mrs. o. T. Gal
latin, and Mr.. jess Purcell were
guests Sunday at the home of
Archie Gallatin in San Diego.
Mrs. Elmer Baxter returned from
San Diego where she visitsd Mr.
and Mrs. Newell PoindeXter and
son. Donald. whom she brought
home with her.
Mr. and Mrs. Earnest Mahan oi
Yuma are the parents of a pound
6 ounce boy, Raymond Eugene, borr
at 5:25 pm. Saturday at the Valley
hospital.
Dorthey Casey of Los Angeles
visited at the home of Mr.. anc
Mrs. Delbert Chambers over the
weekend.
Mr. and Mrs. James Savage O.
Ventura are visiting their sons
Keith and Kenneth Savage, anC
Mr.. and Mrs. Roy Thompson, ant
family for several days.
Mr.. and Mrs. J. p Chambers hat
as their guest several days Loui
Chambers of Los Angeles.
Mr.. and Mrs. Harry A. Stull haC
as their guests Mr.. and Mrs. w.
Stull and mother Mrs. Mabel Stull
of Laguna Beach. They returned
home Monday.
Alvie, son of Mr.. and Mrs. o. L
Fudge, is reported i'll at his home
Imperial Valley press., 1938-01-05

Tailor Jailed-A charge of issuing
checks without having sufficient
funds in the bank to cover them,
landed T. d. Slaton, tailor shop
employe, in the county Jail in lieu
of $500 bail. He was arrested in
Imperial.
Frank Forest. Artists Series Con-
cert Monday January 10, Wilson
auditorium. 20
Is Serving Sentence-A Today
sentence imposed for vagrancy in
Calexico began at the county jail
Monday for Fred Daniels.
40 per cent reduction on all fall
merchandise. Style Shop. J9
Sent to Jail-Leo Duran, 81, is
serving a 45-day sentence in the
county jail for petty theft in Braw-
ley.
Imperial Valley press., 1938-01-05

GROUP GOES
TOLA MESA
LIN EOTES

LIN IsOTES
Mr.. and Mrs. Jim Gallaher and
son and daughter, Brenton and
Miss Allora motored to La Mesa
to enjoy Christmas dinner with
Emil Gallaher and family.
Tuesday Gilbert Estes went to
Lakeside.
Mr.. and Mrs Marshall Boone jrs
left for their home in Bisbee Mon
day after a visit with Boone's rela-
tives.
Mr.. and Mrs. John Linton and
family of San Isabel, Calf, were
guests over Christmas with Linton's
sister and family, Mr. and Mrs.
Joe Canzza.
Mrs. Ted Rae is enjoying as her
house guest over the holidays her
brother.
The Westside club met Thursday
at the home of Byrtle Dickson in
Ell Centre. Members present were
Nellie Love, Maggie Havens, Ada
| Gallaher, Nancy Sheldon, Olive
Cannon, Victoria Rich, Emma Rob-
berson, Iva Lee Higgins and Ollei-
ada Diehl.
Redlands was the destination OF
Mr.. and Mrs. Ray Kramer and
family to visit Kramer's mother
and a sister who is there from Chi
ma.
Miss Allora Gallaher went to Sar
Bernardino for ner vacation.
Lois Kramer and Ada Alexander
visited at the G.. H. Cannon home
Wednesday.
Mr.. and Mrs. r. L. Boone re-
turned from BelfloWer where they
went for Christmas.
Iva Lee Higgins was hostess tt
the Busy Bee Quilting club Wed
nesday at an all day meeting anc
pot luck luncheon. Hazel Binkley
Della Harper, Lola Shumard, A
K. Nichols, Addie Johnson, Maud'
johnson, Edna Taylor, Olive Can
non, Ada Gallaher, Fay Martin
Italie Kennedy, Jennie Bishop
Nellie Lowe, and Myrtle Bishop
were present.
Word was received of the brit
of a 6 pound daughter to Mr.. an
Mrs. Joy Wentworth of Belflowel
The Wentworths were formerly val
ley people and visit in the vale
often.
Imperial Valley press., 1938-01-05
Alamitos Family
Drives to Yuma
To Meet Relative
ALAMITOS NOTES

aLAMlloS Mules
Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Nilsson.
Charles and Julian drove to Yuma
Monday evening to meet Nilson's
mother who came from Chicago.
Mrs. Nilsson will spend the winter
in the valley.
Gladys Claypool spent her vaca-
ton with her parents in San Diego.
Mr.. and Mrs. Sam Bailey and
daughter, Mildred are moving this
week to Holtville to live with their
son, Raymond, who recently bought
the Jones home.
Mr. and Mrs. Frazer Alldredge
received news from Indiana of the
death of Mrs. Alldredge's father
William Goodman, who passed away
at his home New Years night.
Mr.. and Mrs. John Studer and
children, Mr.. and Mrs. Fred Bing-
geli, sr., and daughters, Margaret
and Marie, enjoyed New Years day
with Mr.. and Mrs. Fred Binggeli, jr.,
in Jasper district and on Sunday
the same crowd spent the day at
Walter Lockers home.
Mr.. and Mrs. Hans ThamS were
host and hostess at a New Years
dinner Their guests were: Mr..
and Mrs. Henry Schierhoz, DR..
and Mrs. Drewyer of Los Angeles,
Mr.. and Mrs. Allen Burke of Holt
vile and Mr.. and Mrs. Dave Will
liams.
Fred Smith of BraWley is stay
ing with Mr.. and Mrs. Luther
Hughes and attending Holtville
high school,
XnII IL