davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1938-02-23
COLLEGE STUDY OF
PROPAGANDA NOW
MADE AVAILABLE

BERKELEY, Cal, Feb. 23.--
(UP)-As future safeguard in
the United States against "ismS"
and propaganda in general, the
University of California has add
ed to it's curriculum a new course
of public opinion and propagan-
da."
The course is the first of the
kind ever offered in the United
States. 1t will be conducted by
DR.. Eric C. BellquiSt, professor
of political science.
81 the end" Dr.. Bellquist said,
"the ultimate cure for propagan-
da will always be that of liberal
education and a liberated intelli-
gence. A trained man knows
something about relations, proper
tions, cause and effect, and the
like, which the unframed man
does not. 1t is this mood to take
everything with a grain of salt
that defeats propaganda.
"a liberal education tends to
modify our political, religious and
social prejudices. In this way a
college education should put us
in a position where we can con-
troll our prejudices instead of be-
ing controlled by them. This is
the main purpose of a liberal ed
ucation."
DR.. BellquiSt urged as a means
of obtaining certain degree of
incubation against propaganda,
that people acquire the habits of
suspended judgment, of skeptic-
ism, mood to question, to hest
tate, and willingness to suspend
Judgment until the facts are pre-
Sented.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1938-02-23

make a plan. That man over
there is my friend. Cabell Banks
from Boston. We escaped togeth-
cr from British ship at Rams
gate" w
He stopped, confused. "YoT
knew | was taken by press gang,
Polly? You got that girls let
ter"
yes" said Polly, cor I'd not
be beaming at you now. ia be
hating you Pm no angel Of for
giveness. Remember, jerry? You
told me once l was nobody'S an
gel"
"Therc must have been days
when you did hate me-" Jerry
specialized. "Before you got the
letter."
There were. | can't bear to
think of them, | suffered so. !
must say you were an awful fool,
darling, to go out in the dark to
help a pretty woman you didn't
know. Could you reach up
and kiss me now"
lie could and did. Until Cabcll
Banks cleared his throat and
sang out, Land, hon and brought
them to their senses.
Cabell came up to them then
and Jerry introduced them to one
another with ridiculous ceremony,
considering the circumstances.
Cabcll remarked, at seems to me
I've heard of you somewhere,
Miss Chclscy," in his dryly comic
way.
"What did you hcar"% Polly
asked, THAT Pm flighty; and ZEAL
Gus? That | once spoke to a
strange young man on the
street," D.
Jerry said, Get away out Of
sight now, Polly. There's no time
to be bantering. Well come back
to YOU" He saw that she con-
sidered all her troubles over, now
that he had come. He must justify
her faith.
ITO be continued)
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1938-02-23
81 y0z Goge Y, -: (: :: (: (
MACK Ee1g~

, In danger she had met him. In
danger they had come together
and discovered their love. How
| could she endure danger now
without him?
She arose and tugged frantical-
" az the unyicldlnG cabin door,
then walked to a portfolio that
gave. cutie high, onto portion
81 the deck. by climbing onto the
.r,;~rlc?'s sea chest Sh" was able
:, fr.h out. Dawn was breaking,
and she could see the sailors like
urav ghosts on a phantom ship.
Then she was grippcd In a Won
der 50 intense that it weakened
Ter, Snc clutchod at the frame of
,hc norfholc To keep from falling
while her ewes stared and strain
eel through the dawn.
Two men leaned against the
ls"gcr's mast One OF them was
short and slight and unknown.
Cnc of them WAS Jerry Whitfield.
She called out to him, wildly,
brt me-. voice was lost in the rush
of the wind and the slap Of the
canvas. Before she could form
his name again he moved away,
ont of r"u-c OF her vision. The
slender man with him turned to-
ward the portfolio. stared for 4
moment and moved away after
.Jcrrv. He had not heard her voice
nor could he have seen anything
At the dim portfolio but 4 woman's
face framed in disheveled hair,
vet Polly scnsed in the very turn
Of his wircy body that he was
momenturily surprised
They were gone now, as If they
had never been, and Polly chung
there while the dawn lifted, will
inc Jerry to return, fearful that
she was delirious and had dream
cd this thing.
Cabell Banks followed Jerry to
lecward and they leaned against
n bulkhcad while they smoked a
pipe of tobacco. Jerry said, I've
a feeling France is close, Just
over there.
CabaIl nodded ."Wc'll see land
when the mist lifts After a long
silence he said. There's a woman
on board this tub. /
Jerry turned quickly to look at
him. How do you know"
Saw her through portfolio.
She's in the cabin. Seemed to be-
long there. Cities woman, l
presume.
They smoked for Il few min
utes and then Jerry said shortly:
Take me to where you saw her.
The face was still framed
there. rather wildly, when they
approached. Banks heard Jerry
say. "God in Heaven. It's Polly!
He saw the tense face at the cab
i'm window turn into a thing OF
beauty and incredulOus delight,
and he knew he was present at
sort Of miracle-the miracle OF
restoration and answered prayer.
He walked little apart and
turned his back while he looked
at the gray sea catching the rls-
ing sun. He felt happy for his
friend, and suddenly 4 little lone
ly e..
Jerry was saying to Polly, Let
me inw And Polly was answer
ing, II can't my darling. the
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1938-02-23

be built along one side -.
canal at a cost of aboY, 60 W
600. ''''V9
Power installation womb
about $4,000, 900; nayip,,;a, Cog
S2,O0O,OO0. Nv" al
Other necessary COSTS wo..,,
for eXtensi:c national J', i. b
preparations, medical ,, "gle1s
civil government and ,I.,': a pose
tive work. ''''''"NIa
1t is estimated ,ha, IN ,5r..
to the original cos. the .''.,.a;
would require an OUTLAY .e 'at'
SlO,SOO,OO0 annually for n ,ooc
tenance. man
Discussing the imDn.,,r.
the canal as Il defensive r,2. S "
Sultan contcnGcd the ryis,.s1SO15
two canals would make i, ,' . q.
impossible for any enemy , W @
IL phsip movements brrTr.,O, 10
two oceans. u:
One canal may Boo rr ,n.
commission through the ,or ~. y
Of a ship III the waterway LING
ing or sabotage, Pc reasoned ~
this would make the lnj,rJ S {, ~
doubly alert to proven, ,rcS ,'' .
occurrence ; in the remaining C., !.
He also pointed on, ,b,, =.
movements could hc yp.cirl ' aE
at the beginning Of war. =, w.. "
From Il cOmmcrria. srarJna;r.
the Nicaraguan canal Womb n"r
vide Il shorter comsr for ,E r,~
two-thirdS Of the ships now rs;s,
the Panama canal. '''
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1938-02-23
8, RACHEL MACK

Yesterday: Jerry and Banks ar
rive at Cities cove and strangely
they observe elite locking his
cabin door after him!
CHAPTER XIX
Polly ChclScy, locked away III
the drcary cabin of the SNUG,
pler's boat, was finding the chop
py voyage almost unbcarabie'
She was frightened and on the
verge of bcinI Scaslck. Moreover
she was angry with fate for WIN,
ming for her the unwClComc ana
dangerous attention Of the SNUG
gler.
Ii was bad enough for HIM To
discover her youth. But for nm
to suspect her Of being - trrncn
aristocrat stealing home was
worse. Polly, like everyone else
had heard those stories tuniorlG-
natcly truoJ OF "B"m5onS VII"
had tried To slip back INTO France
to recover money and jewels they
had buried there before their Is,
cape. 1t WAS good sport for the
rabblr to catch these untortunatcS
in their rash and desperate et-
forts and seize the property them
selves. This Smugglcr who was
obviously of low French blood
linked with evil Scotch evident
" thought he had caught Just
such q bird in his cage. Bad luck
indeed for Polly.
To Nuisance. lying on her feet,
she cried out impatiently: YOU
arc the cause of this, you horrld
little beast But for your bark
ing I'd not have lost my wig.
The little dog looked so Shamed
and hurt at her sharp voice and
accusing face that she broke into
a relenting laugh. Poor Nul-
sancel You're only an ignorant
little dog. | mustn't blame you. "
Her fingers abScntly scratched his
grateful head while her thoughts
went winging after her heart.
Jerry she murmured. "Jcr-
~ Whitfield. We're both in such
a plight. | doubt Wen live to
meet"
She was accustomed now to the
relief and Joy of knowing he had
not deserted her, since all ecStacy
has a way of becoming accepted
happiness. no longer to be Won
dered at. Jerry loved her, she
knew, but this was no longer
enough. She wanted to be phySi-
cally near him, touching him, feel
ing his lips on hers, laughing and
quarrelin" with him, planning for
tomorrow. She wanted TO expert
ence again the blessed protection
of his big strong body at her side.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1938-02-23

one" he said. "Thc probability of
surprise attack would be much
less if we had canals in both
Panama and Nicaragua"
. Sultan estimated the Nicara-
guam canal would take about 10
years to build and IN additional
two to five years to complete ar
engagements with the Nicaraguan
and Costa Rican governments.
The canal would utilize a sec
ton of the San Juan river which
forms part Of the natural border
between the two republics.
The canal would extend for
distance of 1928 miles between
Grcytown on the Atlantic side to
Brito on the Pacific side. 1T
would be 40 feet deep in all
places and 1875 feet wide.
The Panama canal is only 10
feet wide. Talk of larger battle
ships has emphasized any new
canal wide enough to handle
ldl ger NcSSclS.
1t is pointed out, for example,
that the aircraft carriers LeXing-
ton and SaratOga-largest ships
in the navy are 105 feet wide,
leaving total clearance of only
five feet.
Sultan pointed out that on GER
tain occasions these ships have
knocked down light standards
along the Panama canal banks
because of waterways narrow
ness.
The canal would have two sets
Of three twin locks to raise ships
to summit level.
ACROSS LAKE NICARAGUA
For a distance Of "A miles
from Brito harbor to Miramal
Locks ships would travel at sea
level. They would then be raised
at the locks and travel above sea
level from a cut to Lake Nicara-
qua, across the lake and down the
canalized San Juan river to d
point just above Conchuda.
This level would be maintained
through the Conclude Hills
across the valleys of the Machado
Danta and San Francisco to the
East Divide and two miles cast
to the East Locks.
Here the ships would be low,
cred to sea level again and would
continue TO Greytown Harbor at
this stage, Il distance of about Ii
miles.
Extensive improvements would
be undertaken throughout the en-
tire route. In Brito Harbor, about
10000 cubic yards Of soft rock
and 3O,OOO,O00 cubic yards OF
sand and silt would have to be
removed. A floating dry dock,
fuel oil plant, coal handling plant,
a pier, quay wall, bulkhcad and
machine shops would be installed.
Total costs for all these improve
ments would be about $l0,O00,-
coo.
improvements to GreytOwn
harbor would be somewhat SINH
lar with the exclusion of the dry
dock. This would cost about $l4,-
100000. :,
A single track railroad would
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1938-02-23
GAME COCKS TO HAWAII

HALHART. (UP)-Bog Hag-
gerton, Dalhart bootmaker, has
sold 12O game cocks to Y. H..
SChlng, game bird fancier of Kala-
noe, Kauai, Hawaii. Hasgerton,
who raises the fighting chickens
as a hobby expects to send at
least zoo cocks to the island dur
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1938-02-23
COUNTS ON BEES TO
PAY WAY In COLLEGE

JACKSON, Mich, Feb. 23.--
(UP)-Swarms of buzzing bees
are paying for the higher edu-
cation Of Floyd Soper, 16-year-
old Jackson high school student.
He expects to have $1,000
drawn from his hives in sale of
honey before he enters college.
he became an apiarist in 1888,
buylng a swarm of bees for a dol
lar, and now has ID swarms in 20
hives.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1938-02-23
.NICARACU A n
CANAL TALK IS
BEING REVIVED
Proposed National Defense
Bulwark Would Require
IS Years Work
Rv OTTO JANSEN

WASHINGTON, Feb. 20. (OPt
World political tension and the
recent demands in the United
States for more adequate defense
measures has given new impetus
TO the consideration Of Il new m
ter-oceanic canal on the Nicara-
guam route.
Many army and navy officials
feel that such canal is an i'm
portant and even necessary adj
iunct to the nations defenses.
Others believe that defense Of
two canals might divide naval
forces in an emergency.
There also is Il group in con-
grcss that is advocating cOnstruc-
ton of the waterway as a public
works measure to help overcome
the effects of the recession.
Representative Edward V. lac
f California recently discussed
with President Roosevelt a bill
lac introduced in congress to be-
gin construction Of the canal, and
he reported the president was
sympathetic
OF STRATEGIC
IMPORTANCE
The principal stress is being
placed upon the canals strategic
Importance in time Of war.
Lieut.. Col. Dan |. Sultan of
the army engineering corps who
made an extensive survey Of the
proposed canal route from Brito
to Greytown several years ago,
said in an interview with the
United Press that such Il project
would be of tremendous advan-
tage to the United States from a
military viewpoint.
He contended his original csti-
mate of the total cost of the ca
nal at $722,O00,00O still held
good and that no changes had
taken place since his report was
made, which would upset plans
outlined.
"Stratcgically, it would be much
better to have two canals than
600 francs (about $30,0O0) were
excavated by a group of French
workers in Calais, one Of the
principal ports of France. 1t is
believed that these coins, which
were mintcd in 1889, we're hid
den when Calais was ceded to
France by England.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1938-02-23
WAKE UP YOUR
LIVER BILE
Without Calomel-And You u Jump Out Of Bed IN
H. M,,,I,, p,r;,' ge e

Without LaIomeI-And lou U JUMP UuI OF peu III
p the Morning Karin te Go
The liver should pour out two pounds OF
Rquid bile into your bowels daily. If this bile
is not flowing freely. your food doesn't digest.
II lust decays in the bowels. Gas blOatS Up
your stomach. You get COnstipated. Your
whole system is poisoned and you feel sour,
sunk and che world looks punk.
A mere bowel movement doesn't get at
the cause. II takes those good. old Carriers
Little Liver Pills 70 get t&esC two pounds
II bile flowing freely and make you feel
up and up" Harmless. gentle. yet amaz.
ing in making bile how freely. Ask for
Carriers Little Liver Pills by name. 25c
Stubbornly refuse anything else
La gaceta., 1938-07-20

Leo y traduzco: "DespachoS
de China demuestran que ell pro
medic de los 'fbombardeos" ia
poneses no c~onsideran I'm dfa de
operaciones, ,bueno, a menos que
hayan destruido I'm hospital y
barrido a cinco o seis criaturas
pequenas.."
Llegaron tarde. Ell hijo del
Duce, Mussolini, Sc adelant6 a
esos japoneses, con la publica-
ci6n de un libro, en- ell cual Sc
glorifica la destruction de los
hogares Y ell asesinato a mansal
va de ninos inocentes, en- Etio :
pia y Espa1a.
La gaceta., 1938-07-20
Ell EJERCITO CHINO CON-
TIENE A LOS NVASORES


Shanghai, julio pa la lar
90 del rio Yantze, EN- una estre-
cha zona, 81 ej6rcito chino, bajo
intense calor, contiene a las tro-
pas de los invasores japoneses.
Varias columnas japonesas ata-
caron aver, pero la r~esistancia
china les impidi6 ganar %terreno.
La a~rtilleria china devuelve pro-
yectil por proyectil y su eficien-
cia es cada vez mayor.
ACADIA de ser completada la Or
ganizaci6n de I'm nuevo cuarto
ejercito de maniobras bajo ell
mando dsl general Hsiang Wing,
jefe que era de una division CO.
munista. Es.e ejercito dara ma
'yor d~esarrollo a la guerra de
guerrillas y donde menos 10 eS-
pere Ell mando japones, ALI ala
cara. Sus mayores actiWidades
las desplagara en- ell area de
Shanghai, contra los ferrocarri
les y los medios de comunica-
ci6n del enemigo.
Los generates japoneses han
ordenado reclutar en- Shanghai
a los chinos sometidos, "un ej6r-
cito de paz" de mas de 100, 900
hombres.
La gaceta., 1938-07-20
la VISTA DEL REY DE
INGLATERRA A PARIS
Lebrun ofreci6 anoche un ban
quote a los ~visitantes

Paris, Julio 20.-El presl-
dente de la Rep1blica, M. Lee
brun, do anoche un b%anquete
en- honor de los reyes de 1ngia
terra.
En- este acto dijeron ell rey
Y ell Presidente que la amistad
de Francia e Inglaterra era ca
da veg mas estrecha y carga-
da de responsibilities EN-
pro del mantenimiento de las
instituciones democraticas.
El rey coloc6 una corona en-
la tumba del Soldado Descono-
cido y fue recibido con gran
pompa en- la casa ayuntamien-
to.
La embajada britannica obse
qui6 con un almuerzo al rey y
la reina y altos funcionarios
franceses y de otros paises.
Todos los peri6dicos hablar
de una nueva proposition ale
mana sobre ell problema de
Checoeslovaquia.
Sabese que hoy conferences
ron, Daladier, Bonnet, ell viz
conde de Halifax y que fu6
consultado ell ministro de Che.
coeslovaquia, Stephen Osusky.
La proposition de Hitler fut
entregada al vizconde Halifax
POGO antes de salir los reyes
para Paris, y la llev6 a Lon.
dres ell enviado confidencia
del Fuehrer, captain Frit,
Wiedemann.
Francia seguira actuand,
en- ell problema de Checoeslovs
quia, previa c~onsulta con Ru
STA. -
La gaceta., 1938-07-20
APROBADO Ell LIBRO DE
LAS CONTRADICTIONS

Ell ayuntamiento aproo6 ano-
che las nuevas listas o libros de
contribuciones para 1889, entire
gandolos al recaudador Keller.
D;idase de la legalidad del a.
cuerdo, aunque una mayoria de
los concejales firm6 las listas.
Dos de los ~concejalss, Faver
y Rosenthal, Sc negaron a fir
mar. Otros de los firmantes di-
jeron que 10 hacian bajo protes-
ia y que asi Sc hiciera constar.
Rosenthal declare que el no
firmaba porque Sc habfa hecho
una muy baja tasaci6n de las
propiedades de la Stone and
Webster, en- la isla Davis.
LA ciudad compr6 solares
para agrandar ell aerodromo y
page por ellos un alto precio,
con ell entendimiento de que las
tasaciones de los solares en- esa
isla ser1an aumentadas en- la pro
porci6n suficiente-declar6 Ro-
seminal.
Estimase que 81 algT1n contri-
buyente REQUIRE a los tribuna-
les, las listas, dentro de las ac-
tuales circumstances, quedaran
sin valor.
La gaceta., 1938-07-20
Ell NUEVO PRESIDENTE DE
IRLANDA RECIBIO A
CORRIGAN

Dublin, Julio 20.-El nuevo
presidente de Irlanda, Dou-
glas Hyde, recibi6 hoy en- au-
diencia al embajador america
no Douglas G.. Corrigan, ell del
vuelo "equivocado". Corrigan
relate como habia ocurrido la
equivocacion.
canon de Valera, ell primer
ministro de Irlanda, recibi6 a
yer a Corrigan y lie congratu-
10.
Ell joven aviador regresar5
por aeroplano a los Estados
Unidos.
No aceptara ningun contra.
to, de los muchos que Sc lie har
ofrecido, hasta su regreso
America.
La gaceta., 1938-07-20
LA PLATA ROGERS PARA
NUESTROS SUBSCRIPTORES

Reeibimos hoy los cubiertos
de plata Rogers para nuestros
subscriptores y de acuerdo con
las condolences que hemos We
nido publicando.
No Sc mandarin por los re-
partidores; pero pueden pa
sar por esta oficina entre las
9 y las 10 de la manana y las
A y las 5 de la tarde.
Cada juego viene en- su ca
jita. Todas las personals que
los han visto elog.an su exec
lencia.
AVisados estan nuestroS
subscriptor-s.
La gaceta., 1938-07-20

"Existe una enorme diferen-
ella entire una gran ciudad Y una
pequena aldea. En- la ciudad los
automobiles arrollan a gran n1-
nero de personals, mientras que
en- la pauena aldea esta morti-
fera labor queda a cargo de los
murmuradores."
Hay que confesar que los dos
medioS son eficaceS.
La gaceta., 1938-07-20
LO QUE OTROS DICEN
Y 70 COMENTO
Por J. r. SamfeIz

Del Tampa Morning Tribune
"Un craneo humane fue en- :
contrado en- Ybor City.-Puede
ser que sea ell residue" de los
:asos contra ell juego."
En- la misma edici6n: "Hemos
;abido gus ciertos letrados gus
2rian muy mucho 'descalificar'
Il Tribune"
Ell parrafista esta tirando con
p~royectiles de acero.
La gaceta., 1938-07-20
G DE LA RIVA ESTA
ENFERMO

Sc encuentra recluido en- su
domicilio ell querido amigo An
gel de la Riva, p~residente de
la Secci6n de Recreo del Cen
tro Espafiol.
Los muchachos de la Sec
ci6n Sc interesan por su salud
Y lie llevan flores.
Hacemos votos por su COM
pleto restablecimiento.
La gaceta., 1938-07-20

"Se necesitan cincuenta amos
para que un hombre llegue a la
nadurez de la sabiduria. Sc ne
cesitan solo cinco minutes para
Fue una muchacha 10 convierta
en- un monigote otra vez." Dice
ell Jacksonville Times Union"
Esos casos son muy frecuen-
ties. En- esta ciudad tenemos va
rios notables ejemplares.
La gaceta., 1938-07-20

p. z. B. en- "The Gulf Gleam":
HSegdn 10 entendemos, cualquier
juez que Sc declare en- favor de
poner en- vigor cualquiera ley,
queda descalificado."
iCompadre! Por alguna raz6n
representa- a la "Justicia", ven
dada.
La gaceta., 1938-07-20

I'm lector del Morning Tri-
bune", escribe ash:
"Debiamos todos de invertir
10 q. vale una tarieta postal y en-
viarsela a nuestro amigo y Pre-
sidente, diciendole que estamos
con 81, en- su lucha por la seguri
dad ecorN5mica para ell pueblo co
nun contra los reaccionarios Y
arist6cratas."
Proposition que debe ser Sc
cundada y puesta Ell ejecuci6n.
La gaceta., 1938-07-20
No caeras

Espana,
no caeras.
Por la sangre de tus nihos cafdos.
Por los v~ientres de tus mujeres muertas.
Por los brazos de millones de hombres
que pueblan la avanzada de la TERRA.
La sangre de tus ninos muertos por la metralla
de los doses de p6lvora
Sc levantara en- woes de perd6n
por los locos autores de su sangre caida.
Y por cada perd6n estrada hacia arriba
del fondo de la guerra
otra tierna vocecita de nino
respondent en- presente con las manos sin armas.
Y los doses de p6lvora temblaran
ante ell mirar certero
de unos ojos abiertos apuntando a la TERRA
donde juegan, profundos,
centenaresd de ninos de los ojos cerrados;
companeros distances.
Espaha,
no caeras
por los ~vientres de tus mujeres muertas
en- las balas f~ascistas.
En- alguna, dormido para siempre
habra un nino pequeno
sonando todavfa.
Ese, no oy6 la guerra,
pero siente la augusta de la vida segada
por muerte premature,
Y We la terra humeda
despoblando su lecho de la carne moreno
que lie d6 cuna tibia.
Ese, no oy6 la guerra,
pero sabe la guerra
y siente que fue victima.
Cada vientre caido de mujer fecunda
subira de la terra
v c~onfiara su nino
a la mujer que adn vive
agarrada a la idea
y los doses de p6lvora temblaran
ante la sangre nueva
que Sc alec como indice apuntando hacia ellos
ell mensaje de aquellas
companeras distances.
Espana,
no caeras.
Sc levantan tus ninos de la sangre caida
en- los nlnos que quedan.
Tus mujeres augustus
muitlphcan sus vientres
y Sc rompen en- ninos, ninos hombres.
en- replica
a las madres caidas
Y de todos los pueblos
surgeon brazos......
que pueblan la avanzada de la terra.
los brazos de millones de hombres.
Julia de BursOs.
La gaceta., 1938-07-20
Ell TEMPO

Lluvias para la tarde de
hoy. Vientos moderados del
Sur.
Maxima temperature aver,
80 grades; minima, rs.