davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1938-06-13

farm prices and stimulate trade ana
industry, according to a statement is
sued today by Representative RAN
kin Of Mississippi, chairman Of the
group.
Evening star., 1938-06-13
RECESSORDERED
At HARLAN TRIAL
Doctor Says Juror Suffers
Nervous Disorder and
Proceedings Halt.

BY the Associated Press.
LONDON, KY, June 13.-The Har-
Ian labor conspiracy trial was recessed
today until tomorrow because w. D..
johnson, a juror, became i'll.
Federal Judge H. Church Ford no.
ticed the juror, a Whitley County
farmer, had become pale and halted
proceedings. A deputy marshal led
Mr.. johnson from the room and DR..
J. w. Crook ordered him to bed. He
said Mr.. johnson was suffering from
nervous disorder" but that he did
not believed his condition was serious.
He is one Of the regular jurors. Two
alternate jurors also have been hearing
the evidence. ~
When the recess was taken Henry
A, Schweinhaut of Government coun-
sci was reading the responses Of the
20 coal company defendants in an
effort to show they are engaged in
interstate commerce.
Prosecution Nears Close.
Proof of that contention is essential
to the prosecutions case. The COM
panies, together with A individuals,
are charged with conspiring, in viola
tion of the Wagner act. to deprive
miners of their right to organize. An
effect on interstate commerce must be
established to make the act applicable.
Presentation of evidence along this
line, it was believed, would bring the
Governments case near its close.
Defense attorneys announced their
hrst step after the Government closes
would be motion for q directed YER
dict Of acquittal.
Miners Rally at Harlan.
A miners rally yesterday In Harlan
County drew close attention from both
sides in the trial.
The defense had charged the pur-
pose Of the rally was to interfere with
the preparation of its case.
The miners paraded miles to .
meeting place at Kits, KY, and heard
William Turnblazer district president
Of the United Mine Workers, announce:
United Mine Workers have the
right to assemble today. tomorrow, next
week or next month. but the Govern
ment has asked that there be no speak,
ing here today and we are going to
comply. We do not want to do
anything that might be construed as
interfering with the trial"
Evening star., 1938-06-13

curity formed by the heads Of half
q dozen G, I. o. units. .s
Mr.. Lewis said one Of the prime
ob1ectives Of the c. I. O. and its
alnliated unions Is the advancement
Of . comprehensive program Of So
cial security for the great masses Of
American workers"
In addition to the old-age benefit
proposal, the report he approved called
for = fully developed system Of child
care, youth education and vocational
guidance; increased helps for needy
blind and crippled children: q health
program providing State medicine and
medical co-operaties, and changes in
the form Of unemployment insurance.
Evening star., 1938-06-13

masters by promotion within the
service.
1T prevents evasion Of the spirit
Of the merit system and the rule of
Senate confirmation by requiring that
acting postmasters shall not serve for
more than six months without the
permission Of the Civil Service Com
mission"
Evening star., 1938-06-13

bill was introduced by Senator OMa-
honey and Representative Ramspeck,
Democrat, of Georgia.
Senator O'Mahoney said the bill
had three positive virtues:
1T substitutes the merit system
for the spoils system in the selec-
ton Of postmasters.
1T authorizes the selection Of post
Evening star., 1938-06-13

WElkER COCHRAN, who has
won many important champion
ships at billiards, voices bis choice
among cigarettes: "Camels give
me real smoking pleasure. Under
the strain of 4 championship
match, Camels never make me
feel jittery or insure. I'D walk
4 mile for 4 Camel tool"
Evening star., 1938-06-13

ter another, I've seen Camel buyers
take the finest grades in the market
-the best Of my own crops and those
Of my friends. They took the best
part Of my last crop too. So, like
most planters, I smoke Camels.
know the quality tobacco in them!"
Evening star., 1938-06-13

the best prices I ever got. Camel has
been my cigarette for years. There's
. real difference. Camels are the
favorite smoke Of planters. They
know they're getting sxtra-quality
tobacco in Camels."
Evening star., 1938-06-13

From my own experience, it's
Camel who buys the best. Camel
bought the really fine baskets Of
my. last crop. / smoke Camels, my
self. Most of my grower friends do
too. I know, and they know, Camel
uses costlier tobaccos!"
Evening star., 1938-06-13
O'MAHONEY TO CALL UP
POSTMASTER MEASURE
Action on Merit System Bill to Be
Sought in Senate as Quickly
as Possible.

BY the Associated Press.
Senator O'Mahoney. Democrat, Of
Wyoming said yesterday he planned
to call up in the Senate as quickly
as possible the revised bill to put
postmasters under civil service.
The conference report was adopted
by the House Saturday night. The
Evening star., 1938-06-13
"Y0u bet
Camel is our
choice in
~ -~-N-
cigarettes
say these tobacco planters
-and they know tobacco
because they grow It!

~ know just what
tobaccos the Gig
arctic companies
buy at the auc-
tions," says Mr..
John Durham, Jr.,
well-known plant
or "One vear af.
Evening star., 1938-06-13

"There's quite .
difference be-
tween fine tobac-
CO and ordinary
grades ."'saysMr.
Calvin Virgins,
who has sold to-
bacco to Camel
for 20 years.
Evening star., 1938-06-13

Poland is importing nearly one-third
more American cotton than . year
AGO
Evening star., 1938-06-13
LEWIS FOR OLD.AGE AID
WITHOUT WORKERS. TAX
G. I. O. Leaders, Favor Paying Of
Pensions Out Of General
Treasury Fund,

~ the Associated Press.
John L. Lewis yesterday indorsed
suggestions for . revision Of the So
cial security laws which would pro-
vide oid-age pensions without speci.
nc taxes on the workers.
The. plan he approved would finance
old-age benefits out Of the general
revenue Of the Government. It waa
worked out by q committee social Sc
Evening star., 1938-06-13
.REFLATIoN TO BE SOUGHT
House Advocates to Offer Bill for
Currency Expansion.

Currency Expansion.
Representative Rankin Of Mississip-
pi said that relation advocates would
begin efforts today to obtain House
action on currency expansion before
adjournment.
He said they would try to bring
to the floor by petition q bill for
controlled currency expansion to raise
Evening star., 1938-12-27

super leap such an animal would go
over the wire. perhaps comparable
to the restricting economic and
social conditions of the modern
world, and the violent, irrational
behavior would follow. The whole
behavior system of such an animal
appears to be jumbled into chaos.
A close analogy to all the me-
chanical factors in this synthetic
environment, it was pointed out, can
be seen in purely psychic factors
operative especially in a time Of
confusion like the present when
so many of the old certainties have
disappeared but with no diminu-
tion of the eternally driving con-
science, blowing with hurricane
force out of the minds deep cav
ernS.
Strange Paradox Of Cell.
The strange paradox of the cell,
unit of life, independent organism,
perfect citizen in conglomerations
Of literally countless billions was
stressed in symposium started to-
day in observation of the Tooth an
niversary of the cell theory.
Cells for a long time were looked
upon as living bricks out of which
are built the bodies Of all living
things, from men to earthworms,
said Prof. Paul Weiss of the Uni
versity of Chicago. Later CONTRA
dictions arose out of experiment
which indicated that cells did not
make the organism but that the
organism made the cells-in other
words that there was an organizing
principle there in the first place
which built home, perhaps only a
temporary one, for itself.
The most recent evidence, Prof.
Weiss said, shows that when cells
are removed from an organism and
reared in isolation in culture me-
dium they continue to reproduce
into replicas of themselves, Just
like one-celled animals. Nerve cells,
muscle cells, gland cells, etc., re-
main distinct.
Develop New Tissue Type.
On the other hand when cells
from one part of an embryo are
transplanted into another part, pro-
viding proper techniques are used,
they develop into the kind of tissue
which is ordinarily formed in the
vicinity Of the place where they
are put.
"The fact" Prof. Weiss said,
"that the individual cell can diff
ferentiate in a variety of directions
but actually differentiates only in
one calls for factors which direct
each cell selectively into it's proper
course. These factors, by their very
nature, are supercellular. They re-
suit from the dynamics of the cell
collective rather than of the cellu-
lar individuals.
THE study Of these organizing
Evening star., 1938-12-27

factors is one of the chief concerns
of present-day embryology. They
guarantee the unity and harmony of
development, but we know that
they have to work through the cells
as Intermediates. They act mere
ly by activating, accelerating, re-
tarding, mobilizing, directing and
otherwise controlling performances
which lie prepared in the native
repertoire of the CELL Their roots
can be traced back to certain egg
regions. Hence they are, in the
last analysis, of cellular origin, in
asmuch as the egg itself is a CELL
A dinner for approximately 300
Virginia newspaper editors was held
at the John Marshall Hotel last
night. There were addresses by DR..
Austin H. Clark of the Smithsonian
Institution and Howard w. Blakes-
lee, science editor of the Associated
Press.
DR.. Clark was presented with a
gold cup by the Virginia commit
tee, as a member of which he has
taken an active part in local ar
rangements. He was also presented
with an engraved scroll by the Ma
tional Association of Science Writers
in recognition of his IA years Of
service as director of publicity for
the American Association, from
which position he retired last year.
Evening star., 1938-12-27
Wosps Revealed
| As DepIotories
For Mountains
BY the Associated Press.

RICHMOND, Va, Dec. 27.-Why
does mountain get bald?
Because 1t can't stand wasps.
That is the explanation, offered
to the American Association for the
Advancement of Science today, for
the long-standing mystery of the
lis "balds" in the mountains Of
North Carolina, Tennessee and Geor-
gia. 1t was made by DIR. William A.
Gates of Louisiana State University.
These mountains are all bald
topped, lacking trees up near the
peak. Their attitudes, he said, run
from 2,7OO to 5000 feet. They have
been bald apparently for centuries,
as their sad state goes back into
Indian lore. Scientists have offered
varying explanations.
But two years ago he discovered
two of them undergoing hair
cut" which seems to explain the
whole puzzle. The pair were Wine
Sap Bald and Wayah Bald. On
these two around the lower remain
ing fringe" of their hair" he found
incredible numbers of wasps."
They were twig gall wasps. They
were killing trees by the thousands
before his eyes. A checkup year
later confirmed a belief that in time
this fringe would be gone.
No other mountains nearby had
Wasps at the time The trees they
principally attacked were oaks. DR..
Gates concluded that these wasps
lay their eggs only at certain alti-
tudes and in oak tWigs mainly. For
that reason any oak thatched
mountain top would be likely to be-
come bald and stay that way.
Evening star., 1938-12-27

from Long Island Sound northwest
ward, were described to botanists
here today by DR.. Frank e. Egler of
the New York State College of For
estry.
In the first, covering only Long Is
land and q narrow area along the
sound, the growing area is from $50
to 200 days.
The second Is the Hudson River
Valley and the Lake Ontario Plain,
where the season is only from 100
to 180 days. The third is the Ap-
palachian Plateau, where the season
drops down to 100 to $50 days. The
next zone, including the major part
Of the Adirondacks, the Catskills,
the Green Mountains, Northern
New Hampshire and most Of Maine
drops back to a summer of 100 to
100 days. The SUBMITS Of the Cat
skills, Adirondacks and mountains
OF New England have a season of
less than 100 days, and there is a
final zone, which includes the high
est mountain peaks in the northeast,
where 1t drops back to 80 days.
Conditioning Experiment.
A new kind of Psychological plie-
nomenon, "sensory pre-condition-
Ing" was described to psychologists
here today by DR.. w. j. Brogden of
Johns Hopkins University.
Working with dogs, DR.. Brogden
found that when bell was sound
ed and a light flashed simulta-
neously, there was built up a neural
pathway between the two in an
animals mind. Later he would
condition an animal by sounding a
bell and giving an electric shock
within brief interval
Such an animal soon reached the
point where it would jerk its leg
away at the sound, without waiting
| for the shock. This is a familiar
sort of Psychological and educa-
tional experiment.
But, DR.. Brogden found, the ami
NAL would respond in exactly the
same way to the flashing of a light
which had never been associated
with the shock but only with the
sound which was later associated
with the shock.
In the dogs mind, he concludes,
there had been established a neural
pattern which determined its auto
matte behavior.
Evening star., 1938-12-27
New Mopmoking
Machine Built
To Keep Pace
BY the Associated Press.


RICHMOND, Va, Dec. 27.-The
National Geographic Society has
been forced to develop a new map
making machine to keep pace with
the changes being made in national
boundaries by Hitler, Mussolini and
the Japanese armies in China.
Things are getting to the point
where our maps are almost obsolete
few months after we print them,"
representative of the society said
yesterday. He demonstrated the
work of the machine to early ar
rivals for the meeting of the Amer
ican Association for the Advance
ment Of Science, which opened here
today.
1t is camera which photographs
with great precision the names of
cities, towns, rivers. States, counties
and geographical boundaries so that
when master map is being pre-
pared for reproduction several ex-
perts can work on 1t at once to To-
cate them speedily and accurately.
Evening star., 1938-12-27
1000 Scientists Scan Culinary
FormuIoe of Virginio' S Past
BY Staff Correspondent of The Star.

BY Staff Correspondent OF The Star.
RICHMOND. Dec. 27.-Professors
of the high science of gastronomy,
pre-war vintage, held the stage as
1000 practitioners of the more-or
less-erudite sciences gathered to-
day in this capital of the late Con-
federacy.
Each scientist upon arrival had
pushed into his hands a specially
prepared text book of old Virginia
cookery and drinkery, which started
with the information that a true
Old Dominion gentleman of the
miJcentury school always started
the day with an eggnog or hot tod
dy. and considered wine punch at
any time of the day or night a COM
nonsense protection against ma
laria.
The scientists next are given pre-
else instructions on how to mix a
Virginia eggnog, an apple toddy, an
old Virginia mint juiep and a
cherry bounce"-the latter alleged
ly an exceptionally potent potion
after tagging day of brainwork.
The Virginia gastronomists then
provide recipes for batter bread
black turtle bean soup, calf's head
stew, Janets egg outlet, Scotch COL
lops of veal chicken pudding. Aunt
Silence's jumbles, green walnut
catsup, deviled turkey leg and pic
killed. oysters.
Recipe for Ash Cakes.
Among the more curious of the
recipes is one for lash cakes" with
the explanation
"Old as the hills is the ash cake,
doubtless taught our pioneer women
by some friendly Indian. Before the
war the ash cake became a staple
of the Negro cabin and the delight
of the young folks when they visited
NANNY or uncle in their quarters.
To-day, If you are rich in the pos
session of an open fire. you can re-
capture for your children an hour
from the life experience of one Of
their many times great-grandmoth
ers. Place your log within the crate.
A wood fire is necessity, for no one
ever heard of baking an ash cake
with coal fire. Make stiff dough of
one quart of cornmeal, teaspoonful
OF salt and some water. Pat the
cakes into shape by throwing them
quickly from one hand to the other,
back and forth, again and again,
until they have achieved we'll
rounded, oval shapes. Sweep clean
Evening star., 1938-12-27
Bipartisan Group
Of Congressman 10
Map Farm Program
Preparing to Sponsor
'Cost-of-Production'
Legislative Plan
BY the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
A bipartisan group of Senators
and Representative from agricul-
tural States is being formed to spon-
sor ''cost-of- production" farm pro-
gram in the new Congress.
Senator Frazier, Republican, of
North Dakota said today members
had suggested that this group, in
Guiding both Democrats and Repub-
licans, agree on a specific program
and then confer with Secretary of
Agriculture Wallace before offering
the legislation.
Many members favor retaining
the soil conservation part of the
present act and junking the CROP
reduction features" said Senator
Frazier, who has supported many
administration measures.
Although the downturn of farm
prices in the last two years has GEN.
tered attention on farm legislation
again. few members of Congress
here in advance of the session were
offering specific proposals.
Temporary, Says Tydings.
Senator Tydings. Democrat, of
Maryland said the present farm
program was designed to serve a
temporary need"
"It must have violent rearrange-
ment," he said. LAS now conceived,
it is more of salve than a cure"
Senator Lee, Democrat, of Okla
homa, has announced he would re-
introduce his domestic allotment
farm measure. This would attempt
to assure farmers cost -produc-
ton" price on that part of major
crops consumed within this country.
A number of similar measures were
offered in the House last session and
have the support of two national
farm organizations, the Grange and
Farmers Union.
King Favors Taber Appointment.
Senator King, Democrat, of Utah,
who has opposed administration
farm measures, said he favored dis
carding "all the policies of Secretary
Wallace and appointing L. j. Taber,
national head of the Grange, as Sec
retary of Agriculture
I'VE should let farmers work out
Evening star., 1938-12-27

making either rigid or collapsible as
he pleased. It then became matter
of pure chance whether the animal
would get something to eat or bump
its head when it jumped. Utter con-
fusion had been introduced into a
hitherto ordered world.
The next step was to turn on the
platform blast of compressed air,
making roaring noise. The terri
fed animal had to jump in one
direction or the other to escape. It
knew that in one way was escape
from the pushing, roaring, invisible
demon behind it, and in the other
only bad bump. 1t had no way
of knowing which was which. The
third choice of doing nothing was
denied it.
Guilt Complex in Man.
Psychiatrists long have contended
that in the causation of various
abnormal mental states in man a
guilt complex is prominent factor.
The unfortunate victim feels that he
is in condition of deadly sin from
which he must escape. This might
be likened to the blast of compressed
air in the experiment, an irresistible.
inexplicable, terrifying driving force
in the subconscious depths of the
mind, forcing the tortured individual
to Jump" somewhere.
1t is all right if he knows, or
thinks he knows, what lies ahead in
any direction. He may know" as
a result of religious or other train
ing that in the way of holy living
and service to fellow men lies re-
demption from all sin. He may
know that the jump in the direction
he is taking leads to death and
oblivion-the sort of self-punish-
ment the inf1iction of which is be-
lieved to be the reason for many
otherwise inexplicable suicides. One
may commit suicide, it has been ex-
planned, in many hidden ways-such
as committing brutal murder In
order to be executed.
But in such cases a man knows,
at least subconsciously, which card
he is jumping against-a comfort
denied the rats. The man who is
going to the electric chair, DR.. Maier
explains, is in quite a different situ-
alton from the fellow who doesn't
know where he is going but must go
somewhere. Terror of a certain
fate may be less inducive to mad
ness than terror of an uncertain
fate. Men have been known to fall
into a calm sleep after being
sentenced to die following weeks of
the tension of trial.
Would Clear the Wire.
1t was at this point that the
strange episodes of madness ap-
peared in DR.. Maier's rats. He
produced it in four Of them by the
same technique. With one Wild,
Evening star., 1938-12-27

their own solutions" Senator King
said.
Senator Murray, Democrat, of
Montana said he thought the present
farm program had prevented a COM
plete decentralization of farm prices.
Farmers generally know the admin
istration has made a sincere and
genuine effort to help them and it
has been effective"
Senator Murray said Congress
would probably limit new farm legis-
lation to "perfecting amendments for
the present program"
The present Farm Act, approved
last February, provides Federal
payments to farmers for soil con-
servation practices and for sys-
tenn of marketing quotas on some
crops. The quotas, imposed only
after being approved in farmer
referenda, are intended to adjust
supply and demand.
Evening star., 1938-12-27
Science
(Continued From First Page

followed by feeding. An animal
soon could be conditioned so that
1t would jump away the instant it
heard the shock tone, without wait
ing for the shock itself
Then the experimenter brought
the two tones closer and closer to-
gether. Eventually a point was
reached where the dog could not
discriminate between them 1t
didn't know what to do in re-
sponse to a given stimulus. The
result was a condition which may
have been analogous. roughly, to
form of schizophrenia in man, in
which the individual lapses into
stupor as means of escape from
the necessity of making too diff
cult decisions. On basis closer
to normal the condition is exempli-
fed by the character of Hamlet,
the tragedy of whose life rose from
his inability to make decision.
Pavlovs experiment has been re-
peated many times in various ways,
and both sheep and pigs have
been driven into the same sort of
psychosis.
In the experiment described to-
day, DR.. Maier goes long step
further. After all, Pavlov's dogs
were not so badly off. Unable to
decide what to do, they still had
the obvious third choice of doing
nothing and taking the conse-
quences. Even this often is denied
men and women in the modern
world.
Outline of Experiment.
The experiment proceeded as fol-
lows:
A rat was placed on wire-sur-
rounded platform from which it
could not escape easily. Confront
ing it were two upright cards. One
could easily be pushed over when
a rat jumped against it across
narrow space separating it from the
platform. Behind it lay food. The
other card was rigid. When the rat
jumped agains it, he bumped his
head and got bad fall into
net spread out below the level of
the platform.
The hungry rat soon learned in
what direction lay food and security.
He was like a human being rigidly
trained in the old-fashioned virtues
supposedly certain to lead to
definite reward. Then DR.. Maier
played trick on the rat, analogous
to the trick which fate has played in
this generation on large part of
the human race. He destroyed the
whole conditioned pattern of be-
havior by placing food indiscrimi-
nately behind either Of the cards and
Evening star., 1938-12-27
Scouts to Hold Reunion

Washington Boy Scouts who at
tended the national jamboree here
last year will hold reunion BAN
quet Wednesday night in the North
minister Presbyterian Church. A
turkey dinner will be served by
women of the church. Songs, stunts
and campfire tales will feature the
program.
Evening star., 1938-12-27

1t was at this point that the
strange episodes of madness ap-
peared in DR.. Maier's rats. He
produced it in four Of them by the
same technique. With one Wild,
Evening star., 1938-12-27
G. U. Alumni Hold Dance

The Senators Club alumni or
ganization of Catholic University
held a buffet dance last night at
the Wardman Park Hotel. Robert
McCulloch was chairman of ar
rangements.