davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1938-06-01
CHICAGO LIVESTOCK,

CHICAGO, June l 09 Omitted States
Department Of Agriculture) .-Hogs Slipped
lower again today. when supplies were
fairly liberal and shipping demand narrow
Fed steers and yearlings got dependabl
action from outsiders. and prices were
steady. but the quality of the general run
showed some improvement. Lambs
strengthened
HOGS, $4,000, including 5000 direct:
slow, 1920 lower than. Tuesdays average;
top. s.75; good and choice 16O-250
pounds, s.5O-S.70; 26O-29O pounds, $40
500; 300-350 pounds. S25-s.40: good
medium weight and heavy packing sows.
a50-7.75; smooth butcher kinds, 1885,
Cattle. 10000; calves. 1000; fed steers
and yearlings fairly active to order buyers
and. shippers: steady; condition and quail
ity better than Tuesday. early top, 10. 50:
some steers held higher; heifers steady:
best early. $50; cows fully steady; supply
very small: most cutter grade cows. AIS
5.75: good and choice beef cows 7.OO-7 rs;
Wxeighty sausage bulls fairly active steady;
Ight kinds weak; most weighty sausage
bulls 6.75-6.9 80; vealers, $3.50 lower
practical top, $50.
Sheep, 5000. including 400 direct; fat
lambs and springers only moderately ac-
tive; early sales strong to shade higher;
good to. choice clipped lambs upward to
7.25 and 1885 rather freely; one small lot
strictly. choice, 7.50; one double Texas
spring lambs. ESQ straight; few outstand-
ing natives held above 9S5: sheep strong;
native ewes. 3.00-3.25: choice held around
Evening star., 1938-06-01
REPUBLIC OF POLAND
OFFERS SETTLEMENT

NEW YORK, June (P.-Designed
to restore the issues to a definite
service basis, the Republic of Poland
and two of its political subdivisions
offered settlement today to holders
of the bonds which has been approved
by the Foreign Bondholders' Protective
Council.
The offer of settlement includes the
Republic of Poland per cent dollar
loan OF 1920, due In 1910; the Province
OF Silesia 7 per cent bonds of 1929,
due 1858, and the City of Warsaw Z
per cent bonds of 1928, due 1858. All
OF these issues have been in default.
The offer provides for annual in
terest. at the rate Of AZ per cent and
sinking fund provisions to retire the
Notwithstanding in the amount of
$4,000. .000-in 20 years.
Evening star., 1938-06-01
NEW YORK PRODUCE,

NEW YORK. June 0P.-Butter. g..
5S6,6SS; weaker. Creamery: Higher than
extra. 26A-21; extra COZ scoret 95A-26:
f1rSts .SS-9D. 22-25A; seconds ts4-s7),
Cheese. s47. 900: quiet: prices unchanged
enEsEs; EsEs; =. l.os5; irregular: Mixed coloIrs:
firsts. .0a; seconds. 191a-2OA; mediums
and dirties. No. ], 1914: average checks
1SA: storage packed firsts. 21H-21A
Whites: Resale Of premium marks. 271s-
% nearby and Midwestern. premium
marks. 25A-27: exchange specials 24-25:
Midwestern. exchange standards. 23-23la
nearby, fancy mediums, 23A-26: nearby
and Western. exchange mediums. 23; Pa
cific Coast Jumbo and premiums. 1924:
specials; 29.29ia; standards. 2s-2s1a; me-
Browns: Extra fancy. e4h-27: nearby
exchhanss, mediums. s1h-ssh; duck esss.
Dressed poultry. easy to weak. Boxes.
4s-54 pounds. 20-3b: 80.65 pounds, so
%. Other. dressed prices unchanged.
Live poultry. by freight firm Broilers.
Rocks, 20: colored. 10: Leghorn. 1918.
Fowls, colored, "a Leghorn, 2O-21; mostly
q 6,,av 0ld ROSTERS 14-15. Turkeys hen
BY express, steady to firm, Chickens,
2212-27: mostly 24-25; crosses. 1924:
mostly 21h-23: reds 1S-211a; mostly 1sk-
Fowls W eoored e521 mostly iRosss ss IessoTn
22-23: mostly %.
Evening star., 1938-06-01
INDUSTRIAL RATE
EXPECTED TO LAG
Auto Sales, Steel Orders
Indicate Slow Pace
This Summer.
sIttial Dispatch to The Star.

sretial Dispatch to The Star.
NEW YORK, June lin it's weekly
summary of the general business sit
uation, the Standard Statistics Co. of
New York currently comments as fol-
lows:
THE unfortunate sales experience
of the automobile industry during the
past five months augurs unfavorably
for production schedules in both au-
tomobile and steel plants this sum-
mer. Steel activity is again sagging
and low level Of around 20 per cent
OF operating capacity is expected in
another month. The automobile in
dustry, which produced over a million
cars and trucks in the third quarter
of 1897, may report a total output of
less than 100000 units in the same
period of 1888. The railroad equip
ment industry is likewise at low ebb.
Industrial activity has resumed a
downward course since March, fol-
lowing faint upturn in the first
quarter, and indications are that the
trend toward lower levels will continue
into August.
IF we are to assume that there will
be at least a temporary upturn in
business volumes during the fall
months. the turn will mark the con-
clusion of a virtually uninterrupted
downswing extending over period of
II months and carrying the composite
level of industrial production down
approximately 40 per cent from the
peak levels of early 1887.
''Of the 13 major business depres-
sions in the past 40 years, only four
have been of longer duration and six
of greater degree than the 40 per cent
decline thus indicated for the period
between March, 1887, and August, 1888.
While it is possible to look ahead
with some degree of hope to the posi-
bility that August will mark the final
low point Of the current depression,
there is as yet little concrete basis for
any fixed conclusions in this respect"
Evening star., 1938-06-01
MARYLAND BOND
SALE IS RECORD
Low Coupon 5000, 900 Issue
Allotted Two Firms on
Joint Bid of 1O1.46.
By the Associated Press,

BY the Associated Press.
ANNAPOLIS, Md, June MARY
land made a record sale today when
100000 of State l94 per cent Office
building bonds were sold to the First
Boston Corp. and the Harris Trust &c
Savings Bank of Boston, Mass, on
their joint bid of 10146.
Fourteen brokerage houses and
banks sought the bonds, setting the
rate of interest in their bids. The
winning bid gives the State the use
OF the money on the basis of LEO per
cent interest.
Gov. Harry W. Nice, chairman of
the Board of Public Works, which sold
the bonds, declared it was the lowest
interest rate the State had ever paid
on bond issues.
1T is the cheapest money the State
ever borrowed on bond issue and is
on the lowest coupons" said William S.
Gordy, jr., State controller. Hooper
S. Miles, jr., State treasurer, said it
was the best bond sale ever made by
the State
The Boston firms beat out a syndi-
| cate headed by Barr Bros, Inc, of New
York by cent on each $1,000 bond.
The Barr Bros. syndicate, including
W. w. Lanahan e. Co., Baltimore;
Goldman Sachs & Co. and Francis I.
du Pont & Co. of New York, bid
| l0l.459.
The previous best yield on State
bonds was on February /. when ST.
O3l, 900 of 2 per cent bonds brought
lol.3o, or on a basis of l.84 per cent
| interest
Evening star., 1938-06-01
CARRIERS REPORT |
BIG DROP IN NETS
April Total at S9,236,818.
Against s6o,882, 1872 for
Same 1887 Month.
By the hsse cia ted Press

py Liit ESSoclateQ Press.
The Association Of American Raif-
roads reported yesterday that Glass 1
railroads had net operating income
o. s9,236,818 in April, compared with
s4a,357,724 in April, 1887, and $780,
SS2,332 in April, 1880.
The association said this years
operating income was at the annual
rate OF 0,54 per cent on investment,
compared with 286 per cent last year
and 3.6l per cent in April, 1880.
Gross operating revenues for April
totaled $26S,268,9l9, compared with
$351 ,5o6,7l9 in April, 1887, and s445,-
523,O63 in April, 1890 Operating ex-
penses amounted to S219,543,059 in
April, compared with s26l .949.o13 in
April, 1887. and s344,194,247 in
April, 1880.
In the first four months this year,
the association reported, Class car
riers netted railway operating income
OF S28, ,791, ,805. which was at the an
nual rate of return of o.44 per cent
on their property investments.
Net railway operating income totaled .
sl95,8T2,531 in the first four months
OF 1887. In the first four months of
1880 it totaled s233,942,444.
Gross operating revenues for the
four-month period amounted to ST.
OBJ ,603,l38, compared with 81, 1882, ,679.-s
3l8 in the same period in 1887, and,
s1,761 ,623,106 for the first four months
of 1880.
Evening star., 1938-06-01
POWER EARNINGS
BELOW YEAR AGO
American & Foreign Shows
S3,228,581 Equity in
Subsidiary Nets.
Bs the Associated Press.

B, the Associated Press.
NEW YORK, June 1.--American &
Foreign Power Co., an affiliate in the
Electric Bond g. Share System, re-
ported net equity in income of SUBJ
salaries. before exchange adjustments,
of s3.228,58l for the quarter ended
March 81.
This compares with $3,534,337 for
the corresponding period of last year.
Remington Rand Returns Up.
Remington Rand, Inc, reported net
profit for the year ended March 81 of
$4,509,733 after all charges, equal
after preferred dividend requirements
to $2,32 a share on common stock,
and compared with $3,5l6.73 or SITS
a common share in the preceding 12-
month period. Company manufac-
lures office equipment at plants in the
East and Midwest.
Hearst Earnings Drop.
Directors Of Hearst Consolidated
Publications, Inc, decided to defer
payment of the quarterly dividend on
class "A" 7 per cent cumulative par
ticipating shares normally payable
June is.
THE directors believe that the re-
sources of the company should be con-
served while general business condi-
tions continue unfavorable and in
order that the company may be in the
best possible position to take advantage
of improvement" an announcement
said.
"The earnings for the period Janu-
ary to May % are estimated at $780,
600 as against s2,644,ooO for the same
period last year." it added
In letter to class "a" holders
the board added:
Your company has endeayored to
maintain wage levels in the hope that
general prosperity, in which your
company would share, would thus be
furthered."
Electric Power e. Light.
Earnings of the Electric Power &
Light Corp. for the March quarter
totaled s2,l91, DAT. equal to % cents a
comman share, against $3,285,054, OF
81 cents on the common in the first
quarter last year.
United Gas Corp.
United Gas Corp. reported net in
come of $2,398,l50 in the March quar-
ter, equal to cent share on the
common, against s4,439,578, or 27 cents
common share a year ago.
Wick Chemical.
Wick Chemical Co. reported con-
solidated net income OF $328,651 for
the quarter ended March 81, equal
before Federal surtaxes TO 46 cents a
share on the capital stock This COM
pares with s94l, ,244, or s134 a share,
in the corresponding 1887 quarter.
Evening star., 1938-06-01
CHICAGO PRODUCE.

CHICAGO. June lP,.-Butter. 2,o46,-
1St pounds; easy: creamery-extra hrsts
l90-g1 score) 23la-24A. firsts tss-s9),
2l-22H; seconds fs4-s71a). 20-20R;
standards. go centralized carlots). "a
24A; other prices unchanged. Eegs,
AZ .0S9. weaker: fresh sraded. extra frsts,
local, 19A; cars, 1917; frsts local. 1872:
cars, 10; current receipts 17A-1s: storage
packed extras. 20h: frsts, 20.
UNITED States Department of Agricul-
ture rel-Potatoes., Al; on track. 317; total
United States shipments, 627: new stock
Arm; slightly stronger tendency for best
stock; supplies moderate: demand light:
Bliss Irtumphs. U. s. No. l. Louisiana, best.
best, 1.90. Alabama. /. .75-2. 15:. best. most
y around 30; U. s.. No. /. size B. loo:
showing heated and decay. 5000; Missis-
sippi. 1.s5-1; 30: U. s, No. 1. size B. 1. 90:
California. 2.l5:: California White Rose.
u. s. No. l, 1.90-2.10 mostly 200: old
stock Arm; supplies moderate: demand
light: sacked, per hundredweight. Idaho
Russet Burbanks. u S, No. i, 1851 95:
washington Russet Burbanks, fair quality.
1s7Ai Michisap Green Mountains and
sin round whites. U. s. No. l. i .52h.
Evening star., 1938-06-01
FOREIGN EXCHANGE.

NEW YORK. June / LP.-A little weak
ness in major European currencies in terms
Of the dollar developed in foreign exchange
dealings today.
The decline centered in the pound
French franc dipped .001a of cent and
the belga .01 of cent. Guilders and the
Swiss franc remained unchanged.
Noon rates follow:
Great Britain in dollars, others in cents
Great Britain-Demand, 4.942: cables
4.94h: 60-day bills. 1885,. France-De-
mand. 2.77M' cables. 2;77N. Italy-De-
40, I8; benevolent. 2l. 40; travel %, 90;
Holland, 55.16. Norway, "a .85: Sweden
% so; Denmark. 22.OS: Finland, go;
Switzeriand, 22 10; Spain, uneuotsd; Por.
Czechosiovakia. 3.47sl: Yusosiavia. as
Austria. unduoted; Hungary. 1885, Ru-
mania, 75; Argentina; 32 .96n Brazi
% 45: Hong Kong. 30.s3; Mexico City
2c 00n; Montreal in New York, es.e354i
New York IN Montreal 101 .06A.
n Nominal.
Evening star., 1938-06-01
OPTIMISM RULES
IN OIL INDUSTRY
Condition Best So Far This Year.
General Rise in Wholesale
Price Likely. ..

Ey the Associated Press.
TULSA, June Hopeful signs of
expanding business have brought a
wave of optimism to the petroleum
industry.
Gasoline inquiry and movement are
ON the upswing That condition
brought frequent observations today
that the outlook is the best so far
this year.
Some rehners already were asking
an eighth to quarter of cent above
posted prices for gasoline. In some
quarters there was more and more
talk Of general rise in the wholesale
price. s
On top of unusual gasoline demands
for the three-day Memorial holiday,
redners reported wholesale buying
against the summer motoring season
was reaching greater volume than
anticipated. Requirements were said
to be pyramiding into summer busi-
ness that seemed much like the good
seasons of '36 and 81.
The strength in the refined products
division came on the heels of drastic
measures to halt mounting crude
stocks. Curtailment of State allow
ables had cut the crude output about
250,00o barrels daily in the past three
weeks.
Evening star., 1938-06-01
FOREIGN MARKETS.

LONDON, June .P.-Prices in the
with British government securities selling
SLIGHTLY hishsr. The bond section was
off sharply. on rumors that Germany
might default on Austrian bonds and pos
sibly. default or lower the interest rates
on the Young and Dawes loans. Transat-
lantic shares held steady while other Sec
tions of the list we're quiet and lower, due
to the lack of support
. PARIS LPi.-The Bourse closed with a
heavy tone and prices were generally
lower. Rentes lost 3b to go centimes and
Bank of France issue was down so francs
International shares we're mixed, Sue7
Canal moving. up 10. francs while Royal
LIVERPOOL. PD.-Wheat futures gem
orally were Sad bushel higher at the close
today. After news Of excellent crop anc
weather reports caused minor setbacks,
july position at Winnipes. e. Cotton i futures res
hyetuated nervously, early advances being
followed by a slump caused by general
iiauidetion and hedsins. A recovery took
place later following the steadiness in the
New York market and final prices we're 4
to 8 net higher.
Evening star., 1938-06-01
New York Issues Sold.

NEW YORK, June l R.-Ac-
tivity in the municipal bond market
picked up today with the award of
State and municipal issues aggre-
eating more than s71.oOo,ooo to two
Wall Street investment syndicates.
The larger sale was $50, 900, 900
State OF Pennsylvania one-year tax
anticipation notes, bearing 1h per
cent interest, made to group headed
by c. j. Devine g. Co. on their bid
of 10092S.
A syndicate headed by Chase Ma
tional Bank was the successful bid
der for an issue of $l1. 1.494 900 City of
Boston bonds as 234s. They were
awarded on an interest cost basis of
2.7359 per cent.
Evening star., 1938-06-01
CURB SUSTA|NS
UPWARD TREND
Utilities in Good Demand,
but Some InduStriaIS
Drop Still More.
BY the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
NEW YORK, June IAN upward
trend was maintained in the curD
market today up to the final hour.
Utility issues we're in good demand,
withs gains running up to point or
more in such issues as American Gas
g. Electric, Northern States Power
"a" and Electric Bond g. Share.
A small group of industrial special
ties, however, resisted the upward
trend for minor losses Chesebrough
Manufacturing dipped more than 2 On
small turnover.
Others favored for gains of as muca
as points were Sherwin- Williams,
Technicolor, Newmont Mining, Gulf
Oil and Aluminium Co.
Evening star., 1938-06-01
Washington Exchange
SALES-AFTER CALL.

Potomac Electric Power 5l2ao pfd.-
10 at 1925.
Washington Gas Light pfd-10 at
9S1s, 10 at e81g.
Washington Railway & Electric pfd.-
10 at 112.
Notwithstanding June this Ex-
change will be closed on Saturdays
during June, July, August and until
September 10.
Evening star., 1938-06-01

r In bankruptcy or receivership or being
reorganized under the Bankruptcy Act or
securities assumed by such companies
Rates OF dividends In the foregoing table
last quarterly or semi-annual declarations
Unless otherwise noted special or extra
dividends are not included.
Also extra or extras. Declared or
paid SO Tar this year. no regular rate
I Payable in stock. Paid last year,
Cash or stock. Accumulated dividend
rants XIV Without warrants. war War.
Evening star., 1938-06-01
BROAD LOOMS AT 4.03 PCT.

Wooien and worsted broad looms oper-
ated at 40.3 per cent Of capacity In April
COMPARED with 1875 In March and 74.5
Evening star., 1938-06-01
CHECKS SHOW BIG SLUMP.

Federal Reserve Board reports debit,
tehscksl against individual accounts In
bans of 274 leading cities em1unted tc
S6.S56.S42. 600 in the week ended May rs
or . per cent below the precedins week and
Is per cent below the corresponding week
last .'cs9.
Evening star., 1938-06-01
DIVIDENDS ANNOUNCED

NEW YORK. June Prepared by the
Standard Statistics Co.
No Action Taken.
Pc Stk of Pay.
Chesapeake Corp.
Jaeger Machine.
JoslJn Manufacturing e. Supply
Evening star., 1938-06-01
US. TREASURY NOTES.
NEW YORK. June 1 01.--Prices quoted
IN dollars and thirty-seconds. Approx.
FINANCIAL BAROMETER,

NEW YORK. June / A1.--Liquidation
nnasd CO Il that sn ns ss
during the week ended MAY 25.
This was indicated by further slump. In
industrial and agricultural loans extended
by banks In leading centers during the
period. The latest total was almost $780,
100000 smaller than that of last October.
Commercial, industrial and agricultural
loans Of banks in l01s cities, reported by
follows:
Week ended May 25 SO, ara. 0o0. 900
Previous week 3,513,OO0,000
Same period last year,. 1879, 100000
Evening star., 1938-06-01

Chesapeake Corp March quarter
common share earnings were % cents,
against $l.oe.
Evening star., 1938-06-01

AAls0 extra or extras.
eDeclared or paid SO far this year.
gPaid last year,
Evening star., 1938-06-01
MISCELLANEOUS

EX dividend
tPlus extras. 2es extra. falses ex.
ira. h a5c extra. g S14 extra paid No
vember 80. 1887. K SOC extra. m 50 extra
Evening star., 1938-06-01
0nitied

National Elec Welding Machine.
Scovill Manufacturing.
Evening star., 1938-06-01
Bid and Asked Prices.
BONDS.
PUBLIC UTILITY
MISCELLANEOUS.
STOCKS.
PUBLIC UTILITY.

Shevy Chase Club 1st 4As 1o4
Soi. Country Club 1st 4As 103
Evening star., 1938-06-01

WWWlth WarrantS,
xwWithout warrants.
nNew
sttstp) Stamped
sNegotiability impaired by maturity.
fCompanieS reported in receivership.
The Washington times., 1938-11-01

mendi. who recently gave the then
lightweight champion Lou AmberS
a tough battle: Jimmy Vaughan
and Orville Drouillard just to men
lion a few.
While he is on the short-end of
the betting, Quarles still has many
of the boys roofing for him. Wash
ington is Normie's lucky spot, and
he intends to keep his record of
never having lost a fight here un-
spoiled.
All in all, it looms as the best
scrap of the indoor season, and
may set the stage for many more
good battles to come. ,
Three sixers and a four-rounder
will complete the program. Don
KoonS, of Los Angeles, a stable
mate Of Hally, meets Gene john
son, of Baltimore; Pancho Huerta,
aggressive Mexican, tackles Tom
my Ricco, of Camden, N. j., and
Eddie (Society Kid Saugsted,
local battler, opposes John l.. Sulli-
van, of Richmond, in the sixers,
while Ray Lewis, of Richmond, and
Red Osborne, of Baltimore, open
the show in a four,
The Washington times., 1938-11-01
LOUIS IN GOTHAM.
FOR ARMSTRONG.
co WITH GARCIA.
BY HYPE IGOE

NEW YORK, Nov. / U.N.S)
Joe Louis, Negro heavyweight
champion, arrives today to see the
little brown champion, Henry
Armstrong, defend his welter
weight title against Ceferino
Garcia in Madison Square Garden
tomorrow night.
Joe greatly admireS the little
shaver who set the sports world
agog by winning three worlds
titles. Louis, himself, would have
relished setting such a mark.
While in New York Joe is 60
ing to delve into the problem of
agreeing on a worthy opponent
for his January appearance in
this city.
One of four men may get the
crack at the champion. John
Henry Lewis, the light heavy
weight champion, being the lead
ing candidates. Then there is
Maurice Strickland, who has been
hankering for the shot, and should
Gunnar Barlund defeat Bob Pas.
Cor IN their proposed bout, he
might get the berth.
BLOCKING THE BOLO
Armstrong put in an afternoon
OF "bolo-punch" blocking and
countering. The bolo punch is
Garcia'S best bet.
My own guess is that Garcia is
going to cross" Armstrong in the
matter of the "bolo." Watching
Garcia in training for several
days, I noted that he wasn't put
ting in much practice on the
"bolo," but was giving his entire
attention to left hook to the
body.
Armstrong will do whatever
work he undertakes today with a
view to holding every possible
ounce of weight as against the 10
pounds he may have to concede the
Philippine wonder. The champion
is merely lightweight and it is
quite possible that he will come in
under 1875 when they come to the
scales.
The Washington times., 1938-11-01

Hally, however, is not expected to
let hirl down, and the betting boys
seem to think the same way, hav-
ing installed the Hollywood ring
favorite an 8-to-5 choice to put an
end to Quarles' winning streak in
the District.
With a new face on the local
boxing front and Quarles riSking
his victory string of five straight,
interest has reached a high pitch,
and Matchmaker Goldie Ahearn is
looking forward to a good turnout
at the gate.
The Battle of the Blonds should
be a real humdinger, taking in
comparison the records of the pair.
Wally is a two-fisted puncher, and
has chilled more than SO per cent
of his foes.
He will be seeking to put the
sleeper" on Norment, and in order
to turn that trick will have to
more than live up to his reputa-
tipn. QuarleS is by no means an
easy mark, and he, too, can toss
plenty of leather with dynamite
in both his right and left. The ex-
collegian ace proved that he rates
with the top notchers in his divi-
sion when he punched out an easy
win over Lew Gevinson, local
product, and repeated a few weeks
later by taking Lew Feldman,
clever New Yorker, into camp with
little trouble.
Hally was born in Cleveland,
Ohio, % years ago, but moved with
his family to Hollywood when a
lad of seven. He is a son of a min
lister in the Salvation Army, and
used to blow the trumpet for that
organization. He has been boxing
three years, and has compiled a
most remarkable record. He holds
verdictS over some Of the better
boys in the 135Ipound class, such
as Nick Camarata, Baby Ariz-
The Washington times., 1938-11-01

horses Of America in the future,
and has called this event the PIN
leo Special.
Pimlico still maintains the dig
nified atmosphere of its early
days. The old clubhouse, built in
1870, by Jefferson Walsh. is very
interesting, giving the air of past
generations, which lends to the
old course its unusual charm.
Not elaborate, yet most attrac-
lively and appropriately furnished,
the interior walls are supported
with many English prints and oil
paintings of famous thorough
breds Of past generations, belong
ing to the English and American
turf. A lovely oil Of Survivor by
Vandal possesses the important
position over the fireplace.
Among the many prints of his
torical thoroughbredS are Robert
the Devil, Flying Dutchman, Van
dial, punctuated with some Of oul
important horses Of today, such
as Sir Barton, MAal o. War and
HourleSs. SeabiScuit and War Ad
miral will at the close of today
mark finished another chapter
in the records Of thoroughbred
history.