davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Henderson daily dispatch. (Henderson, N.C.) 1914-1995, 1938-04-12
Violence Breaks Out In
Metropolis in State Pri-
mary, First To Be
Held This Year
TWO MACHINES ARE
SEEKING CONTROL
Mayor Kelly Group of Chi
cago and Governor Henry
Horner in Bitter Fight for
Democratic Rule; Both
Sides Pledge Allegiance to
Roosevelt

Chicago, April IL (AP)-A Ne
gro was slain, a precinct judge
assaulted and a precinct captain
was reported kidnapped today as
Chicagoans ballotted in the State
wide primary election.
Babe Perry was shot and killed
during a political argument on a
South Side street. Police said
Perry and another Negro appa-
rently had fought a pistol duel.
A second man, court bailiff,
was sought.
Three men beat Robert Andre,
rs, a precinct judge, on a near
North Side street corner. Thomas
Panisey, precinct captain, was
reported kidnapped while walking
In front of his polling place on
the North Side.
CHICAGO, Apr'g --(AP)-Conltre
Of the Democratic party in Illinoi
vas the big prize at stake today /
the Statewide primary, the nation
first off-year election.
The contenders were the Chicae
Democratic organization, headed b
Mayor Edward Kelly, and Nations
Committeeman P. A. Nash and tn
"down-State" forces of Governe
Henry Horner.
Fair weather and the bitterlv-fougk
was expected to stimulat
4 huge vote. Estimates ranged fro1
100000 to 100000.
Both Democratic camps marshalle
Continued on Page Two.)
Henderson daily dispatch. (Henderson, N.C.) 1914-1995, 1938-04-12
Says World Set-Up Today
Almost Exactly What 1t
Was Before World
War Broke Out
UNITED STATES is
BALANCE OF POWER
Declares England, France,
Russia on One Side, If They
Could Get American Back
ing, Would Attack Japan
Now; Sees United States as
Decisive Factor

Tokyo, April IL (AP)-The
United States, Rear Admiral
Ishimaru asserted today, alone
holds the key to the question
whether there will be a world
war in the near future.
Fearful of 1889.
Regarded by japan as one of her
most authoritative naval experts, the
admiral said in an interview that
"the heaviest responsibility ever
placed in the hands of a single pee
ple now rests with Americans. The
stage is all set for an outbreak which
may come in 1899.
Conversely, depending entirely on
the United States, war may be delay
ed indefinitely
The admiral, who says that since re
;irement he is devoting his Tine t..
study of naval and political problems,
thought the alignment of nations al
most exeactly the same as in 1914.
England France and Russia stand
on one side, with Germany, Japan AM!
Italy on the other" he said. Strength
is almost equally. balanced. I believed
the former trio would attack japan
now, using Japan's China policy as /
pretext, if they could be sure of Amer
lean support. Hence, the United States
is the decisive factor
Jap Officers Suicide:
Meantime, Shanghai reported a ia
panese army spokesman declared to-
Continued on Page Three.)
Henderson daily dispatch. (Henderson, N.C.) 1914-1995, 1938-04-12
CHAMBERLAIN WILL
SEND KEY MAN TO
WIN Il DUCE OVER
Sealing of Britain's New
Friendship With Italy Is
Reported Purpose
of Visit
WAR MINISTER WILL
STOP OFF IN ROME
First Official British Visitor
in Three Years; Would
Have Been Impossible But
for Dispelling of Embitter
ed Atmosphere of Late
Years
WAR MINISTER WILL
STOP OFF IN ROME

London, April 12.-(AP)- Prime
Minister Chamberlain is planning to
send one of his key ministers to ca!
on Premier Mussolini to seal Britain 5
new friendship with Italy, informed
sources said today
War Minister Hore-Belisha, it was
said, would stop ir Rome on his re-
turn from an inspection trip to the
British fortified island of Malta, IN
the Mediterranean, and quite likely
will pay courtesy call on Signo'
Mussolini"
Informed sources insisted there was
no political significance attached tt
the visit, but observers noted If the
call was made it would be the first
by any British cabinet member since
June, 1885.
They felt Hore-Belisha's visit would
have been impossible if the embittered
atmosphere of the last two and hall
CONTINUED on Page Three0
Henderson daily dispatch. (Henderson, N.C.) 1914-1995, 1938-04-12
RAIL RATE INQUIRY
SECONDARY AFFAIR
State Is Interested in "Class
Rate" Not Commodity"
Charges
Daily Dispatch Bureau,

Raleigh, April 12-The current In
terstate Commerce Commission hear
ing in Birmingham on the reduction
of commodity freight rates in South
ern territory is of "only secondary"
not primary" interest to North Caro-
lina's officials who have been, and
still are, fighting for removal of rate
differentials against the South, Utility
Commissioner Stanley Winborne said
today.
"It isn't the case in which we are
virtually interested" he said. "Of
course, we are helping the commodity
rate professors, but it's the class
rate case, now temporarily in abey-
ance, in which we are primarily con-
cerned."
He pointed out that there are
thousands of commodity rates, but all
of them are based on a, percentage OF
class rate, of which there are only
about dozen.
AS a result, he indicated, any re-
duction in class rates would be auto
matically followed by a correspond
(Continued on Page Eighty
Henderson daily dispatch. (Henderson, N.C.) 1914-1995, 1938-04-12
Daladier Asks Strikers.
In Sense OF Patriotism,
ToReturn To Their Jobs
New French Premier Asks Them To Halt Te-Upo of Ma
tional Defense Factories Cites Danger of Invasion;
Promises Settlement of Grievances Legally

of his government Sunday, Daladier
declared flatly the government Evil
assure without delay resumption of
work in factories engaged in produc-
tons for national defense.
He said the government would make
sure of resumption of work in the
manufacturing of arms which are
necessary for the defense of the coun.
try - arms without which Franco
would be prey for invasion"
A ministerial declaration approved
by the cabinet asked the strikers tn
evacuate the more than 120 plants
they have occupied. 1t promised their
grievances would be settled by legal
means, and reminded them the seri-
Con tinued on Page Two.l
Henderson daily dispatch. (Henderson, N.C.) 1914-1995, 1938-04-12
Inspections
OnTObaccO
Are Halted
No New Markets To
Be Included This
Year for Lack of
Funds for Expenses

Washington, April 12-(AP)-The
Agriculture Department made known
today it does not plan to extend it's
tobacco inspection service to addi-
uonal markets in the 1889 fiscal
year.
Economy was cited as the reason.
The Budget Bureau reduced tie 1888
81 recommendations to $265,000 or
$4,000 below the amount Apr )priated
last year.
Asked during hearings on the an
hual agriculture appropriations bill!
now the savings were to be effected,
~ w. Kitchen, assistant chief of tia
bureau of Agriculture Economics
said:
we will have to eject the saving
=. lContirGed on Page Twol
Henderson daily dispatch. (Henderson, N.C.) 1914-1995, 1938-04-12

Paris, April 12.-(AP) Premier
Daladier appealed today to the pa.
triotism of 100000 strikers, exhorting
them to end the tie-up of Frances ma +.
tional defense factories.
He urged them to trust the govern
ment to prevent a recurrence of ''the
old privileges his pro-
mise to the workers against mass fir
ing or general pay cuts.
Making his appearance in the
Chamber of Deputies since formation
Henderson daily dispatch. (Henderson, N.C.) 1914-1995, 1938-04-12
BOMB EXPLODED IN
JAW HEADQUARTERS
One Man Is Hurt and "a Sleeping Fer
sons Routed In Structure in
Kansas City

Kansas City, April 12.-(AP)- A
bomb exploded in the doorway to
headquarters of Local 249, United Au-
tomobile Workers Union, here early
TODAY. One man was hurt and "a sleep
ing persons were routed.
Police Sergeant D. E. Reddish said
no arrests had been made, and police
had no clues.
The sleepers were union members
and families. The building was for.
merly hotel.
Henderson daily dispatch. (Henderson, N.C.) 1914-1995, 1938-04-12
BILL IN CONGRESS
STR|KESAT SOUTH
Would Forbid Mails to La
Dor or Tax inducements
for Industries
Daily dispatch Bureau.
Ga VUnIfAr Hotel

Raleigh, April 12.-Introductlon OF
a bill in Congress to outlaw the prac-
tice of moving plants to areas OFFER
ing labor and plant inducements =
seen by Commissioner of Labor A. l.
FLETCHER as a case of chickens COM
ing home to roost.
eve can't live down the things VIC
d;d years ago." said Major Fletcher
"Forty years ago this department was
officially sending out advertisements
Featuring absence Of child labor laws
and hours of work regulations.
"Of course our attitude is entirely
Continued on Page Two).
Henderson daily dispatch. (Henderson, N.C.) 1914-1995, 1938-04-12
LAND USE PROJECTS
TO GET HUGE FUND

Washington, April 12.-(AP)-A. c.
Black, chief Of the Bureau Of Acri-
cultural Economics. announced au-
thorization today of $218.3bO expe1-
diture for advancement of 70 Land use
projects in Tenne ssse. Viryil;a, Ken
;ncky, North Carolina and West Viz
GINA under the Bankfcad jones act
during the rest Of the fiscal year.
Henderson daily dispatch. (Henderson, N.C.) 1914-1995, 1938-04-12

Paris, April 12.-(AP)- The
Chamber of Deputies today gave
the new national defense" gov
eminent IF EdOuard Daiadier an
overwhelming vote of confidence,
SIG to five.
Henderson daily dispatch. (Henderson, N.C.) 1914-1995, 1938-04-12

Continued on Page Twol
Henderson daily dispatch. (Henderson, N.C.) 1914-1995, 1938-04-12

CONTINUED on Page Iwo'.
Henderson daily dispatch. (Henderson, N.C.) 1914-1995, 1938-04-12

Confined on Page Twol .
Henderson daily dispatch. (Henderson, N.C.) 1914-1995, 1938-04-12

CONTINUED on Page Eighth
The times-news., 1938-11-17
KUYKENDALL
FUNERAL Held
Late Baptist Minister, Long
in Service, Buried on
Tuesday

Funeral services for the Rev.
Phillip A. Kuykendall, 76, who
died at his home near East Flat
Rock on Sunday night at 7:l5
o'clock, were held on Tuesday
morning at II o'clock at the Oak
Grove Baptist church.
Rev. Kuykendall had been a
minister for more than forty
years, serving pastorates and con-
ducting meetings in Henderson,
Buncombe, Greenville, and Polk
counties during his ministry.
He is survived by his widow,
formerally Miss Ella Hill, five
children, Virginia, James, John,
Geneva, and Mary; one sister,
Mrs. Violet Reed, and two broth
ers, 7. X. and D. NJ. kuykendall,
all of this county.
The times-news., 1938-11-17
AGED ESKIMOS MAY
GET HOME IN BAFFIN

TORONTO, Ont, Nov. H.
(UP)-.An "Old Folks Home" for
Eskimos may be built in Baffin
Land by the Church Of England.
The plan was disclosed by Rt.
Rev. A. l.. Fleming, bishop of the
Arctic, before the congrc :ation of
St. Paul's church here.
The bishop said the Canadian
government was prepared to as
sist with grants if the church
would erect the buildings.
He sal da home for aged Eski-
mos was a vital necessity because
Of the custom Of the younger gen.
Grafton of pagan EGkimos Of de-
sertjng the aged members of their
families. The custom, he said.
was appalling, but was considered
necessity because if the aged
Eskinos were taken along OH dog
sleds it impeded the progress of
hunting expeditions.
The times-news., 1938-11-17
SERVICES COST LESS
THAN DEBT INTEREST

MONTREAL, Nov. II. (UP)-
The city of Montreal spends more
Of the taxpayers money paving
interest on its debt than on the
services.
Figures issued by the finance
department show that interest on
the regular" debt Of the city
costs $14,626,l72 for the current
year, as against only $l3,672,2S7
for all the administration ex-
penses and salaries and wages of
civic employees.
The interest item takes 29.G0
per cent of the city's annual in
come, while the administration Of
the city only takes 27.3S per cent.
The times-news., 1938-11-17
WPA WORKERS FIND
SNAKE NEST In CITY

WPA workers engaged in con-
tructing sidewalks on Sixth ave
nue. East, yesterday afternoon
found q nest Of more than one
hundred snakes.
The workers were removing
honevsuckle vines from a bank at
the edge of the sidewalk when
the den was discovered. The snak-
es were beneath the honeysuckle
and partially buried in the
ground. .
In size they ranged from about
six inches to eighteen inches and
were believed to be common va
riety of the reptile. They were de-
scribed as being brown in color
and the number killed by work
ers was 11S.
The times-news., 1938-11-17
Holy Roller Sect
In China Growing
Founded in 1917, New En-
lists 10000 People

HANKOW, Nov. II. (UP)-In
1917 a Chinese pastor OF the Lon
don Missionary Society left the
mission, and after 39-day fast,
founded an Independent Chinese
Christian sect, called Chen JcSu
Chiao Hui" or THE True Church
Of Jesus" Today the True Church
claims 100000 members in China,
and an overseas membership OF
$4,000 in Honolulu, Japan, For
mosa, Singapore, South Sea Isl
ands, and India.
Foreign missionaries attribute
the success of this movement to
"holy rolling" and spectacular
faith healing" The son and sue
cessor to the London Missionary
Society visionary, in describing
the True Church, modestly cred
tied its success to the natural out
come of true principles.
Most interesting Of these, is the
belief in the Gift of Tongues.
True churchmen believe that dur
ing prayer, which is always spo-
ken aloud, they are given the
power to use any language with
out previous knowledge OF 1t. A
ceremony characteristic OF the
True Church is the "Washing OF
Feet" If the local minister de-
cides that one member has wrong
ed another, he can arrange for the
sinner to wash the feet of the
fsinned-against in atOnement.
FAITH-HEALiNG PRACTICAL
f This Chinese sect believes IN
as a substitute for
science, though it had its own
frst-aid squad Of air-raid work IN
Wuhan (Hankow, Wuchang and
Hangang) to take care Of the
wounded and carry them to hos
pital before Japanese entered the
,area.
The true True Churchman
The times-news., 1938-11-17
CHESTNUT GROVE

CHESTNUT GROVE, Nov. II.
Friends and relatives were sad
dened to hear Of the death of
Uncle" Eliza Barnwell of Swan
nanoa. A number from here at
tended the funeral on Sunday
afternoon.
Rev. Sawyor filled his regular
appointment at Mount Zion Sun
day morning. The message was
greatly enjoyed.
Mrs. f. Flench of Arden, spent
the day with Mrs. J. E. Cox.
Mr.. and Mrs. R. Garren OF Bal
four, also Mr., and MIS-. D. Wilkie
of Hooper's Greek. called recently
on Mr. and Mrs. Fred Connor.
J. Justus and B. P. Connor call
ed on P. Justus Saturday night.
The bounding for Rev. Sawyer
The times-news., 1938-11-17

set Sunday was carried out with
great success.
The baptizing on Sunday after
noon was a great scene-a crowd
being present in honor Of Mr..
and Mrs. Otis Rhodes and also at
tended church to hear encOurag-
ing message by Rev. A. j. Nelson
Of Naples.
Mr.. and Mrs. Near Garren and
family Of near Hcndersonville,
were through this section on Sun
day afternoon.
A number from the First Bar-
tist church in HendcrsonVilie have
planned to give a program at the
Mount Zion church on next Sun
day afternoon. Everybody is in
vitGd.
The times-news., 1938-11-17
FRANCO is READY
FOR NEW PHASE OF
WAR On LOYALESTS

HENDAYE, French Spanish
Frontier, Nov. II. (UP)--Scat-
tered remnants of LOyalist troops
crossed the Ebro river last night,
surrendering to Generalissimo
Franco Francois Insurgents the
last small corner of the 400
square mile Ebro Salient, which
for nearly four months was dis
puted by 10000 fighters.
The Red and Gold Nationalist
flag flew over Asco, Nix and Rib
arroja, the last towns to be eva
cuated. Observers waited for
Frances next move, which may
be an offensive on any one OF
three fronts.
Franco had suffered 10000
casualties: in his seventh and sue
ccssful counter offensive to take
the salient made by the LOyalsts
in surprise summer offensive
and it was expected that for the
time being he will consolidate his
armies before renewing power at
tacks on Madrid, Valencic or Bar
celona.
The times-news., 1938-11-17
BRU[M GROWS SOFT:
BANISHED TO WILLIS

YOSEMITE, Calf, Nov. IT,
(UP)-Bill, 4 GS0-pOund bear,
victim of the softening influence
Of civilization that comes to bears
in national parks, where they are
fed too much by tourists, has
come to his logical end.
Bruin developed such a fond
ness for liver, which is used in
feeding fish at the Happy Isles
Hatchery. that he broke into the
storehouse and ate the entire
supply.
Now Bill has been deported to
a concentration camp where ne
will have to rustic his own food.
The times-news., 1938-11-17

Sequois trees were named in
honor of Sequoia, inventor Of the
Cherokee Indian alphabet. He was
the son of a white man and a
Cherokee woman, was born in
Tennessee in 1850, and grew up
with the Indian tribe.
The times-news., 1938-11-17

takes no special precautions dur
ing air raids. He sits quietly at
prayer in his own home, with his
family gathered around him. so
far, according to their leader, not
one out Of Wuhan's $4,000 mem
bers has been killed, many have
had miraculous escapes, and only
a few, who were later discovered
TO have been "doing somethln&;
they Shouldn't have been hurt.
The times-news., 1938-11-17
1I-Household Goods
LAYER PIANO BARCAINI In.

PLAYER PIANO BARGAIN! In
stead Of reShipping to factory,
$7OO. Player piano, like new
can be had for unpaid balance
of S46.65 remaining on contract.
Write at once 10 Edgar o. Net
zow, Department of Accounts) ,
4743 \. Sheffield Ave, Mil
waukee. Wis, who will advise
where piano can be seen. Kind
lv furnish references.
COAL HEATER $40. Used re-
frigerator, electric hot water
heater. electric stove, gas stove.
Vile Transfer Co.
The times-news., 1938-11-17
I3-Merchandise

A COLORFUL roof with charm
and individuality can be made
inexpensively with our Texaco
slate surface strip shingles. See
them. Sold by all Henderson
vile dealers. J. H. Reaben,
Agent.
The times-news., 1938-11-17

PON-MY-SOLE if my dirty white
shoes don't look like a new pair.
You will be pleased, too, with
our dye work. Economy Shoe
Shop, next to A. & P. =
The times-news., 1938-11-17

GET LUMBER for a more com
Portable stable for your faithful
horse and COW this winter at
Hendersonville Lumber Co.
Phone AZ. Near depot.
The times-news., 1938-11-17

SHINGLE STAlN-Just received
large shipment Red Seal shingle
stain. Brown or green. Special
this week, 81 per gallon. Wal
ker Hardware Co.
The times-news., 1938-11-17

s1oo REWARD = No questions
asked for return of platinum
ring, one emerald cut center
diamond with two diamond
,baguettes on each side. Band
engraved "J.R.G. to B. n. Feb.
25e 1885" And platinum band
set with 25 sapphires, left in
ladies' rest room Thomas Buick
Co, Hendersonville, evening of
Nov. 5. Address 'X-24" care
Times-News.
The times-news., 1938-11-17
ALL OUT OF STEP BUT ONE

MANSFIELD, o. - (UP) A
junior high school band member
did "Corrigan" at football
game, when he marched one way
while the rest Of the band march
ed the other. The wrong way"
marcEer evidently became more
Interested in his music than in the
formation the band was forming,
the leader said.
The times-news., 1938-11-17
IsSyFIED DISPLAY RATE

IsSIFIED DISPLAY RATE
/ soc per inch
lis Of Thanks and Trib-
+; PesUect are accepted at
/ word.
NOT ask for information
k;;rg keyed" ads, as they
kt-ictlv confidential.
fsrror IS made. The Times
| * responsible for only
fircorrect insertion. The
Imer is responsible for sub
insertions. The adver-
fsFould notify Immediately
ky corrections needed.
| Classified ads taken over
hone.
ad department closes
ror and classification po-
H. will not be guaranteed
| that hour.
krt ads are always cash in
fce except to business men
fcrcerns having accounts
/ this newspaper. When
ad are charged the rate
\ and SC per line, Zoe and
ker line, and 3Oc and 15c
fne.
The times-news., 1938-11-17

LOCAL, long distance hauling;
agency for Allied Van Lines to
and from any place in y. S.
Vile Transfer Co. Phone 1871
The times-news., 1938-11-17

SAVE ESQ on cireulators and
heaters from S2.95 up. Reliable
Furniture Co. "More value for
your money" Phone 1886. Up.
posite Courthouse.
The times-news., 1938-11-17

- E CHILDREN are in school
! you are short of help on
~ NJ, Jay, let US save you this
ery with one of our many
jno,gs jn%sS that will fit your needs.
S~ 5 Laundry & Cleaners.
~s Iod. l20 Fourth Ave. E.
The times-news., 1938-11-17

SALE ON HoSIERY-First quail
ity Full Fashioned, 2 pairs 81.
Ladies' first quality seamless
1Oc to 29c. Mems fine hose
lOc to 35c. Laureldale Hosiery
Service, 118 Sixth Ave. W.
The times-news., 1938-11-17
1O-T-anSportatioE

TRANSPORTATION to New York
and return for man to help
drive, Saturday. Apply Patter-
sons. =
The times-news., 1938-11-17

During a three-month period
births in England and Wales show
ed there were 1,045 boys to every
1000 girls.
The times-news., 1938-11-17
9-Personal Property

GET A NICE CAMERA with film
and complete developing outfit,
only $500. Lyerly's, APO n.
Main. >
The times-news., 1938-11-17
HOLMES & EDWARDS Danish

princess jelly server, 25c, regu-
lar value S1.75. Also special
saving service for 8, S49.95.
(Open stock price $7l.9O). I.
Charlie French, Jeweler.
The times-news., 1938-11-17

TO MAKE MONEY growing
wheat and rye, prepare good
seed bed with the old establish
ed Mccormick and Oliver Ma
chimes. Farmers Federation. :
The times-news., 1938-11-17

Porpoise teeth are used for
money in some South Sea islands.
The times-news., 1938-11-17

$500 IN PRIZES for a slogan.
FIRST prize 500. Twenty other
prizes of $5 each. 1t costs You
nothing Any one can enter
Call at our office for entry
blank, rules and information to
help you. Come today. Contest
closes Nov. S0th. First Federal
Savings & Loan. =
The times-news., 1938-11-17
Wanted
25-Situations (Female
LADY WILL CARE for children
at YOUR home, afternoon or eve
nings, Phone 214-W.
4O-Miscellaneous

WANTED Old stoves, ranges.
win trade radio, lumber. roof
ing, brick, tools. Bring 'em on.
Get what you want. Govan
Hyder. Cherry St
The times-news., 1938-11-17
S-Foodstuffs
business Services

FF'NOERlNC, dry cleaning,
@ih%. dyeing, hat cleaning
blocking. All service
',cPl and reasonable. Call G..
NCN'nS or Z. l.. Roper at
Ss''or Laundry. Phone 142.S
The times-news., 1938-11-17
MONEY FOR RIJuDINc

MONEY FOR BUILDING and re-
pairlng-Need not put-off this
type OF work waiting for cash,
II you have the ability to make
regular payments on loan. Let
US help you with FILA or other
easy loan. Hendersonville Sup
ply & Coal Co. All kinds of
building supplies. Phone 500. =
The times-news., 1938-11-17
lime 10 Transplant Perenna, Shrubbery And Fruit Trees WI
Fant Ad Rates

,-5 for this size type for
E;rTsertion; half price for
loment insertions: 49,,
fSI,, rate-S1 a line (this
III tty5ipe) minimum of five
! word this size type
| first Insertion; half
! for subsequent inser-
| word for type this
| for first Insertion;
E.priice for each addi-
|aI consecutive inser-
The times-news., 1938-11-17
For Rent
I6-Apartments

APARTMENTS - Steam heated,
gas, water, electricity, ready-to,
90. 631 Main st.
Evening star., 1938-10-21
STUDENT PRESS MEETING
Southern Association to Meet in
Lexington November 4.

LEXINGTON, Va, Oct. 81 (Spe-
ciaD When representatives of pre-
paratory and high school publications
from all parts of the South meet here
for the fourteenth annual Southern
Interscholastic Press Association con-
vention November and S. their busi-
ness sessions will be supplemented by
numerous social events, it was an
nounced today.
The convention, sponsored by the
Lee Journalism Foundation at WASH
ington and Lee University, will open
with an informal reception at the
new Student Union Building.
Delegates will make an escorted
tour of the campus and attend the
Quill and Scroll Society's annual ban
uet and dance.
Evening star., 1938-10-21

letics' baseball team entertained the
group with baseball anecdotes.
The Columbia Heights Business
Mems Association acted as host at the
meeting. which marked the entry Of
the Park View Business Mems Asso-
citation into the federation.