davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1938-07-02
STOCKMEN BUILD
WATERING PLACES
CUSTER AND POWDER RIVER
RANGE RESIDENTS ACTIVE IN
CONSERVATION PROGRAM

Range men Of Custer and
Powder River counties have taken
considerable advantage Of the AAA
range conservation program during
the past two years and by the enc
OF 1888 win have several hundred
small stock reservoirs constructed,
according 20 ". A. Jacobsen. Custer
county extension agent.
Stockmen have readily co-operated
IN water conservation practices, he
said, since under the program financial
benefits have been forthcoming for
developing stock water on range hold
ings, thus filling need long recognized
for proper range management.
The small, OF moderately sized dam
has been more popular with local
ranchers than large reservoirs, the
than 155 feet high better distribution
of water on the range and in turn,
better distribution of livestock over the
area. Another advantage Is locating
the water farther back near the divide
where ordinary runoff water is never
caught and held From labor stand
point two or three small dams can be
built for the cost Of large one. It
was pointed out, however, that the
overlooked and some had been con-
structed, although sites for such were
more difficult 70 find
Mr. jacobsen said the 1898 range
program specified that all dams must
have at least three -to-one slope on
the upstream side and a two-to-one
slope ON the downstream side with the
roadway across the top having a width
equal to four feet less than the height.
All dams over 10 feet In height or
having more than three square miles
Of drainage area must have the prior
approval Of the state agricultural con-
servation committee before construc-
ton is undertaken. If such approval
Is granted dams can be constructed of
unlimited height. SpiIIways must also
meet certain specifications.
Payment for the construction of
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1938-07-02

cantonment was abandoned and the
logs removed to point about two miles
west where larger quarters were erected,
the location being named Fort Keogh
in honor of Capt. Myies Keogh who fell
with Custer on the Little Big Horn.
With the completion OF the canton
ment, 1t was the center of an area 10
miles square, which had been surveyed
for a military reservation. The boun-
diaries are still intact, except for the
territory lying east of the Tongue river,
reserving small plot for bridgehead,
which today Is Riverside park of Miles
City That community was established
when the shacks built on the Yellow
stone river just east of the eastern
boundary line Of the military reserva-
ton were moved and named Miles
City, in honor Of the commandment at
Fort Keogh.
It was from this cantonment that
Miles conducted three major expedi-
tons, one in late october, 1876, when
he met and defeated Sitting Bull in a
running battle from Clear creek north
of the present site of Terry, to the
Sheep mountain range; another In
early January, 1877, when he met Crazy
Horse at q point near Birney and de-
feated him during storm of blizzard
proportions, and again IN May, 1877,
when he met Lame Deer in the south
country, defeating him near the pres
ent site Of the Cheyenne Indian reser-
walton.
Nothing is left of the old cantonment
except the debris Of the roofs on the
buildings which were covered with
earth to insure their warmth. The out
line of the parade grounds remains to
give an idea of the extent and dimen-
sions of space occupied. The well which
was dug and faced with soft stone also
remains as a reminder that from 1t
from which bread was made.
The building of the Tongue river cam
torment was the war departments in
itial gesture toward the subsequent de-
feat Of the rowing bands Of Indians.
Their enforced return TO their respec-
tive reservations was accomplished
within the course OF few years in re-
taltation for the massacre Of Clusters
command.
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1938-07-02
Indian CaUes Near Billings
Scene of Scientific Study

here before the coming Of the white
man.
win Revise Displays
Present displays in the Billings IL
brary will be changed from time tc
time, and win be preserved by lacquer
A few thoughtless individuals still be-
lieve that their own names are more
important than the ancient Indians
Inscriptions Difficulty is continually
experienced with people cutting the in
Scriptions or writing their own names
and initials in black crayon or 1pstick
over the Indian paintings.
An attractive combination tour for
visitors viii be explained by the Com
mercial club and printed IN leaflets to
be distributed at the ports of entry by
the highway commission. This viii in
clude trip over the Black Otter trail,
trip to the Indian caves, and to other
points of interest.
Many scientists Of national fame are
interested in the specimens recovered
from Inscription cave. Human skeletaI
material has been sent to Western Re
serve university in Ohio which main
tains one of the best collections ON
anthropology of the American Indian
in the country. There the human skulls
and bones are being carefully measured
and the type of people determined who
inhabited the cave in hygone ages,
probably long before the advent Of
white men on this part Of the con-
tinent
Remains of animals found In the
cave have been forwarded TO Princeton
university, which has sponsored sew
eral expeditions into Montana and
Wyoming to study fossils and bones of
prehistoric beasts.
Research in Food
There it is being determined whether
the animals which the Montana cave
men used for food correspond to the
bison, deer, antelope and rodents
which inhabit the country today.
Should there be difference due to
evolution of survivors since the bones
were deposited in the cave, archaeolo-
giSts win conclude that the people
whose remains have been found lived
much earlier than has been suspected.
Samples of soil from every layer of
the caves floor have been sent to the
University of Oklahoma, where with
powerful microscopes research workers
are identifying particles which make
up the earth floor, to learn what plants
were native of Montana at the time,
through study of the pollen grains and
spores, and are attempting to arrive at
some conclusion regarding the age Of
the deposits.
Eventually 30 Be Returned
All this material viii eventually be
returned for permanent exhibit In
Montana.
IN the meantime biologists in Mon
tana are making technical observa-
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1938-07-02

Bayonets and scabbards, sabres, cart
ridge boxes, military caps and wearing
| apparel made up most of the articles
taken along. Day after day passed be-
fore Fort Buford was reached, where
large number of officers and soldier;
Quartered there came down to the
wharf to extend greetings.
The passage up the Yellowstone river
continued until reaching the mouth OF
the Rosebud where Miles reported tc
! Brigadier General Terry. During the
| first two months, which was in late
July, the Miles command formed a part
of the Terry forces. The combined
forces moved up the Rosebud, follow
ing, in part, the route taken by Custer
on his Inflated march, when Terry
| troops joined those under Brig. Gen,
George Crook.
Subsequently the two commands sep
arated, Crook going eastward to the
Black Hills, Terry north to the Big
Dry country, while Miles and his men
prepared to establish themselves at
some point from which the campaign
against the rowing Indians would be
undertaken.
Miles command now consisted Of the
six companies Of the Fifth infantry
and six companies Of the Twenty-sec-
ond infantry
the first consideration. Whistler was
given detail to go In advance to the
mouth of the Tongue river where he
was to lay out plans for the conStruc-
ton Of a number of buildings which 1t
was expected that the soldiers would
occupy during the winter of 1876-77,
after which another seasons campaign
would be undertaken.
Gen. w. T. Sherman, commanding
the United States army, had issued the
order for the construction of the can
torment with the idea In mind that 1t
should house a large body of troops. 1t
was generally regarded as improbable
that the wandering groups Of Indians
would voluntarily surrender and agree
to return to their respective reserva-
tions, basing Judgment upon the ca
tastrophe which overcame Custer.
Several powerful bands Of Indians
were off the reservations. including the
Uncapas under Sitting Bull; the Oga-
lallas under Crazy Horse; the Northern
Cheyennes under Two Moons; the Min
neconjous, the Sans Arcs and other
tribes under their several leaders, be-
sides q considerable number OF some
what leaderless and irresponsible In
dams moving over the area without
any apparent aim or purpose, yet inn
bued with the feeling that the white
men had been driven from the country.
Whistler arrived In advance Of the
main body of Miles troops. At the
mouth of Tongue river his men began
cutting cottonwood trees which grew
in abundance along the stream. Logs
were hauled when the building Of the
huts to house the soldiers was under
taken. Adequate and comfortable shell
ter for the soldiers was the first con-
while they were TO be domi-
ciled at the cantonment.
Abandoned In 1877
Preparations were then made for the
accommoda of the entire command
Of the Fifth Infantry during the win
ter. When the spring Of 1877 came, the
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1938-07-02

Plans for the seasons work at the
Indian caves, southeast Of Billings, and
for permanent improvements were an
nounced by Prof. Melville Sayre of
the Montana School of Mines after q
joint meeting of the Indian caves COM
mittee Of the Billings Commercial club,
the scientists carrying on excavation,
highway commission representatives
and WPA officials. Work on the mu-
scum win be started soon, with the
WPA furnishing the labor and the
county sponsoring the project The at
tractive stone building will house a
representative collection of prehistoric
Indian implements, excavated the last
year.
Excavations have been under the
direction of Professor Sayre and Oscar
T. Lewis, field foreman.
Cooperation of all of these groups
together with planning to make Of the
Indian caves a permanent state park
is assured. The state highway commits
sion has purchased the land, various
civic organizations are planning to fur
nish guides for the tourists, and ex-
cavations viii continue under present
direction.
Trails Have Been Built
During the winter, wide trails have
been built from the parking space to
Ghost cave, from Ghost cave to In
Scription cave, and around the rimrock
leading to the notch where steps have
been built to the top of the rirnrock.
Another trail comes down from Look
out point to the. site Of the new mu-
scum. Signs are being made to explain
the different points of interest. When
these are erected the trail viii be self
guiding like those in the national
parks.
Excavations were Degun last March
at Ghost cave, last years living quar-
tiers of the archaeologiSts. Many new
and highly interesting evidences of
early life have been found in Ghost
cave. Fragments of basketry-the first
prehistoric basketry found In Montana
show that these early Indians were
skillfuI basket weavers. Many beautiful
flint knives have also been found. One
Of these was HATED In a split wood
handle with its base set in pitch and
the handle wrapped thoroughly with
sinew. Ornaments Of shell, most Of
them round, with cut and polished sur
faces, were used for decoration on am
cient costumes. Other ornaments in
cIude beads of bone and of shell, and
different kinds of bone and shell trim
ketS. The absence of glass beads and
Of metal shows conclusively that the
early inhabitants Of the caves lived
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1938-07-02
BY .agoN TANA Lou" GRILL

~ TEUT. COL. J. NJ. G.. Whistler, Of
the Fifth United States In
fantry, in the late summer OF
- 1876, selected the site for the
cantonment at the mouth Of
Tongue river where it joins the Yell
lowstOne. Col Nelson A. Miles, later a
general, was moving UP from Fort
Leavenw0rth, Kan, in command Of six
companies OF the Fifth infantry. I'M
der the original order from the war
department, the six companies were 10
proceed TO that @dark and bloody
ground a description given to the
region of the Yellowstone following the
CALLING defeat Of Gen. George A. Gus
ter and his immediate command Of five
troops of the Seventh cavalry on the
banks Of the Little Big Horn on June
rs Of that year.
Miles, however, entered the claim
that the six companies, composing more
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1938-07-02

these dams amounts 10 is cents per
cubic yard. the total Of which Is limit
the ranching unit this Is a combination
Of three cents per acre for the range
land owned or held under legal control
except United States public domain
and rs cents per animal unit for the
u month grazing capacity OF the range
land
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1938-07-02
WITH PAN-AMERICAN

George E. Hurd Jr., son of MIR. and
Mrs. George E. HIrd Of Great Falls,
who was graduated from the University
will leave In July for Alameda. Calf.
where he Is to become associated wikh
the Pan American airways-
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1938-07-02

imam nan OF The
regiment, was a col
onel's C ON m q n d,
when he requested
that he be ordered
to go with 1t him
self. The re gu e S {
was granted. Later
tn e remainder Of
the regiment was
ordered to follow.
1t was not until the
morning Of July 5
that Colonel Miles
at Fort Leaven-
W or tn re a d t h G
baorl1tYsa of a Y1aWg-
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1938-07-02
80 CARDs Or POKEs

Telephone, telegraph and power poles
IN Helena cannot be decorated with
campaign cards, Chief Of Police Roger
Smith has warned political post as
pirants. A city ordinance holds the
practice taboo.
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1938-07-02

Women have the Job Of collector of
customs IN four states Ohio, Mime
sofa, Iowa and Utah.
The Washington times., 1938-07-01

Why the Passion Plays aged
"Christus" died of a broken heart.
Lived like a saint for his role, but a
younger relative replaced him; then
Oberammergau went modern and the
blow killed him. An illustrated fea-
ture in The American Weekly, the
magazine distributed with next Sum
days Herald Times.
The Washington times., 1938-07-01
TRANSIT STRIKE
HERE AVERTED

Last-minute concessions made
early today by the Capital Transit
Company averted an almost GER
tain strike which would have
paralyzed the city's street car and
bus lines.
The $500 members of the
Amalgamated Association of Elec-
trio Street Railway and Motor
Coach Employees, affiliated with
the American Federation of Labor,
were prepared to take a strike vote
in the Masonic Auditorium, Thir-
teenth Street and New York Ave
nue. Northwest, when the company
capitulated.
The company agreed to a closed
shop for the union and acceded
to the demand for a weeks vaca-
ton with pay. 1t also agreed to
set up a minimum wage for shop
workers. One demand was not
met, request for appointment of a
third member on the arbitration
board to settle the new contract.
The Washington times., 1938-07-01
DIR. GOsling Named
Assistant to BaLLOu

The Board of Education today
reelected it's president and vice
president, and appointed a new
secretary and new assistant SUI
perintendent of schools.
Mrs. Henry Grattan Doyle, first
woman president Of the school
body, was reelected to the presi.
dency, and Robert Maurer re-
named vice president.
The board also appointed Mrs.
Elise z. Watkins, formerly clerk
and secretary to Mrs. Doyle, to the
position of secretary of the board
to succeed Charles DeggeS, who
resigned a month ago.
DR.. T. w. Gosling, chairman Of
the National Junior Red Cross,
was appointed Assistant Superin-
tendent of Schools in charge of
senior high schools, to succeed DR..
Harvey Smith, who will become
Superintendent of Schools in Ian
caster, Pa.
The Washington times., 1938-07-01
Fairgrounds Here Open
Make Summer Merru

Playground facilities for Wash
ington's youngsters were in full
swing today.
The summer program consists
Of a wide range of physical and
cultural activities to provide each
child an opportunity to engage
in play under a trained leader.
Eight swimming pools opened
today to accommodate the young
Sters. There are 18 major re-
creation C1nterS throughout the
city and 107 playground units
available.
Sixty-five public school play.
grounds opened at 9 a. m. today,
with $50 trained supervisors to di-
rect play, announced Mrs. E. K.
Peoples, director of the Community
Center Department.
Hobby shops were opened at
Elliott t, Macfarland, jefferson,
Powell and Shaw Junior High
schools.
The Washington times., 1938-07-01
MRS. BERTHA KRUKOWSKI AND CULLINANE
Cogitating on Husband's Prospecting Job

to determine what subjects are
being worked over this year.
well, sir" said Charles Ber-
nard Butler, 412 F st. N. E., in
Judiciary Square, st was think
ing about my feet when you
came up. They hurt. Before 1
started thinking about my feet
I was thinking about my job
1t gave out the fifteenth"
Master Cogitator B. A. Pittman
SOB Hamilton st. N. w., sat ur
from his prone position to be in
terviewed in Franklin Park.
Il was just thinking what a
fool that dog is over there to be
running around in the sun like
he is. Been doing it for hours.
Before that I was thinking about
the World Fair in New York
and what lot of work it must
have been to make the fair
SlOu1luS UuC VI d Qu1I4p.
Miss Eileen McRae, 614 D st
S. E., obviously rank amateur
was sitting on the Capitol lawn
sitting, and in the sun.
"I was just watching the
squirrels and wondering how
they find the nuts they hide"
she said. Not a bad beginning
at that for a cogitator, at that.
In the shade on a bench sat G
R. Foss, SO, 421 Twelfth st. S. E.
veteran of the Army of th'
Potomac. Seventy-five years agC
today he had been marching tt
Gettysburg.
IT am meditating my SON."
he said, "about my creator. I
think of him constantly these
days and about my future.
Think of the war? No, son, that
was long ago. Anyway our corps
got to Gettysburg too late for
the fight. Sometimes I think of
Florida and the warm sunshine
there. And I think of my nine
brothers and sisters, all dead
now. I think of my wives, I
buried my third one IL years
ago. But mostly think about
my creator and what is in store
for me-"
Mrs. Bertha Krukowski, 100
N st. N. W., a sunny bench cog
tator, builds air castles.
IT think about what we could
do" she said, "if my husband
gets that Civil Service job as an
airplane mechanic"
II am thinking Of going
home" said John P. Crews, of
Winston-Salem, N. c., in Judici-
ary Square. 'I came up here
seven weeks ago looking for
work, but now I'm thinking Of
going home"
The Washington times., 1938-07-01
Death Car Driver
Found Blameless

A coroner's jury yesterday ex-
onerated Herbert A. Wright, 80,
of 5317 First st. N. w., of blame in
connection with the traffic death
of Bartholomew King, IA, of 1912
Sixth st. N. E. King was riding a
bicycle across the Franklin Street
Bridge, in the northeast section,
when he was struck by Wright's
car. Mary o. DiMagilo, IA, of the
600 block of Girard st. N. E., who
was riding on the bicycles handle
bars, was injured.
The Washington times., 1938-07-01
The COG|TATORS.
STIR(?)I IN PARKS.
A'THINKIN'.
By JAMES CULLINANE

The season for plain and fancy
cogitating which opens in Wash
ington's parks each year with the
arrival of the first robin is now
in full swing and the air is filled
with static from whirling brains.
No slackers are Washington'S
park bench cogitators. Only men
and women who know how to
cogitate whole heartedly and with
a rapt expression are admitted to
the guild which seemingly con-
trolls the shaded benches. ANA
teur cogitators are forced to find
seats in the sun where the glare
helps develop a set look of intense
concentration.
Master cogitators are those who
have graduated to the point where
they can do their days work lying
down on the grass with their shoes
off. When you can do that you
have arrived!
A searching investigation of the
cogitating situation was made yes
terday and a representative cross
section of the park bench sitters
and grass Iayers-on were questioned
The Washington times., 1938-07-01
.BALLOU FEARS
FURLOUGHS FOR
TEACHERS HERE
SCanty Budget Holds
Fate of Personnel

Furlough Of some Washington
school teachers and other en-
ployes was declared to be a posi-
bility today by Superintendent Of
Schools Frank w. Ballou as q re-
suit of reduced personnel appro-
priations in the new 1899 school
budget.
At a final meeting Of the Board
Of Education for the school term
just ended, DR.. Ballou reported If
reduced appropriations do not last
out the fiscal year and in case
Congress does not approve a de-
ficiency, furloughs may become
necessary.
NOT BEFORE 1899
The furloughs, DR.. Ballou as
serted, may occur during the last
two or three months of the new
fiscal year, ending next June 80.
I'm view Of the reduced ap-
preparations for personnel for
1885," DR.. Ballou reported, sit
is important that all school en-
ployeS concerned shall be in
formed as to the administrative
procedure which will govern the
expenditures for personnel dur
ing the school year 1938-39."
He stated the established person
mel organization would be main
tained in "the usual way; that un-
due postponement of the filling Of
positions necessary to maintain
existing services shall not be
undertaken in order to create a
savings, and that new positions
appropriated for in the appropria-
ton act for 1889 shall be filled. ="
PROMISES REPAIRS
If, by February i, 1899, he
added, developments show that
the existing appropriation is not
sufficient, deficiency will be re-
quested of Congress.
Speedy repair Of defects In
school buildings, endangering stu
dents, before the commencement
of school next fall was promised
by DR.. Ballou, who recommended
that funds from the school budget
be made Immediately available for
this purpose.
This action resulted from the
injury of several persons from fall
ing plaster during graduation ex-
ercises at Cardozo High School.
INSPECTION NEEDED
"The fact that there are
other buildings" DR.. Ballou re-
ported, with plaster ceilings as
old or older than Cardozo makes
it appear imperative that school
officials give special considera-
ton to such buildings during the
summer vacation"
In connection with a request by
the District of Columbia Congress
of Parents and Teachers, that
funds from the proposed $18,00O,.
900 PWA ALLEGATION be used to con-
Struct a new Wilson Teachers Col.
lege, a report was submitted to
the board showing structural de-
fects at the school.
The college was repaired in
1888.
The Washington times., 1938-07-01
Please
Sylvan Audience

Old and new spirituals by q
group of $50 singers at the Sylvan
Theater last night delighted a
large audience. Such renditions
as There's Meetin' Here To
night" and "In the Great Gettin'
Up Morning" found particular
favor with the listeners.
The program was presented by
the t-Shakespearian So
city with Mrs. Tina Eugene Bo-
hannon, WPA supervisor, as mis-
tress of ceremonies. The choruses
were directed by George w.
Murphy and Miss Gladys Ward,
with solos by Vincent Frazier,
tenor; Timothy Ward, tenor, and
w. Weir Stewart, violiniSt.
The Washington times., 1938-07-01
Heroine, 8, Plucks Tot of 3 From
Beneath Car Wheels That Hit Her

Threeyearold Elsie Sorer skipped galy into the in
the middle Of the 600 block Ninth St. n E. last night