davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1938-10-02
VEHlCULAR TUNNEL UNDER CHESAPEAKE BAY IS PROPOSED
Would Interfere Less
Than Bridge With
Navigation.

Holes were dredged on the bottom to
depth Of s feet, and then a steel
tube 26 inches In diameter was placed
IN the hole perpendicular to the
bottom. Wood piles were placed
within the tube. pressed to the bot
tom. and then follower was placed
above the pile.
THE tube had guides, and it could
be raised and lowered. In this
manner piles were driven with an
ordinary drop hammer so that their
tops would be approximately even
with the original bed of the water
way or to refusal. They were then
cut of 8 feet above the bottom of the
hole. Piles were driven in three cir
cles, one within the other. Arrange
ment was such that when the bell
shaped container was placed over the
circle Of piles on the bottom Of the
hole distance of inches separated
the cluster Of piles from the cylinder.
This steel pier container was then
filled with liquid concrete. Thus the
entire steel pier container could be
built up and filled with liquid CEN
crete sufficient to support the entire
incline approach. These piers could
project into the casing surrounding
the tunnel cylinders. The pouring of
liquid concrete through tremie pipes
would enable the cylinders and piers
to be joined together into one struc-
ture.
The artificial islands previously
mentioned could then be created 50
that the incline approach would be
embedded under artificial ground,
which would assure sound construc-
ton.
Connection between the tunnel and
bridge sections could be easily estab-
lished by means Of bridge ramp sup
ported on piers from mean low water
to the bridge level.
BY means Of contrast regarding
feasibility and comparative cost the
proposed Chesapeake Bay tunnel and
the proposed Hampton Roads tunnel
include many engineering details in
common.
The first plan provides for a sub
aqueous tunnel 8,100 feet long, in
cluding subaqueous approach incline,
while the second plan includes q sub
aqueous tunnel and approach $3.50
feet long. The tubes are given ap-
proximately the same diameter, IS
feet, to be laid under water 10 feet
deep.
In the final analysis the greater
cost Of the proposed Chesapeake Bay
tunnel would be controlled by the
necessity of supporting the approach
incline laid through water 10 feet
deep on piers constructed by filling
steel shell containers with liquid con-
crete.
Such q tunnel would prevent the
broad waters of Chesapeake Bay from
being blocked by = high bridge Of
limited horizontal clearance, which
produces hazards to navigation. Sub
stitution of tunnel for q bridge would
no doubt please the Army, Navy. navi-
cation interests and the travelling
puhlie.
Evening star., 1938-10-02

subaqueous tunnel. Accurate meas
urement on chart shows Kent Island
to be 19,500 feet from Sandy Point.
On the Sandy Point side OF the bay
the slope beginning at zero reaches
q depth Of IS feet below mean low
water, approximately 3.400 feet from
shore. Deep water continues on q
gradual slope downward for about
11,100 feet until . maximum depth
Of 98 feet is reached 5000 feet from
the Kent Island shore. The slope is
steep from this point upward to
shallow water adjacent to Kent Island.
It is obvious that the tunnel could
be located in water 10 feet deep with
out ohstructing navigation above, 80
the tunnel as shown in the drawing
is IS close a. possible to the deepest
channel, but far enough removed to
enable the approach to be as short
as practicable, thus decreasing con-
struction costs.
THE tunnel could be Of any con-
venient length depending on the
requirements Of navigation, but in
order to meet all possible future needs
for such . wide and deep body Of
water as the bay, = horizontal clear.
ance Of $500 feet Is suggested, to
include two approach inclines each
covering 1,400 feet along q horizontal
line, making in all = total Of S,100
feet Of subaqueous tunnel. The bottom
thus selected Is 10 feet below mean
low water at the deepest point above
the site Of the proposed project.
Steel tubes IS feet in diameter and
262 feet long could be constructed ON
shore, sealed at the ends with wooden
bulkheads, placed overheard and
towed to the line Of tunnel.
Crosswise steel plates at right angles
to the axis Of the cylinders II feet
apart, forming diaphragrus projecting
from the outside circumference Of the
cylinders were built onto the tubes
At Detroit, 50 that wooden rectangu-
lar casing could be attained, thus
forming pockets to contain liquid
concrete. This arrangement greatly
stiffened the tubes.
After the tubes were towed to posi-
ton they were sunk gradually by let
ting In water as needed. Control
during this process WAS maintained
by the use Of air cylinders which
were doAted adjacent to the tunnel
tubss. These latter tubes had . rub.
hae Gaaket a ~ ends . that IL
Evening star., 1938-10-02

used pieces has been kept at a mini
mum. thereby making them available
for use as needed. As they are given
up, the operating expenses Of that
department are reduced in propor-
ton to the rent charged for the equip
ment.
THE task Of providing trained
clerical employees led the Authority
into . program Of selection and train
ing. the latter designed to mold
great variety Of personnel to conform
to standards and standard practices.
Special classes were organized cover
ing the various phases Of clerical op-
erattons and held after ONCE hours.
Attendance at these classes was VOL
untary on the part of the employe.
The Authority furnished the instructor.
"One interesting problem which we
attempted to solve through Z training
program originated in connection with
dictatton work." Mr.. Pierce said. I'VE
observed that many Of our stenog-
raphers who could take dictation ac-
curately and rapidly and who could
read their notes Is rapidly - they
were dictated would sometimes drop
down to 20 words per minute in typed
Transcription. This drop In transcript
ton speed occurred with stenoeraphers
whose typing rate on straight copy
material might vary from so to 90
words . minute.
We realized that . number OF fac
tors might be responsible for this sud-
den drop. Perhaps 1t was because
stenographers and typists are usually
taught to type from Z printed word
rather than from . shorthand char
acter and that the concretion OF q
Evening star., 1938-10-02

tanning the efficiency Of repairmen
and partially in determining rental
rates on odice machines.
ONE large item Of ONCE supply ex-
pense was that Of carbon paper.
Experiencing considerable dimculty in
obtaining clear. legible copies, an ex-
haustive research was made to de-
termine what weights and finishes
Of carbon paper were required to pro-
duce satisfactory results.
Each ONCE was interviewed and q
record made Of such trouble as had
been experienced. together with an
outline Of the typewriter work de.
manding the use Of carbon paper in
that once. From this information
specifications were prepared and con-
tracts awarded. Where over a dozen
grades Of carbon paper had been
stocked 1t was found that four grades
met all normal requirements. BY
printing the key" showing what
number paper to use to obtain the
desired number Of copies, on each
package the typist Is able to make the
right choice.
Because Of the nature Of the work
Of the Tennessee Valley Authority,
there have been many changes in the
location and size Of its Offices, which,
in turn. have resulted in the transfer
Of many pieces Of ONCE equipment.
To account, at any time, for these
many hundreds Of pieces. . property
control system was introduced, pro-
viding = card for every item. No
piece Is moved until . transfer ticket
Is made out and approved by the
property clerk. Consequently. only
one item has been marked up as lost"
since the inception Of the Authority
In 1898.
BY charging out each piece Of equip
nnent on . monthly rental rate to
each department, the number Of un-
Evening star., 1938-10-02
Sandy Point and Kent
Island Terminals
Suggested.
By Maury Boykin,


Economist and Port Specialist, For-
nerly Lieutenant N. g., Supply
Corps, United States NaDy.
TINE thickly populated metropol-
itan area centered around
Washington and Baltimore
4 is separated from Eastern
Shore Maryland and Virginia by the
broad waters of Chesapeake Bay.
Although the Atlantic Ocean and
Delaware Bay are only about 100 miles
away, "as the crow flies" Chesapeake
Bay creates an illusion which causes
people to think in terms which indi-
cate that they live remote from the
blue waters Of the Atlantic Ocean.
This isolation can be realized vividly
by observing a map, which shows that
the bay is crossed by no physical con-
nection at all for its entire length.
The annihilation of distance appeals
to the imagination. People demand
modernized transportation facilities
to expedite travel. In order to save
valuable time, eliminate fixed sched-
ules, increase convenience, and i'm
prove comfort for the motorist, q
tunnel under Chesapeake Bay would
serve great purpose.
Such a tunnel should connect the
center Of traf1c density with the
ocean shore along the shortest path.
The path would then be transformed
no doubt, into a beautiful parkway
such as the Shenandoah National
Parkway, inviting to all.
The map shows that a line projected
from Sandy Point to Kent Island on
Eastern Shore would cross the most
narrow section of the bay. Naturally
the proposed tunnel should be located
at this point. Sandy Point would lie
on the east and west line approxi-
mately OF equal distance between Balti-
more and Washington, measured in 4
north and south direction.
Kent Island, opposite Sandy Point,
is adjacent to the heart of Maryland's
Eastern Shore. This is a very rich
agricultural district where various sea
food industries also abound. There
fore tunnel connection with Mary
lands Eastern Shore would extend
the trade zone of Washington and
Baltimore and enable these cities to
compete with Wilmington, Delaware
and Philadelphia.
N ESTIMATE published in Mary
- lands Primary Bridge Program
is that physical connection between
both sides of the bay between Sandy
Point and Kent Island would carry
40 per cent more traffic than a bridge
built between Miller's Island and Toll
chester above Baltimore Apparently,
evidence is therefore conclusive that
Chesapeake Bay tunnel should be
so located at the narrowest point, 30
that it would carry the greatest pos
sible volume of traffic.
The layman often thinks that tunnels
are so expensive to construct that
the cost is prohibitive. He perhaps
is thinking Of the old orthodox
shield method Of tunnel excavation.
Evening star., 1938-10-02

joints would be watertisht after the
divers submerged and drove the key
bolt in place.
Grade was established at the joints
in the tubes by placing q grillage
made Of steel beams on the bottom
Of the trench supported by timber
legs driven into the clay and then
embedded In concrete. An improvised
leveling rod composed Of = steel mast
handled by 4 derrick on q scow en-
abled line and grade to be main
tanned. On this foundation the ends
Of the cylinders were lowered to posi-
ton. Liquid concrete was mixed on
. scow and then poured through q
pipe into the compartments surround
ing the cylinders.
THE weight Of the entire structure
WAS sufncient to overcome buoy
ancy. Water was then pumped out,
followed by placing the inner con-
crete lining, 20 inches in thickness.
Tubes IS feet in diameter would then
be reduced to an inner diameter Of
81 feet, 8 inches.
The entire top of the submerged
tunnel could then be back-filled with
the material previously dredged, 50
that the entire structure would lie
beneath the bottom and to al out
ward appearance convey the impress
sion Of having been excavated.
Since the depth Of the water under
the proposed tunnel on the Sandy
Point side Of the channel Is SO feet
below mean low water and the depth
on the Kent Island side Is 10 feet,
the problem to be solved Is how can
the two approach inclines be laid
and supported?
There would be no difficulty in Gre
ating two artificial islands by dredg-
ing and filling sufhcient to contain
an approach incline 1,400 feet long.
But such . ridge Of sand might settle
under the weight Of the cylinders,
while the tides might cause the sand
to shift. To overcome this difficulty
the tubes could be easily supported
on piers constructed under water by
filling Z steel container with liquid
concrete.
Piers constructed similar to those
used In building the James River
Bridge would be suhhcient To support
the incline approach. Much credit
must be given for the highly emcient
design Of the James River Bridge.
9ell.ahapod Geool ey1tn6azD Wefo uDed.
Evening star., 1938-10-02

worker was required to take re
cess" This period was varied 50 that
after years research it was con-
cluded to adopt the morning period at
10 am, for 10 minutes duration, and
the afternoon period at 2:30 pm, for
Is minutes.
r RECORDS were compiled covering
both the quantity and quality Of
work done before rest periods were
installed and after adoption.
while there is a subtraction Of Is
minutes from the working day." says
Mr.. Pierce, improvement is evident in
the quality and quantity Of work pro-
duced. For instance, among classifiers
it is worthy to note that although ap-
proximately per cent of their working
time is devoted to rest periods, there is
an increase Of 3 per cent In the volume
Of work. The frequency of errors in
filing was reduced from 157 to OBS,
those in classifying from 29l to 100,
and those in sorting from l99 to OTIS.
"Other benefits derived have been a
smoother flow Of work resulting from
the personal adjustment Of employees
to specific rest periods, and from all
employees taking rest at the same time,
and strengthened morale Of employees"
THE study Of individual motions Of
clerical people doing repetitive work
has been part OF our management pro-
gram" Mr.. Pierce continued. For
example, in that part Of our filing
procedure known as indexing it was
noticed that our typists were making
many unnecessary motions. The study
showed that 76 motions were required
to prepare two index sheets, the right
hand doing As and the left hand 81.
BY eliminating all but those actually
required and balancing the work of the
Evening star., 1938-10-02

over the bay surface. Connection with
each shore could be established by
constructing two low standardized rein-
forced concrete and steel trestles with
q total length Of II 900 feet. Analyz-
ing the comparative cost of the tunnel
vs.. bridge q little further, the Posey
Tube between Alameda and Oakland
Calf, 3,545 feet long, constructed by
the subaqueous method, cost S, ,000, 900.
The tentative estimate of the pro-
posed subaqueous tunnel under Hamp-
ton Roads between Old Point Comfort
and Willoughby Spit, according to
the solution Of the problem published
is years ago in 1898, was $7,s97 500
for single tube.
The plan was declared feasible by
Wilson Sherman Kinnear, q pioneer
in subaqueous tunneling who built
the first tunnel by this method for
the Michigan Central Railroad in
1906 to 1909. Thirteen years later,
in 1896, when the Public Works
officer of Fort Monroe, Va, revived
the tunnel project in order to facili-
tate communication between Fort Mon
roe and Fort Story. Cape Henry,
Va. Parsons, Klapp, Brinckerhon
and Douglas, Tunnel Engineers Of
New York, estimated the cost Of =
single tube to be $4,000, 900. The
opinion Of these tunnel authorities
cannot be questioned.
ON A basis Of s,s45 feet for the
length Of the Alameda tunnel
and $3.50 feet for the length Of the
proposed Hampton Roads tunnel, pre-
dicated on = total cost Of $4,000, 900
and $S,o0o.0oo respectively, the cost
per linear foot for each tunnel would
be $1,26s for the Alameda tube and
l,258 for the Hampton Roads tunnel.
Comparative costs such as these
show that subaqueous tunnels can
be easily constructed within the bounds
of financial expediency. Years Of
study Of the tunnel vs.. bridge in con-
nection with his work as 4 port
specialist, which often necessitates
the working out Of comprehensive
plans for the development Of ports,
leads the writer to the conclusion
that . vehicular subaqueous tunnel
constructed under Chesapeake Bay
would be the most logical solution Of
the problem.
The illustrated drawing shows clearly
. pEodlo q tho essential details q q
Evening star., 1938-10-02

symbol was difncult. Perhaps 1t was
because stenographers and typists are
not usually taught to punctuate as
they transcribe. At any rate, these
factors appeared uppermost in the
situation, and our procedure was to
try . class in transcription which gave
practice entirely in the transcription
OF shorthand notes with emphasis
placed upon speed and accuracy.
This class gave up these results
Errors in transcription were reduced
to = minimum, in some cases reducing
as many as so per cent Of errors in
. 5-minute test; stenographers devel-
oped the ability to transcribe from
shorthand notes almost as rapidly as
they could type printed material, and
speed Of transcription was increased" )"
over 400 individuals and organi-
zations have written for informa-
ton regarding the work Of the T. v.
A. in the field OF Office MANAGEMENT.
Business executives have requested
copies Of the results Of their expert
mens. handbooks and procedures,
and their representatives are almost
In constant attendance ut this man
asement laboratory. Colleges and uni
versities have adopted the literature
prepared on this subject by T. v. A.
for courses in business administration.
These requests have come from Is
States, Canada, England and Finland.
Insurance companies, colleges, univer-
stiles. libraries. Government agencies,
ONCE equipment manufacturers. pub
lishers, management associations, en-
sineers, lawyers, accountants, banks,
utilities and other groups have been
among those asking for the results Of
+. v. A. studies.
Evening star., 1938-10-02

Correct filing procedure practiced by T. a. clerk
shown in this picture files of 1000 letters
practcng motion economy Addition of bottom partition
to the ang board proydes depository for cards
filing board and paper eliminates superfous motions thus per-
1nttng the 1Dorker to accomplish Nth of
fatigue Approximately 100000 pieces of material thus
died 1nonthlu.
Evening star., 1938-10-16

Mad through and through. It's a
bumped fender. Just that. But
when he saw it was woman driver
he had plenty to say about. "All one
can expect from woman driver"
Evening star., 1938-10-16

Discouraged. This is the fifth time this morn
ing that Eleanor has had a terrible ordeal get
ting out of parking space. Either she's at the
wrong angle or the other cars are all at the
wrong angles.
Evening star., 1938-10-16

Repressed. The tough traffic
cop called him a "dimwit,"
and he can think of plenty
to say in return, and as good
as was got, but he doesn't
dare. Just curses to himself.
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1938-12-02

Dive osoby bolestne omrzly v
nedeln1 zine, kdy tep1ota kles-
la ma 13 stupn1 pod normal.
Osobami temito byli: Owion
McCauley z North avenue a
Touhy z Hilman ulice.
Omrzli ma nohou tax, re muse
Ii byti watt do nemocnice do
lekarskeho ~osetTen1.
Frances Schiaffino z Clifton
avenue padla v nedeli ma ceste
ku sve sestre onemocnele We
West Baltimore General ne
mocnici. Padla zrovna pred
nemocnic1. Padem zlomila 81
ruku.
Pr hire v blfzkosti domu 13
lety Raymond Whipping ma S.
Carrollton avenue padl v nede-
Ii, prerazil 81 krcnf kost a ra-
memo.
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1938-12-02
OSVETLENf WASHINGTON
B~OULEVARDU.

Plany ma osvetlenf Washing
ton Boulevard predlozeny bu-
dou v pf1st1m zasedanf zako-
nodarny. Governor O'Conor
sl1bil, re podporovati Dude pro
gram ten.
Vladnf odbor zaplatf polovi-
nu vydan1 ma ~osvetlenf, cfmz,
jak Sc ceka, zmenseny budou
nocnl zabitf aspon o 80 pro-
cent a melody O So procent.
Program zaroven zahrnuje ST.
ren1 mostG a silnicn1ch ohrad
a chodn1k1.
Washington Boulevard jest
nazyvan silnici We statu nejvf-
&c uz1vanou a jednou z nejvfce
uz1vanych sveta. Silnice teto
uz1va asi 100000 osob a g.
100000 povoz1.
Ma Boulevardu v predeslem
roce usmrceno bylo 81 osob. z
techto Is usmrceno bylo v noe
nj dobe.
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1938-12-02

Prejdouc z tanecnfho rozci-
leni do zlosti, mlada zena sire
lila sveho prIvodce a pax sire
lila svedka We vychodni casti
Baltimore hospode. Pc strele-
nj vybehla q hospody a chyce-
ma byla We vzdalenosti dvou
blockG stale drzic v ruce revol-
yer a kricfci, re zastTelf kde
koho.
Ma stanici udala sve jmeno
Irene Dickerson, 34leta re 700
blocku Lancaster ulice. IDA
ma byla re ctyr pfestupk6:
StTeleni Andie Michael (roze-
neho Myszkiewicz), stfeleni
Bernardo Rychwalski, z nose
nj revolveru a strelen1 z neho.
Hospoda ma Washington a
Fleet ulic1ch naplnena byla v
pfednf mistnosti, kde bar jest
um1stnen. V zadn1 m1stnosti,
v niz fonograf, nebylo nikoho
krone Dickersonove a Micha-
ella. Tito tancili. Nahle pad
la rama a Michael zavravoral
do predni mistnosti, kde klesl
ma podlahu.
Thelma Tabor, kelnerka "a
barem vybehla, ably pomohla
Michaelovi. On vSak povstal
bez pOmoci a vessel do zadni
mistnosti, kde opet pocal "a
pasiti S Dickersonovou. Padla
z revolveru jej1ho druha rama.
Kuli trefen byl Rychwalski,
jenz sedel u stolu. Strelen byl
do krku. Michael padl znovu.
Dickersonova jej chytila a po-
Gala Sc s MIN znovu tahati. V
tahanici Michael strelen byl O.
pet a opet padl ma podlahu.
Ctvrta rama vypalena byla re-
nou ku stropu. Tato vybehla z
hospody a utfkala pc Washing
ton ulici, kde "a nj Sc pustil
Frank Wojcik re 1900 blocku
Fleet ulice. Ia prchajic1 bezel
dale Frank Sava re S. Decker
ulice. Oba chytili utfkaj1cf a
kficic1 Dockersonovou ma Ali
ceanna a Wolfe ulicich a vrati-
Ii Sc S nj do hospody, kde Eat
sena byla policisty, kterym &C.
lou udalost sdelil Edward Bu-
kovsky z Fleet ulice, pc nemz
Dickersonova strelila, ale ire
fila jenom strop. On dial sc ma
utek. Polcii zatcena udala, re
je z Charleston, Zapadni Vir-
ginie.
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1938-12-02
ELKTON Gift

OddaVacl kaZatele v ElktOn,
Md, cftf nastavajfcf jim zle
easy, jez nastanou 8. prosince.
Zakonem stanoveno, re parky,
jez pref 81 rychle oddavky,
must zadati O povolenf ku SHAT
ku a to teprve pc uplynuti ety.
Ticeti osmi hodin Jim dano BY
ii mGze. V Elkton oddavan1m
parkG z rGznych stran a stat6
zamestnano bylo 6 kazatel1.
Behem listopadu oddali tito v
Elkton 1.843 park1. z New
Yorku statu prijelo jich 545, z
New Jersey 492. We statech
techto nastavajfcf novomanze-
lie must sc podrobiti lekarske
krevnl prohl1dce.
Rev. c.. M. Cope We dine pra-
cuje jake chauffeur taxicab
spolecnosti. Rev. J. T. Baker,
jenz pracuje v noel v dome
spolecnosti taxicabG, oddal v
listopadu 726 park1, Rev. Ed
ward Minor oddal 479 park6,
Sturgill 1852.
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1938-12-02
$99.241 VYDANO DEMO-
KRATY MA VOLBY.

Demokraticky vybor porad-
nj kampane pri poslednich Ma
rylandskych volbach vydal
$99.241.73, ably zvolen byl VIA
dn1 senator, kongresnici a 60
werner. Obnos tento nema co
ciniti S vydanfm kandidatd pri
primarkach.
Do volebnfho vydanf pffispe-
Ii darci obnosem $91,516.13.
Nezaplacene 1cty obnasf sunni
$7,725.60. O'Conor ma volby
pfispel We trech davkach 49,
$50. SENATOR Tydings a Bruce
pfipseli $4,000.
- Republikanska strana Wy
-dala ma statnf volebni kampan
V blfzkosti 100000. Pokladnfk
kampanfho vyboru udava, re
ma pTfspevc1ch pTijato bylo re-
publikanskym kampanim W.
borem $50, 69O.36. Vydan1 OBJ
nasela sunni $31,778.44. V po-
kladne zGstal prebytek SOIL
go.
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1938-12-02
MELODY.

Mala dfvka, 11leta Gloria
Goldsmith kriticky zranena
byla, kdyz sankami svymi ma
razila ma zelezny sloup v Cliff
ton parku.
V bezvedomf nalezen byl
lezlc1 We SVEN domove We 800
blocku S. Conkling ulice An
thony Ruarch. V dome I'll sa-
moJediny. Nalezen byl policis-
ty 2 vychodni STANCE, kdyz je-
den z Mich Sci do domu, ably
MATTEL toho odhazel snih z
chodnlku. Kdyz nedostalo Sc
mt odpovedi ma klepani, S dru-
hymn straznfkem vlezl oknem
do vnitr a nalezl tam Ruacha
lez1c1ho ma podlaze.
7Oleta Mary Sluka re 400
blocku N. Duncan ulice, prera-
lila 81 nohu, kdyz uklouzla a
padla ma chodniku ledem po-
krytem We 21OO blocku Jeffer-
son ulice.