Askov American., 1938-03-24
1887 SEES CHANGES
IN MAP OF WORLD
Effected by Ballots, Edicts,
Treaties and Armies.

lationships of nations, owing to bal
lots, edicts, treaties and force of
arms, are outlined in a bulletin from
the National Geographic society.
"Rise of the first cooperative type
of state in the Western Hemisphere,
by the edict of the president of Bra
zil; passing of large areas of China
under control of the japanese army;
and the setting up of new demo-
cratized form of government for
India's $50 million inhabitants were
the most far-reaching changes of the
year," says the bulletin.
'In Spain the war between the
insurgents and the government has
continued through the year with a
steady loss of ground by the gov
ernment. Malaga in the southeast
fell in April. In the northeast Bill
bao fell in June, Santander in Au-
gust, and Gijon Qast of the govern
ment strongholds in the region) in
October. AS the end of year ap-
preached, the capital of Spain had
been moved from Valencia to Bar
celona, and headquarters of the in
surgents, from Burgos to Salaman-
ca. Considerably more than half
of Spain was in the hands of the
insurgents.
''Two kings were formally placed
on their thrones during the year.
In May, George vi was crowned
and anointed as king of Great Brit
ain and the Dominions, Emperor of
India. In July, Farouk was invest
ed as king of Egypt but was not
crowned.
"Plans for the division of Pales-
tine into Jewish state and an Arab
state, with Great Britain retaining
direct control of Jerusalem and 9TH
er strategic places, were brought
forward during the year by
British commission, and even re-
ceived the approval of the League
of Nations mandates commission
But the announcement of the
scheme caused such an outburst of
criticism and rioting in Palestine
that further steps have been de-
layed
New Irish Constitution.
"a new constitution, adopted for
Ireland by general vote of the
citizens, July l, created the "Re-
public of Fire. headed by a presi-
dent elected for seven years. The
constitution is concerned only with
internal affairs.
Final agreement on the bound
ary between Colombia and Panama,
parts of which had been in dis
pute for more than 80 years, was
reached by an exchange of notes
between the two countries early in
December.
"a pact was signed December 10
in San Jose, Costa Rica, by repre-
sentatives of Nicaragua and Hon.
duras pledging the two countries
to settle peacefully the boundary
dispute which threatened earlier in
the year to lead to hostilities.
"Two changes occurred in the
of the League of Ma
tions. Paraguay withdrew Febru-
ary "a, after having given two
years notice of her intention to do
SO. Egypt was admitted May 26.
Italy gave notice December II of
intention to withdraw. Withdrawal
becomes complete two years after
filing notice.
"The new constitution for Brazil,
proclaimed by presidential edict
November 10 (and subject to pleb-
iscite later) strengthens the central
government at the expense of the
states. The president is to serve
six years.
"Under the new constitution in
India, which went into effect April
/, the eleven provinces and more
than 600 native states send dele
gates to a congress or parliament
of two houses which legislates on
federal matters for all India.
Hostilities in China.
"The hostilities which have led
to the occupation of hundreds of
thousands of square miles of Chi
nese territory by Japan and the
loss of scores of thousands of Chi
nese lives, began near Peiping, July
Z, when shots were exchanged by
Chinese and Japanese soldiers.
Shanghai, 600 miles to the south.
was attacked by japanese forces
August 13. Fighting has continued
on both fronts, although war has
never been declared.
''In the north, japanese armies
have conquered all of the provinces
of Chahar, Suiyuan, and Hopei, and
large parts of Shansi and Shantung.
Farther south they have taken pos
session of China's metropolis,
Shanghai, and it's capital, Nanking,
and a large area of the Yangtze val
ley between the two cities. AS the
year drew to a close japanese
forces were advancing farther up
the Yangtze toward Hankow.
ION October 20, a new Inner
Mongolian nation,' consisting of the
former Chinese provinces of Suiyuan
and Chahar, was set up under JAP
anese auspices. The new state is
headed by Prince Teh, Mongol
chieftain, under protection of the
japanese army.