davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1937-02-21
BY NICHOLAS ROOSEVELT.


TT IS unfortunate that most of
those who support the President
in the quarrel about the Supreme
4 Court are tending more and more
to embrace with approval the personal
government. OF President Roosevelt
they say, Hes good fellow: he
means well; let him have his way" OF
the Supreme Court justices they say,
"They are old fogeys. We need new
men with new views"
That this Is human reaction to
government goes without saying. We
are nation Of hero worshipers. Mil
lions are for Franklin D. Roosevelt
just as millions we're for Theodore
Roosevelt-because the man himself
exercises great personal charm.
So far. so good. But in these days
there is grave danger in over
emphasizing the role of the individual
in government. We are hypnotized
by great leaders-Mussolini Hitler,
Stain. Roosevelt. Because we are
hypnotized we are eager to be led by
them. Because we want to follow
them we surrender powers to them.
With these powers they exercise DOM
ination over all of us. The outcome
is paternalism, whether in the form
Of Fascism, Naziism, Communism or
New Dealism.
The American Concept.
In America the danger is especially
great because the emphasis on person.
alities tends to hide the fact that
one of the fundamental concepts Of
the American Government is that it is
a Government of laws, not a Govern
ment of men.
This phrase has been so much used
that it is accepted without thought or
examination. And yet it describes in
a catchword the basic difference be-
tween our own form of government
and those various arbitrary govern
ments now so popular in Europe and
so keenly desired by many of our up
lifters. Our Government seeks by law
to set limits on the governors as well
as on the governed-on the rulers as
well as the people. 1t exalts the law
above the individual, establishing a
set Of rules of government which may
not be changed by our rulers moved
by personal spite. ambition, desire or
Whim.
A government of men, in contrast,
Is government in which the gov
ernors are above the law and can do
with the law as they wish. The rul-
er's desires, prejudices or plans may
be imposed upon the nation or in
dividuals. Denied the protection of
the law or constitution the people
have no recourse other than submis-
sion or revolution.
When modified mass opinion seeks
to override constitutional forms the
danger of dictatorship is close. This
is particularly true when mass opin-
ion. following a popular leader, is
anxious to surrender into the rulers
hands full powers to settle personal
as well as national problems. The
demand for breaking down the bar
riers set by constitutions and laws
comes in such case from the people
But once the barriers are broken the
way is paved for the strong man to
ride to power.
Evening star., 1937-02-21
COURT CHANGE SEEN WAY
TO DICTATORSHIP S.
Roosevelt May Be No Dictator, But Plan
Would Pave Way for Strong Man
to Ride to Power.

And strong men have often ridden
to power in just this way. The trag.
edy lies in the fact that, almost viths
out exception. strong men have not
been wise men. Their objectives have
been selfish or vague. Even those who
began their careers showing eagerness
to help the people have, as power has
been given into their hands, de-
veloped attachments for personal
projects that harmed the people.
When personal government is In
trenched in power opposition and
criticism are stifed. The masses.
having surrendered power to an in
dividual or a little group. find it i'm
possible to change their mandate or
to assert their rights. This Is what
has happened in Europe. Certainly
the same can happen here.
The failure of so many persons to
understand this is one Of the reasons
why democracy is in grave danger In
this country. Our people have con-
fused government by popular heroes
with popular government. To their
heroes in public life they have given
a free rein, binding themselves to the
lesson of history that democracy can
only exist when popular leaders can
be held in check. If the ruler seizes
or is granted too great powers he can
ignore opposition, defy experience and
force his wishes upon the nation.
When constitutional governments sur
render to the whimS of individuals in
power, relationships step in.
The Road to Autocracy.
Since the Presidents famous mes
sage on packing the Supreme Court,
thousands of columns have been de-
voted to the part played by the Su-
preme Court in holding both Congress
and the President in check and assur-
ing the American people their liber-
ties. BuSooo little emphasis has been
! placed on the fact that the Supreme
Court has been one of the most i'm
portant forces in perpeuating popular
government in America.
AS Prof. Andrew Mclaughlin has
put it in his famous Constitutional
History of the United States" the
right of the Supreme Court to pass
on the constitutionality of a law Is
"the last word, logically and histor-
ically speaking. in the attempt OF a
free people to establish and maintain
non-autocratic government" Weak
en- this right and you pave the way for
autocracy. Destroy the true inde-
pendence Of the judiciary and you
invite despotism.
The question at issue is not whether
Franklin D. Roosevelt wants to make
himself dictator No one who knows
him believes that he harbors this am
bition. But his steady insistence on
personal government-on men rather
than lawson his own policies re-
gardless of the Constitutions paw
ing the way for a more ruthless, more
ambitious and less benevolent ruler
to give the death blow to democracy.
More and more power is being con.
centrated in the hands of the Presi.
dent. Congress is mere rubber
stamp. We are looking to government
to play the role of benevolent despot.
So long as the President is benevo.
lent all may go we'll. But after Frank.
lin Roosevelt, what?
Evening star., 1937-02-21
10 Million Acres Given
To Russian Peasants

Russia has just completed the trans
fer of 100000 acres to the peasantry
for operation as collective farms. g.
The aggregate under cooperative
peasant care Is now vast. The Moscow
government is continuing to extend
its state farms. where workers are
employed directly by the authorities,
but the greatest expansion is in the
collective farms, which are worked
on the cooperative principle by bodies
Of peasants.
Evening star., 1937-02-21
BY EDGAR ANSEL MOWRER.

PARIS, France &C. D. N.).-Central
and Southeastern Europe is beginning
to sparkle like the Milky Way on an
August night. All sorts of things
seem to be happening, none of which
has excessive importance. but which
tend collectively to demonstrate how
the political currents are running.
First is the renewed German threats
against CZechoslovakia Not only have
various Nazi voices taken up in chorus
the refrain of Lord Rothermere, Brit
ish newspaper magnate, about Czecho-
slovakia not really existing, but they
are even beginning to promise saliva
ton to Konrad Henlein and his CAM
ouf1aged Bohemian Nazis in the Sude-
tendeutsch, or South German party.
Henlein'S assistant, Herr Rutha, went
to London and appealed for sympathy
to the fear-driven British conserva-
tiveS, who have begun-not without
encouragement from British diplo-
mats-to urge the Czechs to be nicer"
to Henlein and his Germans and not
provoke Reichsfuehrer Adolf Hitler
into rage.
Henlein himself pulled this line with
great success some time ago and many
innocent Britons actually began to feel
sorry for the poor Sudenten tSouth)
Germans, not knowing that they are
the best treated national minority in
Central Europe.
Czechs Are Unmoved.
One gets the impression in Prague
that the British diplomatic mission
feels itself accredited more to the Bo-
hemian Germans than to the Prague
Czechs and Slovaks. The Czechs, how
ever, who are quite sure that they
have forgotten more about the Ger
mans than the British will ever learn,
go their own way quietly, neither
soliciting nor refusing any degree of
friendship the Germans may offer
and certainly not dreaming of relin-
gushing their pact with Russia, as
all Germans and many British would
like.
Their answer to the numerous ru-
mors of definite German plans for first
causing Sudenten rebellion and then
marching into Czechoslovakia to pro-
tect the German minority" while
the Hungarians do the same thing in
the south. is further effort In the
rearmament field.
Diplomatically, Dr.. Eduard Benes,
Evening star., 1937-02-21

BELGRADE.-Our mental picture
of The Balkans" is likely to be that
of miscellaneous tribal peoples
grouped loosely into precarlous ma
tions full of internal strife. each ma
tion at the same time being constantly
ON the verge of war with its neighbors.
This is about as accurate as the men,
tai picture the average Balkan peas
ant has of the United States-a coun-
try overrun with Indians, panthers'
bears and buffaloes.
There is plenty of backwardness IN
the Balkans. The standards both OF
culture and of living are relatively
low. Most of the population consists
of peasant, sheep herders and noun
taineers. many of whom have never
seen a city or even large town. Gov
ernment often is primative, the more
so as. for centuries, most OF the Bal
kan Peninsula was under TURKISH
rule, with all the delays and red tape
that Moslem administration entails,
not to mention large doses Of corrup-
ton.
But, in the field Of international
politics, the Balkan countries Tor
some years have been setting the
world an example that deserves to be
emulated. During period when the
western nations, with far greater cul-
tural resources and undoubtedly a
higher civilization, have seemed to
find it increasingly difficult to arrive
at peace with their immediate neigh
bors, the Balkan countries have
worked out among themselves a Sc
ries of pacts which they are now de-
veloping into what promises to be
a real federation of the Balkan states.
Little Entente Pools Powers.
The first of these pacts, the Little
Entente, formed in 1920, began as
merely defensive alliance OF the three
-Czechoslovakia, YugoSlavia
and Rumania-that had inherited
parts of the Austro-Hungarian En-
pire; and its sole original object was
to resist any attempt at territorial
revision of the treaties. In the course
of years, however, the Little Entente
has decided to pool its powers, with
the consequence that today, when the
foreign minister of one Of them speaks
he is understood to be speaking for all.
This pact, of course, did not include
Turkey, Greece and Bulgaria, since
those countries had no part OF the
Hapsburg Empire. But later another
Balkan pact was executed, grouping
all the states of the peninsula except
Bulgaria. Bulgaria as yet has refused
to join, because unwilling to recognize
Greece's rights to the old Bulgarian
frontage on the Aegean, notably the
port of Dedeagatch, or the RVmanian
conquest Of Dobrudja.
Even more recently-in factA only
last month-the world was astonished
to learn that a pact of eternal friend
ship" had been concluded between
Bulgaria and Yugoslavia. These two
nations, though both composed of
Slavs speaking very similar languages,
have been at swords points for CEN
turies. Wars between them have been
numberless. Yet their present gov
ernments have decided to bury the
hatchet, and a spirit of entire cor
diality now reigns between them.
The Yugoslavs hope that, through
this pact, Bulgaria can be induced to
join the Balkan Entente, and thus
realize the political unity of the
whole Balkan peninsula. While each
nation would preserve its individuality
and its own mode Of government, they
would be linked by common foreign
policy.
Evening star., 1937-02-21
Spanish Art Works
Are Saved in War

Many of Spain's works of art have
been saved from war perils, it is an
nounced by Prof. Enrique Moreno.
lecturer at oxford University. Eng
land, who has taken q leading part in
the work of salvage.
He went to Madrid early in the war
and helped collect treasures from
churches, cathedrals and palaces and
to store them in the cellars Of the
Bank Of Spain.
Evening star., 1937-02-21

~ ALT LAKE CITY. Utah.-Utah,
cradle of "Mormonism" and
traditional State of large fami-
- lies, emerges from the tabulat-
ing room of the Federal Census Bu-
reau with the second highest birth
rate in the Nation. Because Utah
has become widely known on account
of the teachings of the States domi-
nant religion. the birth rate statistics
become significant.
Topped only by New Mexico. the
State founded by Brigham Young
and his pioneer followers had birth
rate of PAT per 1000 population, ac-
cording to the Federal census fig
ures. New Mexico's rate was 313.
Tenet Of Church.
One of the tenets of the church of
Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints,
commonly known as the Mormon"
Church. sheds light perhaps on the
birth rate in Utah. Couples enter
ing wedlock are admonished to null
tiply and replenish the earth"
True, Mormon history records nu-
merous large families, the size of
some being considered extraordinary.
Deaths of three members of this
faith, which were recorded on the
same day the Census Bureau report
was made public. brought to light
interesting family records in view
of the birth rate in Utah Two of
the deceased we're listed among the
States early settlers. Two closed
their careers at the age of 80. The
third, for purposes Of comparison,
was "only" 81.
In the case of one of these, there
are II surviving children, Al grand
children and 5 great-grandchildre
Another leaves living children, IA
grandchildren and 5 great-grand-
children. The third, who attained
the age of 81, is survived by chill
Evening star., 1937-02-21
BY A. G. GARDINER,
ONDON.-There has been OPEN

ONbON.-1n mere mas Deen OPEN
ed at Charing Cross an ex-
hibition which is significant of
- problem that is gravely dis
turbing the wind of the British gov
eminent. 1t Is called the British Army
Exhibition, and its purpose is to pro-
mote the campaign to win recruits
to the British Army. That campaign
is no new thing. For years the task of
keeping the army up to the modest
peace strength necessary for the full
f1llment Of its duties overseas and
mainly in India has been hard.
There has never been any difficulty
in keeping the navy up to strength.
With a vast population in such close
contact with the sea there is always
an. abundance of youths, drawn by
the destinations of the seagoing life,
TO meet the requirements of the ad-
niralty.
But the army has never been great
attraction to the young Englishman in
search of a career. 1t has always had
to fight hard for its quota and to bait
Its hook with glowing advertisements
OF the healthy life, the opportunities
OF seeing the world and the attractive
sports which it offers to those who
enter the service. Since the war this
shyness has increased. for obvious rea-
sons-the bitter memories of the Great
War, the new industries that have
sprung up offering alternative and
more acceptable careers, the higher
level of working class wages. the grow
ing hatred of restraint and the effect
Of the unemployment insurance syS-
tenn, which enables the unemployed
men to be Indifferent to the appeals
of the recruiting sergeant in a way
that was not possible before that sys-
tenn was established.
Now the situation has become
alarming, and the minister for war,
Mr.. Duff Cooper, is at his wits end
to deal with the threatened famine.
He has stumped the country, beating
the patriotic drum with great fervor,
but little result. In few weeks, a
period of service ends and the total
strength of the regular army drops by
$4,000, owing to the failure of re-
cruiting new blood. Nor is this all.
The territorials, who are a volunteer
body for home defense only, are down
in numbers by 10000.
This means that, leaving aside any
question Of active foreign service, the
army will soon be unable to carry out
its police duties overseas. Troops in
India will not be relieved and other
garrisons will be similarly affected.
If an emergency arose, India would
be left with skeleton defenses, and the
possibility Of dealing with disorders
Evening star., 1937-02-21
Scotland Yard Tests
ArmOred Automobile

LONDON R.-Scotland Yard has
conducted tests with fast armored
Car which has glass two inches thick
and loopholes for guns. 1t is en-
phasized that what Scotland Yard is
interested in is the cars speed and
protection against bullets: that there
is no question Of acceptance Of Ameri-
can police methods in the form OF
heavy srmaments.
Evening star., 1937-02-21
Latin America Sees. Trade Boom M
If i. S. Achieves Neutrality Law

whenever men less literally inclined
than the ones today conducting the
foreign policies Of the United States
had access to power. but their dis
cussion must be left for a subsequent
article.
tCopyright, 1877
Evening star., 1937-07-29
Residential
Washington
SOcialNOtes
Continued From Third Page. }

granddaughter, Miss Anita Nash.
Mr.. and Mrs G. Mathews Dick were
hosts at dinner last night at Ocean
View, at Newport.
Evening star., 1937-07-29

dance festival are Sidney Lee and
Mr.. Kung Show Wang. attaches OF
the Chinese Embassy; the attache OF
the Legation Of Switzerland and Nine
Schlatter, the commercial counselor
of the Swedish Legation and Nine
Wijkman, the commercial attache OF
the Legation Of Colombia, Senor Don
Jose Camacho Lorenzana. the attache
Of the Legation Of the Dominican Re-
public, Don Sebastian E. Valverde; the
attache of the Legation of Panama,
Senor Don Miguel j. Moreno, jr., and
the counselor OF the Legation of
Czechoslovakia, DR.. josef Nemecek.
The Solicitor General and Mrs.
Stanley Reed will be among the guests,
also the first secretary of the Chilean
Embassy and Sonora de Huneeus, the
first secretary OF the Mexican En-
bassy and Sonora de Fuentes, the first
secretary of the Italian Embassy,
Prince del Drago: the first secretary
Of the Cuban Embassy, DR.. Alberto G.
de Mendoza; the FIRST secretary of
the Rumanian Legation and Nine.
Babes, the first secretary Of the Lega-
ton OF Norway and Mrs. Frances
1rgens, the secretary OF the Legation
of El Salvador. Senor Don Miguel
Angel Pena Vale; the secretary OF
the Legation Of Latvia and Nine
Smits, the first secretary Of the Le-
cation OF Honduras and Sonora de
Caceres, the secretary Of the Legation
OF Venezuela and Sonora de Lares, the
second secretary of the Turkish EN-
bassy. Mr.. Ibrahim Seyfullah; the
second secretary OF the Mexican EN-
bassy, Senor DR.. Don Manuel Gonzalez
y Gonzalez; the third secretary OF
the Embassy of Ecuador and Sonora
de Paez, the second secretary of the
Cuban Embassy and Sonora de Muxo
the Misses Yoeh E. and An-fu Wang
daughters of the Chinese Ambassador
and Mr.. and Mrs. Isaac Cans.
Evening star., 1937-07-29
Dinner This Evening
At the Arts Club

The Dramatic Committee Of the
Arts Club, Of which Mrs Maud How
ell Smith Is chairman and Mr.. Paul
w. Murphy vice chairman, will have
as host and hostess at the drama
dinner this evening DR.. Robert E..
Motley and Mrs. Gerald Flood, and
as the honor guests of the evening
Miss Bess Davis Schreiner, director
Of the Washington Players, and Mr..
J. Edmond Veitch, who will appear
in the leading role Of Bottom, the
weaver, in the Pyramus and Thisbe
scenes, taken from William Shake
speares "A Midsummer Nights
Dream" which will be presented in
the garden at $50 o'clock by the
Washington Players
Among those who will attend the
play will We Miss Barbara McBriarty
and group Of members of the Vaga-
bond Players Of Baltimore, Miss An
gela Kier and Mr.. and Mrs. John M.
Kline, jr.
Miss Christine Irish, soprano, will
sing one Of the lovely Mendelssoha
songs, composed for "A Midsummer
Nights Dream" called Through the
House." which forms the finale OF this
famous fantasy.
Evening star., 1937-07-29
Festival
Continued From Third PaRe.)

Wednesday evening, August 4, in the
ball room at the hotel.
Among those who have accepted the
invitation of the Dancing Masters,
according to the announcement of
Mr.. Leroy Thayer, vice president Of
the association and Washington "con-
vention host" are the Ambassador Of
Mexico and Sonora de Castillo Najera,
the Ambassador of Cuba, Senor Dr..
Pedro Martinez Fraga; the Minister
Of Latvia, DR.. Alfred Bilmanis; the
Minister Of Paraguay and Sonora de
Busk Codas, the Minister Of Costa
Rica and Sonora de Castro Beeche
and their daughters, the Minister OF
Bolivia and Sonora de Guachalla, the
Minister Of Panama and Sonora de
Boyd, the Minister of Czechoslovakia
and Nine. Hurban. the Minister Of
Nicaragua and Sonora de Brenes Jar
quin, Senator Arthur Capper, Senator
Robert r. Reynolds, Senator George
L. Radcliffe, Representative and Mrs.
R. Ewing Thomason. the Charge DAT
falres OF Yugoslavia, Mr. Rastko Pet
rovic; the Naval Attache OF the Brit
ish Embassy and Mrs. Bradley, Air
Commodore T. E. B. Howe of the
British Embassy the commercial
secretary Of the British Embassy, Maj.
Frank Haywood. the naval attache of
the Italian Embassy and Donna
Blanca Cugia, Marchioness of SAINT
Orslo, the counselor for emigration
OF the Italian Embassy and Signora
Bonardelli Desjardins, the Minister
Counselor of the Cuban Embassy and
Sonora de Baron. the counselor Of
the Cuban Embassy and Sonora de
Valdes Rodriguez, the attache of the
Cuban Embassy and Sonora de Her
rera-Arango, the military attache Of
the Cuban Embassy and Sonora de
Munilla, and the commercial attache
Of the Cuban Embassy and Sonora de
Aguiar.
Others who plan to attend the
Evening star., 1937-07-29
Prominent Writer
Honor Guest of Club

Mrs. Warren w. Wheaton, better
known IN newspaper circles as Anne
Wheaton, will be the honor guest at
luncheon Tuesday at the Willard.
given by the Women's National Press
Club. Mrs. Wheaton will leave the
Capital Thursday with Mr. Wheaton
for their new home In Philadelphia
and the function will be in the nature
Of farewell party.
Mrs. Wheaton has taken an 1mpor-
tant part In the clubs activities over
long period Of years, serving on
many committees. Members may have
guests at the luncheon, at which Mrs.
Doris Fleason, president of the club,
will preside.
Evening star., 1937-07-29
CIGARETTE BOOM

Americans Smoking More Than
Ever Before, Report Says.
Americans are smoking more ciga-
rettes than ever before. Treasury
reports showed today 78,O94,8l2,l02
cigarettes were produced in the first