davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Waterbury Democrat., 1937-07-03
No More Millions

Roosevelt is said once to have told Q departing visitor: You can tell Gene Grace he will never make e million -dollar bonus again." At last reports Grace's salary was $ie0,000 e year.
 A university graduate, Grace went to work for Bethlehem 38 years age as an electric crane op- orator. He had worked up to be general manager by 1908 and be- came president in 1916. In pre- war and war years, Bethlehem made more munitions than any other corporation in the world and expanded enormously. Grace was . pioneer in the establishment of company unions, and under his leadership Bethlehem adopted . policy of refusing to sell steel to unionized building firms in Phila. delphia and New York.
 Although United States Steel is still far bigger than Bethlehem 1t has no leader comparable to Grace, and Grace can boast that whereas United States Steel yielded to John Lewis, Bethlehem and It's allies fought 1t out. Copyright 1887, NEA Service Incl
The Waterbury Democrat., 1937-07-03
BEHIND THE SCENJES| .yN M
 WASHINGTON
mY RODNEY BUTCHER Democrat Washington
 COrrespOndentl

Tom GirdIer Does All Roar ing, but Bethlehem's Eu- gene Grace, Famous for Own Million Dollar Bonus es, Supplies Backbone for Battle With c. I. o.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1937-07-03

Cor blmey, Danl!!l Whats our good commentat- ing connosseur sports Dan Parker going to do After ali these years of gay rbary the expense of Phlut terng Phi Scott coals are departing from New Castle or suinpin' At any rate Cementine Paddleford tells
 s in the New York Herad-Tribune ood section) that no longer need wend weary way Englandward for our fish and chips Mo- sir there now two New York establishments offering the Englshmans equal of ham an to their patrons. Fish and chips! We always only haddock aked and fried in batter and accompanied by French fried taters, cut pretty small.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1937-07-03

Washington, July 3.-The man who stood out in front and fought the o. I. o. and the presidents steel strike mediation board was Tom Girdler of the Republic Steel Cor poration.
 But the man who supplied the real backbone and force of the battle of the independent conn panies against labor organization was President Eugene Grace of the Bethlehem Corporation. All those who have had intimate cOn- tact with the strike and the ef- forts to settle 1t agree that if Grace and Bethlehem, second largest concern in the industry, had not stood out against John L. Lewis, there probably would have been no major strike.
 Members of the mediation board privately report that Grace acted the part of a pleasant, reasonable gentleman while Girdler made all the noise when the would-be me- diators met the steel men.
 Had Most to Lose
 It appears that Bethlehem had most to lose. It may not be true, as 0. I. O. leaders insist, that Grace worked on Wall street banking in- tiuences to get Republic into the fight against Lewis. Girdler always has fought the unions and is un- derstood to have ambitions to head a steel merger which will outrank the United States Steel Corporation.
 But the union also charges that Bethlehem has lower wage structure than other steel com- panieS and that this, plus the fact that 1t imports most of its ore, gives it . competitive advantage 1t would be loath to lose.
 And this charge has more sub stantiatiOn. A survey just conn pleted by the bureau of labor statistics, shows that the average steel worker whose work was spread over 52 weeks of the year earned It the time of the survey $l,043 In the eastern district, $l063 In the southern district, $ll23 in the Pittsburg district and $1177 in the Great Lakes -Middlewestern district
 The significance of these figures lies in the fact that practically all of the industry in the Eastern dis- trict Is a the Bethlehem plants in Bethlehem, Pa, Johnstown, Pa., and Sparrows Point, Md.
 Grace the Strongest Figure
 United States Steel has sought to get uniform wage structure in the industry in order to eliminate this competitive advantage, and Bethle- hem has struggled to preserve that advantage, according to authorities.
 Grace has been the outstanding spokesman on the steel industry and probably It's strongest figure since Judge Gary's rule over the industry ended with his death. Re- CgUtEy hG ACHAsVeV tHU SAgSsAVH VI Girdler as president of the Ameri- can Iron and Steel Institute. United States Steel backed its president, William A. Irwin. But Girdler voted for himself and won by one vote.
 1nasmuch as Grace now appears to stand out as the first major in- dustrialist who has given John Lewis Q setback, his star in the industrial Armament hardly seems to be fading. Heretofore one of his chief distinctions has been as 6 recipient of cash bonuses from his corporation. Even though Some- thing might be wrong with official government figures as to the wages of his employees, there is no question that Grace collected some three million dollars in bonuses and in one year a mill lion.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1937-07-03
WHAT THE WEEKEND p1cN1cs WILL FEATURE

Sandwiches, hot dogs salad, stuffed eggs Tomatoes, bananas and beer out of kegs.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1937-01-14

Blue chambray and
covert cloth. Heavy
weight. Sizes 6 to IA.
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14
NOTICE OF HEARING ON FINAL
ACCOUNT AND PETITION FOR
DISTRIBUTION

In the Superior Court of the State
Of Washington in and for Benton
County
In the matter of the estate Of An
ma M. Huston, deceased.
Notice is hereby given that w. E
Thackara, administrator of the
above entitled estate, has filed his
final account and petition for dis
tribution in the office of the Clerk
Of the above entitled Court and that
the Court is asked to settle said fin
al account, to distribute the prop
erty of said estate to the heirs or
persons entitled to the same and to
discharge the administrator.
Said final account and petition for
distribution will be heard by the
Court at the Court House in Prosser,
Benton County. Washington, on the
18th day of February, 1887, at the
hour of $50 o'clock in the forenoon.
Dated this 18th day of January,
1897.
w. e. THACKARA, Administrator
BY Moulton g. Powell, his attor-
neys. 1:14-28
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14
MILLS
ACCEPTS JOB
IN SPOKANE
HOVER

Miss Lucille Mills, who has been
attending the University at Moscow,
Idaho has completed her course.
She majored in home economies.
She has been offered and has ac-
copied a position in the home serv-
ice department of the Washington
Water Power Company. Her work
will be in Spokane. Her many
friends here wish her much success
in her new work.
Wallace Nelson, who has been i'll
the past week, was able to return
to school Tuesday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Grover Montague
and family from Boyds arrived last
Tuesday for an extended visit at
the j. E. Cochran home.
Word has been received from
Mrs. G. B. Ashby that they are still
eating spinach and lettuce from
the gardens in Matanuska Valley
in Alaska.
Miss Emma Dahlin returned from
Portland, whereshe has been va
cationing.
Mr.. and Mrs. A. S. Mcintyre and
family we're dinner guests at the
VIM. Mills home.
Mr.. and Mrs. Larry Dimmick and
son Billie were overnight guests at
the Carl Evans home Thursday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Harry Hampton and
son Bobbie returned from Moscow,
Idaho Friday. .#
C. E. Layton is working for Harry
Hampton. " -
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

NOTICE OF DELINQUENT RRI.
CATION ASSESSMENTS AND
SALE OF LANDS THKRKFOR
Kennevick Inigatisn District
Notice Is hereby given that irri-
CATION assessments for the year 1885
Of the Kennewick Irrigation District
upon premises and lands within said
District are now delinquent and In
terest on the amount Of each assess
ment has accrued thereto, and said
assessments including said accrued
interest and costs, are payable at
the office of the undersigned Treas
urer of Benton County.
Inasmuch as these delinquent as
sessments stand as q lien against
the real property for which they are
assessed and unless the said assess
ments, together with said accrued
interest and costs are paid prior to
Saturday, the 23rd day Of January,
1897, I will, as commanded by law
on said date, at the hour Of 10 o.
clock am. of said day, at front en-
trance Of the Court House in the
City Of Prosser, Washington, sell
each and all of said tracts on which
said assessments, accrued interest
and costs shall not then have been
paid, or so much thereof as shall be
necessary to meet the same. Such
sale shall be in the manner by stat
ute made and provided and the land
sold shall be subject to redemption
as provided by law in such cases.
All of said lands are situate in
Townships numbered North from
the Base Line and Ranges num-
bered East from the Willamette
Meridian, in Benton County, State
of Washington.
Three lists of all property delin-
quent in the District mentioned
above are posted in each voting pre-
cinct and in the places hereinafter
mentioned:
Precinct No. 1: On highway at
Southeast corner of Tract /, High
lands Plat "B", known as Kadow
corner; on corner Of Tract %, High
lands Plat "B", near Highlands Club
House; at Southeast corner Of Tract
Sc, Highlands Plat "B," at pipe line.
One additional copy Is also posted
in the office of the Board Of Di-
rectors of the Kennewick District;
and one In the office of the County
Treasurer Of Benton County, Wash
ington.
Dated this 30th day Of December,
1896, at Prosser Washington.
BEN KNOX,
Treasurer Of Benton County and
Officio Treasurer Of Kennewick
District. 12:31-1:14
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

.nrcrA1-lo9e off on all goods
.a,d IN January. We have new
- need bicycles. Beautiful oil
s.sters any size, davenports and
.sa,rs new and used ranges. Every
. s in the way of furniture; also
hove about 8 cords of tie wood and
,-,doe blanks. Durocher's Bargain
store, Kennewick 4ztI
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14
NOTICE OF DELINQUENT IRRI-
CATION ASSESSMENTS AND
SALE OF LANDS THEREFOR

Columbia Irrigation District
Notice is hereby given that irri-
cation assessments for the year 1885
Of the Columbia Irrigation District
upon premises and lands within said
district are now delinquent and in
terest on the amount Of each as
sessment has accrued thereto, and
said assessments including said ae-
crued interest and costs, are pay
able at the office Of the under
signed Treasurer Of Benton County.
Inasmuch as these delinquent as
sessments stand as q lien against
the real property for which they are
assessed and unless the said assess
ments, together with said accrued
interest and costs are paid priod to
Saturday, the 23rd day Of Janu-
airy, 1897, I will, as commanded by
law on said date, at the hour Of
10 O'Clock am. Of said day, at front
entrance Of the Court House In the
City of Prosser, Washington, sell
each and all of said tracts on which
said assessments, accrued interest
and costs shall not then have been
paid, or so much thereof as shall
be necessary to meet the same. Such
sale shall be in the manner by
statute made and provided and the
land scld shall be subject to re-
demption as provided by law in such
cases.
All of said lands are situate In
Townships numbered North from
the Base Line and Ranges num-
bered East from the Willamette Me-
ridian, in Benton County, State Of
Washington.
Three lists Of all property delin-
quent in the District mentioned
above are posted in each voting pre-
cinct and in the places hereinafter
mentioned:
Precinct No. /: One at the margin
Of the state highway crossing OF
Columbia Irrigation Districts canal
In Section 31-10-28; one at the mar
gin of state highway at the North
east corner of the SWN Of the
NWA Of Section 30-9-29; one at
the intersection of the Highlands
Road with the state highway in the
SwA of Section 1890.
Precinct No. 2: One at the post
office, Kennewick, Washington; one
near the intersection Of Auburn
street and Kennewick avenue, Ken
newick, Washington; one at the city
hall, Kennewick. Washington.
Precinct No. 8: one on the Coun-
ty road opposite the northeast cor
ner of section 1850; one at the
Finley hall entrance, Finley Wash
ington, one at the Finley store. Fin
ley, washington.
Precinct No. 4: One on the mar
gin of the County Road opposite
the residence of II. 8. Hughes in
Section 1851; one on the margin
of the road at the residence of C.
j. Dahlin in Section 5-7-31; one OPP
posite the Hover store. Hover,
Washington.
One additional copy is also post
ed in the office Of the Board of
Directors Of the Columbia District;
and one In the office of the County
Treasurer of Benton County. WASH
ington.
Dated this 30th day of December,
1896, at Prosser, Washington.
BEN KNOX,
Treasurer Of Benton County and
Ex-Officio Treasurer Of Columbia
District. 12:31-1:14
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

WE BUY OR SELL milk cows. Have
nice cows that will be fresh soon.
We are In the market for hogs at
all times. Farmers Exchange. 21tfc
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

Big market for little things-try
a want ad.
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

FOR SALE-Nine room house, mo-
dern; heating; Cressweu Apart
ments. For information write A. G.
Evett, Hanford, Wn 42p
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

HAVE YOU SEEN the samples OF
nersonal stationery in our window?
zoo sheets of paper, 100 envelopes
urinted with your name and adj
dress for one dollar. Kennewick
Printing Co. 42t1
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14
NOTICE OF LEASING OF
STATE SHORE LANDS

cribed lands, situated in Benton
County, Washington, will be offered
or lease on Tuesday, the End day OF
February, 1897, at ten o'clock am,
in front Of the Court House of Ben
ton County, at public auction to the
highest bidder for q term of five
years. Each bidder will be required
to deposit a certified check, certif-
icate Of deposit payable to the
County Auditor, or cash, equal In
amount to the first years rental of
such land in accordance with his
bid, together with $500, the statu-
tory fee for issuing q lease.
No improvements shall be placed
on State Lands except by written
permission Of the Commissioners.
No lessee shall without the writ
ten consent Of the Commissioners
remain In possession of the land or
improvements after the expiration
Of the lease.
Application No. POLL
All shore lands Of the second
class owned by. the State Of WASH
ington, situate in front Of, ada
cent to or AUDITING upon the fol-
owing described uplands:
Lot 2, section Is, township 8 north,
range 30 east. w. NJ, with q 'front.'
age Of 2l88 Hneal chains, more or
less.
Rental-$1os4 per annum. Term
five years.
Lot 3, section Is. township 8 north,
range 30 east, w. NJ, with q 'front.'
age Of Plat Nneal chains. more OF
less.
Rental-$l0.N per annum. Term,
five years.
Lot 4, section Is. township 8 north
range 80 east, w. NJ, with q 'front.'
age of 21.27 lineal chains, more OF
less.
Rental $10.64 per annum. Term
five years.
Lot 1, section So, township 8 north
range 30 east, w. NJ, with q 'front.'
age of 20.l8 lineal chains, more o,
less.
Rental-$10.oe per annum. Term
five years.
Lot 2. section SO, township
north, range 80 east, w. NJ, with q
frontage Of 2228 lineal chains, more
or less.
Rental-$ll.14 per annum. Term
five years.
Lot 3, section SO. township 9
north, range 80 east, w. NJ, with q
frontage Of 22.78 Nneal chains, more
or less.
Rental $l1ss per annum. Term
five years.
Lots / and Of Assessors Plat
No. 4 In section 6, township z north,
range 81 east, w. NJ. and section 81.
township 8 north, range 81 east.
w. NJ, with q frontage Of 2822 lin
cal chains, more or less.
Rental-$14.l1 per annum. Term
five years.
Lots 8 and 4 of Assessors Plat
No. 4 IN section 6, township 2 north,
range 81 east, w. NJ, and section
81, township 8 north, range 81 east,
w. NJ, with q frontage Of 1890 lin
cal chains, more or less.
Rental-$6.15 per annum. Term
five years.
Lots S, 6. 2, 8. and 8 of Assessors
Plat No. 4 in section 6, township 2
north, range 81 east. w. NJ, and
section 81, township 8 north, range
81 east. w. NJ, with a frontage of
1898 lineal chains, more or less.
Rental-$8.99 per annum. Term
five years.
Note: Lessee must be q citizen of
the United States or have declared,
in good faith, his intentinn to be-
come such.-Chapter so, Laws 1921
Note: Receipts for deposits made
with applications to lease may be
used by applicant only, as cash on
date of leasing.
Witness my hand and seal Of Of
flee this 26th day of December, 1896.
(SEAL) A. G. MARTIN,
Commissioner of Public Lands Of
the State of Washington. l2:3l-l:28
Big market for little things-try
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

MODERN CARS are marvellous, but
they need care and occasionally
reuairs. Drive in for q thorough mo-
tor check up. Pratt's Garage. c
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

any GOOD QUALITY SHOES for
vour children, then have them re-
,oired as needed. You'll save money.
rickson,s Shoe Repair Shop. c
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

IRRIGATED FARMS FOR SALE
Also hay, corn, grain and other
farm produce for sale In season.
See w. G. Muldrow, secy. Sunny
side Irrigation District. Benton City,
washington. 18tfc
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

FOR SALE+14-acre place in East
| Kennewick, about 4 miles from
town; az acres grass; some hay;
cheap. See S. G. Lawrence. Att
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

WE TAKE A REAL GENUINE
personal interest in your motor
needs. Drive in and get taste of
real service. Knowles Service. c
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

ALL KINDS of cookies! Baked
fresh every day. Always have a sup
Div in your home. Kennewick Bak-
cry. G
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

FOR SALE - Davenport, sanitary
lounge, chairs, tables, beds springs
and mattress; stoves and rocking
chairs. Mrs. G. A. Rupp; phone
651. ATTIC
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

FOR SALE-Work horses. Vernon
McCarty, IL miles south west Of
Finley. 39-43p
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

FOR SALE-White Leghorn hens, /
year old; also pullets, Blue Rib
bon stock. Mrs. w. w. Rice, Rt. l,
Kennewick. 42-46c
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

FOR SALE-Good, fresh AL Hol-
stein, 4 years old; also wanted a
mediums sized beef. Henry Hartung,
Richland, WASH, phone 1874. 42-3p
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14
illlIIllllllLive StocklIllIllIlIll

FOR SALE-Nine 6-weeks-old pigs.
l mile north and n mile west of
Finley. Floyd A. Woodruff, Route l,
KenneWick. 42p
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

FOR. SALE-One Groom bungalow,
except heat; one 5-room modern,
except heat. These are bargains and
easy terms. Martins Barber Shop. tt
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

PERSONALIZED STATIONERY
200 sheets, 100 envelopes, with
your name and address for one dol
lar. See samples at Kennewick
Printing Co. 42tf
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

HATS AND CAPS-Hats cleaned
and blocked 60c; caps cleaned Csc.
Peterson Dye Works, phone one
tVu-three, Pasco. 32tf
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

SPECIAL WINTER PRICES-Fam-
ily washing, Is lb. 75c; rough dry
aarched, 10 lib. 75c; family finished,
10 b. $1.35. Price Of phone call sub
tracted from bill. Phone As, Pasco
Laundry. 37tfc
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

We BUY AND SELL secondhand
furniture. Washington Hardware
e. Furniture Co., Safe
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

CHOICE Of color, type and sizes in
personalized static merry; 200
sheets, 100 envelopes for one dollar
at Kennewick Printing Co. Att
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14
] Wanted IIIIlIlllI

WANTED Young person to act as
part time bookkeeper with local
concern. Leave name, age and
qualifications at this office. 41tf
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14

HOOVER VACUUM CLEANERS
Sales and service. For demon
STATIONS write VIM. Helander, care
Of the Yakima Hardware Co., Yak
tina, Wash. Guaranteed used ma
chimes, $500 up. 13tfp
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1937-01-14
For Sale lIlllllll|

WHEN IN NEED Of high grade new
or used washing machines, stoves,
oil heaters or furniture, call at the
Durocher Bargain Store, Kenne-
wick, Wash. 38tfc
Evening star., 1937-06-25
Prehistoric Ruins in Utah.

The custodian Of Utah Natural
Park has found some rare old ruins
He has discovered prehistoric kiva
and houses
Evening star., 1937-06-25

be wooed only through Wiping away
obstacles to international trade. This
doctrine is the favorite gospel of both
men. Van Iceland is here to discuss
trade alone, not war debts nor an in
ternational economic conference.
The question is, what suggestions
did Van iceland make to Hull for
expanding Americas trade agree
ments policy, which has made little
lnroads into Europe? A leading prob
lem in the minds of both men con-
Germs Germany. which deals on a
You buy, I SELF basis.
Evening star., 1937-06-25

MdrUn NJ Wire jr 1920 Seventeenth street, some
boys mho left today for Camp Le the Y NJ c. A. boys camp
on the Rhode Ruer Annapolis Nd tells his mother good
before starting for today NTH group from Central
Y Building, 1896 street. The camp began its Muty-frst
today and has capacity for 200 boys of the
first contingent OF campers expected to be seed
Star STAFF
Evening star., 1937-06-25
FILIPINO STUDENTS
OPEN PARLEY HERE
Christian Movement GROUP
Delegates Are Guests
at Luncheon.

The annual Summer conference OF
the Filipino Students Christian Move
ment in America opened here today at
the International Students House
l708 New Hampshire avenue
Filipino students In a number OF
United States universities, principally
OF the Midwest, registered during the
day for the conference, which was
scheduled to begin formally with an
open forum discussion this afternoon
The visiting delegates were guests at
a luncheon at the International Stu
dents House today
DR.. A. T. Diebert, professor of for
eign languages at George Washington
University and adviser for foreign stu
dents there, was scheduled to lead the
open forum discussion at pm. on the
question of How Can We Promote
Better International and Interracisl
Relations While in College?"
Tonight Miss Grace Lowry, directress
Of the International Students House,
and Pastor Vallesteros, president of the
Filipino Students Club here, were on
the program for addresses of welcome.
The visiting delegates will be intro
duced by Miguel R. Aguilar, graduate
student of George Washington Uni
versity and national president Of the
Filipino Students Christian Move
ment.
Committee reports will be presented
at a business session to be held at
the Y. M. c. A. tomorrow morning.
A banquet at the Y. w. c. A. tomor-
row night will be addressed by Miss
jeanette Rankin. first woman member
OF Congress, and Charles D. Hurrey,
general secretary Of the Committee on
Friendly Relations Among Foreign
Studnts.
Evening star., 1937-06-25
YOUR HUSBANDS WEIGHT

Insurance Companies warn about the DANGERS Of
overweieht. For they have definitely proved that
overweight places too much of load on the heart;
10 often associated with such diseases Ia diabetes
and kidney trouble-and shortens the normal span
OF life. Don't allow your husband to become
Weight Suggest this amazingly easy, pleasant, safe
WEIGH way reduce.