davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1937-09-05

of mans hands-there would be no
pavements or roads for the car; no
buildings above the pavements or
conduits and sewers under them;
no bridges over streams: no rail-
roads. no huge walls of masonry
which store water for irrigation and
to quench our thirst. Fields would
revert to weeds. and homes, ofices
and factories would be in ruins.
Dignity and Power Of Labor.
Labor day bespeaks the dignity,
the power and the fraternity of
labor.
Blessed is this Labor day in that
more or those who work with their
hands have jobs than on the last
Labor day; more can have the full
Joy Of earned holiday release from
toll. For those who have no jobs a
public holiday is too much like
other idle days. May there be still
more jobs next year.
On Labor day we say, "All this
you have done for us"-to the swift
fingers Of women, to the men who
swing picks, to those who fashion
delicate instruments or make giant
girders and cranes, to al who work
with their hands, which made man
master Of the earth.
Evening star., 1937-09-05
U.S.DROPS "PROTECTION''
OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES
Right to Guard Citizens Abroad no
Longer Made Cover for Efforts
at atHegemOnv.
atHegemony.

thing to be avoided, not to be con-
fused with rightful protection.
Some years ago the Department
OF State, for example, prepared a
Memorandum on the Right to Pro-
tect Citizens in Foreign Countries by
Landing Forces. revised and re-edited
In 1929, in which a brilliant expo
sitlon OF the right of protection is
offered, with quotations from q dis
tinguished array of authors from
many nations. But one needs only
to peruse that erudite defense OF the
right OF protection and compare 1t
with a historical account OF the acts
committed by previous United States
administrations in Latin America, in
the name OF protection, to realize that
the problem lies not in the lawfulness.
but in the extent of protection.
Protection Of nationals abroad is
privilege accepted by international
law, provided certain limitations are
respected, and certain prescribed
methods-legal and juridical, instead
OF political and military-followed
The sort Of protection invoked In
United States-Latin American rela-
tions, until but a few years ago was
clearly an abuse of that privilege.
Cites Right Kind of Protection.
In the memorandum mentioned. Mr..
j. Reuben Clark. then solicitor for the
State Department and later Under
secretary OF State and Ambassador to
Mexico, concludes, f ON his careful
analysis OF the subject, that the right
kind Of protection need not have
any reference to the internal politics
OF the invaded country in the matter
OF either supporting or changing the
particular form of government" or
in any other domestic matter of
solely local concern.
In the same memorandum, one OF
the authorities most often quoted,
defines the wrong kind of protection.
the protection identified with inter-
ventlon, as that in which he who
protects or intervenes imposing his
authority on state weaker and in
capable of escaping through fear Of
the consequences OF its resistance.
IS burden upon the sovereignty o.
that country, suppresSes its laws. acts
contrary to its institutions. NEEDLES
in the administration OF It's Justice.
orders the measures which 1t Is tn
take. suppresses measures taken, sub
stltutes, in word, its will for the
efaced will of the government Of
that state and attempts by inva-
sion, by military occupation, to i'm
pose upon the will of country, to
interfere in its internal affairs. to
direct its conduct in determined
ways"
1t is this wrong kind of protec-
ton. this abuse of the right OF pro-
tection-typical, until the advent of
the good neighbor" policy, OF the re-
latlons Of the United States with
some OF the Caribbean repuolics-that
this country has now given up. The
record Of the past four years shows
ample evidence of the change.
The sending of Marines to protect
| the lives Of Americans in the Shang-
hal International Settlement can not
be considered an exception to the new
policy or a reversion to the old. for
they are going there in compliance
with international compacts. and not
for any OF the purposes Just described
as characteristic of the wrong kind
/ Of protection
| tCopyrisht. 1887
Evening star., 1937-09-05
China
'Continaed From First Page)

OF Japan's armed forces. Red Cross
ambulances- repeatedly report delib-
crate bombing and machine cunning
by japanese war planes.
Japans assumed fear of Chinese
eommunlsnf is unlikely to fool any
one. From within, Japan itself is in
much more danger of communism
than from China. There are more
Japanese than Chinese communists,
Such communism as exists in China
has no organic connections at all with
the U. S. S. R. 1t represents merely
certain diacontented Chinese bands
which have resorted to arms in the
attempt to gain power They rep
resent a pIrely domestic problem and
any "threst' to Japan is just imag-
inary.
Disorder" Not One Sided.
Japan is poor country to point a
fnger at disorder in China. 1t is
% only few months ago that an entire
Japanese regiment ran amuck right
In Toxic gnd defied the Emperor him.
self 1t is the armed forces which
dictate tire policy of Japan and make
mockerg of the promises and state
ments of her diplomats
The japanese assertion that Nam
king has been responsible for the
anti-Japsnese movement in China is
just the opposite of the truth. The
Chinese government. rather, has Jagged
far behind the people, whom it has
sought 20 restrain in this particu-
lar. Witness the detention of Gen.
Chang Kai-shek at Sian-fu last year.
The object of that detention was to
force the generals hand against
Japan
If at. times Japanese property and
lives in. China seem unsafe, it is the
Japanese themselves who are to blame.
The management q a factory, for
example, cannot indefinitely abuse its
workers and regard itself as immune
from the ultimate anger of the sur
rounding community. japanese be-
havior in China has been unbearably
overlooking. Naturally there is a
limit to the endurance OF human be-
1ngs, even if those humans be only
-lowly Chinese coolies. Japan recog-
nlzes only the mailed fist.
Evening star., 1937-09-05

Labor provided the dry groceries
on the kitchen shelves. 1t provided
the milk and all the perishable
food in the electric refrigerator.
which it built and may have in
stalled while the breadwinner of
the family was away from home
on his Job. contributing his part to
the supply Of modern needs and
luxuries.
Labor Brings Electricity.
Mans hands put up the poles and
strung the wires which carry the
current to keep the food fresh.
They were essential in the build
ing Of the light and power plants.
They repair wires broken by storms.
We do not dip the gas for our
cars from natures spring at the
roadside. Labor drilled the wells
for the oil, refined the oil into gas
and brought the gas to the filling
station.
Men burrow IN the earth for ore
and coal, to make the metal for our
cars. Mans hands are masters Of
the machines which shape and
mold the parts. In step-by-step
precision they assemble the parts
into the finished whole.
Without manual labor-the labor
Evening star., 1937-09-05

examined his home and found q bed
OF sand in one room-nothinz but
sand-and black mud in the next
room Hes still trying to figure it
out
In disaster few weeks ago Evans
vile repaid to another Indiana city,
sullivan, good deed done during the
flood. Sullivan sent several fire trucks
to Evansville. Recently. citizens of
Evansville staged a special campaign
for funds to relieve the families OF
miners killed in an explosion at Sulli-
van
Twenty miles below Evansville lies
Mount Vernon, town of 5000, center
OF famous Hooppole Township and
Posey County. High and almost dry.
Mount Vernon suffered little, but cared
for thousands of refugees. Its people
worked night and day. The new
coliseum was turned into a hospital
Since the flood Mount Vernon has
been footing its horn. An advertise
ment OF the Chamber of Commerce
displays camel on the desert and
A'AodAA1 Nci hull, 1IluldUd-
High and Dry During the Flood OF
1897 Industries are invited to locate
there and keep dry.
ShawneetoWn, III. the moving town
is great center of motorist attrac-
ton these days The community is
being moved, literally. from its old
site on the river to high ground
and a new location several miles
away.
In Cincinnati, Louisville and Evans
vile recovery from the flood has been
remarkable. In Louisville I visited
a factory operated by a friend. He
had just repaired his plant. The
flood had almost driven him out of
business. Despite his losses, he was
coming back. Before him, on the
wall, was a reminder of the flood
the high-water mark, II feet up
His plant is mile from the river.
Even to thousands who suffered
heavy losses the flood was almost a
lark. Most Of the valley dwellers made
the best OF it. Their greatest hops
Is that it won't happen again. It's all
over. but they love to tell you about it.
Evening star., 1937-09-05
Japan
Continued From First Page J

~
soldiers well known for their anti-Jap-
anese spirit Chinese armies were
then rushed northWard contrary To
previous no-Japanese agreements
causing imminent danger to Japanese
lives in North China and deep anx-
lety in Toxic. There had been re-
peated failures on the part of the
chinese to carry out their promises,
because Of excited and uncomfortable
Chinese soldiery. Peiping was plas-
tered with anti-Japanese posters and
seethed with demonstrations japan.
a1ter exercising great restraint, was
forced to act. Marking refused to
recognize agreements concluded in
the north, and these were subsequent
ly broken by the Chinese, including
the written understanding of July IL,
AS Tor the Shanghai fighting, this
was engineered by the Chinese with
the object of weakening Japan's mill
tary effectiveness by extending the
front, and with the further pur-
pose OF possibly embroiling Japan with
o1ner foreign countries Japan has
not the slightest ambition to seize
Shanghai or any other part of China
The problems of insuring stability
IN North China and of making the
Chinese realize the necessity of Sino-
japanese cooperation are of sufi-
clent magnitude to preoccupy the
attention of Japan's forces. To claim
that Japan seeks a war with China
Is absurd. 1t is a well-known fact
that Japan showed every disposition
and made every effort to localize the
dispute and to prevent laree-scale
fighting.
1nvincible as are Japan's army and
navy, Japan has no desire to pour
out its blood and treasure In an at-
tempt to shackle 100000, 900 people,
All that Japan wants from China is
an opportunity to trade peacefully. a
cessation of organized anti-Japanese
propaganda, and the extirpation of
Chinese communism-an opportunity
TO bury the hatchet and become good
friends. From the outside world
Japan wants chiefly a willingness to
examine Japan's case dispassionately
and a recognition of Japan's special
geographical and political position
on the Asiatic mainland.
Evening star., 1937-09-05

do not forget that the paper on
which this is written and on which
1t will be printed came from trees
which manual labor felled and
sawed. Manual labor made my
typewriter. the machinery which
grinds the wood into pulp. forms 1t
into thin sheets and then into great
rolls. It made the presses which
unwind the rolls into this edition,
to be delivered to our door by
human hands.
Buying the shirt on my back may
have seemed only deal between
the store clerk and me. But sweat
ing labor raised the cotton. The
hands of men and women tended
the looms which wove the cotton
into cloth. They ran the ma
chimes which cut the cloth into
patterns and sewed the parts to-
gether.
None of us should forget that We
owe our toast or breakfast rolls to
the labor which raised the grain.
ground the grain to flour and baked
the loaves: that we owe our meat
for dinner to labor in rearing the
animals and turning them into
steaks and chops.
Evening star., 1937-09-05

Joe Ryan, A. F. OF L. leader
OF Atlantic Coast longshore-
men.
Center: Joseph P. Kennedy,
chairman OF Maritime Com
mission.
mated by, the leadership of the A. F.
OF l.. AS their instrument off shore
in the Atlantic waters, the A. F. OF
L. has the International Seamens
Union. once powerful voice for the
men who go down to the sea in
ships, but now badly raided by the
N. M. U. and in process of getting
face-lifting by the A. F. of L.
strategists.
Fully Aware OF Problems.
That medicine man Kennedy Is
fully aware of the grave problems resi-
dent in this complicated labor pic
ture goes without saying.
The labor situation is to be the
subject of special scrutiny" he re-
marks in discussing, the present sur
vey. Shipping gives employment to
thousands of men. ashore and afoat.
The Industry in turn cannot prosper
without the whole e-hearted co-opera-
ton Of labor. The Government. as
partner in the business of ship
ping, wants American seamen to have
the best possible conditions aboard
ship and the fairest wages. At the
same time, it cannot permit factional-
ism and disloyalty to jeopardize our
position IN international shipping The
Nation has stake in our maritime
industry which transcends the claims
OF either capital or labor.
The problems Of their disagree
ment must somehow be solved if we
are to interest the investing public
and maintain competitive position
at sea-"
Already, on the Atlantic. Pacific
and Gulf coasts. members of the COM
mission have held extensive hearings
on employment and wage conditions
IN ocean-going shipping as a basis for
determining fair wages and working
conditions.
Conditions Described.
Some of the testimony received
makes it more understandable why the
men who follow the sea feel it to their
advantage to face their employers en-
masse
In seagoing terms they told of liv-
ing in crowded fo'c'sles where SANTA
ton was impossible and vermin were
numerous, Of inadequate toilet and
locker facilities and complete lack of
bathing facilities, of garbage piled in
companionways adjacent to their
quarters of bunk sheets being changed
only once month, of less than suf-
flcient food or poor quality, and of
being paid off in l. o. US. They told
of employers blacklists and of other
working conditions that man ashore
might avoid by quitting his job or
refusing to do his work But on the
seas that would be mutiny, and so
they turned to organization
That the oft-times hard-pressed
ship owners find it financially difficult
to correct some Of these conditions is
probably true Both sides hope DR..
Kennedy and his aides will find the
answers.
Evening star., 1937-09-05
Old London Landmark =,
Due to Be Torn Down

LONUON.-The residence Of the
Marquis of Lansdowne, who as prime
minister conceded independence to
the United States Is being torn down
to make way for a great Office building
The house. which stood on the east
side Of Berkeley Square, is one Of
20 well-known Mayfair buildings that
must be demolished, including No. IL.
which was once the home of Horace
Walpole The front door of this
house has been bought by an Ameri-
can, who plans to take it to the United
States.
Evening star., 1937-09-05

- o1SD III dllu VI AIIlell( ans
~ labored for a century until
~ 1900 to building an industrial
A and agricultural empire on
the banks of the Ohio River.
1t is his descendants who are bring
ing it back after the fiood-back to
the point where the tourist can hardly
tell the difference
l followed the Ohio from Parkers-
burg. w. Va, in Mount Vernon, In
dlana's southwesternmost river town.
This distance covers most Of the riv-
er's course. In many cities. the
steam shovel is still working on the
water front, clearing wrecked or con-
demned buildings. Most of the dam
age. however, has been erased.
Valley dwellers still display the
same optimism that carried them
through the deluge in which countless
homes. factories and farms were de-
stroyed. Almost every home has a
scrapbook of clippings and pictures to
illustrate the verbal story of the flood.
Time Reckoned by Flood.
The flood left behind it a new sys-
tenn for reckoning time. Before the
food and after the flood" are heard
in every conversation. They have
been shortened to B. F. and A. F.. The
flood itself is the center Of every story.
The Ohio was rolling along peace
fully when I drove to the river bank
at Cannelton. Ind A little ferry boat
plies the Ohio to Hawesvllle, KY.
across the river, and had just missed
it. An old man, white-haired and
wearing battered straw hat, emerged
from his filling station to greet me-
All he wanted to talk about was the
flood. 1t was graphic story.
Across the road from his place was
a giant tree, its surface water marked
and weather. beaten for decades back
The old man pointed to sign, IS
feet up on the tree trunk. 1t read:
'High-water Mark, 1887 Flood, Can
elton, Ind" To the stranger, this was
hard to believe.
yep" exclaimed the Hoosier, that's
true My whole place was under
water. See that factory next door.
Well, they was a-rowin' around in it
Just under the roof when the flood
was at the crest. The river stayed
up for two whole weeks"
In a home nearby a mother gave
birth to q child as flood waters edged
toward the house. Just after the child
was born, they we're removed by row.
boat to high ground.
Down the river at Evansville. in
dustrial center of more than 100000
population. several condemned build
ings are being razed along the water
front plaza.
Waters Bring Bug Problem.
Evansville's greatest post-flood prob
lem is the bugs" Many homes are
literally infested with thousands of
small, black bugs, left by the flood.
Families are still moving out, for q day
or . week, while their homes are fumi-
gated and sprayed.
Property owners had to dig mud
and dirt from the hoors and walls
after the water subsided. One farmer
Evening star., 1937-09-05
BY GASTON NERVAL.

o1o oA~ A~AAs HAs
|HE United States has not given
up the right to protect its citi-
zens abroad What she has
L given up is the old practice of
using the right OF protection to cover
up acts Of hegemony and interven-
ton in the domestic affairs of other
countries. 1t seems important to
underline this difference, for recent
press comments on the evacuation of
Americans from the Far Eastern war
zone in contrast with former policies
of the United States In Latin Amer
lea have been somewhat misunder-
Stood
This whole problem of protection Of
nationals is. as we have often had oc-
casion to observe in inter-American
relations. one Of intensity. All the
criticism and objections to the pro-
lection of nationals abroad depend
upon the extent to which such pro-
lection is carried and upon the meth
DDS followed in doing It, 1t is a mat
ter, essentially, of degree.
Protection Rights Never Denied.
No one will deny. no one has ever
denied, the right Of a government to
protect its citizens in foreign coun-
try, If and when this protection is
exercised through the established
channels Of diplomatic negotiation and
in accordance with certain funda-
mental principles upon which the law
OF nations is built. The right of pro-
lection. in this sense, is upheld by all
the authorities on international law.
1t Is said to be an inherent right. a
natural right, upon which rests the
very essence OF government. More
than that: 1t is said TO be not only
right, but a duty of all self-respect-
ing governments The opinions OF
courts and internationally known au-
thorities support this theory.
But the problem is not whether
protection is sanctioned rule of in
ternatlonal law or not. There seems
to be no conflict about that. The
problem is to find when that right,
which We all agree exists. ceases 10 be
such and becomes an abuse of right.
Therein lies the fault Of all the OFF,
clal and unof1icial defenders OF the
former Latin American policy OF the
United States. They can find no bet
ter justification for the imperiahstic
features of that policy-fortunatel
gone today-than to cite the rules laid
down by writer's and recognized inter-
| natonallsts about the right of pro-
lection. They fill volumes with their
comments upon those rules. They
| proclaim solemnly before the world
the sanctty Of the right OF protection
But they fail to notice the limitations
| which those same authorities have in
variably placed upon that undenia Bile
right.
/ Ihey fail to see. or pretend to dc
SO, that the protection theoretical,
sanctioned by law is one thing ano
the kind Of protection which used te
be involved in United States inter.
| Ventlon in Latin America another
an entirely different thing. The for.
mer no one contests. Latin American
experts, like Bello and Calvo, have
been among the first TO uphold it. Ths
latter type of protection, however
not one of the authorities they quote
would even include under the headins
OF protection, and many of then
nave specifically pointed to it as tn,
Evening star., 1937-09-05

shipping as a source Of trained men?
Labor:
l. How many people make their
living out of subsidized shipping?
2. What are the earnings Of
workers in the shipping industry and
how do they compare with those Of
other industries?
3. How do shipboard working condi-
tions compare with those ashore and
those on foreign vessels2
T. What can be done to protect
shipping against costly interruptions
to service?
S. What steps should be taken to
develop sea-going personnel?
6. Is there An adequate supply of
trained shipyard labor and sufficient
management ability to direct it?
Capital:
l. How much money has been in
vested in our present foreign-g going
feet by private investors and by the
Government?
2 What is the earning record and
the reserves of American ship lines?
3. Is the industry sufficiently stable
and profitable to attract large-scale
investment, or can it be made so?
4. What areas are benefited most
by prosperous maritime commerce
and where does the industry's annual
expenditure of $200000,00o go?
Requirements Of United States:
l.. What do we need to protect our
commerce and to serve as an auxiliary
of defense?
2. What types. sizes and speeds best
fit these requirements?
3. Should we build superliners?
4. What are the requirements Of
individual routes?
S. What is likely effect OF recent
aeronautical developments on ship i.
ping industry?
Policy Of United States:
l. Should we build in private yards,
Government yards, .or both?
g. Can the ship operators raise nee
cessary down payments for private
building?
3. How can the public interest be
sateguarded If Government builds
ships for charter?
Cost:
l. 1t costs substantially more to
build ships in the United States To
this difference must be added the
subsidies enjoyed by foreign builders.
What will be the total building cost?
2. 1t costs more to operate vessels
under the American flag than under
foreign flags. The amount Of this
difference, plus foreign operating SUBJ
Evening star., 1937-09-05
Rertinax
Continued From First page)

cent the tarin for the transport of
both men and goods, and asked for
special accommodations in the harbor.
The management speedily complied
with their wishes. However, no thanks
have ever been returned for that act
Of good will. So now it Is being seri.
ously questioned whether all rebates
Of railway charges ought not to be
Cancelled on account OF the all-round
hostility by the Italian government to-
ward French interests.
1t goes without saying that the
Italian government would at once
retaliate by forcibly seizing that part
Of the railroad that lies in Abyssinia;
but, at the same time, they would
surely foresee that in such An event
the port of Djibouti would Immediately
be closed to Italian trafic. There
Is no alternative outlet and q new
railroad line could not be completed
until several years had passed by. All
the Italian garrison OF Abyssinia
would be bottled In, practically cut
OF from communication with the rest
Of the world.
tcepy1isht 1879
Evening star., 1937-09-05
; Floored by Icicle.

GREEN BAY, Wis. tPl-The ther-
mometer stood at 80 plus when a fall
ing iciele hit Ray Rasmussen, 80, on
the head. He recovered consciousness
At local hospital with a cut on his
scalp that required three stitches to
close.
Ray works for an ice company.
The icicle fell from the ceiling Of the
storage room.