davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Waterbury Democrat., 1937-08-11
PIGEON POISON
 USER UNCAUCHT
Continued from Page D

Continued from Page D after years of suffering indignities from pigeons, one pigeon had gone too far with her and made a scourge for his race. They so told the de- tectives from the police and the so- ciety for the prevention of cruelty to animals who mingled with the persons who daily feed the swarms of pigeons in the park and squares, believing that the old woman hated enough to try poisoning another flock.
 New York pigeons have been pam pered by cliff-dwellers who rarely see any other specie of bird, and are of incredible boldness. They descend in clouds on any person who looks as thought he might be Q food.bearer. They perch on the roofs and window sills of buildings facing the parks, and many wary pedestrians carry their hots in their hands while passing.
 Yesterdays Massacre
 Yesterdays massacre occurred in the tiny, triangular park surround ing the statue of Giuseppe Verdi, Facing 1t are the Ansonia hotel and 6 number of apartment buildings. The management of the hotel and of all the buildings have repeatedly complained about the pigeons Though they abhored the wanton cruelty the old woman displayed, they told the detectives that the birds were a public nuisance.
 The detectives found Q young woman who returned home one night to find half dozen pigeons roasting on the head of her bed. She had to change the bed linen before she could retire. There was another who, having placed salad for five on the table, returned to her dining room from her kitchen and found pigeons busily pecking away on her China. The hotel management said their guests always were complain ing about pigeons flying in the win- dows, and, occasionally, purloining small objects. It was necessary, building managers said, to scrub window sills several times @ week.
 Pigeon Lovers Angry
 Pigeon lovers swamped the police with demands for the prompt ap- prehension of the old woman. There are so many of them that during the winter months, telegraph com- pany does a good business hiring o"t messengers to scatter feed in the parks. One of the most din- tinguished is Nickola Tesla, the in- ventor. In winter he has a mes- senger feed the pigeons daily in sev. eral parks.
 The old woman fed the pigeons straw-colored pellets closely resem- bling bird seed, but actually @ vide ly sold rodent exterminator, which contains strychnine. The poison gave the birds an inordinate thirst. Wa ter caused their bodies to swell. Their bodies, dropping out of the sky, filtered sidewalks and streets and building roofs, and some nar- rowly missed passing pedestrians, Police gathered more than 100 bodies.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1937-08-11
I tentions of the act at the present
House Consideration

tentions of the act at the present time.
 House Consideration
 House consideration of the Wag- ner bill is expected the latter part of this week. There is hope by sup- porters of the measure in its orig inal form. calling for better type construction than the Senate amendment allows, that the House will vote for bill calling for hous. es to cost at least $1,l00, possibly $i, 400 per room, instead of for the $1,000-per-room Senate provision. MT. Harris is of the opinion that the House will favor this increase and quotes Congressman J. Joseph Smith of Waterbury. as authority for this prediction.
 Long Job Ahead
 No matter what the outcome of final consideration of the bill" MT. Harris said, "a long program of work is necessary here before Wa terbury will be ready to present its application for federal funds under the bill. A great deal of work, such as decision on a site for the pro- ject, costs, @ bond issue, all are preliminary to actual participation by Waterbury in the housing fund" 
 London is seeking legislation for khe control nf nilhlic w,restlin0
The Waterbury Democrat., 1937-08-11

Grown Prince Michael, heir to the throne Rumania, now speaks Eng fish, French, Italian and German.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1937-08-11

"I1l soon have my sweetie talking hill-billy instead of sign language"
 All IS of the weddings involving members of the Raleigh's crew were arranged by Frank Crawford, an American attorney established here.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1937-08-11

London is seeking legislation for the control of public wrestling.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1937-08-11
DEMOCRAT LOVE
 FEAST WAS COLD

Continued from Page D
The Waterbury Democrat., 1937-08-11
LOCAL HOUSING
 PLAN OUTLINED

Continued from Page D
The Waterbury Democrat., 1937-08-11

Tokyo, Japan, may compel Cts ll,000 taxicahs install metera
The Waterbury Democrat., 1937-08-11
FOUR YANKEE
 SAILORS MARRIED

Continued from Page D
The Waterbury Democrat., 1937-08-11

Chile is considering obligatory rent reductions.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03
Duke Left Out of
Funds Set Aside
For Royal Family

LONDON. May 3. UP)-The civil
list recommendations providing fl
nancially for the royal family were
published today, disclosing that no
provision is made for the Duke of
Windsor.
The Duke, it was understood, will
be taken care of privately by the
Royal family.
The recommendation leave m-
changed the total OF G410,000
($2,050,000, made during the reign
OF Edward VIII
Princess Elizabeth, heir presump-
tive to the throne, receives $4,000
1925 ,000 year until she is 81,
when the sum will be raised to
G15000 (S75,000. If a son is born
to the King, however, she viii not
get the increase.
The Duke Of Gloucester. brother
of the King. will receive 10000 a
year ($50000) in addition to the
G35 600 C$125,0O0) which he already
gets.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03
Market Quotations
l.. A. STOCKS

Los ANG ELES, May 3. U.PD-
Two issues of Southern California
Edison stock went to new lows to-
day in rather quiet session of the
Los Angeles Stock Exchange.
Edison per cent pfd. dropped "a
to 2712 for new low mark on sale
of 200 shares, while the 5la per cent
pfd. also hit a fresh bottom when ii
slid * to 26M on sale of 200 shares
Edison common was unchanged at
251 Y on sale of 400 shares.
Other sales included: Security
First National Bank so shares SAY
unchanged; l.. A. Investment 200
shares s, up Is; l.. A. Investment 200
shares 8, up B; Security Units. 1S
at 43, unchanged; Transamerica 200
shares 14%, up u; Bandini Oil 800
shares 5R, down a Bolsa Chica, A,
200 shares Az, up 4.
California Packing hit a new low,
dropping " point to Al on sale of
100 shares; Wellington Oil 200
shares ~, up Is; Pacific Gas &
Electric 100 shares 29%, unchanged.
In a session in which approXi-
mately $4,000 shares crossed the
board. IA issues were up, Z were
down, and IL were unchanged.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03
L. A. VEGETABLES

Los ANGELES, May >. U.PD-
Offerings were heavy and several
lines weakened in spite of a good
buying demand.
Beans: San Pedro Kentucky Won
ders 15-15c. Valentines 11-12c. La
guna Beach Kentucky Wonders Ia
15c. Coachella Valley Kentucky
Wonders 15-16c. Green pods bounti-
fuls, blue lakes and brown seed
Kentucky Wonders 10-11c. Ocean
side wax 9-10c. Local and Guada-
lupe Faba 212c. Mexican limas 1Sc.
Cucumbers: Imperial Valley flats
$1OO-S1.15; Chula Vista flats SIPS
Lettuce: Santa Maria, Guadalupe
and Lompoc As $1.25-$l.35; 5s IS
S5c. Berros As 75-S5c Ventura Co. As
1881. 90; 5s 5075c. Orange Co. As
S5- -$1.00; 5s 6575c. Local dry pack
As $1.00$1.25.
squash: Imperial Valley white
summer S5-$1.00; Italian crates IS
SOC. Yellow crookneck 1850. Flat
$1.15; Coachella Valley white sum
mer 90-$1.00 flat, Italian S0-9Oc
crate. 75-S5c flat; Palm Springs
white summer $1.00S1.10 crate: san
Diego Co. Italian $1.15-$1.25 lug;
San Pedro white summer $l.O0S1.15
Tomatoes: INLAND crates 9-tops
$780, $3.25; 12s $2.75-$ $500; 161tops
50 .25; 20-tops $1.75 $500.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03

The four, who died in their home
were George Burkhard, So, pa
trolman; his wife, Mrs. Hannah
Burkhard, 45, and their daughters
Marian Burkhard, 10, and Helen
Burkhard, 20.
Burkhard had been indicted for
perjury i'll connection with teSti-
mony he gave before a grand jury
investigating charges that police
were collecting more than $1,000
900 a year III graft from owners of
houses of prostitution and gam
bling establishments in the city.
His case was TO have gone to the
jury today.
The bodies of the victims were
found by Edward O'Reilly. bro
ther-in-laW of the policeman, who
had called to see why the Burk-
hards had not kept dinner en-
gagement.
After he found the bodies he
ran screaming from the house and
a neighbor. William K. McFarron,
notified police.
Police reported that each of the
three women had been shot in the
back. From the positions of the
bodies it was believed the victims
had attempted in vain to flee to
safety and that Burkhard, after
killing the members of his family,
sat down in q chair, placed the
end of his rifle barrel III his
mouth and ended his own life.
The body of Mrs. Burkhard was
found near the head of the stairs
leading to the front entrance of
their home. The body Of one daugh-
ter was found at the other end of
a long hall, and that of the Sec
ond daughter was lying between
twin beds.
Burkhard's attorney, Walter Du-
ane, offered one possible eXplana-
ton of the mass slayings. He said
"Burkhard took the accusations
against him keenly. He had been
moroSe for months. He felt that the
charges on which he was being
tried were q stigma against his
family. He had developed a perse-
cution complex as result of the
graft investigation"
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03
NEW YORK STOCKS

Trading him on Git The New York X stock k Ex-
- hange today fell to the lightest lev
Us of the year and prices made an
sEregular advance.
Prices firmed i'm nearly all sec
tions at the opening. Some of the
leaders added to the gains for a
time. but before noon the mark ct
had settled down II a narrow trad l.
ing area.
Steel issues were relatively active
and firm. L. $. steel touched 1925
up rs, but lost more than half the
gain. Bethlehem held near S63s up
international Nncllel, u. S. Smelt-
ing and Phelps Dodge had advances
of Il point or more while Anaconda
and Kennccott were fractionally
higher.
Atchison and New York Central
fell to minor losses. Southern Pa
cific held most of a Is point ad-
vance.
investment buying in American
Telephone carried the price points
higher to above 1866.
Chryslcr and General Motors rose
small amounts. Standard of New
Jersey was up more than point
ON declaration of the usual I5-eent
extra. other oils We're mixed. Sev-
eral stocks gained l to . points, in
Guiding Allied Chemical, American
Can and Douglas Aircraft
Amusement issues were slightly
lower. Trading was light despite
Hollywood strike difficulties Other
losers included Westinghouse Elec-
tric Montgomery Ward. and Allis
Chalmers.
Dow Jones preliminary closing av-
erages showed: Industrial, 174.5S up
O.16; Railroad 5S.25 off 0.01; Utility
2929 up 0.13.
Transactions approXimated 100000
shares compared with 1,45O,0OO
shares Friday. curb transactions ap-
proXimated 100000 shares compar.
ed with 333, 900 shares Friday.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03
Lettuce Harvest
Nearing Peak in
Salinas Valley

SALINAS, Calf, May 3. UP
The lettuce harvest in the Salinas
and Jajaro valleys, worlds salad
bowl" today neared peak produc-
ton under the favorable influences
of a good crop, higher prices and
peaceful labor relations.
Three thousand five hundred
workers were engaged in produc-
ton of the $4,000 600 a year indus
try, which last year was disrupted
by a protracted strike and sporadic
riots.
Forty shippers and packing firms
were engaged in filling orders for
approximately 140 railroad cars,
loaded with 300 crates of lettuce
each, to major eastern cities Prin-
cipal markets are New York, Chi
cago, Fort Worth, Kansas City,
Philadelphia and Boston
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03
Bus Strike Ties Up
Traffic I'm London

LONDON, May 3. WR)-Govern-
ment conciliation efforts failed to-
day while London felt for the first
time the full effects of a strike of
$4,000 bus workers which threatens
to paralyze traffic on the eve OF
the coronation.
1t was the first full working day
since the strike began on Satur-
day, and hope of settlement rested
with the minister of labor's special
three-man court Of inquiry which
met today to hear the strikers de-
mandS.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03
(0UNTYBR1EFS
%assasszSnnsy4aEeSS

Juan Torres, 55, and Faustino ia
cobo, 30. They are held at the coun-
ty jail.
Manuel BARRELS dairy sale IA
miles south of Seeley, next We'd
nesday at ten sharp. SO choice dairy
COWS, 4 bulls % calves. This is a
good herd of choice young cows,
mostly all Holsteins. Look em over
zinn and zinn. auctioneers. CM-8
Commandery Meeting V. Com
mandery No. 54 will meet in regu-
lar session Tuesday night at 7:3O
o'clock in the Masonic temple.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03
l.. 4. LIVESTOCK

Los ANG ELES, May 3. OU.P0-
Livestock.
Hogs 500, slow to steady, medium
to good grain fed $10.25-$ $10.75. Best
bid $10.S5, held at $11.00.
Cattle $500, slow to steady; good
fed steers $10-$10.35; medium short
fed $3.50 $9.35. No grass steers sold.
Heifers $7.5O-$S.50. Cows $5-7; cut
ter grades $350-$4.75 bulls to 81.
Calves 500. steady. Vealers $40
$11. Calves 50 down.
sheep 1000. No sales.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03
Ship Sinks Taking
Ten To Their Death

FLUSHING, Holland, May 8. UP)
The Yugoslavian freighter PLAY
mix proceeded to Rotterdam today
with four survivors of the crew of
the 9l9-ton British freighter Alec
tor, which sank with ID aboard
after colliding with the Plavnik
in the English Channel
The Plavnik rescued the chief
maie, second engineer and two
seamen after they had struggled in
the choppy channel waters for SO
minutes. Ten, including the cap
tain, were lost.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03
RumOr of Trans-sea
Plane Flight Denied

WASHINGTON. May 3. UP)-War
department officials said today the
army has no plans to send bombing
planes OH transatlantic flight in
the near future.
Officials specifically denied re-
ports from Seattle that three new
bombers might fly to England for
the coronation ceremonies for King
George VI.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03
Plymouth Rock
Gets Paint Coat

PLYMOUTH, Mass, May 3. UP)-
Plymouth Rock, stepping stone of
the Pilgrims when they landed here
in 1920, had a reddish tinge today.
Saturday night a vandal climbed
u fiVe-foot protective grill and
daubed bright red paint over the
carved numerals 1920 on the rock.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03
Marriage Annuled,
Husband Too Fat

NEW YORK, May 3. tUP)-Edwin
V. Velte won an interlocutory decree
of annulment from Florence c..
Velte in Brooklyn supreme court
today on the ground his wife evad-
ed him for eight months after their
marriage and finally told him she
did not love him because he was
too fat"
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03
Three Plead Guilty
In Wendell Kidnap

NEWARK, N. j., May 3. up
Three men pleaded guilty today to
charges of participation in the kid
naping of Paul H. Wendell, Trenton
attorney, whose confession" to the
Lindbergh baby kidnapping delayed
the execution of Bruno Richard
Hauptmann for three days.
They were Martin Schlossman,
Harry Weiss and Murray Bleefeld,
on trial with Ellis H. Parker, New
Jersey country detective and his
son, Ellis, Jr.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03
Indian Kills Three,
Then Ends Own Life

FRESNO, Calf, May 3. UR)-A
Sanger district Indian, enraged be
cause of a domestic quarrel. shot
and killed his wife and her moth
er and father and then ended his
own life, police reported today.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03
u. S. National Debt
Steadily Increasing

WASHINGTON, May 8. WP)-The
national debt scared steady today
toward the approximate limit of
$35, O26,OOOO0O proposed by Presi-
dent Roosevelt. 1t stood at $34 4940,-
629,364 as the treasury completed
the first 10 months of the 1897 fis-
cal year.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03
Markets ct
a. 81 anee

Stocks irregularly higher in quiet
trading.
Bonds irregularly higher; L. S
government issues higher.
Curb stocks irregularly higher in
dull trading.
Cotton steady in light dealings.
Grains: wheat Is to pa cents
lower; corn Is lower to Z higher;
oats Is to * lower; rye Ia to > X
lower.
Rubber higher.
French Francs strong in irregular
exchange market
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03
L A. GRAINS
FLAX MARKETS
90

The annual asparagus festival will
be held at Isleton, Sacramento
County, May 1928.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03
POLICEMAN STAYS WIFE TWO DAUGHTERS AND THEN HIMSELF
FACING
PERJURY CHARGE

SAN FRANCISCO, May 3. (UP)-Poice today report
ed that fellow officer brooding over his Indictment
perjury charges killed his wife and their daughters
with rifle and then ended his life by blowing the
top of his head off with a dum-dum bullet
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03

Held In Jail-Bob Eeay, 81, was
arrested in CaleXico this weekend
on charges of failure to appear in
answer to a traffic citation. The
arrest was made by Highway Patrol
man Everett Weatherbie.
The WOcadero for your evenings
entertainment. (J-23-tfO
Asks Damages-Mrs. d. Il. Garter
asks 54384 damages from Edwin
Scheufler and others for alleged
damages to her automobile in a
collision with the defendants ma
chine at Twelfth Adams streets, Ell
Centro May Is, 1886. The plain
tiff is represented by Lee Nuffer.
90
Now the Don Room for your steak
dinners. Trocadero. Je28-tf
Degree Granted An interlocu-
tory divorce decree was granted
Frank r. Martin in his suit against
Mabel B. Martin on the grounds of
Wilful desertion. The couple five
year-old child was awarded the
plaintiff by Judge Vaughn N. Thom-
pSOn.
90
Nelson Studio, 628 Main, Phore 181
90
Files For DivOrce-Marvieal Han
dy filed suit for divorce Saturday
from Joseph w. Handy on grounds
of extreme cruelty. They mar
ried in San Bernardino May 6, 1925
and separated April II, 1897. They
have two Children, aged 10 and
II years. ~.
90
Fer Rent-RoOm 213 or 219, Reh-
kopf Bldg. Air conditioned. Inquire
Room 219. CM-8
90
Three Men Jailed - immigration
border patrolmen jailed three men
Sunday, Fernando WillaSenor, 19
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03
L. A. BANKS

Los NGELES. May 3. U.P0-
Security First Natl. 49,. 54l2 55A
TranSamerica ........... 147s l5ls
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03

The second feeder pig auction for
this year at Anderson, Shasta Com-
ty, returned $78l599.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03
l.. A. HAY
10

(These prices represent wholesale
quotations. Retail prices generally
run $1.00 higher).
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-03
What a power-line "trouble-
shooter" is up against

EOR 20 years, AL Taft has been
l. repairing as many as 200 short
circuits per day. Around him
1000 volts lurk. It's a tense job
that will test digestion if any
thing will! Here's AIS comment:
Working among high-voltage
cables isn't calculated to help di-
gestion. But mine doesn't give
me trouble. smoke Cameis with
my meals and after. CamelS set
me right" Smoking Camels
speeds up the flow of digestive
fluids - alkaline digestive fluids
that mean SO much TO your
sense of well-being. Camels are
SO mild, they are better for
steady smoking. And Camels are
gentle to your throat - always.
Evening star., 1937-06-23
1n Mrntnrtattt.

HARRIS: REBECCA. Sacred to the MEM
ory OF our dearly beloved wife, mother
and grandmother. ,REBECCA HARRIS.
VINO departed this life three years ago
today. June 49, 1894
Deep in our hearts is a picture
OF loved one laid to rest:
In memory's frame we shall keen Il
For she was one of the best.
HOFFMAN: LUCY, B. In sad but loving
remembrance of LUCY B. HOFFMAN
Tho departed this life one year ago to-
day. June %. 1885.
Gone are the, steps we loved so dear,
Slent the voice we used to hear;
100 far away for sight or speech
But not too far for thoughts to reach
DAngGHTERS. gSsRS. PEARL HAYNES AND
MCFARLAND. JAMES ARCHIE. In loving
remembrance of my husband JAMES
ARCHIE MCFARLAND who passed awsv
Two years ago today. June % 1898.
The only link that death cannot sever
IS love ana remembrance. which live
RIGGS; LOUIS H. In sad and loving re.
mfemhorance fath.r o,,qa 95 our dear husband and
away two years ago today. June 81
Two years have gone
And our hearts are still sore..
AS time goes on
| We miss you more
HIS WIFE AND DAUGHTER.
Evening star., 1937-06-23
DISASTER IS SEEN
IN WAGE LAW SUIT.
Supplemental Brief Claims
$10.50 Per Week Adequate
for Mattresses.

To give retroactive effect to the re-
vived District minimum wage law, as
proposed in litigation pending in
Municipal Court, would result in
actual financial disaster" to AL busi-
ness in the Nations Capital" 1t was
declared today in 4 brief filed on
behalf of employers by Attorney Sam
uel M. Boyd.
Boyd Is representing Richard E
Ashby, trading as Dicks Grill, 1918
E street, who is defendant In a test
case filed by Ruth Corbett, waitress,
last year of several hundred dollars,
Boyd's brief was supplemental to one
filed last week by Joseph G. Nc
Garraghy, attorney for the Fairfax
Hotel, defendant in companion test
case filed by Mrs. Gertrude A. Perry.
II the law were construed to be
retroactive, so as to compel en-
ployers to pay minimum weekly
wage OF $3.50 to mattresses and
laundresses for the long period in
which the act lay dormant by Su-
preme Court edict, most small busi-
nesses in the District employing
women would be forced into bank
ruptcy, the brief asserted. Even the
very largest businesses would be
seriously crippled" financially, it was
stated.
When public policy is talked Of
and when We consider the language of
the Supreme Court in saying that
no retroactive effect is given where
1t would create injustice or hardship, -
the brief said. I'VE must consider
how contrary to public policy it would
be to endeavor to give such effect to
this statute"
Boyd declared the $l0.5O weekly
Evening star., 1937-06-23
MRS. MCDOWELL
DIES HERE AT 70
Resident Of District Many Years
Was Active in Episcopal
Church and D. A. R.


Mrs. Mamie Nichols Mcdowell TO-
widow OF Albert F. Mcdowell, died late
yesterday after a short illness at her
home, 2379 Rhode Island avenue north
east.
A native OF Anne Arundel County,
Nd, Mrs. Mcdowell had been a WASH
ington resident for many years. She
was an active member Of the Episcopal
Church Of the Epiphany and the Fort
McHenry Chapter of the Daughters of
the American Revolution. Her hus-
band, who died in 1919, was In the
grain business here with his father
and brothers, under the firm name OF
Mcdowell G Sons, which began busi-
ness In the early sixties.
Mrs. Mcdowell Is survived by three
sons. Albert Lynn Mcdowell, Samuel
Carlye Mcdowell and Julian Nichols
Mcdowell, all Of this city; a daughter
Mrs. Louise Mcdowell Slingland, White
Plains, N. Y; five sisters, Miss Sarah
Elizabeth Nichols, Miss Mary Virginia
Nichols, Miss Emile Isabel Nichols
Miss Roberta Nichols and Miss Julia
A. Nichols, all Of this city, and flve
grandchildren.
Funeral services will be held at 2
pm. tomorrow at the residence. Rev.
Mr.. d. Wade Stafford, assistant at the
Church OF the Epiphany, and Rev. Mr..
Robert Browning Of Ascension Church,
Baltimore, will ofIiciate Burial will be
In the family lot In Rock Creek Gene
terry.
Evening star., 1937-06-23
LA TOILETTE SEEKS DETAILS.
May Order Formal Investigation.
Irwin Testified at Hearinxs,

BY the Associated Press.
Chairman La Toilette OF the Senate
Civil Liberties Committee said today he
would look into" the fatal shooting
OF Wash" Irwin, Harlan County
deputy sheriff, to determine whether
the incident merits formal investiga-
ton.
Senator Thomas, Democrat, Of Utah,
the other member Of the committee,
said he wanted to find out whether
Irwin was killed because somebody
wanted to keep him from talking"
La Toilette added that the commit
tee was particularly interested in the
case because Irwin, like other Senate
witnesses from Harlan County, was
kept under subpoena after they COM
pleted testimony at the committees re-
cent hearings on labor conditions in
that area.
The subpoenas were continued In
force as a protection to some witnesses
who feared retaliation for their testi-
mony about the anti-union activities OF
local coal operators.
Committee officials said the Staying
OF Irwin might be deemed . Federal