davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26
1900 Men Out as
Plant Shut DOqvn
May Be Opening
OF Union Battle
To The Death

RICHMOND, Calf, May
26. (UP)-The local assem-
bly, plant of the Ford Motor
company, which normally
employs 1900 men, was clos
ed today by a dispute that may
prove the opening Skirmish in the
fight to attempt to force Henry
Ford to recognize the United Auto
mobile Workers of America.
Union leaders said 1900 of the
1900 who worked yesterday voted
to strike because of local condi-
tions" and to demand recognition
of the U.AWA.
At the plant, the telephone oper-
ator said I'm the only one work.
ing today except the Watchmen
and I've been told to say that all
operations have been suspended"
Clarence Bullwinkle, plant man.
ager, was reached at his home in
Berkeley and expressed surprise
at the strike.
Frank Slaby, business manager
OF the U.A.W.A., local 76, said the
union intended to present eight
demands to the local management
executive of an outright call for
recognition of his union.
1--WE have local issues at stake"
he said, land we want an agree
ment on them but we want recog-
milton of our union"
Slaby claimed that the strike
had Martins blessing" and said
he believed" all Ford plants in
the United States would strike If
the local union did not get the
settlement sought.
Slaby said that chief local COM
plants were that the manage
ment refused to consider seniority
in making job shifts and layoffs,
that men who led the one day sit
down strike at the plant recently
were shifted around and especially
to unpleasant jobs, that the COM
pany reduced the working week
Continued on Page 2, Col ID
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26

steady SO the five blows could be
mo sir" Wightman said, his
struck in the one spot-didn't youP"
voice rising almost to a scream.
Can you explain it thenP'
mo- can't explain it."
"You mean you won'tl'
O'Regan then read from a state
ment taken from Wightman by po-
lice after his arrest. To most of
it Wightman nodded MS assent
but to one section he said: I'm
not sure whether that's the right
sequence -
TITS getting too close-too close
to the CORY head you held while
Gladys hammered 1t with the hat
chet, isn't it2' said the prosecu-
tor. The old yellow's coming out
now isn't It, Donald2"
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26

Ine corridor before the grand
jury room was crowded with West
morland residents assembled in
response to Subpoenas. Several car
ried arm loads of record books.
Grand jurors, District Attorney
Elmer Heald, and witnesses re-
fused to divulge what was going
on behind locked doors.
A group Of cafe, pool hall, and
restaurant operators from the 500
block on Broadway, Westmorland,
were included in the waiting
crowd, These Mexican men and
women disclaimed knowledge of
any reason for being summoned
before the body. 1t was rumored
they may have been signers of
the recall petitions filed against
Mayor Theodore Schroeder and
Councilman John Hansen.
Thomas NJ Hancock, WeStmor-
land editor and Signer of a COM
plant charging Schroeder and
Hansen with doing contract busi-
ness with the city despite the poll
tical code forbidding city officials
to do so, was the first to be sum-
moned for questioning.
Judge Sam Rowe, ousted police
judge, went in second. He was fol-
lowed 10y Miss Elizabeth Cum
mings, city clerk, who carried a large
stack of books and records. The
grand jury adjourned shortly be-
fore noon to reconvene at 1:30 o.
clock.
Among those noticed waiting to
be questioned were: Ed Dickerson,
ouSted chief of police; F. T. Cook,
former city treasurer; George
Raine, city treasurer; James Moose,
immigration officer; P. N. Myers
ousted city attorney; Christian
Reyna, restaurant proprietor; Mar
garita Fernandez, cafe proprietor;
Louie Napoliz, pool hall proprietor;
Mary Lopez, soft drink stand pro-
prietor. Schroeder and Hansen
were not noticed in the corridor
during the morning but are said
to have been served with subpoe-
naeS.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26
Hearing Waived
In Shooting Case

A. Richter, charged with assault
with attempt to commit murder
and assault with a deadly weapon,
waived preliminary hearing We'd
neslay morning.
He gave himself up after firing
at Mr.. and Mrs. c. w. Knapp, Ell
Centre residents, as they sat in the
living room of their home a week
ago. Mr.. and Mrs. Knapp suffered
no injury, officers said, because the
bullets were DETECTED from their
course by striking a table.
The bail was reduced from $4,000
to $1,000.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26

dldnt Know how many blows were
struck and that his mind was
hazy" at the time he and Miss
MacKnight were arrested and
charged with killing Mrs. Mac
Knight on July 81, 1886. Both are
being tried for first degree mur-
der
Prosecutor Daniel T. O'Regan
introduced an enlarged photo
graph of Mrs. MacKnignt's body
on a slab in the morgue. He stood
it up two feet from Wightman
who looked away
Then O'Regan comm n d e d
Wightman to- Look at it-look at
it!"
you heard the doctor say there
were five blows struck on Mrs.
head" ORegan said.
You must have held her head
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26

clared Wednesday.
In his first official statement
on the issue of the June 16 special
election, the veteran director point
ed out that the offer is "as absurd
as it would be to take a dozen eggs
to the grocery store and sell them
for 20 cents and then buy the eggs
back at ST."
Il want to urge the voters of
this valley" Rose said, "to vote
for the bonds and contracts on
June 16. AS 1 have always said
since The beginning of this project,
the time will come when, if the
Continued on Page 2, Col. p
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26
CIVIC CLUBS
FIGHT FRISCO
HOTEL STRIKE

SAN FRANCISCO, May g. U.P)-
An emergency citizens committee,
representing more than 100 civic
and improvement clubs, and headed
by George H. Allen, president of
the Central Council of Civic Clubs,
planned to storm the city hall today
to demand immediate reopening of
San Francisco's strikebound hotels
The 16 leading hotels in the city
have been closed by strike since
May l with hotel operators and
union leaders remaining deadlocked
on the issue of preferential employ
ment of clerks, auditors and office
workers.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26
SENATE ASKED
FOR APPROVAL
OF TREATIES

WASHINGTON, May 26. UP) -
President Roosevelt today asked the
senate to ratify the treaties and
international conventions through
which nations of the Americas seek
to establish permanent peace in
the western hemisphere.
In a special message, Mrs Roose-
velt recommended that the senate
endorse the treaties, which were
signed by United States delegates
to the ter-American conference
for the maintenance of peace, held
in BuenoS Aires last December.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26
Bills
Sent to Senate

SACRAMENTO, May 26. WH =
More than $18OoO,0OO in special APP
preparation bills went to the senate
for final action today after approval
by the upper house finance COM
mittee which repeatedly tabled con-
siderably more bills than it recon-
menied for passage.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26

2. Amendment of the social Sc
curity act to include protection
for domestic servants and farm
workers. Yesterday Mr.. Roosevelt
told press conference questioners
no charges so far reaching were
to be expected at this session of
congress.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26

Mrs. Roosevelts proposals:
l. Inclusion of a clause in the
new wages and hours bill to guar
antee equal pay for equal work
a clause which would establish
women's wages at the same scale
as mems providing they do the
same work.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26
COAST FORD WORKERS STRIKE
SINKS FANGS
INTO Ell CENTRIC BABY

by
saved her life The baby playing the yard Of the Christensen cabin when
% the wound left by the snakes an Emergency snake bite remedies
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26

It's The Truth
NoWs the time for the chamber
of commerce to take a line from
the book of the mid-Western news
paper editor, looking for bright
spot in the darkness of the dust
bowl area, who finally found it
in the headline
REAL ESTATE MOVING"
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26
first Lady Asks
Equal Pay for
Women Workers

WASHINGTON, May 26. (UP)-Mrs. Franklin D..
Roosevelt broke her long standing rule against
mentng pending legislation today advocate i'm
portant measures of which her husband president
said he did expect congress to consider at this
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26
Power Firms Offer
To Buy Electricity
Absurd, Says Rose
Veteran Director Maintains Deal Would Be Like
Selling Eggs For 20 Cents And Buying
Them Back For ST.
NNlfG0 pR&Ss

If the people of Imperial Valley sold All American
canal power to the California Electric corpora
tion they would merely be paying distributing agency
huge profit for selling their product back to them
Director Mark Rose Of the Imperial IrrgatOn District de-
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26
HystericaI Youth
Denies Cory Role
I'm Hatchet KiIIinu

JERSEY CITY, N. j.. May 26. (UP)-Donald Wight
man denied from the witness stand today that he held
Mrs. Helen MacKnights head her daughter Gladys
could strike her mother five blows in spot with
hatche The 19yearold former choir singer said that he
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26
Officials Enter
Jury Room For
North End Probe
Corridors of Courthouse Crowded as
Inquiry Into WestmOrland Affairs
Starts; Cafe Owners Present

Westmorlands civic affairs and political background
were placed before the Imperial county grand jury We'd
nesday morning by two public officials and newspaper
editor subpoenaed along with other officials residents and
businessmen and women of the north end city
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26
WOMAN SHOT, DRIVEN
100 MILES TO VALLEY
Claims She Turned Gun on Self in Fit of
Dependency; Friend Brings Her
Here to Avoid Disgrace

Mrs Mary Wagner, 80, survived 100 mile automobile
trip to Ell Centro Tuesday night while bleeding from
bullet wound in the left breast wound she declared
self inflicted The injured woman taken to Ell Cenro
police headquarters by Harry West 43, of Banning who
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26
In A Big Way

I'm A Big Way
Local Girl Makes Good" should
be the headline over the story
telling how Clara Mortenson ac-
uuired the WomenS wrestling
championship of the world, So
called, in Sa,. Diego Tuesday night.
She used to live here, but one
gathers that was before cooling
systems came into effect. If she'd
had to wrestle one of those things
you could understand how she got
her experience.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26
The Days Mystery

Harry Foreman was considerably
startled Tuesday to learn that a
certain Mr.. Blank had supposedly
been added to his Firestone es-
tabliShment, unbeknownst to him
self. Harry, rumor says, is still
looking for Mr.. Blank. Just ask
him.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26
That's Accommodation

That's Accommodation
Highline school chieftans set q
new high in accommodating the
community this week when they
set the SCHOOLS commencement
exercises ahead day because The
date originally fiXd was bank night
at the theater-and most of the
prospective audience wanted to go.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26
What's The Use?-

Russ Friedley was upset no end
Tuesday pm. when he tried for
an hour to find reverse gear in
a telegraph company's truck, then
iammed it into reverse quite by
accident all of a sudden. Russ
chortled to himself and started
to back up, but in his excitement
lie let the pesky thing slip out
again. Another thirty minutes were
spent in unsuccessful jaboing here
and there. Last seen, Russ was
gasping for breath and words as
he showed the truck with pure
brute strength INTO the parking
zone.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26
uaherdaSherY NOte-

Uaberdasbery Note
Those who should know Whis-
per that Logan Jenkins will re-
ceive a knitted sweater in the
near future-and it is not Santa
Claus who is knitting it.
Imperial Valley press., 1937-05-26

Butter: Los Angeles "a: Butter
fat, Imperial Valley. fob. ranch.
Grade A AZ; manufacturing milk
90; route gathered cream 33la.
L. A. Hay: U. ). No. leafy s20.50-
S2I.O0; u. 5. No. | $500 $1,000; u.
S. No. 2 leafy S17OO-S1s.O0: u. 5.
No. 2 $1,000 O-S16.5O.
Minneapolis flax S1.96.
Evening star., 1937-06-16

Louis H. Perry, 1246 Twenty-seventh
street, 80 days.
Norman c. Tanner, l343 Childress
street northeast, 80 days
Irving White, l440 Meridian place,
80 days.
William D. Yarnell, 230 Twelfth
street southwest, 80 days.
Charles o. Holland, jr., Richmond,
Va, 80 days.
William R. Howard, Pikesville, Nd,
suspension.
Arthur B. House. Fort Howard, Nd,
80 days.
Aubrey H. Russell, Park Lane Apart
ments, revoked.
Henry B. Schwier, Landover, Nd,
suspended.
Maynard P. Shadwick, Rockville
Md, suspended.
Evening star., 1937-06-16
Service Orders.

NAVY.
Mcbride, Capt. Lewis B., Construc-
ton Corps, detached Naval Academy
to Bureau Construction and Repair.
Shields, Comdr George P, Medical
Corps, detached Submarine Base, Pear
Harbor, T. H., to Philadelphia Navy
Yard.
Eggers, Lieut. Fremont B., detached
U. S. S. Dahlgren to Navy Yard.
Kellum, Lieut.. Wilbur E., Medica,
Corps. detached U. S. S. Saratoga
to Naval Academy.
Mills, Lieut.. De Long, detached u. S
S. Langley to Naval Training Station
Norfolk, Va.
Jones, Lieut.. Horace B., Civil En-.
gineer Corps. detached Naval Training
Station, Newport, r, l., to Naval All
Station, Anacostia.
Sylvester. Lieut.. Harold M, Civi
Engineer Corps, detached Naval All
Station, Anacostia, to Marine Bar.
racks, Parriss Island, S. C.
Dimmick, Lieut.. G.g) John B., de.
tached U. S. S. Ranger to Marine Corp.
School, Quantico.
Wakefield, Lieut.. Ug) Ellis K, de.
tached U. S. S. Pennsylvania to Nava
Air Station, Norfolk, Va.
Evening star., 1937-06-16

various games. with the proceeds going
to the relief fund. There will be
dancing and other entertainment in
the evening.
F. NJ Megby is chairman Of the
Committee on Arrangements. Ben
jamin Foer, president of the Fellow
ship Club, and Charles Gardiner will
direct athletics.
Evening star., 1937-06-16
Kansas Golden Goose

From 1927 to 1885 Kansas dairy
products were worth $l,280,65O more
than the animals that produced them
according to the State Board of Agri-
culture.
Evening star., 1937-06-16

A beard has about 25,00O hairs, de-
clares a London specialist.
Evening star., 1937-06-16
MASONS PLAN PICNIC
Day at Marshall Hall to Be
Followed hY Cruise.

Followed by Cruise.
Osiris Lodge No. 26, F. A. A. NJ.
will hold an all-day picnic Friday at
Marshall Hall, followed by a MOON
light excursion.
The Fellowship Club OF the lodge
has made plans for the event. Cash
prizes will be awarded the winners OF
Evening star., 1937-06-16

George S. Smith, Maryland, SIS.
Richard Moseley, 1245 Sixth street
Evening star., 1937-08-03
PARTIES PLANNED
AT FAIRGROUNDS
Parades, Contests and Other
Events Will Be Held at
Various CenterS.

Miss Sibyl Baker, supervisor of play
Of parties, plays, parades, contests
and other events will be held this
week on the various Fairgrounds
A Lady Come to See" party. at
which all the girls will be dressed in
the clothes of their aunts, was to be
given today at 2 pm. at Twin Oaks
Playground, Fourteenth and Taylor
streets. The colored children at
Banneker Recreation Center. Georgia
avenue and Euclid street, were to hold
. pet show at 2:30 pm.
Novelty races and doll and pet shows
will feature tomorow's program at
Gallinger Playground, TWenty-frst
and F streets. The program will
begin at 1890 am. Other events to-
morrow Will include vehicle parade,
including doll buggieS, sCooters and
other chlldren's conveyances, all deco
rated for the occasion, at Rosedale
Playground. Seventeenth and Kramer
streets northeast, and "HanSel and
Gretel' mawonette show by children
at the Chevy Chase Playground.
Forty-first and Livingston streets.
The last two events begin at $50 pm.
The schedule for the remainder of
the week follows:
Thursday-Baby show, Fillmore.
Thirty fifth and N streets, 2 pm:
pet show, Henry Polk, Seventh and P
streets. $50 pm; balloon contest,
Wel9htman, Thirty third and N
streets. 2;30 pm; doll show, Wallach.
Seventh and d streets southeast, 3
pm; baby show, Palisades, Dana and
Sherrier places, 4 pm.
Friday-Pet show for colored chill
dren. Douglass-S Simmons, Pierce place
and First street, pm; doll show,
Woodbridge, Carlton and Central
avenues northeast, 2 pm; doll show
Lincoln Park, Eleventh and East Capt.
tai streets southeast, 2 pm: doll show
Henry Polk, 2:30 pm: bathing con-
test, Langdon Park, Mills avenue and
Franklin street northeast, 2:3O pm.
health play, Swat the Fly" Rossell.
Ninth and E streets southwest. 2:3O
pm; baby show and vehicle parade,
Jefferson, Sixth and D streets south
west, pm; marionette show, Chevy
Chase, 3 pm, vehicle parade. Mann,
Newark and Forty-fourth streets, 3
pm, and baby show, colored children
Banneker, 5 pm.
Evening star., 1937-08-03
NAVY AIDS OBSERVANCE

Cooperation of the Navy with the
Navy League of the United States in
observance Of Navy day, October q,
the anniversary of Theodore Roose-
velt's birth, has been pledged by
Admiral w. D. Leahv. chief Of naval
operations and at present acting Sec
retary of the Navy, it was learned
today.
A letter has been sent to the entire
service. in which the admiral saws:
I'm observance of Navy day, 1t is the
desire Of its sponsors to create a
greater understanding of the aims and
functions of the Navy and the relation
OF the merchant marine to it in pro-
vldlng for national security and the
prosperity derived from sea- borne
commerce"
Evening star., 1937-08-03
Of the Natural History Building,

OF the Natural History Building,
United States National Museum.
Pen and ink work, water colors, char
coal drawings and oil paintings, along
with wood cuts and native rugs, COM
prise the exhibit, which will remain
here until next Sunday After that
the entire collection will be moved to
the Greater Texas and Pan-American
Exposition at Dallas, where it will be
displayed until the end of the fair.
Guests of DR.. Luis Quintantlla,
Mexican Charge AHaires, crowded
the foyer yesterday afternoon when
the exhibition was formally opened.
Evening star., 1937-08-03

1t was announced today by Gordon
o. Stone, director Of instruction. flrst
aid and life saving of the District
Chapter, American Red Cross.
Glasses will be held Monday,
Wednesday and Friday evenings at
7:3O for applicants over II who possess
fair" swimming ability. They will
report to Helen Warner or Jean COL
born for instruction.
Evening star., 1937-08-03

Arrangements Committee, said, "One
Of the purposes Of this demonstration
is to impress upon the people of WASH
ington the profound significance Of
the statement Of Secretary Hull that
war anywhere threatens the peace
everywhere
Evening star., 1937-08-03
Tire Blowout Fatal.

GRAND RAPIDS, Mich, August 3
p).-Mrs. o. D. Castle, "a, of Co.
lumbus, Ohio, died last night en- route
to the ButterVorth Hospital here for
treatment of injuries suffered in an
automobile accident near Howard
City, Mich.
Mrs. Castle was riding alone in a
coupe which overturned when a tire
blew out.
Evening star., 1937-08-03
Democrat Women Plan Outing.

The Democratic Women's National
Council will hold an excursion on the
steamship Potomac at $50 pm to-
morrow, Mrs. Raymond c. Smith,
chairman Of the event, announced
today. Mrs. H. H. Dodderidge is
council president.
Evening star., 1937-08-03

While some Of the work is crude, natu-
rally, being the handicraft Of mere
school children, most Of it is impress
sive. Two outstanding pieces in the
exhibit are wood carvings of horses.
Evening star., 1937-08-03
MEXICAN CHILDREN'S
ART WORK ON DISPLAY
Exhibit Now in National Museum
Will Be Taken to Pam
American Exposition.

Mexican works of art-made by
pupils in the public schools of Mexico
and sponsored by the Mexican minister
Of education-were placed on exhibit
ton yesterday afternoon in the foyer
Evening star., 1937-08-03
RESCUE CLASS TO START

Free instruction in life saving will
start tomorrow night 1T the Takoma
Pool, Fourth and Van Buren streets,
Evening star., 1937-08-03

United States forest rangers have
discarded their traditional Stetsons
for q more civilian type Of hat.
Evening star., 1937-08-03
= PEACE RALLY TODAY
Communists and Socialists Spon-
sor War Commemoration.

"0H =" "R 0OH11Ic11o1 dIIUU'
A peace rally, commemorating the
twenty-third anniversary Of the out
break OF the World War, August 3,
1914, will be held in Mcpherson
Square, Fifteenth and I streets, at S
pm. today. The affair is sponsored
by the Communist and Socialist parties
of Washington.
Martin Chancey, chairman OF the
Evening star., 1937-08-03

ALL white shoes and broWn-and-
white shoes of kid, calf, bucko and
linen Pumps, ties, oxfords and
straps High, continental, cuban
and low heels Sizes 4 to 8, AA to
C-but not in each style.
Cooled Fourth Floor
The Washington times., 1937-05-29

moving with an intriguing plot,
good situations, clever dialogue
and action, with the entire cast
giving good performances and
Irene Hervey outstanding, the
film need fear none but the most
sensational competition.
Fleeced by Irene Hervey, taxi
dancer, Bookmaker Robert Arm
strong plots a cruel revenge on
the girl who has trifled with his
love. Convincing her that she
has the makingS Of a musical
comedy star, he rounds up a
group Of old Gilbert and Sullivan
performers who live in the hope
that the great days Of the stage
will return.
Playing the pal Of big shot
producer, Richard Tucker, Arm
strong, with money wheedled
from Miss Hervey plus some
garnered from the troupe, plans
to present THE Mikado" with
Miss Hervey in the leading role.
The show goes on, and as old
timers relive the halcyon days,
q sudden burst Of contrition for
his supposed vengeful double
dealing overcomes Armstrong.
Mounting the stage, he con-
fesseS his plot, but the public
thinks the show is a success
and their reaction means hap
piness all round.
AS 10 or IL Gilbert and Sui
Ivan numbers are revived in the
development Of the piece, older
members of audiences should be
glad to see veteran members Of
the light opera troupes, William
Danforth, Vera Ross, Vivian
Hart and Frank Moulan again
in character.
With Miss Hervey's perfor-
nance being particularly ap-
pealing, Armstrong also is above
par. Comedy contrast Is effected
by Ed Brophy and Harry Tyler
and Paula Stone appears to
good advantage as Miss Hervey's
chum.
Andrew Stone directed his
own story, which was adapted
by Betty Laidlaw and Robert
Lively.
The Washington times., 1937-05-29
'WaIIy'-Duke Love Scene Ruled n. q.
Hollywood Considers the Reunion of Sweeheas Watched by World WOULD
Not Do for

day, and to think we shall never
again be separated"
Wally: CAS- she clasps his two
hands and looks into his eyes,
"You will never know, Edward, how
eternal it seemed, waiting for this
day. Somehow I was terribly
afraid that something might hap
pen to take away our heaven. But
now that you're here, nothing mat
tiers, really. Nothing"
Duke: ut all seems like ter.
rible nightmare to me now, and
this is like waking up and finding
the sun streaming through the
windovS-the e glorious sunlight.
We shall walk in it always" (He
seizes her impulSively, plants warm
kisses on her forehead and hairO
Wally: CAS- she leads him to-
wards the garden, hand in handO
"I have so much to tell you, Ed
ward, so much that have been
afraid the world might hear. First
tell me, do you love me?"
Duke: Darling. you know my
answer. 1t will be the same, al
ways" (They stroll off into a
garden filled with June roses) Cut.
Dan Cupid supplies the dialogue.
Direction. BY True Love. -
The Washington times., 1937-05-29
HOLLYWOOD. May %

HOLhYWOOD, May ~
The greatest love scene OF all
time was such a flop that not an
actor or an actress in Hollywood
would have read the lines, a check
showed today.
According to press dispatches,
when the Duke Of windsor met
Wally after a six-month boy loses
girl" situation the scrip was ad
libbed as follows:
Wallis-"HeIlo, there"
Windsor-''Wallis."
Now, even the most baShful lover
in Hollywood, Bing Crosby, de-
clared that the dialogue was
lousy" in a discussion with his
leading lady, Mary Carlisle, on the
Double or Nothing" set. They
agreed they wouldn't read such
lines from a script.
"Gosh," Mary commented, II
could have thought of something
better than that in six months"
Some Of the other comments
were:
Ernst LubitSch-Sounds like the
dialogue you get off Of postcards
from amateurs.
virginia Van Upp-n I wrote a
love scene like that for Carole
Lombard, I'd be fired.