davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1937-07-09
GABLE SLIPS AWAY
FOR BIG GAME HUNT
Star Is Besieged by Autograph
Hunters on Arrival at Poca-
tello, Idaho.

BY the Associated Press.
POCATELLO, Idaho, July o.
Bearded Clark Gable seated himself IN
an expensive roadster yesterday and
rode away for spell Of big game
Evening star., 1937-07-09
PRIDE OF HOME TOWN"

Rita johnson received heaps Of tel
egraph fan mail" on the Umbrella
Man" set the day she made her film
debut More than 300 residents of
Worcester, Mass, where she was born,
sent wires of well wishes. Other mes
sages came from stage and radio
friends.
Evening star., 1937-07-09
DANCING.

The Edward F. Miller Studio
814 18th ST NATIONAL 5000
II II Is Danced, We Teach II.
Evening star., 1937-07-09

failed to slow up the autograph seekers
when he arrived here. Surrounded by
scores Of girls, he scribbled his name
on hotel stationery, blank checks, cafe
menus and dozens Of scraps OF paper.
Evening star., 1937-07-09
New Rialto Policy to Bring
House First Run Pictures
Elephant Boy Will Open New Series With
Bergner Picture Next-Blonds Skid on
Hollywood's Preferred List
BY JAY CARMODY.

TARTN July 49, the Ro Theater will join the string of first run mo-
Rivvas, specially its
will be forsaken of of strictly films
-
.
Elephant stamp Koda and was directed
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28
EASTERN STARS
attend SCHOOL
School of Instruction Features
Session of Local Star Lodge
Monday Evening.

Mrs. Ida Schulze of Virginia, district
instructor conducted school of in
struction for the Eastern Stars at the
meeting Monday evening.
Distinguished Grand Lodge officers
from various cities in the state headed
by Mrs. Aida Anderson of Cambridge
worthy grand matron of the state were
present and participated in the school,
and were honored guests at the banquet
served at the Forest Hotel at $50 fol
Past Worthy Matrons.
Grand Lodge officers present in adj
dition to Mrs. Anderson were: Mrs
Ethel Webb of Virginia, worthy grand
Martha; Mrs. Agnes Herried Of Deer
River, past worthy grand Esther; Mrs
Lola Satterfeld of Tower, past worthy
grand Ada; Mrs. Lillian Schaefer Of
this city, past worthy grand Electa.
Under the direction of Worthy Ma.
iron Mrs. William Pryor and Worthy
Patron John Helstrom, the Tower Lodge
exemplified the Initiatory Degree to the
large membership which filled the lodge
rooms.
During the evening a gift was pre-.
sented to Worthy Grand Matron An
derson. Miss leila Richter made tn,
presentation speech. About forty Pas
Matrons with the Grand Lodge Off
GERS attended the banquet earlier il
| the evening.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28
Ouch, What a Mistake!
Poacher Places Deer in Game Wardens Car!
Justice Shows Gravity of Error With $7S Fine!

How poacher helped out the game wardens last
week is being told joke-but it proved no joke to
the poacher.
The wardens had spotted group who had just
killed deer the Kelly road in the Stoney district and
were Laying" for the poachers.
Three of the group had found the wardens on their
trail and made their way to town in the utilized to
get to the hunting grounds Nothing could be done
with them they had evidence in their car They
promised to send from town to bring their COM
rade and the deer in.
Knowing that the with the deer was still in
the woods the wardens drove their to near the spot
where he had butchered the animal and turned out their
lights to await developments.
Thinking the the sent in from town to
get him and the deer, he dragged the animal to the spot
and loaded it into the car not discovering his mistake
until he got in himself and placed under arrest.
Taken before Justice w O. Lomasney of Lake county
at Section Thirty, he fined $780, the venson con-
scaed and later sold the counter of the local
markets.
Wardens Krall and Roman credited with the
pinch" 1t may not be out of the way right here to
state that VIM F. Munch member of the conservation
forces of the state told Ely audiences in his talk here
last week. that this section of the state had by far the
best wardens of any in the state from "Bill Hanson
to the forces under him.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28
FEATURES
IN THIS
issue

How to handle invitations to Dads
birthday party, explained by Emily
Post, Americas foremost social arbiter,
in her Good Taste Today" column.
Hugh Bradley, sports commentator,
reports Coach Robert zuppke's "re-
cipe" for all-American football player.
Felix Featherhead fights with temp
tation &. and paddock on the ice
box. You'll also find Finney of the
Force and Mescal Ike on today's fun
ny page.
Irwin S. Cobb condemns U. S. relief
for aliens on ground that Americans
would have hard time chiseling gov
eminent aid in Germany or France.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28
On This
Occasion
A Few Observations on Matters
Material and Immaterial by
the Editor.

Stafford King, state auditor,
seems to be at outs with the
present administration at the
head of the state of Minnesota.
Staff is a member of the eXecu-
tive council upon which council
falls the duty of keeping the
finances as near intact as pos
sible under the present era of
spending. He asked for a re-
port on sundry thousands of
dollars supposed to have been
disbursed by the State Relief
Administrator and was prompt
ly sat upon and squelched by
the governor. 1t seems that
the main grudge against Mr..
King is that he is Republican
and that he was reelected in
the face of heavy opposition
on the part of the Farmer
Labor party.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28
215 Annihilate Ducks
at Banquet Meeting
of American Legion
War Vets and Guests Join
Forces to Attack Ducks
on Banquet Front.
SCOUTS ENTERTAIN
Notables on Speaker List;
Harold Dillon Installed
Post Commander.

One hundred and sixty ducks were
prepared with the necessary wild rice
and other trimmings to feed the 215
by Frank Lozar Post Of the American
Legion at the Memorial cafeteria on the
evening of October 81.
Following the duck banquet, which
was enjoyed by the large attendance,
short program was presented. Ernest
w. Hanson was the postmaster and in
troduced various speakers and the sew
eral acts on the program.
A quartet, composed Of Bernard
Hutar, Joseph Shikonya, John Skule
and Joseph Senta, sang group of
songs in which they were accompanied
by Mrs. Charles Merhar at the piano;
two black-face comedians, Frank Kalan
and Joseph Kuzma, waxed funny at
the expense of several present and gave
an imitation of Mr.. Hanson and John
Klobuchar on duck hunting trip.
The comedians also told of a Large
party at their house-Edward Buckley"
Toastmaster Hanson introduced not
short talks. Those introduced were DR..
o. w. Parker; B. S. Richards, Harry
DeWolff of Indianapolis; Vincent c.
Webb of Mooseheart, H.; DR.. j. e.
Thompson, who told several stories;
John Klobuchar; H. w. Jones, govern
ment inspector; Oscar Carlson of the
Chandler mine; Peter Schaefer; Joseph
Veranth, county commissioner.
Gus Robertson Of the Minnesota
Power & Light plant at Winton; Bob
Watts of the wilderness Outfitters;
George Somero; w. o. Lomasney of
Section Thirty; Math Kapsch; Alder
men Robert Ellis and Alex Lobe; Louis
Champa; Gus A. Maxi; Joseph Kovach;
Harry j. Homer; Leo Cashen of Vir-
ginia; Ray Hoefler and Harold Dillon.
The POSTMASTER prefaced each intro
duction with few remarks, made as
only Mr.. Hanson can make them, tell
ing of the part each played in COM
munity and Legion affairs. Talks were
made by DR.. Parker, Mr.. Richards, Mr..
Veranth, Mr.. Somero, Mr.. Watts, Mr..
Lobe, Mr.. Hoefler, Mr. Homer and Mr..
I0maSney.
AT the conclusion of this part of the
program, the newly elected officers
were called to the front and Leo
Cashen, vice commander of the Eighth
District, installed them into their sew
eral positions. Those indicted were:
Commander-Harold Dillon
First Vice Thomas
| Thielnan.
Second Vice Commander-John A.
Anderson.
Third Vice Commander-Elaine Al
men.
Adjutant and Service Oficer-Ray
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28
ELY TALENT
FEATURE OF
COOP SHOW
Most Appealing Program Has
Been Prepared for Sunday
Evening at 8 O'clock.

The Ely Co-OpS cordially invite you
to attend the program arranged for
next Sunday evening at the Washing
ton auditorium at 8 o'clock.
Door prizes will be awarded, the
grand prize of the evening will be an
electric Mix-Master and Is other prizes
will be awarded. Every person enter
ing the doors will have an oppor-
tunity to secure one of the gifts.
The program will be presented alb
solutely free by the Co-Ops in recog-
milton of their success during the past
year. The last affair of this kind was
in the nature of an amateur radio hour
and the auditorium was filled to the
last seat with standing room at a
premium.
Opening remarks will be made by
Frank w. Saari, local manager of the
Coop organization, after which the
following program will be presented:
Selection, $50. High School Orchestra
Remarks, j. Q. Hall
Saxophone Duet,
Walter Enquist and Henry Korent
Mrs. H. Koivumaki, Accompanies
Vocal Solo, go. Miss Josephine Shepel
Orchestra Accompaniment
Selection, Orchestra
Speaker, -. Edwin Whitney, Virginia
Violin Solo, ......... Mrs. o. Sarkipato
Mrs. Koivumaki, Accompanies
Comedy Monologue, Miss Minnie Aurell
Selection, ....................O Orchestra
Distribution of prizes from the
Country Store arranged on the stage.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28
Ely Couple Married
In Cleveland, Ohio.

Word was received here yesterday
morning of the marriage in Cleveland,
Ohio, that morning of Louis Champa,
Jr., to Miss Mary Lenich.
The couple were attended by Matt
Ballas, Jr., an uncle of the groom and
Miss M. Turk of Cleveland.
The groom is the son of Mr. and
Mrs. Louis Champa of this city. He is
a graduate of the Ely schools and for
merly in the grocery business here. He
is employed with wholesale grocery
firm in Cleveland.
The bride is the daughter of Mr.. and
Mrs. Andrew Lenich of this city and
Is also graduate of the Ely schools.
She was employed as telephone oper-
ator for the D. M. & L R. up to three
weeks ago.
They have many friends in this city
who join in wishing them all possible
happiness.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28
Lumberjack Walkout
Hats Woods Work
of Local Operators
1000 Men Ordered Out on
Strike in Northern Area
by Timber Union.
DEMAND WAGE BOOST
Prospects of Local Timber
Operators Dull as Men
Leave Woods.

What had all the earmarks of being
the best season in timber production in
Northern Minnesota for the past de-
cade was unceremoniously nipped in the
bud last week when the Lumber and
Sawmill Workers Union ordered out on
strike all men in the woods, something
like 1000 men.
Smaller operators had acquired blocks
of timber holdings and Were preparing
to cut the same this winter furnishing
employment for large number of men
Several of the operators near this city
had been at work since the agreement
reached early in the year Several had
completed their cuts and were pre-
pairing for an active winter when the
strike order and the demand for an
increased cost amounting, it is said, to
2612 per cent increase in wages was
received.
A rate in answer to the unions de-
mand was submitted by the Timber
Producers Association some time ago
but it seems that the walking delegates
were not satisfied and ordered a strike
before the operators were even notified
The Union is now asking for a mini
mum wage scale of S83.
1t seems the operators are not so
much concerned with the wage scale as
they are with the proposal that the
union shall hire and dictate just who
shall be allowed to work. The closed
shop idea is at stake in which none
without a union card would be hired
The operators insist on hiring whom
they see fit and leaving it to the
union to get the men to join if they
see fit.
Many Of the operators, and this is the
case about the city, have tried and true
men on their payrolls who are salts
fled with their jobs and feel that it is
presumptious on the part of the union
to dictate their mode of procedure
One operator informed us this week
that his crew of 80 men were pleased
with their camp, their employer and
the wages paid. However, they had
nothing to say and in order to avoid
trouble between themselves and those
in union authority, they left their
work last week in answer to the strike
call from headquarters.
We are Informed that the scale of
wages submitted by the Timber Pro-
ducer'S Association was as follows:
Cooks, $50 to sl55; second cooks, 500;
cookee and bull cook, s85; night watch
man, $50; barn man, S85; barn boss
S85 and sos, depending on the number
of teams; blacksmith, sos to ITO; handy
man, s85; top decker, sos; genera,
man. s95; handy man helper, $50; hook.
man, S85; top decker, sos; general
woods work, $50.
Savers, pulp and ties, $50; teamsters
$3.50 to sos; saw filler, sol so; GROUND
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28

Preparations are complete for the
meeting of the American Legion Aux
iliary on Wednesday evening next at
the Memorial School meeting room OF
the Auxiliary. During the evening be-
sides attending to routine affairs an
alluring program will be presented
composed of the following:
Mrs. Ida Erickson will open with a
talk on Fidac. A tap dance number
will be presented by Miss Betty Wal
ter, for which Miss Peggy McMahan
will play the music. Mrs. M. j. Flem-
ing will give reading and short talk
The Shepel Trio, Misses Frances and
Josephine and Mrs Bachar will sing a
group of songs. The program will close
with the singing of war songs under
the direction of Mrs. E. w. Hanson
Mrs. Inez Norby, president has an
nounced her committees for the en-
suing year as follows:
Menbership-Anna Leino, chairman
Dora Butala, lille Starkman, Sara Cor
don, Anna Novak, Mary Starr, Nell Cd
gers, Milma Thoren, Saimi Kayute, Is
obel Thompson.
Finance and Budget-Doris Suther-
land, chairman; Lydia Seraphine, Ruth
LaBeau.
Americanization = Anna Palmgard
Clara Handberg.
Fidac-Ida Erickson.
Memorial-Mary Murn, Helen Carl
son, Katherine Larson.
Rehabilitation and Child Welfare
Marie Buckley, chairman; Mrs. John
Wilmunen, Angela Pirsh, Helia Homer
Unit Activities-Leona Gordon, chair.
man; Saimi Kayute, Agnes Fogelberg
Sara Gordon, Helia KoSki.
Supply Shelf-Clara Carlson, chair.
man; Adeline KnutSon.
Scrapbook-Lillian Nyman.
| National Defense-Vernice Brownell
History-Angela PirSh.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28
GILBERT FL0PS
ELY GRIDDERS
Ely's Touchdown Machine Slips
Cog and Tastes Defeat for
First Time This Year.

Ely high school was tumbled from
the ranks of the undefeated Saturday
when a series Of breaks worked against
the locals in their football game at
take an early advantage which Ely
was unable to overcome, although in
scoring positions several times. Gilbert
won the game by virtue of two touch
downs in the opening period while
the locals got counter in the final
frame to make the score IA to 6.
Gilbert was literally handed their
first touchdown right after the game
opened when Ely fumbled on their own
30-yard line with the range team re-
covering. A 15-yard penalty against
Ely followed by two 5-yard penalties
put the ball on the 5-yard line from
where Gilbert scored on reverse play.
The try for extra point was successful
and Gilbert led to with the game
only a few minutes old. Later in the
same period, Gilbert again gained pos
session of the ball deep in Ely terri
tory and pass put the oval on the s.
yard mark from where it was pushed
| over for touch down.
Ely tried hard to score during the
remainder of the game but their Of
Tense met with stubborn resistance by
the Gilbert line which piled up ball
carriers in scoring territory before they
could gain much yardage. Later in the
game, Ely started a drive from their
own 10-yard line and went to the
Gilbert and with a touchdown in
sight, the ball was fumbled with Gill
bert recovering. The range team kick
ed out of danger but Ely came right
back to bring the ball to the 2-yard
line where Gilbert held for downs
Another kick by Gilbert sent the locals
back but they returned to lose
the ball on downs just one foot short
of the goal line Following the play
Gilbert attempted to kick out of dan
ger and bad pass from center went
over the goal line to be recovered by
Ely for touchdown.
While the defeat knocked Ely into
the defeated class, they still hold the
top rung in the range football standings
but share the spot with Virginia. The
locals play Aurora high on the loca
field Saturday and win will give Ely
at least share of any championship
honors in district and range competi.
ton. A record attendance is expected
at the last opportunity to see the local!
/ in action this season.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28
Sketch Can This Be True
EnIiUens WintOn PIT. A.

The last meeting of the Wintor
Parent Teacher Association unit was
enlivened with sketch entitled, Can
This Be True" given by Mrs. Toivo
Kuitunen, Mrs. Frank Gasperlin, Jr.
Mrs. Toivo Maxi and Shirley Mae
Johnson.
During the meeting Mrs. Maxi made
an interesting report on the st. Louis
County Council Conference held at
Mountain Iron.
Lunch was served by a committee
composed of Mrs. Dewey Hardy, Mrs
Arne Korpi, Mrs. I. w. West and Mrs
Lars Anderson.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28

of the Duluth Chapter under whose
auspices it functions. One half the
amount collected remains in Ely for
emergencies while the other half is sent
to the parent chapter and when dis
bursed for worthy causes, Ely is given
credit.
The Duluth Chapter, of which Ely is
a part, is one of the first to answer
the call for assistance in cases of
catastrophes and calamities. The floods
of last year were a notable example.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28
OIiUer Employees Stage
Successful Charity Ball.

The annual Christmas Ball staged by
the Oliver Mining Company Employees
Association at the Washington Audit
orium on Saturday evening was very
successful affair and thoroughly en-
joyed by all present.
A large attendance danced to the
music of the LaBrie orchestra and were
very much taken by the floor show put
on by johnson and Dean, the colored
originators Of the "cake walk" of the
last century who produced several very
entertaining features.
The proceeds of the ball will be used
to assist in the Christmas charity work
of the association among the needy.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28
SINGS IN COLLEGE CHOIR.

From the Carleton College public re-
lations department we learn that Char
les Strachan, son of Mr. and Mrs B.
o. Strachan of this city, has been
chosen to sing in the 1937-1938 college
choir. Mr.. Strachan, who sings bass,
is beginning his second year in the
college and in the choir. The choir is
directed by Frank Estes Kendive, pro-
feSSor of music at the college.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28
HONORS FOR ELY GIRL

From Boulder, Colorado, University,
We receive the following clipping rela-
ting to Doris Santo, honor student of
the Ely high school in June 1886. The
clipping reads:
Doris Santo is treasurer of Spur,
University Women's club triad, glee
club, member house of representatives,
vaudeville and Rhythm Circus, former
member of the Barb council and a
member of the Honors union. She re-
ceived the Panhellenic scholarship for
freshmen women.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28
MODERN HOME SHOWING.

Elys triple insulated house at $50
East Pattison Street built by the Nc
Mahan Lumber Company, representing
the Johns-Manville Company and the
Ely Housing Guild, will be open for
inspection, Friday and Saturday, from
200 to 500 P. M. each day. This will
furnish you with an opportunity to see
the values you can have in home
today and you are cordially invited to
see this most modern home.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28
Seriously Injured in
Villa SchOLastica Crash.

Donald Jones, the young man serious
ly injured in the crash of the staging
at the Villa Scholastic in Duluth,
wherein four lost their lives and three
were injured, was a Junior College
student in this city last year. He is
the son of G. E. Jones, architectural
engineer on the construction project,
who made his home at Eagles Nest
lake for several years.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28
ANNOUNCE RED
CROSS drive
November 8 to Is Set as Dates
for Membership Drive by
Local Officials.

B. o. Strachan, chairman of the local
Red Cross organization, informs us that
the annual membership drive will be-
gin on November 8, and continue with
vigor to November Is.
Mrs. A. ]. McMahan is secretary OF
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28

Governor Benson character
lied A. V. Rohweder of Duluth,
chairman of the state public
safety committee as "a public
relations man for the steel
trust" and stated he was not in
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28

the local chapter
while Mrs. o. w,
Parker is treasurer,
These officers, with
the chairman, will
meet shortly to
name committees
to conduct the
membership cam
paign. The Ely
chapter is a branch
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28
ANNUAL MEETING.

The annual meeting of the st. Louis
County Historical Society will be held
at the headquarters of the society, 41O
Court House, Duluth, on Monday, No
vember /, 1887, at 4 o'clock in the aft
ernOOn
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28
Legion Auxiliary Outlines
Program for Wednesday
Aurng Program Arranged for Meeting of Unit Memorial
School Next Week. Mrs Norby, President, Lists Standing
Committees for Year.

MuSic-Helen Hanson.
Radio-Edith Ellefsen
Community Service = Sue Johnson,
Anna Mace.
Poppy = Hulda Murphy, chairman;
Ellen SLENDER, Yea Kotchevar.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28

Continued on Page Four
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28

Continued on Last Page
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1937-10-28

Continued on Last Page)
The Nome daily nugget., 1937-09-24
THE NOME DAILY NUGGET, NOME, ALASKA
IN THE UNITED STATES LAND OFFICE FOR THE NOME LAND DISTRICT, NOME, ALASk A.. NOTICE OF APPLICATION
 FOR PATENT
 Mineral Survey No. 1884
 Mineral Entry No. 0932

Notice is hereby given that Un, tied States Smelling Refining ane Mining Company, a Maine cor poratien. by and through it's at, torney- :n fact, A. M. Hartford whose post office address is Nome Alaska, has made application fol United States Patent for the Won. der Fraction No. 1 and Wonder Fraction No. 2 Placer Mining Claims situated on Wonder Creek a tributary of Center Creek, 1T the Cape Nome Mining District and Precinct, Territory of Alas. ka, and designated as United States Mineral Survey No. 1884 and particularly described in the official plat and field notes now on file in the said Land Office as follows:
 Wonder Fraction No l
 Magnetic variations IT deg. 0C min. to IF deg. 45 min. E,
 Beginning at Cor No. l of Won der Fraction No. 1 Placer, esta. blished on line 2-3 Survey No 444, Lillian Association Placer, { fir post AZ in. long, 4 in, square IS in. in the ground in an eartf mound "A in. base, marked WE -1WF-2-3-l884, for this survey and from whence U.S.L.M. No Il bears N. 77 deg. 24 min. E 5,29966 ft. Anvil Rock bears N l3 deg. 31 min. 30 sec. E, then ce s. l9 deg. % min. w. l43.e ft. to Cor. No. 2, identical with Cor. No. 6, Survey 1155, Linda Association Group Placer, fir post 4 in. square, 30 in. above ground, marked WF-l-2-WF-2-2- 1884 for this survey, thence N. 58 deg. 54 min. w. 659.3 ft to Cor. No. 3, identical with Cor. No. 4, Survey No. 1861, No. 6 Below Discovery Placer, fir post 4 in. square 30 in. above ground, mark ed WF-l-3-1884 for this survey, thence N. 65 deg. 35 min. w. 547 6 fl. to Cor. No. 4, identical with Cor. No. 5 Survey No. l86l No. 6 First Tier Bench on the Right Limit Wonder Creek Placer, a fir post 4 in. square, 30 in. above ground, marked WF-l-4- 1884 for this survey, thence S. 68 deg. 47 min. E. 1902 it. to Cor. No. 1 and place of beginning, contain ing an area of l.48l acres.
 Wonder Fraction No. 2
 Magnetic variations IT deg. co