davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1936-03-17
Possible Mid.European
Lineup Not Yet Noted

To the Editor of The Star:
These ever-changing European pro-
tocolS, treaties and 25-year agreements
are really amusing, but not to France.
She is the boss alliance monger, the
mother cat who never knows which way
her kittens are going to jump. Just
now she is in some doubt about Poland.
Will Poland do right by our Marianne?
Now. due to racial antagonism, the
Danzig Corridor, old scores on account
of oppression, Poland really ought to be
anti-German. But there seem to be Poles
who for practical reasons are in favor
of close cooperation with Germany.
There is possible mid European lineup
which so far has not been considered by
the late Frank S. Simonds or other
American observers:
In "Europes Political System and
Poland" the distinguished Polish pub
licist. Wladyslaw Studmiki, reaches these
conclusions: Poland and Germany must
work together. These two might become
the foundation of tremendous Central
European block which would have to in
clude Austria Hungary, CzechoSlovakia,
Rumania, Bulgaria, Jugoslavia, Greece,
Turkey and the Baltic States (Esthonia,
T a. % S.ls NOuIQ
naturally be the leader, but Poland would
be firmly in second place. Her position
would be assured through the support
of the rest. The above block would
number 100000 of inhabitants.
This confederacy would stretch from
the shores of the Baltic down to the
Black Sea and across the BoSporus into
Asia Minor up to the confines of Persia.
The northern kingdoms Denmark, Nor
way and Sweden), while not included,
would no doubt be under its influence
AS to Russia and Germany or Russia and
Poland ever coming to terms-this Polish
writer can't see it.
Now the above may sound like bed
time story, and yet it is the considered
opinion of serious political thinker.
OF course, Mr.. Studmiki wrote early in
1885. Since then the recently concluded
defensive" alliance between France and
Russia has put Poland on the spot.
Wedged in between Germany and Russia
she'll become a battlefield once more
no matter which side she joins in the
event of a general war. Some countries
are out of luck. Or, may be, this whole
cockeyed world is out of luck.
FRED VETTER.
Evening star., 1936-03-17
STARS, MEN AND ATOMS
Notebook of Science Progress in Field,
Laboratory and Study.
BY THOMAS r. HENRY.

Modern man may be physically some
thing like a two-millionth cousin Of the
great apes.
This deduction is made by Rev. DR..
John M. Cooper, professor of anthro-
pology at the Catholic University of
America, from q critical examination Of
the arguments for and against human
evolution.
At the same time, DR.. Cooper main
tains, the present evidence for any evo-
luton of human reasoning from the
mental processes of the apes IS inconclu-
with the scales tipping more and more
against it.
It is estimated, Father Cooper says,
that approximately 5000 generations
account for the differentiation of the
human races now lving-white, black
and yellow-from some common ances-
trail stock. This would make the white
man about an 8,O00th cousin Of the
yellow man.
Another widely accepted estimate IS
that about 100000 generations were
necessary to bring about and fix in he
redity the differences between the dawn
man of England, who lived about 500,0 900
years ago, and the anthropoid stocks
from which apparently he arose. This
would make this very primitive sort of
human an 800,000th cousin of these
brute ancestors.
There Is no good estimate as to how
many generations elapsed between the
dawn man himself and the common
stock from which the present differen-
tiated races of mankind arose. At the
least there must have been thousands.
This makes modern man well over a
million degrees of relationship removed
from his hypothetical apelike ancestors.
But allowing for this enormous chaSm,
Father Cooper holds, the evidence for
physical evolution has been growing con-
tinuously stronger since the days Of
Charles Darwin and 1t is now valid
inference either that humans once were
much more apelike than at present, or
that certain apes were much more like
humans.
The gaps between the two which were
very evident In Darwin,s day largely have
disappeared, DR.. Cooper says. This is
true. especially, with the most striking
difference-skull capacity. 1t was q
long Jump between the 500-cubic-centi-
meter skull of the gorilla and the 1900
cubic-centimeter skull OF the average
modern European. This great interval
constituted the missing link"
Now, the anthropologist points out, 1t
has been fairly well bridged. The largest
gorilla skull capacity on record goes as
high as 625 cubic centimeters. Normal
humans have been found whose brains
filled only 900 cubic centimeters. Doubt
less there are gorillas who have escaped
the attention of scientists with brains
still larger and humans with still less
capacity.
This leaves, at the most, only little
more than 200 cubic centimeters to be
accounted for. This Is hardly beyond
the range of variation in the existing
species. Some estimates Of the cranial
capacity Of pithecanthropus erectus, the
famous "ape-man" Of Java, place It at
Evening star., 1936-03-17
Two Sides to 1t.

If there was anything improper in the
entertainment Of members of Congress
by representative of the utility and
railroad interests an equal amount of
improperly is indicated on the part of
the members of Congress who allowed
themselves thus to be entertained.
In other words, almost every new and
startling revelation" concerning the
conduct and methods of procedure of
lobbyists bears out the fact that lobbyists
could not function if the members of
Congress refused to let them function.
1t is interesting to learn that a rep
resentative of the Interests" shared a
house with members of Congress. It is
headline-making stuff to put the repre-
sentative on the stand and grill him to
golden brown. But it would be even
more enlightening-and produce even
blacker headlines-if the members of
Congress who enjoyed the warm hospi-
tality of the lobbyist were also placed
upon the stand and subjected to an
equally warm grilling. Senator Schwell-
enbach denounces the lobbyists who
come here and monkey with Congress-
men," But it is even more significant
that members of Congress permit them
selves to be monkeyed with by lobbyists.
What the Black committee is mani
festly trying to show, however, is not so
much the pernicious aspect of lobbying
as the pressure" exerted by the Inter
ests" to stop legislation or in behalf of
legislation. And lot of what has come
out at the hearing might have been
taken for granted. 1t is not surprising
to learn that the interests" tried to
stop or tried to push certain legislation.
The important fact Is that such activi-
ties are apparently worth while. If they
were not worth while they would not be
important. If they are worth while 1t is
because the members of Congress permit
them to be worth while. Lobbyists
would never get to first base if the mem
bers of Congress did not let them. The
point of view and the activities of the
Interests" in connection with lobbying
are less important than the attitude of
members of Congress toward lobbying.
If there is no improperly by members
of Congress there can be little impro-
priety by the lobbyists.
Evening star., 1936-03-17
Shooting Stars.
BY PHILANDER JOHNSON.
Confidence Restored.

Confidence Restored.
I thought the world was bright and gay,
Where work enhanced the JOY of play,
And presently chanced to look
Into philosophic book
Which said, in phrases long,
"Oh, friends! We're going wrong!"
I thought all people, good or bad,
A love for little children had;
That none would even threaten harm
To youthful innocence and charm.
I read the bandit news
And had to change my views.
I thought that war had proved so rough,
All must agree we'd had enough,
And men would quite abandon crime
To seek the useful and sublime.
Each day brings with regret
The warning, mot as yet"
Then, as thought that fate perverse
Was sending us from bad to worse,
The flowers smiled at heavens blue;
There came, with melody so true,
Prophetic song,
again you're wrong!"
Evening star., 1936-03-17
Irish Prosperity.

There could be no more appropriate
st. Patrick's day message from ireland
than President De Valeras statement
to the Associated Press that the Free
States economic condition has improved
to a point that brings its objective of
reasonable f-suficiency" within
reach. Substantial progress toward that
goal was recorded during 1885, proving
that the fiscal, industrial and financial
program pursued by the government
during the past four years has now
begun to bear visible fruit.
Although the Free States relations
with Great Britain still leave much to
be desired, the venom and acrimony OF
other times have been lessened, virtually
to the vanishing point. With appoint
ment of Malcolm Macdonald, son of
the former prime minister, as secretary
for dominion affairs in succession to
j. H. Thomas, who did not meet with
conspicuous success in conciliating Irish
sentiment, there are prospects that an
appreciable advance will be made in
the direction of friendly understanding
between Dublin and Downing Street.
The heavy tariff which Britain imposed
on Irish imports, in retaliation for the
withholding of the unpaid land annuities,
remains cause of soreness in the Free
State. but recent agreements, whereby
the Irish purchase more British coal
and the British buy more Irish farm
produce, have contributed to mutually
better feeling.
Free State trade returns last year reg
istered a heavy drop in imports, as
Irish mills went into production. With
simultaneous increase in exports, the
adverse balance Of trade was lowered
by more than G37,500,000, reduction OF
more than seventeen per cent as COM
pared with 1884 Despite the British
'penal tariffs" Free State farmers, with
their home market secured to them, look
forward, Mr.. De Valera points out, to
definitely improved times. They are
profiting from the country's increased
industrial population and urban con-
sumptive power, due to the establish
ment OF new factories and extension OF
old properties. Under the national hous-
ing scheme, the building industries have
experienced an unexpected boom. Bank
clearings have increased, bankruptcies
and judgments for debt have diminished,
railway receipts are up, and there Is
big rise in the number of registered auto
mobiles. Prosperity in industry has
synchronized with the establishment OF
sound national finances. Many govern
ment capital issues have been oversub-
scribed, rejecting the investing public's
confidence in the Free States future.
Unemployment, as elsewhere, continues
to be a problem, and the dole is still an
unconquered evil. But state, industrial
and agricultural programs are being
co-ordinated on a scale that promises
certain and steady recovery.
Erins friends in the United States
greet with genuine qualification Presi-
dent De Valera's chapter and verse
assurances that happy days have come
again in Ireland.
Evening star., 1936-03-17
'Roseyite' Substitute for
Townsend Pension Plan

To the Editor of The star:
Some people will like, others will not
like, these words, especially persons go
years DID, who are Townsendites, or those
who believe that 5000 a month is small
pay for one who has worked 20 years
amidst war storms that blow business
in and out of depreSsions. A gust of
whirling wind has destroyed billions Of
dollars of wealth by dollar devaluation,
which has helped not only to sweep away
our savings, but proffers $14.32 to gold
bloc foreigners in each transaction Of
$20.67, causing gold to pile up in the
Treasury. as foreigners will not. unless
forced, pay the proclamation price of $35
instead of the Treasury price Of s20.67
an ounce.
The reliable Brooking's Institution fig.
ures that in 1929 there were over 1000.
900 people gainfully employed whose
earned income was more than $51 ,000,-
100000, which gives an averaged income
of a little over 81 900 year for each per-
son.
The Townsend followers are sending
their representatives to Congress to vote
5000 a month for 100000 old-age pen
SionS. also to induce Congress to give old
people money, as they were good to give
bonus money to warriors before 1t was
due.
But should Congress grant old-age
pensions before the unemployment
problem is solved?
Perhaps the 100000 unemployed
should be given pension of $170 a
month at this time instead of the Town
Sendites. OF course, it can be done with
out the need of an army of spies to see
that every red cent of the $l70 is spent
each month.
1t is obvious that temporary pension
would give the unemployment problem
time to automatically solve itself in re-
covery.
Anyway, so long as the employed have
to pay future tax of $29, 300, ,OOO, 900. We
should allow the unemployed to pay
SIS, $50 100000 out again, to the tax COL
lectorS, which would pay the aggregate
of all taxes in the United States
The total of all taxes of New York
State in 1929 was 81 1856, ,091 ,693, or Sl63
for each of its $4,000 100000 folk. So
10000, 900 individuals would pay a tax
of SIG, 1861, 100000.
Such trick of unemployment pen
sions would introduce a Utopia which
would add not only to the Presidents
smile, but would keep all of us at work,
and would create an extra market of
1880 900 900, which would kick out the
conservation scheme that whips the devil
around the Supreme Court. 1t is plain
that the money would be spent for farm
goods, as each of the unemployed would
have net income of only $500 year.
Therefore, instead of a Townsendite
Utopia, we would have Roseyita
saturnalia, for every one would have a
millennium, and the unemployed or
RoSeyite voters would still vote in a
Roseyite or New Deal Utopia, that one
could not tell from Townsendite Utopia,
or a Utopia that duplicates picture of
perpetual depression.
ROBERT WHITE.
Bayonne, N. J.
Evening star., 1936-03-17

little more than 300 cubic centimeters-
thus providing an approximate halfway
pile for the bridge.
Says DR.. Cooper: "The gap between
anthropoid and human capacity is
largely, or fully, bridged, so far as sheer
size is concerned. If, an evolutionist may
reason, the human range is so wide, from
900 to 1000 cubic centimeters, the rela-
lively shorter gap between the lowest
established human capacity and the
highest established contemporary an
thropoid capacity would seem to be quite
within the possibilities of evolutionary
bridging.
This appears all the more possible in
view of the fact that among the anthro-
poids and man very great variability
in cranial capacity obtains. In gibbons
it may go as low as 80 cubic centimeters,
or as high as 140, the range representing
over 60 per cent of the mean size. In
gorillas the established range is from
370 to $50 cubic centimeters, or almost
60 per cent of the mean size. In man the
range is from approximately $50 to 1000
cubic centimeters, representing over 10
per cent of the mean size. Given this
great instability in both human and
anthropoid cranial capacities, the an
thropoid brain may be presumed to be
capable of very considerable evolution
airy increase.
I'm slope of forehead the gap between
man and the anthropoids is very largely
filled in by pithecanthropus, by Peking
man, and by a number of specimens of
the Neanderthal race. All of these have
foreheads that are very low and re-
treating, more or less midway between
modern man and the anthropoids. The
Rhodesian skull-a Neanderthal- like
skull found in Africa few years ago
Notwithstanding its high cranial capacity
and its human teeth has a forehead slope
quite as low as that of some of the
anthropoids.
Modern man has chin, and so con-
trasts with the anthropoid apes, but the
chasm seems to be filled by a number of
down and Mauer jawbones lack chins.
Peking man has no chin. or at most only
traces Of chin eminence. A consider
able number of the mandibles of the
Neanderthal race are either entirely chin
less or else show only faint suggestions
of chin.
"The U-shaped dental arch Of the
anthropoids contrasts with the parabola-
shaped arch Of modern man. But in
number of prehistoric mandibles the
dental arch is definitely, or approx
mately, U-shaped. The Mauer jawbone
with its human teeth has an arch about
midway between that of the anthropoids
and that of modern man.
Modern man walks erect. There are,
however, definite approaches to erect
walking in the gibbon, the chimpanzee
and the gorilla-the last being nearest
to man in this respect, as also in the
position of the great toe. The Java crea-.
ture and the Neanderthals may have
walked with knees somewhat bent, but
the evidence is not definite"
Gaps between man and the anthro-
poids which are left open by the accumu-
lated archaeological and anatomical evi-
Evening star., 1936-03-17

rectly, Immediately. forthwith" That
was doubtless the definition given In
the reference works consulted by the
League Of Nations pathological experts
in London. OF provincial usages there
was perhaps q dearth of available au-
thorities. The suggestion is made that
possibly this document was prepared
at the dictation Of the Fuehrer himself,
In which case the "alsbald" Of Bavarian
usage, with its less insistent significance,
would quite naturally have occurred.
The English language is not without
its latitude in this same particular.
According to both the Webster and the
Standard Dictionaries the word pres
emily" means "after little time" "by
and by" or shortly" as well as "imme-
diately" in an archaic usage. This
latter significance is given as including
the term nov, at this present" Refer
ence is made to Biblical usage, in the
King James version, Matthew, xxi.l8.
Jesus returned to the city in the morn
ing and He hungered. And when He
saw fig tree in the way He came to 1t
and found nothing thereon but leaves
only, and said to it: Let no fruit ever
grow on thee henceforward forever. And
presently the fig tree withered away.
And when the disciples saw it they
marveled, saying, How soon is the fig
tree withered away!"
Here, then, we have a usage Of pres
emily" that means Immediately" In
the case of "alsbald," according to the
probable source of the Fuehrer's word,
Immediately" means lin the course OF
time"
Evening star., 1936-03-17

dence, DR.. Cooper says, seem to be filed
in by researches from embryology.
The adult humans lower limbs are
very long in proportion to his trunk, as
compared with the apes proportionately
short legs. But, even at the time Of
birth, the lower limbs of man are pro-
portionately slightly shorter than those
of the orangoutan or the chimpanzee.
Adult mans great toe branches from
the sole of the foot just at the base of
the second toe, but in young apes the
same condition is found. Only as
growth proceeds does the great toe
gradually change its position in the
apes. Much the same early identical
branching and later shift toward the
wrist occur in the case of the thumb.
The adult human beings collar bones
are nearly horizontal, whereas those Of
the anthropoid apes incline at q steer
angle. In the human fetus, howevef
the clavicles incline sharply upward.
The body Of an ape is covered with
hair to q much greater extent than 10
the body of a man. However, some apeS
are much less hairy than others ana
some men much more so than the aver
age of the species. Moreover, the human
being just before birth is covered with
sort of hair and among some African
pigmies this condition persists through
life.
Says DR.. Cooper: Broadly speaking,
where our geological evidence is clear,
the farther we 60 back in time and the
older the geological lay Of the prehis-
toric human and humanlike Skeletal re-
m a ms the more authroroid in sirnificant
features do these remains appear. At
some time In the past either certain
anthropoids clearly were much more
manlike in important respect than are
any living anthropoid apes today, or else
certain human beings or races were
clearly more apelike than are living hu-
man beings or races. At some time or
times in the past human beings and
anthropoids resembled each other much
more than they DO today"
Evening star., 1936-03-17

It may be impossible to remove "The
Merchant of Venice" from theaters and
libraries. For the benefit of human
knowledge it might be desirable to pre-
serve for students a reminder of a state
Of society which could enjoy and even
require so ruthless picture of human
cruelty. There was poetry aplenty in
its day. The element of surprise con-
cerning its survival lies in the distin-
guished Endorsement it apparently en-
joyed as a suggestion of civil policy
toward popular prejudice.
Evening star., 1936-03-17
Research.

"The public is very fickle," commented
Senator Sorghum, as he laid down his
home town paper.
"You believe in trying to give the pub
Lie what 1t wants, don't you?"
"Oh, yes-if you can ascertain posi-
lively what that is"
Evening star., 1936-03-17

It may be necessary to eliminate the
jungle as promptly as possible as an art
influence in a civilization whose futur-
istic tendencies are already toward the
grotesque. jungle bellies will long necks,
protruding lips and large feet should not
be encouraged to invade the studios that
are still endeavoring to glorify the
Greco Roman classics.
Evening star., 1936-03-17

A mans methods in handling small
affairs must of necessity indicate his
possible usefulness in great enterprises.
Mr.. Zioncheck's way Of running tele-
phone switchboard will hardly commend
him for service in Strengthening out the
affairs of a nation.
Evening star., 1936-03-17

Difficulties relating to records Of debts
and currency multiply. In governmental
eagerness to encourage artists of all kinds
the fact may be overlooked that one Of
the worlds real needs is more and better
bookkeepers.
Evening star., 1936-03-17

Medical scientists occupy popular
print to an extent that gives sore
throat as much attention as a problem
in taxation. Freedom of the press must
be jealously cherished, although it must
be admitted that public discussion has
not succeeded in eliminating that tiny
but terrible foe, the grip germ.
Evening star., 1936-03-17

BY ringing all the telephone bells in an
apartment house, Representative Zion
check gave lucid idea of congressional
colloquy in which everybody tries to talk
at once.
Evening star., 1936-03-17

So much money is bequeathed to Har-
ward that DIR. Conant may feel it neces-
sary to encourage new financial research
in order to show how it may be usefully
applied.
Evening star., 1936-03-17

If Prof. Einstein should desire to in
terest himself in the study Of interna-
tional relativities he could find no more
congenial spot for study than the
Princeton hall Of scholastic tradition
over which Woodrow Wilson once pre-
sided.
Evening star., 1936-03-17

The political economists continue to
write in spite of the fact that the GUS
tom of providing household expenses for
the King of England is concentrating an
enormous percentage of current interest
on the society pages.
Evening star., 1936-03-17

The amount of tax that falls auto
matically on homes and farms is Afford
ing new demand for some method of
keeping politics out of the real estate
business.
Evening star., 1936-03-17
Theoretical.

From the Boston Transcript.
Cornell University has started course
In job-getting. That's the trouble with
colleges these days-they give the young
people too much theory.
Evening star., 1936-03-17

When relief funds are discontinued
problems Of unemployment may be
harder than before, having been COM
plicated with dash Of local politics.
Evening star., 1936-03-17
A Mystery.

How often must we wonder why
The human mind is so.
The more we stop to argufy
The less we seem to know.
Evening star., 1936-03-17
Self-Sacrihce.

II saw a shocking performance at the
theater! I'm warning all my friends to
keep away"
Indeed? What was it hke?"
st don't remember some of it. I'm 60
ing again so that can warn my friends
more intelligently."
Evening star., 1936-03-17

"You never knows who's ginter be
boss of q situation" said Uncle Eben.
"If you's lost in de woods on dark
night, it may be a puffick stranger who
happens to come along wifi a dog and a
lantern"
Evening star., 1936-03-17
Stroners.

Prom the Roanoke Times.
To hear Al Smith and Simeon Fess
tell 1t, this years national conventions
are going TO teem with walking delegates.