davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington times., 1936-06-04
Princess MdiVani
Engaged TO Doyle

LONDON, June 4 G.N.SO.-En-
gagement of Princess Nina Midi
vani to Denis Conan-Doyle, son
of the late Sir Arthur Conan
Doyle, was formally announced to-
day. She recently was divorced
from Charles Henry Huberich,
Paris lawyer. to whom she was
married in 1925.
The Washington times., 1936-06-04
7 High School Girls,
Youth Drown in N. Y.

ROCHESTER, N. Y, June 4
0.N.SO.-Two high school girls
and a youth were drowned in
Silver Lake early today while on
a moonlight canoe ride.
The dead are Mildred Flattery.
81, of Batavia; Madlyn Hackett.
l8, of Elba, and Alva Willis, jr.,
20. of Batavia.
The Washington times., 1936-06-04
Farley Authorized
ToPay Bonus TO Vets
International News Service

President Roosevelt today signed
a House resolution, completing
legislation necessary for payment
of the Soldiers bonus beginning
June IS. The resolution author
ICES the Postmaster General to
designate post offices where the
bonus certificates may be cashed.
The Washington times., 1936-06-04
Man Found Stabbed
AT Poole Death SpoI

DETROIT, June 4 G.N.SO.-A
well-dressed, unidentified man
was found stabbed to death to-
day in the Rouge River, not far
from the scene of the Black
Legion murder of Charles A.
Poole. Detroit authorities prob
ing the Black Legion here i'm
mediately dispatched officers to
the scene.
The Washington times., 1936-06-04
Roosevelt Signs
Record Navy Bill

President Roosevelt today signed
the $526, ZOO, 900 naval supply bill,
the largest appropriation for the
Navy in the Reace-time history OF
the United 8 ates.
The Washington times., 1936-06-04
Legislation in House
Waits Until June IS;
June 20 Close Seen
International News Service

Legislative business of the House
will be suspended until June Is,
Chairman O'Connor CD of New
York, of the Rules Committee, an
nounced today.
The decision forecast an effort
by Congressional leaders to COM
plete legislative business so that
Congress can adjourn on June 20,
just before the Democratic ma
tional convention.
The Washington times., 1936-06-04
By MRS. DAYTON DEAN

Copyright, 1895, by the Detroit Times
and International News Service)
DETROIT, June 4 QN.S)-I
had heard my husband plot a
cold-blooded murder for the Black
Legion.
I had heard him talk about see
ing that I was to be taken for q
ride" If I did not keep still.
He had promised me on his
word Of honor he was through
with the Black Legion. Yet he
did not keep his word.
I was frightened and I didn't
know which way to turn.
I am sure. Dayton 32hinnssM, was
afraid then.
Two nights after he had planned
to murder man, and then
changed his mind when I found
Continued on Page 2, Col. p
The Washington times., 1936-06-04
Aquitdnia Carries
S1O,2OO,OOO Gold

CHERBOURG, France, June 8.
U.N.SO Gold valued at $40, ,2O0,-
900 was shipped to New York
aboard the liner Aquitania today.
The Washington times., 1936-06-04
DEAN LYING, DAVIS CHARGES
Dean Rise
In Clan
Barred

mrs. Dayton Dean, former
tOite of the "triggermGn" in q
Black Legion Staying here, and
herself once o. member of the
secret society, in a series of
articles tells for the first time
IOhGt she says is the real inside
story of GctivitieS of the night
riders. The second of this re-
markable series folLoW:l
Evening star., 1936-04-07
Miner Gets Watch Back.

On coming to the surface at the end
OF days work, miner In Scherle-
beck, Westphalia, discovered that his
gold watch was missing. It had been
his fathers, SO the man and friends
returned to the mine and hunted des-
perately, but without success. Several
days later he was advised that the
timepiece had been found in a gas
works in Braunschweig. ESQ miles
away.
Evening star., 1936-04-07

/ OVWIs
/. Chinese idol.
2. Discharge.
3. A person Of valor.
4. Inf1rm.
5. Away.
6. Nations.
7. African antelope.
8. Plenty.
9. Conveyed outward.
10. Teacher of bodily exercises.
II. Foray.
IL. Egyptian girl entertainer.
13. Brewed liquor.
81. Plunder.
%. Viper.
26. Burn with steam.
27. Spanish court yard.
%. Bury.
29. Vat.
80. Malicious burning.
81. Turkish pavilion.
80. Vacant.
"a. A new convert.
81. Strived to equal.
40. The emerald: obs.
AZ. Voluntary.
43. Almond favored drink.
IS. Japanese sash.
46. Swears at.
48. Brushed.
40. Needless.
so. City in Pennsylvania.
81. Prong.
SO. Inform.
81. Nimbus.
SIS. Gaelic.
So. Shallow dish.
Evening star., 1936-04-07
Woman Flies Far to Grave.

Having flown from Paris to NADIA
gascar plotting a single-engined plane,
Nine. Finat recently arrived at the
lonely grave of her husband. the we'll
known French pilot, who had been
buried where his plane crashed near
Moshi. The journey occupied seven
days, and Is believed to be record for
O Woman's fight,
Evening star., 1936-04-07

Across.
!. A fast driver.
5. Seaweeds.
10. Snatch.
IA. Presage.
Is. Resort town In the Canadian
Rockies.
16. Large university.
II. Titles of respect.
18. Inhale.
19. Buffoon.
20. Bent forward and downward.
%. Legendary swimmer Of the Helles-
pont.
"a. Vases.
IS. A constellation.
26. Obsolete keyed instrument.
90. A token Of friendship.
80. Confection.
81. Founder Of the keystone State.
35. Adorn.
S6. Coin Of Siam.
81. Raise.
80. Drench.
80. Untruths.
IL. Stir.
a.. Rhine.
A. European rodent.
46. Ill-tempered.
Al. Competent.
48. Tallow.
49. A second test.
So. Twist.
Sc. A melody.
81. Kinds.
So. Dread.
so. Carol.
81. Public store house.
81. Wrongs.
63. Mind.
64. Nicks.
IS. South African plant.
Evening star., 1936-04-07
LETTER-OUT

spell the
column. column opposite
removed "Ietd-Ou correctly
players try o opponents.
Answer to Yesterdays LETTER-oUT.
Evening star., 1936-01-01
BRIGHT YEAR SEEN
BY EXCHANGE HEAD
Increase to Normally Will Be
Reached in. 1885. Paced by
Autos, Saws O'Brien.

BY the Associated Press.
CHICAGO, January 1.-Michael
J. O'Brien, president Of the Chicago
Stock Exchange, has expressed con-
fidence that in 1896 business activity
will continue to increase to a point
above what is generally conceded to
be normal.
Paced by the automobile industry
business enterprise on every hand
gives evidence of the courage and in
itiative that is essential in carrying
the country out of the doldrums Of
the past few years." he said.
O'Brien said dividend payments
made by corporations listed on the
stock exchange increased 29.5 per cent
over 1894. In 1884 payments were
24.6 per cent above 1888.
"The dividend payment of more
than $IO5, 100000 distributed by our
Evening star., 1936-01-01
IN D. c., WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 1, 1886

corporations together with the hun
dreds of millions distributed by other
corporations is finding its way into
other channels Of business" he said.
Trading volume Of the exchange
this year was almost 13 ,000. 600 shares,
compared with 1o.178,000 last year
and 1925, 900 in 1893.
Evening star., 1936-01-01
HOTEL FOR MOUNTAIN

The Forest Service Of the Agricul-
ture Department proposes to erect g
hotel on Mount Hood, in Oregon. H. P
Caemmerer, executive secretary Of the
Fine Arts Commission. said yesterday
Preliminary plans will be considered
soon.
About five years ago, the project was
discussed informally with the commits
sion. Now, Caemmerer understands,
the Forest Service has secured funds
from the Public Works Administration
and the subject again is active.
Evening star., 1936-01-01
NAVAL AVIATION GAINS
SEEN By ADMIR-. KING
Still Have Innumerable Avenues
of Advance, However, Chief
Declares.

Although naval aviation has made
great strides, I'VE still have before us
!nnumerable avenues of advance in its
development" Rear Admiral Ernest
J. King, chief Of the Bureau OF Aero
nautics. Navy Department, declared
yesterday.
The naval air chief said he expected
1885 to see more advancement.
Extending New Year good wishes to
Evening star., 1936-01-01
HEADS TRADE BODY
Charles II. March Designated as
Commission Chairman.

Charles H. March today was desig-
mated to serve as chairman Of the Fed
eral Trade Commission during 1886.
He succeeds Ewin L. Davis. Under
the commissions custom, the chair
manship rotates annually. March pre-
Wously. served as chairman In 1888.
The new chairman is from Richfield,
Mimi, and is Republican.
Evening star., 1936-01-01

Mr.. and Mrs. Allen H. Kirk Of Hern-
don. Va. had as their guests during
the holidays Mr.. and Mrs. Louis Robey
and their three children and Mr.. and
Mrs. Harry Lee Hancock and their
small son, all of Washington. and Mr..
and Mrs. v. L. Kirk of Arlington, Va.
Evening star., 1936-01-01

Mr.. and Mrs. Claude Deaton Of Lyon
Park, Va, have with them for the
holidays their daughter, Miss Agnes
Russell Deaton, student at West
hampton College. Saturday afternoon
Miss Deaton entertained at tea.
Evening star., 1936-01-01

all naval aviation personnel. Admiral
King expressed his appreciation for
the outstanding loyalty, cooperation
Evening star., 1936-01-01

and helpfuIneSs which has been shown
continuously by the officers and men
Of the aeronautical organization"
Evening star., 1936-01-01

Mrs Tyler E. Bowen has returned
TO her home, in Takoma Park, after
spending week in Trenton, N. j.,
with her son-in-law and daughter, the
Rev. and Mrs. w. A. Nelson.
Evening star., 1936-01-01

DR.. and Mrs. j. c. Whitehead have
returned to their home, in Lyon VII
lage, Va, from Norfolk, where they
were the holiday guests Of the for
mer's brother and his wife, Mr.. and
Mrs. L. M. Whitehead.
Evening star., 1936-01-01

Mr.. and Mrs. Julian D. Thompson.
Miss Ethel Milan and Miss Emily
Wiley. High scores were made by Mr..
Thompson and Mr.. and Mrs. Hutchi-
son.
Miss Naomi Crown and Miss Evelyn
Crown. daughters of Mr.. and Mrs. j.
E. Crown of Woodside. Md, who are
attending Western Maryland College,
at Westminster, Md, are spending the
holidays with their parents.
Mr.. and Mrs. Charles j. Bohrer OF
Aurora Hills, Va, had as a guest over
the holiday and week end DR.. Louis
Blumer, who stopped for a few days
en- route from Bangor, Me, to Miami,
where he will spend the Winter.
Evening star., 1936-07-09
BORAH OPENS RACE.
FORRENOM|NAT|0N
Faces Potent Opposition in
Own Party as Well
as Democrats.

ey the Associated Press.
BOISE, Idaho, July 9.-Senator VIII
lia,h E. Borah entered at II today what
,nay prove the fight of lifetime.
In the face Of potent opposition
both within his own Republican ranks
and from the Democratic party, If ne
wins the nomination for reelection
the shaggy haired statesman quietly
filed nominating petitions through a
friend.
He kept his campaign plans to him
self. He even withheld formal per-
sonal announcement of his candidacy.
THE filing speaks for itself" was the
only comment of the Lion of Idaho"
who mingles with Presidents and lowly
farmers with equal ease.
Three Opponents in Party.
Few denied that Borah faces bitter
battle Within his own party are three
opponents - Townsend-backed Byron
Defenbach, State Senator Ralph Whit
ten of Grimes Pass and State Repre-
sentative Tracy Coker. novelist and
school teacher Of Shoshone.
This four-way battle Of votes will be
fought in the primary August IL.
If the veteran campaigner survives
the primary he must match vote
getting wits with powerful Democrat
Gov. c. Ben Ross or Lesler Aker.
Boise attorney.
Ross to Say Plenty"
Informed of Borah's filing, Ross said.
"I'll have plenty to say about it during
the campaign"
Said Defenbach: I'm not running
against anybody. I'm running for the
Senate on the Townsend platform.
Advocates Of the old-age pension
plan claim 100000 Of Idaho's 200, 1000
votes.
Evening star., 1936-07-09
NOE "GOING FISHING"
ON DAY OF ELECTION
Former Louisiana Governor De-
clares He Fights Only Roose.
welt, Farley.
BY the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
BA~0N ROUGE, La. July g.
For Gov. James A. Noe, who as a
St Senator led opposition to State
administration proposals during the
Louisiana Legislative session which
adjourned yesterday, says he's going
fishing" the day Of the presidential
election.
In beating down, 81 10 2, Noes pro-
posal that the Senate adopt resolu-
tion calling upon the State admins
tration to halt ''levying tax on State
employees for President Roosevelt's 5
campaign fund" Senator Harvey
Peltier, administration floor leader,
asked:
will you vote for the Democratic
nominee for President next Novem-
ber?"
I'm going fishing that day." Noe
replied.
Il want it understood that I'm not
fighting the Democratic party" the
former Governor said. but I am
against Roosevelt and Farley, who
fought Senator Long when he was
living" e--
Evening star., 1936-07-09
MISS DOYLE RETURNING

Maxine Doyle, who was mistress OF
ceremonies at the Earle Theater for
149 weeks before going to Hollywood
to enter the films, will return to town
July "a to present a song and dance
act on the Earle vaudeville program,
1t was announced today by the local
Warner Bros. Offices. This will be Miss
Doyle's second special appearance at
the Earle since she left the M. C. Job
more than two years ago.
Evening star., 1936-07-09
State Psychiatrist Named.

LANSING, Mich. July R.-Parole
Commissioner Joseph c. Armstrong
revived the Office of State psychiatrist
yesterday and appointed DR.. David P.
Phillips of Menard, Ill, at a salary of
$4,000 a year.
Phillips, superintendent of the dag
nostic division of the Menard branch
prison and a former State criminolo-
gist in Pennsylvania, will start his work
here August /.
Evening star., 1936-07-09
MAYOR SEEKS FREEDOM
IN POWER CONTROVERSY
Indiana Towns Executive Hopes
to Obtain Release From Jail
Through Writ.
By the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
HUNTINGTON Ind, July 9.-Mayor
c. w. B. Bangs hoped to obtain his
release from the county jail today
through writ of habeas corpus.
Arthur D. Saylor, Banks attorney,
said he would ask Circuit Judge Sum-
ner Kenner today for the writ. Bangs
went to Jail Monday for violating an
injunction which was issued to prevent
him from extending the municipal
electric lines in competition with those
of the Northern Indiana Power Co.
Judge Huber NJ Devoss ordered the
mayor to Jail until the municipal plant
customers are disconnected.
Evening star., 1936-07-09
Burglar Steals Alarm.

AUGUSTA, Ga. P).-A. T. Sublett
Of Bolton, S. c., had an automobile
protected by q burglar alarm.
He still has the automobile. Some
one stole the burglar alarm yesterday.
Evening star., 1936-07-09
Bump Of Cooking" Wins Job.

Phrenology was used to select chefs
for boarding house near Sydney,
Australia. The proprietress called in a
phrenologist to read the bump of
cooking" Of so applicants and report
on their character.
Evening star., 1936-07-09
ENGINEERS PLOT UNIT
OF ROCK CREEK PARKWAY
Third Phase of Work Will Extend
Boundaries to Connecti-
cut Avenue.
~ Stan Correspondent Of The star.

cut Avenue.
~ Stan Correspondent Of The Star.
CHEVY CHASE. Md, July O.
Engineers of the Maryland National
Capital Park and Planning Commis-
sion today began . survey to plot the
taking lines for the third unit Of
Rock Greek parkway.
The new unit will extend the pres
ent park boundaries frcm Rock Greek
and the East West highway In an ir-
regular line to Connecticut avenue
and as far north as the Garrett Park
road
Funds for purchase of the land in
cluded In the taking lines determined
by the engineers are available under
an appropriation bill passed during
the last session Of Congress, Chief
Engineer Irving c. Root said today
Evening star., 1936-07-09

ly hidden It In holes in the brown
stone walls. The church congregations
have been nervous during services,
Evening star., 1936-07-09

Church Of Hoopstad, South Africa. At
tempts to take out the honey have
failed because the buzzers have clever
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1936-07-03

" ~ ~ "
Northwestern Broadcasting Inc.
Minneapolis ST. Paul
Office of E. Fl. Gammons, Pres.
June 29, 1886
Mr.. Cecil E. Newman, Editor:
My attention has been called to
eral Mills and Byrum Saam in your
issue of June 10. In order that you
may have the record clear, want to
give you the facts in connection
with the case.
First of all, it was very unfortu-
nate that you brought General Mills
and Wheaties into this. They had
nothing whatsoever to do with the
broadcast of the Olympic try-outs,
but were courteous enough to give
up part of their time during which
the baseball game was scheduled, in
order that we could put on the
Second, Byrum Saam is an en-
ployee of WCCO, not General Mills
and they had nothing to do with
hiring Or bringing him here. He
was hired by WCCO after a canvass
of sports announcerS around the
country, We found that he had made
an athlete, student and announcer.
We brought him here last spring
and as his work is acceptable to
General Mills, he is handling their
baseball broadcasts, but as an en-
ployee of WCCO.
In regard to the particular broad
cast to which you refer, might say
that before the try outs, Saam met
Pollard personally, had quite visit
with him and probably was more
interested in his performance than
in anyone in the track meet. The
use of the word "nigger" came in
the excitement of the race and
should not be interpreted at all as
any reflection of personal attitude.
Saam probably felt worse about it
than anyone. He called me at my
home to tell me what he had done
and say how sorry he was. He also
wrote Pollard Immediately express
ing his regrets.
If you are familiar with the &C
tivities of your race in the Twin
Cities, as I imagine, you are prob
ably aware of the fact that for many
years WCCO has given employment
to more Negro artists than all the
other Twin City stations combined.
am writing this letter to you to
express the regrets of WCCO and
Mr.. Saam for the unfortunate hap
pening, and also to call to your at
tention that General Mills was in no
way connected with or responsible
for this broadcast.
Yours very truly,
EHG:4 E. H. GAMMONS.
Editors Note: The prompt regrets
of station WCCO are appreciated by
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1936-07-03
Health and
Hygiene
By DR.. W. D. Brown
Prepare for Hay
Fever Now

Seasonal forms of allergic rhin-
tits, characterized by severe nasal
discharge with sneezing and pro-
fuse lacrymation, are due to SEN
sitiveness of the mucous mem
brane of the nose to pollens of
such plants as timothy, ragweed,
orchard grass, and others. About
the 18th of August pollens of the
ragweed family take the air and
they will be constantly breathed
and rebreathed until late in Oc-
tober when frost falls. Only those
who are sensitive to them will be
affected and they will indeed be I'M
comfortable.
For these people there are three
things that might be done. First,
they may go to some part of the
country where ragweed does not
grow or where the wind does not
carry the pollen. Second, they may
use various remedial measures
such as nose drops and eye drops
for short temporary relief. Third,
they may be desensitized by grad
uated ragweed-pollen injections.
This method of desensitization is
very scientific. It gives seasonal
relief in about 800 of all cases
but it has to be repeated each year.
It must be started and completed
before polarization begins. That
means that for the late hay fever
of fall, it must be started immedi-
ately (early JULY. The technique
of desensitization consists of de-
termining just to what pollen one
is susceptible and then injecting
graduated amounts of this offend
ing protein beneath the skin. Thus
tolerance is built up which, when
completed, will last during the two
month period of polarization.
There are many air filters and
ventilating systems on the market
for hay fever sufferers, Many of
these are all right if one stays
where the air is mechanically kept
free from pollen. To be success
full, one then would be imprisoned
for this period of time in a room
or house. This is very impractical.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1936-07-03
FRED J. SAAM COMPANY
Lapeer-Trailmobile Trailers
1854 University Avenue
st. Paul, MINI.

June 81. 1886
Mr.. Cecil e. Newman, Editor:
The writer has read with surprise
your article of criticism severely
taking to task Byrum Saam, who is
nephew of the writer.
We listened to this broadcast per-
sonally, and will admit that in the
heat of announcing the positions of
"nigger" may have been used, but if
it were, I am sure it only happened
once, because Mr.. Saam promptly
caught himself after making this
error. 1t was not used again, al
though you may have been led to
made on several occasions.
am writing this letter in order
to enlighten you of Mr.. Saam's
position, although he does come here
from Texas personally.
He is a young lad Of twenty one
years old, and am sure that he has
no thought of wilfully offending
anybody.
Byrum's father was born in St.
Paul and reared here, and how well
l recall in our younger days some
twenty-five years ago when his
father, George Saam, instigated a
boys culture club at the Pilgrim S
Church on Cedar Street in st. Paul
in the spirit of encouraging the col
ored boys in athletics, and worked
very diligently and spent consider
able of his time and effort to teach
these boys gymnastics and other
athletic endeavors that they did not
have an opportunity to get on &C
count Of their financial condition.
am sure that if you will contact
some of the older people of your
these days. I might mention one in
particular who was closely asso-
ciated with Byrum's father, and he
was Marian Boiling.
I might also mention that this
work that George Saam did with the
colored boys at that time was the
foundation of his future as physi-
cal instructor, which finally took
him to Texas where Byrum was
born.
I want to assure you that this
error will not happen again, and
know that you are broad enough to
forgive anybody who should make
such a mistake, and merely are
writing this letter in order to let
you know that it was purely unin-
territorial.
Yours very truly,
FJS:AH F. J. SAAM,
Fred J. Saam Company,
1854 University Ave-,
FJS:AH st. Paul, MINI.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1936-07-03

Cassie Hill, Jessie Hutchraft,,
Leonard Colston, popular Mime
apolis detective who sends the
paper to Andrew Horton at Park
view Sanatarium, Mrs. J. B. Glow
er, Mrs. John L. Nellie, Andrew
Owens, Edward L. Boyd, Percy
Hughes, j. E. Johnson, DR.. Dewey
Duckett of Rock Hill, S. c., Floyd
Maxey, Mrs. Maude CAVITY, Mrs.
L. l.. Keith, King Kennedy, Mrs.
Anna J. Black, Mrs. Orville Drake,
a list of folks who are supporting
intellectually their race weekly.
Most of these folks tell me that
from five to six neighbors and
friends come in each weekend
asking for this paper. The Dor
rowers, so the paying readers tell
me, are the people who usually ex-
claim "there isn't any news in this
old paper" They don't realize
that if they bought the paper in
stead Of borrowing it we would
soon be able to give this city an
eight-page paper instead of our
usual six pages.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1936-07-03
POOR SPORTSMANSHIP

The must be before
their but is that
York Chicago should the
fight? chagrined
by this defeat but equally uan proud long
list of previous Bomber?
wins white opponents which
raises the not good losers
group?
The demonstrations that after the disgrace
to the entire Race and that much
Louis defeat At least losing fought
tanned the respect and admiration the world
cannot be said of hodm that
YOU lose
The Northwest Enterprise (Seatte)
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1936-07-03

this newspaper and it's readers. Such
occurrences as that which prompted
our news story of June 10, and the
above correspondence, are regret
table but in order that mistakes Of
this type do not recur it is necessary
for a vigilant public and press be
ever on the alert.
Yes, we are familiar with WCCO's
record of encouragement of Negro
artists. In turn the Negro popula-
ton of the Twin Cities has contrib
uted to the success Of WCCO by
patronizing sponsors Of commercial
programs which go over the air
from WCCO.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1936-07-03
VISITORS TO OFFICE
Continued from Page One

not permit US to mention.
Since our return on June 1, we
have had renewals from Harley
Poore, Mr.. and Mrs. w. II. Nc
Clellan, Mr.. and Mrs. W. n. Rich
ardson, J. W Walton, Mrs lone
Brown, Mrs. Essie Arnold, Martin
Brown, the bustling Woodworking
gas station operator; "Babe"
Jackson, Mrs. Sarah Johnson, Mrs.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1936-07-03
LETTERS
W c. C. o

WCCO
Northwestern Broadcasting Inc.
Minneapolis ST. Paul
Office of E. Fl. Gammons, Pres.