davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23
LIGHT TENDER
DUE TO RETURN
IVY EXPECTED TO ARRIVE IN
PORT TOMORROW OR
FRIDAY

Lighthouse Tender Ivy was al
Marco, Fla, yesterday and is ex-
pected to return to her home port
at Key West either tomorrow or
Friday.
1t is expected that the tender
will, upon arrival, move the
moorings of the airplane landing
barge to another one of the finger
piers in the submarine base, as
the present wooden pier, to which
the barge is nnoored, is one of five
in the subbase which are to be de.
molished and replaced with stee
structures.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23
FERRY PLACED
ON WAYS HERE
BOTH TRAVELLER
AND PILGRIM WILL BE
READY FOR WINTER

Ferry Traveller, one of the fer
ries purchased by the Federal
Emergency Relief Administration
about one year ago, was placed on
the local marine railway this morn
mig and a gang of men were at
once placed to work scraping the
bottom.
Franklin E. AlbeI:, FERA di-
rector in Key West, said he ex-
pected the vessel to be on the ways
for the better part of one week
while certain changes and install
lat on of equipment are made.
AS soon as possible after the
Traveller is placed back in the wa
ter, the other ferry, Pilgrim, will
be placed on the ways and prac-
tically the same kind of work
will be done on this vessel.
Mr.. Albert told The Citizen this
afternoon that he was confident
both of the ferries will be ready
for service and put in operation
by the beginning of the winter
travel season.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23
CUBA ARRIVES
FROM HAVANA
BRINGS IN TWENTY-FIVE PAS
SENGERS; LEAVES EN-
ROUTE TO TAMPA

Steamship Cuba, of the P. and
o. S. S. company, arrived in port
yesterday afternoon from Havana
with one passenger for Key West;
Is first class and three second
class passengers for Tampa.
The sole arrival at this port was
Hello Renedo.
Sailing at 5 o'clock the S. S.
Cuba carried passengers booked
from Key West as follows: C. A.
Parramore, E. r. Gard, L. Hasse,
Z. Pearcy, Ann Kirchik, CUTLER
mo Perez, Randall Chase and Joe
Wayne.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23
PLAN STARTING
ENGLISH CLASS
PAUL EDDY ~ ~PA aAEEs
ARRANCEMENTS FOR
NEW PROJECT

Pan E6dy- 6rerz1r e 49,
edzczrlaz ID FIa-lzz eor ~ WPA.
zccsmFzzied - Enz E4zE. III
Ees1erdzy zEteEl8a2 - pz1e Ter
Nam Az Ezs@E scEe-zl 1zEs
On An Izz1ur-zw1 eGzrz-@zzl p<sF
ect far K@y W@
NJ Ed6T's @&zsa Ezz - -
tz5Iish > clzz n El<h 9W
those Eho e. M snezk EAe -
EuaEe. znd E1s eE@zr-z - @s -
ave EeE ws sZzs ~ - -
u.olrr wkere . rz1@h@r u % - So
hec1eE zzE Il = eEp=-z@z --41 ~
class ~ - ae1Ee - 1sz ~
cay
pa ~ zr1Ze EGr EE
rrS5e-- ~ E66v Ez1=G- Ez6 he
Wzs E-z-EeG - - wk ~
$500 - kzz n - EE EEF
So eszzsez kzEe beez eza.E-
he SD z1a - - [E 49,
are a rrez- nu== - -
takinr - D-ssu--E t -
tai $50 zz8 go - ~
kH2Re rurreE zz " q
kns-5@s=e - a ~ a.
rhe So E-e
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23
MRS. RUTH ROHDE
BREAKSLEG NFALL
FORMER ENVOY TO DENMARK
INJURED AFTER SPEECH
FOR ROOSEVELT


WASHINGTON, Ind, Sept. %.
Mrs. Ruth Bryan Owen Rohde,
former United States minister to
Denmark and the daughter of the
late William Jennings Bryan, suf-
fered a broken left leg in a fall
here Monday night. An X-ray ex-
animation disclosed the injury.
Mrs. Rohde fell shortly after
she completed a speech here in
which she urged the reelection of
President Roosevelt. She was run
ming beside her automobile in an
attempt to get into it and stop its
dash toward a small lake.
Mr.. Rohde was in the car at the
time. He had attempted to turn
it around on a hillside when it got
out of control. After Mrs. Rohde
fell, the car continued down-hill
finally stopping against a tree
Mr.. Rohde was not injured.
Drs. w. o. McKittrick and H
C. Wadsworth of Washington, said
the large bone in Mrs. ROhde''
left leg was broken just below the
knee and that she would have tt
cancel the remainder of her speak
ing engagements.
The Rohdes have been travelling
about the country in automobile
and trailer, address ng Democrat
lie rallies.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23
TWO VISITORS
ARRIVE In CITY

o. II. P. Robinson, retired train
dispatcher of the Union Pacific
Railway System. of Calico Rock,
Arkansas, and Jerry Kennedy, of
the same city. are among the
newest arrivals in Key West, and
will remain throughout the sea-
son.
They are both devotees of the
sport of fishing and will spend
most of their time catching men,
bers of the finny tribe with which
the waters surrounding the island
are teeming. as they have been
correctly informed.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23
School Patrol Reduces
Road Deaths In India

BOMBAY, Sept. 23.-The AM
erican school patrol system
which has been tried out in GER
tain Indian cities by the safety
first association, has proved a
great success in helping to re-
duce road deaths.
The system came to India in
December 1885 and the first
patrol was organized at a high
cchool in Dadar, Bombay. From
that time the patrol has be m in
effective daily operation, direct
ing children as they 60 to and
from school.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23
HELPS TO BUILD
new CATHEDRAL
GERMAN GOVERNMENT HAS
CONTRIBUTED TOWARDS
NEW STRUCTURE
tBy Associated Prexs,

BERLIN, Sept. 23.-The Ger
man government contributed 3d.
900 marks (s12,000) towards the
building of new Russian cathe-
dral in a southwestern suburb of
Berlin, further funds being pro-
vided by the Russian emigre colo
ny here.
The Russian orthodox Bishop
Tychon tremendously laid the
cornerstone of the sacred edifice,
which bears the name of "Cathe-
dral of the Resurrection of
Christ"
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23
PHILIPPINES TO
PROTECT TRADE
HATWEAEENc EOUSTEE ID
NJ CTEEN MozE ATTE
TEON E9 FLTUE

MANILA p T. So Al
bzn1zl ~ w=zw u@@z@ET e
~ f- 49, EE
Frmm c. EmEE.eZZ - -
- Na1-1
Euutz hzxs zEe 49, 1ru9 ~
f7bers 80 hE - zm1 E1= 49,
.-ruu.eus Ezs - g. - Ezkk 49,
rxan bzri fmr-1z. @sp@<zmT 80 80
LlzEza Eel EW9-UZE1 -
serEes - - $3.50 ~ -
bzrezu e Fare~ry-
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23
japanese Rate Highest
As Esperanto Speakers
By Associated Press,

VIENNA, Sept. 23.-Esperanto,
the international auxiliary lam
guage," is understood by so, 00o
Austrians and $1,000 Viennese,
among them $50 policemen, so
streetcar employees, and 40 rail-
way conductors.
The figures were published in
connection with the annual con-
vention here of the international
Esperanto organization 1t was
also said that Japan has the most
Esperantists of any country, with
Sweden. Holland, Spain, and Aus
tria ranking in that order in num-
Der of Esperantists among con-
tinental countries.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23
CHURCH IS MINUS
OF FOUNDATION
CRAFTSMEN OF NINE CEN.
turtles AGO LEFT PUZZLE
FOR MODERN ARCHITECTS
(By Axsoesarea R-rexxl

LONDON, Sept. 23.-Crafts-
men of nine centuries ago have
left a puzzle for modern arehi-
tects hare, with the revelation that
the massive Norman structure of
st. Adams Cathedral, in Hartford
shire, has no foundations at all.
Nothing hut wet clay and chalk
support the lofty arches and huge
buttersses of the north transept,
it was disclosed when trenches
we're dug at the base of the walls
in an attempt to find the source
of water flowing into the church.
The walls have stood since the
twelfth century, with no signs of
cracking.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23
ADVISORY

PRELIMINARY ADVISORY,
$50 A. M.-Small tropical hurri-
cane central z a. m. EST 125 to
200 miles southwest or westsouth-
west of Bermuda probably moving
northeastwsrd. Caution advised
vessels in path.
WEATHER BUREAU,
Jacksonville, Fla.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23
LECIONCIRCLE
HOLDS MEETING
PLANS OUTLINED FOR IN.
INSTALLATION CEREMONIES
ON TUESDAY, OCTOBER Is

The officers and members of
Arthur Sawyer Post, American
Legion, at a meeting held last
night, outlined plans for the in
stallation ceremonies to be held
Tuesday, October Is, when the
newly-elected officers of the or
ganization will be indicted into
their respective positions.
The new officers to be installed
are: U. j., Delgado, post COM
mander; p. B. Roberts, first vice
commander; j. w. Pinder, Sec
ond vice commander; Anna E.
Corcoran, adjutant and finance
officer; Carrie E. Hattrick, chap
lain; Flossie Baker, historian;
Freeman D. Hall, sergeant at
arms; ]. ]. Trevor, w. j. Scho-
neck and Leroy Voght, executive
committeeman.
There viii be several state Of
ficers arriving here to officiate al
the installation ceremonies, while
the Ladies Auxiliary, Legion
Drum and Bugle corps, and scout
troop, sponsored by the legion
will be guests of the post on the
occasion.
The commander and two vice
commanders, are all past com.
manders, Delgado having served
in that capacity in 1921, Roberts
in 1927, 1928 and 1882, and Pin
der in 1884.
Incoming Commander Delgado
succeeds ]. j. Trevor whose tern
of office will expire on October
10.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23
Man Thinks 1894 Lucky;
!, Gives Data To Prove Ii

WASHINGTON, Kas., Sept. %.
Sherman F. Lull believes in a
lucky number and its 1894.
He and his wife were born that
year. For years they have had
car licenses No. 1894.
In the Republican primary this
year Lull was running second in
the race for nomination for coun-
ty treasurer. 1t appeared he was
beaten with 1873 votes to 1879
for his opponent. The absentee
ballots came in, boosting Lull's
total to 1884, enough to win.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23
Fight For Peace Urged
Upon All Christendom
nv Associated Pressl

M0NTREUB, Switzerland, Sept.
23.-The Intervention of Chris
tendon to maintain peace is
urged in resolutions adopted here
by the management committee of
the World Alliance for Inter
national Friendship through the
Churches. Twenty-Five countries
sent representatives to the meet
ings.
The committee decided to send
delegates to the world peace rally
which is being held in Brussels
in September.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23
O'BRIEN AFTER
TWO JOBSON HIS
PARTY'S TICKET
UNION PARTY CANDIDATE IS
RUNNING FOR VICE.PRESI-
DENT AND SENATOR AT
SAME TIME
(By kssoctmre0 Press)

BOSTON, Sept. 23.-ThOmaS &.
O'Brien, who persisted in building
up a political career despite three
defeats in a row, is after two jobs
this year. He's running for the
vice-pres,dency and the senate at
the same time, both on the Union
party ticket.
O'Brien, deepchested, six-foot-
er, who once served as district at
torney of Suffolk county, was a
Democratic candidate for the U. S.
senatorial nomination before he
was named running mate of Rep.
William Lemke, Union party can
didate, for President. After that,
O'Brien merely changed his polit-
ical listing.
He was defeated for state rep
resentative in 1912 and 1913 and
for state senator in 1914 but won
an appointment to the state board
of parole in 1913. Later he held
other appointive offices, among
them the Suffolk county district
attorneyship, to which he was nam
ed in 1922 to fill a vacancy. In
Novembe- of the same year he was
elected to the JOB.
Raises Good Tomatoes
Towering, well built, O'Brien
looks like an athlete but his &C,
tual athletic activities have been
confined to college scrub games
unless the puttering he likes to
do in the garden at his Scituate
summer home is counted.
He has a knack, say his friends,
for raising a fine quality OF to
matOes.
IO'Brien, a Harvard man, like
President Roosevelt, was always
too busy getting an education and
working outside of school hours tc
take part in varsity sports.
He worked nights as a baggage.
man and brakeman on the Boston
and Albany railroad to get
through Harvard college and Har
ward law school. He went to worl
at 10 as a soda clerk in Boston
where he was born, and up to the
time he completed his primary
school education has was success
sively a bicycle repairman ant
odd jobs boy.
Railroad Counsel
His work with the railroad
paved the way for his later in
terest in railroad labor saffairs
He has served as counsel for tn,
Brotherhood of Railroad Train
men of America in New England
and of affiliated organizations O
engineers, firemen, telegrerher
and signalmen.
He tried for the senate in 1925
but was defeated by the ine1m
bent junior senator from Massa
chusetts, Marcus L. Coolidge.
A lifelong interest in ecOnomi
problems, O'Brien says. caused hin
to enter the third party move
ment. 80
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23
FRED PINE ARRIVES

Fred Pine, of the firm of Pine
and Giblin, arrived in Key West
last night, accompanied by Mrs.
Pine, and will be in criminal court
tomorrow to assist in conducting
the defense of Rogelo Gomez.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23

FORT PIERCE.-The city COM
mission approved plans for con-
structing a $4,000 yacht basin,
band shell and community center.
The Works Progress Administra-
ton will be asked to help finance
the project.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23
T OURS T OPICS
Thy Associated Press)

Reports from all sections of Florida indicate
early tourist season this year, and big one.
Various seasonal activities already have started
in cities. Others putting the finishing
touches to greatly increased tourist facilities
Throughout the state there is a feeling of opt-
mism over the outlook for the coming winter.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23

MIAMI BEACH.-A society dog
show will be held here Jan. 30-31
under sponsorship of the Miami
Beach Dog club. Mrs. Gustav
Bohland, president, said the show
was approved by the American
Kennel Club.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23

MIAMI.-The first of the large
foreign cruise ships to call at this
port during the winter, shipping
officials said, will be the S. s. Re-
lance, 19,80O-ton Hamburg
American liner. 1t will stop here
on a 4O-day cruise out of Ham,
burg, Germany.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23

ST. PETERSBURG.-L. l..
Masters was elected president of
the newly-formed Young Repub-
licans club of Pinellas county.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23

SANFORD.-The city commits
sion allocated funds for improv-
ing mooring facilities for large
yachts at the municipal wharf.
The work will consist of pulling
piling from the old Suwannee
docks and redriving them in dol
phin cluster at either side of the
pier.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23

TARPON SPRINGS.-E. G..
Winner, assistant manager of Flor
ida exhibits at the Cleveland ex-
position, predicted this state
would have the largest tourist sea-
son in its history this winter.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23

PALMETTO.-Real estate DEAF
ers said there is more activity
here now than at any time since
1929.
Approximately a dozen homes
have changed ownership in the
last three weeks and three new
dwellings are under construction.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23

ly afterwards.
MIAMI-Expecting more tour
lists this winter than ever before,
the real estate board and the
chamber plan to hold a mass
meeting soon to discuss how they
will house them all. Representa-
tiyes of all civic organizations
have been invited.
CLEARWATER. - The Clear
water Chamber of Commerce,
joined by the Tampa chamber, is
opposing the collection of auto
mobile licenses fees from tourists
with children in Florida schools.
IMIHMI.-The famed "hobo ex-
press" will start giving unwanted
Migrants free excursions to the
northern county line earlier than
ever this year.
Police Chief J. B. Rowland said
the arrest of 35 BayfrOnt Park
sleepers in the past few days
probably would cause Inaugural
ton of the one-day daily truck
service soon.
When the 'hobo express" reach
es the end of its run, police con-
ductors instruct passengers to
keep going north. Sometimes
bordering counties have trucks
waiting to greet the Migrants and
carry them farther on their way.
| FORT LAUDERDALE. - The
city was forced to delay building
| 20 additional SWITCHBOARD courts
for its winter tourists because it
! could not Immediately find a con-
tractor to do the work.
! With building permits for the
year here running close to 81, $780,
600, all available construction men
have been employed on larger
projects.
| Meanwhile the city waits unit,
contractors can give their atten-
ton to the shuffleboard courts.
] TAMPA.-Ground was broken
for a 100000 administration
building at Peter o. Knight air.
port with city officials predicting
an important air transported on
future for Tampa.
CLEARWATER.-County Engi-
neer C. E. Burleson expects work
! to begin before Oct. 1 on The $64,-
j 600 beach road connecting the
keys with Pass-a-Grille. Con-
. struction of the highway from
Madeira Beach to Indian Rock
! will be financed by the Works
Progress Administration.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23

FORT MYERS.-The tourist
season officially opened with the
first registration at the Chamber
of Commerce-Dr. M. A. Kuehl
of New York. Seven other winter
visitors signed the register short
ly afterwards.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23

STUART.-Construction of a
$29, 900 swimming pool here is to
begin soon.
The pool, measuring 100 by
200 feet, will be one of the larg-
est on the east coast. The Works
Progress Administration viii fl
nance it.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23

LAKELAND.-Florida kiwan-
ians will hold Their annual con-
vention here Oct. 11-13. Plans
for the meeting were announced
by jack Hoist of Font Myers, lieu
tenant governor of the southern
division.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1936-09-23
CLEARWATER.

CLEARWATER. - The Clear
water Chamber of Commerce,
joined by the Tampa chamber, is
opposing the collection of auto
mobile licenses fees from tourists
with children in Florida schools.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-09-26
JUNIOR c. c.
 IS SWINGING
 INTO ACTION
Phillips and Dryden Elect ed to Board-Future
 Plans Announced

At the first regular weekly lunch con of the newly formed Junior Chamber of Commerce, held in the Grade School Friday noon, Super intendent A. B. Phillips and T. Floyd Dryden, Grade School Prin- cipal, were named on the board of directors. A third member of the board is yet to be selected
 A Constitution was adopted that purposed to raise the standard of scholarship in the academic sub jects, encourage better citizenship, stimulate a keener interest in ex- tra curricular activities, and vital ize school subjects in the light of local as well as international and national current events. A mem bership committee is to be appoint ed at the next meeting.
 Jack Newmarker was elected ser-
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-09-26
O'BRIEN NOW AFTER 2 JOBS
 UNION TICKET
Vice-PresidentiaiC Candidate Is Also Seeking
 Senatorship
Never Cutch the Rubbit

BOSTON, Mass, Sept. 26.-Thos, c. O'Brien, who persisted in building up a political career despite three defeats in a row, is after two jobs this year. He's running for the Vice Presidency and the Senate at the same time, both on the Union party ticket.
 OBrien, deep-chested six-footer who once served as district attorney of Suffolk county, was Democratic candidate for the U. s. Senatorial nomination before he was named running mate of Rep. William Len- Ike, Union party candidate for Presi- dent. After that, OBrien merely changed his political listing.
 He was defeated for State Repre- sentative in 1912 and 1913 and for State Senator in 1914 but won an appointment to the State Board o1 Parole in 1913. Later he held other appointive offices, among them the Suffolk county district attorneyship to which he was named in 1922 to fill a vacancy. In November of the same year he was elected to the job
 Raises Good Tomatoes
 Towering, well built, O'Brien looks like an athlete but his actual athletic activities have been con- fined to college scrub games-,nless the puttering he likes to do in the
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-09-26

garden at his Scituate summer home is counted.
 He has a knack, say his friends for raising a fine quality of toma- toes.
 O'Brien, a Harvard man, like President Roosevelt, was always toe busy getting an education and work ing outside of school hours to take part in varsity sports.
 He worked nights as a baggage man and brakeman on the Boston and Albany railroad to get through Harvard college and Harvard law school. He went to work at 10 as a soda clerk in Boston, where he was born, and up to the time he conplet- ed his primary school education he was successively a bicycle repairman and odd jobs boy.
 Railroad Counsel
 His work with the railroad paved the way for his later interest in railroad labor affairs. He has served as counsel for the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen of America in New England and of affiliated or ganizations of engineers, firemen, telegraphers and signalmen.
 He tried for the Senate in 1929 but was defeated by the incumbent junior senator from Massachusetts, Marcus l.. Coolidge.
 A lifelong interest in economic problems, O'Brien says, caused him to enter the third party movement
 Admires Coughlin
 Voters who cast ballots in pro- test before this had only the social ist ticket to vote for" he asserts That is but step from Commun- ism. There is certainly nothing Communistic in the National Un- ions platform and voters who can not support either the Old or the New Deal can turn to this party. If the principles of the National Un- ion for Social Justice were put into effect the problems of this nation
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-09-26
STAR IN CAPITOL
 FILM SUNDAY
East African Thriller East of Java Opens To-
 morrow, Coliseum

In the picture that is the enter tainment scoop of the year, Daryl Zanuck makes movie stars Of the first rank of the worlds front page darlings, as he presents the Dionne Quintuplets in their first full length feature, The Country Doctor ; which comes to the Capitol Thea tre.
 Adapted from an original story by Charles E. Blake, Chicago news paper man, The Country Doctor" finds it's drama in the lSe-and- death conflict that a physician eter- nally wages in the Canadian wllds in his unselfish work. It is warm with romance, brightly alive with delightful humorous touches, fresh with the antics, the croon.ng and the play of the worlds most famous babies.
 For the last time tonight, the Cap.tol is showing Tt Had to Hap pen starring new combination, George Raft and Rosalind Russell.
 East of Java" thrilling East African adventure drama is open ing at the Coliseum Theatre TO- morrow. In the film are Charles B;ckford, Leslie Fenton and Eli zabeth Young.
 Charles Starrett. new western star, is playing at the Coliseum for the last time tonight in Gal lant Defender his first film. Joan Perry, another newcomer, presents q winsome and appealing pioneer girl in the role opposite Starrett.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-09-26
B. B. BANQUET
 NEXT MONDAY

At ' o'clock next Monday even ing, the baseballers of Gastineau Channel, new and old, will gather at the Terminal for the big an nual baseball banquet, given by the Juneau Volunteer Fire Department as the official windup of the baseball season for the year.
 Toasts to the past and future successes of the Gastineau Chanel League, short talks by the new and oldtimers in the Juneau baseball world, and the awarding of prizes to this years baseball players for their diamond successes and .oulls' will be the business of the even ing, with a good meal tossed it to open the proceedings.