davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1936-11-12
STARS, MEN AND ATOMS
Notebook of Science Progress in Field,
Laboratory and Study.
BY THOMAS R. HENRY.

molecule whose center of gravity is
slowly moving there are clustered on an
average a definite number of nearest
neighbors. This gives us type of struc-
ture which differs from the solid in that
there is very little influence of any par
ticular molecule on its next nearest
neighbors. or molecules still farther re-
moved This and other evidence leads
us to regard liquid as a melted solid
where the definite orderly structure of
the solid has been broken down, but not
completely.
These ideas we're applied to water
first and gave a satisfactory eXplana-
ton of some curious physical properties
of this substance. X-ray data show that
each water molecule is surrounded by
four nearest neighbors at certain dis
tance and Spectroscopic data show that
the water molecule itself may be re-
garded as sphere with electrical charges
at four points on the sphere which are
situated at the vertices of a tetrahedron.
Two of these charges are positive and
two are negative. BY placing these
spheres in contact so that the positive
poles of one touch the negative poles
of another we build up a structure in
which each water molecule is tetra-
hedrally surrounded by four others. The
forces which cause the tetrahedral ar
rangement also make the structure
very open one, since the molecules built
up in this way trap lot of empty space.
ANY agency which counteracts the
effects of these orienting intermolecular
forces will cause diminution in the free
space and hence in the volume of the
liquid as a whole, and any agency which
Strengthens these forces will cause the
LIQUID to expand. If we raise the tenn
perature of such a system we give the
molecules more energy of motion and
they can tear away from their positions
in the structure, or at least occupy these
positions for shorter times. This is
equivalent to a distortion of the struc-
ture and produces a corresponding
diminution in volume.
when we apply high pressure to
water we tend to crush this structure.
Some of the intermolecular bonds are
broken and the liquid flows more easily
than before. Although all liquids seem
to have some type of structure-that is,
the molecules are not distributed ran
domly in space-it is only in water that
this tetrahedral arrangement Is possible.
The nature of the water molecule sets it
apart from other liquids and permits a
grouping together of the molecules into
a structure whose volume is very much
greater than that of a close-packed or
random arrangement Of the molecules"
Evening star., 1936-11-12

signifies q spiritual victory. It was
undertaken and has been completed dur
ing period Of economic depression and
disorder, time when such q manifesto
ton Of indomitable human courage was
wanted. The task was not easy. An
army numbering for while as many as
twelve thousand men labored at it under
conditions not notably friendly. Twenty
four lives were sacrificed before the mon-
umental towers--four Of them approx
imately equal in height to the Woolworth
Building in New York and one as heavy
as the Empire State Building-were fin-
ished. The difficulties to be overcome
before success could be attained may be
surmised from this explanation by Chief
Engineer c. H. Purcell: THE bridge Is
actually continuity Of projects. 1t in
wolves elevated highways or viaducts over
land, an elevated railway connecting to
bridge, twin suspension bridges, each
with 2,3l0-foot main spans; a tunnel
through an island, of larger bore than
tunnels heretofore undertaken; 1,400-
foot cantilever span, five through-truss
spans, fourteen deck-truss spans, a sand
fill, an interlocking viaduct to distribute
traffic in three directions without left
hand turns or right-angle crossings. and
miscellaneous other viaducts and cross
ings for automobile traffic"
To plan so complicated a development
required fortitude as we'll as intelligence,
training and experience; to execute it
demanded faith and confidence, a CO.
operative optimism. a common deter
mination not to fail. America could per-
form the miracle because the American
community is possessed of the requisite
resources Of the soul. 1t is competent to
solve even larger problems, if only it will
preserve the traditional ideals from
which its marvellous powers to triumph
accrue.
Evening star., 1936-11-12

average temperature for January 20. the
date of the inaugural this year, is 81
degrees. The weather probabilities doubt
less will have something to do with the
program. Plans, however, are going for
ward for the traditional swearing In OF
the President and his inaugural address
to the people at the Capitol. and for an
inaugural parade.
Almost four years ago, when President
Roosevelt was first inaugurated Chief
Executive OF the Nation, the country WIS
in the grip Of an economic and banking
crisis. The ceremonies were at once
simple and impressive. The Presidents
inaugural address was call to arms
and a pledge to lead the people out Of
the distress which afiicted 1T. The in
augural of March 4, 1888, will 60 down
in history as inspiring.
In January. when the President takes
the oath Of office for the second time, the
picture will be vastly different. Recovery
of business and employment in this coun-
try has been pronounced. There is great
hope for the future. 1t is thus to
be expected that millions of Ameri-
cans will wish to celebrate Inauguration
day. There is no slightest doubt that the
Presidents inaugural address will be
heard with interest as keen as when he
spoke to the Nation on March 4, 1893.
Already there are indications that a
vast throng of visitors will come to
Washington for the inaugural cere-
monies. The hotels are deluged with re-
quests for reservations, from many po-
litical organizations and from individual
citizens. The ceremonies which they at
tend may be simple and at the same time
dignified and impressive. The wishes of
the President may be followed without
cutting off the pleasure with which
thousands upon thousands are looking
forward to Inauguration day.
Evening star., 1936-11-12

Chemists are learning about the in
sides Of water.
If one could look at a water drop
magnified a billion times-vastly beyond
any possibility now known to man-it
would appear as a conglomeration of
spherical particles arranged loosely in
groups Of five, one in the center OF a
ring of four.
Such was the picture presented be-
fore the Carnegie Institution Of Wash
ington Tuesday night by DR.. r. E. Glib
son, physical chemist of the Geophysical
Laboratory. This structure is deduced
from the diffraction Of X-rays when
passing through water, and it goes far
toward explaining why this liquid is
probably the most marvellous substance
in creation. Without it life is inconceiv-
able. 1t constitutes the greater part of
the physical substance of all living things.
Protoplasm, the basic life stuff, might be
considered as a solution of few COM
mon chemical substances in water.
Water, DR.. Gibson pointed out is an
almost universal solvent. This property
is due almost entirely to its ideal molec-
ular structure with the electrical charges
distributed at four points on the sphere
which correspond to, the four vertices
of a tetrahedron-a figure bounded by
four plane triangles and having six edges
and four verticeS. This makes possible
the curious group-of five arrangement.
Other liquids also have their charac-
teriStic structures, DR.. Gibson pointed
out, and this fact is proving important
in the Geophysical Laboratory's studies
of the structure of the earth and search
for the reasons why the solids which
now constitute the globe crystallized as
they did out of the liquid ball which was
here at the beginning.
Said DR.. Gibson: During the last
decade our ideas of the nature of liquids
have undergone revolutionary changes.
For nearly so years we have had a very
adequate theory of gases where the
molecules are far apart, compared with
their size, and where they are distributed
at random. We also have seen in the
last Is years the development of an exact
theory of solids where the molecules
and ions are close together and ar
ranged in perfectly definite order. We
used to think of liquids merely as gases
in which the molecules had come very
close together, but little progress was
made with this picture.
1T has been shown by examination Of
the scattering Of X-rays by liquids, an
experimental method which gave us the
foundations of our knowledge of solids,
that molecules are not distributed ram
domly in liquids as they are in gases,
but that there Is curious kind of order.
At q fiyed distance aroiInd anv oarticular
Evening star., 1936-11-12
Naval Personnel.

A preparedness minded Congress has
assured the completion of a full treaty
fleet for the United States Navy by
1912, but there are serious gaps to be
filled with respect to- the personnel re-
quired to man the new ships to be pro-
vided during the next six years. The
conditions in question are graphically
disclosed in the annual report of Rear
Admiral Andrews, chief OF the Bureau
of Navigation, and will presumably be
brought to the attention Of House and
Senate as soon as next years naval
budget is under consideration.
Admiral Andrews advocates the neces-
sary increase in the number Of officers
and men. He properly points out that
in order to be wholly efficient and ready
for any possible emergency, adequate
provision should be made in advance to
give each combatant vessel its full COM
plement in both line officers and enlisted
men. 1t appears that the average en-
listed strength of $4,000 authorized for
the present fiscal year will man new
ships and maintain average personnel
strength up to only about IS per cent of
full crews for the fleet as whole. While
such a percentage is adequate for the
peace time needs of individual ships, the
total personnel thereby assigned to the
feet is insufficient in number of expert
enced men for the needs of mobilization.
should the Navy suddenly be called upon
for active service.
1t is particularly with reference TO
officers that the fleets need is urgent.
Careful surveys have shown that 7.94l
line officers are required for the treaty
Navy now authorized and building. Leg
islation passed by the 74th Congress
increased the authorized officer strength
from 5,499 to 6,531. On June 80, 1886.
there were 6,340 line officers, leaving
a deficiency of some 1900 below the
essential number. 1t is proposed to make
up for this shortage in part by detailing
to sea duty for period of three years
the successively graduating classes Of
aviation cadets. Other methods Of sup
plying the necessary officers are under
examination and in some degree come
within the scope of the General Boards
studies concerning the Nays system
of promotion.
Vital as treaty fleet in number of
ship units is, provision of full crews to
ruin and fight them is no less important.
An undermined warship is dangerously
handicapped. Trained naval personnel
cannot be produced overnight. 1t must
be provided we'll before the emergency.
With nations east and west rearming on
an unprecedented scale by land, by sea
and in the air, it behooves the American
people to look betimes to the man power
requirements of their. first line of de-
fense Under the leadership OF Presi-
dent Roosevelt, who has displayed COM
mendable, consistent and constructive
Interest in our sea defense needs, and
because of the equally fine record of
Congress in ministering to them, there
is every reason to expect that the Nays
recommendation of a 100 per cent
personnel will be promptly approved.
Evening star., 1936-11-12
Shooting Stars.
BY PHILANDER JOHNSON.

Halloween Unlimited.
The burning questions are at hand
In Autumns big parade.
"Oh, when is Indian Summer" and
Why do the roses fade?"
Where is the elephant polite?
Where is the mule serene?
While many sprite made every night
Seem most like Halloween.
When Wintertime is on the way
And homes are Ill at ease,
Why is the proletariat gay
Told to pay up or freeze?
Why do mysterious elves explore
The subterranean scene,
Where meters make you fear once more
An endless Halloween?
Evening star., 1936-11-12

took 523 as the number Of electoral
votes which would be accorded the
President. And both were right. Leo
r. Sack, United States Minister to Costa
Rica. former newspaper man, took the
same number. In the same pool, how
ever, Emil Hurja, assistant to Chairman
Farley, the man who has had the job
of checking up Democratic strength
through the country, figured that the
Presidents electoral vote would be 376.
Hurjas estimate was based, it Is said,
on polls conducted by the Democratic
organization. II that be true, 1t merely
goes to show that the polls, the straw
votes, are not reliable when . sweep Is
on. and there are vast number OF
voters who are saying nothing about
their intentions.
Evening star., 1936-11-12

The Western Hemisphere may benefit
by general campaign of enlightenment,
to contradict some crude ideas of au-
thority that early conquerors tried to
establish.
Evening star., 1936-11-12

Unpopular personalities were not vio-
lently disposed of by the election, but
It is intimated that several favorite
resignation rumors will presently come
true.
Evening star., 1936-11-12

Old campaign songs are forgotten as
preparations for Inauguration call on
even those who were disappointed to
concentrate on the music hall ditty, II
Love q Parade"
Evening star., 1936-11-12
PenSive Pensioner.

Pensive Pensioner.
I don't desire pension which
Will make old age seem dreary;
A pension cannot make you rich
When you grow old and weary.
Small benefit pension works,
Though kindness may direct it.
If you must pass ten thousand clerks
Before you can collect 1t.
Evening star., 1936-11-12
Toothpicks.

From the wilkes-Barre Times-Lesder.
When food made of wood comes into
general use, toothpick chewing will come
under the head of eating between .-,'. :
Evening star., 1936-11-12

Flippant references to the United
States Supreme Court seem to imply an
idea of dismissing nine old gentlemen
and replacing them with the nine muses..
Evening star., 1936-11-12

Some Of the Republican governors who
aspired to places in the presidential pic
ture are now content to be just plain
favorite sons.
Evening star., 1936-11-12

Barnum. as publicity demonstration,
harnessed an elephant to plow. The
Kansas political agriculturists tried the
same experiment.
Evening star., 1936-11-12
Rate BY Mail-PayabIe In Advance.
An Other States and Canada
Member Of the Associated Press.

Ths Associated Press is exclusively entitled TO
the ". tor Of All ssGtsd dspatehes pa t
paper and also the local news published herein
All rights of publication Of special dispatches
herein are also reserved.
Evening star., 1936-11-12

Even the most able and eminent men
fall sick at times and experience some
difficulty in remaining as famous as their
physicians.
Evening star., 1936-11-12

The great American privilege Of free
speech is perhaps overworked in the
federation of some of the funny stories
now considered socially correct.
Evening star., 1936-11-12

A new monetary system may compli-
cate computation, but it cannot affect the
basic value of pork chop or a potato.
Evening star., 1936-11-12
Trailers and Tuition.

From the Bangor News.
College students are now bringing their
dormitories with them. At the Uni
versity of Georgia several members of
the freshman class are living in trailers.
Evening star., 1936-11-12
Appropriate.
From the Pittsburgh Post

From the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
Having already had. this year, a ter
rife flood and severe drought, politi-
cal landslide would seem to be In order.
Evening star., 1936-11-12
Making the WeIkin Ring.

Making the Welkin Ring.
Your speeches made the welkin ring!"
remarked the constituent.
II thought knew all the ringleaders
in the politics racket" said Senator Sor-
ghum. Who's Welkin?"
Evening star., 1936-11-12
No Spanish War Debts.

From the Yakima Republic.
One thing may be said In favor OF
both sides in the Spanish civil war.
They haven't borrowed any American
money.
Evening star., 1936-11-12

Peace has not asserted enough au-
thority to call for game laws forbidding
shooting at sunrise.
Evening star., 1936-11-12
Bovine Interlopers.

From the ct. Petersburg Independent.
Since Florida cows have equal rights
with motorists, how about giving cows
tickets for overtime parking2
Evening star., 1936-11-12
Revision.

From the Milwaukee Sentinel.
Perversion Of an old inspirational
line: "1f at first you don't succeed, lie.
lie again."
Evening star., 1936-11-12
Gentleman in the Home.

Gentleman in the Home.
do you object to taking charge Of the
home?" asked the social Investigator.
mot at ALL" said Mr.. Meekton. II
rather enjoy rising early to prepare
breakfast. But men are quarTelSome.
If customs are to be reversed. I think we
ought to have lady milk men and ice
men,"
"They who read much" said Hi Ho,
the sage of Chinatown, grow silent as
they try to measure the vast mental
energy expended on mere differences Of
opinion"
Down to Definitions.
An armistice we celebrate,
With Joy each bosom thrills,
| The phone books we tear up in state
eve can't tear up the bills)
Yet in the midst of all our bliss
We murmur, whats the use!
| An armistice is only this:
A temporary truce!"
There is some protection In poverty"
| said Uncle Eben. Il never yet had money
| enoairi, all at once To b,ly a gold brick"
Evening star., 1936-11-12
Down tn Deanitions.

There is some protection In poverty"
said Uncle Eben. Il never yet had money
enough all at once to buy gold brick"
Evening star., 1936-11-12
Nirhf Final Edition

Nght F1nal and sunday Star----79c per month
Nsst ns star. At n. end Of eseh Isf MONTH
Orders may be sent BY mail or telephone Ma
Gonal 5000.
Evening star., 1936-11-12


Il r ~
Notwithstanding the gossip it may
well be that comparatively few changes
will be found In the cabinet following
President Roosevelt's Inauguration on
January 20. If there are changes, Penn
sylvania, the second most populous State
in the Union and now rated q Demo-
cratic State. will make strong bid for
a post in the cabinet. 1t has no such
representation today, although New
York has three members of the cabinet,
Farley. Morgenthau and Miss Perkins.
Senator Joseph r. Guffey may be
counted upon to make strong representa-
tions on behalf of the Keystone State
Democracy.
Senator Guffey, by the way, has
stepped strongly into the political lime
light. He is the recognized Democratic
boss in his State, Gov. Earle or no. He
has done much to build up the organiza-
ton in the State which carried the
Roosevelt forces to an overwhelming
victory there He has been chairman
Of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign
Committee and also substituted Tor
Chairman Farley at Democratic ma
tional headquarters in New York at
times during the recent campaign. He
promises to be still more In the lime
light when Congress convenes, as the
author Of bill for the regulation OF the
coal industry, which he plans to oder
on the first day Of the session.
Guffey was as supremely confident OF
great Roosevelt sweep in the pres1.
Dental election rs was Farley. In .
pool on the election at the New York
he.druarters, Guffey and Farley both
Evening star., 1936-11-12

Rate by Carrier Within the City.
Evening star., 1936-11-12

O. How long has blister rust been
known?-E. F.
A. This fatal disease of white pines
was discovered in British Columbia in
1910.
Evening star., 1936-10-28

industrial pools and suppression Of newly
patented processes.
Use Of the tariff Of economic control without illusions
international combinations which
modify the picture of foreign trade.
Study government controls Of industry IN
practices policies developed elsewhere
applied political democracy in order to promote
economic democracy.
present control Of currency credit and banking
monopolc capture
competing industries
Republicans really where the country will be
direction the old r. the use OF Government
Evening star., 1936-10-28

authorities around here kneedeep in
ouanday President to do
quite content leave things they are
extension.
COZ On Again"j Warbur0 back
Wdrbug and against the President so
count but at the time this
that he for
did mention it, but Warbug has silver
record book THE Money Muddle in which he ca
of
silver
the monetary reserves.
likewise highly regarded professional
Speculation resulted the question Of whether the
policy. s not
copyrrht,
Evening star., 1936-10-28
On the Record
New Deal Faces Death if Built on Resurgence
of the Masses.

mite and integrated program, capable
Of catching up into itself the national
will and emotion, the public con-
science and the American tradition.
A start In that direction has been
made in this campaign, but 1t is rather
vague. II they do not do 1t the danger
will exist that class appeal will even
tually be answered by a crusade Of
Klu Klux nationalism more revolving
to liberal conservatives than anything
the New Deal has even contemplated
and that such program will be sup
ported by q terrified capitalism and
by ruthless and ambitious men. There
are dozens Of incipient Klu Klux
movements in this country at present.
Must Divorce Glass Interest.
Such an opposition must divorce IT.
self, II 1t Is to be successful, from
specific class interests of its own. It
will not be able to identify Ameri-
canism with all the political and eco
nomic practices of the past two
generations. It will be impossible to
convince the American people that
to the gold standard. 1t will have to
liberty Is somehow indissolubly linked
recognize, openly and definitely, eco
nomic Embellishments that require
carefully considered Government ac-
ton.
One can reject the idea of planned
economy" and reject it for sound
intellectual reasons, based on a great
body of human experience recorded
in history. But one cannot thereby
throw over the conception Of social
foresight, or believe that the only sub
stitute for planned economy under
Government control Is political action
by rule of thumb. or that a program
to embrace party principles and ac-
ton, can be slapped together at the
last moment, with no more philosophy
ton Of its probable appeal to specific
blocs of voters; or that one can avoid
meeting any national problem by
throwing it to the States.
In the economic field, the minimum
that 1t can do is to affirm the need
of compensatory action on the part. OF
Government to buffer the bumps that
are an invariable accompaniment Of
any system Of private enterprise.
Must Remedy Decay in Politics.
And certainly such an opposition
must really mobilize to remedy the
serious decay Of the business of poll
tics. which has reached the point
where from ward to Congress, political
life Is haven for the venal and the
incompetent. and which in such cities
as Boston and Chicago has reached
depths which baffie description.
Without such opposition. men of
intelligence and honesty will invari-
ably drift toward class party which
at least asserts q positive program
while others, unable to accept a class
program, remain aloof from political
life altogether. That is happening
now. A significant number of people
find themselves with nowhere to 60,
politically, and although they are
minority. they are personalities Of
type seriously needed. And between
a party which offers most Of its sup
porters, and one which demands most
from them, they would choose. I think,
the latter.
tCopyrisht. 1867