davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1936-05-03
"MOTHERS' AMENDMENT"
HELD WAR SAFEGUARD
Gen. Buffers Suggestion Would Keep
Armed Men Inside National
Boundaries.

added. though. that the General did
not originate the idea. What he has
done is to bring it back into the lime
light at a most opportune time, when
preparations are being made for the
organization of peace in the American
continent.
Roosevelt Advanced Idea.
It was President Roosevelt who first
advanced the idea. in his message to
the heads of all civilized nations, some
three years ago.
and universal non-aggression pact,
President Roosevelt summed up his
plan by proposing that the states OF
the world individually agree that they
will send no armed force of whatso-
ever nature across their frontiers"
If this principle could make its way
into the domain of contractual inter-
national law. the definition Of an
aggressor would have been rendered
considerably easier. An aggressor
state would be Immediately recognized
when it sent its armed forces beyond
! its frontiers.
This is so broad and all-inclusive
that under its test not one of the
different situations which in the re-
cent past have obScured the identity
of an aggressor country could have a
repetition in the future. Armed in
| tervention for the maintenance of
domestic order. armed protection of
nationals abroad and of their property,
offensive "self-defense, forcible COL
lection Of debts, socalled vindication
Of the national dignity. would no
longer becloud the issue. The mo-
ment that state sent its armed forces
outsideits own limits, in the name of
any one of the aforementioned shib-
boleths, the aggression would have
been committed and the excuses would
not suffice.
The aggressor would be identified
by its own action, no matter how just
Its cause might be, If, to satisfy its
grievances, it chose the means of
force and violence to those of diplo-
macy and arbitration. And, what is
even more important, it would be iden-
titled irrespective of physical size or
military power.
Enacted by Russia.
On the other sioe of the Atlantic
this salutary principle has already
been enacted, although only by Russia
and her European neighbors. The
series Of bi-lateral treaties known as
the Litvinof pacts of non-aggression
include the specific commitment, not
merely to keep all armed forces at
home. but also to prevent the arming
OF foreign bands of any nationality,
In the territory of one of the parties,
which intend to invade the territory
OF the other for reasons of internal
politics.
In the Western Hemisphere the idea
was ably seized and development by
the authors of the Mexican peace
code, submitted at the Montevideo
Conference. 1t was inserted, consid-
erably amplified, in article 2 of the
code draft. which provided that it
would be considered an aggressor any
state responsible for any one of the
| following actions: (a) To declare
war to another state; (b) to invade
the territory Of another state, even
without declaration of war; (c) to
blockade the coast or the ports of
another country, and Cd to render
aid to foreign elements, who, having
organized themselves within its bor-
ders, set out from its territory to
attack their original country.
tCopyrisht. 1850
Evening star., 1936-05-03
Marie AntOinette's
Trunk Is Discovered

PARIS.-Memories of Queen Marie
Antoinette, when she first came to
France as a young and beautiful Aus
trian arch duchess to wed the Dauphin
of France, has been revived by the
discovery of little wooden trunk with
red morocco leather bearing her arms.
The trunk was presented to Marie
Antoinette on May 7, ITO, when she
first set foot on French soil on an
islet Of the Rhine, where she was made
to lay aside all clothes and belongings
she had brought with her, after which
she was fitted out entirely with French
costumes.
The precious souvenir of the un-
fortunate Queen was included in the
sale of the library of French noble
man and has been purchased by the
Historical Association for the benefit
of public view.
Evening star., 1936-05-03

tectorate. And this is why the Ma
tionalists are looking longingly to the
day when they may join pan-Lslamic
union.
The Syrians are equally discon-
tented. That former Turkish province
was inundated" to France in 1920.
Ever since. the French administration
has made an honest effort to keep
the country peaceful and happy. But
the Syrians are not satisfied. The
antagonism between the Druses, the
Christians and the Moslems has be-
come stronger than in the days of the
Turkish regime Bloody conflicts flare
up every year. The French, who
have the thankless task of keeping
law and order, are blamed by that
medley of races and religions for
Syria's troubles. And the leaders of
the overwhelming Moslem popula-
tion are looking longingly toward
Ibn Saud.
In Transjordania. King Abdullah,
the son of the late Hussein of He'd
JAZZ, is impatient to join the fedora
ton Not that Abdullah has any par
ticular liking for the powerful Wa
habite chief. He is merely afraid.
Doubts have crept into his mind re-
garding Britain's ability to maintain
him on the Transjordian throne. He
remembers what happened to his
father nine years ago, and does not
want history to repeat itself.
Inquiry Goes Unanswered.
In March, Abdullah asked the Brit
ish government the impossible ques-
ton whether it would be possible to
reunite Transjordania, British pro-
tectorate, to Syria. a French man.
dated country. Failing this. London
was told he would have to consider a
possible reunion to the Hedjaz-Nejd
kingdom.
Abdullah's inquiry has remained SO
far unanswered, but this does not
mean that the British government
is not worried about what may hap
pen next. The decision rests with the
mandatory power through the in
strumentality Of the League of Ma
tions. But even Arabia does not
care these days about the Geneva or
ganization. 1t is up to the British
military power to enforce the decisions
of the government.
Downing Street understands the
mentality of the Eastern people and
is worried about the dangers which
monaco the empire at its very gates
in Egypt and in Arabia. The British
have dealt with them for two CEN
turies and know how to handle them
1t is possible that British diplomacy
and the famous St. Georges Cavalry
(the British gold coins have the effigy
of st. George on the reverse) might
prevent a violent outbreak in the East
But If Mussolini's agents want to Gre
ate trouble the British Empire will
undoubtedly be facing a serious crisis
1t is generally admitted that the
British committed an error last Fall
when they showed force without ap-
plying it. But British diplomacy il
strongest when it has to mend blum
der. And Downing Street is awaiting
only the results of the French elec-
tions to pick up the pieces of the
broken Geneva vase, and, by adding
some new pieces, reconstruct politi-
cal combination which they hope will
restore the balance of power in Eu-
rope and Britair's prestige in the East
lCopyright. 1850
Evening star., 1936-05-03
Capital of Japan
To Become Seaport

YOKOHAMA.-The capital of ia
pan is to become seaport.
Nearly 40 years ago it was proposed
that Toxic should be linked with its
port of Yokohama by a ship canal.
The distance between the two cities is
about 19 miles. 1t is expected that the
work will take about eight years and
cost about 100000 pounds.
Actually, there are to be two
canals-the main channel for ocean
going ships and another one, parallel
to it, for smaller vessels. The big canal
will have depth of 80 feet. The vast
amount of earth excavated in the con-
struction of the two channels will be
used for land reclamation scheme
in Toxic suburb, where new indus
trial area Is to be established.
Evening star., 1936-05-03
i. s. SOCIAL INSURANCE
is BELATED TO EUROPE
Germany, in 1883, Led With Plan for
Economic Security, and Other
Nations Followed.

structure of social services Is now In
operation, costing an estimated $2,-
500 000, 900 in 1888, the gratuitous PEN
sions cover British subjects Of 10 or
more with an annual total income Of
less than s425. The pensions in this
case range from about IS cents to
about $3.50 per week.
In the case of the contributory pen
sions, the age minimum is IS, with
an insured period of at least five
years being required for eligibility.
In building up the fund. employers
pay cents per week for each male
employe and cents for each female;
male workers pay 9 cents and females
pay 4. The government adds yearly
subsidy.
Provision is made for widows and
orphans pensions, with payments
amounting to about $3.50 per week to
each insured man and to his wife. In
case of widows the same pension is
granted, plus about half as much for
each dependent child. Orphans PEN
sionS amount to $l.85 per week
Complications Developed.
In the midst of development of this
dual system in Britain the worldwide
depression added unforeseen compli-
cations. Out Of employment, persons
who had been contributing regularly
and looking forward to the promised
security in their old age were unable
to continue their payments. Conse-
quently, laws were passed by which
such persons were blanketed in under
different terms. circumstance which
might easily arise in this country il
new depression should follow estab-
lishment of great group of pension
| fund contributors
Unemployment was the last risk OF
| the workers earning capacity to be
made a subject of legislation, with
Britain taking the first steps in this
| instance
Following the creation in 1909 OF a
system of public employment ex-
! changes, Britain, in 1911, enacted a
compulsory contributory unemploy-
ment compensation plan for seven
selected industries. Employer. employe
and government contributed to the
fund in equal amounts. Extensions
in 1916 and 1920 greatly widened the
list of eligible occupations.
| The economic commissions Of the
World War and the later effects of the
depression dealt harshly with the Brit
ish program. however and gradual
relaxing of the insurance features pre-
| cipitated an almost complete break
down of the system in 1881. Even this
circumstance. however. was not suffi-
cient to break down public faith in the
theory, and in 1884 the British Par
lament passed a new act in which
/ the insurance and assistance programs
were separated, with the former on a
more efficient basis.
Voluntary Plans Favored.
In this field again there was a
school of thought favoring voluntary,
subsidized plans with French scheme
devised in 1905 serving as a rough
model.
According to statistics compiled by
the Presidents Committee on Eco
nomic Security. the following coun-
! tries enacted compulsory contributory
unemployment compensation laws,
with coverage estimated at the fol-
lowing totals:
Evening star., 1936-05-03
Village of 800 Dwarfs
Found i'm ManchukuO

SHANGHAI.-A village of dwsrfs,
numbering some 800 people, has been
discovered in Manchukuo. They are
all under feet in height and the
women are slightly taller than the
men.
The village is situated between Litch
and Wuchang. near the railway line
between Hailar and Harbin.
The dwarfs. 80 of whom have been
selected by a physician for study at
Harbin, are stated to be half civilized
and to dislike to associate with people
from other parts of the country. They
have no culture of their own and look
with suspicion upon anything that is
modern"
Evening star., 1936-05-03
Oldest House in Paris
Discovered Recently

PARIS.-Many Americans interest
ed in historic associations will be
pleased to know that the Paris His
torical Association recently has dis
covered what is believed to be the
oldest house in Paris, which, up to this
time. has been unknown and rarely
if ever visited.
The house is in Rue Volta and car
ries on its facades the inscription
AIMEE 1910" The house is declared
by experts to be nearly 500 years old
and outclasses all contestants for the
old-age honors. The interior OF the
dwelling combines many medieval
methods of architecture.
Evening star., 1936-05-03
BY GASTON NERYAL.

T WAS the desire to keep this coun-
try out of the next world war that
prompted Gen. Butler recently to
i suggest his mothers amendment
to the Constitution: That no man
with a rife on his shoulder should be
allowed to go outside the limits of the
United States for any purpose at any
time But the suggestion has other
attractive possibilities, beyond that of
lnsuring United States neutrality in
the future.
From a Pan-American point Of view,
at time when statesmen and diplo-
mats are drawing up the agenda for
the projected Peace Conference OF
American nations at Buenos Aires,
Gen. Buffers proposal is interesting
for two reasons. First, because it
comes from the man who. probably.
most often went outside the borders
of the United States with rifle on
his shoulder" to allegedly protect the
lives and property of citizens of the
United States inhabiting small but
independent republics Of the Carib-
bean. He was connected in some ca
pacity or other with nearly every one
of the armed expeditions sent to
maintain order" and collect bad debts
in Latin America. 1t was said Of him
not long ago: Instead Of the Ma
rines have landed and have the situ-
alton in hand it might have been
said In the last 80 years that Butler
had landed and had the situation in
hand"
The second reason why the Generals
suggestion demands consideration is
that it raises again that most impor-
tant if all issues involved in the pres
ervation of peace, the definition of the
aggressor.
The greatest objection of skeptics
and pessimists to the League cove
nant, the Kellogg BRAND pact, the
postwar arbitration treaties and, in
general, the whole peace machinery
Iaboriously built up since Versailles.
lies in what they consider the i'm
possibility of determining the aggres-
Sor.
Critics Exploit Problem.
The problem of finding out who
threw the first stone has constituted
the main findrance to the success OF
all anti-war measures. And the crit
les have exploited the difficulties OF
the problem to scorn the endeavors OF
idealistic statesmen who have been
crusading against war.
Latin America is no exception TO the
rule. There, too, die-hard nationallsts
oppose disarmament, international &C
cords to organize peace and obliga-
tory arbitration on the ground that 1t
never is possible, When the emerg-
ency actually arises, to single out the
aggressor state. So long as this dlf-
ficulty exists, they claim, all the
treaties and agreements intended to
preserve peace by Furnishing the ag-
gressor will be nullified by the two
controlling nations adopting the po-
sition of the offended party.
The problem has been confirmed,
time and again, on the American con-
tinent, and instances of it are not only
those armed interventions in times OF
peace in which Gen. Butler had a
part, but also a number of interna-
tional disputes among the Latin
American countries themselves.
This does not mean. however. that
it is an insoluble problem. The So
luton may be implied. precisely, IN
Gen. Buffers proposal to keep all
armed forces ct home. 1t must be
Evening star., 1936-05-03
Fabulous Treasures
OF India Being Sold

BOMBAY.-The fabulous treasures
of Jewels and precious metals long
held by the potentates of India now
are being sold and melted down to
provide the wherewithal to purchase
modern innovations.
Motor car bodies fashioned in the
form of golden swans are not unusual
in some of the larger Indian cities.
The old-time punkah fan, the string
of which was pulled by swarthy SER
want, now is oftentimes operated by
electricity or has been replaced en-
tirely by brightly shining electric
fan Of the type familiar TO all Ameri.
cana
Evening star., 1936-05-03

! Empire, sent his prime minister to
Bagdad to add his signature to those
of the other Moslem leaders.
The apparition OF Ibn Saud on the
-Islamic stage worries the British.
OF all the Arab leaders with whom
Evening star., 1936-05-03

1t was close study of these foreign
systems of social insurance, particu-
larly those for old age and unemploy-
ment, that provided o background
for our own social security laws Of
1885. And it is operation of the per-
fecting variations in the American
law that is holding most interest for
those countries where amendments
and revisions have been frequent as
they sought to fashion really effective
social programs.
Evening star., 1936-05-03

Great Britain has had to deal in the
last 16 years, Ibn Saud is the most
recalcitrant. He is the absolute ruler
of the Wahabites, the puritans of the
desert.
The Wahabite movement developed
Evening star., 1936-05-03

Voluntary Compensation List.
A comparable list of countries fol-
lowing the pattern of voluntary un-
employment compensation laws fol-
lows:
Evening star., 1936-05-03

England Blunders Policy

Weakness and Show Definite
Tender Towa Unifcation.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-08-13
c. r. CLIFTON TO ESTABLISH
BUSINESS IN MARIETTA

Mr.. C. E. Clifton who for several
years has been proprietor and op-
orator of the Big Boy Bottling
Works, formerly of Malta, but now
of this place. is to establish soft
drink manufacturing concern in Ma
rietta. He has purchased location
in Norwood on Acme street, former
ly occupied by the Acme Brick COM
pany. He will erect new concrete
building, work on which has begun,
and he will also install new ma
chinery He expects to have his new
business in operation the latter part
of this month. Mr.. Clifton will
abandon his plant here next month.
The new concern will be known as
the Clifton Beverage company, and
Mr.. Leonard Clifton of this place
will continue as one of the delivery
men. Mr.. Clifton's business has in
creased, and he finds it necessary to
enlarge his manufacturing capacity,
and is building his plant in Marietta,
which is more centrally located for
the territory he serves. He is not
planning to move his family to Ma
rietta, and will retain his home here.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-08-13
DEATH OF MRS. MARY BAILEY

Mrs Mary Bailey who resided in
East Windsor township, died Tues
day afternoon at about 4 O'Clock.
Her death occurred after long pc
riod of illness with diabetes and
complications.
Mrs Bailey was a daughter OF
John Barton and Henrietta Hall
Sanborn, and was born Feb. Is,
1875. Her husband, George Bailey,
to whom she was married March Is,
1896, survives her. Sisters and
brothers surviving her are Mrs. Eva
Heskett, Crooksville; Mrs. Minnie
Hina, GAINESVILLE; Mrs. Belle Mar
shall, Lancaster; Fred Sanborn OF
Crooksville; Addison, Anson and
Wesley Sanborn of Sand Run, and
George of Glouster. The deceased
was a member of the Mt. Ollvet
Methodist Protestant church and OF
East Windsor grange.
Funeral services will be held Fri
day at 2 o'clock, at the Stockport M.
E. church, conducted by Rev. Walter
Clark, and burial will be made at
Stockport.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-08-13
CATHERINE CURRAN TO
WED AUG. 81

Sundays Columbus Dispatch car
ried the following:
"Mrs. Margaret Curran of McCon-
nelsville announces the engagement
and approaching marriage of her
daughter, Catherine, to George E..
Frye, the son of Mrs. c. H. Smith of
Marion The wedding will take place
on Monday, Aug. 81, in the rectory
of Holy Name church. Miss Curran
and Mr.. Frye are completing plans
for their wedding and they have
chosen the brides cousin, Miss Mary
Ritchey, 5S7 Berkeley road, and Mr.
Herbert Roth, S53 Fairwood avenue,
to attend them. Miss Curran is a
graduate of ST. Joseph academy in
Columbus, aid Mr. Frye attended
Harding high school at Marion. Both
Miss Curran and her fiance are MAX
ing their homes in Columbus, at
present.
Several events are being planned
in Columbus for Miss Curran. Her
father was the late Charles Curran.
Following the marriage a reception
will be held at the home of Miss
Currans aunt and uncle, Mr.. and
Mrs c.. b. Ritchey.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-08-13
HELEN CARROLL WEBS
HOWARD A. KELLY

The many friends of Miss Helen
Carroll will learn with interest of
her marriage to Howard A. Kelly of
Cleveland. The ceremony was per-
formed Saturday at the Methodist
parsonage at ST. Marys, w. Va, by
Rev. Mr. Johnson. They were at
tended by the groom's sister, Miss
Olive Kelly, and William Hoover.
Mrs. Kelly is the only daughter of
Mr. and Mrs Howard Carroll Of
Kennebec ridge. Following her
graduation from NJ & NJ high
school, she attended college at New
Concord, and completed her college
work at Ohio State University. For
seven years she taught in the grade
schools of NJ. & NJ, resigning here
three years ago to accept position
in the Bay Village schools, Cleve-
land She is a teacher of outstand-
ing ability, and is a very attractive
and accomplished young woman. She
will continue to teach at Bay Village.
Her husband, after finishing his
high school course, attended college
at Edinboro, Pa, and later at Ober-
lin, O. He holds good position
with the Standard Oil Co. Follow
ing the ceremony Mr.. and Mrs. Kel-
ly came here to the home of the
latter's parents, but they were away
on a trip-not being aware of the
wedding, SO the newlyweds drove on
to Cleveland, and broke the news
there to them.
Mr.. and Mrs. Kelly will reside at
1887 Lake Road, Avon Lake.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-08-13
IMPROVEMENTS COMPLETED
AT MAIN STREET CHURCH

The Main Street Church of Christ
congregation have completed some
improvements that will add greatly
to the comfort and attractiveness of
their auditorium. The main audi
torium and vestibules have been
completely re-decorated; and a new
furnace has been installed. The
work was completed last Saturday
afternoon. Sunday services were
held in the social room of the
church, but next Sunday the congre-
cation will be established in the
newly decorated auditorium.
Rededicatory services will be held
in the church on Sunday, Sept. 13.
The arrangement for that day will
include morning and afternoon SER
vices, and basket dinner at noon.
The Main Street church wants to
make this day of reunion and
Homecoming. Former members who
live within reach, are invited to
come. The Churches of Christ of
Morgan county are especially invit-
ed to meet in the county seat on
that occasion.
The local friends of the church,
and the public generally, are given
a hearty invitation to worship with
this congregation at any time.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-08-13
WAS NATIVE OF DEAVERTOWN
DIES AT GAINESVILLE

Peter r. Gobel, 80, wholesale to.
bacco dealer of GAINESVILLE, ano
prominent citizen of that city, dice
Saturday morning of heart attack
He had been in failing health fol
more than year. He was born al
Deavertown, this county, May "A
1854, and at the age of 20 years
moved to GAINESVILLE, where he had
since resided His parents who were
the late Peter Jacob and Mary Eliz-
abeth Gobel, were natives of Ger
many. They were married after ar
irving in this country. When q
young man, the deceased entered the
tobacco business as a salesman. In
the year 1894 he entered the to-
bacco business for himself at Zanes,
vile, and in few years he had Q
very prosperous wholesale tobacco
trade. He took an active interest In
civic and philanthropical affairs. He
held membership in the Masonic
bodies; was a member of the United
Commercial Travellers; Y. M. c. A.
and the Presbyterian church. Be-
sides his wife, he leaves two broth
ers, Adam Gobel of Roseville, and
Edward Of Zanesville; three sisters
Mrs Alice Souders of Crooksville;
Mrs. David Gobel of Pittsburgh, and
Mrs Mary Fisher, near Roseville.
Funeral services were conducted
Tuesday morning at his late home
after which the body was laid to rest
in the mausoleum in Woodlawn
cemetery.