davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR CLASS
AWARDS MADE
This Program Features AS.
sembly; Baccalaureate
Heard Sunday

Lewis Smyth, son Of Mrs. j. A..
Smyth, and a member of the SEN
ior class of the high school, was
awarded the Carolina Theatre cup
at the assembly period this morn
ing.
This cup is presented annually
by the theatre concern and is for
citizenship, character and culture.
The scholarship cup, presented
to the home room with the high
est scholastic standing, was pre-
sented to the senior girls home
room.
The D. A. R. history medal was
won by Francis King. The senior
class cup, awarded to the best all
around member. of the class, was
won by Kittie Brownlee. The D.
A. R., Citizenship medal was pre-
sented to Martha Kelly.
The senior gift, furnishings for
the ladies' reception room, was
presented by Kittie Brownlce,
class president, and was accepted
by L. X. Singley, high school
principal.
The annual baccalaureate serv-
ice was held at the auditorium
last night, at which time the ser
mon wa sdelivered by DR.. E. j..
Coltrane, president Of Brevard
college.
Taking his text from Matthew
5:13 through 16: eye are the salt
of the earth: but if the salt have
lost his savous, wherewith shall
it be sailed? it is henceforth good
for nothing, but to be cast out,
and to be trodden under foot of
men. Ye are the light of the world.
A CITY that is set on hill cannot
be Md. Neither do men light a
candle and out it under a bushel,
but on a candlestick; and it giveth
light unto all the house." DR..
Coltrane said in part:
The Sermon on the Mount
might be said to begin with the
word happy. In this one word is
expressed all the deepest long
ings of the human heart. There
are as many kinds of happiness as
there are people seeking it. Some
have sought power, popularity,
pleasure, comfort, and adventure
as happiness, yet in these passages
none of these is found.
The pursuit of happiness is not
simple, as the various urges are
in conflict. You may search for
an environment that will bring
happiness, but this is usually un-
CONTINUED on page four)
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
GLOVER MACE
FATALLY HURT
IN CAR CRASH
Rites Today; Kollock, Jr.,
Also Injured; Robert
Smith Posts Bond

Glover Mace, %, son of Mr.
and Mrs. J. B. Mace, was fatally
injured on Sunday morning about
2:30 a. m., and died a short time
later in the Patton Memorial hos,
pital.
Mace was injured when the au,
tomobile in which he was riding
with three companions, and which
was driven by Robert Smith, of
the Haywood road, struck a power
pole on Sixth avenue west about
rs feet west of the Fleming street
intersection.
Nj. A. Kollock, Jr., also pas
senger in the car, suffered a frac,
tured left ankle and cuts and
bruises about the head and face.
Smith and julie Howard, the 9TH
er occupants of the car, were not
seriously injured.
Smith was placed in the city
jail after the wreck, and was re-
leased yesterday afternoon on
?I ,UUU DOilu. SOIOIlSl q. IL hANNA'
said that the date for an inquest
had not been set pending the re-
covery of Kollock.
The four men were riding WeS1
on Sixth avenue. Smith was drlV-
ing and Mace was riding on the
front seat with him. The other
two mon were riding on the rear
seat. The car was practically de-
molished and the pole was broken
off a short distance from the
ground.
Funeral services for Mace were
being held this afternoon at three
O'Clock at the Beulah church, ana
burial will follow there.
Pallbearers are j. W., Leon, and
r. J. Cantrell, Laurence Barnwell'
Paul Anders, and Ban Wilkle'
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
DEATH TAKES
MRS. BRICE At
BONCLARKEN
Operator of ARP. Assem-
bly, Grounds Expires Sud-
denly Early Sunday

Mrs. Carrie +. Brice. 60, who
has operated Bonclarken, the as
sembly grounds of the Associate
Reformed Presbyterian church at
Flat Rock, for the past ten years
or more, died at Bonclarken on
Sunday morning at $50 o'clock.
Her death was sudden. She was
apparently in good health on Sat
urday and visited Hendersonville
during the afternoon. She was
suddenly stricken at the evening
meal and died without regaining
consciousness.
The remains were taken to Co
lumbia, S. c., yesterday afternoon
and funeral services will be held
there from the A. r. P. church.
She made her home in Columbia
during the winter months.
Mrs. Brice was a native OF
Winnsboro, S. c., and was of
prominent South Carolina family
She was widely known among the
members of her denomination,
and in her years here had made a
host of friends in this section.
She is survived by a daughter,
Mrs r Wilmot Brown, of Column
bia; a son, Edwin Brice, OF Column
bia; a granddaughter, Josie Brown
of Columbia; sister, Mrs. Stall
ings; and two brothers, Sam NJ
FIenniken of East Flat Rock, and
A o. Flenniken of Chester.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
FASSIFERN'S
YEAR ENDS AS
IS GRADUATED
Special Awards Conferred
Today; DR.. Gwathmey
Is Speaker

Commencement exercises OF
Fassifern School for Girls were
closed this morning when DR.. Jos
r. Sewer presented diplomas to
thirteen members of the class of
1886.
Diplomas were presented to
Misses Betty Avent Of Spartan
burg, S. c., Patricia Joy Corrigan
of Toronto, Canada, Abel Extro-
witch of Savannah, Ga, Virginia
Lee Fiske of Chicago, Ann Cath
crime Harris of Alpena, Mich,
Julia Elizabeth Harris of Jackson
vile, Fla, Floride Aurelia Harri-
son of Birmingham, Ala, Char.
lotte Alexandria Haymore of
Chattanooga, Tenn, Harriet Lew
is Luther of Tryon and New York,
Betsy Hambley Mountcastle OF
Lexington, N. c., Ellen Parks
Munroe, Japan, Sally Regensburg
of New York City and Ann Pa
tricia Roof of Lexington, S. G.
The Kirk medal for excellence
in art work, presented each year
by DR.. VIM. Redin Kirk went to
Miss Abel Extrowich, daughter of
Mr.. and Mrs. j. NJ. Extrowich of
Savannah, Ga. 49,. ...-.
DR.. E. M. Gwathmey, president
of Converse college, Spartanburg,
S. c., delivered the graduating adj
dress. -. ,-r' =
"Education," said DR.. Gwath-
mey, Consists of learning facts
and building upon those facts, but
learning how to learn is the most
important fact of education"
"Should intellectual curiosity
be taken from humans, life would
be worthless. 1t is only through
the driving power of intellectual
curiosity that mankind advances,
he continued. ,...,
Human beings become educat-
ed in a search for happiness, in
order to get the fullest benefits
from life, to be able to meet new
situations and to live with their
fellow men. In such a considera.
ton it is impossible to leave God
out of the calculations, because
humans must in thinking about
themselves have a conception OF
higher being. They must have
something to aspire to, to look up
to, and humans must realize that
they have to face hereafter,
something to look forward to-"
The final point in learning is
learning to live with other human
beings, it was said. "No one may
live alone, and good manners, the
art of living with other people,
is a necessary ingredient in edu-
cation"
Closing with Lee Hunts ia.
nous poem, "Abou Ben Aden;
DR.. Gwathmey urged the gradu-
ates to continue throughout their
lifetimes in learning to live with
God and with man." .....
The program this morning was
opened by DR.. L. T. Wilds and
DR.. E. X. McLarty pronounced
the benediction.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
Blue Ridge Has
Baccal
Service Sunday
Rev. Grier of Charlotte, Is
Heard at Presby-
terrain Church

The annual Baccalaureate SER
mon to the graduates of the Blue
Ridge School for Boys was deliv'
cred at the Presbyterian church
Yesterday morning by the Rev
Paul L. Grier, of Charlotte.
Rev. Grier took his text from
St. Mark, in the passage wherein
James and John request that they
be promised seats on either side
of Christ, and from The Acts,
wherein Paul was blinded by the
light and asked what Christ would
have him do.
The speaker said in part, that
two questions are asked here, the
first made a request of Christ and
the second asked what Christ
would have of Paul. Suppose that
it were possible to have what one
wanted, what would you choose!
Many things prove worthless even
after years are spent in gaining
them.
If you were willing to choose
the things that would make you
stronger, Christ would give them
to you. James and John had chos-
en- the best thing, and you may
have the best thing on certain
conditions, but you must pay the
price. Christ asked if they were
willing to drink if his cup.
Things, the best things, are not
handed out arbitrarily. The price
Of the best things is the best that
we have in us. Life demands cour-
age, patience, and sympathy II
you want to realize the best you
must be prepared to face difficult
ties and danger.
What does God want us to do!
If we rely on our own judgment
we will make mistakes in asking
for things, and we must rely on
God. God can make our lives
strong and beautiful if we give
our lives to Him. God will have
something for you to do if you
ask what he would have of you.
If we are willing to give Him our
best he will give US the best OF
life,
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
MRS. ALLISON
PASSES AWAY
Burial for Mills River Resi-
dent Set for This
Afternoon

= Mrs. Burgin Allison, IS, died
at her home. in the Mills River
section last night at $3.50 o'clock:
Funeral services will be held
this afternoon at s o'clock from
the Mills River chapel, and burial
will follow. in the cemetery there.
Mrs. Allison was formerly Miss
Doeia Edmundson, Of this county.
She is survived by her husband, a
number of step-children, and the
following brothers and sisters:
Miss Tibe Edmundson, L. r. Ed
mundson, Mrs. John Jackson,
Marion Edmundson, Erskine Ed
mundson of Salisbury, Mrs. Olive
Graham of Washington, ID. C.,
and q half-sister Mrs. Mary Clem-
mons, of Fairview.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
us. TRIBUNAL
INSWEEPINC
DECREE TODAY
May Make Impossible
Wage, Hour Legislation
Of Any Nature
NEW YORK CASE TO
AFFECT II STATES

WASHINGTON, June 1. (UP).
New York states minimum wage
law for women and minors today
was declared unconstitutional by
the United States supreme court.
The court reaffirmed its stand
taken in 1928, when it outlawed
a similar act for the District Of
Columbia. It was on the basis Of
this decision that New York state
courts had condemned the law.
The decision appeared to be a
sweeping blow at any possible
wage and hour Legislation by
either state or federal govern
ment, jointly or alone.
The court was divided 5 to A
on this question.
Such action affects laws in II
states, it is believed, as that num-
Der. have statutse regulating the
wages of some class of employees.
"A brief which had been pre-
pared by Dean Acheson, formerly
assistant secretary of the treas
ury, who argued in support of the
law on behalf of seven states hav-
ing statutes exactly like that of
New. York state, listed these states
as follows:
Massachusetts,, California, Col
orado, Minnesota (for minors
onlyl, Oregon, Wisconsin, North
and South Dakota, Washington,
Connecticut, Illinois, New Hamp-
shire, New Jersey. New York,
Ohio; Utah and Rhode Island.
The states represented by Ache
son favored the law but it was
bitterly opposed by employers or
CARNATIONS and by several groups
Of women engaged in trades and
professions.
The womsn's groups opposed
the law on the. grounds it placed
them at an economic disadvan-
tage in competing with men to
earn a living.
It had been anticipated that the
injection of this question into the
case might have controlling IN
fluence. it being felt the court
might hold that the law is dls-
criminatoIy since it applies to
only women and minors.
On the other hand the fact that
the law. applied only to groups
which, according to the state leg
islators, were at q disadvantage
in economic bargaining, serves to
sustain the argument that the law
was necessary for. the preserva-
ton of public health and morals.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
TRIBUTE PAID
ALL war dead
here SUNDAY
Rev. B. E. Wall Tells Per-
Elephants Ideals of Dead
Perpetuated

The Annual Memorial Day serv-
ice, honoring the soldiers of all
the wars of the nation, was held
yesterday afternoon at Oakdale
cemetery.
Nathan Patla, commander OF
the American Legion, presided at
the service. which was opened
with the singing of America. "
Colors of the Legion and OF the
Sons of the Legion were used IN
the service.
The opening prayer was by Roy
C.. Bennett, chaplain of the Lee
gion, and special music was rend-
cred by the East Hendersonvllle
quartet.
Representatives speaking brief
IN for the various organizations
taking part were Mrs. R. 2.
Freeze, for the Daughters of the
American Revolution; Mrs. Thos.
Shepherd, for the United Daugh-
tiers of the Confederacy; DIR, w.
R. Kirk. for the Spanish-Amencan
war veterans, and Mrs. Ed. An
ders, for the Legion auxiliary.
The address on the occasion
was delivered by the Rev. BroaduS
f. Wall, pastor of the First Bar
fist church, and World war VeH-
eran, who said in part:
1t is a fine custom to honor the
dead with flowers. The dead do
not benefit, but it is a blessing
for the living. Flowers express
the love of God, and may be pluck.
ed and passed as an expression OF
the love for both the living and
the dead. 49,.
The patriotic spirit of this
country is not dead. This is an
expression of it in this service.
There are four lessons to be learn
ed from Memorial day. First, obed-
fence, as expressed by the soldier,
and a worthy lesson in this day
lacking in law and order. Second
the self-sacrifice of the soldier
who died for a cause. Ihlrd'
peace as expressed in the soldier
Who fought and died for peace
And fourth "A spiritual lesson, ex-
pressed in the fact that the bodies
of these soldiers have passed but
their ideals still live. This serv,,
ice is perpetuating the ideals and
spirit of these soldier dead, go,
The service was closed with
tans played by Roy Bennett and
Toe Hollingsworth, and graves
were decorated with flowers after
ward.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
II. S. Senior Class
Publication Out


The Spirit of SO, the high
school year book, published by
the senior class, is off the press.
The book is attractivelv bouno
and contains pictures and RECORDS
of the years activities.
The staff of the book is as Ioi-
lows; Bessie Bremen, editor; pop
Writ, associate: Kittie Brownies
managing editor; Maude station
feature editor; Elsie Flanagan
circulation manager; Nick Giaha-
kos, business manager; MaTen q
Kelly, associate manager; DGD
Brown, sports editor, and Lewis
Smyth, joke editor.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
Shipping Miners
Halt Mine. Work

BESSEMER, Ala, June L.
(UP3-Striking, iron miners, snip
ing with rifles from mountain
eyries, Yesterday defeated at
ternpts by q subsidiary of the
United States. Steel corporation
to operats. three mines under the
alleged, ".stfetchouts wage scale.
Company deputies removed f28
non-union miners from three
workings of the Tennessee Coal,
Iron and Railway company's We
nonah mine unmolested by am
bush fire that injured five men,
two Of them company guards,
yesterday afternoon.
Last night notices were posted
at the entrance to three mime,
shafts, sayine that allsoperatieqs
were suspended until further nor
tice. $ Y92 so4 .aGo;5sIigsai
's''.- 30 d. -s..l 49,, ~ acct,
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
FINAL YESPER
SERVICE HELD
Fassifern Students Told
How to Gain Satisfying
Spiritual Outlook
eY GEORGE scARBo -

DR.. ]. F. Board, of Furman
University, delivered the principal
address at the Sunday evening
vesper service at Fassifern.
The program was under the au.
spices of the Vesper Cabinet and
Miss Charlotte Haymore presided
The prayer was by Prof. S. L.
Woodward and Miss Harriet Co.
burn read the scripture. Members
of the senior class sang the beau
tiful hymn, "Ivory Palaces"
DR.. Board spoke on the sub
iect of acquiring a Satisfying
Moral and Spiritual Outlook on
Life
The "teen age" is the time in
which people form their ideals
make their life plans; it is a time
of changing dreams and maturing
intellects; thus it is an age in
which young people are cropping,
shocked, disillusioned and in need
of a stabilizer.
The big question before them
is "what to believer There are
so many, beliefs, offered that they
must thresh out the problem them
selves in order to be satisfied.
World forces are always de.
moralizing to young people and
present day forces are particular,
iy strong, making the need OF
youth much greater. Youth is moi
Indifferent, said DR.. Board. 1t !;
searching for a satisfying mora,
and spiritual outlook on life, ano
it is the duty of the elders to helT
youth in every way to find it.
DR.. Board said that morals ano
riligion are two sides of the same ,I
question, morals being the resui'
(Continued on mage three)
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
lVPLETE AUTONOMY
HEE BEING URGED
NORTH CHINA
,,,,;;,b, 1896 by United Press)

Tright 1886 by united rressJ
ryyTSIN. June l. (UP)-
ran Ii Ting-Yu of the
hes Autonomous Associa-
fths Republic of China" to-
y'egraphed General Sung
GYlan, representative of the
tS,g government, demanding
North China immediately de-
complete autonomy.
sffsh officials here believed
.slegram was first overt
} oyards a declaration of In
eaisnce by the five great
b China provinces, with a
EaiiOn of more than 100000
people. and that it presages
ane in the north under DOM
1n Of the Japanese army.
S a member of the Hopel-
bar political council of which
rgal Sung is chairman. Sung,
vas understood, is in Peiping
has been in conference thru
he weekend with represen-
pres Of the Japanese army.
| The central government IN
linking long ago abandoned all
tersst in Mort! China" Lis tel
ram asserted, adding that sit
time you carried out our plan
! auto~my which too long has
b held in allegiance"
LIS telegram followed CONVEX
Es here yesterday between
Chinese official and Major
pal Natsumuro who succeed
laor General Kenji Doihara
fst political agent of the Jap
amy in North China. Dol
hyas reported to be in Hsin-
capital of Manchukuo.
b he is being advised of all
pl1ments.
Confirmed reports were cir
fsi by Chinese that japanese
ny authorities have given
p Chen Yaun until midnight
fay to define clearly his atti-
towards North China indie
ka,ce.
fntime, Japanese troops con-
ia in full control of the rail
Inc from Shanhaikwan, en-
e to Manchukuo, through
zn 10 Pieping. All important
tons were occupied. The sec
d the line between Tientsin
rs dOwn-river port, Tangku,
'sed Saturday by bomb ex-
@'oS' was repaired quickly.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01

WASHINGTON, June |. (UP)
Police today were ordered to ar
rest Representative Marion wild
Nam Zioncheck (Dem., Wash
after he had turned the capital
topsyturvy during a day Of fan
tastic developments.
"This man apparentlytis Wild"
announced Chief of Police Ernest
Brown, in what observers regard
ed as triumph in understate-
ment. we.
"There is only one thing left
for me to do and that is to arrest
him. He will probably be sent to
the Gallinger hospital for obser-
vation," the capital chief of police
added.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01

WASHINGTON, June L. lUf)
House action on the substitute
for the Guffey' coal act was as
sured at this session today when
the house rules committee report
ed out rule giving the measure
right of way. 1t is expected to be
brought up in the house Wednes.
dav also. The committee also
voted out a rule for considera-
tion of a bill simplifying the AAA
act in connection with processing
tax refunds. 800 =.
The Guffey bill differs from
the original act in that it lacks
the labor provisions of the latter.
1t will be considered under a two.
hour limitation of debate.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
NAL REUNION
pate IS SET
gyms Sentell Program
ranged for Fourth
Sunday in July

y date Of the annual Hug
'sn'eII family reunion has
Moved up from the fourth
~. IN August to the fourth
- IN July, it was announced
ES Inc reunion will be held
J h.. N "a Creek Baptist church
Program will be as follows:
Ej; H., song by congregation ;
bs,,u devotional, Rev. L. NJ.
ESsSai 1920, welcome address,
I NJ n Ostecn; 1925, response
h.. - Marcia Higgins; 1890,
X = ,D, tyV'4O, history of the Sem
E:lS' 4lly Rev. F. NJ. Higgins;
h song; Has, short talks
Esss,' SAs;; ll:30, sermon, Rev.
Eag' , SenteIl; IL, dinner hour
bal i ? H. singing; 1:35, devo-
Ey ., a. :, 5. Patterson; 40, his
Fssio,S. ne Higgins family, ]. P.
fs ss,,; zIO, song; 2:15, bust,
|Spt,,;ss,on; 2:25. music; 2,30,
''Ral address, Rev. R. G.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
|9|NESE ARMY
|FNANDS war
IN JAPANESE
L,,H Battle Invaders
|soIJing North Chinese
Territory
Invest CRISIS in
MARS PRECIPITATED

IrpNG. June /. (UP)-Chi-
rops ioday Joined striking
l., IN demanding that China
rapancsc military forces
|, are now holding virtually
I North China.
Is Chinese defiance, coming
/, leigh, Of the gravest Sino-
H., crisis since 1888, was
I.si TO precipitate a show
L which might result in war
,,srthrow of China. General
f. Chang Kai Shek's mems
[r,sra,iOnS precipitated the
/, when they staged anti-Jap-
: manifestations.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
FASSIFERN GIVEN
MESSAGE BY DAVIS

Rev. E. Gibson Davis, D. d.
of Asheville, delivered the bacca-
laureate sermon to the Fasslfern
senior class Sunday morning at
the First Baptist church.
The program was opened with
the prelude, Gounod's March
Solennelle". played by Miss Mary
Brooks, followed by the process
sional, the Fassifern students
(Continued on page fourl
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
FINAL REPORT ON
TAX BILL DELAYED e

WASHINGTON, June y. w
The senate finance committee to-
day delayed its final report on
the new tax bill, but announced
that the measure would be ready
for presentation tomorrow, when
debate is expected to start.
Delay in clearing up final de-
tails of the controverted bill fore
ed the committee to delay its re-
port until a few hours before the
senate is scheduled to start de-
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
EOURT WIPES OUT MINIMUM WAGE LAW
l6 Shelby Golfers
Due Tuesday For
Afternoon Match

Sixteen golfers from Shelby
will come to HenderSonville TO-
morrow for a match with local
players, Bob" Smith, profession
al of the Hendersonville Golf and
Country club, announced today.
The opposing players will be
grouped in foursomcs, it was said,
with low handicap men teeing off
first at 2 o'clock.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
JUDGMENT WITHHELD

In the city court this morning
Mayor A. V. Edwards withheld
Judgment in the case OF Luther
Gillian, charged with being drunk
and disorderly.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
FAIL TO APPEAR FOR
JURY WORK-FINED

In superior court this. morning
Judge F. Donald Phillips cited
w. E. Love and C.. o. Ward to
pay fines of $40 each. The men
were called for. jury service and
failed to appear: ','%' - a.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
WEEKS AND TOMS MOVE
THEIR LAW OFFICES

C. D. Weeks and Charles :.
Toms, attorneys, whose oll ET'
were formerly located IN tne IT w
bank building, have moved 70 Tr Tnt
fourth floor of the state "''
Company building.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
Arrest OF Zioncheck Is Ordered By
Police; Report On Tax Bill DELAYED a, {:
HOUSE ACTION SEEN
an NEW ClJF'FEY BILL

bate on the measure.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
WEATHER

-, tonight; possible scat
ssrHis..dsrshowers Tuesday;
III u in temperature.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1936-06-01
GOOD AFTERNOON

First in Ethiopia, now in Amer
ica--it just seems as If the times
aren't propitious for black !egions.