davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1936-12-26

All Seasons Have Served to Mark the Beginning of
Calendar Time, With All Parts of Civilized World
Moving Toward Uniformity.

the Caesars. but with the disintegra.
ton of the Roman Empire old re.
ligious and civil calendars came back
into use.
Throughout most of Western Eu-
rope in 300 the ecclesiastical year
began on March / and the civil on
March Is. To eliminate this con-
fusion Charlemagne ordered the adop-
tion Of January l of the Julian cal
endar as the years beginning in both
religious and civil calendars.
In medieval times and even we'll
into the modern period, some coun-
tries used March Is as the beginning
of the ecclesiastical calendar year,
because the number Is was a more
fully rounded number than %. the
date Of the equinox. The civil year,
moreover, continued January as
New Year. Annunciation day, March
Is, was New Year in Germany until
the 11th century. and In Spain and
Portugal until the 14th century. In
England this day. called Lady day,
continued as the beginning Of the
ecclesiastical year until 1852.
Ancient Babylon and India seem
to have been the first countries COM
putting calendars from the Winter
solstice, December %, although about
turies-old custom and adopted the
autumnal equinox. as the new year
date.
THE early Romans began their year
at the Winter solstice and the
early Greeks also dated their year
from December % until about 43o
BIC, when, seemingly at the whim
Of ruler, the years beginning was
changed to the Summer solstice, June
%. This is apparently the only in
stance Of the use of the Summer
solstice as the beginning of the year.
Probably the most unsatisfactory
date ever tried for New Year was
Easter, the date of which Is determined
by calculations based upon the rela-
tive positions of the moon and sun.
This day, commemorating the resur-
rection, seemed an appropriate time
to start year. and its use as such
continued in several countries well
into the Middle Ages. and In France
until the sixteenth century. The diff
ficulties of using Easter as the New
Year date can be realized when. for
example. In 1907 there were SO Sum-
days between Casters and in the fol-
Iowin1 wear there were *
The Egyptian religious calendar,
adopted In 424l BIC. started the year
with the helical rising of Sirius, or
Sothis, as 1t was known to the Egyp-
tians, on July 10. present reckoning.
This was very fitting New Year day
Evening star., 1936-12-26

ing phases could be easily observed,
and calculated important events. espe-
cially religious observances, by Its
phases. The Jewish lunar year was
IL days short of the solar year, so
an intercalary month was added to
correct the difference. In early times
this month was added whenever on
the 18th Of Nissan, April, the barley
was not ripe" In their modern cal
endar the additional month, Veadar,
is introduced seven times in 10 years
so that religious observances will come
at the proper seasons of the solar
year.
In the time of Moses March was
the first month of the Jewish year.
Before the Babylonian exile, however,
the years beginning had shifted to
the Autumn month of Tishri, seed
time in Palestine.
During the exile, under the infiu-
ence of the more scientific Baby
lonian calendar, the Hebrew civil year
commenced in the Spring month of
Nissan, April. while the ecclesiastical
year continued to date from the
month of Tishri. September.
A BOUT the beginning of the Chris
tian era two calendars were rec
ognized in the Jewish time-counting
plan, one for the sacred year. which
started in the Spring and was used
for dating sacred feasts and the
reigns of kings, and the other for
the civil year, which began in the
Autumn and was used for deciding
Sabbatical years. years of jubilee and
dates for vegetable and tree planting.
The present Jewish calendar, which
is a continuance Of the sacred calen-
dar, starts in the month of September
The Christian era. numbering the
years from the birth Of Christ, was
not started until several hundred years
after His birth. AS Judea was under
the control of the Romans. early
Christians used epoch dating. calcu-
lated from the founding of Rome.
Dionysius Exigus Of the Roman Cath
olic Church is credited with originate
ing the idea Of new epoch dating,
and through his influence Justinian
proclaimed a new era with events
dated from the birth of the Messiah.
In the acceptance of this plan. as
in that of the January year Begin
ming, centuries elapsed before all the
nations of the world were in accord.
The new era was used in most Of
Western Europe by the eighth century.
though not by any legal action Of
the authorities. The German Synod
appears to be the first group to take
definite action and adopted the Chris
tian era dating plan in 742. This
vas established Ia the realm Of the
Evening star., 1936-12-26

auiry and response, so that the room
is constantly filled with the low hum
of businesslike voices that continuously
inquire and respond without ever at
tanning that lit and animation that
distracting to the visitor-this low.
steady hum-not because of its OBJ
trusiveness, for 1t is very unobtrusive.
but because it is so measured, so pre-
else. so orderly, so impersonal and
Evening star., 1936-12-26

Today that basement headquarters
is far cry from the little Capitol
window box of 1898. From a richly
decorated corridor one opens a ma
hogany door upon a long, well lighted
room. Directly facing the door along
the opposite wall runs the SWITCH
board, an intricate blackboard filled
with winking colored eyes, before
which sits row of young ladies who
keep up a running line of brief in
Evening star., 1936-12-26
Ancient Medieval and Modern Times Have Contributed
Their Shares Toward Perfection in Conforming
to Regular Movements of Sun.

Roman Catholic Church by Pope
Eugenius in 1881, but the Russian
adherents of the Greek Orthodox
Church did not accept 1t until 1725.
Even before the suggestion Of dat
ing the epoch from the birth of Christ,
many countries celebrated the Ma
tivity. December IS, as the beginning
of the year New Year was Decem-
Der IS in England until 1866, when
William the Conqueror was crowned
on January l and thereafter by his
edict the year began on that date.
One early writer says. 'The year Of
Our Lord was seldom mentioned, that
of William being substituted in its
stead" The Nativity was accepted
as New Year day in Germany in
11th century. According to the An
glo-Saxon calendar, December was
the first month Of the year and after
they accepted Christianity, Decem-
Der rs became the recognized new
year date.
DEsPITE Caesars leap year. by the
latter part of the sixteenth CEN
tury the calendar and the sun were
out Of step. Pope Gregory brought
them into agreement in 1882 by STEP
ping up the calendar 10 days, chang
ing October to october Is. This
plan kept January as New Year day
and returned the dates to their proper
seasons according to solar calculations,
as they had been following Julius
Caesars correction. In the Roman
Catholic countries of the world this
Gregorian calendar was adopted with
In a few years, but more than three
centuries elapsed before it was ac-
cepted by the entire world.
James VI Of Scotland ordered that
the year 1000 begin on January l in
accordance with the Gregorian calen-
dar instead of March IS, as was then
customary. About hundred years
later Holland and Protestant Germany
officially dated their year from jan
uary /. This calendar was not adopted,
however, in England and the Thirteen
Colonies until 1852. Previously In most
English-speaking countries March Is
had been the first day of the official
year and January / the beginning Of
the popular year. During the three
months from January l to March IS
dates were recorded as, for example.
January 80, 1648-9-'48 the legal year
and 40 the popular year. Sweden ac-
cepted the Gregorian time-reckoning
scheme In 1883.
Over 1917 centuries passed after
julius Caesar set January as the be-
ginning Of the calendar year before it
was adopted throughout the world.
Evening star., 1936-12-26
By Mary Machin.
Gardner.
.HE calendar has been, through
the ages, the plaything Of the
rulers of church and state,

TINE calendar has been, through
the ages, the plaything Of the
rulers OF church and state,
with or without the sanction
of the mathematicians or astronomers.
Consequently, different calendars Of
ten existed simultaneously in coun-
tries bordering on or trading with each
other. Although the Gregorian CAL
endar Is now in general use through
out the world. several others. notably
the Jewish. Chinese and Mohamme-
dan, still exist and are followed by
millions of people.
During the World War several coun-
tries adhering TO the Greek Orthodox
Church changed from the Julian to
the Gregorian calendar because of the
difficulties Of adjusting the 1t days
difference between the two calendars.
In 1928 Greece finally joined the rest
OF the world in using the Gregorian
reckoning, and In 1924. for probably
the first time. all Christendom cele-
brated the same day--January las
New Year.
January / as the beginning OF the
calendar year is an arbitrary date of
comparatively recent origin. In times
past the equinoxes. vernal and
autumnal. were used, depending upon
whether the planting or harvesting of
crops was stressed in the customs of
the peoples. Some very early civiliza-
tons celebrated the transition from
one year to another at the Winter
solstice, and, In at least one country,
the Summer solstice marked the new
year. Through the ages many dates
have been accepted as the beginning
of the year, some without any appar-
ent reason New Year dates include
March / and 25. Easter. July 10.
August 20, September and "a. Octo-
ber /. November /, December 25> and
any day between January 20 and Feb
ruary 10.
THE year started for the ancient
Persians at the vernal equinox
and the old Sumerian new year fes-
tival was held In March as far back
as $500 B. c. Mesopotamian events
were also calculated from the vernal
equinox
March IS was New Year day for the
Roman territories previous to IS 3. C..
when Julius Caesar inaugurated his
calendar. Finding that the calendar
year was 90 days ahead of the true
solar year. Caesar casually dropped
the 90 days and designated January l
instead Of March IS as the beginning
OF the year. This Julian calendar
was adopted throughout the lands Of
Evening star., 1936-12-26

Q) Miss Nena Thomas, assistant chiet of the United
States Capitol telephone service. ~ The U. S. Capitol
0 Lines criss.cross when the rush ( Part of the
long switchboard which handles the phone calls for the
of the busiest swtchboards in the world when Congress
is in session. the rush reaches peak at inauguration time
(5) Harrott g. Daley, chief operator of the Capitol
service. :
Evening star., 1936-12-26

laid to take care of the situation. The
building now known as the "old"
House Office Building was the result
of this planning. and in due time
Representatives moved into private
offices. beaming with pride and pleas
ure upon the new mahogany furniture,
the shining brass nameplates on tall
doors and the big handsome private
telephones upon expansive new desks.
On January 10, 1908, Mrs. Daley.
her force increased now to include
eight operators, left her old domain
in the Capitol to take up headquar-
tiers on the fourth floor of the House
Office Building so newly constructed.
The staff, faced with the array of ad-
ditional telephones and the apparent
desire of every Representative to try
out his private telephone on any and
all occasions, soon expanded. and it
was a very short while before IL op-
orators were plugging their wires into
the central switchboard.
RY NOVEMBER 90. 1925. the tel le-
phone force had grown to such an
extent and the board before viii eh
thai. force sat had heightened so CON-
siderably that it was necessary to in
stall them all in new set OF offices,
and they moved up to the fifth floor
in the same building. where they
stayed until the completion of the
present new" House Office Building.
When that was made ready, Mrs.
Daley. now chief operator. took up
headquarters in an especially designed
and provided Office in the basement
OF the building. and she has been there
from April 8. 1888. to date.
Evening star., 1936-06-28
Best Snapshots of the Week
The Stars Amateur Contest

Contestants receive 81 for each photo published with the
weekly prize winner which will be considered for The Stars
grand awards and the national awards paying 600 prize
money! Photos have been taken since Nav H. 1886
O be eligible for Do submit negatives.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-08-24
Horoscope 'aThe stars incline
 but do not cOmpel'
TUESDAY, AUGUST 25, 1886

| TUESDAY, AUGUST 25, 1886 l This should be a fairly fortunate day in planetary direction, but the morning hours may bring campaign troubles to distinguished candidates
 Under this sway the utmost di- plomacy should be useed in dealing with men and women in high plac- es. Weather conditions, as well as world upheavals may affect men, tai boise.
 The configuration is read as in- dicating clever ruses that betray political candidates. Idle talk now will take on ugly implications and sensational stories will circulate. Tongues should be bridled and personal prejudices controlled, for the stars hold forecasts for the United States that will cause re- grettable enmities and feuds among all the people.
 This is an suspicious configura- tion for building plans for carry ling out ambitious enterprises Commerce should improve suddenly next month.
 Death of national leader is prog nosticated Editors will close their careers and many older persons who have been much in the public eye will die before election day, Lon don astrologer prophecies l Club women are warned that they must prepare for an eventful year that will bring them into govern mental activities. Many reforms will engage attention. Excitement over disclosures re- vealing growth of communistic pow CT in the United States is prog nosticated for the early autumn when sensational activities will be investigated in Washington.
 Persons whose birthdate it is have the augury of year of hard work 1 that should be profitable. News of accidents may disturb certain per- sons.
 Children born on this pay prob- ably will be extremely active in , mind and body. Lovers of sport as we'll as poets belong to this sign of Virgo. Wednesday is supposed to be a lucky day for them.
 Francis Bret Harte, writer, was born on this day 1889. Others who have celebrated it as birthday in- clude James Lick, philanthropist 1796; Constant Troyon, French painter, 1910.
 Copyright, 1936)
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-08-24
ANSWERS
DAILY LESSONS IN ENGLISH
 By w. L. Goreon

Words Often Misused Do not say, T shall be ready as soon as l have drank my coffee" Say. "as soon as I have drunk my coffee"
 Often Mispronounced: Eugenics Pronounce ujen-iks, u as in use e as in gentle, i as in lick, accent second syllable.
 Often Misspelled: Coercion; cion not sion, nor ton.
 Synonyms: Mix, blend, mingle unite, combine, compound.
 Word Study: Use word three times and it is yours Let us in- crease our vocabulary by master ing one word each day. Todays word; Specific, definite, explicit. T want specific details"
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-08-24

that the stimulation of building and con-
 struction is due entirely to the prudent of Federal money for needed projects Pub
 lie buildings public roads schoolhouses, dams,
 and the other types of construction are pro-
 viding work for large numbers of the unem-
 poyed The effect this money has had in
 stimulating buying is almost incalculable"
 The generalization by Governor Landon sounds like rather hollow statement in face of the fact of what actually has been accomplished toward at- tempting to solve an admittedly difficult problem
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-08-24
MODERN ETIQUETTE Ky Roberta Lee

Q. What are the most popula, hours for driving?
 A. During the summer from {: to 6:30; during the winter from 2 ::3C to 5.
 Q. Are long, claw-like finger nails considered good form?
 A. No The nails should be care fully filed and slightly pointed.
 Q. When one has been com pelled to decline. a dinner invita- ton, should one make a call later?
 A. Yes, this is the proper thing to do.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-08-24
NOW WE KNOW

The G. O. P program has been made perfectly clear by the candidatoral acceptance of the nomna tions made at Cleveland. If elected Governor Lan- don proposed to abolish the monopolistc control o Big Business Colonel Knox avowed that he would save the small business man from the extinction threatened by the Roosevelt policies. Now know why the du Fonts the Aldriches and the Morgans William Randolph Hearst, the Melons and the Mllses are pouring their millions into the campaign to re-elect President Roosevelt
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-08-24
GAS CAUSED DAMAGE

Gasoline that dripped into the ear of Stan Millich at the Lucky Shot mine took him to the Dr. Shore Hospital in Anchorage for treat ment. Millich made the trip by air plane when the ear became extreme ly painful He is reported improv- inU
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-08-24

London gave out word of tele- gram received from Amsterdam sell ing of the safe arrival of the Deutschland, German submarine freighter, in Bremen after it's trir across the Atlantic, and stating that the craft was damaged. After five days during which the Germans had made no raids on the British coast, an airship visited the coast dropping b bout 30 bombs Little damage was done by the at- tack.
 William Beck was to leave on the Admiral Farragut for Seattle.
 Baeball appears to have died 8 premature death in Treadwell. For three Sundays, games had been scheduled and postponed on account of the weather.
 Leo Mccormick, well known Wran- gell business man. who had been at the GaStineau for the previous week, had left for his home aboard the City of Seattle.
 Rev. G. D. Christian, pastor of Trinity Church, and Mrs. Christian were to leave the next morning on the Princess Alice for two month stay in the States. Rev Christian was to go as a deputy from AL aska tol the General Convention which was meeting in St. Louis. Mrs. Christian was to attend the convention of the Woman's Aux Hilary which also was to meet in St, Louis.
 With the arrival of the steamer Jefferson, all the delegates to the w. c. T. U. Convention had ar rived and the convention was to open at the Methodist church, Dele gates from Haines, Skagway, Ju- neau, Douglas, Sitka, Rake, Wran- gell and Ketchikan were here. Ser vices were to be opened by Mrs Cornelia Thatcher, President of the Territorial w. c. T. U.
 On the eve of her ceparfture for St. Louis, Mrs. G. D. Christian was presented with a purse in which were twenty new $5 gold pieces, a gift of members of Holy Trinity congregation.
 Under authorization of the City Council, Mayor B. D. Stewart had appointed a committee of four to supervise the preparation of plans for the new Juneau school build ing. The Council voted to have plans prepared as soon as Princi- pal L. D. Henderson returned from the South and to have everything in readiness to start work at the close of school next year.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-08-24
LOOK and LEARN
 By A. c. Gordon

l. What race of people is the most thinly scattered in the world? .
 2. What is the distance from the earth to the sun? He4
 3. What is a picaroon? i,Ht
 4. How old was Mary Baker Eddy when she died? at. 'a 5. Which has the lower temper ature, the North Pole or the South Pole? fts
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-08-24
MARTHA SOCIETY TEA

Remember the Silver Tea to be given by the Martha Society at the home of Mrs. Ray Day on Wednesday, August 26. -adv.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-08-24

It's days like these when one doesn't care whether school keeps not, and if it's this kind of weather next Monday bet there will be lot of youngsters who won't either.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-08-24

There's one consolation about not having enough money to travel. man doesn't have to worry about being caught in a civil war.-Ohio State Journal.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-08-24

In view of the alibis about not seeing any deer it is refreshing to hear that particularly truthful hunter admit he missed at 150 yards
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-08-24

If the all-meta radio tube lasts through this campaign it will have proven it's worth.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-08-24
H A P P -
 --B I R HID "A Y

The Empire ertends congratula- tionS snd best tOishes today, thetf birthday anntverSary, to the folloso- ing:
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-08-24
SPECIAL MEETING

Of the Business ard Professional Women's Club will be held in the Council Chambers Monday evening, August 24, to consider the matter of Scholarship.
 FRANCES L. PAUL, -adv. President.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-08-24

Weather: Maximum, 64 Mini mum 48; Cloudy, rain; Precipita- ton, .84 inch.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-08-24

Try The Empire .ciassirieds for quick results.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-08-24

After five days during which the Germans had made no raids on the British coast, an airship visited the coast dropping bout 30 bombs. Little damage was done by the at tack.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-08-24

Baeball appears to have died a premature death in Treadwell. For three Sundays, games had been scheduled and postponed on account of the weather.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-08-24

William Beck was to leave on the Admiral Farragut for Seattle.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-08-24
20 YEARS AGO
 From The Empire
AUGUST "A, 1916.

London gave out word of tele- gram received from Amsterdam ell- ing of the safe arrival of the Deutschland, German submarine freighter. in Bremen after it's trip across the Atlantic, and stating that the craft was damaged.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1936-08-24

Leo Mccormick, well known Wran- gell business man. who had been at the Gastineau for the previous week, had left for his home aboard the City of Seattle.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1936-10-28
OMPENSATION TO
 INJURED EMPLOYE
Sum of S7S7 Awarded IsadOre .WolOzin; SAYS
 Given John E. Lennon

Isadore Wolozin, of 241 Lincoln street, this city was awarded $787.50 in full payment of his claim for com- pensation against the Waterbury Paper Box O., in a stipulation agreement approved by Compensa- ton Commissioner James M. Lynch this morning.
 Wolozin received en injury to his right hand during the course of his employment by the Paper Box O., May 13, 1886. Immediately after his injury he received compensation weekly until August 9. In his specif- ic injury claim however, he stated he had suffered loss of 50 per cent of the function of the injured hand, that it required an operation, and that amputation of the right little finger would be necessary. It is the contention of the company's doctor that only 25 per cent disability of the hand resulted and that TO further medical attention is necessary. A total of $475 will be paid in weekly sums of $1250 to John E. Lennon, 2S Park Place by the Shell Eastern Petroleum Products Co. of New York for an injury to his left index finger, which resulted in the | 100 per cent loss of function of the finger. Grease was injected into the flesh of the finger during the claim ants employment June 24. Compen- sation of $l2.50 weekly was paid also from July to Sept. 1.
 Other agreements filed, in which weekly payments will be made dur ing the period oi disability were:
 Hendey Machine Co., Torrington and Gus Ruot, French street, Tor rington, incomplete hernia, $16.79, beginning September 28.
 Westover School Corp, Middlebury and James Robinson, Middlebury, in jury to left foot, $9 beginning Aug ust 26.
 Torrington Co. and Mary Aranyos, 162 Harwinton avenue, Torrington, injury to finger, $7.74 beginning Oct. 12. 1886.