davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1936-10-23
Ozvena Republikanske
kampane.

William P. Lawson, riditel
Republican State Central Com
mite We sve Teci Sc vyslovil re
jest 81 jist v1tezstvfm v den vo-
leb 3. listopadu a tim re Sc
octne Maryland v republican
ske moci.
Dale die slameneho hlasova-
nj, jak udava Literary Digest
jest, re guverner Landon Dude
vddce naroda v den voleb. A
to jest proc jest vseobecne mi
nenf lidu, re guverner Landon
Dude zvolen Will lidu.
Chairman Lawson dale jest
toho mfnenf, re program gu
vernera Landona sc vice "a
mlouva lidu a slibuje vice "a
m6stnan1 a meme podpory KITE
re TIL vice obcany teto zeme a
zmens1 zdanen1 pro nynejsf a
pr1st1 generaci.
The Armory v Towson Dude
stfedisko schIze v pondelf We
Ger a hlavnfm Tecnfkem Dude
Charles A. Underhill.
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1936-10-23
Slovacka slivovice opst do
Spojenych StatH.

Jeste pred Vanocemi Dude
odeslana celia zasilka 1000 hex
tolitrd prave slovacke slivovice
do Ameriky.
Slivovice Dude do Ameriky
poslana We zvlastnfch krasne
brousenych lahvfch, ktere byly
zhotoveny v ceskych sklar-
mach. Americti dodavatele 81
tuto 1pravu vyslovne vyminili.
Podzimni druhy hrusek a ja-
blek jsou jeste ma stromech.
Ia trvale chladneho a destive-
no pocasi jen velmi zvolna do
travail.
Zastupci nekterych americ-
kych velkoobchodG, kterf pred
nekolika mes1ci pTijeli ma Mo-
ravu, ma Slovacko a Valassko
a zajimali Sc O palenice, nebyli
jen obchodniky, nybrz re slo o
jakousi vyzvednou sluzbu. Ma
kupovaci 81 velmi dokonale pro
heidi zarfzeni palenic a prostu
dovali i suroviny.
Nynf jsou obavy, re americ-
ii nakupovaci slivovice a boro-
vicky budou Sc snaziti vyrabeti
tyto napoje v Americe. 0 tom
sv6dcily nejen pomerne velike
nakupy jalovcovych bobuli, z
nichz sc vyrabf "borovicka", a.
lie take to, re Americana vyjed-
naval S nekolika vedouc1mi
csl. palenic, zdali by nejeli do
Ameriky zavesti palen1 lihovin
Poole csl. zp1sobu.
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1936-10-23
ALI BABA zapasiti Dude 5
ROEBUCK pTisti 1tery.

Pr1stf 1tery, 27. r1jna v hlav-
MIN kr1zkovem zapase porada-
mem v Carlins Park Eli Bahia
zapasiti Dude S Tiny Roebuck.
Mimo tohoto zapasu ma pro-
gramu budou jeste 4 jine.
Zeny prdvou muze mali
vstup volny.
Vstupne: 4Oc, $1.1O a $1.65.
Minute 1tery v hlavnfm zapa-
Sc Dave Levin porazil Toma
Marvin We 33 minutach.
AL Bisignano prohlasen byl
v1tezem mad Fred Grubmier
kdyz tento diskvalifikovan byl
pro kopan1.
Tiny Roebuck porazil Mays
McLain v II minutach.
Zapas mezi Ernie Stevens a
Gino Martinelli pc 80 minute
vem kr1zkovan1 prohlasen byl
"a nerozhodnuty.
Bobby Burns porazil Paddy
Mack 9 minutach.
Ted Key porazil Fred Kup-
fer v II mintuach.
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1936-10-23
P~ojistsnl prot nezamest-
nanostl.

z Austinu, Texas, sc sdeluje,
re v senatu odhlasovali II proti
8 hlasdm p~ojistenf proti neza-
mestnanosti Poole zakona fe-
deralniho. Kazdy zamestna-
vatel, jenz ma aspon osm delnl-
XII, platiti Dude federalnf dan
ma toto pojistenf. PAX federal
nj vlada Dude Ease platiti svuj
dill a stat take svdj. We sne-
movne take odhlasovali "a osm
milionn dolar1 novych DAM ma
pensi. Ma odej, s1ru, prlrodnl
plyn, spolecnosti plynarenske
a e~lektrarny zvysuje Sc dan o
81 a pdl procenta. Ma peti a
deseticentove doutp1ky Sc dan
zvysuje ma jeden cent ma jeden
doutnik. Mensl dan Sc uklada
ma cigarety l%acinejsf. Ma diva
delhi vstupenky mad soc Sc
,zavadi dan deset procent, laci-
nejsi vstupne by bylo bez dane.
Podobna dan by platila take ma
vstupne ma opery, baseball,
football a pod, kde Sc eta
mad SO cent?. Tretina nynejsl
dane by Sc vzala z cigaret sko-
lam a dala ma starobnf pensi.
Take z poplatkd ma pojisteni
ma zivot u vzajemnych pojiSto-
ven by sc platila nova dan petit
procentnf. 0 navrhu techto
dani k Will pensi must jednati
jeste senat a pax guverner.
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1936-10-23
Polsky novinaF zemrel.

V Chicopee, Mass, polsky
novinar w. Smolczynski zem-
rel. DOLL sc 80 rok1. Z1cast-
nil Sc polskeho povstanf roku
1868 prot Rusku, v bitve u Co.
ry byl ranen, padl do ruskeho
zajet1 a byl vypovezen ma ST.
biz. Ze Sib1re utekl, ale byl
chycen a znovu tam poslan.
Kdyz Sc dostal ma svobodu, pTi-
jel do Ameriky a vydaval
"Polskou Gazettu" v Buffalo,
N. Y. a v Detroit, Mich, zalo-
I'll polskeho Sokola. Pc te sc
uchylil do Chicopee a vydaval
list "Polski Past"
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1936-10-23
PTedbszne ornament zabav.

= Ochotnicky Spolek osady
sv. Vaclava Sc pfipravuje ma
divadlo v nedeli, Is. r1jna ma
oslavu Ceskoslovenske Samo-
statnosti. Hrati Sc Dude isle
cinka z Bileho Zamecku", v
move upravene SIM sv. Vaclav-
ske skoly ma Collington Ave.
- Podzimnf zabavu uspofa-
da Delnicky Vzdel. Spolek"Po-
krok" v sobotu, "a. T1jna v Del
nickem Dome, rob Madison a
Rose ulic.
= Velky Maskarnf Pies u
spoTada Slovensky Demokratic
ky Klub z Marylandu v sobo-
tn, 81. rfjna v Polskej Hale,
Bethlehem a Youngstown ave.,
Graceland Park.
- Demokraticky Klub 25.
wardy v Curtis Bay usporada
Ustricove Hody ma SVEN soru
8. listopadu.
- Ochotnicky Spolek sv. Va
clava sehraje divadlo "Slecin-
ka z Bileho Zamecku" We pros
pech osady st. Athanasius, v
Curtis Bay, v nedeli, dine 8. Ii
stopadu v SIM ma Prudence a
Church ulic1ch. Zacatek v 7.3O
vecer.
= Ma oslavu 5Oti-leteho tr-
vanf sehraje Pew. Dram. Sbor
sv. Cecilie hru MAVEN marin
ka re stare Myslivny'', v nede-
Ii ,dne %. listopadu v move u
pravene SIM sv. Vaclavske sko-
ly ma Collington Ave. Zacatek
urcen presne We 3 hod. odpol
- Martinske posvfcenl pc.
rada sbor Baltimorskych Was.
tenek &. 1T j. 6. D., 9. listo.
padu v Delnickem Dome v 8
hodin vecer.
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1936-10-23
Poctivy.

Z Oklahoma City Sc sdeIuJe,
re manzele j. r. Lucasovi by
radi podekovali poctivemu clo-
veku v Denton, ale neznajf je-
no jmena Lucasova ztratila
tasku, v nfz bylo $26, kdyz Sc
vracela z Texau a zastavila Sc
v Denton V gasolinove stanici.
Nynf obdrzela postou tasku i S
pencil a ten, jenz j postal "a
silku, jeste zaplatil 95 cent? "a
registrovan1 balfcku.
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1936-10-23
Kradez slepic.

Vice neil 200 slepic ukrade-
no bylo re slepicnfku ma farme
ma Belmont avenue a Rolling
road, Gainesville. Nekolik set
jinych slepic bylo tam zlodeji
zanechano.
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1936-10-23
Ma mists narozenl skonal.

V kalamazoo, Mich, Fitch
Shaw, 65lety farmaT, zemTel v
tom same pokoji ma teze far
me, kde Sc narodil a cely zivot
pTebyval.
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1936-10-23

V Clevelandu til bandit pre-
padli krajana Josefa Nespora,
vysacovali no a wall mu $3.50
a hodinky. Ujeli v automobile.
Evening star., 1936-05-16
BY DOROTHY DUCAS AND
ELIZABETH GORDON.

F THE wanderlust has hit you. now
that Spring is here, do you know
you can sally forth like turtle
i with your house on your back?
o course, it's on the back Of your
car, but the new glorified trailer we
have in mind is as snug as turtles
shell. It is really comfortable year.
round home for a small family. You
can stop by the side of the road and
put it up for the night, for a week.
end, or for whole vacation, as you
choose. Two people can easily con-
vert it into bungalow in half an
hour and fold it up in 20 minutes,
when, like the Arabs, they wish to
steal away.
This is not just house on wheels,
but a genuine home, you see. Made
Of metal and completely insulated
against heat, cold or sound, it pro-
vides an entrance hall, living room,
bed room and kitchen for as little
as $1,000. Equipped with portable
furniture, refrigerator, gas stove and
water heater, it costs S2.500, or less
than stationary Summer bungalow.
And there's not convenience left
out of it.
Buffet With Drawers.
The entrance hall has a buffet
equipped with drawers and locker and
a sliding mirror panel to the kitchen,
while to the left Is a bed room with
removable side panels covering copper
screening the whole length of the side,
so you can sleep with fresh air pour
ing into the room, minus the insect
life Of the great outdoors. &
The kitchen is a marvel of compact
efficiency; four-burner stove with full
oven, fed by bottled gas, which is
slipped into compartment near the
rear entrance; a refrigerator also fed
Evening star., 1936-05-16

application, thereby killing the grubs
as they gnaw on the roots of plants
and grass.
But II you are not troubled with
japanese beetles, you can. still do
two-in-one job. Fertilize your garden
while you spray 1t. In the same man
ner as you you use the poison you can
use the fertilizer. Its ingredients are
100 per cen. soluble in water, the
manufacturers say, so you can give
your plants both food and drink in
the same operation.
The beetle killer costs 81 for six
cans; the lawn food costs $1.60 for
the same number. A sprinkler unit,
Evening star., 1936-05-16

on another system, with base plugs
for floor lamps scattered about. The
kitchen has q wash bowl with run.
ming hot and cold water. and there
is a metal sink and drainboard. The
bath room even boasts q good mirror
for primping.
-Four people could occupy this home,
for there are two double folding beds
that make attractive settees in the
day time, and there could be two din
ner guests. besides, because there are
six upholstered chairs for the dining
table.
A small stove can heat the whole
house In sub-Zero weather, because
the walls and roof and floor are all
tightly insulated. So you need not
put of that trip to Alaska. If your
fancy beckons in that direction.
"OH, WE'RE roughing it."
How often do you hear people say
this about their Summers in the coun-
try? But what does it mean to each
one who speaks?
Roughing it to one person means q
tent under the trees, to another a
house without bathroom. Anything
which is less convenient ard smooth
running than home is "roughing it."
And, though there is a satisfaction in
living without the artificialities of city
life, few people want to do without
the essential comforts.
Probably the most important con-
venience the country house can have
Is running water. for having the wa
ter piped into the house, especially to
the kitchen sink. does wonders to
| tighten the work of running the house
hold. A great many more urbanites-
in-the-country would have automatic
running water, pumped by self
oiling water system, from their well
or the nearby lake, If they realized
how comparatively cheap these me-
chanical servants are.
Do you know you can have pres
sure tank system for from $50 to 500?
It's really not worth carrying water
from the well, when you figure the
Evening star., 1936-05-16

culture for fighting garden enemy
number one. the Japanese beetle. flows
out with the water. The manufac-
turers who discovered it could be
applied this way, declare there Is no
danger to pets, and you can save lot
Of money by doing 1t yourself instead
of calling IN expensive plant-doctors.
Your hands do not touch the poison,
for it Is packed at the factory in
sealed cans, which are opened by a
thrust Of the sprinkler into their sides,
There Is no poisonous dust to blow
around, and the beetle-killer Is car
ried by the water deeper into the
ground that 1t can be by surface
Evening star., 1936-05-16

by the gas and a dependable hot
water heater. The movable home
carries 80 gallons Of cold and 20 gal
Ions of hot water at one time.
Even that bane of Summer vaca-
tions, lack of closet space, has been
removed. for there are two fair-sized
clothes lockers and 81 cubic feet Of
drawer and locker space.
Electric Lights.
Wired for electricity, the lighting
system is truly modern: recessed dome
lights on one system, lumiline lights
Evening star., 1936-05-16

life Of . pump In terms Of daily SER
vice for many Summers.
+
A TWO-IN-ONE method for water.
ing and fertilizing your lawn at
the same time Is the gladdest news for
home gardeners we've heard in q long
time. 1t might even be made q three
in-one. because by switching the can
of fertilizer to insect killer. you can
use the same sprinkler for feeding
your grass and shrubbery.
You attach the can 10 sprinkler
which fits right on your garden hose.
Arsenate of lead. recommended by
the United States Department Of Agri-
Evening star., 1936-05-16
Advertising Signs Revealing.

Advertising signs of every descrip-
ton should be kept bright and we'll
painted. Dirty and faded signs over
a shop door cannot fail to impress
prospective customers unfavorably.
Evening star., 1936-05-16

with one can Of the beetle killer, costs
$395.
x4 -
For further information about these
products, trrite to Designed for Liptno,
care OF The Star, Washington, and
inclose a stamped envelope.
Evening star., 1936-05-16
Color Scheme for House.

An effective color scheme for q
small brick house with q brown roof:
Bricks painted white; trim. putty
color; shutters, burnt orange; door,
deep green.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1936-10-01


 not been principal of the school which he unwillingly attended the story of Marsh's life might have been quite different. As it was he acquired a sound body and keen mind, sharpened by daily competi- tion with his companions.
 When Uncle Sam went to war ] with the Kaiser, Marsh was sixteen years old. Somehow or other he made the marine officer believe that he was at least eighteen, and in 1917 he went overseas as duly re- cruited member of the 5th Regiment, U. s. Marine Corps, 2nd Division. This is the division which cleared out Belleau Wood, Vaux, Blanc Mont Ridge and number of other tough spots. Before the Armistice, more than 85 per cent of the original di- vision were casualties. But Norman was one of the lucky ones-he wasn't wounded until it was nearly over.
 Homesick for Army Life
 After the war, Marsh tried to go back to civilian life in Michigan. He clerked for a while in small-town hotel but that was entirely too slow. So he took to the road and saw the country; sometimes room inside a passenger coach; sometimes from under or on top of transcont1nen- tai freight. But there always seemed to be something missing. The truth was that Marsh was homesick for the army, so he enlisted again-in the marines. This time he was sent to Haiti and he saw plenty of &C., ton. But Haiti wasn't France, and Marsh didn't join up again when his enlistment expired.
 Exciting Life As Special Agent
 Back in the good old U. s. A. someone told him about a job as special investigator for the U. s. Treasury Dept. Plenty of excite ment there he was told. This proved to be the champion of understate- mentS. Marsh was so tickled with the dangerous work that he stuck with it for five years. He was one of the Federal agents who helped send Al Capone to prison for income tax evasion.
 During this period, Marsh began to spend more and more time at his favorite hobby, sketching. He sketched anything and everything. It Is told that 8 drawing of 8 su- perior ofiicer, done more with an ; eye for accuracy than fiattery, caused his instant dismissal from the Treasury Dept, but this little misunderstanding was later straight ened out to everyone's satisfaction. ! His associations, with government men and his daily contacts with criminal types of every description gave him unequalled opportunities for observing facial characteristics and variations. This training was to stand him in good stead later when he began to look to his talent : for drawing as a means of making a | living.
 :; Dan Dunn is Born i In the boom
 ! days of 1928-29 ~ ! Marsh caught 1N /; the fever and set IS. ZM :, up in the broker-Il>> /Ti ] age business on A 1 La Sale street in 1</ ; Chicago. when A . the bubble burst, N i Marsh, with many
 l another good
 man, was left high
 and dry. Now the
 1 former hobby was Dan Dunn called on to fur-
 nish a living. Many drawings were sent to many papers, and some of them found publishers, but most of them came back" says Marsh. It was not until he conceived the idea of a detective magazine all in pie GTENE1G
The Waterbury Democrat., 1936-10-01
Worldwide Adventurer Turns Artist
 To Create DAN DUNN

1 lures that his work began to catch on. These magazines-there were two of them-were no bowling suc- ceSses, but one character, Dan Dunn, attracted the attention of various syndicates. Eventually a contact was established with the Publishers Syndicate and with this organization he brought out Dan Dunn in strip form, the first one appearing in the Waterbury Democrat.
 Marsh is seldom at a loss for a plot. He has only to draw on his own experiences while with the Fed eral men. If for any reason he does not feel satisfied" with the situation he is drawing his characters into he can drive in a few minutes time to the famous Northwestern Uni verSity of Criminal Research. Here he Is well-known and welcome fig ure. It is through his familiarity with scientific criminal detection procedure that he is able to make Dan Dunn such a convincing and fascinating character.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1936-10-01
Contracts Awarded
 For Highway Work
l7 Projects Approved By Commissioner Macdonald; Derby Job Included in List Announced Today

Highway Commissioner John A. Macdonld announced today the awarding of IT highway jobs, bids foi which were received on March 2, August 10 and August 3l. The awards are as follows:
 Middletown-Portland bridge: Su- perstructure to Bethlehem Steel company, Bethlehem, Pa.
 Town of Manchester: 7,998 feet of rolled bank run gravel on Weth- erell street to Alex. Jarvis Co., Man. chester.
 Towns of Montville and Norwich: {: 8S feet of reinforced concrete at Trading Cove Brook on route No. g to c. w. Blakeslee, Inc, Green wicl.
 Town of Bedding: 9,464 feet of loose gravel on five sections of road to John DeMichiel & Bros., Tor rington.
 Town of Sprague: 8,340 feet of wNterbound macadam on the Potash Hll and Plain Hill roads to Frank J. Shields, Sou, abridge, Mass.
 Town of Windsor Locks: 7,100 feet of bituminous gutters on South C,Inter street to Oneglio & Gerva-
The Waterbury Democrat., 1936-10-01

sini, Torrington.
 Town of Glastonbury: Widening intersection of routes No. 2 and 15, to Atlas Construction company, Hartford.
 Town of New Canaan: Grade separation structure at intersection of Merritt Parkway and Stamford avenue to Paul Bacco. Stamford.
 Towns of Derby and Shelton: Rip rap at bridge over Housatonic riv. CT on route No. 8, to c. w. Blakeslee 6S Sons, New Haven.
 Towns of Sufield and Enfield: Rip-rap at bridge over Connecticut river on route No. 190, to c. w. Blakeslee & Sons, New Haven.
 Town of Pennington: Rip-rap at bridge over Pequabuck river on U. s. route No. GA, to New Britain Trucking company, New Britain.
 Towns of Old Lyme-Old Say brook, Haddam- East Haddam, and Hartford East Hartford: Rip-rap at Connecticut river bridges, to Merritt, Chapman & Scott Corp, New London.
 Town of New Fairfield: 3,510 feet of waterbound macadam on
The Waterbury Democrat., 1936-10-01
RIFLE CLUB PLANS
 FIRST TOURNAMENT
Events Arranged For Sun- day at Range Off Che-
 shire Highway

The Brass City Rifle Club will hold its first annual fall tournament at the range on the Waterbury Cheshire road next Sunday, it has been announced. Events will begin at 10 8. m. and continue to 7:30 p. m.
 Earl Bristol will serve as range of- ficer, assisted by Paul Hespelt and James Baker. The entries committee has Joel Anderson as chairman, as- sisted by Daniel Hine and Roy Woodcock.
 Other committees are: Recep- tion, Frank Daniels, J. O. P. Man. herZ, K. T. Smith, Irving Irion, Miss Ellema Kleinert, Miss Adele Carey, Miss Leona Crowley; squad. George Parkins, Roy Bris-
The Waterbury Democrat., 1936-10-01
JEWRY OBSERVING
 FEAST OF BOOTHS
Eight 2 Day Observance Marked By Services in
 Local SynagOgues

Shutdown last night marked the beginning of Sukkoth, or the Feast of Booths, a feast ranking high in Jewish tradition. Special services were held in local synagogues last night and today in observance of the holyday.
 The feast lasts for eight days, ending with the Feast of the Con- clusion. The following day there in celebrated the Feast of hte Rejoic- ing of the Law.
 Services will be held all during the eight day period. Sukkotch is a feast that began in Biblical times as the celebration of the harvest festival. Later it also served as a reminder of the goodness of God to the Israelites during their years of wandering.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1936-10-01

to Bridge Construction company, Hazardville.
 Twn of Monroe:N 14,665 feet of rolled bank run gravel on three sections of road to Julius Varvello, New Haven.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1936-10-01

In the boom days of 1928-29 Marsh caug h t the fever and set up in the broker age business on La Sale street in Chicago. w h e n the bubble burst. Marsh. with many tn CT good man, was left high and dry. Now the former hobby was
 NIal ~.@ 4A fxsR-
The Waterbury Democrat., 1936-10-01

I tol, Harry and Fred Lefage: tarI get, Paul Miller, Larry TalbOe Andrew Kitchenka, Arnold Doolittle George Geacroft, George Sexton and Roland Irion. William ChriStia1l will officiate as peace officer.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1936-10-01

Norman Marsh,
 creator of Dan Dunn, Secret Op- erative 48, is a native of Illinois. In boyhood his interest lay in sports and out door 8 hl e tic s rather than in books, and it is related that if a
The Waterbury Democrat., 1936-10-01
eco FIGFHTs ELM BLIGHT

Washington, (UP)-A compaigN by the Civilian Conservation CorpS and the Bureau of Plant Industry at Morristown, N. J., is being adj vanced to eradicate the Dutch eln
 disease from areas in eastern states
The Waterbury Democrat., 1936-10-01

nish a living. Many drawings were sent to many papers, and some of them found publishers, but most of them came back" says Marsh. It was not until he conceived the idea of a detective magazine all in pie
The Waterbury Democrat., 1936-10-01

JOHN A. MACDONALD Warwick road to Julius varvello New Haven.
 Town of Hampton: 21,065 feet of loose gravel on five sections of road
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1936-02-17
Cold Is to Follow Snow

A thick blanket of snow fell over
indianapolis today as a forerunner
Of a new zero wave from the North
west, expected to hit here tonight.
A total of 2.3 inches of snow had
fallen this morning at $50. 1t is
expected to continue through tomor-
row. The City Street Department
assigned 300 men to keep the streets
clear. The temperature was II at
l this afternoon.
Railroad companies called for ex-
ira men to keep their roads open,
and the utilities took steps to keep
service open against the blanket of
snow. -
Capt. Ed Helm announced this
afternoon that he would order the
arrest of all persons who did not
have their sidewalks cleared of snow
in "a hours. He said 2S persons had
been injured by falling on snow
covered ice today.
Comparatively comfortable tenn
peratures have marked the last "a
hours. There were many casualties
in coldweather accidents, with the
thin fluff of snow over the ice max
ing it hazardous for both pedes-
TRANS and motor traffic.
Henry Dunbar, SO, of 1851 Ludlow
av, who fell Saturday and lay for
approximately eight hours in the
abandoned engine room at the
Brookside Lumber Co., Commerce
and Massachusetts, died Satur-
day night of the effects of the ex-
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