davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1936-04-12

vigorous prime of life, as Pershing
was Now Petain's once brown mus
tache and hair are white.
The outstanding Italian, Austrian
and Russian commanders are dead.
OF the Germans, Won Kluck, who just
missed Paris in 1914, has long since
been beyond the reach Of controver-
sizes over his part. Ludendorff and
Mackensen still live.
Ludendorff. whom many military
experts regarded as the supreme
genius among tacticians. who was said
to be Father Hindenburg's brain. and
who had vast hosts as the pawns Of
his nod in his mighty offensives on
the Western Front in l9l8-when the
Americans did not arrive too late
now has not a corporals guard at his
command.
Ludendorff Considered Half Mad.
On the edge of poverty, unnoticed,
all but forgotten. he sees that one
time private soldier, Adolf Hitler-his
subordinate in the first and abortive
'putsch" against the German republic,
Of which Ludendorff made a ridiculous
failure-now the Dictator, whose word
is the law and prophets of the Reich.
II is said that Ludendorff is half
mad. In fact, that Is the excuse made
for him in his miserable old age. He
sulked in envy and enmity over the
idolatry Of the German people for
Hindenburg. He lives in a state of
perpetual crouch, self pity and spleen
IN his conviction that the German
people turned yellow in the final
crisis.
If they had come through with more
guns and shells and more soldiers who
were more willing to die. he says he
would have won the war for them.
But they will not listen to him when
he tells them that it was their fault
and not his that they became slaves.
1t requires too much of a wry face
for him to do lip-service to Hitler.
And Hitler pays no attention to him.
He has shown himself cheap sport.
But the venerable Mackensen, father
Evening star., 1936-04-12
BY FREDERICK PALMER.


n YEW YORK, April IL tN.A.N.A)
If there were European
" war today, unknown names
4 would flash into fame as sud-
denly as Joffre's on the Marine
and Hindenburg's at Tannenberg. The
living among the great commanders in
the first World War would be no less
spectators on the sidelines than the
ghosts of those who are in their graves.
The millions of fresh cannon fodder
who were babes in 1914 will be man
euvered by new leaders.
Joffre, Foch and Hindenburg, the
supreme European commanders. are
dead. Foch, generallisimo of all the
allied armies in 1918, retained his alert
mind in rural retirement to the last.
Joffre and Hindenburg were senile
when they died.
The last time I saw Joffre was at
the funeral of French, the first British
commander in chief in France, and
Joffre was dragging his steps, his
heavy eyelids half closed with ex-
cruciating fatigue. In the last days
of Hindenburg's presidency of the Ger
man republic. he feebly signed the
papers placed before him without
asking what they contained.
Haig, the British commander-i in
chief, was in the sos in the three years
of his power. Not wounds but the
merciless mental strain sapped his
strength, as it did that Of the other
leaders. Jellicoe and Beatty, the Brit
ish sea commanders-"the young
Beatty" as he was called then-and
Currie. commander of the Canadians,
have joined Haig in the beyond.
OF the commanders in chief of all
army groups. only Pershing survives.
He is a wonder of strength and en-
durance. At rs he looks good for an
other IS years. When he is in France,
the last of his great French compan-
ions-in-arms with whom he can re-
vive war memories is Petain. When
Petain spoke his defiant They shall
not pass" at Verdun he was in the
Evening star., 1936-04-12
Ne,v Toxic Ministry DisaPpoints the Japanese

the depressed condition of rural
economy, and that, in turn, Is the
chief cause for the unrest and dis
content in army circles, drawn largely
from the farm, which made possible
the February insurrection. If the
army is to control its rank and file
and win them away from the lure of
state socialism, the economic lot of
their families must be bettered.
Government Ownership Moves.
At the same time DR.. Baba dares
not tax industry so highly as to kill
the goose that lays the golden egg,
for the steady expansion Of Japan's
foreign trade through the years OF
world depression is accountable for
the comparative prosperity of the ma
ton. He will unquestionably move in
the direction of great government
control, and even ownership, of busi-
ness. Rumors of government owner
ship of power companies are virtually
confirmed already. There vii! be other
similar measures.
As affairs stand today, the state Is
by far the largest capitalist in Japan,
owning numerous monopolies outright
and being heavy investor. frequently
with a controlling interest, In a multi
tude of others. Most of these are
profitable and account for an appre-
ciable percentage of the treasury's
revenue.
Reform of the educational system
will also be predicated upon the thesis
Of training in patriotism. Liberal
teaching will be frowned upon and an
attempt made to produce q more
stereotyped mind among university
graduates.
In foreign policy no radical de-
parture Is to be expected. While still
minister of foreign affairs Premier
Hirota announced fatty before the
Diet that Japan would be engaged in
no foreign war as long as he was in
Office. This Is still his principle, but
1t is quite possible that the force of
circumstances will be stronger than
the will power Of the prime minister.
None can tell.
The old policy of basing Japanese
foreign policy on the Empires rela-
tions with the West. particularly with
the United States and Great Britain,
was forsaken some years ago. Every
effort is now bent upon promoting
and strengthening Japan's position in
Eastern Asia, which Toxic hopes to
build up to the point where the voice
Of Toxic will be listened to abroad as
the voice of all Eastern Asia. very
much as the voice of Washington Is
interpreted as that Of the Western
Hemisphere.
tcopyrfSht, 1885. By the North American
Newspaper Alliancs, Incl
Evening star., 1936-04-12
BY GASTON NERvAL.

A 8 THE governments of the 81
~ American republics make
~ preparations to celebrate an
4 n other Pan-American day next
Tuesday, they may look back with
satisfaction upon the record Of the
last IL months. Although the true
aims of Pan-Americanism are still far
from having been achieved. several
auspicious happenings have advanced
the cause of peace and cooperation in
the Western Hemisphere since April
IA Of last year.
First in the list must be mentioned
the conclusion of the Chaco War,
which for three long years kept two
South American nations fighting Bit
terly for possession of territory which,
at the end Of the armed conflict, both
agreed be submitted to arbitration.
Apart from the human factors in
Volved. the lives and the economic re-
sources which peace at the Chaco
spared Bolivia and Paraguay, the
agreement which ended their hos
tilities marked step forward in the
progress Of international law. The
two countries pledged themselves not
to recognize any territorial gains re-
sulting from the war and not to settle
their differences by other than ju-
ridical and diplomatic ways. As the
war had originally started. precisely
on the ground of aScertaining rights
to land claimed by both parties, the
admission by the two belligerents that
all territorial claims must be adjusted
only through juridical means, ire
spective of the final position Of their
armies on the battlefield. opened vast
possibilities for the advancement OF
the law of nations. not merely in this
continent, but In the world at large.
PERU Colombia Peace.
Soon after the guns had been
silenced in the Chaco the final cur
tain came down on another interna-
tional dispute in South America. The
governments Of Peru and Colombia
exchanged ratifications Of the Rio de
Janeiro protocol which settled their
quarrel over the Leticia territory
Thus was removed any remaining
cause Of misunderstanding as to the
terms of the Rio agreement and peace
definitely restored between the two
countries which had been on the verge
OF precipitating another major armed
struggle in the New World.
A third territorial controversy be-
tween American nations was finally
and permanently settled by the sigma
ture of the Trujillo- Vincent protocol
revising and definitely adjusting all
differences over boundaries between
the Dominican Republic and Haiti.
The Dominican and Haitian chief ex-
ecutives closed forever what had been
the source of almost chronic friction
between their countries.
Another victory for peace and in
ternational cooperation in the West
ern Hemisphere was the signing of a
new treaty to govern the peculiar re-
lations between the United States and
Panama resulting from the concessions
granted the former on the Canal Zone
After months Of difficult negotiations
at Washington between the represent
atives of Panama and the State De-
partment, new agreement finally was
concluded to take the place of the old
and one-sided 1903 treaty. under
which so many injustices had been
inflicted upon Panama.
Although the new treaty has yet to
receive legislative sanction before II
comes into effect, the mere realiza-
Evening star., 1936-04-12

OF our great seconds, Harbord Of
Belleau Wood and Pershing's pioneer
chief Of staff, is chairman of the
board of large corporation and still
able to do l6 hours work day.
And Weygand, the second of Cen
eralissimo Foch! Weygand was Foch's
other mind, so quick Of understanding,
so deep in the tactical mysteries Of
his chief, that he knew the tactical
meaning of a single Foch gesture over
map. He has now been retired for
age as chief of staff. He is on the
shelf, a back number.
War Generals Back Numbers.
All the generals of high rank in
the world are back numbers, even
those who were in the progressive
30s or early 40s in 19l4-1918. Then
they kept pace with the changing tao
tics. Now they cannot The cap
tains and ieutenants of 19l4-1918,
who see them as too set in World War
tactics. will be the generals should
Europe go insane in another war in
order to kill of the sons of the men
who were killed in l9l4-19l8.
mot World War tactics!" is the
warning note in all training, which
seeks to foresee the actual conditions
in warfare fought with the full ar
mory of the latest weapons.
II war comes, old Mackensen will
be on parade, II an aide can hold him
up. and Petain will be before the cam
eras for the march out and in camp
to stiffen the will to victory through
emulation. They will be given posts
at the head of war councils to en-
courage public confidence. though
the experts do not want their advice
Allowing lunatic imagination to
conceive that We should again send
hosts into battle on foreign shores,
then our staff officers will turn to
Pershing to simplify. out of his ex-
perience, nightmare of confusion
of problems.
| tcopyright. 1885. by the North American
Newspaper Alliance. Inc.)
Evening star., 1936-04-12

program, but left the doors wide open
for Hirota later to do just about what
he pleased.
presentation of a clear-cut program,
that is objectionable to the people and
is causing the criticism to be so freely
heard now. A moments reflection
will show that the government is still
too young to have formulated all its
policies in detail, that it will not even
be able to present them to the extraor-
dinary session of the Diet, which is
expected to be convened May for
three-week period, and that they will
emerge from day to day in the future
as concrete problems arise.
Certain guiding lines are, however,
quite evident, even through the hazy
verbiage of the cabinet statement.
Chief among these is that the defense
services are to continue to play an i'm
portant. quite probably the determine
ing, part in the formulation of national
policy. Facing the situation Japan
does. this Is inevitable. It Is futile
to discuss return to party govern
ment as long as the odds are so greatly
in favor of the nation becoming in
volved in major war, In all proba.
bility in a war for its very existence as
an independent power and certainly
as leading one, within less than q
decade. Not to pay the closest atten-
ton to the defense services and to
build them up to the strongest possible
point under such conditions would be
folly that might well lead to national
suicide.
1t cannot be said that war is in
evitable, but even the most liberal
and level-minded japanese realize its
great possibility. Relations with Soviet
Russia are strained to the breaking
point and there is very genuine con-
f1ict Of interests between these two
powers, the sort of a conflict which
customarily eventuates in armed war
fare.
Controversy With China.
China is virtually PROSTATE as q
nation, it is true. but none can tell
when the Chinese may decide that
even a losing war against Japan is
preferable to Tokio's continued en-
croachments. China could not defeat
Japan on the field of battle, but it
could very effectively prevent Japan
from taking over the actual admini-
stration of its vast territories and
hordes of people.
Japan is definitely out Of the League
of Nations and probably does not
possess a friend anywhere that would
come to its defense If the nation were
attacked. Moreover, In the event Of
q war between Japan and some other
state, it is impossible to foresee what
allies and semi-allies might rally to
the side of the eneny. From the
Evening star., 1936-04-12

Continued From First Page.)
work hours. has apparently been re-
duced from 8,800.000 to 7,000,000-a
decrease of 100000 jobs in manufac-
turing industry alone. Mechanical
men in other industries have similarly
replaced workers, although we have
no records as yet to show to what
extent.
Permanent Unemployed Army.
zone thing is clear from these facts:
Unless Cd work hours are held we'll
below the 1929 level and (2) workers
income is increased well above 1929
levels so that industry can market a
greater product, the depression un-
employed will never again find their
places as workers in our economic
order. They will remain permanent
army of unemployed. the outcastS Of
a machine age"
Regardless of whether the federation
is right or wrong in its suggested
remedy, its factual findings should
serve as a sharp warning to those who
would approach the dual problem Of
unemployment and relief haphazardly
and without a clear and complete
understanding of all the elements in
volved.
It would seem that the futility of
trying to cope with unemployment
without knowing how many are un-
employed and how they are distributed
in industry is obvious. The same
thing is true in the administration of
relief.
In 1929 only 500, 900 persons were
dependent on charity for their support.
In January, 1896. however. the total
was 16,500,000, having dropped from
a high of 20,500.000 the year before.
The trend of the figures has been
about the same in the District, where
more than 10000 persons received re-
lief last year, three times as many as
in 1880.
The swelling relief rolls, despite
strenuous efforts to get the needy back
to work, has caused many to wonder if
there Is something fundamentally
wrong in the system-whether those
on relief have reached a point where
they are unemployment conscious"
One local official, who has been
identified with relief work for years
and who has studied its many rami-
flcations, summed up his impressions
in the following words:
"The system is wrong and inher-
emily vicious. The destitute have be-
come the victims rather than the
beneficiaries Of relief. Many have lost
their incentive to work and more are
afraid to look for jobs. For under
the present system. If they get job,
even though it lasts only few weeks,
they are taken OF relief entirely and it
Is mighty hard to get back on. They
have also lost the incentive to look for
odd jobs. for any money they earn
in this manner results in a corre-
spending cut in relief.
IF they have few dollars tucked
away or a little income on the side
they lie to the case worker about 1t
and the latter Is forced to spy on
them. and ferret out these concealed
resources, however small they may be,
under penalty of losing her own job.
Both are between the devil and the
deep blue sea and the morale of each
is shot to pieces. The employer. too.
Is not free from criticism in many
cases. Many of them lost all sense
Of responsibility for providing jobs.
Evening star., 1936-04-12

japanese point of view, whether it
be the liberal or the extreme con-
servative, the only possible practical
policy is to make every preparation
for Japan to stand alone in event of
war.
The really interesting question thus
becomes what type of thought and
policy is to dominate the army, for
when this Is determined it will be
known what type is to guide the
state
The February Is insurrection re-
vealed forces in the army which
startled and surprised even its high
est military command. Although 1t
had seemed obvious to msny foreign
observers for some years that the
moral precepts and teaching being
drummed into the young soldiers could
not but eventuate in some such out
h1eak, the general staff and their COL
leagues were honestly blind to this
trend. It took the actual incident to
awaken them, but that they are now
awake Is unquestioned.
Moderate Group Gains.
The younger element is not dead in
the army by any means, but the group
opposing 1t Is immeasurably strength
ened to what it was a month ago. It
is quite possible that this more mod
crate group is now to control and di-
rect not only military policy but mill
tary thinking, in which case the
menace that so many in the West find
In the Japanese army,s influence on
state affairs disappears. It is not
military influence in itself, but what
type Of military influence Is In con-
troll that becomes important.
Remembering that the question Of
national defense and its corollaries
constitutes the determining principle
OF Japanese policy now and for some
time to come, the general lines that
the Hirota government will pursue be-
come clear, despite the vagueness Of
the verbiage used in the oficial cabi-
net statement. Aside from the army
and navy themselves, the financial
economic policy is Of first Importance.
The revision upward In taxation
will not take place for about year. or
until the regular session Of the Diet
next Winter. BY that time the min
lister Of finance will have worked out
his detailed plans. These will un-
doubtedly be designed to tighten the
disproportionate share so long borne
by agriculture. In order that Japan
might build itself up into q great
industrial nation, the government has
long followed policy Of fostering and
aiding manufacturers, ship owners
and export traders. In order to obtain
funds for this prpose It has taxed the
farmer to excess.
This = one Of the chief causes for
Evening star., 1936-04-12

They let their workers go much
more readily than formerly, believ-
ing they will be taken care Of on
relief.
"Our present system is only getting
us deeper and deeper in the hole.
There Is only one solution, and I be-
lieve that is to give these people real
jobs and let them do whatever they
please with the money they earn.
Then, and only then. will men have
q real incentive to work"
Evening star., 1936-04-12
House-Planning Course
Attracts 80 Ohio Co.eds

COLUMBUS, Ohio tP).-Thirty-two
co-eds at Ohio State University are
acquiring knowledge which will per-
init them to dictate to future hus-
bands what kind Of houses they shall
live in.
A course on house planning gives
them the inside" on home construc.
ton from basement to attic.
Evening star., 1936-04-12
Shift to the Left
Forecast i'm France

Continued From First Page.)
Evening star., 1936-04-12
Unemployment Still
A National Mystery

Continued From First Page.)
Evening star., 1936-04-12

ly l am deferred, as respects this ar
ticle. in part by the difficulty and
intricacy to which I have already
alluded.
Perhaps it Is sufficient to say, very
briefly and incompletely, that all three,
Fascism. Nazism and Communism, are
negations of democracy, that all three
60 on the assumption that government
Is omnipotent, that the individual has
no rights which government need re-
spect, that government has unlimited
power to compel the individual to do
what government demands; that all
three include enormous concentration
Of power in an individual or group,
going so far as fairly to be called die
tatorship; that all three include sus-
pension, partial or complete, Of the
legislative branch of government; that
all three look upon the existence OF
any minority party, any organization
of any kind opposed to the group
holding power. as treason. And to
American minds it will help If we add
that all three variations of the Euro
pean conception deny those principles
which in America are incorporated
into the bill of rights and the rest of
the Constitution. All three deny free
dom of opinion and freedom of the
press-because freedom of the press
turns minorities into majorities and
therefore cannot be endured; all three
deny the independence of the courts;
all three deny the right of habeas
corpus and the right of trial by jury;
two of the three deny freedom of re-
ligion.
There are many reasons why Amer
lea fails to understand that there Is
Evening star., 1936-04-12
AMERICAN SYSTEM HELD
REAL ISSUE In CAMPAIGN
Conception of Freedom or Compulsion
in Society Is at Stake, Observer
Says-Sees Possible Escape.
RY MARK SULLIVAN.

HHE Republicans, SO far as we
can yet see. approach the
presidential campaign as If it
Evening star., 1936-08-12

mother" Claire explained with en-
gaging frankness. Naturally. he's
her pet. He runs around with rich
bunch at home and tries to keep his
end. I think mother call her
that has been tightening up on
the old stocking. She got hit like
everybody else when the market
slumped. That's the only reason
Genes hanging around here. How do
you like it2"
Fine so far" Deeds wondered
If she meant the story or the shore.
You should. You're bound to be
popular q life-saver for me. I'm
sticking for about the same reason
Gene does. Though I can stand a
rest. Had a fast Winter. How are
you making out with Joan?"
why, I don't know ). We're
friendly"
II notice. She's nice and re-
served. I was surprised when I saw
her. Mother was speaking about 1t
today. Joan was a shy kid and down.
right plain. I think she's almost pref
| ty in her way. I remember .
It must have been three or four years
ago Gene had a violent crush
on Joan. I don't believe he has seen
her since"
"Yes2" Deeds attempted to make
1t sound careless.
"I hear you're something Of an
artist yourself. Looking for inspira-
! tion down here?"
Evening star., 1936-08-12

summering here before was born.
So did the Gastons friends, you
know"
Your mother was Mrs. Cas-
ton :.
mo. She was Mrs. Lindsay
same as me-"
"Oh. I thought -"
"It isn't as complicated as it sounds.
The Gastons had one child . Gene.
The Lindsays ditto me. Mrs.
Gaston's husband died and so did my
mother. Then my father married
Mrs. Castor. And he died. If there
had been few more 'begats' Il would
sound like the Old Testament. Any
way, that's what happened. Clear as
mud?"
IT was wondering. Then you and
Gene are not related"
mot blood relations. I'm older than
he is"
That's what puzzled me-"
Its SO apparent?"
"Oh, no. Not that. But I imagined
you were rather near of an age. What
does he do =. or Is that personal?"
II wouldn't mind telling you, If
knew the answer. He's musical, but
never stuck at any one instrument
long enough to master it. At one time
he was going to be an illustrator
Then he went In for landscape garden
ing. haven't seen much of him the
past few years, but know one of his
chief Jobs is wheedling money out OF