davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1936-01-25
Congregation to
Hear Prof. Schultz

Prof. L. w. Schultz head libra
rian at Manchester College, North
Manchester. is to address the con-
gregation at the Church of the
Brethren tomorrow morning on the
subject, "The Training of Youth for
Church leadership"
During the evening service at 7:3O
Prof Schultz and his family are TO
present a program of vocal and
instrumental music depicting the
life of Camp Alexander Mack, Mil
ford, Ind, of which he is founder.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1936-01-25
Round and Around
Is Sidener's Topic

Merle Sidener's topic at the
Christian Men Builders Class meet
ing in Third Christian Church to-
morrow is to be Goes Round and
Around"
y Music is to be given by John
White, baritone, and Homer Cor
nell, accompanist. WFBM is to
broadcast the service.
Supper and entertainment are
planned for Wednesday night as the
first social event of the season.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1936-01-25
Dean Of College
to Occupy Pulpit

The Rev. H. M. Smith, dean of
Bishop College, Marshall, Tex, and
prominent Negro educator, is to &C.
cupy the pulpit of the Washington
Presbyterian Church tomorrow
morning.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1936-01-25
Speaks at Church

Local followers of the Flying
Squadron Conference on the liquor
problem, heard weekly over local
radio station, are to hear one of
the speakers, Oliver w. Stewart, in
Meridian Heights Presbyterian
Church at 7:45 tomorrow night.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1936-01-25
Kagawa Is Topic

Toyohiko Kagawa, religious
leader who spoke here at the
Student Volunteer Convention
early this month. is to be the
guest OF DR.. s. Parkes Cadman
in his Radio Pulpit program
at 9 tomorrow morning.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1936-01-25
Truth to Be Topic
at Science Churches

The subject of the Lesson Sermon
in all Churches of Christ. Scientist,
tomorrow is to be Truth"
The golden text is found in Isa-
iah XIV. l, and the Bible citations
are contained in the SO to 80 verses
of John Is.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1936-01-25
RELIGIOUS QUESTION BOX

the
Catholic
70
York
II
necesa
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1936-01-25
Card Party Slated

A card party is to be held in the
auditorium OF Our Lady of Lourdes
Catholic Church on Tuesday night.
under the auspices Of the associated
clubs q the parish. .
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1936-01-25
Club Hears Bishop

A talk on Catholic Action" by the
Most Rev. Joseph E. Ritter, Bishop
of indianapolis. was a feature of a
meeting Of tbs Proctor Clup this
week.
Evening star., 1936-05-24
Stratosphere Balloon
"Talks'' to Operators

HELSNGFORS, Finland (R.-A
new type stratosphere balloon, little
more than q yard in diameter, prom
ises to make possible observations miles
above the earth, even In uninhabited
regions like the polar lands.
The balloon, carrying an apparatus
which automatically telegraphs air
pressure and temperatures at regular
intervals, reached a height of almost
Is miles in test flight here.
Hailed as an innovation in strato-
spheric exploration, the new apparatus
weighs less than 18 pounds, including
the sending equipment.
The equipment, invented by DR..
Vilho VaiSala, comprises two balloons,
one inside the other. They contain a
thermometer, an aneroid barometer
and q small radio sender. The sender
is powered by two small storage bat.
teries. Recovery Of the balloon is not
necessary to the success Of the expert
ment, as the findings are telegraphed
as they are made.
The Finnish Geophysical Association
intends to send q study excursion to
Spitzbergen this year to make tenn.
perature observations In the strato-
sphere with DR.. vaisala's invention.
Evening star., 1936-05-24

fight for continuation of sanctions or
seek modification of the covenant.
There can be no separation of the
Italian and the German situations;
they both result from the same thing,
dissatisfaction with the status quo.
1t remains to determine how much
the map has to be changed to satisfy
them. II Duce says he has no further
colonial designs; but he has said, too,
that Italy Is restoring the empire of
the Caesars.
But France and England have
learned now about dictators: They
have learned that dictators, such as
Mussolini and Hitler, retain their
power with action.
France fears revival of the old
triple alliance, with Germany, Austria,
Hungary and Italy again Joined in
purpose.
Britain may return to the position
Of neutral, playing of the combina-
ton Of power, one against the other.
In the Locarno crisis, it quickly
adopted this policy, much to the dis
like of France
The French influence still holds in
the Little Entente, and with its Rus.
sian alliance 1t Is meeting the chal-
lenges Of Hitler. To Offset Russia,
Germany may turn to Japan. Already,
there have been frequent rumors of at
least an understanding between these
two nations.
Thus the nations march again down
the same old road of alliances. made
or In the making, which Geneva
sought to end.
Evening star., 1936-05-24
White Musical Notes
On Black Background

MANNHEIM, Germany (R.-White
music notes printed on a black back
ground have replaced the traditional
black notes on white in the orchestra
pit Of the local civic theater and opera
house.
An engineer charged with improv-
ing the lighting for the orchestra found
that the reflection of the music stand
lights on the white pages often pro-
voked quarrels between conductor and
stage manager. The stage manager
objected to the interference of Or
chestra pit lights with his efforts at
darkening the stage The conductor
insisted his musicians could not play
in the dark.
By printing the notes in white on
q non-glossy black paper, all quarrels
were stopped. The Mannheim or.
chestra pit is almost dark. Lights fall
upon the diminutive white notes only.
The musicians say the white notes
are restful to the eye. The stage man.
ager can conjure up balmy nights for
stage sweethearts without having the
illusion destroyed by reflected lights
from the pit.
Evening star., 1936-05-24

mainland. Japan was preparing rap
idly for leadership in Asia. In 1881,
Toxic struck. The japanese armies
occupied Manchuria; Japan aggressed
against China, both member nations
of the League; for the first time. the
covenant of the League was openly
Haunted.
And. for the first time, Article 16
was appropriate.
Imposition Of Sanctions.
Relating to the imposition of sane
tions against aggressor nations, this
much-controverted article reads, in
part:
Should any member of the League
resort to war in disregard of its cove
nants it shall ipso facto be
deemed to have committed an act of
war against all other members of the
League, which hereby undertake i'm
mediately to subject it to the sever
ance of all trade or financial rela-
tions, the prohibition of all intercourse
between their nationals and the ma
tions of the covenant breaking state.
."
Article 16 provides further for mil
itary cooperation against such ag-
gressors.
, China appealed to the League, but
no sanctions were imposed. The
League did send a commission into
Manchuria which issued a report as
sailing the Japanese occupation; the
League nations, in resolution, de-
creed sgainst recognition of Man
chukuo. the 'puppet state created by
Japan out of Manchuria. But sane
tions were avoided; the British did
not desire them.
The Manchurian incident brought
the first abandonment of Geneva.
Japan, in protest against what ac-
tivities the League did carry on in
opposition to the occupation. quit
the League.
The effect of the Manchurian in
cident on the League, in the opinion
of most observers, would have been
much more disastrous if it had not
been isolated in the Far East; as it
was, it was the precursor of Ethiopia
or the Rhineland remilitarization.
The precedent was established; |;
Japan made it easier for Germany
and Italy later on.
In Germany at this time, the ma
tionalist wave was finding its power.
Hitler and his National Socialist
party we're on its crest. In March of
1888 Hitler became the dictator; in
October of the same year Germany
quit Geneva.
Rearmament became the general
word of the day. The international
efforts for disarmament collapsed,
albeit the covenant of the League
provided for disarmament within 10
years.
Italy Follows Japan.
Last October Mussolini followed
the lead of Japan. Roman legions
invaded Ethiopia. Now the crisis was
close at home; Britain led the de-
mand for sanctions, under the vigor-
GUS leadership of youthful Anthony
Eden. Financial and economic sane
tions were imposed, but there was
much delay and conciliation.
France, now alarmed over German
rearmament, had no desire to ALLEVIATE
Italy as possible ally. Paris sought
to mediate. to give Italy its way. The
British cabinet itself was divided and.
Evening star., 1936-05-24

as a result, there developed the i'll
fated Hoare-Laval peace" proposals,
precipitating Sir Samuel Hoare's re-
tirement as British foreign secretary.
Invasion Alarms Britain.
With the Italian invasion, alarm
came to Britain. All along British
officials had believed II Duce was
bluf1ng They came face to face
with reality, and even Britain started
to rearm.
In London. the naval powers con-
vened. seeking a treaty to replace the
Washington pact, which Japan and
France denounced But here, again,
international security lost: the powers
failed to renew the limitations pro-
vision.
Hitler struck next. His troops
marched into the Rhineland; the Lo-
carno pact was abrogated.
II Duce's troops conquered Ethio-
pia. The covenant of the League re-
manned but framework of words;
collective security and mutual assist
ance against aggression seemed lost
hopes.
The status quo, which France and
Britain sought to preserve through
the League of Nations, was gone. 1t
gave way to the imperialist desires Of
the dissatisfied and defeated nations.
AS for the League, it has until June
IS to decide its future course. 1t can
continue the sanctions against Italy
and strengthen them, thus hinder
ing and possibly preventing the eco
nomic development of Ethiopia by
Italy. Or 1t can acknowledge its fail
ure and reorganize; 1t can rewrite the
covenant and eliminate Article is.
Mussolini withdrew his delegates
from Geneva. but he has not yet quit
the League. That he would do SO, how
ever, if the sanctions are continued
after June Is, few people doubt.
For the time being, it seems i'm
possible to repair the damage to COL
lective security and mutual assist
ance.
Not that all the nations have given
up hope-the nations Of the Little
Entente, Russia and the Scandinav-
ian countries, among others, insist
on preserving the system-but France
and Britain have been forced to re-
consider and, probably, to revise their
foreign policies.
For France, the system Is subordin-
ated to the necessity for protection
against rearming Germany. Already,
France has mutual assistance pact
with the Soviet Union-both of which
nations profess q common fear Of
Reich intentions.
Engaging British Position.
The position of Britain, however,
Is most engaging.
Building its policy on Geneva, its
fleet and home defenses were depleted.
It took protective measures against
Italy in the Mediterranean, but, blunt
ly, it was not prepared for the inposi-
ton Of more stringent sanctions
against II Duce's Fascist.
Its future course depends upon two
things:
/. What success Eden has in bring
ing Hitler back into the concert OF
nations after sufficiently satisfying
his demands for equality; and
2. What decision it reaches with re-
gard to Geneva and the League;
whether or not 1t decides to lead the
Evening star., 1936-05-24
Limitations Agreement.

American air force, the American in
dustrial output, American farm prod
ucts and American gold will once more
become the life-nerve of the British
Empire.
Britain cannot defend itself against
Italy and Japan without the support
of the United States. Hence the
wooing Of the United States by the
British leaders.
In Washington the administration is
fully aware of the plight Of Great Brit
ain, and much sympathy is evinced in
these quarters. But, as one of the ad-
ministration leaders expressed it, 1T
is up to the British themselves to turn
the tide OF public opinion In this
country"
Evening star., 1936-05-24

| the spoils Of the war, but from the
realization that the League, in its
practical operation, preserved the sta
tus quo. There could be changes and
ultimate revision of the map. but such
changes could come only if France
and Britain desired them.
For all its purposes of maintaining
the peace, the League for the time be-
ing provided Britain and France with
the most effective means devised to
preserve the status quo. It's effective
ness could continue only so long as
the nations kept to the covenant of
the League; but 1t was the business
Of France and Britain to see to 1t
that the nations did this.
Being democratic nations, they did
not envisage one dominant thing, the
| dictator.
For a time, things went along
smoothly, within the League and with
out. Mussolini came to power in the
Fascist coup d'etat, but he gave Brit
ain and France no immediate con-
Germ. Britain furthered its general
influence and leadership among the
League nations; France built its own
spheres Of influence in Poland and in
the newly-created nations of the Lit
tie Entente (Yugoslavia, Czechoslo-
vakia and Rumania). Communist
Russia was too busy with internal de-
velopment to give much time to any
thing save protecting what it had, and
1t remained away from Geneva.
Reparations Failure.
Then, in 1924, Germany failed to
pay reparations. French and Belgian
troops marched into the Ruhr. But
the hurried conclusion of the Locarno
treaty stilled the crisis.
In the Locarno treaty, Germany,
France, England, Belgium and Italy
furthered the idea of collective Sc
curity; but they also furthered the
status quo.
The pact was designed to guarantee
non-aggression between Germany, on
the one side, and France and Belgium
on the other. It reaffirmed the de-
militarized Rhineland zone, in ac-
cordance with the treaty Of Versailles.
Britain and Italy signed the pact as
guarantors, pledging aid to the VIC
tim of aggression, whether it was
France -and-Belgium or Germany.
At the time, the conclusion of the
pact was considered an advantage for
Germany. It brought the defeated
powers back into the concert of ma
tions; it guaranteed Germany against
any future occupation by French
troops. After its conclusion, Germany
Joined the League of Nations.
The widespread unrest in the dis
satisfied or defeated nations, all the
while, was crystallizing. Mussolini was
becoming more vigorous. He talked of
the Mediterranean as Mare Nostrum''
-(our sea)-and concern came to the
British; the Mediterranean for decades
had been British dominated, and it
was q vital link in the so-called life
line Of the Empire" from London to
the East.
Just as Hitler, q few years hence,
II Duce was building his power on
nationalism, at the expense Of the in
ternationalist idea of collective secur-
ity and mutual assistance.
The nationalist theme developed
more quickly more strongly. In the
Orient. Possessing only Korea on the
Evening star., 1936-05-24
BY RICHARD H. HIPPELHEUSER,
Associated Press Sta6 Writer.

tOUlHg dTtIcIe on GeHeVu uHu Cot~
lectipe security.
BY RICHARD H. HIPPELHEUSER,
Associated Press staf Writer.
TN THE wave of pacific intentions,
following the World War, the
nations of the world renounced
L the old system of alliances. They
created a new system of collective
security against aggression; they Gre
ated the League of Nations.
But today these nations are march
ing once more down the same old
road, the road they followed before
1914.
Collective security and mutual as
sistance In the. event of aggression
became a common foreign policy of
the powers at Versailles at the 1919
peace conference. This policy was
embodied in the covenant of the
League of Nations; it was furthered
In subsequent treaties.
Why has there been an abandon
ment, by some of the nations, of such
q system? For the answer, many
observers point to the system itself.
AS a result of the World War the
situation approximated this: Britain
and France had most of the German
colonies; Italy shared only to a small
extent; the United States wanted no
colonies and took none. In Europe
great areas Of the central powers
were taken away. In the Far East
Japan gained comparatively little. 1t
was prevented from seizing Russian
and Manchurian territory, principally
by the United States.
Limitations Agreement.
Despite their dissatisfaction, Japan
and Italy were forced to go along
with the other powers in the League.
All agreed to the provisions Of the
covenant, calling for disarmament;
all made protestations Of peace and,
in the Washington 1922 naval pact,
agreed to limitation.
1t was not so much matter OF de-
sire; at the time there was nothing
else for Italy and Japan to do. The
power of Britain and France COM
PEELED them to go along.
The resentment of Italy and Japan
sprang not only from the division Of
Evening star., 1936-05-24

The League OF Nations, as it is
noD constituted. is inperiled By the
current crisis inuolutng the major
poDers OF Europe. NTH ramifca-
tions extending into the Far East
and elsewhere oper the ,Dorld. The
prectpitating causes OF this crisis,
the factors threatening another
= conflict, are set forth in the tol-
lowing article on Genera and COLI
lective security.
Evening star., 1936-05-24
BRITAIN FORESEES NEED
FOR i. S. AID in CRISIS
Begins Ardent ''Wooing'' of American
Public Opinion-Talks About Pay
I ing Repudiated War Debts.
BY CONSTANTINE BROWN.

70 LONGER is the United
States treated as the "arro-
y CANT upstart" in London,
' Paris does not refer to Uncle
Evening star., 1936-01-19
Ask for an Even Break


| that Equality Of competition" is not
something designed to make high
way-or water-carriers charge 81
for something because the railroads
do, but simply to fix their tariffs in
line with what the service they fur
nish actually costs.
Under the cut-throat principle
that the railroads hope is on its way
out, service and cost often were not
only not related but weren't even on
speaking terms with one another.
A Point in Illustration.
Pelley chuckles over one story that
illustrates this condition. The New
Haven pioneered in the bus field when
people began riding model Ts instead
of trains and, along with some COM
petitors operated between Boston and
New York. Eventually there were 10
lines on this route The fare was
S4-though Pelley is certain even now
that it should have been IS.
We'll" he continues, another fell
low decided he wanted to run bus
line. I said sure, come on in; the
waters fine. We're all losing money
already anyway. we'll" 1t seems
the budding transportation genius
made his entry and decided that So
was enough for a ride from Boston
to New York, or vice versa There
was only one way to meet chal-
lenge of that sort. and it wasn't
long until a merry little rate war was
in progress. BY the time fares
dropped to ground-floor level the new
threat was quashed, but the then New
Haven head is convinced that there
is not much percentage in pro-
ceeding-or series of proceedings-of
that sort.
So he's glad to see the bus-truck
business moving toward stabilizatiou.
And that leaves as the next OBJ
jective the water carriers.
An Argument Guaranteed.
Speaking kindly of "cheap" water
rates in the presence of railroad oper-
ators is as good method as any of
getting into an argument. When
they marshal facts and figures about
the hidden COSTS" represented by
Federal appropriations for waterways
development, a bit of doubt is stirred
as to just how cheap" the rates
may be.
Now there's a bill by Senator
Wheeler. Democrat, of Montana, to reg
ulate the rates and services of domestic
water carriers pending in the Senate
and a companion measure in the House.
Also, the Interstate Commerce Com
mission has just recommended that
it be empowered to regulate the mini
mum rates of water carriers in joint
waterfall movements. The A. A. r.
is for this program.
Recently President Pelley, in an un-
usual letter ito those whose interest
in railroads is more than casual" dis
cussed the railroad outlook, told what
the carriers were doing to rehabili-
tate themselves and urged support for
legislation that would help the roads,
and, by the same token, a fight against
additional burdens.
Problem Covers Field.
Regardless of the degree of eff
cheney which may be achieved by rail-
roads, they will not be able by them
selves to solve the so-called railroad
problem. he said. I'm truth, it is
not railroad problem. 1t is trans
portation problem to be solved finally
not only by the efforts of the rail-
roads themselves. but also by the COR
rection Of the unwise public trans
portation policies which are at the
root Of the trouble.
II say policies because We have
actually two contradictory public
Evening star., 1936-01-19
BY J. A. FOX.

YOHN j. PELLEY. who has been
working for railroads for quite
a while, thinks they're going
- to come out all right.
Performance statistics, in which
red long has been predominant
shade. might logically be conducive
to a less optimistic frame of mind.
but there is no fog of pessir1ism
around the top reaches of the Trans
portation Building. where Pelley is
quartered as president of the Asso-
citation of American Railroads-sort
of clearing house for rail problems.
Not that he is tempted to break
into cheers over existing conditions.
With a quarter of the country's mile
age in receivership; with only about
80 of l45 class l roads (they are
those systems whose gross earnings
amount to 100000 or more an
nually) on dividend-paying basis;
with close to the same number fall
ing even to make expenses and taxes
with various Federal-State levies, ef-
fective and projected, shooting ex-
penses skyward. and with railroads
owing the Government about $780,
100000, congratulations are far from
in order. even if business is picking up.
But There's a Cheerful Side.
But there's no law against cheer
full appraisement of the future, and
that's what Pelley is doing.
"The railroads are progressive" he
comments; they're economic. I be-
lieve we're going to get an oppor-
tunity to meet our competitors as
traffic gets heavier, and that's all
we ask. Yes, that's all!'
The speaker should know, for he
has come a long way in the railroad
game, after a start so far down the
scale that he practiclly had to stand
on tiptoe to reach the usual bottom
rung of the ladder" And he's a
6-footer at that.
Small-town Illinois boy, hailing
from Anna. Clerk for the Illinois
Central there. Afterward a track
worker, and on and on until the new
executive vice president of the Illi-
nois Central was John jeremiah Pei
ley. Then came the presidency of
the Central of Georgia; next the
same post on the New York, New
Haven & Hartford, and finally, few
months ago, the rail chiefs of the
United States elected him to his
present post.
Along with railroad operations.
Pelley has directed subsidiary ship
and motor lines, which just about
makes him an expert witness for
transportation.
Opportunity Long Sought.
That opportunity to meet our COM
petitors," which he visions as herald !.
ing a new era for the railroads, is
something they have been advocating
for quite q few years-or- since con-
ditions became bad. Truck, bus and
water lines are what they've been
cunning for, and after sidestepping
the issue for the best part of a
decade, Congress this last year
stepped out and put the motor car
riers under the Interstate Commerce
Commission. AS a matter OF fact,
the proposed legislation was in the
air so long that by the time 1t
reached the enactment stage the rail-
roads themselves had q very large
finger in the bus pie, and there
wasn't q whole lot of argument from
that angle. The real battle was over
the trucks, but now their rates and
services also come under the COM
mission-the act is effective April L.
and the railroads. to quote Pelley,
look upon 1t q Constructive"
It should be pointed out, he adds,
Evening star., 1936-01-19

YOHN j. PELLEY, who has been
/ working for railroads for quite
while. thinks they're going
b. ,1,,. o,,&