davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1936-02-11
STARS, MEN AND ATOMS
Notebook of Science Progress in Field.
Laboratory and Study.
BY THOMAS r. HENRY.

only local turbulence" in one relatively
insignificant portion of the universe as
whole. This part may have contracted
and expanded many times.
On the other hand. Prof. Dingle said,
present mathematical theory allows for
an actual infinite universe in which
light would travel in straight line for
ever and one never would come to the
end of material objects. But it probably
never will be possible to determine upon
which pattern the universe actually is
constructed. due to the fact that moth
ingness always would have the appear
ance of infinity to the observer.
There can be no other valid definition
OF universe" the London astronomer
insisted, than everything" 1t must be
the completely self lf-contained unit which
nothing can leave and nothing can enter.
One never can know whether it is eX-
panding or contracting because there is
no yardstick outside itself with which to
measure it. BY all available means of
measurement it may seem larger or
smaller today than it was yesterday, but
this means nothing since, the measuring
sticks being things Of the part, they can
have no application to the whole In re-
Spect to the universe, they may be longer
or shorter than they were yesterday.
The idea of a finite universe, Prof
Dingle pointed out, has been the domi-
nant one throughout most of the history
of astronomy. Early considerations of
the theory of gravity convinced mathe-
maticians that it required an infinite
emptiness around matter in order to per-
NIT such a celestial system as actually
was observed. Even before that the
medieval astronomers had limited the
material universe with 'the abode of the
angels" which they considered as of an
entirely different nature
Evening star., 1936-02-11
Employment of Women
On Large Scale Justified

To the Editor Of The Star:
The subject of the employment Of
married women raises its head peren-
nially in periods of economic unrest, as
is evidenced by Mr.. Leightnaker's letter
to The Star of February 4. Attention Is
focused on the wage-earning activities
of married women which completely
ignores the economic forces responsible
for their employment.
Why were more than three million
married women working for wages In
1890? The answer is that the majority
of married women work for the same
reason that married men work, because
their families need their earnings. The
average family cannot support dependent
women today any more than it could
some generations ago. Women made
large contributions to the family income
when they stayed at home to make butter
and soap and candles, to milk the cows
and to cook and sew Today many of
these traditional woman's jobs have been
taken out of the home by the baker. the
manufacturers of other prepared foods
and of readymade clothing and the
laundryman.
The 1880 census of occupations shows
that of all employed married women, SO
per cent were in domestic and personal
service, 20 per cent were in manufacture
ing and per cent were in agriculture,
occupations that ip most caSeS relate di-
rectly to their former home accomplish
ments and that offer few career oppor-
tunities. It is interesting to note that
certain manufacturing industries show
ing larger percentages Of married women
than Of the group as a whole are those
In which women have traditionally sup
piled the labor; cotton goods, woolenS and
worsteds. gloves and meat packing, can
ming and preserving.
The remaining IS per cent of gainfully
occupied women were distributed as fol-
lows: Twelve per cent were in clerical
work, II per cent in trade, 10 per cent in
professional service and less than per
cent in the two groups combined-trans-
portation and communication and public
service.
Immediate dismissal of married women
from gainful employment would disrupt
our whole economic fabric. 1t would
cause not only widespread dislocation OF
business and industrial activities at
time when it is very necessary that they
run on the most even keel possible, but q
severe disorder in our family life, since
married women have so large share in
family support. Even were it practically
feasible to replace married women with
single men and women with RESPONSE
bilitieS, married men and deserving
widows" as Mr.. Lightnaker suggests, and
numbers Of these persons were removed
from relief rolls, we know that stripping
married women Of their means of liveli-
hood would throw countless additional
families on relief.
JEAN COLLIER BROWN.
Evening star., 1936-02-11
Correction of Story About
Dolly Madison Descendant

To the Editor Of The Star:
The article in your paper, "Kin of
Democratic President Given High G. o.
p. Post. Miss Dolly Madison, however,
refuses to be photographed" requires
correction. All my life I have known
President Madison, and Dolly Payne had
no children. Mrs. Madison was the
widow Todd" with one son, Payne
Todd" who spent most of his life at my
grandfather, William Temple Washing
toms, home near Charles Town, w. Va,
Virginia then-and he never married.
President Madison was bachelor of 43
years when he married Dolly (Payne)
Todd. Before me have the Madison
Payne genealogy, and do not find the
name Of Peter Madison" in any line. I
would like to meet Miss Dolly Madison
and show the number of genealogies to
prove that there could not have been
O lineal descendant of either President
Madison or Dolly Madison.
EUGENIA WASHINGTON MONCURE
BRADFIEID.
Evening star., 1936-02-11
THIS AND THAT
BY CHARLES E. TRACEWELL.

the bees have never given 1t UP. That
is where they are sensible.
No doubt the amount Of cantaloupe seed
thrown away every year in a city the
size Of Washington would total an amaz-
ing pile If 1t could be collected in one
heap.
Since this cannot be done, the next
best thing is for everybody who is inter-
ested In wild bird feeding to remember
tnls tip and next Summer save out, even
at the cost Of some bother, all the canta-
loupe and watermelon seed.
X
We like particularly, in the above let
Ter, the sentence "They mean more to
me than the movies, and the price of a
ticket will buy more than 10 pounds Of
seed"
This will be true for a great many
persons, some of whom do not vet
realize it!
No one who has not fed the birds
persistently can have any real idea of
the fun of it.
There is theory and practice in all
things, and often the practice is vastly
more entertaining than the theory.
Everybody admits the birds should be
fed, but not every one does it. The point
is. we believe. that they are missing a
lot of good. clean fun, to say nothing
of many birds missing good feed.
1t is a real thrill, on such a snowy
morning as was recently experienced. to
look out into the yard, just as daylight
really commences, and watch the birds
begin to gather.
"Out of the nowhere into the here"
Surely those memorable lines might be
applied in this case as the sparrowS and
starlings and cardinals and juncos and
titmice and finches and many others fly
in from wherever they have been Sleep
ing.
One by one they come from the no
where of their sleeping places to the
here, the snowy here, of the garden.
The trays of the feeders are covered
with snow, too. Even the feeder roofs
have not altogether protected them from
this storm.
But the birds know where the seed is
and start scratching.
Soon the flow is started again and
birds flop their wings at each other in
an effort to find resting places on the
rim.
Our correspondent brings out Sanew
the necessity for unusual effort during
SnoWStormS.
1t is good to replenish all feeders in
the evening, after the birds have left,
so that everything will be ready for an
early start the next morning. This also
means that the human who attends to
such work is relieved of a chore in the
very coolest part of the day.
Ideal bird feeding means that the
songsters will be supplied with food they
relish and that their supply will be kept
running for the entire time of day in
which they eat.
This will mean, during this month,
from at least am. to $50 pm.
1t may mean, if your feeders are well
patronized, that several filings per day
of all devices may be necessary.
If you see many birds perched in
bushes and shrubs. waiting, be sure that
the supply of food has run out.
A few minutes after ref1lling each
feeder will be alive with birds, among
which. we hope. may be a few purple
finches.
As our correspondent says, this is a
very fine little bird, but you must look
sharp, because at little distance, among
a flock of sparrows, it may be overlooked.
It Is best distinguished by its breast.
Evening star., 1936-02-11
Shooting Stars.
BY PHILANDER JOHNSON.
Reproof.

6i Fd1LANDEH JOHNSON.
Reproof.
I read a book that I enjoyed;
Twas wisdom quaint but sure.
My friend exclaimed, in tones annoyed,
1T isn't nteraturev
I hummed q melody and soon
My friend took me aside
And said, "As music, such a tune
May not be classified"
I found picture of a scene
That somehow touched my heart.
ALAS" remarked my friend. serene,
1T isn't high-class art!"
A statesman I admired because
His ways were free from tricks.
My friend cried out, Hold your ap-
plause!
That isn't politics."
Good friend, your wisdom I revere,
But truest joys, VOW,
Are those which to the heart draw near,
We know not why nor how.
Evening star., 1936-02-11
Pan.American Solidarity.

Though no official announcements are
as yet forthcoming, there are authentic
indications that the State Department
has under consideration plans for
conference Of the twenty-one American
republics for the purpose of strength
ening Pan-American solidarity as a
mechanism for preservation OF peace
throughout the Western Hemisphere.
Manifestly, the underlying object OF
the suggested conference is to extend
the principle of good will which this
country is anxious to spread among the
sister Americas. President Roosevelt has
omitted no opportunity to dedicate him.
self to that program. 1t was given out
standing amplification at the Pan
American Conference in Montevideo.
where Secretary Hull achieved q con-
spicuous success in persuading the Latin
American states of the unselfishness OF
the United States purposes in the realm
Of Pan-American relations. Mr.. Roose-
velt took occasion, as recently as his
message to Congress last month, to
emphasize the pacific atmosphere prev
alent among the Americas, compared
to chronically disturbed conditions in
most other parts Of the world. He held
it UP as an example which nations
elsewhere might well emulate.
Presumably 1t is the administration
desire to evolve ways and means of
laying stin deeper the foundations Of
good will upon which Pan-Americanism
rests. One Of the proposals to this end,
frequently put forth in the past, is that
the Monroe Doctrine should be divested
of its unilateral character and converted
into a multilateral understanding,
Evening star., 1936-02-11
East Falls Church, Va

East Falls Church, Va.
Dear Sir: Thanks so much for your
articles about the birds. Two years age
we put a shelf on the windowSill and
on this shelf the top to large cheese
box. When the snow covered the seed
it was taken in and another top, ready
filed, to take its place.
II now have a tray "a by "a by
inches on the windowsill, with glass
top. In bad weather I slide board in
the windy side. On top of this tray
use the cheese box lid, thus making a
double decker tray.
"On the front porch I have a large
tray SO by 26 by inches. In these two
trays put medium mixed chicken feed
sand and sunflower seed. In another
small tray, on another windowsill,
have sand, suet and sometimes raiSinS,
for the mocking bird, as he is rather
fussy and chaSes the other birds.
Every night fill my trays and, if it
is not showing, throw grain on the
ground, as the birds arrive around
$50 am.
every day since Christmas have had
three or four pairs of purple fincheS
and find they are the tamest of all the
birds. have had as many as nine pairs
of cardinals around am.
"The cardinals are in my yard every
day in the year. and in the Summer the
titmice and cardinals bring their families
and feed them on the tray, as put out
enough grain in the Summer to keep
them here.
They mean more to me than the
movies. and the price of ticket will
buy more than 10 pounds of grain.
During the Summer we wash and dry
the cantaloupe seed and find the birds
are very fond of them.
please urge more people to put out
sand.
Il bring large bag home from the
beach in the Summer and keep some on
the tray always during bad weather.
Yours truly, E. B. s.
Those who feed the wild birds in Win
ter are likely to forget that all birds
need grit.
Ordinarily, when the ground is clear
they can find sufficient sand in flower
borders and lawns.
When snow and ice coat the ground
the songsters often are put to it to find
gritty material enough.
That is when the forethought of their
human friends stands them in good stead
1t probably is a good thing to mix a
little sand with the seed and grain
put out.
Not a great deal is needed, but there
seems to be little question that on par
ticularly bad days a little is much ap-
preciated.
Our correspondent suggests one way of
getting sand, but most of us will have
to wait several months before going to
the shore, so we suggest ordinary build
erS sand. A handful in each 10 pounds
of food put out ought to be enough.
Cantaloupe seed adds to the already
long list of possible wild bird foods
printed here from time to time.
Watermelon seeds, too are highly ac-
ceptable, along with the standard sun
flower seed. favorite Of the cardinal
Utilization of waste materials is a
favorite subject. one which perhaps had
greater standing in the days when
thrift was valued.
Surely the American world is drifting
back to thrift, as good idea and prac-
tice. The squirrels and the ants and
Evening star., 1936-02-11
A Free Press.

Louisiana's indefensible newspaper tax
has been declared unconstitutional by
the Supreme Court of the United States.
The tax was rammed through the State
Legislature upon the demand of the
late Huey P. Long. That 1t was de-
signed to punish and to muzzle news
papers antagonistic to the rule OF Long
1t is doubtful that any one would deny.
The opinion of the Supreme Court de-
claring the law void was unanimous.
to defend the States and the people from
unconstitutional Federal laws, enacted
by Congress, it is called at times to de-
fend the people from the imposition of
contained in the Constitution. Its deci-
sion in the Louisiana newspaper tax case
is a reinsurance that by neither State
nor Federal statute is the freedom of the
press to be curtailed.
The Louisiana statute was clearly writ
ten to discriminate against certain daily
newspapers in the State critical of the
Long regime. The tax imposed was two
per cent on the gross advertising income,
but only in the case of publications hav-
ing circulations of 10000 or more week.
AS written 1t applied to thirteen daily
newspapers in the State and omitted four
daily newspapers and one hundred and
twenty weekly newspapers.
Associate Justice Sutherland, who de-
livered the opinion Of the court, asserted
that the law operated as restraint
upon newspapers in double sense. Its
effect, he pointed out, was to curtall
the amount of revenue derived from
advertising and to restrict circulation.
If the rate of the tax were raised, 1t
could result in destroying both circula-
ton and advertising and the newspapers
themselves. Under its operation and
the threat of higher taxes, newspapers
were confronted with the alternative
of capitulation or destruction.
No free press could exist under such
a law. If a statute of that character
were held to be constitutional in one
State it would be equally constitutional
in the other forty-seven. If State law
making such provisions were constltu-
tional then a Federal law OF similar
design would also be constitutional.
There is no free press under dictator
ship. And without a free press the
people hear only one side of a contro-
versy, one set of alleged facts. The rest
is suppressed They are denied an op-
portunity to judge for themselves the
wisdom or value of the government
imposed upon them.
Mr.. Justice Sutherland put the cause
Of free press so clearly and succinctly
that his words will be repeated in the
years to come. He said: "A free press
stands as one Of the great interpreters
between the government and the people.
ourselves"
In this opinion no effort was made to
deny the right OF government to tax
the owners of newspapers for the sup
port Of government. Rightfully, news
paper property should bear such taxa
ton. It does. But the right Of govern
ment to force, through devastating taxa
tion, newspapers to publish only what
government desired published or to
cease publication is a vastly different
thing. When that right is established
the days Of the Republic will be num-
bered
Evening star., 1936-02-11

A sentiment of affection must be
cherished for the late Woodrow Wilson.
While the discretion of some of his
friends may be challenged, he will be
loved for the international enemies that
were forced upon him.
Evening star., 1936-02-11
A Rhyme at Twilight
By
Gertrude Brooke Hamilton
A Song.

The hour I doubted you my soul was
drowned.
I plunged into darkness, deep, profound.
Yet when saw you once again, the while
I could not speak a word or even smile,
That vivid, brief sight of your loyal face
Lifted my soul anew to light and space.
And as you drove by In the city throng
You gave faith back to me. Divine and
strong
Within me rose the cadence Of O songi
Evening star., 1936-02-11
Disbursement.

DlScOuragement.
Flst dar come a spit O. snow;
Den dar come q freeze;
Den de icicles done grow
A-hangin' fun de trees.
Go way, people,
Akin me to sing!
De banjo's on de woodpile
An de fiddle bus stringl
Front yard is q skatin' rink;
Wind come howlin' past;
Every time you takes a drink
Yoh teeth mos freezes fast.
Go way, people.
Calm foh a song,
VIII a fros'-bit disposition
An de whole world goin' WRONG
Evening star., 1936-02-11
At a DISADVANTAGE.

Il never read what is said about me
in the newspapers" said the sensitive
celebrity.
you miss great DEAL" replied Sena-
tor Sorghum. "A man who doesn't know
what is being said about him is liable
to be much n1isinformed on the subject
he regards as most important"
Evening star., 1936-02-11
A Matter of Opinion.

"If you will laugh at your troubles it
will prove that you are a philosopher. /"
II don't think so. It will merely prove
that have mighty poor sense Of
humor."
Evening star., 1936-02-11

When Ben Franklin wrote for news
paper he was never called in with a
group to have his copy suggested to him.
All, those were the horse and buggy days!
Evening star., 1936-02-11

Radio finds so much attention de-
manded by the weather that the other
old conventional standby, politics, be-
comes topic of welcome variation.
Evening star., 1936-02-11
The General Demonstration.

opportunity" said the ready-made
philosopher, knocks at every mans
door,"
eyes," replied Mr.. Growcher; "but
there Is 50 much knocking going on these
days that it's hard to make distinctions. !"
Evening star., 1936-02-11
Rate by Carrier Within he City.
Rate by Mail-Payable In Advance.
Maryland and Virginia.
! Other State. and Canada.
Member Of the Associated Press.

The Associated Press is exclusively entitled to
the use for republication Of all news DISPATCHES M
paper and also the local news published herein
All rights of publication Of special dispatches
herein are also reserved.
Evening star., 1936-02-11
A Mechanical Substitute,

A Mechanical Substitute.
Why criticize your fellowman,
Who generally does his best.
: With q Thermometer you can
Find pretext for the kicker's plan
And give your feIlowman rest.
Evening star., 1936-02-11

Love yoh neighbor." said Uncle Eben;
~sn' after you has practiced dat awhile
mebbe you kin git yoh disposition In
shape to feel kind towards mos of yoh
family relations"
Evening star., 1936-02-11

reader con get the dnslDer 10 any
question OF Jdct by tUTitino The Evening
Star Information Bureau, Frederic J.
HdSkin, director. Washington, D. c.
Please inclose stamp for reply.
@. How long has Eugene Talmedge
been Governor Of Georgia?-D. M.
A. He has been Governor since jan
uary, 1888.
Evening star., 1936-02-11

@. Please name five lighthouses hav-
ing very high candlepower-L. L.
A. Navesink, New Jersey, 100000
candlepower; Cape st. Vincent, Portugal,
55,000,00 candlepower; Heligoland, Ger
many, 100000 candlepoWer; Cape
GrisneZ, France 100000 candlepower; ;
Belle Isle, France, 25000,000 candle
power.
The Redwood gazette., 1936-11-05
Program Enjoyed At
Gales Unit Meeting
Ry Mrs. A a. REYNOLDS

GaIes-The Gales Farm Bureau
meeting was held in the town hall
Friday evening. Program included
a style show by the All sewing
girls, First Aid Demonstration by
Howard Sayre; "The Children's
Hour" by Helen Howe; singing
with guitar and violin by Rueben,
Shirley and Avis Flesner and
Phyllis Reynolds and talk by
William Mitchell Of Tracy. Lunch
and a social hour followed.
Mrs. Tom Erickson and daugh-
ter, Florence returned last week
from a visit with relatives in
Missouri. They also visited points
of interest in Iowa, Arkansas and
Nebraska.
Mrs. Joseph Zitzman OF Lucan
who has been caring for Mrs.
Clarence Munson and infant son
returned to her home Saturday
evening.
MIR. and Mrs. Phillip Reynolds
and sons, Leslie and Eugene and
AlanSon Reynolds were business
callers in Marshall Tuesday.
Bernita Gales and Dean Weber
spent Saturday night at the Frank
Flesner home while Mr.. and Mrs.
Elmer Weber were overnight
guests of Mr.. and Mrs. Phillip
Reynolds.
Mrs. Pauline Flesner and son,
Rueben attended the golden we'd
ding anniversary of Mr.. and Mrs.
Fred Schmidt at Lamberton, Sun
day, October 25. Mr.. and Mrs.
Schmidt Carrie Leopold) were
married in the Lutheran church
in Sanborn, October 81, 1886.
They have seven daughters and
golden wedding. The rooms were
two sons all of whom attended the
decorated in yellow and white
with a profusion of flowers. The
following were among the guests:
Mr.. and Mrs. August Schmidt, Mr..
and Mrs. VernelI Addison, Mr..
and Mrs. Sam Hanson, all of Wal
nut Grove, Mr.. and Mrs. Barney
Kruger of Wells, Mr.. and Mrs. AL
fred Dommer of Comfrey, Mrs.
Emil Rudenik of Wabasso, Will
liam and Gustav of Lamberton,
and a daughter, Edna of Blue
Earth, Frank Schmidt, Mr.. and
Mrs. Emil Tesch, Mr.. and Mrs.
John Just of Henderson, Mrs.
Pauline Flesner and son, Rueben,
Mr.. and Mrs. Albert Klucking Of
The Redwood gazette., 1936-11-05
Paxton Township
News of the Week
By Mrs. o. v. Routhe

Paxton-The Paxton Nutrition
project met Monday afternoon at
the home of Mrs. Erwin Enge-
man with good attendance. The
lesson on Salads was presented
by Mrs. Fred Wells and Mrs. En-
geman.
MIR. and Mrs. Thomas Dennis
toun of Brooks spent several
days with Mrs. M. w. Dennis
toun.
Mrs. o. v. Routhe entertained
the Ladies Aid of the Gilfllan
Lutheran church at her home
Thursday afternoon.
Mr.. and Mrs. George Allan en-
tertained Mr.. and Mrs. Thomas
Dennistoun, Mrs. M. w. Dennis
toun and Mr. and Mrs. J. Ma
honey and children at their home
Monday evening.
MIR. and Mrs. Harvey LuSsen-
hop and children were Sunday
dinner guests of Mr.. and Mrs.
William Lussenhop and family.
MIR. and Mrs. Edmund Meir-
bachtol and daughter Audrey of
LIE Sueur, Mr.. and Mrs. M. F.
Christensen and family of Spring
field were Sunday guests at the
0. v. Routhe home.
Friday and Saturday, November
6 and z, last two days of Kursch-
ner's Greatest Fall Sale. ADV.
The Paxton Farmers club met
at the Ed Garnhardt home Fri
day evening.
The John Bruer farm, occu-
pied by the Vern Montgomery
family, was sold Monday to ].
Mahoney of Seaforth.
Miss Florence Kramer was a
recent overnight guest of Miss
Bonnita Routhe.
Miss Marian Allan entertained
several young people at a Hal
lowe'en party at her home Satur-
day evening. There were IL
guests who played games and
were served Halloween refresh
mentS.
Mr.. and Mrs. George Tordsen
and children were Sunday dinner
guests of MIR. and Mrs. William
TordSen at Belview.
Miss Viola Frederickson, teach
er in district At, entertained par
ents of the children at a tea Fri
day afternoon. Miss Frederick
son spent Tuesday at her home
at Morgan.
Morton and Otis Christian and
Mr.. Mckay of Minneapolis spent
Friday, Saturday and Sunday
hunting, guests of Mr.. and Mrs.
George Allan.