davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1936-11-15

days Of September founo Beck. Ar
mold, Milling and Kirkland at the
Aero Club of New York meet at Mas
sau, N. Y, where Milling established
a duration record of nearly two hours
with two passengers and where Beck
took Postmaster General Hitchcock
for flight during which the postal
chief carried one of the first airmail
letters. Milling's duration record won
him 81 900 prize.
College Park was the scene not
only of the first military training
and aerial photography but also of
the first military bombing. aerial ma
chine gunnery, aerial signaling and
airplane radio.
The first bomb-dropping expert
ment took place there on october 9,
1911, with Milling as pilot and an
ordnance officer as bomber. They
used an empty artillery shell with fms
to guide it and an improvised tele-
scopic sight. The target was a as
foot circle laid out on the ground
Dropped from 600 feet, the bomb
landed 20 feet from the circle. Fur
ther bombing tests followed
On October l3 the first ''long-dis-
tance" communication was effected
between an airplane and the ground
station at College Park. Lieut.. Kirt-
land, pilot, with Charles Bowman, a
signal expert. as passenger, flew past
the camp at distance of a mile
while Bowman worked an apparatus
which emitted puffs of black smoke
forming a message, which was easily
read.
November found College Park un-
usually active. Early in the month
the Army was given competition Joe
Reichter. civilian pilot, was test-flying
Evening star., 1936-11-15
Sanitary Standards of Finest Restaurants Held Higher Than Average Home

were utilized to develop new stand
ard procedure for meteorological
examination of cleansed utensils.
The bacterial contamina ton Of
so-called washed glasses or cups is
determined by passing sterile, moist
swab three times around the inside
and outside of the rim of each of 10
glasses, selected at random. Mild
pressure is exerted through the swab
on the rim, and the contamination of
each is successfully transferred by
agitating the swab in sterile salt solu-
tion contained in labeled test tube.
The pooled washings are cultured by.
the plate agar method, and the num-
ber of bacteria per glass determined.
The same general procedure is fol-
lowed in determining the bacterial
load of a 4-square-inch surface of
any dish.
Even when glasses are properly
table loaded with germs, DR.. Cum
ming says. Inverting them on an
unwashed tray picks up, on rim,
40 900 to $4,000 bacteria. Unwashed
dishes carry 10000 organisms per
utensil surface area, but If they are
cleansed by a machine using TO
degree hot water, or by hand in warm,
soapy water, and immersed in hypo-
chlorite solution, the number Of bac-
terra in surface area should not be
more than several hundred.
The multiple spoon" test, contrived
to test the purity of silver, consists
of placing 10 spoons in a pint jar
containing 200 C. C. of sterile salt
solution and shaking the contents for
two minutes. The suspension OF or
ganisms thus obtained is plated by
the usual laboratory procedure and
the number of bacteria per spoon
Tailed.
Equipment is not cumbersome for
examination of utensils, DR.. Cum
ming points out. If glasses only are
to be examined, the inspector can
carry in his pocket sufficient num-
ber of test tubes and swabs for an
entire days work. Results OF tests
made by these methods were received
with enthusiasm when DR.. Cumming
spoke before a convention Of the
American Public Health Association
last month in New Orleans, urging
establishment of a standard technique.
TN AN effort to cut down deaths
from influenza and pneumonia,
Just as attention to casualties from
polluted milk and water supplies has
slashed intestinal-borne infection
deaths, the following eating utensil
washing methods for cafes are rec
commended in the code:
When dishes are washed by a ma
chine, the water shall be maintained
at or above ITO degrees Fahrenheit
and contain sufficient soap or in.
organic detergent thoroughly to
cleanse the utensils. The dishes shall
be exposed to the cleasing and dis
injecting wash for at least three
minutes. When the machine Is OF
Evening star., 1936-11-15

J. p. Kelley. Medical Corps, made the
trip by rail.
The aviation detachment arrived
at Augusta, Ga, at midnight on the
29th. The new site for the Aviation
School had been selected on a farm
Just east of Augusta, where several
hundred acres of level land. which
had been used for raising hay, were
available. The detachment VIM
tered at Augusta. where Lieut.. Kelley
qualified as a pilot and number OF
notable flights were made. On jan
uary 25 Lieut.. Arnold attained an
altitude of 4,764 feet. The Army pi-
lots, however. had agreed not to try
attitudes above a mile. "as that is
sufficiently high for practical pur-
poses" Today pursuit is operating up
to miles and striving for more alti-
tude.
The entire Army organization was
returned to College Park on April ],
1912. for its second Summer.
The 1911 season. however. was the
only one in which the whole Air Serv-
ice was concentrated for so long
period at one place. and it is regarded
as one of the most successful of the
early periods of military flying, in view
of the strictly pioneering character Of
the work. Four airplanes were used
and five officers were trained to fly.
the operations including the first aerial
photography. radio, signal work, bomb
ing and night flying. There was pio-
neer cross-country flying over dis
tances of up to 40 miles. There were
no accidents other than minor mis-
haps which laid up airplanes for short
periods for repairs.
During 1912 the military air service
began a period of real growth. based
largely upon its 1911 experiences at
College Park. Flying was begun in
the Philippines and San Antonio, Tex,
where Lieut.. Kelly was killed. Dur
ing the 1912 season. however. College
Park continued to grow in importance
and during that Summer there were
II officers and 80 enlisted men sta
toned there.
Evening star., 1936-11-15

two compartments, the washing wa
ter in the first compartment shall be
maintained at or above 120 degrees
hot water-and shall contain soap or
inorganic detergent, and shall be
changed at such frequent intervals
as to keep it free from visible dirt,
and the second compartment shall
contain either clean rinse water of
a temperature not less than l55 de-
grees or clean solution of chlorine
disinfectant in the proportion Of 200
p. p. m. (parts per million), and at
no time less than so p. p. m, and to
either of these solutions the utensils
shall be exposed for at least three
minutes.
When hand washing Is the system.
similar regulations are suggested, pro-
viding for frequent changes of the
washing water and immersion at the
end of the process in water ITS de-
grees hot.
Chlorine disinfection is the third
alternative, the proportion 200 p. p. m,
and at no time less than so p. p. m.
II beverage glasses are so treated
they may be finally rinsed in run
ming water.
Glasses may be cleansed by drain
ing them of their beverage content,
washing, preferably by the brush
method with a disinfectant, and
riasing in running water.
The standard meteorological re-
quirements for washed and disin-
fected eating utensils shall not be more
than 500 organisms per square inches
of area, or 500 organisms on the in
side and outside rim surfaces of cups
or glasses, or 500 organisms per tea
spoon.
Single-service paper utensils will
probably be the only alternative to
these dish washing methods in the
future, and punishment for violations
will be stiffened If the new code is
approved.
A fine Of not less than $40 nor more
than $50. or revocation of licenses, or
refusal Of renewal of license upon ex-
piratiop are provided. At the moment
the DEPARTMENT Of Health has no re.
vocation authority. All previous regu-
lations pertaining to eating utensils
sanitation will be revoked If these pass.
WHILE milady or her maid at the
kitchen sink may deal death no
matter how immaculate her bungalow
apron, licenses to keep house cannot
be revoked by the Board Of Health,
oficials regret. Most women. accord
ing to DR.. Cumming. never boil
separately dishes used by Ill mem
bers Of the family, except when death
Evening star., 1936-11-15
By VeSta CUMMINGS.

~ ONT bother to eye your
knives, forks and glasses
with suspicion in restaurants
and at drug store counters,
for the chances are that they are as
well washed as those on your own
dining room table.
That most despised of all chores
dish waShing-is likely to be as
sketchily done in the glossiest kitch-
enette as in the busiest eating house
in town, according to Lieut.. Col. James
Gordon Cumming of the District of
Columbia Department of Health, who
has national reputation as health
expert in both civil and military life.
Many will die in Washington this
Winter from saliva-borne diseases
because housewives have hurried
through the dishes" to attend the
movies, DR.. Cumming says.
Many will expire of influenza in
Washington this Winter because ladies
wear lipstick. That beauty aid is a
notable collector of bacteria, and
smears of it, deposited on glassware,
mobilize germs never entirely removed
by ordinary cleansing methods. y
Others will be i'll for weeks because
repeal has increased the glass popula-
ton of the Nations Capital, DR..
Cumming says. Proprietors of beer
and cocktail parlors dislike scalding
beverage containers-a District regula-
tion-because 1t takes glasses long
time to COOL Customers not only
protest beer in warmish fiagon, but
dislike drinking out of receptacles that
have been immersed in chlorine disin-
fectant-analternative of the law
because the taste is noticeable.
The lethal consequences of the
Washington tea and cocktail hour are
deplored by local health officers, who
know, like every hostess, that the
usual method at the party peak Is to
rinse and dry glasses hastily in the
kitchen and rush them at once to tea
table or bar.
The time has come, it seems, to
frown upon ones host when he
removes glasses from the living room
and returns with them filled, but
hazy about what glass belongs to
what guest. -
WHILE dish washing in the home
W is no legal concern Of the Dis
trict, even though the ordinary proc
ess removes only about so per cent Of
the contamination, inspectors are
free to call unannounced at any pub
lie place at any time to take census
of germs on supposedly clean eating
utensils.
As a result, new regulations to
enforce hygienic dish washing have
been prepared for submission to the
Commissioners of the District by the
Department of Health, in an effort to
cut the toll Of deaths from saliva
borne ailments.
Recommendation of the new code
grows out Of experiments. by officials
in Washington, where the facilities
Of 81 restaurants Of various classes
Evening star., 1936-11-15

Ions of hot water add washing soda or
cleanser (not common soap, as that
destroys the germicidal properties of
the chlorine disinfectanD. Then add
the chlorine powder as directed on the
container.
2. For the separate cleanser and
chlorine solutions method, use an
oblong dish pan divided in the center.
In one wash with hot inorganic
cleanser solution and in the other
disinfect by immersion of the utensils
for three to five minutes in a hot
chlorine solution, made so as to have
100 ppm.
Chlorine disinfectant powder is
sold at drug stores and by hotels and
dairy supply houses under various
trade names.
THE praises Of soap are voiced
loudly by DR.. Cumming, who
points out that its use has been uni
versal only so or 100 years. When
he went to the Philippine Islands in
1899, as part of the sanitary corps
sent by the occupying army, he
noticed that there was no word for
''soap" in the language, no soap in
the islands, and that contagious dis
eases had made terrific inroads on
the population.
No short cut to communicable dis
ease control exists, he says. 1t is q
long process, because of healthy car
riers, who are the chief distributors
of infection. Barriers against distri-
button of their bacteria must be set
up and maintained until, fewer in
each generation. they are finally
eliminated.
A slim staff at the Health Depart
ment attempts to erect those barriers
in the 1,840 eating places operating
in Washington, according to DR.. r. r.
Ashworth, D. v. S., director, Bureau
of Food Inspection. Allowing three
visits annually to each food emporium,
three inspectors are needed to cover
the work. One inspector is able to
average Eve visits daily, with the
attendant taking of meteorological
specimens and giving advice to opera
tors for improvements in method. By
this means progress is managed, DR..
Ashworth says, discussing the new
code, most managers being eager to
cooperate when they understand the
dangers involved.
If inspection shows satisfactory
eating utensil disinfection in a cafe
under the new code, dated certi-
ficate of approval can be issued which
the establishment may publicly dis
play, DIR. Ashworth explains. sRestau-
rants showing such label would
enjoy prestige over those failing to
meet the requirements, and the
housewife would have impressed upon
her the health value Of sanitary dish
washing. ip
FORCE by police power is the OUT
standing Recommendation of the
proposed new code, that also advises
Evening star., 1936-11-15
District Health Officials Propose Rules to
Guard Food Through Better Methods
Of Dishwashing to Reduce Casualties
From Disease Germs.

Is near. The common cold and light
cases of influenza are ordinarily
ignored. And yet. he points out, there
Is adequate proof that disinfection of
eating utensils affords about 80 per
cent protection against influenza dis
tribution. Purer water and milk have
reduced the healthy typhoid carrier
rate by 80 per cent and mortality by
95 per cent. a saving Of 100000 lives
annually, and change in the peak of
infant mortality from Summer to
Winter. Today, the saliva-borne in
fections account largely for the Winter
baby mortality.
While annual deaths from typhoid
in the District in 1910 were running
400 to 500, with about 10 times as
many cases reported, in recent years
only about 100 persons in Washing
ton contract the disease and only
from 10 to Is deaths occur. There
are still, however, about 600 casualties
annually from tuberculosis and 700
to 300 from pneumonia Strepticoccus
sore throat is practically non-existent
in Washington since 80 per cent of
milk consumed here is pasteurized,
DR.. Cumming says.
How. then, shall the housewife, free
OF dish washing regulations, do her
dishes, or have them done? Firstly,
II you must use dish towels see that
they are clean, DR.. Cumming states.
He is, however. distinctly anti
kitchen towel.
A BULLETIN on disinfection for
family eating utensils has been
prepared by DR.. Cumming, to be used
not only as an emergency measure
when there Is sickness in the family
or an epidemic in town, but for the
day-to-day prevention of pneumonia,
typhoid, influenza, infantile paralysis,
scarlet fever and whooping cough.
Don't, he warns again, wash your
dishes carefully and then wipe them
with a damp and humid cloth, upon
which bacteria have collected.
This is the way to wash dishes at
home:
Remove adhering food particles,
especially grease.
Wash glasses first, next silverware,
then dishes, and finally pots and
pans. Place on draining rack and
air dry.
The following disinfecting solution
is for the average family of four,
allowing about 10 utensils per person.
Use either of the following suggested
methods:
1. For the combined cleanser and
chlorine solution method. to IA gal-
Evening star., 1936-11-15

vital agency. Hand in hand with in
dustry, the Bureau has likewise Ia
bored to set up standards for judging
the values of articles of trade or COM
merce. BY means OF simplified prac-
tice, Federal specifications, CONNER
cial standards, the small consumer
has been guided to purchase wisely
and well.
Officials of the bureau emphasize
the fact that they occupy no arbi-
trary position with respect to our
national industries. They are the
first to recognize the dangers that lie
in the type of Standardization" that
symbolizes a loss of individuality, a
narrowing Of the scope of preference,
or detraction from those qualities Of
distinctiveness which hold such char
acteristic appeal. Standardization,
they admit, may conceivably be car
ried to such extremes as to destroy
the objectives and lose the proper
purposes for which it was intended.
Therefore they dedicate their efforts
to constructive Standardization, con-
sidering its value and potentialities as
an aid to better living.
Standards for efficiency have always
been the aim, the bureau points out,
of leaders in all phases of our eco
nomic and social life, and transporta-
ton is advanced as an example. Until
about so years ago a traveller had to
change cars several times between
New York City and New Orleans
because there was no uniformity in
the width of railroad trackage. These
tracks we're eventually brought into
uniformity of width by the establish
ment of the standard gauge of 56l2
inches. Since that time standard
railroad equipment has been trans
ferable from any and all railroad
trackage in the United States, assur-
ing comfort and expedition in travel
that was impossible without standard
ization.
SIMILARLY. in the manufacturing
industry, mass production and the
economies and benefits directly re-
oaAsHAe WIZ AAoAC POooADiN Wy 0AAlS
upon standard pattern. The entire
automobile industry was the result Of
Henry Ford's Standardization of a
cheap motor car, and the acceptance
and adoption of standards has
advanced civilization consistently in
the commercial world
The confusing and extravagant
claims of individual manufacturers
made necessary some medium for
establishing standards to guide the
Federal Government in the expendi-
ture of its taxpayers money Out of
that necessity have grown labora-
tories covering several acres of
ground. and busy, ever-growing
institution whose personnel is dedi-
Gated to research and experimental
ton.
Scientists of extraordinary ability,
inventors and mute inglorious Mil
Evening star., 1936-11-15
Short Circuit Beetle.

THE determination Of insect life Is
nowhere better demonstrated than
in the case of what linemen have
dubbed the short circuit beetle.
These beetles attack telephone and
high tension lines, boring through the
outer coating of the wire. the lead Of.
fering no barrier to their chisel-like
jaws. a.s.
Evening star., 1936-11-15

a policy Of public instruction through
news items, the radio and legend
placards in eating places, Some of
the better restaurants have already
complied with the suggestion of De-
partment of Health officials that
applicants for employment should be
given tests for social diseases before
being hired. although there is no
District law on the subject at the
moment.
Soapy wash water examined by in
spectors in cafes should not contain
more than $4,000 organisms per C. c.,
experts agree, and if the count dis
it provides supportive evidence for
securing court conviction.
Though higher types of restaurants
have mechanical dish washers, this
does not necessarily mean that dishes
washed in them meet the requirements
OF cleanliness, it is said. There is
widespread carelessness in the use of
these machines, because, while the
management may buy them, incom-
petent help may not use them properly.
High bacteria count are sometimes
found on apparently spotless dishes
at the finest hotels.
Persons hired as dish washers be-
long mostly to the drifting class, DR..
Ashworth explains, and are not in
clined to be conscientious about germs.
TkarafNra ho -loiav Saliva ic
transferred from the sick to well daily
via shining silver and pleasantly
tinkling glasses.
REHIND the scenes during a Wash
ington lunch hour is a dramatic
show, in a cafeteria that DR.. Ash.
worth calls an outstanding example
of the best kind of eating place. Its
persistent spotlessness in the face OF
what might be chaos would inspire
any householder to change her own
dish-washing methods or make mid
night examination of her kitchen
when the cook is out.
Thousands of meals fly up the
dumb walters hourly while revolving
washing gadgets-automatic steam
sprays and brush machines-polish a
dozen glasses at time to smooth
skating surface for the few hardy
germs that survive. These glasses are
cleansed, untouched by human hand.
Here dish washing becomes an art
as well as science. The tempo is
terrific, and the noise a symphony
Of bubbling soap, flowing steam, and
Gathering cutlery, from which forks
and spoons emerge too hot to hold
and without an egg stain in the lot.
Rows of immaculate boys in starched
white coats and hats receive dishes
from the dining room on a revolving
belt-dumping refuse into containers.
Nothing survives. not even that un-
touched hard roll.
A modern restaurant has no go
back" table-where formerly dishes
from dining rooms were examined for
possible salvage.
Evening star., 1936-11-15

national products, gets what he pays
for.
Savings of millions Of dollars have
accrued to the consumers OF the
United States because Of the con-
tinuous research and testing Of this
Milford chronicle., 1936-07-17
LOCAL MAN HAS CLOSE
CALL in BOAT CRASH

[CosfinMed from First Psgel
Harvest. If the boat had been NOV
ing rapidly. II would have cut the
State Of Virginia completely intWO.
As IL was, the Golden Harvest did
not penetrate very far into the State
Of Virginia, far enough, however, to
hold the Virginia up and keep her
from sinking. There has been no
explanation rendered so far as to
how the two boats happened to col
nde.
Mr.. Barnard, together with the
majority Of the passengers procured
life belts, and after being assured
that the danger from sinking was
negligible walked from the A deck
of the State of Virginia to the top
deck Of the Golden Harvest. They
were both later taken to Baltimore
BY the ferry Pittsburgh. arriving in
Baltimore at 5 a. m. Wednesday
morning.
Federal authorities are making a
Investigation as are also
the officials Of the Old Bay Line and
the Williams Line, operators Of the
Golden Harvest. No state pilots were
aboard either boat since they are
not required for boats in the coast
wise service.
Milford chronicle., 1936-07-17
OTONKA NOTES

The senior high period at Camp
OtOnka ended Monday.
A cowboy party featuring horse
race, two plays, cowboy songs, a
bull fight, and a campfire made FRI
day evening pass quickly. A picnic
at Indian River Inlet between Beth
any Beach and Rehoboth followed by
a baseball game and games occupied
last Wednesday evening. Last
Thursday night saw ten campers
follow the trail, packs on their
backs, for a five mile hike over
night. A swim, a campfire, and a
moon made the occasion one long to
be remembered. Following the shore
line back to camp Friday morning
meant wading about two miles and
crossing the marsh about two miles
Ia perfect outing" the girls re-
ported. Saturday nights hilarious
Chinese party and Sundays impress
sive candle light service brought
the week to a quick close. An active
week, a congenial group, perfect
weather-life at Camp Otonka!
Those who entered camp on Tues
day for the Junior High period ere
as follows: Wilmington - Marie
Lynch, Jane HoWett, Marion Wealth
eFby, Marjorie Byam, Irene CleaTy,
Martha Snyder, Muriel Bailey, Ruth
Weaver, Vivian Scott, Carolyn Guy,
Gertrude English, Pauline Miller,
Betty Jane Hanna, Barbara Buck,
Rodenhiser, Audrey Cahall,
Jane Saltzman, Louise MatsOn, Jean
Edna Buckmaster, Emily
Taylor, Mary Griffith, Catherine and
jeanette Schlittler and Doris Jester;
Eleanor King, Helen Jane
Mary Louise Porter, FL
len Louise Cullen, Janet Keith and
Sarah Ellen Wright; Delmar--Mary
West Tomlinson; Selbyvilie- Anna
Lee Long, Agnes Long; Elsmere-
Dorothy Ashmore; ClaymOnt-Mar-
garet Davidson; Easton. Md.--Lura
KentOn-Mary Kathryn
Walker; Newark-Cecilia Tierney;
Wyoming-Pauline Coudright, Char
lotte Virdin; Woodside-Polly Bar
nard; New Castle-Virginia Hol-
comb. Charlotte Hopkins, Maxine
Mccoy. Alice Renye and Phyllis
Seaford-Jane Nor
gan: Philadelphia-Marie Truitt, |
Doris schoeller, Ann Tikiob, and
Johnson; Middletown-Bet-
II 10 Brimijoin and Ellen Combs;
AIilIsborO-Mary White and ann
Carey.