davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1936-12-12
(By BERTHA L. TRAVIS)
QUINN CHAPEL A. M. +.

The pastor Rev. M. r. Rhonenee,
preached a wonderful sermon on
The Ministry, to a large audience
with great success, four joining
the Church. Quinn chapel is
marching upward under the lea
dership of our great and noble
shepherd Rev. M. r. Rhonenee.
The Usher Board of Quinn Cha
pei A. NJ. E. Church was reorganiz-
ed with ten members. Mr.. Crom-
well as president, r. Childs, secre-
tary, and E. T. CAN'T, treasurer.
The new usher b a met
Sunday December 9th 2:30 p. M.
at the parsonage.
The Uisherette Board met
Tuesday evening 1880, December
Sth at the parsonage. Any girls
between the ages of l6 and 23 years
are eligible to become a member.
Auxiliary Day was observed
at Quinn Chapel A. M. E. Church
Sunday, December 9Th. The Choir
sponsored program Sunday
evening at 1880 with a short SER
mon by the pastor.
The funeral services of Miss
Juanita Enos, the daughter of Mr.
and Mrs. j. Enos, was held al
Quinn Chapel A. M. E. Church
Monday, November goth. The pas
tor, Rev. M. r. Rhonenee. official
ing.
Harold Wilson and Miss Edn;
Harris were united in marriage q
the A. M. E. Parsonage by the pas
tor Rev. M. r. Rhonenee, Wednes
day November 25th.
]. Smith is seriously i'll at tn
Hurley Hospital Mrs. j. Smith
is at a relative on Elm street. TIL
Church is praying for their recoy
cry.
Mrs. Lucretia Turner and daugh
ters Helen and Juanita were calle
away to Chicago because of tn
death of her brother, ]. Campbell
Mrs. Rebecca Toles was Gale,
to Cokamore, Indiana at the Hines
Of her aunt.
Rev. James A. Atkins is pastor c
Vernon Chapel A. M. E. Church
This church is located on tn
North Of st. John street under tn
leadership of the pastor Rev. At
kins and wife. They have made ;
wonderful achievement, more thar
thirty members have returned ant
numbers added to this church. Tn,
church has grown in leaps ant
bounds and the membership ha,
taken on new life. All the depart
ments of Vernon Chapel has beer
reinforced from the Stewards t
the Sunday School. Rev. Atkin,
is becoming the strong figure o
the community and extends a hear
dy welcome to all.
Rev. James, the pastor of Shilol
Baptist Church, had a large an,
spiritual audience Sunday. TIL,
services were opened with spir
itual procession by the choir anC
the members are very much i'm
pressed with their pastor. He is
man of long standing in thi:
beautiful church, and is very popu
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1936-12-12
Selassie's Umbrella
Carrier D e a d

Adds Ababa-(ANP)-Balu HUI
giant umbrella carrier and retain
er of Emperor Halle Selassie of
Ethiopia is dead The stiking fig
ure who was Z feet 5 inches tall
bore a red silk umbrella which he
held over Selassie during all Off
cial ceremonies and until his
death remained a staunch and
faithful follower of his former
ruler.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1936-12-12

ct making. Young Wills returned
TO the city Thursday after spend
ing some time i'm the factory of the
Crown Casket factory in st. Paul
MINI. The casket end of the bust
ness will be known as Wilco Pro-
ducts. Wills & Son recently began
the installation of a hallway lead
ing to their chapel, mosaic mas
terpiece worth $4,000.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1936-12-12
START CASKET
BUSINESS IN
CLEVELAND

Cleveland-(ANP)-J. Walter
Wills, Jr, of the firm of Wills &
Son. undertakers. who operate one
of the largest undertaking estab-
lishments in the country are about
to embark in the business of cask-
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1936-12-12

Read The used car advertise
ments on Page 10 of this issue OF
the Tribune.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1936-10-30

In Superior Court on his plan for
rehabilitation of the Pacific Mutual
Life Insurance Co. Of California. OF
which he Is conservator.
An alternate proposal made by
Transamerica, a Giannini corporation,
has received the expressed preference
of the State insurance commissioners
Of New Mexico, North Carolina and
Washington. three Of the 40 States in
which the Pacific Mutual Is licensed.
Non-cancelable policy holders have
been among the directors to the con-
SENATORS plan, and yesterday 3 group
of them in Virginia, in letter signed
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1936-10-30

The 41-year-old scion Of q wealthy
and prominent West. Virginia family
awaits arraignment on q charge he
killed his mother, Mrs. Juliette Buff
fington Enslow, 63.
Baldwin, law school graduate, de-
MES the charge.
Domestics in the 27-room Er1slow
house found the body Of Mrs. Enslow
two weeks ago. She had been beaten
to death in her bed. Detectives first
announced they believed the Staying
was committed during q burglary.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1936-10-30
Cult Backs Japan Expansion.

Reorganization Of society which il
to be the only political party in Man.
chukuo Is in progress under Japanese
military sponsorship. The Kyowakai
or Concord Society" is described by
Gen. Ueda Of the Kwantung Army
as designed to secure peace and order
Is well rs the supremacy Of the new
state. The society, the Manchukuo
government and the Kwantung Army
will constitute the supreme trinity"
he says, and will work for the "reali.
zation Of the kingly way"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1936-10-30
Liberia Adds Phone Line.

Liberia hopes soon to be in COM
munication with the world through
the medium of wireless stations, and
has established q new long distance
telephone service giving Monrovia, the
capital, q service reaching to distant
parts of the country.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1936-10-30
opians in q seven-hour battle two days

ago.
The engagement was reported, to
have occurred near Mount Debocodio,
IS miles from Adds Ababa.
The Ethiopians, numbering ap-
proximately 1000 men led by Deggiae
Fiore Marian. were said to have been
routed after q. battle in which the
Italians used both airplanes and ar.
tillery.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1936-10-30
PACIFIC MUTUAL QUIZ
OF CARPENTER ENDS

Group Of Virginia Non-cancel-
able Policy Holders Endorses
Trans-America Offer.
~ the Associated Press.
LOS ANGELES, October 30-Sam-
uel Carpenter, California State in
suranee commissioner, finished yes
terday more than a week of testimony
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1936-10-30

by Attorney. W. p. Haselgrove Of
Roanoke. Va, asked the court to ap-
prove the Transamerica offer.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1936-10-30
500 ETHIoPIANs KILLED
IN BATTLING ITALIANS
Engagement Reported to Have
Occurred Two Days Ago, 50 Miles
rra,. llSe ha hA

From Adds Ababa.
By the Associated Press.
ROME, october 30.-Rome news
papers today reported from Adds
Ababa that an Italian column policing
the area southeast of the Ethiopian
capital killed more than 500 Eth
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1936-10-30

Japan Is curtailing rayon output.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1936-10-30
BALDWIN ARRANGEMENT :
IN Staying DELAYED
Scion OF Wealthy Family Denies
Charge Of Killing Mother,
To.rud nAafan %okn>ath

Found Beaten to Death.
Iy the Associated Press.
HUNTINGTON, w. Va. October
30.-Prosecuting Attorney e. z. Win
ters, jr., announced last night formal
arraignment of Charles Baldwin will
be delayed At least q week.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1936-10-30

-Four gorgeous pieces for those who prefer decorative e-one e =
Of our best sellers Well constructed and otoctNey finished Cm
walnut ounwood and other cabinet woods, with oeo poe
gloss Consists handsome dresser. von chest and
bed.
The Nome daily nugget., 1936-05-13
Harry Campbell
 Pleaded Guilty
 In On Kidnapping g
(By The Associated Press)

ST. PAUL, May 13, - Harry Campbell pleaded guilty here to participation in the two hundred thousand dollar Kidnapping of Ed war Bremen.
 Judge M. Joyce immediately sentenced him to life imprison- meht.
The Nome daily nugget., 1936-05-13
Col. Frank Knox
 Attacks R0ose-
 welt in Speech
CHICAGO PUBLISHER SAYS JUDGE ROOSEVELT WHAT HE HAS DONE NOT WHAT HE SAYS.
tBy The Associated Pre5s)

lBy The Associated Press)
 TACOMA, Wn., May 13, - As serting Republican principles are necessary to protect the United States against the coercive system Colonel Frank Knox, presidential aspirant, charged President Frank lin D. Roosevelt with reckless ex- penditures, despicable deceit and the legalizing of monopolies-
 "One may judge the mans trustworthiness, not in what he says alone, but how his subse- quent acts conform to what he has said"
 Knox is to speak again in Seat tie tonight.
The Nome daily nugget., 1936-05-13
Crueningg, Troy Enroute U. Of
 Alaska at Fair.
GOVERNOR TROY AND DIR. ERNEST GRUENING VISIT PLACES ALONG ROUTE TO CITY OF FAIRBANKS
tBy The Associated Press)

JUNEAU, May l3, - Dr. Ern- est Gruening, Director of the U. s. Division of Territories and Is land Possession said upon his ar rival here he was heartily in fav- or of the administrations four major projects in Alaska
 Direct air mail to the States: construction of the international Highway; encouraging tourist travel; development of the resour ces with particular stress on agri- culture with the aim of establish ing a more permanent popula- tion.
 In the company of Governor John w. Troy, Gruening left Jun eau yesterday, bound for Fair banks.
 He declared: All departments are back of the air program and realize that transportation is the real need and the first step in connecting up with Seattle.
The Nome daily nugget., 1936-05-13
TORCH DANGER KICKS TORCH OVER CAUSE
 DEATH TO FOUR
Two Men and Two Women Killed In Stampede Escape Flames In Night
 Club In San Francisco Last Night
(By The Associated Press)

SAN FRANCISCO, May 13, - Two men and two were killed when torch dancer kicked one of the torches into the draperes in night club here and started fire in the Shamrock Club, in the downtown district
 Jo Dickinson, hat check girl trampled to death and Mrs. Elsie Miller 32 of Pealuma, Robert Pason of Berkeley and John Mason of San Francisco died of suffocation.
 Nine were injured three seriously, in the stan1- pede to the one and only exit
 Betty Blossom, the dancer managed to escape safe y Some of the other guests hid in the dressing rooms and several in the ice box until the fire was out
The Nome daily nugget., 1936-05-13

J. D. Harlan, general manager of the Hammon Consolidated Gold Fields of Nome, who arriv- ed here via plane today from Fairbanks, when interviewed con corning company activities in the gold dredging operations for this season listed numerous import ant features of production.
 The diesel power plant is al- most ready to commence work. Steam-thaWing has already been completed in front of the three large dredges, of the surface frost preparatory to their commencing digging. Extensive thawing op- erations are to be carried on this season to the fullest extent possi- ble, depending upon the water supply. Another pumping station is to be installed on Snake River, are only some of the activities which will mark this years gold mining season in the vicinity of Nome.
 No. 1 dredge, says MT. Harlan, will proceed with it's digging pro- gram until it reaches the railroad and then will turn easterly to-
The Nome daily nugget., 1936-05-13
:: 'ilot and Plane
 Disappeared on
 Flight g to Mine

iHy The ASsoclated Tress)
 SEATTLE, May 13, = Pilot Jay Graybill and Arne Wells are the object of an aerial and ground search in the Cascades, after their plane failed to return yesterday from an eighty mile flight to a mine east of here They had not arrived there it was revealed.
 Pilot Jack Peterson and Mrs. Graybill flew over the mine but were unable to land. There were no signs of them there nor else where. The plane was heavily loaded with supplies.
The Nome daily nugget., 1936-05-13
Hindenburg Now EnrOute Back To
 Home Country
TWO II. $. NAVAL MEN ARE ABOARD HINDENBURG AS BEGUN RETURN FLIGHT TO HOME PORT IN GERMANY
(By The Associated Press)

LAKEHURST, N. j., May 13, The record breaking German dirigible "Hindenbura', visitor to the United States for two and a half days, headed homeWard. with a colorful setting.
 A half minute after the com- mand of Up Ship, the zeppel- in's motors sputtered and took hold, a moment later she head ed northWard, being sighted over New York City's Battery Squire about one hour later, heading north over the Atlantic Ocean, in the dusk.
 Before her departure, Dr. Hugo Eckner, veteran commander of Germany's Graf Zeppelin pre- dicted the Hindenburg would reach Europe in 46 hours, smash ing all records.
 He was very hopeful of a Ger man-American commercial dirig ible service soon.
 Captain Ernest A. Lehman, the ships commanding office a- clared the weather look e9od ahead. Two U. 5. Naval sicers were aboard on the retul. zat of the Hindenburg to Eur
The Nome daily nugget., 1936-05-13
DREDGING IN NOME SECTION AND OTHER
 ACTIVITY BE SOON
HammOn Consolidated Gold Fields Has Extensive Work To Be Done Season
 l936 Including Dredging, Thawing
ward Flat Creek.

ward Flat Creek.
 No. 2 dredge this year will dredge the left limit of Snake River and the mouth of Center Creek. As extensive thaWing program is laid out for the south side of Snake River, opposite Cen ter Creek.
 No. 3 Dredge will continue dredging as soon as operations begin on Lake Creek and upper Wonder Creek ground located to the west of the Bessie claim. Thawing has been going on for her just above the third beach line, west of Holyoke Creek.
 New equipment on dredge No. 2 this year will include a sand elevator to permit the proper dredging of the silt in that sec tion-Center Creek and Snake River.
 Repairs will also be made to the Seward ditch, formerly known as the Wild Goose ditch, it was stated Reconditioning and clean ing of the big oil tank located next to the power plant has been
 (Continued on Page Three)
The Nome daily nugget., 1936-05-13
Robinson, Stoll
 kidnaper Now
 Ready for Trial
KIDNAPER RETURNED NASH VILE. DIST. ATTORNEY WILL ASK DEATH PENALTY FOR
 CRIME COMMITTED IN 1885.
(By The Associated PresS)


 NASHVILLE, Tenn, May 13,- Robinson was returned here af- ter an all night flight by plane from California.
 District Attorney Bunk Gard CT announced he would demand the death penalty if he was tried.
 Mrs. Stoll, who was kidnapped by Robinson last fall, when inter ed said I'm very glad"
 The government forces are gird ed against an expected insanity plea, it was announced in Wash ington, D. c.
 Hoover said he had confessed to hitting his victim with lead pipe and must pay for the deed'.
The Nome daily nugget., 1936-05-13
May Sixteenth
 Set Celebration
 Date Matanuska
(By The Associated Press)

PALMER, May 13, - The Col onists anniversary celebration date was changed to May l6th, it was announced today, at which time Governor John w. Troy will speak to them.
The Nome daily nugget., 1936-05-13
United States Had
 Planed Send War
 Vessel to Ethiopia
(By The Associated Press)

WASHINGTON, D. C., May 12, of State Hull disclos- ed today that the United States Government had studied the pro- blem before the outbreak of the Italo-Ethiopian fighting, of the advisability of sending a U. s. war vessel there to protect Am- erican nationals.
The Nome daily nugget., 1936-05-13

Are you taking advantage of six months paid in ad- vance subscription ?
The Nome daily nugget., 1936-05-13
Tariff Cuts Are Features Pact
 Male France CANNED SALMON INCLUDED QUOTAS PERMITTED
tBv The Associated Press)

ibv The Associated Press)
 WASHINGTON, D. C., May 13, Tariff cuts in the United States and liberalization of French quot- as on American goods, under the new reciprocal trade treaty sign ed May 9th, were terms just dis closed today.
 The United States agreed to cut tariffs up to fifty percent on seventy-seven items.
 France agreed to allow increas- ed new quotas on forty-four pro- ducts including canned salmon.
The Nome daily nugget., 1936-05-13
Zionchecks Get
 Taste National Spirit lst Hand
(By The Associated Press)

(By, The Assoclated Press)
 PONCE, Puerto Rico, May 13, Mrs. lZioncheck, a bride of few weeks, got a closeup of the nation alistic movement, after more mot bring mishaps, when they collid- ed with a truck, the driver of which is threatening damage suit.
 Zioncheck was invitel to fight, but refused. His hotel was sur rounded by eight hundred nation alistic demonstrators, who threw rocks and broke windows.
The Nome daily nugget., 1936-05-13
Gov. Martin Of
 Washington Says Wyoming Up
(By The Associated Press)

OLYMPIA, Wn., May 12, - Governor Martin in statewide radio address today said he had been assured after a recent east ern trip, by capitalists, that the state of Washington was regard ed as the outstanding field for the next great development and ex- panSion.
The Nome daily nugget., 1936-05-13
Carl Amy Dies New York Home
 After Being HI
(By The Associated Press)

CORNELL, N. Y. May 13 Carl Amy, aged 53, an attoney here, and for many years, Territorial commissioner at Seward, Alaska, died at the Pleasant Valley Sani tarium last night.
 He was stricken at his post last fall, and returned to his home here.
The Nome daily nugget., 1936-05-13
Walked Out Of League
 Sessions Geneva
(By The Associated Press)

tBy The ASSOclateQ freSSl
 GENEVA, May l3, - The Ital- ian delegation left here by night train yesterday for Rome, it was announced by officials last night.
 The League Council, which met without their attendance decid- ed: "There is no reason or cause to modify the sanctions against Italy.
 A high Fascist official in Rome said the departure of the Italan delegation meant an undeclared policy of non-cooperation with Rome until Italy's new empire is recognized.
The Nome daily nugget., 1936-05-13
Freddie Miller
 Loses CrCWn In
 l5-Round Bout
(By The Associated PreSs)

WASHINGTON, D. C. May l3, -Petey Sarron, a Syrian, whip ped Champion Freddie Miller to win the worlds featherweight crown, recurring a fifteen round decision. Sarron swarmed all ov- CT Miller, and the judgment was unanimous.
Evening star., 1936-12-17
S166,63O DU POINT
TOTAL CAMPAIGN
Senate Committee Records
Contributions Made Up
of 80 Items.
~ the Associated Press.

b the Associated Press.
Campaign contributions from a Du
Pont to anti-New Deal causes and
from cabinet members to the Demo-
cratic chest we're included yesterday in
reports to the Senate Campaign Funds
Committee.
Irenee du Pont of Wilmington, Del,
reported his contributions to various
organizations totaled $l66,630 made
up of 80 items, none of which exceeded
$500
Secretary Morgenthau contributed
$2,050 to the Democratic campaign
and Secretary Woodring gave a like
amount.
Representative Rayburn Democrat,
Texas, who headed the Democratic
National Committees Speaking Bu-
reau. contributed 81 900, while Senator
George, Georgia Democrat, gave
$2.070.
Republican contributors reporting
today included: H. F. Brown. Whining
ton, Del. $4,000; Joseph E. Widener,
Elkins Park, Pa, $4,000; William M.
Potte, Wyebrooke. Pa, sl0,050; Mrs.
Mabel L. Kent, Philadelphia. SIS 1000;
Mrs. E. Parlamee Prentice. New York,
$4,000; John A. Roebling, Bernards-
vile, N. j., $4,000; w. S. and NJ W.
Carpenter. Wilmington, $4,000; r. M.
Carpenter. Montchanin, Del, $21 900
Republicans, Jeffersonian Democrats
and Crusaders; w. R. Coe New York
$1,000; E. c. Grace, Bethlehem. Pa.
$4,000: Harold F. Pitcairn, Pitts
burgh, sl5,925; c. Mccormick. Chi
cago. $1,000; E. T. Stotesbury, Chest
nut Hills, Pa, $1,000.
Nathan Miller, New York. $4,000;
Dwight F Davis, $4,000. P. D. Block,
Chicago, reported a contribution of
$500 to a Republican cause and
$1,000 to the campaign fund for Gov.
Horner of Illinois, a Democrat.
Democratic contributors included:
Samuel Kramer, New York. $4,000
Cloan): w. A. Julian, $1,000; Henry
S. Hooker, New York, $500; Jacob
Rupert, New York. $4,000.
Evening star., 1936-12-17
Emily Lawrance
Engaged to Wed
Mr.. FrelinehuYsen

Mr.. AND MRS. CHARLES LAN1ER
AA LAWRANCE of New York have
announced the engagement of their
daughter Emily to Mr.. Joseph S. FIRE.
linghuysen, jr., son of former Senator
and Mrs Frelinghuysen of Far Hills.
N. J. The wedding will take place in
January.
Miss Lawrance attended Miss
HeWitt's classes in New York. Her
father is founder and president Of the
Lawrance Engineering and Research
Corp In 1927 he was awarded the
Collier Trophy by the National Aero
nautical Association for that years
outstanding achievement in aero
nautics Mr.. Lawrance developed the
Wright Whirlwind engine used by
Col Charles A. Lindbergh on his
trans Atlantic flight.
Miss Lawrance, on the maternal side,
is a granddaughter of the late Rev.
Dr. Morgan Dix, for many years rector
of Trinity Church in New York, and
the late Mrs. Dix. Her paternal grand
parents we're Mr.. and Mrs. Francis
Cooper LaWrance, jr. (Sara Eggleston
Lanier Lawrance). Mrs. Drayton
Cochran, the former Miss Margaret
Lanier LaWrance. is Miss Lawrance's
sister, and Mr.. Francis Cooper Law
rance is her brother.
Mr. FrelinghuySen was graduated
from Groton School and in 1884 from
Princeton, where he is member of
the Ivy Club. His family for genera
tions has been distinguished in the
history of New Jersey His father was
the fourth in line of his family to
represent New Jersey in the United
States Senate. Through his mother,
the former Miss Emily M. Brewster,
Mr.. Frelinghuysen is grandson Of
Mr. E Franklin Brewster Of Rochester
and the late Mrs. Brewster, and a
nephew of Mrs. L. Aston Knight, wife
of the artist Mrs. John Grenville
Bates, jr., the former Miss Victoria
Frelinghuysen. and Mrs. H. Edward
Bilkey, the former Miss Emily FIRE.
linghuysen, are his sisters.
Evening star., 1936-12-17

nett hopes persons will call for them
in time to fill for the party.
The children's party is only part
of an elaborate Christmas program
being arranged by the mission. Eight
hundred needy men will be fed free
dinners at the mission on Christmas
day. The dinners will be served from
1880 o'clock Christmas morning un-
til all Of the men have been served.
Homer Rodeheaver. famous song
leader. will take part in the missions
regular Saturday night radio program
Evening star., 1936-12-17
u. S. MARINE BAND
TO AID YULE PARTY
Central Union Mission Plans
Event for Needy Children at
Capitol Theater.

The United States Marine Band
will provide music at the Central
Union Missions Christmas party for
needy children in the Capitol Theater
on the morning of December "a. it
was announced yesterday by Mrs. John
S. Bennett, director of the missions
Children's Emergency Home. Mrs.
Franklin D. Roosevelt will attend.
At the party the mission will play
Santa Claus to 1,700 children by
presenting each a large cretonne bag
filled with practical gifts and toys by
Washington citizens.
All except Is of the bags already
have been taken by persons who VOL
unteered to fill them. The few re-
naming empty bags are at the mis-.
sion, 6l3 c street, where Mrs. Ben
Evening star., 1936-12-17
from 7:45 to s:l5 pm. Saturday, with
Mrs. Bennett aiding.

Athens has decreed a silence zone
where auto horns may not be blown.
London is to have an exhibition of
inn signs.
Evening star., 1936-12-17
81 Years Old; 10 Babies.

zAGREB, Yugoslavia R.-The wife
of p. Gibovic, . peasant Of virka vii
lage, Is 21 years old, but she has borne
II children, among them trtplets and
three pairs Of twins.
Evening star., 1936-12-17

BRIG. GEN. WILLIAM P.
UPSHUR,
Whose promotion from colonel
in the Marine Corps has been
approved by President Roose-
Uelt. Gen. Upshur, ,Dho liues
at the Wyoming Apartments,
2022 Columbia road, is on duty
in the Office OF Naual Opera
tionS at the Many Department.
Evening star., 1936-12-17
Porcelain Exports Fall.

German porcelain exports have
dropped to small fraction of their
former volume.