davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1936-08-02

merce just completed shows that labor
income in 1885 comprised 81 per cent
of the total for the country. This
compared with 65.5 per cent in the
golden year of 1929. and with 81 per
cent in 1882, when the bottom Of the
depression was reached. Meantime,
interest and dividends reached their
low point in 1885 at 1876 per cent of
the national income. as compared
with l43 per cent in 1929, and high
point of l65 per cent in 1882.
The compensation of all employees
rose more than per cent in 1885.
whereas total dividends and interest
payments increased 2 per cent" writes
Robert r. Nathan, in his Department
of Commerce study. Income receipts
of employees in 1885 we're 10 per cent
as large as in 1929, while bondholders
and stockholders in 1885 received IS
per cent as much as in 1929. From
the low point in 1888 to 1885 the COM
pensation OF employees increased %
per cent and property income rose 5
Evening star., 1936-08-02
REORGANIZATION STUDIES
AFFORD TAXPAYERS HOPE
of fPresident and Congress Now
Engaged in Gathering Data Looking
to Sweeping Slash in Costs.

on like lean-tos on farm buildings.
The Brookings Institution is under
contract to deliver to Senator Byrd,
mittee on Reorganization, fact find
ing study with recommendations be-
fore the next Congress convenes in
January This will then be studied
by advisory committees for Senator
Byrd and the President, with House
committee cooperating. These ad-
visory committees include the chiefs
Of two other great government re-
search institutions-Louis Brownlow,
director Of the Public Administration
Clearing House, Chicago, who is chair
man of both the advisory committees
to Senator Byrd and the President;
also Luther Gulick, director of the
Institute of Public Administration,
New York, a member Of both advisory
committees, who was in charge of the
notable reorganization of the Vir-
ginia State administration which en-
abled it to weather the depression,
with decreased taxes, increased welfare
appropriations and without a bond
issue for eight years.
Fred w. Powell, acting director of
the Institute for Government Re-
search, where he has been senior
member of the staff for eight years,
and intimately associated with Gov
ernment agencies in Washington for
20 years, is in charge of the survey
now being made by the Brookings
Institution for the Senate and House
committees. He formerly was con-
nected with the Institute Of Public
Administration, New York. There
are other noted economists on these
advisory committees. The third mem
ber selected by the President is Charles
E. Merriam, who has been associated
in economic research work for many
years and is now professor of DO
litical science at the University of
Chicago. Others on Senator Byrd's
Advisory Committee are former Gov.
william Tudor Gardiner of Maine.
H. w. Dodds, one of the country,s
leading economists, now president of
Princeton University, and John d.
Clark, professor of economics in the
University Of Nebraska.
Delano Is Chairman.
The chairman Of the Board of
Trustees for the Brookings Institution,
selected to make the fact-finding sur
vey, is Frederick A. Delano, uncle of
the President. Other members of the
board are: Leo S. Rowe, Dwight F..
Davis, Clarence Phelps Dodge, Jerome
D. Greene, Alanson B. Houghton, Nor
ton D. Hull, Vernon Kellogg, John
c. Merriam, Roland S. Morris, Harold
G. Moulton, Lessing Rosenthal, Anson
Phelps Stokes, Henry Brookings WAL
lace and John G. Winant.
The Institute for Government Re-
search of the Brookings Institution
has been working for more than 20
years ON studies of the Federal Gov
ernment organization One of its big
gest achievements was in furnishing
to Congress the plan which resulted
eight years ago in establishing the
Federal budget system which has
been in successful operation for IS
years. It has worked out reorganiza-
Continued On Sixth Pase.)
Evening star., 1936-08-02

the Latin American ports have been
inaugurated in the last few years, and
new railways and modern highways
are at present under construction In
the majority of the southern repub-
lies. Moreover, Latin America today
Is crossed in almost every direction
by airplanes, which tremendously IA
cilitate transactions and personal con-
facts.
But above all these reasons there
stands out one, simple, conclusive in
itself, which means more than geo.
graphic propinquity, material facilities
or even political conveniences. the
purely economic reason. And this is
that the Latin American countries in
general produce what the United
States produces.
Not only that, but, with very few
exceptions, they produce everything
that the United States does not have
at home, and they can consume every
thing that the United States offers fol-
export.
The endeavors Of the present ad-
ministration to conclude reciprocal
trade agreements with its southern
neigfibors are only an indication thai
the leaders at Washington are, at last
realizing the direction in which the
real commercial interests Of the United
| States lie.
(copyrisht, 1e3o)
Evening star., 1936-08-02
LATIN AMERICA ANSWER
TOU. s. TRADE PROBLEMS
Last Great Region Open to Free Com
petition Held Ideal Market for Our
Surplus.

economic and geographical factors
had been consulted.
There are at present five great
regions in the world with an abun-
dance Of raw materials and a large
population, capable of absorbing the
surplus of manufactured goods which
the leading industrial powers offer
for trade. But only one of the five
is still open to free competition.
One Treasure House" Remains.
With Russia closed from within,
China falling slowly, but certainly, to
japanese penetration, India monopo-
lized by Great Britain and Africa long
ago divided up and parceled out to
a few European countries, Latin Amer
ica is the last of the world great
treasure houses.
The United States Is the major
industrial country which is closest to
| that new Eldorado and which is, geo.
graphically and economically. best
fitted to supply it with manufactured
articles in exchange for its natural
products.
The 20 Latin American republics
on the. other side of the Rio Grande
and in the Caribbean constitute to-
day-today more than ever-the only
open market for the surplus output Of
the United States.
They occupy two-thirds of the West
ern Hemisphere. They are already
the home of over a hundred million
people, whose numbers are increasing
constantly. They are one of The
mightiest reservoirs Of wealth in
human history.
Run Gamut Of Climates.
Stretching from the North Tenn
perate to the Antarctic regions, they
run the gamut of climates. They
possess in staggering amounts copper
and silver, tin and iron, nitrates and
oil. They produce lumber and fruits,
cattle and sheep, coffee and sugar,
wheat and corn enough to supply half
the world.
AS a trade market and as an in
vestment field, these 20 republics offer
indispensable advantages to the
United States. They are countries
which. on the one hand, have hardly
been exploited up to now, and, on the
other, have not as yet developed their
own industries SO as to satisfy their
growing needs. They possess
everything that could be desired in
an ideal market. They have mex
haustible raw materials and the
means with which to guarantee all
investments and to welcome foreign
capital.
A common language and similar
psychological characteristics add to
the advantage of Latin America as a
trade market. With the exception OF
Brazil, all the Latin American peoples
can be reached in the same language
Spanish, and identical advertising and
selling methods can be put into prac-
tice in any one of them. CONNER
cially speaking, there is probably moi
larger homogeneous area on the
map of the earth.
The barrier of inefficient communi'
cations, the greatest impediment ir
the past, in gradually being solved
Better and faster steamship services t
Evening star., 1936-08-02
BY WILL p. KENNEDY.

N1c0C S IlOpt lUI Tie IdA-Iluucll
voter, who sees the cost of
Government and the national
u debt piling up by billions on
billions of dollars This relief Is on
the Way-through more business in
Government by economic efficient
reorganization Of both Federal and
State governments. not only to reduce
the tremendous costs Of the past few
years. but to get working set-ups
through which the taxpayer will get
the most in service for his dollar. Not
only that, but through actual savings
In wholesale amounts to have money
salvaged that can be spent in caring
for the needy, which Is q constantly
increasing obligation.
Gov. ALI M. Landon first attracted
public attention by balancing the
budget in Kansas-and, as a result.
was acclaimed the nominee of the
Republicans for the presidency. Presi-
dent Roosevelt has appointed two
committees to advise him regarding
Federal Government reorganization
and appealed to the House to appoint
committee on this subject to CO.
operate with the Bryd Committee al
ready appointed by the Senate. Fact
finding studies now are being made
by these agencies of the Chief Execu-
tive and both houses of Congress to
have proposals ready when Congress
meets which will reduce overlapping
and duplication to minimum, elimi-
nate scores of bureaus and commits
sions and get the Federal work struc-
ture down to the simplest operating
basis.
Byrd Cites Importance.
Senator Byrd. who eight years ago
put through the reorganization for
the State Of Virginia, says that this
proposed Federal reorganization is the
biggest thing coming before the next
Congress, and he pledges to fight
steadily for it until it is achieved.
State government reorganization Is
an outstanding feature in many OF the
gubernatorial campaigns.
These reforms are in answer to the
demands Of the voters, who are re-
belling against excessive costs OF gov
ernment and mounting public debts.
They are, therefore, not working from
the Government down to the people,
but like every effective reform, from
the people up.
Reorganization-for economy and
efficiency, on a business basis-is not
a campaign pledge or slogan. it is not
being done by any politician to build
up a new machine and have patronage
to distribute wholesale-but 1t is being
worked out by groups Of tnrined econ
Omists from all the leading UNIVERSE
ties, making the studies for organiza-
tions which have already won thef
spurs in both the Federal and State
government fields, through jobs that
nave stood the test.
Research Groups Aid.
Three of these biggest government
research organizations now are CO.
operating to see what best can be done
with the Federal Government organi.
zation, which has had patchwork
growth, with bureau after bureau and
commission after commission thrown
Evening star., 1936-08-02
White Russians Migrate
From China tOHOmeland

SHANGHAI (P}. - Thousands Of
Russians, who lived under the old
czarist regime, are returning to their
fatherland, lured by statements that
the Soviet Union is the only country
in the world where there is no unem-
ployment.
Many Of the Russians are taking
whole families with them, together
with furniture, cattle and household
pets. Informed that their money
would buy much more in China than
in Russia, most Of them are convert
ing their cash into clothing and food.
The exodus became greater when
Moscow announced that even Rus
sions of noble birth and those Of the
once-hated "bourgeoise" would be
eligible to return.
Evening star., 1936-08-02
Jericho Civilization
OF 5000 B.C. Found

JERUSALEM Evidence that civili-
zation existed in ancient Jericho in
5000 B. c. has been discovered by
an expedition led by members Of the
Liverpool University's Institute Of
Archaeology.
After digging beneath II layers Of
civilization that far pre-dated the
Bible story Of Abraham and Lot,
there was unearthed a shrine re-
sembling the pre- Greek 'Megaron,"
or Holy of Holes" Ancient walls
and floors FURNISHED with red and
the veranda-like vestibules were
found intact.
Although buried under such a load
Of previous civilizations. splendid
pieces Of pottery, painted neolithic
fabrics, special flint implements and
traces of human sacrifices were dug
up. by the expedition.
Evening star., 1936-08-02

PARIS [Pl.-France is sitting tight
on her Mediterranean empire, ready
to move into action at the first sign
Of revolt.
The Italian Ethiopian War, unrest
IN Egypt and anti-Jewish riots in Pal
estine have added to Frances own bur-
den Of nationalist disorders in Syria,
the Pan-Arab movement and a grow
ing independence movement in Tunis.
Syria, cradle of unrest since the
days of the Ottoman empire, has been
temporarily Quieted by promises of a
constitution and eventual indepen-
dence. How long 1t will remain quiet
Is one Of the main worries Of colonial
officials In Paris.
Pan-Arab Spirit . Threat.
The Pan-Arab movement. nourished
In the deserts Of Arabia under the
aegis of Ibn Saud, holds q direct
threat for France In the ambition Of
Arabian patriots to include Syria and
the Lebanese republic, both French
mandates, in their empire.
Colonial officials, their ears tuned
TO the rumblings Of discomfort, noted
that nationalist Syrians took an ac-
tive part in the Arab and anti-Jewish
campaigns In Palestine by refusing
10 send supplies to Jewish colonists
In the British mandate.
Bands Of nationalists, including
Maronite Christians, Arabs, Lebanese
and Syrians. patrolled the roads lead
ing into Palestine and destroyed
truckloads Of provisions destined for
Jewish markets.
Sheiks Want Citizenship.
In North Africa the Arab problem"
Is most delicate in Algeria, where
high-born Arabs chafe under the rul-
ing that they may not become French
citizens because they practice polyg-
amy, while the Algerian Jews, on
whom they look down, can and do
hold the rights and privileges Of
French citizenship.
Morocco, colonial officials said, has
been little affected by the Pan-Arab
movement, chiefly because the country
ostensibly Is an absolute monarchy
Evening star., 1936-08-02

per cent. Entrepreneurial Withdrawals
rose 8 per cent in 1885, and were 10
per cent as large as in 1929. Prelim-
mary data indicate an increase Of
approximately 10 per cent from 1884
to 1885 in net rents and royalties"
Relief Wages Excluded.
Nathan reaches the conclusion that
even when work relief wages are ex-
cluded entirely from the income esti-
mates, the share of employees was
larger in 1885 than in any year cov-
cred by this study"
He estimates that the average in
come of full-time employees dropped
from s1,466 in 1929 to ST .o97 in 1888,
a decline of 25 per cent From 1888 to
1885 the average rose to Sl20l, thus
increasing 9 per cent and recovering
% per cent Of the previous decline.
Nathan says it is most important to
note. however, that these figures do
not represent the average income of
Continued on Sixth Page)
Evening star., 1936-08-02
Stars Will Be Weighed
By Photographing Them

CAPE TOWN P,.-A new type Of
telescope, which will weigh the stars
by photographing them, is being in
stalled in the Royal Observatory here.
Consisting Of twin photometric
lenses sensitive to color, it will make
it possible to compute weight by a
comparatively direct formula. The
present method is extremely compli-
Gated.
Due to differences in color, small
star often will make larger image
on a Photographic plate than one OF
greater magnitude. The new telescope
will adjust this discrepancy.
Evening star., 1936-08-02
Just Enough to Win.


Here are 208 electoral votes. Added
to the SO which the Republicans
actually carried in 1882, they make
267. This is just enough to win.
CThe total electoral college is 53l-
necessary to make majority, 1861
The point is, many of these States,
while lost by the Republicans in 1882,
were lost by. quite narrow majorities.
For example, the Republicans in 1882
lost New Jersey. but they lost it only
by an extremely narrow margin
30,984. A switch Of half those votes,
say, 10000. would put New Jersey in
the Republican column. And 10000
votes is a small number in State
whose total Tin 1882 was 1926, 1902.
In other words, switch in New Jer-
sey of less than l per cent, less than
one in a hundred. would put New
Jersey in the Republican column.
With Ohio it Is much the same.
The Republicans. in 1892. lost Ohio
only by a narrow margin, 74,0l6 votes.
Evening star., 1936-08-02

Here are six States with SO elec-
toral votes which the Republicans
carried In 1882. Concede them those
next November.
Turn now to consider what addi-
tional States the Republicans need to
carry. choose here the States which
they came nearest to carrying in 1882.
These. obviously, should be the States
the Republicans have the best chance
of carrying this year. take only as
many of them as are necessary to give
the Republicans bare majority of
the total electoral college.
The States the Republicans came
nearest to carrying in 1882, with the
number of electoral votes of each, are
Il give them alphabetically:
Evening star., 1936-08-02
BY JOHN NJ. GLEISSNER.

This significant fact is revealed in
studies recently completed by various
agencies of the Government 1t in
dicates that progress toward recovery
is not being made at the expense of
labof.
Further, It shows that a relatively
larger portion of the Nations buying
power is coming into the hands of
the lower income groups. Had these
consuming masses been able to pur-
chase more goods in the era of ex-
pansion prior to 1929. most economists
now agree, many Of our subsequent
difficulties might have been avoided.
Those who collect dividends, in
terest and rents have profited, too, in
the steady upswing of the last three
years. which has carried the total of
national income to an estimated so
Evening star., 1936-08-02
Democrat, Roosevelt ma

then said that If half Mr.. Roose-
velts majority chat is, half of $685.
988, which would be approximately
$3.50 900 votes) should this year
switch their votes, the Republicans
would win. What my critics now point
out is that the Republicans do not
need all of 3,250,0O0 switched votes,
nor anywhere near all Indeed, they
only need about 1000 900 of them.
This method of approach does not
take account Of the country as a
whole. 1t considers-this is the point
the particular States the Repub-
licans need to win back from the
Democrats. Looked at that way, the
Republicans need only switch of 19
States-and these States would be
won by a switch of less than 1,000, 900
votes in all.
States the Republicans Need.
For the sake of simplicity, consider
the coming election in terms of States
the Republicans need to carry. AS a
beginning concede them the States
they carried for Mr. Hoover in 1892.
LAS to one Of these states, Pennsyl-
vania, Democratic Chairman Farley
and Democratic Senator Guffey will
emit howl, saying that even though
the Republicans carried Pennsylvania
in 1882, the Democrats expect to
carry it this year. But at this point
we are dealing in past performances
The States the Republicans carried
in 1882, with their electoral votes,
were:
Evening star., 1936-08-02
BY MARK SULLIVAN.
= ECENTLY I wrote that a
y switch Of about three and q


- switch Of about three and q
II quarter million votes from the
1882 presidential election would
enable the Republicans to win next
November. Against this statement.
energetic protest has been made by
many statisticians. professional and
amateur. gather that in country
stores, city Offices and other gathering
places of the Nation, much figuring is
being done
The protests against my statement
are sound. At least the statement
needs serious qualification.
In my former statement I gave the
figures of the 1882 election, which are:
Democrat, Roosevelt ,521 ,525
Republican, Hoover-----15,957,537
Evening star., 1936-08-02

~ NE of the few issues in the
4 coming presidential cam
l paign already clearly defined
~ is that concerning the COM
The Ely miner., 1936-10-29
DR.. Parker Vice President
in County Health Group.

John G.. Ross, well known st. Louis
county humane agent and long identi-
fled with social service work, was elec-
ted president of the st. Louis County
Public Health association at the Hib-
bing session of the organization on
Friday. Mr.. Ross succeeds George H.
Crosby, president for several years, who
declined reelection
The name of the organization was
changed to tuberculosis and Health
association of st. Louis county to avoid
confusion with other county health
groups.
DR.. owen w. Parker of this city was
chosen second vice president. Other
officers elected were Mrs. S. w. Levine,
zim, first vice president; Arthur Lampe,
Duluth, secretary; DR.. M. McC. Fisher,
Duluth, treasurer, and Miss Louise
Schneider, Duluth, executive secretary.
DR.. H. E. Hilleboe of st. Paul, direc-
tor of the tuberculosis and crippled
children division Of the state board OF
control, the main speaker at the meet
! ing, told members that "a concentra-
tion of forces for combating and con-
trolling tuberculosis must go hand in
hand with a concerted program OF
education
The organization receives its funds
for the fight against tuberculosis from
the sale of Christmas Seals and is doing
valuable and outstanding work. The
child and tubercular clinics held in this
city several times year are also fl
anced by the Christmas Seal funds oi
the association.
The Ely miner., 1936-10-29
NelD Junior College Paper
Appears Friday, NOU. I3.

Ely Junior College students will begin
the publication of their twice month
paper the u. c. Lookout" the second
week of the coming month, or on
November 13, to be more exact.
Miss Olga Poljanec mas peen named
the editor with Miss Margaret Samson
as assistant with the following force of
associate editors: News editors, Gertrude
Roy and Julia Skule Feature editor,
Miss Berniece Cardew. Humor editor,
Miss Eileen Lomasney and Oliver Oh
son. Alumni editor, Miss Esther Mar
tinetti. Sports editors, Jack Gianotti
for the boys and Miss Angela Mosnik
for the girls. Art editors, Miss Irja
Essila and REM Pellika. Reporters are
the Misses Lois Robertson, Mary E.
Berg, Loretta Eul and Robert Carlson.
Advisors are Dean Olson, George Gould
and Miss Mary Kraft
The Ely miner., 1936-10-29

(COQClQu6Q from rage On6)
future amendments can be made with
cut the necessity of preparing anothe-
entirely new charter. There are several
clauses in the new document which will
provide the city council with authority
not at present enjoyed by this body
These clauses will be pointed out in
detail when the charter comes before
the people for its adoption.
The laws governing charter commits
sions and their appointment for a six
year term by the district court judges
sitting in bloc, are drastic and to be ap-
pointed on such a board is a conpli-
ment on the part of the judges as to the
integrity of the appointee.
The fifteen men comprising the board
have spent many hours discussing the
merits Of the charter during the past
three years. Many an evening was
spent in argument without a single
point being gained. Each section was
taken up individually and discussed ano
individual opinions were given care
full scrutiny and arguments fo- and
against were carefully considered ir
detail
With fifteen members on the COM
mission taken from all walks of life ir
cosmopolitan manner, this has proven
no easy task and sigh of relief wa:
heard when the final signatures were
affixed to the document.
It'll. -
they have evolved a charter to be PROUD
of and on a par with any working
charter in the state.