davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
GROWING BULBS IN WATER

Paperwhite narcissi Chinese sa-
cred lilies and hyacinths are bulbs
which may be grown in the nome
during the winter without the use
of soil. There is enough reserve
food in such bulbs to produce salts
factory flowers provided good sized
plump bulbs are secured, according
to Alex Laurie, of the department
of horticulture at the Ohio expert
ment station.
Hyacinths may be grown in glass
es made especially for the purpose
or in wide-mouthed jars. The bulbs
should be suspended SO that the
base of the bulb only is in contact
with the water To keep the water
from becoming stagnant, few
grains of salt or a small quantity OF
charcoal may be dropped into the
container. The bulbs should not be
in direct contact with the water un-
til roots begin to grow; however,
the water should be kept as close as
possible to the base to provide
enough moisture to get root action
Additions of water will have to be
made to keep it at constant level
The bulbs should be kept in a dark
cool place for a period of five to 1C
weeks. After that they may be
grown in the average house temper
ature in as light location as pos
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
W Page Three

sible.
Narcissi may be started in pebbles
or gravel in bowl Set the bulbs
on top of about one inch OF gravel
and then cover with gravel Or peb-
bles to provide support. At first
keep the water only in contact with
the base, but later no harm is done
if the entire depth is filed For
about six to eight weeks the con-
tainers should be kept in a cool
dark place to develop root systems.
After that the same treatment may
be afforded as to the hyacinths.
Failure to develop flower spikes may
be attributed to lack of this pre-
liminary roofing period and to poor
bulbs of second grade which are fire.
quently offered at bargain prices.
Those who wish to grow other
bulbs, such as tulips, daffodilss
snowdrops, crocus, and others OF
similar character may do so with
out the. use of soil by substituting
for it pure sand or sand mixed with
granulated peat. Peat alone may be
used. Place such bulbs in the mix
ture, cover them completely, and
pot them in any pot or ornamental
container. Remove to a cool cellar,
keep them medium moist, and some
time in January or February bring
these into the average home tenn
perature.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
| Discussion On |
| Questions s Sl
e.: @1sss:e,s| Les: o

The Council in Jerusalem, Acts
15:22-29; Galatians 2:1-10, for
Sunday, Sept. 13:
When Paul and Barnabas return
ed from their first missionary trip
to Antioch in Syria from whence
they had been sent, they rehearsed
all that God had done with them
and how he had opened the door of
faith unto the Gentiles. But certain
men came down from Judea and
taught. except ye be circumcised
after the manner of Moses, We can
not be saved" This caused no small
dissension and disputation, but they
could not agree and finally the
church at Antioch determined to
send Paul and Barnabas and certain
others to the apostles and elders at
Jerusalem to settle the controversy.
At Jerusalem there arose certain
of the Pharisees arguing that the
Gentiles needed not only to be cir
cumcised, but also commanded to
keep the law of Moses. Then the
apostles and elders were called to-
gether and Peter delivered the first
message telling the Cornelius exper-
Barnabas telling of the evidence Of
faith among the Gentiles. James,
the brother of Jesus, now the lead
er, interpreted the Old Testament
teachings, favoring the new depart
ure.
The important decisions of this
council were: First, the admission
of Gentiles into the church; second,
concede to the fact that circumcis-
ion was not necessary; third, a COM
promise that for the sake of har-
mony Gentiles should abstain from
what the Jews considered polluting;
fourth, that they abstain from idol
airy and fornication.
v. %. ''Then pleased it the apos-
ties and elders, with the whole
church, to send chosen men of their
own company to Antioch with Paul
and Barnabas; namely Judas sur
named Barsabas, and Silas, chief
men among the brethren Again
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
WITY COLLEGE STUDENTS

Miss Lavada McMurray who at
tended college at Miami last year,
does not plan to return to that col
lege, but will attend Ohio Wesleyan
university at Delaware.
Miss Jean Cochran plans to enter
Wittenberg college at Springfield
O., this fall, to take course in
kindergarten.
Miss Jane Kennard who attended
school of chiropody in Cleveland
last year, expects to enter Ohio
State university, this fall.
Charles Barkhurst, Frances Lou
ise Finley, Hazel Smith and Mary
Ann Booth expect to attend bust
ness college.
Mr.. Charles Whitaker, Miss For
est Bankes and Mr.. Wayne Dougan
expect to enter Ohio University, and
Miss Erma Mcdonald will return to
that college for her second year.
Wayne Northrup enters 0. s. u.
in the law department. Others who
attended that college and expect tc
return are: w. Dean Calland, Geo
Barrett, Carleton Jenkins, Austin
Coulson, Dean Frash, Dean Mallett
Philip Manly, Clyde Nixon and
Ralph Sawyer.
Robert Christie will return to the
University of Michigan, for his
sophomore year, and Miss Eleanor
Turner to Purdue for her second
year.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
r. r. BAKER
MeCONNELSvILLE. OHIO

| the method of reSorting to good wit
nesses was used in the needed con-
firmation of the salvation Of the
Gentiles. To these selected men Of
high standing were given letters tc
be read to the church at Antioch
In case of sharp disputes, decisions
need to be redu ed to writing; the
Bibles as the w-itten word of God
is Christianity safeguard.
V. "a. "Forasmuch as certain
men have troubled you with words,
subverting your souls" If Satan
cannot keep his victims in the
shackles of sin, he will cunningly
F. propose straight jacket for every
saint. He wants to make religion
as unattractive as possible.
V. 25, 26. 1T seemed good unto
us, being assembled with one ac-
cord, to send chosen men unto you
with our beloved Barnabas and Paul,
men that have hazarded their lives
for the name of our Lord Jesus
Christ The die-hards graciously
yielded that harmony might prevail
because the love of God was domi-
nant; they SO loved the Lord that
they loved those who made such
great sacrifices for him as Paul and
Barnabas had made.
V. 28. "For it seemed good to
the Holy Ghost, and to us, to lay
upon you no greater burden than
these necessary things They had
approached the matter in such a
way that they were conscious of di-
vine guidance in and by the Holy
Spirit, their divine guide. In gain
ing the victory of the freedom Of
salvation, unbounded by ceremonial
law such as circumcision, they deem
ed wise and necessary that the Cen
tiles make a little sacrifice in alb
staining from meats offered to idols,
in which there was no moral prin-
ciple involved. Connected with this
was the moral obligation to live a
clean life, and therefore no place
could be allowed for fornication.
The early church did not have many
rules, but depended upon divine
guidance and the experiences of the
out-working of Gods love-
V. 2. 'And l went up by revela-
ton and communicated unto them
the Gentiles, but privately to them
which were of reputation lest by
any means l should run, or had run,
in vain Paul went to Jerusalem
in obedience to divine direction,
Paul made plain how he treated the
Gentiles and what he had preached
to them. In seeking approval of
the church, he consistently first in
terviewed the leaders so that when
the time came for public considera-
ton, he had the leaders with him
this is good diplomacy.
v. 8. "And when James, Cephas
and John, who seemed to be pillars,
perceived the grace that was given
unto me, they gave to me and Bar
nabas the right hands of fellowship;
that we should go unto the heather
and they unto the circumcision"
Fellowship is found in the true
church, and also such tolerance as
will allow what is not religiously
harmful.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
HOOksburg

P. G.. Ball and 0. P. McKibben
spent Friday in Noble county, visit
ing the formers sister, Mrs. McDon-
aid
Mrs. Willard Davis is spending a
few days with her daughter, Mrs.
Floyd Devices, at Pennsville.
Mr. and Mrs. Dallas Gheen and
daughter Joan of Portersville spent
a few days with the formers par
ents, Mr.. and Mrs. Thos. Taylor.
Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Davis have
returned to Salineville, where Mr..
Davis teaches the coming year.
Freeman Cheadle and ]. A. Simp-
son and families attended the Chad
wick reunion at Embree park, Sun
day.
O.. p. McKibben and Mr. Rine-
barger attended lodge at Pennsville
Saturday evening.
Howard Sheets of Little Hooking
has come to spend the winter with
his aunt, Azelia Davis.
John Curran has returned to
California, after spending several
weeks with his parents, Mr. and
Mrs. Bert McKibben.
W. M. McKibben and family at
tended the Newman reunion at
Neelyville, Sunday.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
RABBIT FEVER WARNING

Warning that tularemia or "rab-
bit fever has again made its ap-
pearance was issued by DR.. Walter
H. Hartung, director of the state de-
partment of healh. Three cases OF
the disease have been listed official
ly within the last few days, and all
resulted from dressing rabbits in
fected with the malady, DR.. Har-
tung said. 1t is thought that at
least one percent of the rabbits in
Ohio are carriers of tularemia. The
health department has frequently
cautioned those who dress wild
rabbits to wear rubber gloves and
not to put an unprotected hand IN
side the game. The disease causes
serious and prolonged illness and in
some instances is fatal when con-
tracted by a person.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
Main Street Church of Christ

Rededication and Homecoming G
services will be held in the Main
Street Church of Christ next Sun
day, Sept. 13. 1t will be an all day
meeting of fellowship for the
Churches of Christ in Morgan coun-
ty The program for the day is as
follows: Morning services: 9:30,
song service, prayer, Bible classes,
report of secretary, song. 10:30,
piano voluntary, hymn, 179, congre-
cation; prayer, hymn, 209, congre-
CATION; announcements, Offering,
solo, Miss Hanlin; sermon. "a House
for God a Home for the Soul" in
vocation, hymn, 270, congregation;
service of re-dedication; hymn, 1872,
congregation; Lords Supper; bene-
diction, S. p. Moody. 1890, din
ner. Afternoon fellowship: 1:30,
service of song; devotional, C. L..
Virgins; duet, Meigs church; an
nouncements; male quartet, Zanes-
vile; sermon, Paul Runk, Zanes-
vile; male quartet; short express
sions of fellowship from visiting
brethren; song, congregation; bene-
diction.-Charles w. Perry, pastor
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
Wainwright Reunion

Aug. 80 the descendants of John
and Nancy Roberts Wainwright held
their 18th annual reunion at En-
bree park. At noon a fine pot luck
dinner was served. Following this
was the business session and pro-
gram, held in the park hall. /. 0.
Wainwright was reelected presl-
dent; Mrs. w. e. Wainwright of Ma
rietta, treasurer, and Mrs. Paul
Massey, secretary. The reunion
will be held again at the same place
the last Sunday in August, 1887.
There were approximately SO rela-
tives present Members of the fam
lily were in attendance from Zanes-
Vile, Marietta, Beverly, and from
different places in the home county.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
Bamfield Family Reunion

The annual Bamfield reunion,
held Aug. 80, at Embree park, was
largely attended. The program and
music, which was furnished by the
Happy Hollow Boys and the Mus
kingum Wildcats of McConnelsville,
were greatly appreciated. Follow
ing the program the afternoon was
spent socially. with games, treas
ure hunt and taking pictures It
was decided to hold another reun-
ion next year the last Sunday in
August, at the same place. The Of
ficers elected were: President, John
Leonard, Neelyville; vice president,
Ralph Bamfield, McConnelsville;
program committee, Roy Bamfeld,
Pennsville; Mrs. Elva Robinson and
Miss Ethel Bamfield, Stockport.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10

Miss Blanche Mckinney, Mrs. Mary
Fouts, Mrs. John Brooks, Mr.. and
Mrs. r. S. Mckay, Mrs. Lizzie NAL
low, Mr.. and Mrs. Dwight Guerin OF
Columbus; Lieut.. Col. Clyde Jones,
and Miss Jessie McElbiney OF
Washington. D. c.; Mrs. Howard
Webster, Cleveland; Mrs. Lee Beth
eI and son Mr.. Wayne Jackson, Can
ton; Mr.. T. A. Petty and daughter,
Cumberland; Judge P. IL. Tan
nehill. Judge Ribble and many 9TH
er friends and relatives from Zanes-
Vile
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
Funeral OF Judge l.. J. Weber

One of the very largest funerals
ever held in this locality was that
of Judge L. ]. Weber which took
place in the Methodist Protestant
church last Thursday afternoon. All
available seating places in the audi
torium were occupied, and many
persons stood during the entire SER
vice.
The service was in charge of Rev.
Chas. E. Bulen, pastor of the Meth
odist Protestant church. He read
the scripture, referred briefly to
the departed and the loss sustained
by the community in his passing,
and then gave comprehensive ad-
dress on the meaning of death and
Immortality, based on Second Cor
body and present with the Lord
Rev. j. D. Keller had part in the
service by the offering of prayer.
Mr. w. S. Domer of GAINESVILLE, not
ed Bible school teacher, and close
friend of the deceased, gave a brief
eulogy Of Judge Weber and read
the obituary sketch. Beautiful mu-
sical numbers were solo 'My Jesus
AS Thou Wilt" sung by Mr.. Dwight
Guerin of Columbus, accompanied
by Mrs. D. c. Patterson, and two Sc
lections by the preachers quartet
J. d. Keller, C. E. Bulen, r. H. Hoy
and Paul |. Wachs-''We Shall See
the King" and Beautiful Land. >
The pail bearers were G. O. McGon-
agile, Emmett Abel, Howard Greer
r. L. Mendel, and Donald and Rob
ert Jones. There were a large num-
ber of very beautiful floral pieces.
Burial was made in the McCon-
nelsville cemetery, and the ritual
istic service of the Odd Fellows was
held at the grave.
Among those from away attending
the funeral were: Mr.. and Mrs. Jas
Weber of Cleveland; Leo Weber
Mrs. Bertha Bowers, Mr.. and Mrs
Blaine Cooper, Mrs. l.. E. Coulter
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
Friendly Circle

The monthly meeting of the
Friendly Circle club was Aug. 26 at
Mrs. Ethel Francis The day was
spent in knotting three comforts.
At noon delicious chicken dinner
was served by the hostess and her
mother to the 26 present. At 2:30
p. m, was the business meeting.
Adjourned to meet with Mrs. Roxle
Albright, Sept. 16.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
Durant

Mrs Lillian Suites of Cedar Run
is slowly improving from a several
weeks illness.
Norma and Betty Suites of Union
Hill spent several days last week
with their aunt and uncle, Mr.. and
Mrs. Howard Reed.
Mrs. Clarence Beckwith and
daughter Fontella were business
callers in GAINESVILLE, Saturday.
Mrs. Elizabeth Matheney and fam
lily spent Sunday with Mr.. and Mrs.
Edgar Matheney and family of
East Bloom.
Mrs Kennard Monroe was a busi-
ness caller in GAINESVILLE, Friday.
Sam Suites and family of Union
Hill, Graydon Clifton and son My
ron and Mrs. Nina Clifton spent
Sunday evening with Mr.. and Mrs.
Howard Reed.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
"THE LITTLE BLACK ANT"

Atty Fleming H. Crew of this
place and his sister, Mrs. Henry
Gall, of New York City, have recent
ly completed another book, which is
on the market, entitled ''The Little
Black Ant Mr.. Crew and sister
have published a number Of books
of somewhat similar nature, for
children, and which are quite pop
ular. Their first book was written
seven years ago, and they have
written one a year since. They
are now at work on their eighth
book.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
|Crcdn1ed e.
|COfnn1entSA1
On SIS ky
Lesson aMM.sr "a

The Council in Jerusalem, Acts
|15:22-29: Galatians 2:1-10, for
Sunday, Sept. 13:
How far should we proceed along
the line of expediency in settling
disputes in the church and in all
our relations?
What are the dangers connected
with religious controversies?
How may harmony be maintained
when there are sharp differences OF
opinion?
When is compromise proper and
when improper?
When ought we stand firmly even
though opposed by wiser men?
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
Glorious says: 'tThe liberty tha

Glorious says: ''The liberty that
is interpreted and inspired by love
will be devoted to the common
good It will be serviceable rather
than selfish, and helpful rather than
harmful. The liberty to good is the
greatest liberty in the world"
Lesson prayer: 1--WE pray for a
disposition to willingly discard the
unessential, be it ever SO dear, for
the higher ideals and principles
that make for righteousness and
character"
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
Methodist Protestant Church

Sunday school, 9:15 a. m. Pub
lie worship, 10:30. Sermon theme,
Ideals of a Christian" There will
be a meeting of the Sunday school
board Monday, Sept. IA, at 1880 p.
IN. The ladies' aid society will meet
this Thursday evening at the home
of Mrs. Della Patterson. Mrs. Cur
ran, assistant hostess.-Chas. e.
Bulen. pastor.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10

elusive; week days, 1880; Holy
days, 800. Confession Saturday
evenings and eve of Holy days,
1880; first Fridays before Mass,
1880: evening Holy hour. 7.:30.-
Rev. Louis B. Preston, pastor.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
Pennsville M. P. Circuit

Pennsville. Sunday school, $50.
Preaching, 10:30. Bailey's: Sun
day school, 1:30. Preaching, 2:30.
Todds: Preaching. at 8. Pisgah:
Sunday school. Revival services be-
gin at Todds, Sunday evening M.
IT. Mcdonald, pastor.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
Presbyterian Church

Church school, $50. Chas. Gay
lord, superintendent Kings meet
ing, Wednesday evening. No even
ing service. Young peoples meeting
Monday evening-T. E. Leonard,
pastor.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
Methodist Episcopal Church

Sunday school, 9:15 a. m. Morn
ing worship, 1920. AS this is the
last Sunday of our conference year,
may we have a good attendance at
both services. No evening service
r. H. Hoy, pastor.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
8l3Sunday|
i n ZH~ -
&1ESerV1ce i
Church OF Christ
(Seyenth Street)

Bible study at $50 a. m. Morn
ing worship at 10:30. Leader, Err
nest Price. Lesson, Luke, third
chapter Subject, What Shall We
Do" Evening service at 1880. Les
son, first Corinthians, fourth chap
ter. Subject, Faithful Stewards -
Midweek meeting each Wednesday
evening at 1880.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
Pisgah M. P. Church

Sunday school, 1870 p. m. Pub
lie worship, 2:30.-Chas. Z. Bulen
pastor.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
McKendree Circuit

Special notice to McKendree cir
cult: There will be no preaching
service Sunday, Sept. 13. The pas
tor will be away. Sunday school as
usual.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
Bristol Presbyterian Church

Sunday school at 10 a. m. Her
man Reed, superintendent. Morning
worship at Ii. Sermon, 1.-THE Gate
Beautiful" Watch for the an
nouncement concerning the school
of missions.-T. E. Leonard, pas
fnY.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10

ONE NAME comes quickly to mind
when you think of "The Universal
Car" The description is distinctively
Ford. No other car is used by so
many millions of men and women in
every part of the world. Everywhere
it is the symbol of faithful service.
That has always been Ford funda.
mental. Something new is constantly
being added in the way of extra value.
Each year the Ford has widened its
appeal by increasing its usefulness
to motorists.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10

Lay aside your troubles and spend
Friday and Saturday, day and night,
at the fair.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
l.Wrld-:ME
i l@RfUQiOUS1
|3T|NeMS

The population of India is made
up of 239 100000 Hindus, 78,0O0,-
900 Mohammedans, 100000 Bud
dhists, 5000, 900 Christians, 4,000,-
900 Sikhs and several hundred
minor groups.
A fragment of papyrus found
among pile of musty manuscripts
in Manchester library has taken
it's place as the most important
scrap Of paper in existence. 1t con-
tains five verses of the 18th chap
ter of st. John in Greek, and is said
to be the earliest known fragment
of any part of the New Testament
in any language 1t varies slightly
from the present version, but con-
stitutes no material difference in
meaning. 1t is supposed to have
been written in the second century
after Christ, and is about 200 years
older than the ancient Codex Sinaiti-
Gus.
A new organization to promote
the principles of Dr.. Kagawa, noted
japanese evangelist, was formed at
the conclusion of the International
conference in the cooperative move
ment, attended by more than 200
religious leaders from the United
States and Canada The new group
will be known as the "Christian Co
operative Fellowship It's purpose
will be to bring together individuals
interested in the development Of a
new social-economic order based up
on cooperation and brotherhood,
and founded upon the principle of
love.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10

Times of Masses First. third and
fifth Sundays of month, 1890, June
to September. $3.50 inclusive; Sec
ond and fourth Sundays OF month,
$500. June to September. 1880. in
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
"The Universal Car"

Today's Ford VS. is more than ever
"The Universal Car" because If en-
circles the needs of more people than
any other Ford ever built. 1t reaches
out and up into new fields because it
has everything you need in modern
automobile.
The Ford VS. combines fine.car
performance, comfort, safety and
beauty with low first cost and low cost
of operation and up-keep. 1t depre-
ciates slowly because it is made to last.
There is no other car like it.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10
Malta M. E. Church

Sunday school, 9:15. C. B. Smith
superintendent There will be nc
worship services Sunday.
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10

St. James Roman Catholic Church
Morgan County Democrat. (McConnelsville, Ohio) 1886-1943, 1936-09-10

The diminutive chains of habit
are seldom heavy enough to be felt,
till they are too strong to be brok-
en.-JOhnson.
The Washington times., 1936-05-23
Benefit Horse
Show May 30

The new turf show ring in the
natural amphitheater just West Of
the Memorial Bridge, with it's sur
rounding locust trees giving album
dant shade, is an ideal spot for
the annual Charity Horse Show to
be held May 80 for the benefit
of the Army Relief.
Not only will there be the usual
classes for hunters, jumpers, etc.,
but as part of the program there
will be a musical drill by Troop
e" of the Third Cavalry and a
rodeo ride by Troop "F." Troop
"E" will again be costumed as
Spanish vaqueros as they were
when they won the enthusiastic
applause of the spectators at the
National Horse Show in Madison
Square Garden, New York City,
last November and again at the
Fort Myer Pageant last January.
The rodeo riders, attired in the
conventional cowboy costumes,
will stage their usual sensational
riding for which they have been
famous in Washington for the
past decade, and will have a few
added tricks.
All the proceeds of the show
will be turned over to the Army
Relief Society, a national organiza.
ton devoted to the welfare and
relief Of widows and orphans of
soldiers.