davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington times., 1936-07-01
DEFENDS WIFE
ACCUSED IN
Staying
Baker Supports Story
Shooting Of Boarder
Was Accident

ANN ARBOR, Mich, July /
G.N.SD While her policeman
husband remained Loyalty at her
side, Mrs. Betty Baker, 30-year-old
housewife who six years ago was
chosen as this college towns most
popular girl, today was to be ar
raigned in a justice court here
on charges Of killing Clarence
Schneider, 24-year-old boarder in
the Baker home.
Prosecutor Albert Rapp asserted
a murder warrant would be filed
against the patrolman's wife as
soon as he completed another mur-
der trial here, and that the woman
probably would be arraigned late
today.
Mrs. Baker, in her statements
to police, including confession"
made at the scene Of the killing
on a lonely road near the Huron
River, maintained she shot and
killed Schneider accidentally while
trying to "Scare him" with her huS-
bands police revolver.
Albert K. Baker, an Ann Arbor
policeman, also was emphatic in
his statements the shooting was
accidental. He stayed with his
wife in county Jail most of yester-
day and returned there today, say
ing:
II am going to stand by her
and fight this through to the
finish to clear her name. I am
convinced it was all an acct
dent"
The Washington times., 1936-07-01
Contractor Is Slain;
Watehman, 10, Held

CLEVELAND, Ohio, July 1
G.N.SO. - A 7O-year-old night
watchman, Albert Zautner, was
held here today in the fatal shoot
ing of George A. Rutherford, IS,
nationally known contractor and
head of a storage company. It was
believed the case would be sent
directly to the grand jury. Lloyd
H. PeaSe, 80, superintendent of the
storage company headed by
Rutherford, also was wounded as
he tussled with the watchman for
the gun.
The Washington times., 1936-07-01
Six Americans Get
Heidelberg Honors

HEIDELBERG, Germany, July
/ G.N.SD SD.-Honorary doctors de-
gresS yesterday were conferred
upon six noted Americans by Hei-
delberg University, celebrating its
550th anniversary. Recipients in
cluded Ferdinand Thun, textile
and steel manufacturer of Read
ing, Pa, doctor of laws; William
May Garlapd, Los Angeles finan'
cier and Olympic games commit
teeman, doctor of laws, and Henry
Jansen, Reading. Pa. nnanutac-
turer, doctor Of economics.
The Washington times., 1936-07-01
COSMOPOLITAN
SESSION ENDS

Delegates to the Cosmopolitan
international convention will close
their meeting today with election
of officers and selection Of a 1887
convention city, while the ladies
visit the White House.
Following a brief business ses'
sion yesterday, the delegates di-
vided into two groups, one going
on sightseeing tour while the
other participated in golf tour
nament at the Congressional
Country Club.
Yesterdays program was eli
NAKED by a banquet in honor Of
the Cosmopolitan international
president at the Mayflower Hotel
last night. Judge Michael Doyle,
Of Washington, was toastmaSter.
The Washington times., 1936-07-01
H 0W DEATH
FEELS TOLD

SAN FRANCISCO, July 1.
Recovered from deadly hydro
cyanic acid he swallowed, but
suffering after-effects Of the
methylene blue treatment which
snatched him back to life, Eugene
Kratzer, the man who returned
from death. talked about 1t To-
day.
Death, he declared, is utter
blackness, adding:
81 remember swallowing the
acid. Then-the lights went
out. I didn't feel or see or
sense a thing until 1 woke up
in the hospital. It's a pity I
can't tell about it, but-there
Just wasn't anything"
The man who wanted to die
and lend his troubles" was GER
tain today that he wants to live.
He said:
1--WE had the unusual expe-
rience of discovering what N
cruel shock my death would
be to my wife and daughter.
I'll not try it again."
Kratzer swallowed two ounces
of the poison at his home.
He was, by all tests, a dead
man when he reached the
operating table Of Central Emer.
gency Hospital a half hour later.
But inside of an hour, he was
embracing his fearful daughter.
chatting with doctors, laughing
over the suicide that failed.
The Washington times., 1936-07-01
BANKER TAKEN
FROM TRAIN0N
STRETCHER
S secrecy Surrounds
Move From Boston
To Long Island

GLEN COVE, N. j., July l
GN.SD. j. Pierpont Morgan,
stricken i'll while on a visit in
West Manchester, Mass, was
brought to his Long Island estate
here today from Boston in a spe-
cial car under the care of a
nurse.
The banker, who is So years old,
was carried from the train in a
wheelchair to the station plat
form. He was placed on a
stretcher, conveyed to an ambu-
lance and hurried to his estate,
East Island.
Secrecy Preserved
The greatest secrecy surrounded
the sudden moving of Morgan
from Massachusetts, to his home
here. Neuritis was reported to
have developed after an attack
of indigestion last night while he
was visiting his sister-in-law, Mrs.
Stephen Van R. Crosby, at West
Chester.
DR.. George B. Denny, Bos-
ton specialist, was summoned.
After his diagnosis, Morgan was
ordered home at once.
Paralysis Denied
Morgan's two sons, Junius and
Henry, issued the following joint
statement:
Reports of Mr.. Morgan being
paralyzed are erroneous. He is
suffering from a condition of
slight upset. His doctors have
prescribed a two weeks rest.
"He is rapidly getting better.
We don't know his plans for the
future but we believe he will
go abroad as he usually does at
this time of the year."
The Washington times., 1936-07-01
Struck by Lightning,
Barn Burns 10 Ground

TOWNSEND, Md, July l.
Struck by lightning during the
storm yesterday afternoon, a large
barn belonging to William T.
Baden, Is miles south of Upper
Marlboro on Grain Highway,
caught fire and burned to the
ground. Marlboro volunteer fire
men responded to the alarm but
were unable to check the blaze.
Farm produce and implements
were lost, but two horses were
saved. Baden said damage was
covered by insurance.
The Washington times., 1936-07-01
BOYS MURDER
TALECHECKED
CONTINUED from Page y


Jimmy would be the normal reac-
tion of a youngSter who the pre-
viouS night had travelled alone on
a train, had had a big day, with
q boat ride and an exciting movie,
and then had gone to sleep after
his mother had read the ''funnieS''
to him.
Other Questions Listed
Here are other questions to
which DR.. Hoffman and his staff
Of experts seek the answer:
Did Jimmy really see the
slayer wash his hands after the
crime and did they turn white"
as he said?
Did Jimmy really go to sleep
after his narrowing experience
and sleep for hours beside the
dead body of his mother?
Did Jimmy really wake up
and calmly and carefully dress
himself before he went down
and told the night clerk some
body choked mama?"
Did Jimmy really recognize
the voice of the murderer?
Was Jimmy's whole account
Of the Staying colored by the
exciting events Of the day be-
fore?
Science Aids Hunt
While the psychologists pond
cred over Jimmy and specialists
Of the police department studied
every clue, science also was called
into the hunt for the slayer in
the most bizzare murder in Chi
cago history.
The victims stomach, liver,
brain and kidneys today were
being analyzed. So are blood
stained articles taken from the
room-three lipsticks, an eyebrow
pencil, the hot-Water faucet from
the bath room, the blue chemise
Mrs. Castel was wearing when the
body was found, bed linen and the
broken brick used by the cold
blooded killer.
Other developments in the
mysterious Staying of the 24-year-
old night club hostess were:
Eddie" Mack, 27, a night
club master of ceremonies, was
seized for questioning and held
incommunicado after he fin
ished conducting a floor show
early today.
Search for James D. Britt,
former Stevens Point (Wis.)
furrier, who escorted the muir
der victim on night club rounds
several weeks ago, was intensi-
fled, with police declaring his
presence "of utmost impor-
tance" to the investigation.
Search was ordered for Ed
ward Lynch, alias Ernest La
Vergne, wanted by Federal au-
thorities and a former inmate
of the Colorado State Prison
where Mrs. Castles second huS-
band is now a prisoner.
The revelation Mrs. Castle
was married bigamously to her
third husband, Faber Castle,
Chicago butcher.
Release of Sidney Schaps, 80,
master of ceremonies at the
The Washington times., 1936-07-01
Lands Reelected
Chairman Of SEC
International News Service

James M. Lands today was re.
elected chairman of the Security
and Exchange Commission for an
additional one-year term.
This definitely sets aside per,
sistent rumorS that Lands was
leaving the commission to assume
a post on the faculty of Harvard
University. The commissions &C.
ton in rejecting him was unani.
nous.
Evening star., 1936-05-17

railway and won't be back until this after
noon. shall let you know"
The three men settled down to wait. Dallas
refused to speak to Ned, but mooned about
between the door and the window. Seeing
which, the Major procured pack of greasy
cards from Frau Maier and sat down to
6canS with Wolf. He also sent for bottle of
cognac, from which he refreshed himself at
intervals.
"You promised to lay off the liquor" Dallas
at last reminded him, to which the Major re-
torted that he hadn't taken the pledge for life
Just what do you mean by thata" de-
manded Dallas, flushing.
Hartigan laughed sarcastically. "At our
present rate of progress, we shall still be
looking for young Fame year from now."
"And his sister - don't forget his sister,
the other raped back.
Violently the Major slammed his hand
down on the table, II ran her into this mess,
sure. But she'd never have been snatched if
you and Wolf had shown any sense in the first
place. You had Clubfoot at your mercy, that
night at Hamburg, but instead of blowing his
ugly head off, you let him slip through your
fingers. Now let me tell you something -"
"Oh, hell!' cried Dallas and, striding to
the door. went out into the raw air. He was
still pacing up and down the road in front
of the inn when, half an hour LATER Wolf
(Confinvsd on poss 13)
Evening star., 1936-05-17

she hopes to marry him. If only we could
pick up her trail again.
Wolf removed his pipe. "Ah," he remarked
slowly, II was coming to that"
''You have news of herr"
Wolf nodded bad news, Bob. Early this
morning, this side of the frontier, near
Freilassing, masked men held up car coming
from Germany and carried off the driver
woman driving herself. The kidnappers didn't
worry about taking the car, Maier says A
green sedan"
That's Lassagne's car, right enough, Ned
declared.
"Her name and address age on the dash,
anyway" Wolf supplemental
Dallas groaned. "Clubfoot's trick again.
And our last chance gone!'
A fat man in leather shorts appeared at the
door. Come in and meet my friends, Herr
Maier," said Wolf in German.
The innkeeper saluted them gravely. Its
about Bartels, he explained in his soft patois.
Dallas leaped forward. "Well?"
I'm the middle of the night I've sent his
car to fetch Frau Eigl, a woman in the village
who sometimes works for him at The Villa
Friedl.'
"And she went1 Where?" the Englishman
demanded eagerly.
''She went, but where can't say, tor the
present. Her husband will be able to tell
us more. But he works an early shift on the
Evening star., 1936-05-17
THE STORY SO FAR

ALF million dOllarS
This was the ransom Gru,ldl, alias
Clubfoot, head of powerful gang of
international spies. demanded of Patricia
Fame whose brother Jimmy Fame had fallen
into his hands while on secret diplomatic
mission in Germany.
Three men: Robert Dallas, an ex-British
Army officer, Major Ned Hartigan, and Wolf
ron Kong. had been engaged by Patricia
Fame to search for her brother whom she
hoped to rescue before the American agents,
who were also on his trail, found and arrested
him for allegedly betraying his country.
Dallas and Hartigan had traced Fame to
mysterious blue pavilion in Baden-Baden,
where the young American was in hiding with
Arlette Lassagne, one of Grundt's agents.
But before they could rescue him, Fame was
spirited away by Bartels, another of Grundts
agents, who was attempting to double-cross
his chief And Patricia was drugged and
carried away by Grundt, in her own plane,
to his fortified castle, Batasar, near Salzburg.
While Dallas and Hartigan were speeding
over the road to Salzburg, Patricia awakened
to find herself prisoner in Castle Baltasar,
threatened with death if she did not agree to
Grundts outrageous demands.
Il warn you that l am bad person to
defy" Grundt told Patricia, and rang for the
housekeeper to take her back to her room.
Evening star., 1936-05-17

As Patricia followed the housekeeper across
the hall outside of Grundt's office, the front
door opened and woman wrapped in long
dark cloak entered.
1t was the woman Patricia had seen in the
pavilion at Baden-Baden - Arlette Lassagne!
PART V
IT WAS long past breakfast time at the
Goldene Rose when Robin and Ned,
weary and unshaven after battling the
wind and rain all night over mountain
roads, reached Rodenbach. Wolf was waiting
for them in the little inn parlor.
His news was not encouraging. Bartels
had not reappeared at the Villa Friedl;
scouts from the mysterious organization of
peasants which Maier host of the Goldene
Rose, controlled, were watching the house
night and day. No foreign plane had landed
at the Vienna aerodrome; there was rumor
that strange machine had been heard above
the Salzburg field about ten o'clock on the
previous night but it had not come down
there.
'Maier is making enquiries" Wolf ex-
planned in his stolid German way, but in
these mountains there are many places where
plane may hide. Grundt gone, Bartels gone,
and on top of all, the Fame girl kidnapped =
the prospect is not rosy, zum Donnerwetter!'
Dallas said, There's always the Lassagne
woman. She won't relinquish Fame in hurry
Evening star., 1936-05-01
HOYAS NOW AWAIT |
GAME WITH TERPS|
Tune Up for Tilt Tomorrow
by Giving West Virginia
9-to.3 Trimming.

rs seventh victory of the season
/ recorded, Georgetowns base ball
team awaited its second game of
L the season with Maryland tomor-
row at College Park, Nd, at Q o'clock
with high hopes of again trimming
the Terps.
Sharpening their batting eyes, the
Hoyas cracked out IL hits yesterday
to trounce West Virginia, 9-3, at the
Hilltop, as Mike Petroskey limited the
Mountaineers to three bingles during
his seven innings.
Harry Bassin, Johnny Cavadine and
Gus Crenshaw paced the Georgetown
assault along with Buddy and Smitty
Nau, each of whom accounted for two
or more hits. Bassin and Cavadine
connected for triples.
Georgetown wasted little time in
putting the game away, scoring eight
y1InS in the first fur INNINGS
Evening star., 1936-05-01
WH|RL OF EVENTS
CARDED BY TERPS
Fans May Be Dizzy by Time
Classic Stick Battle Is
Reached Tomorrow.

PORTS fans who try to take in all
the events at field day at the
University of Maryland tomor-
- row are likely to go home dizzy.
In addition to five other dual affairs
In which Terp, teams will take part
topped by the all-important lacrosse
clash with Mount Washington, there
will be total of 35 track competitions.
exclusive Of heats in number of
events.
Forty-nine schools have entered 402
athletes in the l3 open events and 8
closed to county high schools of Mary
land, while the Terps and Richmond
will 60 through IA in their dual clash.
Tennis in Morning.
+ A TENNIS match between the Terp
Jayyees and Tech will open hos
tilities at 10 am. and by the time they
finish the track battling will be under
way.
Here is the afternoon card:
1890 Interscholastic meet
starts.
1-Maryland- Richmond meet be-
gins, to be run concurrently with
scholastic competition.
tennis, Maryland VS.. Catho-
lie U.
a Base ball, Maryland VS..
Georgetown.
Lacrosse, Maryland VS.. Mount
Washington.
AS one lacrosse follower said: 1T
will be the best college team In the
country against the best club team in
the country" In other words, he
thinks it will decide the national
championship.
Here is how the meet events will be
run:
Field Events.
1":3o-Javelin throw Richmond VS..
Earyland; shotput. county high schools;
Hond vs.. Maryland; hiSh jump mp county
I:l5-Shotput. Richmond vs.. Maryland.
1:30-Javelin interscholastc.
145-High jump. interScholaStic.
"-Shotput, interscholastic; broad jump,
Eichmond vs.. Maryland; discus, Richmond
o:30-Poie vault. interscholastic.
= 342--Broad Jump. county high schools.
3-HiEh jump. Richmond VS.. Maryland.
Track Events tStartinE at O'CIockD
100-yard dash. county schools heats.
luo-yard dash. interschoaStic, heats.
lHo-yard high hurdles. interscholastic.
heats.
land
I00yard dash. county schools. final
1O0-yard dash. interSchola site final
Maryland.
120yard high hurdles interscholastic.
enal.
mile run. Richmond vs. Maryland.
S2Q-yard dash, interscholastic, heats.
220-ysrd dash, county schools. heats.
Seo-yaTd run. county schools.
mile run. interscholas site
44n-ysrd dash. Richmond vs Maryland.
440-ysrd dash. interscholastic
Evening star., 1936-05-01
Stone Makes Great Catch, Throw.

Stone Makes Great Catch, Throw.
lake POWELL roamed far and
wide to make great catches. Cliff
Bolton resembled a Killing. Cochrane
and Bresnahan rolled into a squatty.
bottle-shaped frame. Ed Linke, pub
lie disappointment No. l. quelled an
uprising in the Detroit eighth when
with two out he relieved Henry Cop
pola, who had succeeded Russell, and
made AL Simmons Ioul feebly to Kuhel
with runners on first and second bases.
In the Detroit ninth Goslin led OF
with a triple and Linke bore down
like champion. He made Jack Burns
roll to Myer, who threw him out while
Goslin held third. and then Johnny
Stone stepped into the picture and
just about stole the show.
Rogell. following Burns at hat. sent
a foul to left field. Stone, racing mad
ly made the catch and seemingly in
the same motion whipped great peg
to Bolton. who in turn made a great
play to tag out Goslin as he attempted
to score after the catch.
This, finally, was too much for the
Tigers. When Buddy Myer, a weak
sister all day, doubled to open the
ninth it was the beginning of the end.
Chad Kimsey, who replaced Lawson,
walked Travis, forced Stone to fly
out, then fell victim when Jake Powell,
who had whitfield ingloriously his last
previous time up. slashed a wicked
drive over third base to score Myer
and end the game.
Evening star., 1936-05-01

Newsom Done Wrong"
DUCK NEWSOM, pitching with
more sheer stuff on the ball than
he had in any previous game this
year. including the 10 opener with
the Yanks. saw two boots by Travis,
another by Kuhel and another by
Buddy Lewis spot the Tigers to a
5-to-1 lead in the fifth inning yes
terday. Washington earned its run,
nobly enough, but none of the Ben
gals scores was earned. When Buck
left the premises he was done wrong"
Jack Russell. who pitched the
Detroit sixth after the Nationals
had cfiseled the lead to 5-4, helped
to do himself wrong when he threw
bunt by Pete Fox far over Myers
head and let two runs score Just
before Jacks error the fancy-fielding
Kuhel had committed his second mis-
cue-a wild throw.
It was enough to discourage airy
ball club. Their own runs earned.
they trailed, to 4, when the score
should have been 4 to 0. But they
didn't quit. Roxie Lawson, who
started for Detroit, was shelled from
the box in Washingtons half of the
sixth when the Nationals put on a
three-run rally to make it TT, and
from then on the Nationals we're a
different ball club.
Evening star., 1936-05-01
Varied Sports
College Base Ball.

College Base Ball.
Georgetown, 9; West Virginia, 8.
Indiana, IL; Purdue. S.
Washington, 9; Idaho. o.
Providence, 7; Dartmouth, s.
Michigan, IL; Michigan Normal, Z.
Notre Dame, II; Michigan State, 8.
Missouri. 8; Kirksville Teachers. o.
Illinois College, 8; Eastern Teach
ers, 4.
College Tennis.
CataWba S; American University, 4.
Michigan State, 9; Oberlin, 0.
Western State, 6; Notre Dame. l.
Nebraska Wesleyan, 6; Hastings, O..
College Polo.
Missouri, IL; Illinois, Z.
College Track.
Kearney Teachers. sos4: Hastings,
"A; Nebraska Wesleyan, 35l4.
Evening star., 1936-05-01
University of Maryland Field Day Pretentious Affair
LELAND NINE ENTHUSED

Despite what the Bethesda Chevy
Chase High School nine may accom-
plish during the remainder of the sea-
son, followers of the suburban school
will regard the base ball team as sue
cessful following the Lelanders' 8-6
victory over Eastern, interhigh cham
pions, yesterday at Eastern Stadium.
Woody Putnam, burly Bethesda
twirler. famed 10 batters and kept the
Lincoln Parkers' seven hits well scat
tered.
Evening star., 1936-05-01
STORE LOOP MINES
TO START SUNDAY
Hecht Will Battle Kanns,
Lansburghs Face PaIais
Royal in Openers.

OFEfUL OF getIlng MS team
- of to good start against
Kann's base ball team, cham
pion Of the Department Store
League, Charles B. Dulcan, vice presi-
dent of the Hecht Co., will toss out the
first ball at 10:45 o'clock Sunday
morning as Hecht and Kann clash
in the loops opening game on the East
Ellipse.
League officers, including President
Thomas H. Mullenberg, j. Frank
Brown. Harold G. Malone and Howard
Hildreth, will be present for the in
augural ceremonies.
On an adjoining diamond. at the
same hour. Palais Royal and Lans-
burgh's will clash in the opening days
other game.
Although Manager Paul Messink un-
doubtedly will start in the box for
Hecht Co., other managers have not
quite decided on their opening day as
signments.
Roddy Bell, Henderson or Stewart
may open fire for Kanns, while Lans-
burgh has Lefty Sanford and Jimmy
Hines ready to go.
Evening star., 1936-05-01

440-yard dash. county schools
2?0-yard low hurdles. interscholastic.
hea s.
emile run Richmond VS. Maryland.
230-yard dash. Richmond VS.. Maryland.
220-yard dash. county schools hnal.
2:0-yard dash. interscholastic hnal.
c20-yard low hurdles, Richmond VS..
Maryland.
fnal
sS0-yard run. interschoastic.
Half-mile relay, county schools. divi-
sion 1,
Haf-mile relay. county schools. divi-
ss0-ysrd run Richmond vs. Maryland
Evening star., 1936-05-01
Criffs
Continued From First Page)
Newsom Done Wrong"

behind-as they've already done to
win three times.
Evening star., 1936-05-01

Runs-Hall (2). Barna. l. Nau C). K.
Nau l2). Bassin. Cavadine. Petroskey, No
Ian godine: ErroTs-Han, Rubrecht. Po-
Cavadire Home runs-Hall Barna. First
base on balls-Of Petroskey. in Z in
nines; of Wojciechowske. in innings.
chowske, !; by Rubrecht. > Hits-Of
Petrosxey. 3 in z INNINGS: of Wojciechow-
ske. in 2 innings. Winning pitcher
Petroskey. Umpires-Messrs. White and
MorrisSey.
Evening star., 1936-05-01
BARONI NO-HIT HURLER

Frank Baroni, former all-high
pitcher when playing for Roosevelt,
turned in his most notable hurting
feat to date yesterday, no-hit game
against American Security & Trust
diamonders, as his mates of w. B.
Hibbs' nine pounded out 1913 Bank
ers' League victory.
Baroni famed IS men and walked
but one.
Evening star., 1936-05-01
RIDERS ROUGHED

Four Of its pitchers pummeled merci-
lessly yesterday as Roosevelt High
dropped an 1873 decision to Episcopal
High School at Alexandria. the Rough
Riders were casting about for likely
hurler to take the mound against
Dewitt Preps hard-hitting nine today
at Roosevelt Stadium at 3:3O.
Evening star., 1936-05-01
ROCKVILLE WANTS GAME.

A game with some strong unlimited
team is sought for Sunday by the
Rockville A. A. nine on its field in
Rockville. Call Bill Wootton at Rock
vile 32-J around o'clock.
Evening star., 1936-05-01

Runsaw Bell 90. Mccandish 80.
coakley (3), flanagan l2). Robertson (21.
2. Coakley. Errors-W. Bell 90. Nc
Candlish Pollard. Koontz. Robertson.
Miller (2). Two-base hits-Carter. B.
Bell. G. Coskley. Three-base hits-Tassa,
HanaEan: Pollard. Stolen bsses-Gordon.
w. Bell. Standardization Hooff
Double play-Pollard to McCandlish to
Carter. First base on balls-Of Bauer, 8;
81 81. Bloundon: 2: of Mallos, /: of Peele. 2;
Mallos. l in no inning of Bloundon 4 in
2 innings: of Bowers none in p inning:
on Pollard in s innings: of Peele none
Blcundon CB Bell. Hootf). Struck out
BY Bauer. Q. by Pollard s. Winning
pitcher-Pollard. Losing pitcher-Bauer.
Evening star., 1936-05-01

OFFICIALS. diplomats. So
cialites and Just fans"
saw q distinguished d
gentleman toss the first
ball at Griffith Stadium.
Washington. April l4th.
DressY crowd. Douglas
style scouts report brown
shoes scoring q run over
black. Toes slightly mar
rover; perforated tips
popular. Douglas illus
trdtes some f1vorites here
and matches every
style detaiL in All-Leother
Construction. A real triple
play style to comfort to
long wear ond you're
out-verY little! S3.e5.
S4.95. $3.50. to be exact.