davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
, 1935-01-18

NEW YORK, Jan. l8. lR-Most
financial markets were fairy cheer
ful Friday but entirely too peace
ful 20 suit the lievelier speculative
tastes
Scattered stock specialtles found
favor with certain traders. although
the 0ld-line leaders we're content
to hold to a small fractional range.
while weekend business reviews
were bright. washington news
seemingly was being awaited To fur
nish further stimulation to the list.
Grains we're a Bit iirmer although
dealings In the Cereals we're com
paratively dull. Cotton was a trifle
r~ecationary. Bonds we're quiet with
u steady % better tone being noted
I'm the majority OF departments
The dollar pointed lower IN terms
of the leading European gold cur
rencies.
Preferred shares. i'm the l0-unit
class. up I 70 around 3 points. in
cludcd American Type Founders
Schultz. Budd Manufacturing. Null
Inns Manufacturing and Universal
Pipe a. Radiator. Several Of the
farm stocks found foll0winEs.
Profit-takine In General Electric,
after les sharp advance Thursday.
brought an easier tone 20 this stock
All Increase In "a loadings FOR
the week ended January IL. did not
materially affect rail shares.
Overnight study OF the presidents
social security program brought no
especial disquiet to the financial dis
trict.
, 1935-01-18

tcueCiol 10 Inc herAlul
HARLINGEN. Jan. 18s-P. A.
Hosdale. chief on the Mexican fruit
fly quarantine. left this week for
washington TO discuss the local
situation
Numerous flies have been trapped
In recent weeks but much fruit re-
mains TO be moved from the Valley,
creating a situation needing care
full handling. Infested properties are
being stripped OF fruit and sprayed.
Only adult flies have been found.
DR.. "A. @. Baker. In charge Of the
Mexican fruit fly laboratory at
Cuernavaca. Mexico. stopped here
this week 10 make observations
after attending n convention OF the
American Association for the adj
vancement or Science no Pittsburgh.
M. Fl. Ford Is in charge OF fruit
fly activities while H0idale is In
the capital
, 1935-01-18

LUBBOCK, Jan 81. tR-with his
l6-yeaf-old bride declaring that she
was unwilling 70 assume marital re-
lati0nS with him. Truman Jones.
2~0-year-old Cara county youth, lost
in a habeas corpus action 10 seek
release Of his wife from her faith
err. IT. G. Wester or Lubbock I'm q
hearing in district court here Friday.
Young Jones had brought the ac-
ton seeking custody OF his wife and
alleging that she was detained by
her father through force after Wes-
ter had filed an abduction charge
against him and later had institute
ed marriage annulment proceedings.
The abduction charge will be
dropped, Wester said following the
hearing. but annulment proceedings
viii be continued.
, 1935-01-18

AUSTIN. Jan. 10. LRy-Governor
James v. Alfred Friday announced
appointment by Adjutant General
Carl Nesbitt Of two OF six captains
IN the Texas ranger service and one
sergeant and five privates.
Captains were j. wv. Mccormick 0f
Panhandle. formerly sheriff Of Car
son county and Chief or Police at
Wichita Fails. and Fred l.. McDan-
Eel OF Archer City. formerly sheriff
Of Archer county. General Nesbitt
will assign them later.
Sid Kelso OF Austin was made a.
sergeant.
Privates appointed we're william
McMurray OF Hebbronville. Dan
Hines OF Beaumont. III. O. Goen OF
Tulia. Harry l.. Gross or Wichita
Falls and Leo Bishop OF Rock
Springs.
Mcdaniel. McMurray. Relso and
Bishop were Immediately dispatch
ed 10 San Augustine to relieve four
rangers sent there during the Fer
euson administration 10 work on a
murder case.
, 1935-01-18
City Briefs

Mr.. and Mrs. John Il. Armstrong
of Brownsville have gone To Corpus
Christi for q short visit.
Sven vassberg. Johann Wreden
and Evelyn Redlund of Lyford were
visitors In Brownsville Friday.
Meals barber shop now located
10th street next 90 Star Electric.
Adv.
Reuben EdelsteIn, son Of MI. and
Mrs. ma. Edelstein. q senior at the
Brownsville high school. underwent
an emergency appendectomy at
Mercy hospital nc 10 o'clock Thurs
day night. He was reported doing
as well As could be expected Friday.
Cash and carry special. Saturday
only. Assorted bouquets, Csc each.
McInnis Flower Shop.-Adv.
Rev. and MRS. r.. %. Macintosh
have returned from the c0nven-
ton OF the Episcopal Diocese OF
West Texas at Corpus Christi. They
left here Tuesday and returned
Thursday night. Joe Canales 0l
Brownsville was lay delegate 10 the
convention. M
Pinking shears, sewing and mani
cure scissors. Hedge and pruning
shears. Brownsville Hardware.-Adv-
II M. Luldreth. who writes under
the name or sam Hill"' for the
Cincinnati Inquirer, Is Inn the VAL
ley for a rest and Is visiting Or.
John a. williams. Luldreth praised
the Valleys climate very highly.
Definite improvement I'm business
conditions I'm Cincinnati has been
noted. the writer declared.
New Perfection stoves and repairs
Cara Hardware. $50 18th St.-Adv.
ID. I'd. Collyer or New York. vice
president OF the United Air Lines,
arrived here Friday from Mexico
City over the Pan-American line,
Re was to spend the night In
Brownsville and leave by plane SAT-
urday.
, 1935-01-18

CONTINUED From Page Ole)
morning session included the Gray
bar Electric Co, Dallas: National
Lumber and Creosoting CO., Hous-
ton; Corpus Christi Electric CO.,
Corpus Christi: Joslyn Southwest
CO.. Dallas: Westinghouse Electric
Supply CO., San Antonio: Westlng-
house Electric and Manufacturing
CO.. San Antonio: Allis Chalmer
Manufacturing CO.. San Antonio;
Walker Craig CO., Brownsville; Cen
eral Electric Supply corporation.
Houston; Pennsylvania Transform
err CO.. Pittsburgh: Delta star Elec-
trio CO., Chicago; Southern Equip
ment CO.. San Antonio: Bennett
Sales CO.. Shreveport and the Morris
Lumber CO.. Brownsville.
Submitting bids at the afternoon
session were the following firms:
Dodd and Wedegartner. San Ben
ito; r.. w. Briggs and Co, Pharr;
Forney Combustion Engineering Co.
Dallas; Dayton Dowd Co. Quincy
H.: Valley Gunnite and Contract
ing Co, Harrington: walter p
Greaves, Houston: Brownsville
Sheet Metal Works. Brownsville
Harry Pollard, Corpus Christi,
Sherman Machinery and Iron
Works. Oklahoma City; Joe G.. Bal
lenger. San Benito and Homer and
Peterson, Houston.
, 1935-01-18

CarlOt shipments OF entire United
States reported Thursday, Jan. I7:
Grapefruit: Ariz. 3. Fla. 90, Texas
Az. total US l3g cars.
Oranges: Calf. 186. Fla. 168. In.
4. total US 355 cars.
NIX citrus. Calf. ?, Fla. ~, total
US All cars.
Beans: Fla. ?. total us 2 cars.
Mexico 1 IA
Beets: Texas ). total us 5 cars.
Cabbage: Fln. "a, Ida. Al, New York
70, Texas A., Utah !. Wis. 6. total
US 8l cars.
Carrots: ArIz. s. Calf. 10. New
York 5. Texas ma. total U5 44 rnra.
Greens. Cali. ). SO. Car. 4, Tezazt
l3. WIN. II. total U6 2B cars.
Nix vegetables: Ariz. 4, Calf. Is,
Fla. 7 Gn. Nv Lh. W. New York 2.
Texas So. total US 50 cars.
Peas. Calf. u. Fla o. total US lD
cars. Mexico II cars.
Peppers: Fila. q. total US u cars
Mexico 2 cars.
Spinach Okla. ~. So. Car. A. Tex
as 81. total u 80 cars.
Tomatoes: Fla Al, Texas A. total
US y cars. Mexico 3 err.
Lower Rio Grande Valley ship
mentS forwarded Friday morning.
Jan. 18:
Grapefruit AZ, cabbage rs. NIX.
vegetables 37. broccoli a. tomatoes 4,
potatoes I. spinach I. radishes 4,
beetS 4. carrots l4. 1eets & carrots
3 total I32 cars. Total w date this
seas0n-citrus 2l35. vegetables 27l2.
, 1935-01-18

pus Christi Robstown cabbage, to
such an extent that production viii
not average above / IL TO 2 tons
to the acre. He told OF seeing one
40-scre field being plowed under
He estimated production there this
year would not exceed 40 per cent
Of last year.
The Valley rolled Is cars Of cab
bage Thursday and Corpus Christi
moved II. its heaviest Of the season,
Huntley showed q communication
from Wade a. Newton stating eve
may as well hold II at $40 as to give
IL away" and expressing belief the
price car be held. He said other
shippers with whom he has talked
have agreed that the price can be
held.
"As to the Corpus Christi-R obs-
town section" Huntley said, I'VE
are not going % keep on holding
an umbrella over them. we are 60
ing 70 see that they do not under
sell us and cut our price" He dc
not say Just how this Is to be done.
Coleman In a telephone CONVEX
sation here Friday said the price
there dropped from the $40 and AHi1
a ton basis Of Thursday to 80 q
ton Friday because shippers In the
Rcbstown section were informed that
"the price had been cut to SO q ton
In the Valley" He said the So price
Is being paid generally now
Huntley could not be reached
again 20 be informed OF the drop TO
IS a ton In the Corpus Christi area
He reported that the pickets have
turned back several load OF cabba0e
In the Harlingen area. and said
the shippers being picketed are not
getting cabbage"
, 1935-01-18

CHICAGO. Jan. l6. Ri-W1th M
severe cold wave overspreading do
mestic grain territory. and with
almost the entire wheat belt I'M
protected by snow. wheat prices
tended upward early Friday.
Opening h-A up. May 97M-Aas
the Chicago wheat market con-
tlnued firm. Corn started I'M
changed to r. higher. May 49,
M. and subsequently, altered little.
, 1935-01-18
Edelstein Returns
From Ruyinq Trip

Things are definitely on the up
turn In the east and Middle West,
Morris Edelstein. Valley furniture
dealer declared ON his return To
Brownsville Friday from Chicago.
Mr.. Edelstein has been In Chica-
60 for the. past two weeks buying
for his Valley stores.
The furniture showings in Chica-
40 we're attended by the largest
crowds I have seen IN several years
the Brownsville business mar de-
clared.
, 1935-01-18

PAMPA, Jan. rs. UPl-An auto
mobile accident Thursday night be-
tween Amarillo and Panhandle re-
suited IN Mr.. and Mrs. M. T. Couch
and @. ri. Prather being IN a Pam
pa hospital Friday for treatment OF
injuries
Mrs. COUGHS condition was SER
ious. Her jaw was broken and a hip
was d~isclocated. Her husband was
cut and suffered from shock. Prath-
er had a fractured arm. cuts and
bruises.
, 1935-01-18
Amarillo Aviator
Dies In Accident

AMARILLO. Jan. 81. tR-Harold
w. English. 30. Amarillo flier. was
killed instantly early Friday when
the automobile he was driving crash
ed into the rear end OF q truck
three miles east Of Amarillo.
, 1935-01-18

forced to misspell the ransom
notes In the writing he did at p0-
lice request after his arrest.
@. Do you know whether those
words we're dictated or spelled2
A. ! never heard any words spell
ed to the defendant.
q. Wen what did you hear2
A. I heard the words dictated and
Hauptmann wrote them on a piece
Of paper.
q. Was MRS. Hauptmann In and
about the premises at the time Of
the arrest?
A. Yes sir.
odd you find a wooden plane2
A. Yes In the garage
Wilentz brought out that the
plane had been initiated by the po-
lice officers but otherwise was In
the condition as found.
IL was offered In evidence.
Q.sWhat else did you find at the
houseq
A. With Mrs. Hauptmann and the
police officers, I found two packages
IN the south wall Of the garage.
O. What was In the two packages7
Money I'm Packages
A. In the tu7 packages there was
100 gold certificates In one pack
age, and 80 gold certificates in the
other.
@. Ten dollar certificates
A. Yes $40 certificates.
@. What did you DOE
A. The money was counted IN the
presence OF Mrs. Hauptmann.
We took one Of the bills and
checked with the ransom money
serial numbers.
X offer the newspaper n ~
ten dollar gold certificates in evid-
ence ms one exhibit Willentz an
nounced.
The defense fought the introduc-
ton Of the ransom package. but
again Justice Trenchard's decision
went against Hauptmann and the
hot" money was admitted.
Wilentz opened the package and
displayed a thick sheaf OF bills Z
the jury.
Wilentz had the witness identify
q second package Of ransom cur
rency found in Hauptmann's gar
age.
WIlentz gravely spread II beside
the first package on the jury boz
rail.
Hauptmann sat expressionless
through the money. money, money
testimony.
The questioning turned to the
discover Of the compartment n
the Hauptmann garage wall In
which Wallace said the two pack
ages Of money were found.
Wallace, holding a photograph OF
the section Of the garage, pointed
out TO the jury the compartment
found by a board nailed across two
beams.
@. Now. the New York police Of
ficers continued to search in and
about the garage after that2
"A. They did
@. What did they find?
a. A gallon shellac can buried
under a work bench.
Wilentz offered the shellack car
in evidence subject to connection
with the case.
We're going to show now that II
was loaded with ransom notes." ht
said.
@. What was found in the CAM
"A. Two cloths were In the top OF
the can and two packages wrapped
In newspaper.
q. These are the two towels (Wil-
entz displayed the cloths)2
A. Yes.
, 1935-01-18

sible for the crime"
Louis Barthou. French foreign
minister. also fell before the aSsas-
sins gun.")
Hungary. however. found several
Of its official agents guilty OF negli-
gence through inadequate control OF
Croat immigration and punished
them.
, 1935-01-18

KANSAS CITY. Jan. re. tPl-Or-
Ranized labor FRIDAY mourned the
death CT one OF It's outstanding
leaders. Martin Francis Ryan. 90.
who rose from an engine wiper TO
the general presidency of the Broth
erhood u Railway Carmen. and q
vice president Of the American Fed
Grafton or Labor
, 1935-01-18

CHICAGO. Jan. IL. R3-U. a
Dept. AgrD-P0tat0es dull, supplies
liberal, demand and trading moder-
ate: Wisconsin Round whites US
No. I. 80 TO a. IL. fine quality as
40 87 IL, commercial grade .76:
Idaho Russets US No. 4. 1.52 IL to-
ID: fine quality large size 1.60: Colo
RADIO McClnres Us No. 4. ais.
, 1935-01-18

NEW YORK. Jan. -. lPi-With
the exception Of oils. most sections
OF the curb market worked slight
ly higher Friday Am quiet trading
Utilities we're fairly active in ini-
tial dealings but the demand was
supplied before the end OF the first
hour and the entire market turn
ed dull.
American Gas, American Super
power. Niagara Hudson and Elec-
trio Bond az Share were among the
most active utility shares. all Of
which sold fracti0nally higher.
Alcohols. Industrisls and Spec
ialtIeS we're generally quiet. Both
Gulf Oil and Creole Petroleum sold
lower.
, 1935-01-18

BRENNAN. Jan. rs. Rl-Arnold
Candy. IS. manager Of the Beau
mont Building Material company,
died Friday after his head was
crushed In an automobile accident
on the highway near Brennan. His
car skidded and overturned.
f. "A. Fletcher. former mayor Of
Beaumont and president OF the
Building Material company. was
riding with Candy but escaped in
jury. They were EN- route TO Austin
TO attend a meeting OF the State
Highway commission.
, 1935-01-18
Gets in Bruno's Car

A. I shouted TO Hauptmann 70
pull over to the curb. I got out OF
the back seat aud slid into the
front seat or the defendants chr
beside MIN.
A few minutes later Hauptmann
was asked 10 step out on the side
walk. Wallace stated. II held him
by one wrist"
He was searched. Wallace con-
tinued. and a wallet was found in
hts hip pocket. There was so IN II.
including a $50 bill. which when
checked, the witness added. was
found to be a "Lindbereh ransom
BILL
We continued back to the Haupt-
mann home" the trooper said after
he told how Inspector John A.
Lyons. commanding the under cover
SQUAD OF the New York police. join
"a the party OF officers and their
prisoner.
q. Did he make any explanation
Of the $50 gold certfiicate2
"A. He stated he did not have any
more. but he had $40 in gold pieces
AZ home IN q strong box
Ca. Now when YOU got back 10 the
Hauptmann home. what happened
them
, 1935-01-18
COUNTY CHIEFS


county and Mrs. Ann CurrinRton.
Nueccs county aSseSSor-collertOr,
were the other speakers on the
morning program.
A talk by J. 7. Coursey, Harrington
attorney, featured the chamber OF
commerce banquet held for the
visitors Thursday night. HIGH
freight rates are the chief hurdle
confronting Valley farmers. he said,
and IN this connection he urged
early extension of the intra-coastal
canal from Houston 70 the Valley.
Other speakers were Edw. Fisher,
Mrs. II. >. Herren OF Harrington, @.
A. Montgomery, PWA engineer; j.
T. CrOSSwaite, Dallas county aud
itor, and Rev. l. A. Boone Of Har-
llngen.
Necessity for repeating all laws
having TO do with the administra-
ton OF county governments, re-
writing them and codifying them
was stressed In u talk Thursday
afternoon by r. L. Briggs. former
president OF the state judges associa-
ton.
He said that the duties Of county
judges and commissioners should be
simple but that they are increased
many fold by the conflicting laws Of
the state.
Praises Gasoline Tax
Judge BigEs also referred TO the
policy Of paying various special
bills out of the general fund in
stead Of out Of the funds OF the
department which the expenditures
benefit. The general fund should
not be made to 90 IN the red at the
expense Of special funds such as the
road and bridge, sinking. etc. Be
cause Of the constitutional limit 70
the tax that may be levied for the
general fund, It Is most often over
drawn, giving the county following
this practice a black eye financially.
He endorsed the gasoline tax as
being one of the most equitable be-
cause II lifts the burden from the
property owner and places II on
the person who uses the highways
and who Is numerous instances owns
nothing more than the automobile
which he drives and pays no tax
other than the On fuel.
Nat Wetzel of Raymondville, Hug
he-Coast highway enthusiast, made
a talk sort of prefacing the n he
was TO make at the banquet Thurs
day night. He welcomed the dele
gates TO this section and predicted
that it would not be long before
motorists would travel from Can
ada 70 Mexico City over a super
highway passing through Kennedy
county.
wetzel also spoke OF other high
way matters including center stripes,
He favored the plan in some states
to change color Of the center stripe
from black to yellow as dangerous
places are approached In the. road
He says that a motorist is more
likely 10 see this sign OF danger
than a roadside marker.
Julian Montgomery. state PWA
engineer with offices at Fort Worth,
predicted that procedures to be fol-
lowed i'm obtaining loans and grants
from this federal agency would soon
be simplified. He reviewed the num-
Der OF loans made and pending In
Texas
, 1935-01-18
Identifies Certificate

Lyle identified the $40 gold certi-
ficates by his pencilled notation Of
Hauptmann's license plates 4Ui34l.
We was excused without cross ex-
animation.
Stanley r. Keith. OF Montclair. NJ.
j.. a metallurgiSt. was then called
and the kidnap ladder came back TO
the trial spotlight.
Keith vas the expert who exam
ined the nails in the kidnap ladder.
He testified how he received the
nails from Captain John J. Lamb,
examined the nails and returned
them. witnessing the operation by
which they were replaced in the
ladder. The metal technologist did
not give any hint OF his findings.
Wilentz offered him to the defense
for croSs-examinati0n.
Pope engaged Keith in cross-ex-
animation OF the nails OF the lad
der. Keith said they we're removed
and placed in custody OF Captain
John j. Lamb. at the New Jersey
state police headquarters In Tren-
ton. The nails were later restored
to the ladder. Keith was excused.
Detective James Petrosino, of the
New York City police. took the wit
ness stand TO tell how he searched
Hauptmann's home September 70
the day after the arrest.
, 1935-01-18
Money in Can

Q. I understand Jon found some
money in the shellac can.
A. Yes.
@. How much money?
A. Sll,930.
@. What kind OF money?
A. Lindbergh ransom money gold
certificates.
Wilentz thrust a heavy portfolio
full Of money into the troopers lap.
Pick IL out for me-" he directed
and the trooper started to take out
package after package.
Q. Are these bills in the packages
just as they were found?
A. Yes sir.
The bills were produced by will
entz, as the state sought to develop
they we're in the same order as list
ed BY the Morgan banking employees
Wilentz turned to add these bills
70 those already on the jury box
rail. with the announcement IN
formal tone:
Fifty twenty dollar bills-fifty
twenty dollar gold certificates.
He turned to Justice Trenchard
and said: we are showing all OF
these bills bore the serial numbers
listed"
Juror Rosie Pill roved her eyes
along the money-jammed rail and
shook her head.
The detective then recounted how
he returned to the police station and
confronted Hauptmann with the
money found.
@. Did you ask II he had any more
money?
"A. / did. He said no.
Hauptmann said the money had
been in a shoe box and was wet.
Wallace related.
He stated he had II In a basket
cut in the yard 10 dry" the witness
continued.
Then. wallace added. Hauptmann
told IN ruttinn II IN the garage.
Fisher asked Wallace to relate
your conversations with the defend
ant Haurtmann at the time Of the
arrest. just as II happened
Wallace did 50.
o. Did he say he had any more
money?
A. He said he had no more gold
certificates. only some gold coins.
wallace told Fisher he had not
heard testimony that Hauptmann
told the police he had "a hundred
left"
Fisher turned 10 the preparation
IF r.n~t,no4, w.wtffs1ur ~ uarrfwnnwrw
at the request Of the police.
Wallace. pointing TO an exhibit
held BY Fisher. said II had been
written some time after midnight
Sept. 90"
Returned 90 House
From the time Of arrest in the
morning until he began 10 write,
Hauptmann was handcuffed to Wal
lace. Fisher brought out.
Wallace told how he returned to
search the Hauptmann house and
garage the day OF the arrest.
q. AS a matter Of fact didn't you
60 back to the house and look for
the money exactly where Bruno
Richard Hauptman told Inspector
Lyons told him he put it2
A. No one ever gave me any such
information.
@. Where did he say he got the
money!
A. lie stated he got the shoe box
the m0ney-from Isador Fisch.
Wilentz objected to Fishers ques-
ton on the connection OF the money
with the extOrtion indictment pend
ing against Hauptmann.
Wallace was excused after a brief
redirect
Mrs. Ella Achebach. heavy middle
, 1935-01-18

IA. Hauptmann was brought into
The Hauptmann bedroom and a
'search was made of the room and a
.1tronpbox was found containing
gold coins.
Hauptmann and the officers, Wal
Lace said. went 10 the Central saw
|inRs bank, in the Bronx. where hts
EHRfc deposit box was opened. The
witness said no gold certificates were
found there.
The party then went to the End
8nrecinct police station and a state
nent was written by Hauptmann
wallace said.
Wiientz IN his next questions hit
Mt defense hints HauptEann was
, 1935-01-18

A special service COMMUNICATING
the birth OF Robert II. Lee. which
occurred on January 10. viii be OBJ
served by the First Methodist church
here Sunday. It was announced BY
Rev. O. G. Grow. pastor.
CITY BRIEFS.
Walter Sanders. enlisted man In
the United States Navy. was to leave
Friday for San Diego 70 reioin his
boat. the Z. s. s. Wickes. after
visiting Brownsville during his leave.
Sanders expects to visit the Haw-
allan Islands. the Philippines and
Alaska during the year.
, 1935-01-18
Others Arrive

". H. Gordon Of Austin. with the
board OF county and district road
indebtedness. discussed highway fl
nances. The board Is In charge OF
retiring highway bonds with pro-
ceeds from the gasoline tax and he
described the present set-up Tor re-
firing the bonds and distributing the
tax. He said that an additional one
cent OF gasoline tax would help re-
tire all county road bonds and In
crease the money received by the
schools and state highway depart
ment.
A proposal to refund all highway
bonds, replacing them with state
bonds. was discussed by Gordon who
pointed out, however, that thi:
would place all on an equal plane
whereas the purchasers Of some
choice bonds had paid q premium
for them.
Additional registrations received
Thursday were: Olga Buresh. Austin,
advisory nurse: Or. Don G. Peter
son. Austin, state health depart
ment: w. o. washington. Browns
vile. Cameron county engineer; e
=. Ferguson. Newgulf. Wharton
county auditor; z. L. Williams, Sc
bastisn. Willacy county commission
err: ". +. Joekel. San Antonio. Plaza
hotel manager: Il. g. Nancy. Kings
vile. DR.. o. 5. Leitch. Riviera. d.
rector Hug-the-C Coast Highway as
ISOLATION: John J. May Riviera.