davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1935-01-09
The Gold Cases"

The gold cases now being argued
in the United States Supreme Court
are among the most interesting tests
of New Deal acts which have been
and will be presented to that tribunal
In general, the question for the court
to decide relates to the validity of re-
pudlation, by the United States Gov
ernment and by many corporations
of promise to pay debts in gold
coin of the United States of America
of or equal TO the present standard of
weight and fineness and to pay in
terest thereon in like gold coin."
The present standard of weight
and tlneness," of course. referred to
the time that the debt was incurred.
That standard is no longer the stand
ard of money in the United States.
The Governments reputation of its
gold clause. and the like reputation
of such gold clauses by borrowing
corporations. is now an accomplished
fact. And the fact that bonded debts
would be increased, in the present
money, should the Supreme Court up
hold the gold clause by an estimated
$4,000. 900 900, makes the present
case somehow analogous to the situ-
ton which would be represented in
challenge Of constitutionality of a
declaration of war-the challenge
reaching the Supreme Court for argu-
ment after the troops had been en-
listed. armed, equipped, sent into the
field and were then engaged in active
combat with the enemy. The prac-
tical effects of a decision by the
United States Supreme Court uphold
ing the gold clause staggers the i'm
agination. At the same time there
are those who see in the case a test
of the sanctity of contract. which Is
the foundation stone of all business
relationships
From several cases. four have been
chosen for argument in the Supreme
Court. Two of the cases involve rail-
road bonds, which guaranteed pay
ment in gold, and which the present
holders contend should be paid in
money of equivalent value. One of
the cases has been brought by a Lib
erty bond holder whose bond was
called for redemption by the Treasury
in currency, not of an equal value
with that which was borrowed. The
fourth case is brought by holder of
gold certificates, who surrendered
them to the Treasury under protest
when such gold certificates were called
in and exchanged for the deprecated
currency.
Congress may regulate money and
currency, of course, and fix it's value.
And it may be possible to show to the
satisfaction of the court that the
Government faced an emergency
which neceSSitated its action in going
off gold. Most interest will attach to
the view taken by the court, however,
in reputation of a gold clause"
which was inserted in most contracts
as an assurance to those who loaned
the money that the very thing which
has happened would not happen. The
gold clause was a guarantee and it
was repudiated.
Evening star., 1935-01-09

enable the Hitler government to im-
pose It's viii on the humblest ham
let," as the author Of the scheme,
Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick an
nouncss, much Of its significance lies
in the personal equations involved.
The plan has long been an integral
part Of the Naz program. But at
tempts TO establish the thoroughly
unified third Reich which 1t contem-
plates were blocked by Gen. Hermann
Goering, Hitlers powerful second-in-
command, who, as premier of Prussia,
did not want that historically dom
mating German state divided, with
corresponding curtailment Of bis sway.
President Won Hindenburg and other
influential Prussians supported him.
Now the Goering policy has sue
cumbed TO that Of DR.. Frick, eircum-
stance which suggests that the min
ister Of the interior may be destined
to supplant the Prussian premier. who
has been preponderant in Nazi affairs
as the Fuehrer's chief lieutenant.
From the standpoint of the outside
world, the impending reorganization
means that the Reich will present the
picture Of q more solidly knit poll
tiesl and territorial entity than ever.
1t will typify a nation of nearly TO-
100000 Germans firmly within the
Hitler grip. The achievement of that
purpose will probably synchronize
with the attainment of the Nazi goal
OF a recovered Saar, but France and
Italy have just seen to it that the
more closely co-ordinated Teutonic
realm is not to embrace an absorbed
Austria.
Evening star., 1935-01-09
The New Germany.

Those geographical designations with
which the world has so long been
familiar in connection with Germany
are about to be wiped off the map.
States like Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony,
Wuerttemberg. Baden, Thuringia,
Hesse, Mecklenburg- -Schwerin, Olden-
burg, Brunswick and other more or
less independent political units that
survived the World War are now to
be formally snuffed out of existence
and welded into one highly central
lied and "co-ordinated" Nazi Reich.
Action to this end will ae taken by
the all-Nazi Reichstag which will be
convened in Berlin on January 80 to
commemorate the second anniversary
of Herr Hitler's elevation to the
chaneellorship. Under the new law
then to be enacted and promulgated
Germany will be divided into twenty
districts or territories with a popula-
ton of 100000 to 100000 each.
Their respective borders will conform,
as far as possible, to the ALLEGATION of
Reichswehr units, which have just
been designated as the supreme mill
tary force of the nation, with definite
superiority in rank over the Nazi
storm troops and the hitherto highly
privileged special Hitler guard known
as the Schutz-Staffel.
State lines of the pre-war, Hohen-
zollern era have, for all practical pur-
poses, been obliterated since the
Nazis' accession to power. Berlin has
ruled everywhere. While the proposed
new politico- geographical set-up will
extend this. centralized authority and
Evening star., 1935-01-09
PrepOsterOus Suggestion.
the Canton (Ohio) Repository.

from tne canton (Ohio) Repository.
It's difficult to believe a Senator
could have such a fine sense of
humor, but there's rumor that Sen
ator Gerald p. Nye has a resolution
providing that in event of war
fourth Of the congressional member
ship shall be drafted. with congress
Sional status and pay suspended.
Congressman voting against the decla-
ration OF war, however, would be ex.
empt.
Imagine their embarrassment! II
all governments which still make
pretenSe Of letting the peoples rep
resentatives vote for something were
to do the same thing, the world would
become unbearably quiet and serene.
The man who could make a war
would be greeted as benefactor. But,
as usual, the IF" is too big to be
hurdled
One thinks of a similar suggestion
made many years ago by some bril-
liant thinker and repeated many
times since. 1t ran to the effect that
international disputes should be set
tied by kings, dictators. emperors.
presidents and the like in hand-to-
hand combat. Each nation would
have its professional fighter-a Co
Hath or perhaps David.
When war was declared, there
would be day set for the fighting of
it. There would be no expense. On
the contrary, tickets could be sold
and the proceeds used to buy swords.
adhesive tape and morticians' serv-
ices. A preposterous suggestion-al-
most preposterous enough to be taken
seriously.
Evening star., 1935-01-09

satisfactory because of the lack Of
proper quarters, food and clothing for
the personnel Of the system. 1t would
seem that punishments have not
brought reformation. To execute and
imprison the offending personnel will
not correct mechanical faults and
equip the lines properly.
Russias efforts to extend its rsil-
way system have been feature of
the grand plan of reorganization and
modernization under the Soviet rule.
The people have taken to railroad
travel in immense numbers. All visi-
tors to that land have observed the
sad deficiencies of the equipment and
the accommodations. The wrecks
that have occurred are doubtless due
in large part to certain national
ineptitude in the handling of me-
chanical devices, a trait that has come
to notice in the Incompetence mani
tested in the making and use of
tractors, motor engines, electrical
plants and other means of production
and service.
Criticism of the Russian railways,
however, is to be tempered by the re-
fiection that the American transport
as well as they should A short time
ago this country suffered from a series
of wrecks, costing heavily in lives, and
due TO mechanical as well as personal
failures. So far as known, no punish
ments have been administered to
those at fault.
Evening star., 1935-01-09
THIS AND THAT
BY CHARLES E. TRACEWELL.

and rest. This Is more natural, one
may think, therefore, what 1t pro-
duceS ought to be more acceptable.
Unfortunately, the rest periods OF Life,
If they may be so-called, sometimes
produce introspection, which is harm
full TO some natures. Others using
exactly the same methods Of self
looking will find nothing harmful In
the exercise.
The feeling of being hemmed In
Is one of the lesser of the evils OF
too much introspection in some ma
lures.
In most cases there is absolutely
nothing hurtful in it.
Often 1t leads to a determined ef-
fort to get away, and this getting
away offers the person fresh oppor-
tunities for observation and mental
effort. This Is not the only good rea-
son for travel, Of course, but it is one
Of them.
The feeling of being "hemmed in"
by life and circumstances often results
in changes, which may or may not
be for the better
At any rate they are something
new. and this. in itself, has q way,
usually, of freshening the mental out
look.
One may discover that the new Is
no better than the old, after all.
One may find out that perhaps
too much stress is put. in the every
day world, on something new"
The old, after all, often has much
in its favor. but this must be a per-
sonal discovery. Until the individual
makes it, he will be the continuing
victim of all those who have some
thing new" to sell him.
II it is the mind that creates states
OF mind, as we say, it is the mind
which will unereate them, as others
might say.
And this Is so.
1t is one of the happieSt discoveries
any human will ever make.
If little thinking gets you into a
mental jam, wherein YOU feel the need
for more elbow room, as it were, a little
thinking can get you out again.
Perhaps a. little more effort is need
ed than to get in. Traps are that
way.
Consider the poor little mice. Gagged
in a large glass jar. into which they
had scampered through an innocent
swinging door.
The man who demonstrated the
trap on the street corner was looking
at it solely from his point OF view.
Just turn the jar up this way" he
said, land they suffbcate in two min
uteS. A more humane way" he con-
tinued, lis to fill the jar with warm
water. That takes minute and .
half"
1t took a bit Of mouse intelligence
to get in the jar, but none of the mice
had the little extra intelligence to
know what to do to get out.
A spectator on the street scene
longed to be possessed of more than
human ability. TO be able to shout to
the entrapped mice, in mouse Ian
guage, "One of you stick your paw
under the door and pull it open, let
the others go through. then dart
through yourself
But he couldn't. and they didn't.
May it not be that we humans are
often caught in traps no less surely,
as unable to get out. all because We
do not use that little extra bit of
human intelligence which Is neces-
Sary?
A little more brains. brothers. a lit
tie more thinking. and We will be able
to get out of our troubles, perhaps,
by a simpler route than a trip South
or a move to new job or town.
Evening star., 1935-01-09

, Hemmed in?
That is the way great many peo-
Pile feel. They are hemmed In by
jobs, houses, countries, worlds.
They feel hemmed in where they
are, and want to go some where else,
where they think they won't feel
that way.
When they get there, they discover.
usually, that they are almost as
"hemmed in" as ever.
Men who have gone around the
world, In an effort TO escape the feel
ing of imprisonment, say it pursued
them to the other side of the globe
So it is seen 10 be mental.
Psychologists have explanations for
1t, and names with rather frightful
implications
The average person need know moth
ing of them.
They will do him no good, and may
do some harm.
The main thing to keep in mind is
that this feeling, very well known to
thousands, In all walks of life, Is
purely self created.
1t is the mind which has got one
into 1t, and the mind which Will get
one out.
Perhaps for some there is no getting
out.
Well, what of it?
A person is hemmed In by life, after
all
The brave will admit it. the re-
mainder will try to run away.
Hence on every side and on every
highway, automobiles roar along,
their mildly-mad occupants deter
mined to get away at any cost
from the frightful possibilities Of self
contemplation.
1t is nothing new. An ancient
Roman poet pictured the mobiles flying
along in their chariotS from their
town houses to their country houses
and, no sooner there, then they
turned around and flew back 10
Rome as fast as they had gone away
from it,
In the city they felt hemmed in.
In the country they longed for the
bright lights. Yes, there were bright
lights then. too. Compared with our
brightness of electricity, their lights
would have looked dlngy, no doubt,
but to them they gloWed far beyond
the usual.
There was that fine night in the
life Of Cicero, when candles were
burned in front of every house i'll
the city, as the great man was given,
by public acclaim, the title of father
of his country"
Cicero did not feel hemmed in that
night.
If life could be a succession of
eXcitementS, especially such as are
known TO many men in the glare Of
widespread. but nevertheless mild
publicity, few persons would ever feel
the need Of pushing the walls back.
No doubt the popularity Of war. in
some measure, Is due TO that well
known succession of exciting events.
which prevents even the most lethargic
soul from ever feeling hemmed in by
anything
Even a trench, under such circum-
stances, must seem rather coZy pro-
lection, rather than the Grass and
dirty wall it really is.
Life ordinarily is not that way,
even to the professional buzzers
around, all Of these happy persons
whose innate urge is toward perpetual
movement. Most of them do not
know that Nature has gifted them
beyond the average in the search for
happiness.
To most persons it is given, rather,
to have alternate periods of activity
Evening star., 1935-01-09
WASHINGTON OBSERVATIONS
BY FREDERIC WILLIAM VILE.

the brigade is veteran Representative
Frank Crowther. Republican. of
Schenectady.
Although Albert G. Ritchie Is now
back in private life, there are already
suggestions among some of his ad
mirerS that 1940 will still find him
available Democratic presidential tim
Der. Should Maryland then once more
anoint as its favorite son the man who
has just ended his fourth consecutive
gubernatorial term, it will have been
exactly 20 years since the Free State
first presented Ritchie's name for the
preSidency-at the San Francisco con-
vention in 1920. Gov Ritchie will be
"a years old in l940. His boosters evi-
IDENTIFY don't think Army and Navy re-
tirement age applies to politicians.
~
Three books of interest to Washing
tonianS are scheduled for early ap-
pearance A Republican critic of the
New Deal. Hoover Secretary of the
Treasury, Ogden L. Mills, is the author
of volume entitled What of Tomor-
row?" Ruth Bryan Owen. Minister to
Denmark, is publishing Leaves From
a Greenland Diary" j. Edgar Hoover.
director of the Division of Investigation
of the Department Of Justice, has
written the foreword to a book called
Ten Thousand Public Enemies" by
Courtney Ryley Cooper.
HampSon Gary, who has lust re-
signed as a member Of the Federal
Communications Commission, is slated
for another important New Deal ap-
pointment. The assignment of the
Texan to the F. c. c. last year was
understood at the time to be only
temporary. During his brief tenure
Mr.. Gary made notable record as
chairman of the radio division
mastering the intricacieS of the broad
casting field with rapidity and COM
pleteness that aroused widespread
cOmmendation. He is a former member
of the diplomatic service and a lawyer
by profession.
Huey Long, as usual, played to
standing room only in the Senate this
week, when he defended the Louisiana
dictatorship" against the onSlaughts
of its detractors in Washington. The
Kingfish was at the top of his form.
much to the edification of the crowded
galleries, but in the opinion OF many
auditors rather spoiled his show by
talking too long His remarks occupy
about twice as much space in the
Congressional Record as the PreSi-
dents budget message. For the most
part Long held the close attention Of
q floor full of brother Senators. But
Senator Bailey, Democrat, of North
Carolina was the only one who
thought it worth while to intervene
with any sort of a rebuttal Bailey
arose merely to refute the charge that
the North Carolina delegation had
run out" on the plan to break the
two-thirds convention rule at Chicago
in 1892. He quietly observed that the
delegation did not run out" because
it had never run in"
\
With the arrival of Senator James
E. Murray, Democrat. of Montana, the
British bloc In the Senate now totals
three. The others are Senators Con-
zens of Michigan, native Of Canada,
and Davis of Pennsylvania, who was
born in Wales. The new member
from Montana, like Mr.. Couzens, first
saw the light of day in Ontario. A
son of Scotland, Robert Crosser of
Ohio, is a member of the House Of
Representatives.
Evening star., 1935-01-09

A reader can get the ans,DeT to
any question OF fact by tDrittng The
Washington EDeaiHs Star Information
Bureau, Frederic }. Haskin. Director,
Washington, ID. c. Please iRciose
stamp for reply.
9. Was there q time when the
horses ran to the right at the Belmont
Park tFack?-R. M.
A. Horses ran at Belmont Park
with inner rail ut their right from
opening. May 4, 1905, until the end
of the 1925 season. That is the Eng
hsh custom, introduced by August
Belmont. Since 1925 horses nave run
the same as on all other American
tracks-with inner rail ON their left.
@. How far from the throne is the
recently married Duke Of Kent?--
r. r.
A. He is the sixth in line. The first
heir Is the Prince Of Wales, the sec
ond, the Duke of York; third. Prin-
cess Elizabeth; fourth. Princess Mar
garet Rose; fifth, the Duke of Glou-
cester, and sixth, the Duke Of Kent.
@. What woods shrink or swell the
leAst?-H. S.
A. Generally speaking, the lighter
woods are in this class. Among them
are white pine, cedar, redwood. fir
and yellow poplar. Such heavy woods
as ash, hickory. beech. birch and oak
shrink or swell more than the lighter
woods.
@. For whom is Cadillac, Mich,
named?-A. r.
de la Mothe Cadillac. French mill
tary officer. who founded Detroit
Mich.
G. How was the Carnegie Institu-
tion at Washington, D. c., founded?
p. L.
A. The Carnegie Institution OF
Washington was founded OH January
28, 1902, by Andrew Carnegie, when
he gave to a board of trustees an en-
dowment Of registered bonds of the
par value Of 3l0,000000. To this fund
he added 81 ,0OO, 600 On December 10,
1907, and $4,000 600 on January 19,
1911. In addition, the income of a
reserve fund of about $4,000, 900, ac-
cumulated in accordance with the
founders specifications in 1911, is
now available for general use, and
there has been a recent addition of
$1,000 600 to the endowment fund by
grant from the Carnegie Cerp. of New
York. The institution was originally
organized at the Carnegie Institution
but was reincorporated as the Car
negie Institution of Washington by
an act Of Congress approved April %,
1904.
@. Who was Calliope?-H. r. G.
A. Calliope was the muse of epic
poetry and of knowledge. She was
the mother Of OfpheuS.
@. What does banzai mean?-W. N
A. 1t means may you live 10000
years" and is used in saluting the
Emperor of Japan and as battle cry.
@. Please give some information
about the statue of Martin Luther in
Washington, d. C-S. g.
A. The statue of Martin Luther
stands in front of Luther Memorial
Church at Thomas Circle. 1t is in
bronze, cast by Reitschel, and is a
copy of the original in Warns. Ger
many. II was erected in Washington
in 1884. in commemOrstion of the
birth of Luther. The cost, including
pedestal. was $4,000. and memorial
| association was created TO care for it
@. Are any of the old inns of Salem,
Mass, in exiStence?-F. T.
A. None remains.
Evening star., 1935-01-09

No Maryland citizen would consider
a theory that State sales tax would
benefit the District of Columbia in no
greater degree than the District con-
tributes profit to the neighbor State
race tracks.
Evening star., 1935-01-09
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
BY FREDERIC ]. HASKIN.

@. When was the first ferry TO Long
Island operated?-H. H.
A. In 1912.
@. What is the Trudgen stroke in
swimming?-C. r.
A. This stroke was introduced in
England in 1873 by John Trudgen and
was considered, before the advent of
the crawl. the fastest stroke. 1t con-
sists of alternate overland arm move
ments and a frog kick similar to that
used in the breast stroke.
@. Is green cotton grown CONNER
cially in the United States-R. M. w.
A. The Bureau OF Plant Industry
says that varieties of cotton producing
colored fiber are considered merely
novelties in the United States and
that they have no commercial value.
A variety of cotton with greenish lin
ters, sometimes known as Texas
WOOL" has been brought to the atten-
tion of the bureau by farmers inter-
ested in its possible value. The green
ish color is natural but is due merely
to chance variation. Such cotton
has no MARKET.
@. Who is Giulia Bustabo?-R. T.
A. She is a young American vio-
linist who recently appeared in Lon
don with Gigli. She was discovered
at the age of 4 by Kreisler.
@. How is the water mark put into
paper?-T. j.
A. When the pulp is ready to be
made into paper it is poured out upon
an endless cloth made of fine brass
wire. This cloth travels constantly
in one direction by means of rollers
and is given at the same time sort
of vibratory motion to cause the paper
fibers to become more closely felted
together On the wire cloth web are
woven words or designs in wire that
rise above the rest of the surface.
These words or designs are trans
ferred TO the paper, making what are
called water marks.
@. Is a house which is painted a
dark color hotter than one painted
yellow or white?-C. c.
A. II is when the sun shines upon
it. Dark colors permit more heat PEN
etration than light colors do.
@. What did Shakespeare study
in grammar School?-E. r.
A. Shakespeare probably entered
the Stratford Grammar School at the
age of and continued there until
he was nearly IA. The typical course
in schools Of that period consisted
principally of various Latin authors.
One school in 1888 had 25 Latin books
ON its list of studies. while the only
required works in English we're the
CatechiSm. PSalter. Book of Common
Prayer. and New Testament. Lilly's
Latin grammar was studied instead
of the mother tongue. Among the
works that Shakespeare probably read
in Latin were AeSop'S Fables and
Ovids Metamorphoses.
@. Are any lichens of value TO
man?-T. D.
A. Several species of lichens are
Of economic importance, yielding dyes
and foodstuffs. Iceland moss is edible.
yielding a nutritious jelly. Reindeer
moss is the principal food of the Lap
land reindeer in the Winter. Archil,
violet dye, is obtained from Roccella
tinctoria. Roccella fuciformis, and
Lecanora tartarea. LitmuS. also a dye
stuff. is obtained from these lichens
by exposure TO the air in the pres
ence of ammonia, potassium carbon-
ate, etc.
@. Can water freeze above 80 de-
greSs w. H.
A. Rain falling on sirplanes freezes
at a rapid rate at temperatures con-
cidarahly oh0ua daoraoe
Evening star., 1935-01-09
Success.

From the Saginaw Daily News.
The Chicago Opera Co. is con-
sidered highly successful because 10
lost only $4,000 during the last sea-
SON. At that rate the number of sue
cessful men in this country during the
last five years has been practically
Unlimited.
Evening star., 1935-01-09

The salesman who boasts of high
speed automobile does not undertake
TO provide a road map showing where
the speed can be utilized without
leading TO the calaboose
Evening star., 1935-01-09
RehearsaIs.

The Justices, who with their learn
ing so great
The guidance we need must be CIV
ing
Concerning all problems that puzzle
the State,
Including the high cost of living,
Must look in the books to discover
way
To be our Sagacious protectors.
And teach what collectors to debtors
can say,
And what debtors can say to col
lectorS.