davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1935-07-07
JULY BOOKS ON STAND MODERN TIME BROADCASTS
OF TINE SERVICE
Accurate Time Service Once Month Now Replaced by
Hourly Broadcast Sent Out 20 Times Day From -,
Naval Observatory Here.

The correspondence indicates consid-
cradle heat was developed and the
Western Union was lambasted gen.
orally for monopolizing the business Of
transmitting and selling time, and
for the interference with the trans
mission Of time by the local Or
ganizations.
The old records disclose q number
Of kilograms, letters, ETC., from various
communities. municipalities, etc, de-
string to buy time. 1t Is very in
teresting to note that Leavenworth,
Kans., wanted to buy time once a
month. The mayor Of Leavenworth,
who was considered an outstanding
progressive, was willing to pay all
the attending expenses in order to
maintain accurate local time. His
once-a-month plan was considered
q stimulating step in the advance
ment of science and business. This
monthly time service was to be sent
to the principal manufacturing jew
eler Of Leavenworth, and by him 1t
"aS W C SOuiLHuiiiNoICO W IilC ClIy
and also to the railroads. He pro-
posed propaganda emphasizing the i'm
portance of spreading such informa-
tion, the methods to be used in dis
seminating standard time and the
plans by which intelligent support
could be developed. The Western
Union Telegraph Co. was advised OF
the City Of Leavenworths desire. II
was suggested that the Western Union
advertise . proposed time service,
quoting prices for monthly, b.
monthly and weekly time service. He
emphasized that there was a general
desire to receive the standard time
and pay for 1t, II necessary, but
Evening star., 1935-07-07

that the people throughout the coun-
try were ignorant as to where to apply
for time, and therefore the Western
Union should esta blish and advertise
comprehensive time service, showing
scale Of prices, etc., etc.
THE interesting point to us at pres
ent Is that, at that time. accurate
satisfactory for all the cities which
were willing to pay for 1t. Contrast
the present demands. Five years ago
We broadcasted three times daily. In
1881 we increased the broadcasts
to six daily, and soon that was not
considered satisfactory, so we invented
an automatic time comparer and
broadcaSer which can shoot the signal
hourly, but actually does broadcast
20 times each day. The four silent
hours could not be included because
of radio congestion at those hours.
In 1883 Prof. Simon Newcomb very
strongly advocated using Washington
time as the standard, instead Of going
across the ocean to Greenwich to
standardize our time. However. others
who were pressing the measure wanted
to have q standard system for the en-
tire world and, naturally, for this
international time the meridian of
Greenwich was the more suitable one.
In 1884, on invitation of the United
States, an international meridian
conference was held in washington
and it was agreed to establish a
single prime meridian for the entire
world for the measurement OF longi-
tude and for determining time. The
meridian of Greenwich had already
been adopted by several of the leading
maritime nations, including the United
States. 1t was therefore merely a
question Of having the other nations
fall in line. The French insisted on
the adoption Of zero meridian pass
ing through the Bering Strait, even
after their attention was invited to
the fact that the meridian Of Green
wich, which passed very near Havre,
cutting France from north to south,
could be considered a French as well
as an English meridian. 1t was just
as much French as it was English
and 1t could be adopted without any
sacrifice Of national pride. However,
the French representatives were op-
posed to it and finally stated that
they would adopt the Greenwich
meridian just as soon as the English
adopted the metric system. 1t IS in
teresting to note in connection with
this establishment of an international
prime meridian at Greenwich and the
French desire to place it in Bering
Strait, that apparently In q previous
civilization the zero meridian was To-
Gated at the eastern end Of the trans
Pacific equatorial continent at what
is at present known as the Galapagos
Islands and that both North and
South America still show triangula-
ton marks based on that meridian.
After this rather interesting history
Of the development Of the time service
o brief synopsis Of the present time
service itself follows:
As you all know, the accepted basis
for the measurement of time is the
earths rotation on its axis. To ex-
plain further than this would be very
much like carrying Goals to New
castle.
From the very beginning history
indicates that each successive group
developed Its time with the greatest
accuracy possible using the equipment
then In existence To read the de-
Evening star., 1935-07-07

"HERE are a number OF people
still alive who can remember
when every railroad system
Il had its own meridian, made
its own determination and by that
time operated It's trains. The great
trunk lines had to change their time
here and there to adapt their time
to local time. These train times sell
dom, II ever, agreed with the local
time. For instance, In the Pennsyl-
vania Station at Pittsburgh, Pa, there
were three different times, one for
Philadelphia, one for Q key point
further west and . third, the local
Pittsburgh time. The traveller was
constantly In danger Of missing his
train owing to the resulting doubt and
confusion.
This question Of time, Of uni
versal standard time, constituted one
of the most troublesome problems that
had to be solved by the Nautical
Almanac office In the early days.
The Observatory's old files contain
the following interesting records:
In 1864 the City of Washington in
troduced a new telegraphic fire alarm
system. This fire alarm system was
considered tremendous step in sd-
vance, as fire alarms could be tele-
graphed from one section OF the city
to another, expediting the handling
OF the fires.
The superintendent Of the Naval
Observatory Immediately perceived the
excellent opportunity offered TO extend
the usefulness OF the Observatory BY
broadcasting the time throughout the
city.
Prior to that the broadcasting Of
time was limited to the dropping Of
Evening star., 1935-07-07

a time ball at noon from the flagstaff
of the dome of the National Capitol.
In the Fall OF 1854 Lieut.. Gilliss
and Prof. William Harkness COM
municated with Richard Wsllach,
mayor Of the City Of Washington.
Their plan was to connect the Naval
Observatory by direct wire with the
fire alarm central ONCE. so that the
fire bells could be struck daily at
Tam. and 8 pm. by telegraphic signal
from the Naval Observatory.
THE following Summer, in the mid
die of August, 1865. this system
was inaugurated, and this important
the fire alarm bells ring was always
done by Lieut.. GilliSs or DR.. HsrknesS.
The striking of the fire bells in
Washington therefore inaugurated the
broadcasting of time At that time
the State Department was housed in
an orphan asylum on Fourteenth
street, and special wire ran directly
from the central fire alarm Office to
the orphan asylum, so that the State
Department could receive its noon
signal over this private wire. The
Western Union Telegraph Co., for
obvious reasons, also had wires in the
State Department building. One OF
their wide-awake operators. appre-
ciating the situation. Immediately con-
ceived the idea of transmitting pri-
vate time signal to their own central
office each time he received the signal
in the State Department from the
Fire Department central office. This
is the real origin Of the Western
Union Co.'S connection with the
United States Naval Observatory
time service, and 1t has continued
ever since.
1t Is rather interesting to note
that in 1890 a memorial from the di-
rectors of % observatories requested
an investigation into the system by
which the Western Union Telegraph
Co. received its time signal daily from
the Naval Observatory, and by what
authority this special privilege was
granted.
Another step in the broadcasting
of time was a circular to ship masters,
underwriters, chronometer makers and
others, issued by the executive office
of the Western Union Telegraph Co.
in April, 1877. The Western Union
announced that an arrangement had
been made with the Naval Observatory
for the transmission Of standard time
to all cities having over 10000 in
habitants, from Maine to Louisiana
and from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
The Western Union guaranteed q di-
rect transmission to its subscribers
who would pay them q prescribed fee
for this service.
THE directors Of the 23 observatories
l. apparently questioned the West
ern Unions right to enjoy this sole
privilege OF the Observatory's time
signal.
But 1t was shown that the B. & o.
Telegraph Co. also received the sig
mails and transmitted them. 1t Is
known that observatories in different
parts of the, country had established
local time services and furnished
their own determined time to rail-
roads, cities and individuals in their
own localities and from which each
observatory derived no inconsiderable
income. Hence the strong protest
when the Western Union attempted
to expand its business so extensively
as to affect adversely all those SINH
larly e6saged IN the selling Of time.
Evening star., 1935-07-07

OF history in the making for the
entire year Of 1884 and the first part
of 1885. It is a highly arresting
thing. 1t is designed apparently to
give the whole world spirit of the
period-the unrest, the distress, the
political trends, the popular follies.
the personalities, the sciences. the
arts-intended to be. to quote its
editor. "the diary Of mankind in pic
lures"
Whether 1t succeeds in completely
covering this large scope or not can
be left TO sociologists. There Is no
question. however. that the attempt
has brought forth a thought inspiring
work. Wars, revolutions. armies, nat
ural catastrophies. drifting throngs
of unemployed human beings, panics,
posturing politicians and dictators-
how little there is here to make the
visitor from Mars believe that we are
a happy people. Yet the group has
not been collected for alarmist res-
sons. Instead. the pictures have been
taken largely from actual news photo
graphs. Yet the effect could hardly
be more disheartening. The book Is
like long and grating scream.
Contributors are James Able, An
ton Bruehl, Margaret Bourke-White,
Edward Steichen, Pierre Verger, DR..
Paul Wolff, Thomas Benton, George
Crosz, Rollin Kirby, Grant Wood.
Diego Rivera, Reginald Marsh and.
says the editor, virtually every i'm
portant Photographic agency in the
world :. as are many of the out
standing amateur and professional
news photographers"
The second collection OF photo
graphs, Men and Ships of Steel"
has great deal Of beauty from the
purely pictorial side. AS such, it
should interest general collectors as
well as people who have special in
terest in ship pictures. 1t is in sum,
a recording of the Navy today in all
its various branches, with a brief COL
lection Of historical pictures at the
offers so wide a field for photogra phic
effectiveness-sea and sky in all sea-
sons and latitudes, ships of all mod
els, planes and dirigibles, parade
grounds and class rooms, navy yards
and guns, even wrecks-they are all
here. Over 100000 photographs, we
are told. were studied before the 275
used were finally selected.
Francis Wayne Palmer, the planner
Of the work, is former naval officer
who saw service during the World
War. Hanson w. Baldwin. who did
much Of the work on the book, Is a
graduate Of the Naval Academy and
is now a member of the staff OF the
New York Times. Gordon c. Aymar,
the designer, also saw service in the
Navy during the war. Secretary of
the Navy Swanson has written q
foreword.
Evening star., 1935-07-07

w YHEN Benedict Arnold led his
army Of ragged Conti-
wv nentals through Maine into
Canada to scale the Heights
Of Abraham in the Autumn of ITS he
had wild and unfriendly country to
traverse. Today the way has been
made easier, but many Of its natural
beauties and even some Of its savage
characteristics remain. This northern
country of New England. New York
and the Province of Quebec Is ideal
vacation land. For those who are
interested, the Public Library presents
list of books which set forth its
attractions:
The st. Lawrence.
saguenay. "Saginawa, the River Of
Deep Waters, by Blodwen Davies.
1890. GS27.D28.
"He has stressed especially the his
torical setting, and chapters like the
one on Tadoussac should be fingered
over for the dramatic scenes afforded
in bygone days" Laura Benet.
by waterways 10 1Otidiu, tIlc dC-
count Of a 2000-mile voyage by
skiff and outboard motor from Mil
waukee to New York, through the
Great Lakes, Trent Canal, st. Law
renee, Richelieu, Champlain and
Hudson, by L. r. Freeman. 1926.
GOO. .FS73b.
'He describes people and places on
the way with humor and much writing
skill"
French Canada and the st. Lawrence,
historic, picturesque and descrip-
tive, by ]. c. Hopkins. 1918.
GS2. .H774f.
IAN interesting historical and de-
scriptive account Of life in the Prov
ince of Quebec" e.,
The Laurentians, the Hills of the
Habitant, by T. M. Longstreth. 1922.
G82. .L86SL.
"a narrative Of travel In a little
known part of Canada. mostly in the
| Province of Quebec. The Laurentians
are the hills of the habitants. and the
author lived for many months with
these French Canadians On their re-
mots farm" .
Evening star., 1935-07-07
Graduate $4,000.

THE 64 State and land grant colleges
graduated more than $4,000 stu
dents this year, bringing the total to
win degrees in these institutions since
the first was founded to more than q
million and o quarter.
Evening star., 1935-07-07

HEN Benedict Arnold led his
army Of ragged Conti-
nentals through Maine into
Canada to scale the Heights
Evening star., 1935-07-07
New England and New York.
Vacation Tramps in New England
Highlands, by Allen Chamberlain.

ANS" &A AAAA ssAA~ Wv VA As
Vacation Tramps in New England
Highlands, by Allen Chamberlain
1919. G84.C356v.
eff these pages can serve as a
finger-board to indicate some Of the
'wildernesses' Of New England that
await the foot-free rover. and the ease
with which they may be reached and
enjoyed. their object will have been
attained"
Roaming the Eastern Mountains, by
J. T. Faris. 1892. G849 F22.
Prom Mount Katahdin in Maine
to the Great Smokes in the South"
This book covers the mountains Of
the Eastern States describing their
scenery. relating historical anecdotes
and suggesting trips for the hiker or
the automobilist.
A Wonderland OF the East. comprising
the lake and mountain region of
New England and Eastern New
York: book for those who love
to wander among beautiful lakes
and rivers, valleys and mountains,
or In places made famous by his
toric men and events, to which is
added an afterword on the worth
while in this wonderland Of the
East. with some suggestions to
motor tourists on how best to find
it. by W. C. Kitchin. 1920.
G84. .K647w.
Motor Trips Through New England
NJ 1000
G84 MIST. An official guide book.
New York Beautiful. by Wallace Nut
ting. 1927. G851 NOT.
Several hundred pictures Of the
, varied landscape of New York, rich in
rivers. mountains. lakes and forests.
Trails and SUBMITS of the Adiron-
dacks. by w. c. OKane. 1928.
G843. 3.Ok16. An excellent hand
book to accompany the hiker over
mountain trails.
New York Walk Book; suggestions for
excursions afoot within a radius
of so to 100 miles Of the city and
including Westchester County. the
Highlands of the Hudson and the
Ramapo, Northern and Central
New Jersey and the New Jersey
pine bsrrens. Long Island, the
Shawangunk Range. the Cstskills
and the Taconics. by r. H. Torrey,
Frank Place. jr.: r. l.. Dickinson
1928. G85l 1887.
Maine.
Maine of the Sea and Pines: q descrip-
tion of its scenic beauty, its rugged
coast line, its mountains, lakes and
rivers; an account Of its settle
ment, its Indians and their legends,
and its appeal to the sportsman
and vacationist: q survey of its
commercial resources and indus
tries, and its possibilities for water
power development. by N. H. Dole
and I. L. Gordon. 1928. G84l .D68m.
Coasting Down East, by Ethel Hueston.
1924. G841.H87.
Description, history, legend and
romance are combined with q slight
thread Of personal narrative in this
account OF q motor tour along the
Maine coast from Kittery to Calais. "
Maine Beautiful. by Wallace Nutting.
1924. G84l NOT.
One of the most attractive of the
famous pictorial series on the Eastern
States.
Romantic and Historic Maine, by A.
H Verrill. 1888. F841.V62.
The authors purpose has been to
deal primarily with the unusual and
little known facts and the romantic
associations of localities rather than
to record purely historical events"
Evening star., 1935-07-07

: SENTENCED TO LIVE. BY Mary
- Agnes Hamilton. Boston: Houghton
Mifiin Co.
THIS is a novel which it is practical
- " impossible to read. It's author.
Mary Agnes Hamilton, has been a
member of the British Parliament, has
written a biography of Ramsay Mac
Donald and a previous novel which
has been highly praised. She Is an
essayist; she also lectures, and. we are
told, Is 'the only woman director of
the British Broadcasting Corp"
As If this were not sufficiently i'm
pressive list of accomplishments, her
publishers informs 4 Of still other
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-02-11

Washington, Feb. lit made hard
ly the slightest difference whether or
not this nation entered the World
Court.
Except for a few rabid isolationistS,
nearly everyone in washington agreed
on that. The sound and fury in the
senate over the issue was a sort Of
town joke-even on Capitol Hill.
But the courts defeat is q matter
Of grave concern to the New Dealers
because of certain menacing shadows
it casts before. Mr.. Roosevelt, the
great popular leader. is confronted
by other rabble-rousers with large
popular followings of their own.
For the first time. the administra-
ton has been licked through efforts
Of combination OF leaders whom its
members call "demagogs," crack
pots" "blather-skites" and similarly
uncomplimentary names. It may not
be the last time.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-02-11

versadonal
"Thsn Do you know-Im sur
she's IN the islands-a dancer named
vanye-let's see Vanya Pro-
thought.
real name?" she asked.
Mark nodded. Beyond doubt. Can
tain Rawlinson had given him her
true name.
~ don't know her," said Carrie.
after . moments thought. "Rus-
sian, isn't she? Or Polish?"
.&ussian, ] think" said Marx.
Well. ] know everybody who's IN
tne profession ct the high class
She paused.
."Of course, there's . bunch Of
owes down along the waterfront.
Some Russian, too. But eentlemen
Ike you wouldn't know nobodv thsra
would you?"
Marx shook his head. but ne
wasn't = positive O. he tried Ia an.
pear: He had distinct doubts a e
whether his acquaintances ineiuded
waterfront dance-hall girl. He
said nothing. however, and the con.
versation turned to other channels
carrie looked ct the wsll-ciock
sIsek'ne YEARLY st the far end Of
Sorry" she said. but my next
She rose with Q smile.
tell ~ Why every place we've Seer
IN tonight plays Aloha vith snch
q Dir Of originality. Don't Vol,
asianders know any other mus;c :"
You tourists seem to expect t."
11nned Carrie. "Don't blame nat
And thanks!" 1s'
She disappeared through . far
Ito Be Continuedl
O0D4140S 1874. ~ Kins Raat~...
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-02-11
Principle and Practice

One Of the oldest and probably one
Of the truest OF maxims Is that those
people who are least governed are
the best governed. From this, prob
ably, stems the oft-raised protest
against government In business. rails
ed Internationally as new government
tai activities ere proposed.
As = matter Of principle the OBJ
lection Is well raised. It seems clear
that fair regulation Of private bust
ness through the curbing Of vicious
practices would have been much bet
ter than entry by the government in
to the numerous fields where 1t now
is playing an important role. All
but the more advanced Of our so
cial" thinkers can subscribe to this
position in view OF the mounting
cost OF government and Its failure
to broaden the opportunities Of the
average individual.
But the trouble, all along has been
that those who are most vocal In
support OF the theory that govern
ment should stay out of business
are the chief violators. Among its
opponents are many who have not
hesitated to seek governmental &C
ton in the way Of tariffs that their
profits might be increased. Others,
both before and after condemning
government In business, have obtain
ed financial help from the public
Golfers. Bankers, many Of whom have
expounded the theory. were among
the first to seek help from the RFC,
established In the Hoover admins
tration.
All classes are affected by the ten
dency to talk one way and act an
other, as evidenced by a recent poll
OF engineers and contractors, taken
by the engineering News Record. 1t
showed that IS per cent OF them are
In favor Of the proposed public works
measure now before congress and
that they view it as q move toward
recovery rather than relief"
Types OF activity favored by them
III order were sanitary improvements,
grade crossing elimination, road and
street improvements, bridges, flood
control and housing.
This program, inevitably, means
more government in business because
its qualifications will touch every
individual. yet the question now is
whether we shall have less of 1t and
confine 1t to an emergency basis or
more Of 1t with every prospect Of max
ing 1t permanent. It will be worth
noting II some Of its most enthusiast
tic hackers are not also among those
who pirate eternally about govern
ment in business.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-02-11
TREATMENT OF HERNIA

MODERN TREATMENT OF HERNIA
The old timers In the medical pro-
fession are always standpatters. They
have achieved q degree Of success in
practice and they naturally wish to
retain their established regulations
and hold what practice they can.
Therefore they instinctively frown up
on any radical development which
threatens to take practice away from
them. This is putting the matter in
= simple, fortnight fashion, but It Is
the truth. This attitude Of the old
established members Of the profession
toward new departures was manifest
in the behavior Of these eminent gen.
tlemen and their spokesman when the
diathermy method for extirpating
tonsils was first widely brought to the
attention Of the public. Some Of the
utterances and printed remarks Of
the old timers, when they feared the
loss Of many tonsil cases, were ex-
traordinary. I have . collection Of
them in my scrapbook, and 1t makes
amusing reading now that the dia-
thermy method Is in universal use
and IS even acknowledged the method
Of choice for disposing OF odds and
ends Of tonsil left In the throat after
q complete tonsillectomyl"
The same element found all sorts
Of theoretical or hypothetical objec-
tions to the injection treatment for
varicose veins when this modern
method was first recommended to the
public. They knew nothing whatever
about the method. but that did not
cramp their style bit. Newspaper
readers who asked the prominent
specialists" about it were advised that
such treatment would be danger.
Gus procedure" and might cause en-
bolism. In spite of these warnings
intelligent folk everywhere chose in
lection treatment and were cured, 50
that the method Is the only one In
general use today. The bad advice
given by the well known doctors
has doubtlessly impaired the conf
dence Of the public in organized med
icine.
Right now the old guard. the same
element Of the profession, IS fighting
desperately to prevent ambulant
treatment Of hernia from cutting in
on the surgical monopoly. The pub
licity bureau Of the American Medi-