Evening star., 1935-12-15
BY EDWARD TOMLINSON.

- OVIETS, Five-Year Plans, Black
Shirts, Brown Shirts-Com-
munistic and Fascist expert
- ments-have held the center of
the European stage for over decade
now. In fact, in so far as the Old
World is concerned, they are already
an old story.
There have been intermittent waves
Of anxiety lest some or all of these
isms might take root on this side of
the Atlantic. But although none of
them has assumed any special signl-
ficance in North America, they are now
among the chief topics of conversa-
tion in some sections of South America,
particularly in Brazil, where move
mentS which to many observers are the
embodiment of CommuniStic and
Fascist doctrines are definitely taking
shape. Recent sporadic uprisings in
the states of Pernambuco and Rio
Grande do Norte, in Northern Brazil
where so-called Communists attempted
to seize control of several cities, and
in the capital itself have served to in
tensify interest in these developments.
Yes, there are half million ac-
tive Fascists in the large cities of this
country today and their numbers are
increasing" young Brazilian lawyer
admitted to me in Rio de Janeiro
short time ago. Then, Fastening to
explain, he said, But if this Brazilian
species of Fascism, which its founder
was pleased to call Integralismo. has
become a formidable force among us,
the excuse is to be found in Incl
dents such as this one. ."
He went on to tell me how Com
muniSt agitator, discovered talking to
groups of laborers and providing his
converts with funds. had been tracked
to his apartment, where bales of pam
phlets written in the style of Moscow
had been found, together with an
amazing amount of money. The
Communist, a Brazilian of Russian
parentage, had some rs contos-about
81 400 at that time-on him when he
was searched.
Much Money Spent.
"And there" he concluded, "is the
reason for Integralismo. That Is why
this organization has made such gains
in a comparatively short length Of
time. In the last year the doctrines
of the Soviets have found thousands
of sympathizers. There is no Ques-
ton but that the moguls of Moscow,
through their friends-some of them
BraZilians, to be sure-have been
spending a lot of money here"
The Integralistas were organized
about year and half ago by Plinio
Salgado, a former army officer. To-
day they are said to number more than
100000. Following the custom of Hit
Ter, Mosely and Mussolini, Salgado de-
signed a colored shirt as the badge Of
his organization-with tropical appro-
was not long in clubbing the Salgado
army THE Green Shirts" Not less
important than the matter of the shirt
was the matter of a slogan and the
slogan is by no means modest. AS one
newspaper man put it, 1T reaches
from Brazil to Heaven" The cry of
the Brazilian Crusaders Is, Family,
Country, God"
Starting in the national capital, the
Green Shirts have spread throughout
the country.
simultaneously, the radical move
ment has spread rapidly. Although
sporadic radical activity had been evi-
dent in much of the country In the
last two years, notably in some of the
northern states, such as Bahia and
Pernambuco, it was not until the
mayor of Rio de Janeiro, Pedro Er-
nesto, gave his blessing, If not his ac-
tive support, to a movement known as
Alliance Liberadora-the Liberal Al
lance - that radicalism became
strongly organized.
Ernesto's own political party, one of
the numerous parties which have
sprung up since constitutional gov
ernment has been restored, is called
Partido Autonomista. But some citi-
zens of Rio go so far as to say that
this was merely the official or cover
ing name for the Liberal Alliance.
Strength Held Political.
Although most of the followers OF
the Alliance party are radicals, num-
bers of them no doubt sincerely COM
munistic, it is the opinion of some
well-informed observers that mere
politics has made possible the organ
ization's numerical strength. In fact,
it is charged that some of the city's
expenditures have been. made in q
way designed to encourage the Al
lianca movement. politicians hoping
thereby to get votes at election time
and thus perpetuate themselves in
office
Although at first strictly q Rio de
Janeiro movement, the Alliancistas
were not long content to conflne their
activities to, the federal capital. They
looked with envious eyes upon the
widespread popularity of the Green
Shirts. So wherever the Integralistas
were strongest the Alliancistas sent In