davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18

men
Gen. Kenji Diohara, the Law
renee of Manchuria," announced
that if autonomy for the north was
not proclaimed, he was prepared to
send five japanese divisions into
Hopei and six into Shantung, to
split those key provinces off from
the rest of China.
Pu vi, former emperor of China
and now Emperor Kang Teh of
Manchukuo, then would be brought
back to the throne at Peiping from
which he was driven by the revo-
luton of 1911, Diohara, who is chief
of the intelligence section of the
japanese forces on the Asian main
land, added.
The procedure by which the five
northern provinces will be separ-
ated emerged with the announce
ment that an autonomy council
would be set up Wednesday.
Long Negotiations
The announcement followed pro-
tracted negotiations between Dio-
hara and officials Of the provinces
involved.
The unqualified statement that
self-government would be demand
ed for the north came from Hsiao
Cheng-Ying, governor of Charar
province, acting as spokesman for
Gen. Sung-Yuan, commissioner of
Chahar and Hopei, key provinces
of the Peiping- -Tientsin area.
The autonomists, said Hsiao
Cheng-Ying, will establish a body
to be known as the North China
Autonomous Council of the Repub-
lie of China. the name indicating
complete independence from the
central government at Nanking will
not be demand.
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18
.ELKS TO join
IN H0NORINC
STATE LEADER
Welcome Pla nned
At CaleXicO For
Smith

Ell Centro Elks will join
Calexico and Brawley lodge
men at Calexico tomorrow
night to welcome George
M. Smith of S n Jose,
state president of the Cali
fornia Elks association, who will
make his official visit to Imperial
Valley lodges. L. P. Bonnat, Of
Ontario, state Yice-president, also
will be present.
Since a state president has not
visited Valley lodges for two years,
a large majority of the members are
expected to be present.
Officials of the local lodge are
expected to take part in the lodge
ceremonies which are scheduled to
follow the dinner at o'clock, ac-
cording to Henry Swanson, local
lodge secretary.
Smith is making his first official
visit to Southern California since
his election to the presidency at
the state conclave in Santa Monica
in September. He has been active in
lodge affairs for 81 years. He affili-
ated with the San Jose lodge in
1914 and, after serving in various
capacities, was made exalted ruler
in 1925. In 1929 he became trustee
CT his home lodge, a post he held
for six years, and in the same year
was appointed a district deputy
grand exalted ruler. He was made a
trustee Of the California Elks asso-
citation in 1881 and held the place
until he was elected president of
the state association.
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18
Fire Call For
Fight Proves
False Alarm

"Fire!" Mai Kai, proprietor of the
Shanghai cafe, shouted into the
telephone at 1880 a. m. today, the call
being received at the police station.
Fire. shouted night officers, to
summon the fire department.
Fire fighting apparatus and police
cars arrived at the cafe at ASS
Broadway to discover that the Or
iental was slightly confused in his
translation of Chinese into Eng
lish. He thought he was using the
English word for flight" and want
ed to summon aid to prevent a
threatened clash between FilipinOs
and Mexicans, he told police. The
disguised firemen and officers could
find no fire, no Mexicans and no
FilipinOs.
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18
THIEVES RAID
THREE FARMS

Tangerines. hay and grapefruit
constituted the loot taken from
three ranches in Imperial Valley
Saturday and Sunday. according
to reports on file at the county
sheriffs office.
C. o. Barrett reported the loss
Of 80 bales Of hay from the Nc
Arthur ranch southwest OF Seeley
Deputy sheriffs are investigating.
Theft of tangerines froT his
grove north of BraWley was report
ed by w. P. Casey A congrega alton
of approximately 100 members Of
the wandering fraternity discovered
in the vicinity aroused the suspi-
cions of deputies. Tony Baco was
picked up in connection with the
case, according to records.
Grapefruit ON the twig proved to
be a temptation to four Filipinos,
names undetermined, and the theft
was reported to the sheriff's office
by Japanese rancherS.
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18
Boys Held Here
In Mystery Case

Garland Reeves, 18, and Norman
D. Holden. Is, are in the county jail
awaiting the arrival of representa-
tives of the department of justice.
The boys were arrested in Winter
haven Saturday night when they
were found to be driving a blood
stained automobile.
The youths were said to have told
officers that they slugged and
robbed a man when he attempted
to hold them up in Porthmouth,
Ohio, and had taken his automobile.
The car was registered to Ernest
Kemp, of Watertown, Tennessee.
Ohio officers were informed of
the statement of the boys and asked
that they be held on charges OF as
sault and theft until representatives
of the department of justice may
investigate.
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18
Oh So!
SaYS
FRANK MATANABE
by
SD HOLDEN

On October 3Oth Highway
Patrol Officer Hertzel of Ore
gOn arrested a auto for revolving
7S miles each hour. On same
day he arrest a man for catching
trout by the thousand in a net.
Those net were stretched across
of a stream which don't giving
fish one iOka of chance. Also
he arrest trapper. Now II seems
these trapper shoots a deer
then he sets a trap for mountain
lion alongside dead deer. Lion
are caught. Trapper then sell
ing lion skin Tor S35 each
They have counted 65 deer that
trapper villain have shot In just
few months! That are why Wild
game are getting scarce. But
pretty good days work for one
cop. Don't you?
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18
AUTOISTS CRASH
AT INTERSECTION

No one was injured in an auto
mobile accident which occurred at
7:05 o'clock last night at the inter
section of US highways 80 and 90.
An unidentified driver, according
to records at the California High
way patrol office, ran through a
boulevard stop and obscured the
view to such an extent that an au-
tomobile driven by Clifford Lewis
Gilbert of Watsonville and another
driven by Jeff p. Mills of Holtville,
collided. The Gilbert machine was
said to have overturned rs feet from
the point of impact. Both cars were
damaged, records show.
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18
Machine PilOted
Through Fence

Because Brawley police said he
couldn't stick to the highway in his
perambulations between G and
Main streets on Ninth streets in
the north-end town, L. Lopez faces
trial in the Brawley police court at
4:30 p. m. today on a charge of
driving while drunk.
Lopez, police said piloted his au-
tomobile through picket fence and
against the wall of a small build
ing i'll Brawley's east side, damag-
ing the machine slightly but caus-
ing no damage to the building.
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18

WASHINGTON, Nov. 18. (U.P)-
Political circles cautiously fore
cast today that the newly executed
reciprocal trade agreement with
Canada would revive the tariff is
sue and make it a major factor III
the 1886 presidential campaign.
Protests against the treaty's pro-
visions, kept secret for several days
after being signed by President
Roosevelt and Premier MacKen-
zie, King of Canada, and made pub
lie yesterday. we're certain, but
their extent remained uncertain
pending a general study OF the docu-
ment.
New Dealers anticipated the
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18
Bitter Fight Looms Over
Trade Pact with Canada

greatest number of complaints from
representatives of American indus
tries whose products are likely to
be affected by concessions granted
the other fellow.
The text of the treaty. made
public by President Roosevelt at
a conference with newspaper men,
revealed that the United States and
Canada each made important tar
iff concessions to the other in
neighborly spirit of give and take.
The President insisted that, de-
spite these concessions, the agree
ment provided for adequate pro-
lection to the domestic markets.
The ltreaty becomes effective
Jan. /, 1886. 1t runs for three years
unless terminated by either party.
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18
WPA WAREHOUSE
SOUGHT IN CITY

WPA officials seek storage
in Ell Centre, according
to word received today by Cal
Mousseau, city clerk
The building is to be used as
storehouse for materials, tools and
equipment and must have approXi-
mately 5000 feet Of floor space. 1t
must be loaned to the government
rent free, Mousseau said He con-
tacted Robert Hays, secretary
manager of the El Centro chamber
of commerce, in an attempt TO find
a suitable building.
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18
w Orker Camps
Will BE Set Up
Visitor

George NJ. Smith, pres
ident of t h e California
Elks' association, who will
pay an official visit to
Calexico Tuesday night.
He will be welcomed at a
meeting joined in by all
Imperial Valley lodges.
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18
LUMBER WORKERS
THREATEN STRIKE

PORTLAND, Ore, Nov. 10. Up
Threats of strike by.50,O0O lum-
Der workers and predictions that
half the great sawmills of the Pa
cific northwest's forest domains will
be forced to close echoed through
the region today.
w. B. Greeley, secretary -manag-
er of the West Coast Lumbermen's
association, said at Seattle that
the Pacific lumber industry will
face a crisis" as result of an an
ticipated influx of Canadian lun-
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18
NINE LOSE LIVES IN Ia. Storm
Parting Of the Ways

T h e C a n d d camera
catches Clark Gable in a
reposeful mood while Mrs.
Gable S e e m s somewhat
surprised. The Gables had
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18
WRITE YOUR
NOTE TO OLD
SANTA NOW! !
There is a Santa Claus!

There is a Santa Claus
Any doubling Thomas who does
MT believe it, needs only to look at
the letters received by The Morn
ing Post and The Imperial Valley
Press in their Santa Claus letter
contest! Thirty dollars in cash
prizes which will be given to the
kids of Imperial Valley the first
part of next week.
But the youngster who thinks he
can wait until the end Of the
Continued on Page 2, Col. y
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18

agreed when this picture
was made to sever matri-
monial bonds, an agree
ment which led to numer-
Gus rumors of new ro-
mances for the screen star.
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18
News Behind the News

News Behind the News
Your correspondent failed in his
duty to his readers the other day,
sad to confess, in bestowing an
oleander on the broad shoulders OF
Tillman Daley, state highway cop,
for taking the youngsters at the
county farm to all circuses, and pro-
viding them with haircuts.
Even an officer and gentleman,
it seems, may be moved by personal
motives.
1t hasn't been announced yet, but
Tillman will ankle altarward one
of these fine days soon with Miss
Ruth Ellis on his arm. The bride-to-
be is a nurse at the county hospi-
tall
Still, the oleander is due for Till
mans taste.
Soups Cold
If the service is haywire at the
United Artists coffee shop today,
blame it on North Carolina. Fred
die Anderson's crew claim N. C. as
their home state, and the old home
town didn't do so well in the foot
ball lists Saturday. Lowl Those lads
could shake hands with a grub
worm without ever STOPPING.
Back Again
Warren Currier-maybe you re-
member him as the gentleman who
disagreed with the sports editor last
week, much to the chagrin of both
wants to start an educational insti-
tuition of his own. Only two Of the
Hit or Miss throng, it seems. chose
Dartmouth to lose to Cornell.
IF you know these gentlemen,
(Biu w. Jones and w. H. Allen"
says Warren, wish you would send
them in to see me.
They need a liberal education on
the marvellous virtues of the Dart
mouth football team and the Won
derful college it represents"
Paging Mr.. Jones and Mr.. Allenl
o
Fame is Fleeting--
Second gradns at Harding school
were asked last week, Who is
Charles A. Lindbergh?"
Three or four of the youngsters
knew that Lindbergh is flier.
None Of them knew of his solo hop
across the Atlantic.
Sort of gives you that old feeling
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18
= Late News
CIVILIANS BOMBED

Civilians in the occupied region around Makae when The
popuati0n reUo!ted after the Italians had cOnfiScated
ain according to dispatches TeceUed to-day from Ethi-
opian army headquarters in the north. The bombing deS-
troyed many uts and stacks of unresed grain the mes
snCes said.
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18
Fame is Fleeting-

Der products expected to follow
one-half reduction In tariffs on
milled and unmilled Canadian pro-
ducts.
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18
W WIDE
SANCTIONSGO
INTO EFFECT
Fifty-Two Nations Clamp Embargo On
Italy In Strong Move To
Halt Warfare

GENEVA, Nov. 18. (UP)-Fifty two countries COM
bned in the League of Nations started economic war
against Italy today in the first great effort made TO
penalize war-nlaking nation by bloodless means.
Since midnight Italy has been outlaw nation
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18
ANOTHEP VICTIM

PASADENA CAL NOU. I8. (UP)--The crushed body
of Fernando Pareds 63 found the rocks of the Ar
royo SecO todau the 10th Uc to leap to his death from
"suicide bridge"
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18
CITIES ALONG
ATLANTIC HIY
BY BLIZZARD
Many Traffic Accidents Reported AS
DOwnpour Floods California
Roads; Valley Escapes

While blizzard swept down the Atlantic coast in
100000 storm, and nine lives lost in Southern Cal
ornias heaviest rainfall of the Imperial Valley
Sunday escaped rainfall and looked forward today to
slinhtlu colder NIGHTS without nrecnitation
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18
JAPAN READY
FOR CONQUEST

PEIPING, Nov. 18. (UP)-All doubt that move is in
full swing to separate North China from control of the
Central Chinese government swept away today by pro-
Imperial Valley press., 1935-11-18

Bank Clearings Today
S5S,735.44
Building Permits
S77,317
Ito Date This Year)
The Washington times., 1935-08-08

SAGE Lot Tomorrow in Our Basement Store
Clearance Hats

ESQ Summer Hats, in
white. in pastels, and q
few dark colors. Values
up to SSc in the group.
col Summer Hats. In
white, pastels and a few
dark colors. Values up
to observation-disclosures.
The Washington times., 1935-08-08
For Boys

Is Boys 1859 & 1.95 Zip
per Bath Suits-all wool.
Variety of color Combina-
tons; sizes to IA ...... y
~ Boys e. Youths San
fOriZed Stacks. Pepperell
cords. cotton flannels. &
IL to 20. Observation-Disclosures. y
~ Boys 35c Washable z
Neckties. ............
AZ Jr. Boys soc 1-Pc.
Pajamas. Pla in and
fancy broadcloth. 4 to 90
10 only ................. ~
112 Jr. Boys CSC Waist
Union Suits. Drop seat.
Checked nainsook. I to A
s yrs. .............
II Youths sos SanfOr-
lied TwO-Piece Prep
Suits. sturdy wash suit
ings. Long pants. IS q
10 ~
The Washington times., 1935-08-08
Girls and Tots

- Girls 81 to 1.95 Wool 70M
Bathing Suits. ........ ."
$40 Pc.-CIearance 29c to
Soc Union Suits, Caps Ne
and BOnnets. ...........
Fl Tots 81 to 1.15 Wool zoe
Bathing Suits, to clear. WV
The Washington times., 1935-08-08
Raincapes

Clearance Rubber Rain
Capes. Our better stock.
Black, Green, Royal Blue, q
Brown, White .........
Evening star., 1935-05-30
| Where and When
{ ,,.rreni Thea,er Attractions
and Time Of Showing.

NATIONAL Florence Reed in THE
Shs nghai Gesture" at $40 pm
R-K-O Keith's-' Break of Hearts. ''
AT l1:l5 am. l:23. 3:3l. 5:39, 7:47
and 9:55 pm,
I.oew's Fox Age of Indlscretion.
al 1880 m. 30, 4:l0, 7:05 and q:55
pm Stage shows at 1928. sos, s and
$50 pm.
Earle-"In Calienle." al II am,
l:3O. 4:20, 7:lO and $50 pm. Stage
shows at l2:45. 3:35. 6::25 and 9:05
pm.
Patace-"G Coin 10 Town" at ll:iO
am, l:2O. s:2s. s:35. 7:45 and
$50 pm.
Metropolitan "G-Men." at ll2O
am, l:2o. 3:2S. 5:25. 7:3o and
$50 pm.
Reis>co Unfinished SYMPHONY" al
l2:04, POS, 4:04, S:04 and s:o4 pm.
Columbia Naughty Marietta" AT
II am. l:lO. 800, $40. 7:30 and
9 40 pm.
I.ittte-"Sins of Love- for men
onlv,, at 10 am, 1890 3:45. 5:45
8:45 and &c pm
Tivo,i-"One New York Night" at
2:35, 4:25, $40, 1855 and 9:45 pm.
Amba sSador-'' Star of Midnight" at
2. $50, 5:45. TAO and 9:35 pm.
Howard-"Red Hot Tires" at 1890
SIS. 7:05 and 1910 pm. Stage shows
at 80. ) 40 and 9:O5 pm.
Evening star., 1935-05-30

Fulton. Howard Whitfield Marina
Newton, Lola DrOume and Eleanor
Perry.
The acting was far from amateur
iSh and 1t was unfortunate that some
of rhe diOlogue was LOST through no
fault Of the actors. The acoustics Of
the studio. at 1871 l street. where the
entertainment was giveen, are not
the best and. in addition. windows
and doors were open, admitting noise
from The outside Although the work
of all The PLAYERS was good. MI Whit
field as Alvsro. Sylvia klarsfeld as
Mama Dolores and Barbara Fulton as
Juanita, were consistent in their
paris. K. B.
Evening star., 1935-05-30
FIRST PRESENTATION
OF DANCE PANTOMlME
Union Statiop" Proves an Enter
taiuing observation-disclosures
Give Play.

taiuing observation-disclosures
Give Play.
The FIRST presentation Of Union
Station" WAS given last evening bv The
King-Smith Studio School and IL
proved to be a delightful. though brief,
diversion. Rebecca Tarwater created
the dance pantomine. for which
August king-Smith composed the
music and Marion Taft designed the
costumes. Before rhe lights went up
the characteristic calling of trains Wss
heard and thereafter the familiar fig
nres and characters of railway
waiting room passed across and about
the stage. The pantomime OF each one
OF the large number taking part was
excellent, the very conversations being
easily understood though no word was
spoken except by The train caller and
Miss Tarwater herself, who appeared
in q brief prologue 10 The scene.
The movements of those taking part
we're in excellent RHYTHM and puncu-
ated the music, which in itself was dis
criptive of the various figures as they
took the center of the stage. The
scene was complete from the train
caller to the late man who dashed
frantically through the ststion, his
yard-long ticket flying in the air be-
hind him It is a cleverly though h-our
bit of work and amusing and enter
tanning.
Preceding the psntomine. Love
Passes BY" tvo-sct plsv by Serafin
and Joaquin Quintero, was presented
. The setting was attractive and ade-
ouste as was The coStuming, END the
cast included George Harrington.
Sylvia Klarsfeld Louise Eshelman.
Sara Snipes, Winifred Dewey. Nina
McCully, Patricia Smith. Barbara
Evening star., 1935-05-30

&HIRLEY ROSS, VINO made more
~ than favorable impression on a
great many people when she played
recently at the Fox. has had her
contract renewed by Metro Goodwin
Mayer.
Dick Powell is at the Lombsrdy in
New York.
Laura Tuckermau is back 10 town
after a tour of the studios and lunch
Evening star., 1935-05-30

with Maxine Doyle at the Warner
Bros. studies. Miss Tuckerman said
that she enjoyed seeing the outside"
of the studios very much--but alas
never saw the insides-as Page Miss
Glory" was the only film in produc-
tion, and Miss Marion Davies, its star,
is the one star other than Garbo who
allows no visitors on her set.
Mr.. and Mrs. Robert Montgomery
are 10 al their farm in Brewster. N. Y.
This farming business, for a month
or TWO. is specifically stated in the
Montgomery contract. If he doesn't
farm-he doesn't act.
Dudley Digges, veteran Theater
Guild player. has been added 10 the
cast of Tale of Two Cities"
Jean Harlow is working in China
Seas" So are Wallace Beery end
Clark Gable
John I. Payette leaves Tuesday for
Hollywood and the Warner Bros con-
vention. He will be out there 10
days.
The rain was 100 much for mem
berS of the Annapolis Farewell"
company last night, so they never
got to Shanghai Gesture"
Evening star., 1935-05-30
Man Dies in Poultry Car.

FRANKFORT Ind, MAY 80 CP.-
Authorities identified yesterday a man
found dead in poultry car here as
Guy Barton. Hill City, kans., poultry
dealer. Coroner James Kent attributed
the death 10 apoplexy The man was
travelling 10 New York with poultry
consignment.
Evening star., 1935-05-30
TENNESSEEANS TO MEET

STATE Society 10 Hold Dance al
Shoreha Tomorrow Night.
The Tennessee Society of Washing
ten vii! hold its second dance of the
season tomorrow night al The Shore
ham Hotel
Listed among the guests Are Secre-
tarV Of STATE HUil Speaker ByrnS.
Senators Mckeiar and Bachman and
other members ct the Tennessee dele
CATION IN Congress
Arrangements are being made b0
Jack W. Gates. president. AND mem
bers OF The Board of Directors of the
societv
Evening star., 1935-05-30
ARTHUR c. SMITH NAMED
BY RECIPROCITY CLUB
Succeeds H. J. Toepfert as Ma
tional esideDt-Potomac
Cruise Ends Convention.

L1OD6l FTsS1OeDL--IOLOm
Cruise Ends Convention.
Arthur Clarendon Smith of this
city has been installed az national
president OF the Reciprocity Club of
America. having been elected 10 the
post at the annual convention meeting
at the Mayfiower Hotel Mondav. Prior
to the election Smith was first vice
president and he succeeds Henry J.
1oepfert.
Others elected we're John Mullane,
also Of Washington. executive secre-
tary; Edwin RObbnett. Newark, N. j.,
first vice president; F.. M Wing. Provi-
dence, r. J., second vice president;
William H. Koelle, Philadelphia. third
vice president; E. Willis Lamereau,
Baltimore. recording secretary: Dolph
Carney, Washington, corresponding
secretary, and Charles Curtaz OF Bos-
| ton, treasurer.
The convention ended last night
with cruise down the Potomac River.
Evening star., 1935-05-30
BATH JAlLS ROBBER

Town Msvor Awakened by
Spla shing. Summons Policeman.
NEW CASTLE. Del (P-The
SpIaShing of water wakened Msvor
Evening star., 1935-05-30

Cha ries < Khngmeyer. He peek ed
into the bath room and saw =
stranger taking a hath.
While The intruder scrubbed, police
went through his clothing They
found The Mayors watch. several dol-
Ia ars and ieWelrv.
The oather. who said ne was
Thomas Gatfnev. 81 OF North Brr-
gen. N. J.. rubbed down p1,h one Of
the mavors towels and Renr away
with one of me mayors policemen.
Evening star., 1935-05-30
Theater Attractions at.
Their Best for New Week.
Ethel Barrymore Returns to National Mon
day in 'Declassee- Katharine Hepburn and
Dolores Del Rio Among Screen Favorites.
By T.. de $. MELCHER.

TTRACT1oNs for the week go something like TINS m
~ At the National. Monday Ethel Barrymore Will
guest in "Decasee OF the greatest OF
ali of her former She will be supported by the
National PLAYERS and by Walter Gilbert who appearing this
week with Florence Reed n The Shanghai Gesture
TODAY Katharine at RkO Ke1thS in BREAK
of Hearts" the story of symphony conductor and his wife
conductor Miss Hepburn plays moaern
role fora change John Beal is also in the cast:
Evening star., 1935-08-11
REV. in. CULBERTSON
CLAIMED BY DEATH
Native of Pennsylvania Served
With Interior Department
80 Years.

Rev. John Newton Culbertson, who
would have been "a the 22d CT this
month, died at his residence, 1858
Quincy street, yesterday, after an i'll
ness of four months.
Mr.. Culbertson was the son of John
Culbertson and Hannah McBitty. He
was born August %. 1841, in Frank
lin County, Pa, and when a young
man he joined the Union forces, en-
listing September IA, 1861, at Fort
Leavenworth, Kans.. joining the 7th
Kansas Cavalry, Company c.
He studied for the ministry at Lane
Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio, and
for nine years served under the United
States Presbyterian Board of Foreign
Missions Mr.. Culbertson was con-
nected with the Department of In
Evening star., 1935-08-11

quickly mounted to 95 after the warm
est night in four years. Thousands
flocked to beaches for the week end.
The three latest deaths were report
ed in California, Texas and Missouri,
bringing the reported total in the cur
rent heat wave to 10.
Sun rays continued to wither corn
and other growing crops which need
moisture. Federal reports showed corn
production in Missouri and Kansas
would be the smallest in years, except
for last year, when the crop was al
most a total failure because of the
record breaking drought.
Showers gave some respite in parts
of Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Illinois and
South Texas. At Chicago the tenn
perature was "a, about normal.
Little relief was forecast for the
week end except in Northern Kansas
and Northern Texas.