davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1935-10-13

enslavement and destruction, but 1t
came like an explosion which dis
rupted culture and precluded the pos
sibility of its natural progress.
THE discovery of America by Co.
= lumbus brought to this country
that kind of civilization. In it me al
growth is inevitably subordinated. I
think. on the basis of long study and
research, that could we in this coun-
try have remained untouched by the
materialism of European civilization,
Americans now would have been far
ahead of Europeans in mental growth.
without desiring to take any of
the glory from Columbus for his voy-
ages, it should be pointed out that the
discovery, or rather the rediscovery
Of America was inevitable at that
time in history.
THE world was ready for the dis
covery, and If Columbus had not made
the voyage many others would have
done so within the next few years.
European civilization had reached a
place where such a landfall was in
order, and where exploitation was to
be a natural consequence.
1T is almost certain, of course, that
America had been discovered in
years and ages past. The time of the
Columbian discovery, when Europe
needed an outlet for its people and
its energies, gave it its incalculable
significance.
More fearful than the sword, more
devastating than the slaver's chains
and. lash, worse even than the incen-
diary fires which swept through the
Americans cities and towns. were the
diseases which came with Columbus
and those who followed.
From one of the most healthful
places in all the world, America was
transformed, by the coming of Column
bus, into q veritable plague-spot. A
people who had known no constitu-
tional diseases became the prey Of the
worst infections known to medical
science today.
Before the Pinta, the Nina. and the
Santa Maria touched upon these
shores, smallpox, tuberculosis, typhus,
cholera, ricketts, and measles were vir-
tually unknown, and cancer was ex-
tremely rare.
with Columbus and succeeding
voyagers came these and other dis
eases which decimated the people.
Even ills which affected the European
stocks but slightly, such as measles,
killed the native Americans by the
thousands and tens Of thousands. In
comparison with the diseases they
brought over, the swords and fire.
arms of the discoveries and Conquista-
dores were but poor instruments Of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1935-10-13
DHcovuw5 Codes in Library Of Congress One
Of Its Most Interesting Tsasw8s-Ami0er-
sa,y Recalls Challenge of Famed An1hyopolo-
gia to Value of Exploration From Standpoint
of 1Nmkmd5 Cultural Advm1ca.

dependency at his treatment by the
Spanish court. They remained in the
hands of the Oderigo family of Genoa
until 1910 when they were turned over
to the public authorities of Genoa.
One of them seemed to have escaped
from the government archives for in
1916 it was offered for sale in Turin
with the library of Count Cambiaso.
1t was bought by the King of Sardinia,
who presented it to the municipality
of Genoa. It was received with graft
tude and has since been accorded
great distinction, having been de-
posted in a marble column surmounted
by a bronze bust of Columbus in the
municipal palace where it remains an
object of reverence and solicitude.
THE other of the two copies vanished
from view between 1910 and 1880.
It was then discovered in the archives
of the Office of foreign affairs in Paris
by B. F. Stevens and Henry Harrisse.
Its presence is easily accounted for.
In 1909 Napoleon conceived the idea
of centralizing at Paris the archives
of the entire French Empire, including
all territory subject to its authority.
The plan was Immediately put into
execution and soon there were stream
ing toward the French capital scores
of carloads of precious documents
distracted from their dusty deposit
tories in Belgium, Holland, Switzer-
land, Austria, Italy and Spain. There
was partial restitution in 1915, but
it was quite easy for many papers to
slip into the midst of material native
to France. This undoubtedly is what
happened to the Geneva Columbus
codex which still is in Paris.
The third and final copy on parch-
ment seems unquestionably the one
now to be seen In the Library of Con-
gress. Apparently it was the one used
as evidence in the celebrated ltiga-
ton over the Columbus inheritance
late in the sixteenth century. How it
eventually reached Washington Is .
romantic story.
In 1918 Edward Everett, the gifted
New England orator. was rummaging
through an old book shop In Florence,
italy, when he came across the manu-
script Of about 80 pages, in characters
which appeared to be those Of Column
bus time. In 1923 the Codex at
Geneva was published and Everett dis
covered that the manuscript in his
possession conceded precisely with
those in the Genoese volume.
After Everett made this statement
in 1924 the manuscript again dropped
from public notice and apparently was
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1935-10-13

large island, Atlantis, opposite the
Pillars of Hercules (Straits Of Gil
braltar), and beyond that, to the west
ward, q great continent"
Aristotle says that beyond the Pill
lars of Hercules they say that an I'M
inhabited island was discovered by
the Cathaginians which abounded in
forests and navigable rivers and fruits
of all kinds. distant from the CONT
nent many days sail: and while the
Carthaginians were engaged in max
ing voyages to this land, and some
had eve settled there on account Of
the fertility of the soil, the Senate
decreed that no one thereafter, under
penalty Of death, should voyage
thither, and they caused to be put
to death all Of the settlers lest they
should reveal its existence to other
nations"
The Sicilian, Diodorus, has written
accounts which agree with those of
Aristotle, save that he claims it was
the Phoenicians who were the set
tiers. Some later writer's have as
ou1llCo 4AOAAA tAAC ACoS2 APtlOAAo Va t4iS
land that these early adventures
had found Mexico or Central America.
Status Sebosus, q geographer, is
quoted by Pliny as holding that the
1.-TWO Hesperides" are ~ days sail
from Africa. George Rogers Howell,
contemporary American authority.
points out that 1T Is probable that
the two Hesperides by him mentioned
were Cuba and Santo Domingo"
Moving down the stream Of time
some centuries, one comes upon
fragmentary evidence which indicates
q basis for the belief that the Irish
were among the very early discov-
erers Of the new land to the west
which VS. the American Continent
and neighboring islands.
Prosecutions, it is held, drove many
Of them to the islands of the north.
There they were attacked by the
Mortimer and forced to md refuge
in Iceland. But. II the beclouded
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1935-10-13

Upper left: Even Colum.
bus appearance is ques.
toned. Is this his picture?
There are 500 portraits of
the discoverer in existence,
no two alike. At top: The
famous painting of Brozik
showing Columbus plead
ing his cause before the
Queen of Spain. Center:
Navigation has progressed
somewhat since the day of
Columbus. Contrast the
sreat ocean liner of today,
as exemplifed by the Nor.
mandie, with the little San.
ia Maria, shown below,
which brought the Genoese
mariner to these shores.
At right: The Columbus
Fountain in the Capitol
Plaza, Washington's me.
mortal to Americas dis.
coverer.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1935-10-13

that of Madoo. son Of the King Of
North Wales. In ITO, it is recorded,
he sailed away from the British Isles
and came upon q vast and fertile
uninhabited country. He returned to
his native land and persuaded 100
colonists to return with him to the
new regions Of rich soil and salubri-
Gus climate. Virginia. Yucutan, Lab
rador, all are mentioned by various
commentators as possible locales OF
this band.
+ X *,*
The 100 years preceding the Column
bian discovery are filled with stories
of purported discoveries Of America.
Most of these claims were set forth
after Columbus made his landfall,
and in consequence lose much OF their
weight. Few countries are without
their claimants, chief among them
Portugal. Netherlands. Germany,
France.
1.-THE coming Of Christopher Co.
lumbus should be marked as the great
est day of mourning in the history OF
native American peoples.
His discovery became blight that
completely disrupted great civiliza-
ton and enslaved two continents.
1T is quite likely that if America
had been undiscovered until this day,
the culture developed here would have
been actually in advance OF that OF
Europe from the standpoint Of mental
progress"
THOSE bold statements are not the
peoduct Of q "debunking" biographer
Of the Genoese, but are studied views
of one Of the most outstanding SCENT
lists in the world today, DR.. Hrdlicka
said.
1T is not too much to say" DR..
Hrdlicka says, that II America had
not been discovered when 1t was, and
II ID had remained undiscovered until
the present, there should have de-
veloped here q culture which In many
respects would have far outstriped
that Of Europe.
1.-The coming Of Columbus was q
terrible blight to the native Ameri-
cans Il meant not only physical
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1935-10-13

destruction, nightly though they we're
welded to tear and MAIN not only a
people, but a culture and a civiliza-
ton
DR. HRDL1CKA points out that the
~ pre- Columbian Americans had a
substantial knowledge of medicine and
surgery, and evidences have been
found of their ability to perform am.
putations.
Many are disposed" he says. ito
consider that the Columbian discovery
opened the way for American prog
ress'; that in pref Columbian times the
natives lived in abject ignorance, with
the doors of true advancement closed
against their limited abilities.
Nothing could be farther from the
truth What the discovery meant was
that a brutal attempt was to be made
to graft on an entirely new philosophy
of life, with completely alien outlook,
attitude, and way Of living. 1t may
be matter of personal opinion as to
which is the better way. Personally, I
cannot help but feel that in the final
analysis mental progress is more
greatly to be desired than material
gains. And it is demonstrable that
an undiscovered American would have
gone much farther along the pathway
Of enlightenment in the eternal truths.
Primitive Americans had well de.
veloped uroan life. They had efficient
governmental forms. They had good
schools, and excellent calendar, botan.
ical and geological gardens, and their
astronomical observations were arnaz.
ingly accurate. In all respects they
gave evidence of living ordered and
well-trained lives. In war their Zero.
city was no less nor no more pro.
nounced than in their European con.
temporaries."
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1935-10-13

forgotten by all concerned. About
1890 Justin Winsor, engaged in writ
ing his monumental Life OF Column
bus" wrote to DR.. william Everett,
whose father, Edward Everett, had
died, asking whether he might inspect
the relic. DR.. Everett was unable TO
locate it at that time. but in 1897 1t
came to light in the locked lower part
Of bookcase which had remained I'M
disturbed after his fathers death.
Still its adventures before reaching
the safe custody Of the American
Government were not at an END.
Once, after being sent to London for
the inspection of experts. it lay in its
wrapping on table in the Everett
home, when the room in which it lay
was swept by flames from which, how
ever, the precious document was SEEM
ingly miraculously spared. It was
finally sold to the Library of Congress
by DR.. Everett for a sum which was
nominal compared with what it would
have commanded in the open market.
ONE Of the foremost authorities in
the United States on early Amer
icana, Wilberforce Eames of the Lenox
Library, New York, in congratulating
the Library upon its acquisition Of
the manuscript, characterized it as "a
document Of the highest historical
Importance and which will be better
appreciated as time goes on"
It seems to be well established that
the man who found America on Oc-
tober IL, 1892, sailing for Ferdinand
and Isabella Of Spain. knew nothing
Of previous voyages to the Western
World. The stories of the Norsemen,
for example, are said to have been un-
known to him. Nothing. therefore,
can detract from the glory of Column
bus achievement.
But the works Of the great his
torians, poets and philosophers Of
antiquity contain many references to
vast land or island lying far to the
west on the shores Of the Western
Ocean. OF all the ancient peoples, 1t
is assumed that the Phoenicians, re-
markably skillful and daring sailors,
were the logical ones to have pushed
through the uncharted seas and
touched the shores of the unknown
land.
Direct proof that they or their con-
temporaries did so is lacking. but of in
direct evidence there is much that Is
worth considering.
For example, Scion, the great
Athenian, was told by priest Of
Egypt (the whole Is found In dia-
logue Of Plato) that there was -
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1935-10-13
Bv William S. OdIin.
A THOUGH immersed in count
n less battling problems of mod

THOUGH immersed in count
~ less battling problems of mod
~ ern existence, America does
4 a not forget its most ancient
national hero. Yesterday it again
paused to pay homage to Christopher
Columbus of the ADD anniversary OF
the Genoese mariners first landfall OF
the Western world. The occasion now
Is legal or public holiday in IS States.
Passage of the years has but en-
HANGED interest in the discoverer and
his feats. ranging all the way from
speculation about who might have pre-
coded him to these shores to question
ings as to whether the finding OF
America was really Of benefit to man
kind. The latter startling hypothesis
comes from no cynical sophist, but
from one of the most famous anthrop-
ologists in the world, DR.. Ales Hrdlicka,
of the National Museum, this city. As
to precedence, evidence continues to
accumulate that not only Norsemen,
Celts, Spaniards. Germans, Portuguese
and French may have antedated Co.
lumbus in beholding the New World
-. but also that the Phoenicians and
Carthaginians in their astonishing
travels may have sighted these shores
Thousands Of books have been writ
ten about Columbus and his exploits
but there Is in this city one direct
documentary link between the Amer
ica of today and the actual presence
of the discoverer. It is the priceless
Columbus ccdex, most interesting OF
the treasures of the Library OF Con-
gress relating to the Genoese. Care
/ fully preserved in the manuscripts
division of the Library, it has been the
object of concentrated study by anti
quarians and now is universally re-
garded as one of the three surviving
copies of an instrument made at the
behest and perhaps in the presence OF
Columbus when he saw his dearly won
rights imperiled by the Vaccinations
Of his enemies.
History has established that there
were only four copies made of this
document that outlines his exploratory
achievements. One, written on paper.
cannot be found and is supposed by
some to have been destroyed in the
West Indies. Two others on parch-
ment are respectively in Paris and
Genoa. The Washington codex is also
on parchment and is perfectly pre-
served
OF the three parchment copies two
were intended for the Republic OF
Genoa, to which Columbus turned IN
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1935-10-13

facts are true, these bands Of Irish
again were harassed, and this time
there remained for them the sole
alternative Of sailing to the westward
and into the unknown. There they
found q new land-and still the North
men dogged the footsteps of their
men and the foam of their vessels.
Then one comes to series Of voy-
ages of which quite an extensive liter
allure exists and Of which it is posi-
bic to speak with q definite measure
of assurance. These are the voyages
and the explorations Of the North
men.
AS AN aftermath Of . voyage in
IA the year S61, during which .
storm drove . Morse pilot, Naddod,
to Iceland, . strong colony Of North
men settled there in 874. In 877,
Gunnbjorn saw the eastern peaks Of
Greeland, but did not explore his
discovery.
It was not until 983 that Eric the
Red-whoes name is a glamorous one
today-forced to flee from Iceland
because Of q crime, sailed to the
stored land to the west. So taken
was he by his exploration Of Green
land that he returned two years later
with several ships laden with colon
lists.
The next voyage In these annals =
that Of Lett, son Of Eric. It Was
undertaken in the year 1000. With
IS men In . single ship he sailed
southwest and, after four days, came
upon . rough and barren land which
he named Helluland, Land Of
Stones" Both Newfoundland and
Labrador are eligible as the shores
touched by the adventurous Left, who
continued his voyage southwark to
q wooded region which he called
MARYLAND. Nova Scotia this was, in
al probability.
A most interesting voyage found
ehronicled In early manuscripS y
Plentywood herald. [volume] (Plentywood, Mont.) 1908-current, 1935-02-21
ANTELOPE
Mrs. Carl Brandon

Mrs. N. B. SaxtOn vas a business
caller in Plentywood Monday.
Mrs. George Johnson was out Sat
urday to see her granddaughter Hell
en-, who has inflamatory rheumatism,
She is somewhat improved.
Scanning Aasheim visited friends
in town Sunday.
Mrs. Alfred Hoven entertained al
two tables Of bridge Wednesday az
ternoon. Mrs. r. S. Richardson won
first prize and Mrs. r. e. Grayson
second.
mi. and Mrs. w. Hunter, Mrs
Samathea Stevens, Mrs N. B. Saxtor
and Marion Stevens were Sunday
dinner guests at the George Hunter
home.
The high school girls gave the
BOYS a party in the school gymnas
ium Friday evening.
Mr. and Mrs. Julius Stoen were
overnight guests OF Mr.. and Mrs. Os
car Thorestethson OF Dagmar.
The Congregational Ladies aid met
Wednesday afternoon at the home
of the president, Mrs. c. A. Foster.
Mr.. and Mrs. j. J. Glover and fam
lily spent Sunday at the Weldon Rich
ardsOn home.
Mrs. C. e. Mclaughlin had hel
tonsils removed last week.
Vernon Rasmussen was a week
end guest of Gordon and RALPH
Richardson.
Plentywood herald. [volume] (Plentywood, Mont.) 1908-current, 1935-02-21
UNITED STATES CIVIL
SERVICE EXAMINATIONS

The United States OWL Service
Commission announces the following
open competitive examinations:
Inspector, Core Drilling
Helper, Power Lineman
Operator, Tractor (Crawler Type)
Applications must be on file with
the Secretary, Board Of U. s. Civil
Service Examiners, U. S. Engineer
Department at Large, Fort Peck,
Montana, not later than February 20,
1885.
These examinations are for the
purpose OF filling existing and future
vacancies In the Fort Peck Engineer
District, with headquarters at Fort
Peck, Montana.
Competitors will not be required
to report for examination at any
place, but will be rated on their ex-
perience and fitness.
Full information may be obtained
from the secretary Board OF U. 8,
OWL Service Examiners at the post
office, this city.
Plentywood herald. [volume] (Plentywood, Mont.) 1908-current, 1935-02-21
FARMERS
GET $1O,517,2OO, LOANS
Land Bank ~Refinancing Leaves Per.
manent Benefit To
Farmers

Although Montana live stock men
and farmers may not have prosper
ity" in their full grasp as yet, they
nevertheless face the season
with increased hopefulness.
This frightened outlook is due in
large measure to the rise of live
stock and crop prices, but the refin-
ancing of Indebtedness through loans
obtained from the Federal Land
bank has also helped in a funda-
mental way.
In a communication to Chris Mad
sen, secretary-treasurer Of the Dag
mar National Farm Loan associa-
ton, President E. M. Ehrhardt of the
Land bank points out that the clos
ing Of 4374 Land bank and emergen-
cy Land Bank commissioner loans
in Montana for 0,517, 200 last year
made a permanent contribution to
farm rehabilitation.
1.-The important thing" Mr.. Ehr-
hardt says, 'is that rather than add
ing a new layer of Indebtedness,
Plentywood herald. [volume] (Plentywood, Mont.) 1908-current, 1935-02-21
NOTICE

OF Closing of Registration Books for
the Annual City Election to Be
Held In tho County Of Sheridan,
State Of Montana, on Monday, the
list day Of April, 1885.
STATE OF MONTANA, }
County Of Sheridan
NOTICE is HEREBY GIVEN, &C
cording to law, that l, the undersign-
ed. Niels Madsen, County Clerk and
Recorder, and as such ex-officio
County Registrar in and for Sheridan
County, Montana, will close the reg
istatiOn books for the registration Of
electors residing in City OF Plenty
wood, Montana, on the 18th day OF
February A. D. 1885, at the hour OF
five o'clock P. NJ.
That said registration books will
be closed as aforesaid on account Of
the Annual City Election to be held
in and for the City Of Plentywood,
Montana, on Monday the LIST day of
April A. D. 1885, between the hours
Of 800 o'clock "A. M. and 6 o'clock
P. M.
That all electors desiring to vote
at said election must register by ap-
pear1ng before q Deputy Registrar or
before any Notary Public or Justice
OF the Peace but preferably before
the County Clerk and Recorder at
his office In the Court House in the
Town OF Plentywood, Montana, as
and In the n required by law,
prior TO the day, date and hour for
the closing OF the registration books
aforesaid. Electors who failed to
vote at the last general election must
register to vote at this election; el-
ectors who moved from the precinct
last voted In to a different precinct,
must have the change noted Oh the
registration books.
IF YOU ARE NOT REGISTERED,
YOU CANNOT VOTE.
In WITNESS WHEREOF, | have
hereunto set my official signature at
my office in the Court House, III the
Town OF Plentywood, Montana, this
14th day OF January A. D. 1885.
NIELS MADSEN,
County Clerk and Recorder.
and as such ex-officio Coun-
ty Registrar In and for Sher-
idan County, Montana
(sEAL) cost
Plentywood herald. [volume] (Plentywood, Mont.) 1908-current, 1935-02-21

changes in corn production are close
ly associated with changes In the
weight per hog marketed through
the following year.
Because Of this fundamental rel&
tionship. effective control Of corn
acreage II Z vital factor In control
ling hos production.
The 1885 corn-hog contract now
being offered farmers provides con-
troll Of corn acreage and, therefore,
will Be doubly effective In prevent
Ing excessive hog production during
the next year or 20. Lack Of adequate
acreage control In 1885 not only
would result In = large surplus Of
corn and low feed prices. but I'M
doubleday would b followed In 1888
and 1897 BY heavy hog feeding and
relatively low hos prices.
Plentywood herald. [volume] (Plentywood, Mont.) 1908-current, 1935-02-21

NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION, DE
PARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, U.
s.. Land Office at Great Falls, Mon
tana, Feb. 4, 1885. NOTICE Is here
by given that Christian Mortensen,
OF Reserve. Montana, who, on Janu-
airy 8, 1885, made Homestead Entry,
No. 074777, for Lots 1918 Section
10, Township 33N., Range SIS, East
Montana Meridian, has filed notice
OF intention to make Three Year
proof, to establish claim to the land
above described, before E. E. Bel
anski, u. S. Commissioner, at Plenty
wood, Mont, on the 18th day OF
March, 1885. Claimant names as
witnesses: Reider Leer, Of Reserve,
Montana; Walter Rasmussen, of Re-
serve, Montana; Severt JOhansen, of
Reserve, Montana; Nick Kittelsen, OF
Reserve, Montana. THOS. F. COR
BALLY, Register. 23-5t