davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1935-01-27
Knights Columbus Kermess
February 9 at Club House

Most Rev. James Hugh Ryan,
Bishop of Modra and rector Of the
Catholic University of America, heads
the Honorary Executive Committee for
the knights Of Columbus kermess, to
be held in the Knights of Columbus
Club House beginning next Saturday,
February 2, and continuing until
Saturday, February 9. Others on the
Honorary Executive Committee are
Very Rev. Coleman Nevis, S. j.,
president Of Georgetown University;
Right Rev. Eugene J. Connolly.
LII. D., State chaplain OF the order
in the District: Right Rev. Edward
L. Buckley, pastor st. Matthews
Church; Maj. Gen. Paul B. Malone,
commanding the 4th Field Army;
Maj. Gen. Frank Mcintyre. Col. Will
liam L. Peak, Mr.. Arthur Reilly. the
Globe Trotter" Of the Washington
Herald; Mr. Daniel j. Callahan. su-
preme treasurer of the knights Of
Columbus: Mr.. Charles F. Neill, Mr..
Robert w. McChesney, Mr.. Leo A.
Rover, Mr.. Ellis Searles, editor United
Mine Workers Journal; Justice Wen
dell Phillips Stafford, Dr. NJ. Darcy
Magee, Mr.. Patrick J. Haltigan,
K. S. s.; Mr.. Henry L. Caravati, Mr..
William P. Montavon. K. S. G.; Mr..
John j. O'Connor, Lieut.. Comdr. C..
G. Gilliland, Mr.. John G. Bowen,
Phi. D.; DR.. Henry J. Crosson, Mr..
Michael F. Calnan, Mr.. Andrew I.
Hickey, Mr. George ]. Cleary, Mr.. r.
L. Polio. Mr.. C. H P. johnson. Mr..
J. Leo Kolb, K. S. S.; Mr.. George H.
O'Connor, Mr.. Denis E. Connell, Rear
Admiral Charles H. Lowndes, Mr..
George E. Herring, State deputy.
Knights of Columbus of the District
of Columbia; Mr.. Daniel ]. Ryan, as
sistant dean, Columbus University:
Mr.. Edward Costigan, Mr.. H P.
Sommerville, Mr c. Louis Eckloff, Mr..
John r. Fitzpatrick. dean, Columbus
University: Mr.. Caesar L. Aiello. Mr..
John c. Brennan, Mr.. Leo A. Codd,
Mr.. James E. Colliflower, Mr.. John
B. Colpoys. Mr.. Clarence F. Donohoe.
Judge Michael NJ Doyle. Rev DR.. Peter
Guilday, Phi. D.; Mr.. Frank J. Hogan.
Mr.. Maurice j. McAuliffe, Mr.. Joseph
B. McCann, Mr.. Joseph B. McKenna.
Mr.. Walter I. Plant, Mr.. Alfred P.
Neff. Mr.. Lewis A. Payne. Mr.. Percy
j. Saffell, Mr.. John Saul, Mr.. L. Har-
old Sothoron, Mr.. Julius Wenig, Mr..
Arthur B. ]. Williamson, Mr.. Harold
j. Taltavull and Mr.. Wilfred Ross.
Evening star., 1935-01-27
Diplomats Guests at
Foreign Service Prom

The diplomatic corps in Washing
ton will contribute many patrons and
patronesses for the foreign service
prom of Georgetown University, which
is to be held the evening Of February
Is in the ball room of the Mayflower
Hotel.
This is one of the outstanding
dances of the season in scholastic cir
cles, one in which all the students
of the School Of Foreign Service par
ticipate. AS In other years, diplo-
mats. Government officials and prom
inent alumni will be among the pa
irons and special guests Of the student
body. A committee is in charge of ar
rangements for the affair consisting
of Mr.. John D. Lane, general chair
man; Mr.. William H. Sardo. president
of the senior evening class; Mr.. Thom-
as A. Nolan, president Of the senior
morning class; Mr.. Horace E. Ma
chado and Mr.. Charles F. Monnin-
ger. The committee has arranged
for dance music by a well-known
orchestra and there will be special
favors for the ladies.
Among the guests there will be offi-
cials of Georgetown University. in
cluding Very Rev. Coleman Nevis,
S. j., president; Rev. Edmund A.
Walsh, S. j.. regent of the School Of
Foreign Service; DR.. William F. Notz,
dean Of the school, and Mrs. Notz; Or.
Thomas H. Healy. assistant dean, and
Mrs. Healy, and Mr.. James A. Farrell
~ O
versity.
The following diplomats and their
wives are among the patrons and pa
tronesses who will be honored guests
at the dance: The Ambassador OF
Great Britain and Lady Lindsay, the
Ambassador Of Peru, Senor Don Man
uel de Freyre y Santander; the Am
bassador of Argentina and Sonora de
Espil, the Ambassador Of Poland. Mr.
Stanislaw Patek; the Ambassador OF
Italy, Signor Augusta RoSSo; the Am
bassador of France and Nine. de La
boulaye; the Ambassador OF Chile,
Senor Don Emanuel Trucco; the AM
bassador OF Turkey and Nine. Munir,
the Minister of Switzerland and Nine.
Peter. the Minister of Austria and
Nine. Prochnik, the Minister OF Al
bania. Mr.. Faik Konitza; the. Minister
of the Irish Free State and Mrs. Mac
White, the Minister Of Rumania, Mr..
Charles A. Davila; the Minister OF
Venezuela and Sonora de Arcaya. the
Minister of Denmark and Nine. Was
ted, the Minister Of Canada and Mrs.
Herridge, the Minister of Panama and
Sonora de Alfaro, the Minister Of Bo-
livia and Sonora de Finot, the Min
lister of China and Mrs. SEE, the Min
lister of Siam, Prince Damras Dam
rong Devakula; the Minister OF Persia
and Nine. Dial, the Minister OF Ecua-
dor and Sonora de Alfaro, the Minis
ter of Portugal and Nine. de Bianchi
and the Minister of Norway and Nine.
| Morgenstierne.
Evening star., 1935-01-27
Dinner at Women's Club
To Honor Poetry Winners

The Education Committee OF wash
ington Branch, American Association
Of University Women. will give a
dinner at 7 o'clock February 13 at
the club house. 1884 I street, in
honor Of the winners of the annual
poetry contest, sponsored by this COM
mittee.
For this third contest, prizes will
be awarded for the three best poems
submitted by undergraduates in col
leges and universities in Washington
and its vicinity. Prize winning poems
will be read by DR.. Lewis Chase. DR..
Martha MacLear. chairman of the
contest, will preside. Judges in the
contest include Mrs. j. D. LIE Cron,
formerly editor of the literary page
In two Des Moines papers; Miss Chris
tie MacKaye. poet and daughter OF
Percy MacKaye. and Mr.. Karl
Schriftgiesser, editorial writer for the
Washington Pest. Reservations close
February u.
Evening star., 1935-01-27
All States Reception and
Dance at Shoreham

All States will join in an outstand.
ing ball and congressional and diplo-
matte reception Friday evening, Feb
ruary %, in two spacious ball rooms
at the Roosevelt Hotel, under the
sponsorship Of the New England
States Society.
Each of the States will have ar
official hostess, who will introduce the
natives of the various States to their
respective congressional members.
During the intermission Of dancing
there will be a minuet, presented
under the direction of Mrs. Henry
Fennoe Sawtelle. Mr.. Phil Hayden
will also present an elaborate flool
revue, featuring many stars Of the
local stage. An outstanding orches-
ira will play for dancing. There will
also be tables for those desiring tc
play bridge.
Natives of the various States de-
string information or tickets may Sc
cure same from Miss Betty Durr
secretary, or from the president OF
the society, Mr.. Elmer e. Field, or al
the Willard Hotel Ticket Bureau.
The Committee on arrangements Is
headed by Mr.. Elmer E. Field, assist
ed by Miss Betty Devlin, Mr.. G. 8
Carter, Miss Alice Barrett, Miss Mary
Thomas, Miss Harriet Jackson and
Miss Dorothy Harrison.
Evening star., 1935-01-27

Jones, the Albanian Minister, Mr.. Faik
Konitza; Mrs. Paul Bastedo, Mr.. S. M
Pilson, Mrs. A. K. Payne, Mrs. John
w. Thompson, Mrs. Gilbank Twigg
Lieut. Comdr. r. C. Alexander, Mrs
R. w. Page, Mrs. H. r. Stark, Miss
Mora Archbold, Miss Mabel Crissey
Mrs. Christian Heurich, Mrs. A. Gerry
Johnson and Mrs. Louis G. Caldwell
who will have in her party her house
guest, Mrs. Burrell Raulston.
A number of parties are being made
up among members Of the diplomatic
corps also, many of whose representa-
tives are in the list of patrons and
patronesses for this event.
Large musical groups are planning
to attend the opera, including group
from Epiphany Episcopal Church
Adolf Torovsky, director; a group from
the National City Christian Church
William E. Braithwaite, director; a
group from st. Patrick's Roman
Catholic Church, Miss Jennie Glennan
director; a group from the Washington
Oratorio Society, George Kortzenborn
director; 20 members Of the Felicia
Rybier Music Study Club, Miss Rybier
director.
Gunston Hall, Mount Vernon
Seminary, National Park Seminary
and Miss Marjorie Webster's private
schools also have taken seats.
Evening star., 1935-01-27

Center, aboUe:: Mrs. Robert
Gates, Uho has contributed
her services to the ball.
Evening star., 1935-01-27
Kansas Society Marks
States S Day Tuesday

The Kansas State Society Will
hold its annual informal banquet and
dance at the Mayhower Hotel on
Kansas day, Tuesday. Music Will be
furnished for the dancing by local
orchestra, Reservations for the 1885
meeting are 81.
The banquet will be served at
pm. and following the dinner there
will be dancing until l am. This Is
the only meeting of the society
planned for the year and it will al
ford an evening Of visiting and meet
ing people from your State. Reser-
vations close today
Evening star., 1935-01-27
Gov. and Mrs. Nice Guests
OF Knights of Columbus

Gov. of Maryland Harry Whinna
Nice and Mrs. Nice. with members Of
the Governors staff. will be guests of
honor Wednesday, February 6, at the
Knights of Columbus kermesS. An
informal reception will be held at 9
o'clock at the Knights of Columbus
Club House on Tenth street.
Among other guests that evening
will be Miss Mary c. Duffy, supreme
regent of the Catholic Daughters Of
America.
Evening star., 1935-01-27
Grand Army Republic
esBanouet Tomorrow

Mrs. May D. Lightfoot, president OF
the Department of the Potomac, Ladies
Of the G. A. R., will preside at a
banquet tomorrow evening at 2400
Sixteenth street and will open the
convention of the department.
The banquet, which is the chief
social function of the convention, will
be in honor Of the national officers
Of the organization, and will have in
attendance distinguished guests who
are prominent in national patriotic
activities.
Evening star., 1935-01-27

Young Democrats in Wash
ington, 1Uho represent every
State in the Union and the
District of Columbia, 1Uill
usher in the Presidents natal
day NTH a ball at the May
fo1Uer on the night preceding
his birthday anniversary.
Like the official ball WedneS-
day, celebrating the birth OF
the President, the proceeds
for the event Tuesday night
1uiH 90 to children in the Dis
trict 1Uho hare been crippled
By intantile paralysis and for
research Uork on the disease.
Mrs. Roosevelt wiu attend
both balls.
Left, aboue:. Mrs. Richard
Fred Roper, daughter-tr-law
OF the Secretary OF Commerce
and Mrs. Daniel c. Roper,
JDLO, UtLH HeI HUSOuftU, Ftuo
taken a bor for the ball Tues
day eUening.
Center, abope:: Mrs. Robert
Gates, 1Dho has contributed
her services to the ball.
Right, aboue.. Mrs. w. w.
HoweS, UhoSe husband is the
First Assistant Postmaster
General, and DhoSe aid In the
plans for the ball has been OF
much value In assuring its
success.
Evening star., 1935-01-27
Widow Wins $4,000 Balm.

FAIRFIELD, Ill, January 26 P).-
Mrs. Cora Ragsdale, widow, won q
$4,000 breach of promise suit against
G. T. Farmhouse, wealthy Fairfield real
estate man, in Circuit Court today
Farmhouse filed a motion for a new
trial.
Evening star., 1935-08-25

That was Ted Lyons thirteenth
victory of the season yesterday against
six defeats. You can't tell Ted No.
IS isn't unlucky either. He had to
make four tries at gaining it and
needed q rare "boner" by Buddy
Myer and o piece of objectionable
fielding by Dee Miles to achieve the
goal.
Lyons is one Of the group of pitch
ers whom ball players call nothing
ballers." His fast one doesn't COM
pare with that of Rowe or Gomez
and his curve doesn't rate with
Bridges. How does he get by? Well,
Johnny Stone offered one reason
over the dinner table tonight.
He got one strike on me in the
first inning" said Johnny, "and then
when Ted wound up again he showed
me his knuckles gripping the ball as
his arms went over his head. Try
ing to hit his knuckler is like hitting
butterfly with bat. SO 1t was
strike two.
Then the guy showed me his
knuckles again. so naturally looked
for another wabbler. But Lyons
changed his grip when he brought
back his arm and it was . fast ball.
30 went away"
Evening star., 1935-08-25
Griffmen Must Garner Fire Out of Six Games
From Brownies to Get Out of "Red'' on Jaunt

CECIL TRAVIS was the only Griff-
~ man to hit Lyons hard He
doubled on his first two tries {.
Then Zeke Bonura made lucky stab
of q sizzling liner which would have
been another two-baser Finally
Tony Piet robbed him of q single
with q great stop back on the grass.
Piet's best hit, however, was taking
o hit away from Miles in the eighth
Dee, with that dizzy half swing,
sent soft liner to short right field,
but Piet, notoriously weak on pop
fiys, raced back and snagged it with
one paw Washington seems to
be lucky for Dykes ;. 1t was in the
Capital on May 8 of last year that ne
was named pilot Of the Sox. succeed
ing Lew Fonseca And he also
has q ball player named Washington
who was used twice as pinch hitter
during the Washington series and who
came through both times.
Jake Powell was kept out of the
lineup today because Of sore shoul-
der But he probably will be back
tomorrow against the Browns :.
Alan Strange makes a bigger hit
with Manager Bucky Harris every day
by his great fielding II only he
could hitl =. =. 3.
Evening star., 1935-08-25
Then Came the Ninth.


DESPITE the turn Of events, New
som was better than ever in the
seventh and eighth frames and even
when Pinch-hitter George Washing
ton opened the ninth with a double.
1t looked as though Newsom would
escape.
Luke Sewell, the ex-National, tried
twice to sacrifice and, this failing, he
pounded a grounder to Strange, who
disposed of him while holding Marty
Hopkins, who ran for Washington, to
second base. Ted Lyons, up next,
raped another grounder to Strange.
who neatly nabbed Hopkins at third
with throw to Travis
Then up came Radcliffe to send a
semi-liner to Miles right The young
outfielder, had he started promptly,
could have caught 1t. AS it was the
ball struck the ground and Miles kicked
1t around once or twice before finally
picking 1t up and throwing to Myer,
whose selay to the plate just missed
mailing Lyons.
Thus died the sixth Washington
winning streak of the season at three
games in row-and thus was Newsom
crowned the hard-luck king. In his
previous start Buck was beaten, 4 to
2, when his mates spotted Cleveland
to three unearned runs. Just prior to
that tilt was a nine-hit performance
by Newsom while his mates not only
helped the opposition to some runs, but
didn't score any themselves
And before these were many others
enough to quell any arguments as to
Breezy Bucks right to the title.
Evening star., 1935-08-25
Mccoy Determined.

A FTER Boggs, the first Washington
- man to finish was Harry Toul-
min, also Of the "Y," who came In
fourteenth. Washington Canoe Clubs
Eric Larsen, Arthur Daley. Robert
Kemp. Davis Aggy and William D.
Haven, jr., came in eighteenth, twen-
ty-ffth. twenty-Sixth, twenty-seventh
and twenty-ninth, respectively.
Without glory. save to the spprecia-
tive few who saw him finish, Bernard
Mccoy, the oldest entrant, and unat-
tached, went around the last lap alone
after all others long since had dried
themselves. Finishing his second lap
after the thirtieth entrant had been
hauled out Of the water, Mccoy per-
sisted in finishing what he had start
ed and continued to the end, complet-
ing the three miles in hours and 43
minutes, almost an hour after Tresnak
had come In first.
The order Of the finish, club afilia.
tions and times Of the first 10 follow;
!; Harry TresnAk. Lenox Hill A. O..
Ray Mullans, Flushing Y. NJ. c. A.,
, 8 Robert Knapp. Flushing Y. NJ. c. A..
:si 81 Ernie BOrr'. Washington z. M. c. A.
B Leon Maeionis, Big Brothers Club.
1T, g; Myron 3, Peter. unattached. Dsnbury.
.5s.d Peter BrunkO. LenOx Hill A. C.
3. Jack Houlihan. Scranton Swimming
Association. l:30:24
3; Saul Holland. Baltimore Y. NJ H. A..
,,,: 10: Robert g. weiner. unattached. Bal
II. Alonzo Snyder. Scranton Swimming
IL. Tom Finnerty. Lenox Hill A. c.
- Irwin Sowbel, Baltimore Y M II. A.
y. Harry Toulmin. WASHINGTON. Y. NJ.
IS: Carl wssnssky. Scranton Swimming
.,iiIS; .,iiIS; John John Murry. Big Brothers Club.
il. Joe Kovac. Lenox Hill A. Q.
is. Eric Larsen. Washington Canoe
~. Harry Chanas, Lenox Hill A. q.
90. Warren Weinberser. Baltimore Y.
W. Msi. Karl vartia. unattached. wash
s2 Louis Mecock. Lenox Hill A. C.
%. Charles Bonner, Big Brothers Club.
"a. Joe. Dispagai Lenox Hill A. c.
%. Arthur Daley. Washington Canoe
s6. Robert Kemp. washinEton Canoe
~. Davis Asgy. washington Canoe Club
~. L. c. Gill. unattached. Washington.
go. William D. Haven. tr.. Washington
80. Richard Green. Washington. Y. NJ
-. Bernard Mccoy washington. unat-
tached
Evening star., 1935-08-25
j. s. GIRL F0|LED
IN NCHANNEL SWIM
Eva Morrison Gives Way to
Rough Sea When Four
Miles From Goal.
BY the Associated Press.

~ OVER, August 24.-Eva Nor
rison, 25-year-old Boston
hospital librarian, who was
~ attempting to swim the Eng
lish Channel from England to France.
abandoned her attempt four miles
from Cape GriSnez, France, today, be-
cause of rough sea.
She gave up at 1890 pm, Green
wich time (7:30 am. Eastern stand
ard time) after having been in the
water IA hours and So minutes, and
returned to Dover.
The plucky swimmer climbed into
the accompanying motor boat only on
the insistence of members Of her party
who were perturbed at the stiff west
northwest gale and heavy rain. which
roughened the channel waters.
She at first fatty refused to aban-
don her attempt saying: Il am not
coming out. II I give up now Ia be
called yellow when return to
America"
Despite her grueling experience she
said she felt fine.
Miss Morrison swan nearly SO miles
due to the criss-cross currents OF the
channel. She said she would not at
tempt the swim again In 1885 put
might return next year.
Evening star., 1935-08-25
INDIAN YOUTH PAGES
25.KILOMETER RACE
Field of AZ Finishers Led by
Brown in Competition for
National Title.
By the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
BEVERLY, Mass, August 24.-Ell-
~ son c'Tarzan') Brown, 22-year-
old Narragansett Indian from Charles
town. r. l., won the national cham
pionship 25-kilometer marathon
around Beverly today. A field OF 63
started. of whom ~ finished.
Brown completed the run Of about
16 miles in hour, 26 minutes, A As
seconds, leading Johnny Kelly OF
Medford, winner of this years Boston
marathon, by IS yards. Kelly was
clocked in 1:27:0
Paul Mundy Of the Milirose A. A.,
New York, was third in 1:2s;57, and
his teammate, Elmo Penti, who won
the race last year, fourth in l:2s:46.
Evening star., 1935-08-25
BY staff Correspondent of The Star.

~HICAGO, Ill, August 24.-With
4 no regrets. the Nationals
4 moved on toward st. Louis to-
night for q six-game series
that will finish their Western cam
paigning for the season.
They haven't been much of a
road" team this year, although this
final tour promises to be their most
successful as result of winning
three out Of .our games from the White
Sox. To gain better than ar even
break for the jaunt, however, the
Nationals must win five out of the
six Tits from the Browns.
After today's game washington's
record for the tour stands at seven
victories and 10 defeats.
If Sammy Holbrook intends to re-
main big league catcher he will have
to do something about his throwing.
When Rip Radcliff stole second base
on him in yesterdays game it marked
the eighth steal by the opposition on
Holbrook in the last nine games.
The White Sox pilfered base per
game and the Indians missed only
one Of the ave days which Sammy
spent behind the bat.
Evening star., 1935-08-25
DOROTHEA DICKINSON
SETS SWIM RECORD
Exeels Helene Madison's Mark in
500-Yard Free Style Win at
New York Meet.

BY the Associated FreSs.
NEW YORK, August 24--Dorothea
Dickinson of the Women's
Swimming Association. holder OF
three metropolitan championships,
broke the mark for the 50o-yard free
style race, one of the featured events
in the A. A. U. aquatic meet at Man.
haitian Beach today.
Miss Dickinson outswam fast
field to win the 500-yard handicap
in minutes 1915 seconds, shattering
the record of 6:43, set by Helene Mad
ison in San Francisco in July, 1881.
On her way to victory, Miss Dick
inson also established new American
records for 200 yards and 400 yards,
her respective times being 2 minutes
81 seconds, and S minutes II seconds
There were no listed records for these
distances up to todays race.
Evening star., 1935-08-25
GOES INTO LEGION FINAL
Gastonia Wins and Will Battle
Sacramento for Title.

CHARLOTTE, N. c., August "a
%).-The husky American Legion
Junior team of Gastonia, N. c., won
the Eastern base ball championship
here today by overwhelming the Car
rollton, Ga, team IS TO 6 before q
crowd Of more than 5000 fans.
As . result, the Gastonians will
meet the Sacramento, Calf. juniors,
winner Of the Western title, in .
five-game series at Gastonia next
week for. the national championship.
Evening star., 1935-08-25
FACING
NARCOTIC CHARGE
Veterinary and Trainer at
Saratoga Arrested in
Year-OId Case.
By the Associated Press.

BY the ASSOCIATED FTeSS.
~ ARATOGA SPRINGS, N. Y,
August 24-Investigation OF a
horse race here last August IL
- by the Federal Bureau of Mar
cotics resulted today in the arrest Of
DR.. James E. Materson Of Far Rocka-
way, q veterinary, on charges Of pos
session and sale OF narcotics.
DR.. Materson, arrested here, and
Ernest j. Sietas, q trainer, taken into
custody in Albany Friday on charge
Of unlawful possession Of narcotics,
were arraigned before United States
Commissioner Lester T. Hubbard.
Each pleaded not guilty and bail was
fixed at $1,000. Hearings were set
for September 4.
Sietas was the trainer of the mare
Fluffy Lee, in whose saliva morphine
was found by the State Racing Com
missions laboratory after her winning
race last August 13.
Search of the Sietas stable disclosed
six bottles of q patent collie mixture
containing morphine, the Federal in
vestigators reported. Sietas and his
horses were suspended.
Evening star., 1935-08-25
Bogss Leads ID. C. Swimmers.

A<Se~o Ne - O"lAAAAhChbs
WAsHINGToN's Ernie Boggs, of
the ~" was the only local en-
trsnt to finish within sighting dis
tsnce Of the winners. A close con-
testant until the first turn of the
last lap, BoggS dropped behind the
leaders but still finished fourth, almost
iye minutes behind TreSnak.
A printers apprentice who has
trained for his recent long distance
swims in the Lenox "A. C.'s 60-foot
indoor pool, Tresnak showed remark
able consistency in each lap Of the
emile course, which he swan in the
time Of / hour 10 minutes and 4e
seconds, IS seconds ahead OF the
second finisher. Only seconds marked
the difference in time of his first two
laps, while he went around the third
time 20 seconds faster. His frst lap
was timed in 26 minutes 43 seconds;
his second in 26 minutes As seconds,
and his last in rs minutes II seconds.
Beside him for the first 22s miles,
however. the eventual winner found
Ray Mullane and Robert Knapp, both
Of the Flushing IN " Y. NJ. C. A.,
who refused to let any appreciable
distance Of water come between them
and Tresnak. In fact, for more than
an hour, the three continually were
together.
Boggs was with the leaders through
out the first lap, and was third when
the swimmers rounded the club house
float for the first time, but mid
way OF the second time around, he
was passed by Knapp, never TO re-
gain his former position.