davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1935-11-13
Ruyon Production Sets NeU High

Orer billion pounds of rayon 1Cu be produced
this gear, high according to 1corld production
estimate By the Terrific Economic Bureau Last years
output 1cos SIS 600 900 pounds
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1935-11-13
ABA ATTITUDE
ON new DEAL
TO Be SETTLED
Feelings Toward Roosevelt
Regime Are of Political
Interest.
BY THOMAS l.. STOKES
Times Special Writer

WASHINGTON, Nov. 13.-What
is the current attitude of bankers
toward the New Deal?
The answer to this question
should be forthcoming this week
from New Orleans, where between
5000 and 1000 of the financial fra
ternity have gathered for the sixty
first annual convention OF the
American Bankers Association.
Banker feeling about the Roose-
welt regime has a political interest
lust now because of the presidential
election year hence. Big bankers
have furnished the cash in previous
presidential elections. Little bank
ers are important and influential IN
their communities despite all the
brickbats thrown their way in the
last few years.
To plead the Administration
cause and explain it's course, a car
load of New Deal financial figures
were dispatched to New Orleans
upon invitation, of course, Of the
bankers-including Governor Mar
riner S. Eccles Of the Federal Re-
serve Board; Jesse Jones RFC
chairman; J. F. T. O'Connor Con-
troller of the Currency; Leo t
Crowley, head of the Federal De-
post Insurance Corp.
Banking Act Contested
The bankers and the Adminlstra-
ton understand each other better
now than two years ago when Jesse
Jones rolled up his sleeves at thi
Chicago convention, talked rough ir
the straightforward Texas manner
and told the assembled flnancierS
that they had better "be smart fol
once" and cooperate with the Ad-
ministration or the government
would take over the banks.
Last year, at the convention here
everybody talked more softly, that
being the occasion of what came to
be known as 1.-The truce" with PreSl-
dent Roosevelt and the bankers eX-
changing kind thoughts.
But lot of things have happened
since, one being the Banking Act
of 1885 framed by Governor Eccles
which enlarges the government
swap over private bankers and which
was stubbornly contested during its
progress through Congress.
Advocate Withdrawal
Another is the Utility Holding
Company Act. Many big banks are
closely tied up with the power in
dustry, and the cause of the utility
magnates, now being championeo
before the courts, is also partly theil
cause.
Perhaps major emphasis at New
Orleans will be upon advocacy O.
the governments withdrawal from
the various fields of private banking
which it was forced to enter because
of the emergency. At last year;
convention President Roosevelt
pledged such a withdrawal as soor
as practical.
This pledge was recalled to Mr.
Roosevelt the other day by Rudol1
Hecht of New Orleans, retiring
president of the Bankers Associa
ton, who again stressed the bankers
desire for lessening of government
competition with banking and as
sured Mr.. Roosevelt that private
banks are ready and equipped tt
make all necessary loans.
The bankers also will talk about
the prospects of imitation, which
seems their greatest fear just now
Governor Eccles has no such feal
and undoubtedly will seek to assure
the financiers.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1935-11-13
Dividends Declared
Money and Exchange
TREASURY STATEMENT
BY United Press


WASHINGTON. Nov. l3.-Government
expenses and receipts for the current
fiscal year TO Nov. IL was compared with
a year ago.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1935-11-13
SHEEP AND LAMBS

Lambs, 80 lbs. down, good and
choice Observation-Disclosures. seT5G10.50
Medium Observation-Disclosures. 5000 975
Ewes
lso-l25, Good and choice . 4ooa 500
dunn -.' '...-..-.'... 3.5oa $50
l2o-i5ol Good and choice :. 300d 400
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1935-11-13
Chicago Stocks

by Abbott, Proctor g. Paine)
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1935-11-13
U. S. GOVERNMENT BONDS
(By Abbott, Proctor g. Paine)
preS
Home Owners Loan Corp.
Farm Mortgage Corp

2a4s 1949 Observation-Disclosures. 1920 80
IS 1852 Observation-Disclosures. 10026 100
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1935-06-14
Want Hail Insurance
on Winter Grain C.rop

While the growing season had lust
started already Is or 80 applications for
nan insurance policies have been sent
IN by farmers to the office of State
Han Commissioner E. K. Bowman. The
applicants are all growers of winter
wheat. In some of the counties this
grain is already eight or 10 inches tall
IN favored localities.
Hall insurance is taken out only after
the grain has begun to reach a height
lndlcatlng a crop would be DESTROYED if
subjected to hail.
Spring wheat has not as vet reached
a stage where it becomes necessary to
insure it. However, Mr.. Bowman said.
II June rains arrive in due season and
n spring wheat begins to shoot up.
there will be a. heavy demand for hail
While grain and mustard CROPS are
damaged by hail to a greater or less
extent every year. the state hail system
operates to protect many farmers every
Probabilities at present are that the
grain crops will be better this wear than
Tor a long time, and if it turns out
that way, there will be a greater volume
OF state hail insurance issued than
Tor the past three or four years.
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1935-06-14
BONNEVILLE WAS
EARLY EXPLORER
WASHINGTON IRVING WAS FIRST
AUTHOR TO WRITE ABOUT
ARMY EXPLORER
(By ALBERT J. PARTOLL)

10Y ILL D. ktIl1OlLJ
MOntanans have a special interest
in Capt. B. L. E. Bonneville, the noted
traveller IN the west, whose recently
discovered letters of 1888 and 1885 tell
OF his adventurers. Prior to finding
the letters the chief source of infor-
nation on Bonneville was the pub
lished account by Washington Irving,
who knew Bonneville and had ac-
cess to some of his writings. Irving, to
inject color and completeness, bor-
roWed facts from other sources, and
by SO doing presented a readable mar
rative as early as 1843.
B~onneVllle'S activities in Montana
seem to have been limited to a short
visit to the Yellowstone country, as he
states; that Il may say I have actually
visited only the heart of the Rocky
mountains, or IN other words the head
waters of the Yellow Stone, the Platte.
The Colorado of the west and the Col
umbla.' His reference to the Columbia
was the Lewis fork of that stream, He
also states in his letter of July, 1883,
mat he hoped to visit the Kootenai.
winch is in the Montana of today. His
ambition in this respect was never real
yea, u to repeated encounters with
the Blackfeet Indians, who regarded
MIN as an intruder.
HIS letter of Sept. 80, 1885, says that
MS contemplated visit to the northern
branches of the Columbia and into the
present canada was never realized.
however, information gathered by Bon
neville OF the waterway system of Mon
tana was useful in making his map,
which was n of the earlier ones to
tain streams.
When Capt. John Mullan was OBJ
serving the Beaverhead country of
Montana in December, 1853, he noted
a creek named after Bonneville, of
which he says:
This creek, as told by our guide, is
known as Bonneville creek. It was
mere where a party of Blackfeet, in
1850, seized upon the goods belonging
70 70 a portion OF the expedition under
captain (now ColoneD Bonneville. of
the army, then trapping in the noun
Jams, n strewed over the prairie what
they did not carry off. It is known
among the Flatheads and Nez Perces
1nd!anS as the spot where Colonel Bon
nevllle's expedition was robbed"
B~onneVllle's contribution to the de-
Velopment of the west was in the form
o! a literary message of the real nature
:! the ROCKY mountains, which he clear
y ShoWed was not a desert as many
thought. Irving, by his pen, sent Bon
neVllles account far and wide in his
DOCK OF the captains adventures but
to have omitted a most note
worthy fact in that Bonneville was n
OF n early advocates of possessing
The letter of 1888 deems the time
1or taking Oregon as a possession of
United States to have arrived and
recommends immediate action. Due
to apparent loss to the KNOWLEDGE of
man for a time of his letters. Bonne-
vllle's suggestion was UNDECIDED.
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1935-06-14
(By ALBERT ]. PARTOLL)

w.
In Montana history Robert Mel
drum is entitled to a place among
early fur traders, when beaver pelts
we're a standard of currency and the
white man was the intruder in the
Indians western domain. Robert Mel
drum was for many years associated
with the American Fur company anC
an assistant of Alexander Culbertson
in the fur trade of the upper Mis-.
souri,. He is said to have some west
with the noted expedition of Captain
Bonneville in 1882 and to have taken
up residence among the Crow Indians
shortly after. His knowledge Of his
adopted people rendered him of great
assistance in dealing between them
and the whites.
Among anecdotes about Meldrum,
which may be regarded as having a
basis OF truth, is one recorded in a
paper written in 1866 by John M
"A somewhat prOtracted residence
among the Blackfeet tribe of Indians
and an extensive observation of men
and as they appear in the
wilder parts of the Rocky mountains
and British America have enabled the
writer to give some facts which may
not prove wholly uninteresting."
Browne was personally acquainted
with Medium, whom he calls Meldram,
and in his paper mentions him in con-
nection with Indian ideas of magic.
A%ttributing powers of magic to in
dividuals by Indians, who regarded
highly because of a jest that
came out right, is told by Browne, who
says:
ION one occasion, Meldram, a white
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1935-06-14
Story of Robert Meldrum,
Earl Montana Fur Trader

man in the employ of the American
Fur company, found himself suddenly
eleVated to high rank as a seer by a
loollsh or petulant remark. He was
s!lgaged in making a rude press for
nallng furs and had got a heavy lever
IN position. A large party of Crow In
u!ans who were at hand, considering
MS press a marvel of mechanical in
genulty, were very inquisitive as to its
uses. Meldram, with an assumption of
severity, told them the machine was
snow medicine and that it would make
snow to fall until it reached the end
Oh the cord that dangled from the lever
ground.
The fame of so potent a medicine
spread rapidly through the Grow ma
lion; The machine was visited by hun
dreds and the fall of snow anxiously
looked for by the entire tribe. To the
OF every Indian, and the astonish-
ment OF the few trappers then at the
mouth of the Yellowstone, the snow
actually reached the end of the rope
and did not during the winter attain
any greater depth. Meldram found
greatness thrust upon him. He had
EVed for more than 40 years among the
Grows and when I knew him was much
consulted as a medicine man:
HIS chief charms, or amulets, were
a large bulls eye silver watch and
a copy of Ayers Family Almanac in
which was displayed the human body
cnclrcled by the signs of the zodiac"
Meldrum was a noted figure in his
day and the incident related by Browne
IS a somewhat unknown chapter of the
career of a mar who lived in this region
a century ago.
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1935-06-14
Eary-Day Stockmen Hired Wofers to Exterminate Buffalo
Wolves; A. j. Jordan, Pioneer Wolfer, Tells of Their Habits

hunger again brought them to a bunch
Of cattle or horses. Then the killing
and gorging would be repeated. They
never returned to a former kill, they
preferred their meat warm and fresh.
Early in the spring the females in
whelp would leave the packs with their
mates to search for likely places to
den and bring forth their young. When
the den was selected and until the pups
were old enough to follow their mother,
her mate would never be far afield.
When the pups were able to eat meat
the mother wolf would take a supply
to them. AS they grew older, a kill
possible and the pups would be taken
there to have their fill. BY the time
the pups were three months old, the
mother would take her young with
her and teach them to forage for them
selves. On more than one occasion
I have come upon a mother wolf MAX
ing her kill; with a swift lunge she
ham-strings her victim and the next
instant she Is tearing at the throat.
She drives the other cattle away while
the pups gorge themselves with warm
meat. If there were a washout cut
the kill where she could hide her pups,
She would secrete them there during
the day. This would go on for a month
or more; then she would ham-string a
fat COW or steer and let the pups fin
ish the killing, practically eating the
victim alive. At six months the pups
leave their mother and soon join the
packs. 1t takes a lot of meat to raise
a litter to maturity. They are always
hungry. The packs kill on an average
of every three days.
1t can readily be understood what the
stockmen were up against. They hired
men to combat the evil and did every
thing they could to encourage indie
pendent wolfers. Those working in
dependently,. would make camp in a
likely location many miles from a
cattle ranch. They made a business
of their work and worked hard to make
it pay. It was an interesting life to
lead, it also had its hardships, winter
billiards and such. It was not pleasant
to return to camp in a severe storm, af-
ter being away all day taking care of
traps and poison bats, to find the tents
blown down, if not torn to pieces. Nor
was it very conducive to kind thoughts
upon arriving at camp to learn that a
friendly group of Indians had paid the
camp a visit and after devouring all
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1935-06-14
(By ARTHUR !. JORDAN,

WoiveS are Just Dig OvergrOwn
dogs" said a coyote trapger to the
are, but I never saw anything in a
big grey lo'fer that would suggest an
over-grown dog. If this trapper had
arrived In eastern Montana Is years
before, when the wolves were plenti-
full, and followed wolfing as an in
dependent trapper;' he would not
have thought Of the big plains wolf
as a big o~ver-grown dog. Having been
an Independent wolfer more than 40
years ago, the writer naturally has
had many interesting experiences
with natures wild things.
The big plains or buffalo wolves had
preyed upon the buffalo herds for I'M
known ages. They had developed
shoulder, neck and jaw muscles that
enabled them to pull down a buffalo
whenever they were hungry. When the
cattle herds were trailed into Montana
from the south, and after the ruth
falo hunters, the wolves hung upon the
flunks of the cattle herds and their
depredations caused the cattlemen
much grief. Some readers may won-
der, when game at that time was in
such profusion, everywhere, why the
wolves did not prey upon game. The
fact is, they were too big and lubberly
" SdGClA d uceI, dIlCtlOpt VI ulOullIdlll
sheep, unless they came upon one
fast in a snowdrift or quagmire. Yet
they were active in making their kill.
I have seen them take down a large
steer with incredible speed.
The early plainsmen called the grey
wolf, a buffalo wolf, and when the
Texas cowboys came up owe the cattle
trails from the Rio Grande, they call
ed a wolf a lo'fer, which is the Span
ish word for wolf. 1t is spelled "lobo."
During the fall of each year the
wolves gathered in packs, IS being the
largest number of any n pack that I
have seen, and that was in the sum-
of 1896 IN the head of Big Dry
creek. Each pack travelled a certain
route, a sort of circuit, always reap
pearing on an average of 10 days not
far from where they had passed be-
fore. When they became hungry, they
pulled down a fat COW or steer, and if
the pack was of large size, more than
one critter was devoured. With their
hunger appeased, they leisurely con-
tinued on their way until the pangs of
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1935-06-14

wolf to her young, to the l~ong-drawn
mournful bowling. which is the wolf
call for the gathering together of the
pack. The strangest call would be
heard by a rider when approaching to-
ward the vicinity of a wolf den. It
was a long sharp call, a warning from
the male wolf to his mate. It would
be answered by the mother wolf, and if
the rider came in sight near the den
the warning would be ~impregnated with
menace. The mother wolf would not
answer that warning, knowing that
danger was near
|. The cowboys enjoyed the sport of rop-
ing wolves. An ordinary COW pony could
easily overtake a wolf in a short run,
lance the rider. A wolf is like a buff
falo; it has a gait all its own and can
keep it up for 20 miles or more. The
wolves that were once so numerous on
the Montana and Wyoming plains
are now almost extinct. The few that
are left stay in the mountains where
they prey on the slow-moving elk. The
grey. wolves in captivity are pitiful
progenitors. Raised in pen they become
stunted. They do not have the shoul-
der, neck and jaw muscles, neither do
they know anything about the long
drawn melancholy wolf-call of their
wild anceStorS-the big lubberly bruteS
that could not survive the white mans
advancing civilization.
About Is years ago., there was a
three-footed wolf ranging near the
town of Jordan. She had been caught
in a trap, lost one of her front feet,
but she was causing the small ranch
ers much grief, for she preyed on the
milk cows calves and the gentle yearl-
ings. She became an educated pest.
For three years she eluded all traps,
poisoned bats and the hunters rifles;
then one day Bill" Cherry, while rid
ing toward the town came upon the
old lofer near Smoky Butte. Bill had
for many years followed independent
wolfing. Forty years ago he was con-
sidered the best trapper in eastern
Montana. At this time he was about
60 years old but the spirit of former
years was still strong within his breast;
he took down his rope and gave chase.
Bill was riding a good mount and
SOC came within throwing distance.
He was just about to cast his rope when
the horse fell in the heavy ~sagebrush.
Bill regained his feet, bleeding from a
number OF cuts and bruises about the
face and hands, and remounting, con-
tinued the chase and oon had his
quarry. He took off the pelt and rode
proudly into town. A number of the
townfolks who were living there then
will probably remember this incident.
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1935-06-14
NRA Activities
in Treasure State
(By Our Helena Correspondent
HOUSING

The Montana office Of the Federal
Housing administration at Helena has
received 100 applications for mutually
insured mortgage loans totaling $780,
600, according to Barclay Craighead,
state director. The housing admin
istration insured loans are based on the
low cost. monthly payment plan and
apply to new home construction, the
purchase of existing home structures
and to the r~efinancing of the old type
Of mortgages standing against resi-
dence properties.
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1935-06-14

they could hold, had made off with
most of the rest. That would neceS-
state a long hard ride to the nearest
COW ranch for more supplies. An In
dian is like a wolf, always hungry. The
Piegan Blackfeet and Grow Indians
were the worst offenders.
The hired trappers at the stock
ranches led a much easier life; during
rough weather they never went far
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1935-06-14

from the ranch; they always had a
warm bunk house to return to after
a days ride; their wages were paid
whether they caught 10 or 100 wolves
during the year. Yet I have known
a few hired wolfers that were very
successful in their work.
A wolf employs various calls for COM
municating with his kind from the
yodeling coddling call of the mother
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1935-06-14

Engineers of the federal department
of public roads are preparing to begin
a survey of q proposed new highway
in Glacier park from the Avalanche
creek region to Bolton along the shores
of Lake Mcdonald.
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1935-06-14
SUDAN GRASS Is GOOD FEED

Sudan grass, which has the ability
to recover quickly after a protracted
period Of drouth, and Dakota amber.
an early variety. of sorgo, are recon-
planting. There is some danger in pas.
turing both crops after q frost Of after
growth has been checked by severe
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1935-06-14
PLANES FEED -FIREFIGHTERs

PLANES FEED FIREFIGHTERS II.
To take food to an inaccessible Sec
ton OF the Clearwater country, where q
forest fire is raging, forest service au-
thorities utilized an airplane and drop
ped burlap bags of provisions to the
fire fighters.
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1935-06-14

Meetings to demand repeal Of the
unemployed insurance act are being
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1935-06-14
EXPANSION OF G.

Expansion Of CCC operations in Mon
lana has been announced by william
asuIicoIn, newly appointed state relief
to be located in Montana, bringing the
Total number in the state to 49. This.
VII! require the enrolment of 2 4
additional men. Location of the new
camps has not been determined. nor
as me proportion of Montana men who
ed. 1t is probable, however, that the
state will be permitted as many enroll
ices as can be certified from destitute
families. New CCC regulations effec.
tive June is increase the age limit from
q TO ~ years n the maximum term
months. 10
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1935-06-14
RURAL REHABILITATION

FIlIaHceu by the Montana Rural Re-
Mobilization corporation, which obtain
ed q federal cash grant for the purpose,
SIX farm families from submarginal dry
iand farm areas in Phillips county,
ave been established on an expert
mental rehabilitation project on the
Tom johnson farm four miles north Of
Malta. The settlers are given a month";
~ cash advance for the purchase Of
1000 and clothing. Purchase of ma
chinery and other equipment will be
by the rehabilitation corpor-
one-year basis. At the end of that time
the farmer may vacate or may rang
to buy the tract from the government
on a longtime payment contract, The
government agrees to purchase his sub
marginal holdings.
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1935-06-14
NEW PWA REGULATIONS

Under the new PWA work-relief pro-
gram, it has been announced at the
Montana office of that organization In
Helena, the government grants As per-
cent OF the project total and loans the
remaining SIS percent at 3 percent in
terest. The loan and grant basis for
merly was TO percent loan at 4 percent
and 80 percent grant. Wages on Mon
tana PWA projects will be determined
in accordance with local wage condi-
tons. The maximum hours of work
for manual labor will be eight hours a
day and 100 hours a month. For cleri-
cal and other ~non-manual work en-
ployeS the maximum will be eight hours
a day and a total of 40 hours a week.
Preference will be given to persons from
the public relief rolls, and at least 80
percent of all those employed on a
works project will be taken from relief
rolls, except at the specific authorize
ton of the works progress administra-
tion.. 1t is also stated that only
member of a family group may be en-
ployed on the wrks program except as
specifically authorized.
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1935-06-14
HOME OWNERS O A

E. G. Carruth, State manager of the
Owners Loan corporation, has
announced the establishment in Mon
tana OF five servicing districts to handle
collections. Investigations and Similar
business for the corporation. The new
district headquarters offices and those
n charge OF them: Butte, Thomas
ing, E. L. Murphy and Havre, E. q.
Bennett: The state headquarters office
at Great Falls will handle service prob
lens for the Great Falls district under
the direction of Arthur Williams. as
sistant state manager,