davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1935-08-22
(lk1I|tidi{aI'q1(>liij
National Topics Interpreted II TIfHII
by William Bruckart RFn
by William Bruckart

.streets in a race to hotels where Mr..
Hopson was reported seen. The elu-
sive Mr.. Hopson was not discovered
in any of the three hotels where ru-
NOR said he was quartered. Then
rumor got busy again and a process
server raced wildly over the Vir-
ginia roads to the nearby estate OF
Attorney Patrick j. Hurley, who was
secretary of war in President Hoo
ver's administration and who has
served as attorney for the Associat-
ed Gas g. Electric company in times
past. It turned out that Mr.. Hopson
was not at the Hurley home and the
faithful process server was forced
to return empty handed.
Delicate Question :.
But to get back to the Federal
Trade commission. It's position may
vet be regarded as determinable on
" on the merit of an individual
case or circumstance. That is to
say the commission probably has
not condoned sharp practices in the
relationships between private bust
ness and official agencies.
The action of the commission in
this instance was with reference to
a motion of counsel for the lnterna-
tional Association of Ice Cream
Manufacturers. The attorneys asked
that the commission strike out OF
the complaint against the associa-
ton three paragraphs which charg-
ed association members and officers
with attempting to urge legislation
and local ordinances Gin bad faith"
That question, of course, is very deli
cate. It presents collateral ques-
ton as to whether when an indi-
vidual seeks legislation of a pro-
tective character for his own inter-
ests or legislation that will aid him
in his business, he has done so "in
bad faith" Undoubtedly there may
be times when bad faith could be
properly charged. But in discussing
this phase Of the situation in many
quarters in washington, I found the
concensus to be that protection OF
property can hardly be catalogued as
effort made in bad faith.
Nevertheless, the politicians at the
capitol take a different attitude and
they do not hesitate to follow thru
any scent they obtain of information
which, when published, will hit the
newspaper front pages.
The reason I regard the action OF
the Federal Trade commission as
being so significant is that the COM
mission deals with literally thous-
ands of individual businesses each
year. It has jurisdiction to order
elimination of unfair trade prac-
tees and to expose just plain cheat
ing in private business. Therefore,
the commission may be said to have
vital influence on the lives and
businesses of those whose operations
may be characterized as small and
important only in small commune
ties, as well as on the great masses
of capital and national trade asso-
Citations. Since the commission has
shown willingness to consider the
rights of individuals to foster their
own interests, some observers be-
leve that its. prestige will be en-
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1935-08-22

chances are 10 to / that he will be
attacked within a short time. The
fish, equipped with effective teeth,
attack their victim by swapping
small pieces. A single fish can only
take. a small bite, but a large school
strips a man in 20 minutes.
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1935-08-22
LEGISLATION Lobbies

While two congressional commit
tees have been seeking newspaper
publicity for themselves in promot-
ing investigations of legislative lob
bies, the Federal Trade commission
has quietly taken the position that
Legislative activities" on the part
of individuals or business interests
are not so bad. Strangely enough,
the commission heretofore has been
labeled as rather radical but in this
instance it has taken a much more
conservative view of efforts of pri-
vate citizens to protect themselves
than have the members of congress.
The commission made known it's
position in only one case, but the
understanding is that 1t represents
view Of majority of the COM
mission members and that in all
probability there will not be much
fuss or furore again, respecting the
efforts of private citizens to engage
the attention of their elected leg
islators when their pocketbooks are
in danger. l.-.. ~>.> .......
No such attitude is in evidence
at the Capitol. Certainly, no such
evidence has been given by Ala
bama's Senator Black and his SEN
ate investigating committee. The
house investigating committee, UNI
der the Craftsmanship Of John j..
O'Conner of New York, has not been
quite SO ferocious but it has not
overlooked opportunities to get on
the front page of newspapers when
ever possible.
The two congressional investiga-
tions have come to be regarded by
Washington correspondents largely
as farcical. I reported to you some
weeks ago that the probable re-
suit Of the congressional investiga-
lions would be the smearing OF
many men of wealth and the ex-
posing of any shortcomings Of COR
porations on which the committees
could lay their hands. That has
been the result to date and the out
look has not been changed. As far
as anyone can see now, neither conn
mittee is going to adduce any evil
dence or testimony that will be
helpful in the framing Of legisla-
tion-that is the basis upon which
congressional Investigations proceed
and 1t is the only basis in law they
have for such inquiries.
In support Of the assertion that
there is much publicity sought, one
needs only to reflect on the circum-
stances Of those two committees en-
gagged In battle to obtain the tes-
timony Of Howard G. Hopson, the
big shot of the Associated Gas g.
Electric company. Mr.. Hopson has
been sought to give testimony re-
specting his company's lobbying ac-
Invites and was looked upon by the
chairman Of each committee as a
star Witness star because he is
one Of the biggest men in the util-
tiles field and therefore good head
line material.
We here in Washington saw the
spectacle Of subpoena bearers from
each committee chasing through the
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1935-08-22

HANGED and that we may find in the
future that the commission will be
popular governmental unit rath-
er than one which business looks
upon with fear ~
Executive Orders
Thruout the Roosevelt admins
tration we have observed almost
daily announcements that the Pres
ident has done this, that or the
other thing "by executive order"
In the rush of legislation designed
to help us over the emergency In
1888, executive orders came thick
and fast. No one thought a great
deal about them. It was unusual for
them to emerge from the White
House in such numbers but I believe
it was the general desire to forget
the precedent that was being es-
tablished, numerically at least, in
the issuing of executive orders be-
cause of the acute conditions in the
country.
Subsequently, attention was call
ed officially to the great number OF
these orders and that they had the
force and effect of law. 1t was the
more important because the SUI
preme court of the United States
called attention to the fact. The
court depressed far enough In q
weighty opinion which it rendered
to suggest that it was impossible
for the average individual to know
what these executive orders con-
tanned; what inhibitions or prohibi-
lions were prescribed and what
rights, if any, citizen had left.
The American Liberty League,
which is addressing itself consist
emily to analysis of governmental
affairs, informs me that between
March 4, 1888, and the end of July,
1885, Mr.. Roosevelt issued more
than one thousand two hundred and
fifty executive orders. The league
offices say that this is greater to-
tai than the number of executive or
ders issued over the preceding 10
years.
Some fifty new agencies and addi-
tional branches of existing agencies
or departments have been created
by the simple expedient of an exc
cutive order.
Orders Upon Orders
In addition to the executive or
ders, it is claimed that something
like twenty thousand administra-
tive orders have been issued by Of
ficials of various agencies whose
sole legal basis for their acts was
an executive order signed by the
president.
'The examples Of executive or
ders which have been cited show
clearly an usurpation Of legislative
power" the league commented in q
statement issued the other day. ny
no stretch of the imagination can
many of these orders be regarded
merely as ministerial acts in exc
cution Of laws enacted by the con-
gress. Policies are involved which
under the principles Of democracy
should be passed upon by the con-
gress, members Of which reflect the
varying viewpoints Of citizens OF
different areas and schools Of thot.
So long as the judgment Of the en-
tire membership of the congress Is
applied to important questions q
balance will be maintained in the
public interest. It is contrary to our
scheme of government to place SUI
preme power in the hands Of q
single individual as has been done
in European countries where par
liamentary bodies have become nom
entities. Encroachment by the exc
cutive upon legislative prerogatives
in violation of the letter or even the
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1935-08-22

being directedp
10. OF what nationality wa, =
inventor Of wireless telepror,,...
ANSWERS on Page Seven,
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1935-08-22

8. What position is held by HUI
ey Long?
9. What is a holding company
against which legislation is now
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1935-08-22

VOUR MOTOR runs lots hotter in Sum-
j mer. That's why you must have oil that
maintains high film strength under extreme tenn
peramres to get safe fabrication. Otherwise,
the lubricating film ruptures and the bearings
and cylinders suffer damaging wear.
Plain mineral oils have little film strength
and oils over-re6ned by new cleansing meth
DDS have even less. AS motor heat goes up.
these oils rapidly lose film strength.
You'll get better motor protection with
Conoco Germ Processed Motor Oil. Timken
machine tests p,ope that it has to 4 times
greater film strength than any plain mineral
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1935-08-22

oil and that heat above 225o does not less
this advantage.
More proof supervised road tests were
made in identical cars fitted with the
new alloy metal bearings used in many
1885 cars. The bearings fabricated with
high-quality plain mineral oil showed
$50 more s0ear than those fabricated
with Conoco Germ Processed, the first
alloyed oil.
You'll be certain your motor is safely lub
Gated even at high temperatures if you S
go. K.-Drain" and fill with Conoco Gel
Processed Motor OiI-the oil with the eli
den Quart" that stays up in your motor a
never drains away.
La opinión., 1935-05-23
POMbO L!STC
PARA SEGUIR
HACIA MEXICO
ayion Santander en- que
cruzo Ell Atlantico esta-
ba listo anoche

NATAL, Brasil, Mayo 22.- Ell
"Juan Tenorio del espacio', Juan
lenaeio Pombo, revise hoy su apa-
ratio "Santsnder' y ordeno que los
tanaues fueran proVistos de COM
bustible, para iniciar a la mayor
brevedad su s:suiente etapa que 10
aeerque a la ciudad de Mexico, en-
donde 10 espera su prometlda Ia
seiorita Elena Rivero Corral.
Crei poder salir hoy mismo. pc
no al comenzar Ia tarde no Sc habia
atrevido a lanzurse al espacio. por
estar esperanto informes meteoro-
logieos,
Despues de un merecido Cescan-
so Sc levanto temprano hoy en- Ia
mahana Y Sc dirigio al hangar en-
que Sc encuentra su aparato, para
supervisor Ia revision de todas las
pleas. y co~nvencido de que ell San
lander Sc encuentra en- buenas con
diciones " tan deseoso como 70.
de llegar a la capital de Mexico
segdn dijo-, ordeno que sc lie pu-
sierra suficiente combustible para
la etapa siguiente.
En ell observatorio meteoroloSl-
co Sc hlcieron predicciones POGO 81
ti%sfactorias hoy Ell la manana, aun
que Sc agrego que posiblemente Sc
componGria ell tempo a 10 largo de
Ia ruta que tiene Que sesuir ell ena
morado avtador.
La opinión., 1935-05-23
PRUEBA De
Ia PARAFINAD IA
LUZ EN- i'm Case
Ell deputy sheriff Duran
Ayres resolvio asi la
muerte de Jose Santillan

ia prueba de la parafina ha
vuelto a servir para la seduction de
TN crimen entire mexicanos radical
dos en- California, declare aver a
La OPINION Ell diputado sheriff
Edward Duran Ayres, refiriendose
al asesinato de Jose Santillan. per-
petrado la noche del ultimo domin-
so en- la cercana poblac.6n de Pico
Park, Y al sistema inventado en-
Mexico para determinar cuando
una persona Ina tenido en- sus ma
nos uan arma de fuego y ha dis
parade o ella.
Ell diputado sheriff fue comisio-
nado para investigar ell case, ha-
eiendose cargo de las pesquisaS
como una bora despues de que san
THAN cayera muerto, a~travesado
por una bala. y antes de las ~ ho-
ras logr6 tener en- su poder toda
clase de datos y confession de quie-
mes tomaron parte en- la reyerta
que hubo.
Sin embargo. dice que los testi-
COS de Ia tragedia tueron los pri-
meros en fincar declaraciones fall
sas. hacienda muy d~iftciles las in
vestisaciones. y rue entonces cuan-
do hizo uso de Ia prueba de Ia pa
rafina Y encontr6 a dos individuos
cue dispararon. Estes va no pu-
dieron negar su participation en-
el fatal conflicto. aunque va en- po-
der de la iusticia sostienen que
solo "dispararon al viento'.
La opinión., 1935-05-23
\ 0TRO REQ
P|OE M0R|R
CON ELLOS
Los mexicanos deben morir
ell 81 y I'm italiano ira al
cadalso en- JUNO Il
Quiero morir con ellos, que
son como nos
mics, dijo ell italiano aver
United Press para LA OPINION

United Press para LA OPINION
CANON CITY, Colo, mayo -
Bajo las sombras de las crujias de
la penitenciaria de Colorado, en- es-
ia ciudad. una amistad cast her
manable ha undo. los ~corazones de
tres prisioneros que estan condena-
dos a morir ~asfixiados en- la camara
letal. e impelidos por ell cariho que
, entire 81 Sc tienen, pidieron que Sc
les conceda morir al mismo tempo.
en- vez de que las %ejecuciones Sc lie
ven a cabo en- distintas fechas.
Los ~prisioneros, que va Sc en-
cuentran en- las galeras de Ia muer-
tie en- visperas de ser ejecutados,
sol estos:
Juan Pacheco, mexicano.
Luis Paeheco, mexicano, (herma-
no del anterior).
Leonard Lee 6elongia, italiano.
Los tres estan s~entenciados a
muerte por delitos de asesinato en-
primer grade, siendo ell dltimo de
ellos ell que propuso a los anterio-
res MORN al mismo tempo.
"Ustedes estan condenados a mo-
rir ell dia 81 de este mes en- la ca
mara letal, y 20 morire ell p de ju-
nio.-les dtjo. V anadi6:
".:Que les pareceria que muriese-
mos juntos? 70 me dirigire al go
bernador ~pidiendoIe que me conceds
morir tres antes, a fin de
irme con ~ustedes".
Los hermanos Pacheco aprobaron
la proposition. cuando Belongia les
asegur6 que no podra vivir sin tie
nerlos a su lado, Y llamando al ad-
| ministrador lie eXpuso 10 siguiente:
"Ellos tienen que MORN irremisi-
blemente. Han apeIado y Sc les hs
negado derecho de mas dias de vi
da. 70 no he apelado, pero Sc que
la apelacion solo servira para pro-
longarme los dias de martirio en-
este cautiVerio.
"Permitame escribir al soberna-
dor para pedirle que ordene mi eie-
eucion ell 81 de este mes, junto con
mis- amigos y hermsnos de c%rujia.
"En la camara letal tienen tres
sillas. Dos de elias seran ocupadas
por los Pacheco. Para que dejsr
desocupada la tercera?
"a mi me da 10 mismo MORN ell 81
de mayo que Ell Fl de JUNO; es de-
cir. no me importa la vida. pero no
quisiera yer que mis- queridos com
paneros Sc me adelantaran, porqus
La opinión., 1935-05-23
ELefunte
REQ de
Muerte
q Su dOmadOr
y 10 Arfestan pa
rQ PrOCesaflO

"Principe", ell indomito ele-
fante cue ell lunes ultimo do
muerte al entrenador Joe Reed,
de 40 amos de edad. Sc encuen-
ira p%risionero dentro de reeia
jaula de hero, y engrillado me
dante fuertes cadenas de ace
no ~sujetas en- ell paVImento, en-
visperas de ser sometido a un
"proceso" de ley, en- que possible
resu. tie conVicto del cargo de
asesinato y condenado a la Pc
ma capital.
Esto sc resolvera hoy. euando
ei del %condado Sc trans
lade q una aeerota~tusseraz4a-de
Baldwin Park, en- donde Sc en-
~cuentra depositado el cadaVer
de la victima. FL funcionario en-
VIC c~itator.a a varias personals
que fueron testigos de la TRACE
dia, para que declaren respecto
al "~caracter y moralidad' del
pauuidermo. Entire los citados Sc
cuentan Charles Glow, encarga-
do del campo lnVernal del circo
Barnes, donde oeurrio la muer
lie de Reed; Charles Amsco, n
trenador y domador que era com
panero de la victima, y George
Emerson, director de la Metro
Goldwyn- Mayer que estaSa fill
mando una escena de asuntos
selvaticos. en- que tomaban par
tie "Prinoipe" y s;ete elefantes
mas, asi como una docena de II
La opinión., 1935-05-23
CONFISCACION
DE HACIENDAS
HENEQUENERAS
Sc asegura que Ell Goberna
dor Alayola presentara
al Congress- I'M proyecto

CIUDAD DE MEXICO, mayo %.
-(Hilo Directo).-Un proyecto de
ley para la confiscacion de las ha-
ciendas henequeneras del Estado de
Yucatan, a fin de socializar'as, hs
sido formulado por ell Gobernador
Alayola, ses1n revelaron aqui los
amigos intimos del gobernante yu-
c~ateco.
FL Gobernador Alayola Sc encuen-
ira en- esta capital desde hace al
gunos dias, creyendose que su via
je esta conectado con ell proyecto
que acaban de revelar sus amigos
aquf.
La version parecio confirmarse
con despachos que Sc han recibido
de Merida, diciendo que ell congre-
so del Estado ha convocado a una
session eXtraordinaria q fin de que
ell executive someta un t~rascenden-
tai proyecto de ley. creyendose aqui
que Sc trata de la ley de sociali-
|haciendas h-enequeneras del Estado.
Los informes de Merida recibidos
hoy coincid eron con la llegada a
esta capital, de una numerosa dele
gacion de agraristas que conferen-
ciaron con ell Presidente Cardenas.
Durante mas de tres horas ell gene
raj Cardenas escuch0 las peticio-
mes de los veintiun delegados agra
r.stas de Yucat1n. quienes declara =
ron al primer magistrate que la ley
Iaeraria ha sido burlada en- aquel
Estado, Y que los hacendados yu-
eateeos Sc niegan a procedcr a los
repartos de t~ierras, desobedeciendu
las ordenes del gobierno.
Ell P~residente Cardenas recibira
manana a los representatives de los
hacendados de Yucatan, segun sc
supo hoy en- la noche.
La opinión., 1935-05-23
VICENTE LOPEZ
vENCIO ANOCHE
A HANS SIE|NkE
Ell Representative de Alema
MIA quedo eliminado del
torneo international

Hans Steinke, de 240 libras de Pc
SO y Representative de Alemania en-
Ell torneo international de luchas
del Olympic Auditorium, quedo eli
minado anoche como contendiente
al compeonato mundial de peso com
p.eto cuando ell campeon mexicano
Vicente Lopez 10 derroto, ponlendolo
fuera de combate en- 16 minutes.
Lopez no tuvo %dificultad EN- ven
Ger a Steinke, no obstante que ell
gigantic aleman era considerable CO.
mo un adversario de peligro, maxi
me que lie faltaba solo una derrota
para quedar fuera del torneo que
Sc esta desarrollando en- ell Olympic,
v en- ell que Lopez es uno de los
contendientes mas destacados.
El campeon mexicano entro al
ring o un peso dc PIG libras.
EN- la segunda lucia este ar del
programa de anoche, Man Noun
tain Dean vencio al japones Kiman
Kudo. en- ON los. Ell Hombre Mon
tana tuvo d~ificultad al principle de
III tOllAitllud para NoSNA Nl JhPtiN -
pero cuando Kudo le apllco II la
We "A la cabeza, ell gigantic de Sl7 Ii
bras 10 levanto sobre sus hombros
para estrellarlo estrepitosamente
contra la Iona. c~ayendole encima
con todo ell peso de su cuerpo. III
japon6s qued6 fuera de combate, y
fue sacado del ring en- hombros de
sus segundos.
Dean peso S17 libras por 40 del
japones.
En- los demas encuentros Ernie
Dusek vencio a Hans Kampher, de
Alemania; Ed Lewis a Marin Pies
tina. de Yugoeslavia, Jim Browning
a Lefty Bloomfield, de lnglaterra;
Dean Detton a Matros Kirilenko, de
Russia; Mike Romano. de Italia, a
Pat Fraley. de Estados Unidos;
| Sander Szabo. de Hungria, derroto
a Everett Ribbons, de Estados Uni
dos. Y Sersei Kalmikoff, de Russia,
veneio a Juan Humberto, de Ia Ar
] gentina.
La opinión., 1935-05-23
Ell DISCOURSE DE ROOSEVELT
VETANDO Ell PAGO

United Press para LA OPINION
WASHINGTON, Mayo %. Ell
~presidente Roosevelt pronuncio hoy
su Ultima palabra respecto a la pro
posicion del pago &c bonos a los
soldados americanos que fueron a
la guerra m%undial, conceptuando
la ~preyectada medida como "desas
trosa para TODD ell pals.
FL imponer su veto sobre Ell plan
Patman, de que fueran p~asados a
los veteranos de la guerra airede-
dor de $4,000. ooo, 100000 que Sc les
adeudan en- bonos, el presidente ma
nifesto que mi administrator tie
ne Que velar por los intereses de
todos. de la nacion entera. y no por
los intereses exclusives de un CRU
po o de n ciase'.
AL mismo tempo pronuncio una
bien definida advertencia contra Ia
inflaelon de la moneda, Giciendo
entire otras cosas que ia destruc-
cion del valor del ahorro y Ia i'm
posicion de los precios incontrola-
dos. obligaria a la adopcion de un
plan economico Il base de "papel
moneda". para poder atender a Ia
demanGa de 'grupos determinados'
Las palabras del executive fue-
ron pronunciadas en- medic de ten
sa Expectation de las camaras'
donde con anticipation Sc habia
c%ombatido ell anunciado veto presi-
dencial.
La opinión., 1935-05-23
UNA MEXICANA BATIO
TODOS LOS RECORDS
Por EUGENlo NoGUERAS
(CorresponsaI de LA OPlNlOM

TOT 6OoGNiS G'PNO
(C-orresponsal de LA OPlNlON)
SAN sERNAROINo, California,
Mayo 22.- Lucia Gomez, mexica-
ma de Plaoentia, campeona de bal
lie que ha batido todos los records
internacionales desde que empezo
aqui ell marathon en- ell Orange
Show 6rild ng, cayo desfallecida
hoy a las cineo de la m~adrugada,
en- medic de las ovaciones de los
centenares de espectadores que a
esa bora presenciaban ell %eoneurs
Ell Narration coutinda. a pesar de
los cstuerzos Que las autoridades
han estado hacienda por terminar-
10. Y aunque alEuna otra muchacha
SUPERB ell tempo que bailo Ia seno
rita Gomez. esta. de todos MOODS.
es EN- estos momentos campeona
international en- torneos de esta ma
turaleZa.
La cantlna Ell Zarco, &c Cotton,
hizo entrega a la sehorita Gomez.
hoy en- Ia tarde. de nm hermoso re
gallo por el gran espiritu que con-
servo en- eli concurso. Miles de per
sonas |presencian diariaments sl
narration.
La opinión., 1935-05-23
INTERESTS NAClONAlES, Pc
70 NO DE GRUPOS

No podria ser honrado en- mis-
eestiones administrativas,- CONT
nuo 2iciendo- 81 no aquilatara en-
su verdadero valor los derechos de
todos.
"Pienso.- agrego-. en- los que
expusieron sus vidas en- defensa de
su bandera. Pienso en- aauellos que
laboriosamente traba laron para au
rlentar Ell produoto de nuestTas tie
rras, y en- aqucllos que ~desSendlen
do a las entranas de las minas ira
baiaron en- favor de la riqueza del
pals, como pienso asi mismo en-
los que entregaron sus vidas en- de-
fensa del honor &c America.
"Pienso en- estos momentos en-
las viudas y en- los h~uertanos de
todos ellos, y en- los cineo mhlones
de americanos que atraViesan por
La opinión., 1935-05-23
APARECEN LOS FALSlFICA-
DORES

FL propietario del estableeimien
to inform6 a los detectives que no
Sc ha enviado para 81 nj n sofa
carta de a dollar. sino que Sc con-
creta u cargar 10 centavos por ca
da carta que sale de su estableci-
miento con un dollar adeutro.
Entire tanto. So sabe que los tal
slficadores de dinero. estan apro-
vechanGo ell momento, para envtar
por medic de "cadenas e%spdreas'
los billetes que cllos mismos ia
brican.
La opinión., 1935-05-23
UN LiDER AGRARlSTA
MUERTO EN- VERACRUZ

CIUDAD DE MEXICO. mayo %.
-tHilo Directo)- lei lider agra
rista Martin Ortega. del Estado de
yeracruz. resulto muerto hoy en-
un combate entire un grupo de agra
ristas Y la policia del Estado.
Ocho personals mas resultaron
heridas en- cl encuentro, que ocu-
rri6 en- la p%oblaci6n de Dos Can't
nos. segdn dlcen los despachos re
cibiGos aqui hoy en- la noche.