davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1935-08-23

A JiSte ne pOSlednlm bOla-
KEN" Daleky Vychod, kde ia.
ponsko caste vyuzilo pro sebe
zapletek Evropy a Ameriky a
urvalo kus "a kusem Aisle.
A CO stale Sc cd rokG 1914
do 1917 ukazuje nam, re Spo-
iene Staty -nestaly by .jenom
tax stranou. Zeme nase jest
svetovou mocf a ma svetove da-
lekosahle zajmy. V pf1padu
valky nebyli bychom zapleteni,
cht6j nebo nechtej? Spojene
Staty mali jednati dnes! Desti-
va sezona V Ethiopii rychle spe
je ku konci a pax Italie roz-
poutati chce tam litici valec-
nou, kdy snad bylo by pozde.
Budeme-li sedeti stranou a de-
lati mic, tTeba bychom Sc pro-
budili .jednoho rama a nalezli
Sc V tom, V Gem jsme byli ro-
ce 1917.
Byvaly kancler pokladny,
Phillip Snowden V Tilford, Sur
rey, Angle, novinaTGm prohla-
sill, re Europa Sc naleza ma po-
kraji move svetove valky, jez
by mohla m1ti hroznejsf ma
sledky nez-li Sc vSeobecne my
sli.
Vyzyval Ameriku, ably vrhla
cely sv6j vliv ma zamezeni
srazky narodG, jez by byla pTf-
mo katastrofalnf.
"Mussolini z praktickych d.
vod1 vlastne jiz valku prohla-
sill. Shromazdil vojsko ma hra-
nicfch Habese, jiz pred mes1ce-
mi a vyckava pTfhodnou dobu
k vpadu.
Jeho Gil a ctizadost nebude
vsak podroben1m Habese ukon-
cena. Bude-li uspesnym v tom
to podniku, Dude jeho pT1st1m
GLEN zmocniti Sc Rakouska.
Pokus podobny povede k valce
s N6meckem a jelikoz evrop-
ske staty jsou vazany rGznymi
dohodami a pakty, Dude vseo-
becna valka nevyhnutelnou."
Snowden, II lety laborita,
kdysi dobry pTftel MacDonal-
da a nyn1 jeho zasadnf odpGr-
ce, 1tocil ma zahranicnf politi-
ku Velke Britanie a Francie,
kterou naval impotentn1 pro-
to, re vlastne stran1 Itali1. An
glicka vlada 81 nechce Italif
r~ozhn6vati a soucasne pTedpo-
vida, re dnesnf conference til
velmocf Parfzi, wynn jen v
prazdne mluvenf.
Die jeho SLOW jsou Spojene
Staty povinny zastati Sc dodr-
zenf acknowledgements paktu.
Utern1 zpravy z Londyna O.
znamuj1, re anglictf zahranic-
nj znalci usnesli Sc odporuciti
kabinetu tento ctvrtek. ably pri
jaty byly cleny Lfgy NarodG
sankce prot Italii, zahaj1-li ia
to BOZ prot Ethiopii.
Mensi narody a Francie jsou
nakloneni planu tomuto. Sank
cemi tenn dosazeno by bylo to-
no, re zbozf, hotove pen1ze ami
liver Italii JIM by poskytnut
nebyl. Jestlize Lfga nebude
jednati, Angle sama must Sc
rozhodnouti ma svych vlastnfch
sankc1ch, ably uhajila svoji
pTednost ma StTedozemnim mo-
Fl a Africe.
Anglicka vlada cinf slime po-
kusy, ably dostalo Sc il moralnf
pomoci re strany Spojenych
Stat1.
Francouzsky premier, Laval,
ackoliv vid1 marnost pokus1
svych O odvracenf valky, dosud
nevzdava Sc nadeje.
Nicholas Politis z Recka byl
jmenovan patym smirovatelem
p6ticlenne komise, jez zabyva
Sc prac1 ma resent problemu v
Africe.
Spojen6 Staty dnes stojf ma
tom, re do krise Italsko-Ethiop-
ske zaplesti Sc nedajf, jak bylo
iasne anglickemu a francouz-
skemu ministerstvu udano.
We Washingtonu ovsem i've
domuj1 size ku Kellogg-Briand
1mluve odvolan1 ucineno byti
NIUE v pT1tomne krisi a re Via
da naSe upomenuta Dude ma
svoji povinnost die 1mluvy te-
to.
Chot slovenskeho buditele
~-N
Evening star., 1935-08-04

that it is not very good elegy), but
a Jest would be even better. A queru-
lous complaint is completely out of
character. There is, somehow, some
thing nasal puritanical about it.
A HISTORY OF SCIENCE. TECH
NOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY IN
THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVEN
TENTH CENTURIES. BY A. Wolf.
New York: The Macmillan Co.
Evening star., 1935-08-04
By Ruth Conard.

- ACH newspaper published this
- fourth day of August, 1885, is
memorial to the mighty prin-
- ciple of liberty Of the press.
For this date, 200 years ago, marked
the opening of Americas first great
libel suit. The defendant, John Peter
Zenger, a New York City printer, had
been imprisoned because he dared TO
publish uncomplimentary facts about
the corrupt Colonial government. For
weeks the court proceedings dragged
on, but the outcome was a unanimous
decision of mot guilty" and legal
precedent which has since resulted
in the enactment of definite code for
freedom of speech and Of the press.
Over IS per cent of the worlds popu-
lation today cringe under rigorous CEN
sorship and another IS per cent labor
under partial restrictions. Only 10
per cent-and among these Uncle
Sans subjects-enjoy full liberty of
the printed page. However, not with
out a struggle has this freedom been
won and preserved in the United
States. At the beginning of the eight
eenth century all the New World
colonies were bound by press restric-
tionS.
In New York the regulations were
especially stringent. The Dutch gov
ernors early in the colony's history and
the English governors who followed
them after its capture by the British
in 1864 were, for the most part. ty-
rants VINO allowed their subjects scant
liberty of expression. either verbal
or written. New York City's first news
paper, founded in 1725, consisted OF
Evening star., 1935-08-04
NEWS OF. THE LATEST BOOKS-FREEDOM OF THE PRESS
A LIBEL THAT MADE HISTORY
America First Libel Suit Filed Two Centuries Ago. Estab-
lshed Tradition-De6nite Codes Now Define What
May Be Printed With Impunity.

Hamilton was over 80 years old when
he accepted the Zenger case and was
suffering severely from gout, but his
mind was unclouded and vigorous ana
because of his high renown along the
entire Atlantic Seaboard, even the
crafty Governor dared not exclude
him. He had held many important
legislative and judicial positions in
Pennsylvania during his career and
was probably the only American who
was ever admitted, up to that time, q
bencher of Gray's Inn, London.
In 1925, the Penn family gave Ham
ilton, in payment for legal services, a
large tract Of land, located in what is
now the heart Of the city Of Phila-
delphia. On this he built his country
estate, Bush Hill, where he lived until
his death in 1741. While he was Serv-
ing as Speaker of the Colonial Assem-
bly,. he privately purchased land on
which to build permanent meeting
place for this legislative body, drew the
plans for the structure and personally
superintended the erection Of it. This
State House, first occupied in 1876, al
though not completed until 1742, later
became nationally famous as Inde-
pendence Hall, the birthplace of lib
erty.
The Zenger trial was held in the
City Hall, in those days the finest
building in all New York, located on
the corner of Nassau and Wall Streets.
A huge crowd assembled to listen To
the proceedings-a gathering out OF
all proportion to the importance of the
poor Dutch printer, convicted of pub
fishing false, scandalous and seditious
libel" against the government.
Evening star., 1935-08-04

in theory at least, holds that In
equalities are contrary to justice.
Justice, to be sure. Is contrary to ma
ture. but in social mathematics things
equal to the same thing are not neces-
sarily equal to each other. 1t is
exactly on this differentiation that
democracy rests its entire effort-the
effort to impose on nature principle
that is nowhere. borne out by natural
processes. 1t is a most quixotic un-
dertaking. In this country at least
it took a group of very highly pri-
vileged gentlemen indeed to conceive
of it. AS matter of fact, most Of
them owned slaves.
Beyond these exceptions there are
two other points at least in which
one must disagree with this book.
One of these is that. writing in praise
of privilege, the author should make
mean jibes at the expense of COM
mon people," "laborers" and the like
Some one has said that the final test
of the gentleman was his attitude
toward those from whom he had
nothing to expect. In tradition at
least the class has been great-hearted.
The other point of objection is the
general mournful tone of the book.
Whether one agrees with Mr.. Sedg-
wick or not that gentlemen are pass
ing out of life, one must object to
having the passing lamented in a
merely aggrieved manner. The tradi-
ton demands another treatment
Gentlemen may value themselves
highly; still, they are not supposed
to mention it. Going to extinction,
they should proceed casually. In
commemoration, one of their num-
Der may compose an elegy provided
Evening star., 1935-08-04

subject. Nevertheless, in the present
work one cannot do otherwise.
The material here is divided into
three parts-the qualities of the
gentleman, the historic conceptions,
and the (presenD forces of destruc-
ton. Under each of these headings
there is a further subdividing, each
separate point being treated in brief
essay. Thus, under the qualities of
the gentleman there are essays on
obligations, manners, taste and the
like, and under historic conceptions
there are chapters on Greece, Rome,
the Renaissance and so on.
One finds little to object to in either
of these divisions beyond the fact
that Mr.. Sedgwick. writing with
scholarship rather than distinction,
treats his subject in curiously ex-
ternal manner. The gentleman, as
he emerges from these chapters, is
less a logically enduring human type
as he really has been-than beau
tiful dummy, dressed in quotations
from Mr. Sedgwick's favorite writer's.
This does not do justice to the class,
which owed its first emergence from
the masses to the fact that It's In
dividual members we're able to be
self-sufficient, and which has owed
its continuance to the fact that they
have been able to maintain SELF
sufficiency in the face of steady ef-
forts to deprive them of 1t. The long
momentum Of the class derived from
strength, not from grace, courtesy or
superior education. In other words,
gentlemen in the past have been, frst
of all, intelligent and Vriie.
When, therefore, Mr.. Sedgwick says
that the gentleman paid for his
privileges by his service to his coun-
try in war and craftsmanship ne
speaks accurately. That was Wnae
gentlemen we're for. When, however
alongside military and parliamentary
service he groups the duty OF setting
an example to the lower classes as
justification for remaining in an upper
class he is becoming romantic. IL
seems dubious that, even in the most
""o0AN ooSlCIicS, IllC iiloN ASHA
tives of the privileged group have
been much concerned about the erect
that their personal behavior has had
upon their interiors, or that the in
feriors have been much influenced by
high examples. A healthy cynicism
seems more likely. Mr.. Sedgwlcx
quotes Plato to the contrary, to be
sure, but Plato was not q gentleman.
He was philosopher, an artist and
a former slave. Gentlemen were MS
patrons. They sent their sons to him
for education.
1t is in the third part Of the book
however-the part which deals with
the forces of destruction at work TO-
day-that the improper approach to
the subject becomes most apparent.
To take an example, Mr.. Sedgwick'
first telling us that. in ages past the
existence of the gentleman class has
rested squarely on. inequality and
privilege-which is true-then says
that democracy is q destructive force
because 1t holds that inequalities are
contrary to nature.
This is hardly accurate. Democracy,
Evening star., 1935-08-04

The curious assemblage, the august
judges. elaborately robed and wigged,
the jury, grave with the importance
of the decision resting upon its
shoulders. sat spellbound as Hamilton
propounded the principles Of freedom
Of speech and the press. His defense
has been called the greatest sample
of court argument ever made" He
readily admitted that Zenger had
printed material, as had been charged.
but he argued that it was true, and
therefore not libel. This is not the
cause of a poor printer, nor OF New
York alone" he declared. 1T may In
its consequences affect every freeman
that lives under a British government
on the main of America
When at last the debate ended, the
jury withdrew, and returned in few
perfunctory minutes with the unani-
nous verdict of acquittal. A pro-
longed cheer from the tense Specta-
tors greeted the reading of the de-
ciSion.
Andrew Hamilton refused to accept
remuneration for his invaluable serv-
ice. He was feted, dined, and honored
by the grateful New Workers, and
finally allowed to return to his home
in the Quaker City. John Peter
Zenger went back to his printshop
and published his paper unmolested
until his death, IL years later, in 1746.
He IS said to have been buried in
Trinity Churchyard. His wife and
eldest son continued his good work
until 1751. New York soon apparently
settled into its usual calm. But never
again did the colony on the Hudson
lose the ground it gained in this great
battle for freedom of the press.
NEW YORK was by no means the
only colony that had press
troubles. although it alone gained such
a sweeping victory. In 1890, a HARM
less looking news sheet made its ap-
pearance in Boston, under the name
of Publick Occurrences. This was the
first issue of the first newspaper ever
to be published in the English Colonies
and it was the last for the time
being. officials interpreted few
passing remarks on Government af-
fairs appearing in it as reflections of
q very high nature" promptly sup
pressed the publication, and passed
decree strictly forbidding anything in
print without license first obtained
from those appointed by the Govern
ment."
However, mere laws could not
quench the spark of freedom i'm
planted deeply in the hearts Of the
liberty loving New Englanders. In
1922. James Franklin, older brother
of Benjamin Franklin, of literary,
political, and philanthropic fame,
launched the New England Courant,
the first rebel organ in America. In
its pages, the fearless editor warmly
attacked the Government, the clergy,
and many prevailing views of the day.
Even solitary confinement in the stone
gaol failed to stif1e James Franklin's
ardor for revealing corruption.
A committee appointed BY the Coy,
Evening star., 1935-08-04

one small sheet. which carried only
smattering of news, mostly foreign,
with here and there a highly comph-
mentary reference to the doings of
William Cosby, avaricious and despotic
governor of the colony. The publisher
of this paper was also public printer
and found it profitable to print nothing
that would endanger his position.
THE thrifty, peace-loving Dutch in
habitants slowly became aroused
at the unfair treatment they received
under their iron-fisted rulers. Finally
some of the bolder dissenters formed
an opposition party. They founded a
newspaper to set forth their grievances
and chose as their publisher John
Peter Zenger.
No picture of Zenger seems to have
been preserved and the records Of his
life are very meager. He was born in
Germany in 1897. With his family ne
immigrated to the United States in
ITO. His father died on shipboard,
but he with his mother, sister and
brother reached New York safely. The
following year he was apprenticed to
William Bradford, printer. At the
close of his eight-year term Of service
he went to Maryland to practice his
trade, but later returned to New York.
Here, on September IL, 1922, he mar
ried Anna Catharina Maulin. who is
said to have been one Of the first per-
sons interested in Sunday school work
in the city. The brief mention that Is
made in history of the man shows him
to be a solid, public-spirited, indepen-
dent-thinking citizen.
On November S, 1888, Zenger pub
liShed the first issue of the opposition
paper the New York Weekly Journal.
This four-page news sheet soon be-
came thorn in the flesh of the roy
alist party. Its snappy, pointed COM
ments on the conditions of the day
and its cleverly phrased SatireS on
government affairs were not lost on
Cosby and his adherents. They fumed
and legislated, they publicly burned
ESPECIALLY ODuOAlOuo AANAiSSs -
finally, in desperation, they seized
Zenger November IT, 1884, and thrust
him into solitary confinement in the
municipal prison.
This put a stop to the paper-for
one short week-only until the re-
sourceful printer secured permission to
communicate with his wife and serv-
ants through hole in the door OF the
prison. Then for eight months, while
zenser himself was still confined be-
hind the bars awaiting trial, his paper
appeared regularly every week, all the
material transmitted from publisher to
public through that hole in the prison
door.
DARK indeed was Zenger's outlook
= as the date of the trial drew near.
Two of the ablest lawyers Of the colony.
James Alexander and William Smith.
who had been retained to defend the
imprisoned printer, were disbarred by
the foxy Cosby. But hope was revived
when Andrew Hamilton of Phila-
delphia, reputedly the best advocate in
North America. rallied to his cause.
Evening star., 1935-08-04
Books Received

Fiction.
WINTER CARNIVAL. BY Deck Nor
gan. New York: Julian Messner,
Inc.
so WISE so YOUNG. BY Agnes
Burke Hale. New York: Minton
Balch g. Co.
MADONNA OF THE DAMNED. By
Roswell Williams. New York: The
Macaulay Co.
NO HERO. BY John p. Maruuand
Boston: Little, Brown & Co.
Non-Fiction,
THE SECRET PATH. BY Paul Brun.
ton. New York: Z. P. Dutton
& Co.
LAW AND THE LAWYERS. BY Ed
ward S. Robinson. New York: The
Macmillan Co.
YOUR TELLTALE ENGLISH. BY
Sophie c. Hadida. New York:
G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Juveniles.
SIDSEL LONGSKIRT AND SOLVE
SUNTRAP. BY Hans Aanrud
Philadelphia: John C. Winston Co
Evening star., 1935-08-04
VILLA GATHERS NEW NOVEL
Lucy Gayheart Story Of Love and Death Reveals It's
Authoress at Her Best-An Exceptional New Juvenile
Book-Other Recent Novels

numor and finish. But volume pub
ncatlon has undoubtedly lessened the
peasant uniqueness of the subject.
Inc book as a whole Is monotonous.
SIMPLY from the quantitative fact of
TOO much evidence.
IL Is. of course, a monotony of a
olstlnctly tense variety-Day pere
having been the man he was. But
IL Is monotony, just the same. Mo-
Dooy can be consistently unpredictable
Tor 258 pages without having his
readers become as aware Of the con-
Slsoency as OF the unpredictableness.
Still. one is obliged to point out
mat there is no obligation to read
tne book straight through from cover
10 cover. And, taken in short
snatches, it is highly amusing. II
you have not met father" you had
better get the volume. He is an
amusing, If somewhat strenuous,
person.
IN PRAISE OF GENTLEMEN. By
Henry Dwight Sedgwick. Boston
Little Brown & Co.
WE HAVE fascinating subject
here, and one which in the pres
ent drift of the time can well merit
lnterest-the tradition of the gentle
man. 1t is a tradition as honorable
In literature as it has been in life, for
much fine writing in all ages has been
devoted to estimating the relation OF
privilege to responsibility. Any new
work on the subject therefore shines
IN the readers anticipation somewhat
in the light of that which has gone
before. This makes 1t doubly disap-
pointing for reviewer to be obliged
to take issue with the author on the
Evening star., 1935-08-04

TENTH CENTURIES BY A. Wolf.
New York: The Macmillan Co.
THIS wholly fascinating work comes
from the pen of the head of the
Department of History and Methods of
Science of the University of London.
1t Is not a popular" history in the
regrettable sense that such histories
are now being produced wholesale,
some of them over the names of emf
nent scholars. 1t presupposes an in
terest in its subject, and something
more than an elementary background.
Given these qualifications, however,
the otherwise lay reader will find here
much profitable stuff. For the book
is written with spirit and vision. and
with perspective on its subject that
includes the human as well as the
technical viewpoint.
The day on which Michelangelo
died, Prof. Wolf reminds us, Calico
was born. And the year that saw
Galileo's death also saw the birth of
Newton. Thus at the close of the
renaissance modern science came into
being, first assimilating such work of
the ancients as was found practical,
and then turning its face toward the
future. Prof. Wolf follows much this
plan in his present history.
OF the three parts of the book
science, technology and philosophy
the greatest part is devoted to SCI
TTr1a~ prnf Wolf
scribes early efforts in the fields OF
astronomy, mathematics, mechanics,
physics Oight, heat. sound, magnetism
and electricity. meteorology. chemis-
try. geology. geography, biology and
medicine. He outlines the lives and
works of the men who contributed in
all these fields and tells of their con-
tributions in technical detail. Espe-
cially interesting are his chapters on
early scientific academies and instru-
ments.
Under technology he treats in much
the same manner of the agriculture Of
the period, the textiles, building prob
lens, mining and metallurgy, mechan-
ical engineering, the steam engine and
mechanical calculators. These chap
ters, it would seem, must have a
greater interest to the average person
than those devoted to pure science, for
there are few people who have not
wondered about the processes of life In
other ages. How was the glass of the
great cathedral windows manufactured
to use a speculation that is generally
lost sight of under terms Of esthetic
admiration? And where were the in
gradients mined? And in what mills
were the textiles for the great tap
sstries spun? Or the cloth for the COM
mon mans coat? And SO on. For the
most prosaic processes acquire mys-
terious interest when time has placed
them at Q suticiept distance from us.
Evening star., 1935-08-04

A heron on Federal refuge in
Louisiana was hale and hearty upon
reaching the age of IA years. The
Government knew its age by an at
tached bird band giving the approx
innate date Of birth.
Evening star., 1935-08-04

published
Evening star., 1935-11-10
B. P. o. ELKS

A regional conference of the Mary.
land. Delaware and District of Colum.
bia Elks Association is being held at
Hagerstown today. A program OF &C.
tivities and welfare work for 1886 was
to be considered. The board of trus-
tees will present a testimonial to State
Senator Harold E. Cobourn of Havre
de Grace junior past president of the
association.
Washington Lodge has extended an
invitation to the association to hold
a regional conference here In the
Spring. An invitation has also been
received my the association from
Cambridge, Md, Lodge to hold q
regional meeting there in February.
The Joseph T. flaming national class
of more than so candidates will be ini-
tiated by Washington Lodge next
Thursday. The regular Wednesday
meeting will be omitted.
The annual banquet for the Elks'
Boys Band will be given at the club
December 8. Fred Whitehead is
chairman Of the committee on ar
rangements. The COMMITTEES ap-
pointed to make revision of the con-
stitution of the Boys Band will meet
at the club tomorrow night.
The annual memorial service will
be held in the lodge December !. Past
Exalted Ruler Joseph T. Hagerty Is
In charge.