davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Ministerial Union.

The Ministerial Union will be host
to the ministers of colored churches
Of the city Monday morning at IL
o'clock, when they will meet in joint
session at the New York Avenue
Presbyterian Church. Addresses will
be given by Rev. r. w. Brooks, pastor
of the Lincoln Congregational Tenn
pie, and by DR.. Frederick B. Harris,
pastor Of Foundry M. z. Church.
Other ministers taking part in the
service are Rev. H. B. Taylor. Rev.
r. Y. Nicholson and Rev. w. H.
Jernagin. Rev. Edward o Clark,
president OF the union, will preside.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
GEORGETOWN Lutheran.

"The Inner World" will be the sub
ject tomorrow at IL am. by Rev.
Harold z. Beatty. Mrs. Helen Albert
will have charge Of the young peoples
meeting at pm.
Prayer services Thursday. 8 pm,
conducted by the pastor. The At
tendance Committee will meet i'm
mediately after the services.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Bethesda Presbyterian.

Rev. John L. Parkes tomorrow at
II o'clock will preach on And When
They Had Prayed" The subject of
his evening service at 8 o'clock is II
Have Set the Lord Always Before
Me" The Young Peoples Society
meets at o'clock.
Beginning June and ending June
10 evangelistic services will be con-
Quoted by Rev. Marshall Woodson.
pastor of the First Presbyterian
Church of Salisbury, N. c. The morn
ing services will be at 10 o'clock and
the evening services at 8 o'clock.
The midweek prayer service is held
Wednesday evening.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
st, Johns Episcopal.

DR.. Oliver J. Hart will preach the
commencement sermon for the Guns
ton Hall School at the II o'clock serv-
ice in the church, Sixteenth and H
streets. His topic will be The Way
to Happiness"
There will be a celebration of the
holy communion at am, and at the
7:45 service there will be evening
prayer and sermon by Rev. James F.
Madison. A memorial service for the
late DR.. Robert Johnston will be held
at o'clock.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Georgetown PRESBYTERIAN.

Rev. Robert M. Skinner will preach
on "A Crowd Of Witnesses" tomorrow
morning.
There will be a joint meeting Of
the elders and trustees Tuesday eve
ming. A preparatory service for the
sacrament Of the Lords supper will
be held Thursday night, Rev. Skinner
preaching on Receiving the Atone
ment."
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Gunton Temple Memorial.

DR.. Bernard Braskamp. pastor. will
have as his subject at the IL o'clock
service THE Master Calleth." The
music will be furnished by the quar-
tette composed of Clara Moran Bern
heimer, soprano; Catherine English,
contralto; Louis Annis. tenor. and c.
Ridgeway Taylor, bass.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Bethany Baptjst,

The pastors subject tomorrow morn
ing Is "Isaiah-Hl Call and Con-
secration" In the evening Rev. Glenn
Faucet, pastor of the East Washing
ton Baptist Church, will be the
speaker.
Senator NJ. M. Logan of Kentucky
will teach the Stevenson Bible Glass.
c. T. Rizer. president of the class,
will preside.
The primary department Of the
Sunday school, under the direction
of Mrs. Henry Barringer, is having
cradle roll day. Mrs. Jaeger has
charge of the Junior Church,
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Tabor PRESBYTERIAN.

Rev. r. A. Farley will speak at the
II o'clock service on THE Problem of
Pain" Representative Ernest Lun-
deem of Minnesota will speak on "Un-
employment, Old Age and Social Sc
curity" at 4 pm. under the auspices of
the Civic National Forum. Midweek
service Thursday, 8 pm.
Evening star., 1935-05-25

The pastor, Rev. Henry B. Wooding,
will speak at the II o'clock service.
The fourth of a series Of addresses for
young people will be given at the
O'Clock service. Prayer service will
be held Thursday evening.
A congregational dinner will be
given June 6. The annual Children's
day program will be given June 9.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Salvation Army.

Meetings tomorrow are: Washing
ton No. l Corps, COG E street. Capt.
w. Kenneth Howarth in charge-11
am. and pm. Washington No. 2
Corps, 1901 Seventh street, Maj.
James Roberts in charge-ll am. and
$3.50 pm. Washington No. Corps.
1913 Eighth street southeast, Capt. j.
w Martin In charge-11 am. and
7:30 pm. Washington No. Corps,
1915 Jefferson street, Capt. w. c.
Young in charge-ll am. and 7;30
pm. Washington No. Corps, IT'S
Eye street northeast, Adj. Luella
Knox in charge-l0:45 am. and
s pm,
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Bethesda Rantist.

"The Greatest Need OF the Times"
will be the topic of Rev. B. M. Osgood,
pastor, tomorrow evening in the Ma
sonic Temple, 7O02 Wisconsin avenue,
Bethesda. Mrs. Isabel Garvin Shell
ley of Washington will sing. At II
am. he will speak on The Certainties
of Christian Experience" The Young
Peoples Society will meet at pm.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Calvary M. E. South.

The pastor, Rev. w. D. Keene, will
preach at IL o'clock on Desire and
Duty" The young people will meet
at 7. In the evening there will be a
musicale, arranged by the organist,
Lewis Potter, with a short talk by the
pastor on Music"
At Mount Vernon Church Tuesday
evening Calvary will meet with the
other Southern Methodist churches
Of the city in a joint quarterly con-
ference.
On Thursday evening the pastor
will talk on The Parable Of the
Laborers."
Evening star., 1935-05-25
West Mashington Baptist.

Rev. G. B. Austin will preach at
both services tomorrow. The pastor
will talk at the midweek service Thurs
day evening at 8 o'clock.
The Girls Auxiliary will meet In
the Sunday school house Friday eve
ming.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Highlands Baptist.

The pastor, Rev. Newton M. Sim
monds, will preach on "a Great Con-
tributor" tomorrow morning and on
Enduring Values" in the evening.
The Woman's Circle will hold a
picnic lunch and business meeting in
a cabin near Alexandria, Va, next
Wednesday. Cars will leave at 10 am.
for the cabin. The rnidweek services
are given over to the consideration
of the Sunday school lesson for the
next Sunday. There wifebe a bap-
tism at the close Of the morning
service. ..s.--.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Church Of the Brethren.

Rev. Rufus D. Bowman, the pastor,
will preach at IL o'clock on Mis-
sions-Tomorrow" and at 8 o'clock
on Gaining a Sense of Gods Pres
ence." At o'clock the last session
of the class of instruction for new
members will be held. The prayer
meeting service will be held Thurs
day evening. The choir will give a
sacred concert Tuesday evening.
Members of the A Capella Choir,
under the direction of Ruby Smith
Stahl, will be guests at this concert
and will be combined with the choir
Of the Church Of the Brethren, In
singing the last group of numbers.
Don Waite will be guest soloist.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Grace Episcopal.

Rogation days, tomorrow. Monday,
Tuesday and Wednesday. will be OBJ
served with special services. The
Litany will be recited in procession
tomorrow morning at the IL o'clock
service, when the rector. Rev. Meade
Bolton MacBryde, will speak
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Fifth Baptist.

The sermon tomorrow morning will
be preached by DR.. v. s. Knox of
Falls Church, Va. DR.. Briggs will
preach at his church. In the eve
ming DR.. Briggs will preach on Be
trothed Forever" and administer bap-
tism to several converts.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Fort Myer Chapel.

Services tomorrow are: 8:45 am,
Catholic mass, Chaplain B. j. Tark-
sey; 10 am, Sunday school; 10:45
am, pipe organ concert; lam. Prot
estant worship. Chaplain R. c. Del
bert-sermon: Does 1t Matter What
We Believe About Our Country?"
Special music.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
st. Marks Lutheran.

The pastor, Rev. j. Luther Frantz,
will preach tomorrow on The Bright
Side Of Failure"
A business and social meeting Of
the Luther League will be held at the
Summer cottage Of Miss Alice Cogs-
well, Great Falls. Tuesday night.
Quarterly meeting of the Sunday
School Association Wednesday night.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
NAV Procession.

The children of the Holy Rosary
Church, Third and F streets, will re-
ceive their first holy communion to-
morrow morning. May 26, at 9 o'clock
mass.
The May procession will take place
at 3 pm. All parish societies will
march in this procession. carrying
their banners. The Wheeler Band
will lead. A sermon by Rev. Superior
Of Capuchin College, at Catholic Uni
versity. and benediction with blessed
sacrament will close the religious ex-
ercises.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Peck Memorial Chapel.

The subject of the sermon of Rev.
Irving w. Ketchum Sunday morning
will be THE Way to God" He will
also give a sermonette to the Go to
Church Band.
The Ladies' Missionary Society will
have a concert Wednesday at 8 pm.
In the chapel parlors. Miss Gay
Daniel will lead the service.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
French Services.

la Serenite" will be the subject of
the sermon by Rev. Andre Frank Lio-
tard at the French service at the New
York Avenue Presbyterian Church to-
morrow at pm.
On Wednesday evening the Foyer
Francois, composed Of persons whose
native language is French, will hold
its closing meeting of the season in
the parish hall.
The Franco-American Young Peo-
Piles Group will hold picnic In
Rock Creek Park on Thursday.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
First Brethren.

Rev Homer A. Kent, pastor. will
preach at II o'clock tomorrow on
"Paul's Thorn in the Flesh and
Yours: What? Why" His subject at
8 pm. will be THE objectionable
Sin" The midweek prayer service
will be held Wednesday night.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Bible Institute.

A Bible study vesper service will be
held at 1916 Vermont avenue tomor-
row at 4 pm. under the auspices of
the Christian Witness League Of
America. Rev. Arthur G. Slaght, d.
rector Of the league and dean of the
institute, will continue the lesson from
the Book Of Hebrews. He will broad
cast over VOL each Thursday at
7:30 am.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
PIvmouth Conversational.

At the morning service Rev. Arthur
D. Gray will sepak on Electrified
Personalities" Music by the vested
choir under the direction Of William
Allen. r. Todd Duncan, baritone
soloist
At 6 pm. a vesper service will be
sponsored by the Helping Circle. Rev.
r. A. Farley, pastor of the Tabor
Presbyterian Church, will be the guest
speaker.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
st. Andrews Episcopal.

Holy communion tomorrow, 8 am:
service and sermon, II am, with Rev
A. J Wilder preaching Children's
church service, $50 am; Young
Peoples Fellowship. 7:45 pm; Thurs
day, Ascension day, holy communion,
IL am.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
st. Paul A. M. E.

Sermon by DR.. G. o. Wing at II
am. on Have a Mind to Work" At
8 pm. special song services by No. 2
choir, Miss Helen Thigpen, leader;
official board meeting Monday night,
class meeting Wednesday night.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Healing Services,

The weekly service Of Christian
healing at the church Of st. Stephen
and the Incarnation will be held Tues
day evening at 8 o'clock under the
direction OF DR.. George r. Dudley.
rector.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
EriendShip Baptist.

"Waiting on God" will be the sub
iect of Rev. B. H. Whiting tomorrow
at II am. Rev. L. T. Hughes, pas
tor of the Mount Jezreal Baptist
Church, will speak at $3.50 pm. Mrs.
Isabelle Bundy will deliver q special
sermon at 8 pm.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Wesley Methodist.

Rev. J. Luther Neff will preach at
IL am. on "A Foundation for Life"
At o'clock, at the young peoples
meeting. DR.. r. T. Leslie of the Bu-
reau Of Standards, will conduct the
discussion on Life Work"
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Ebenezer NJ. E..

Anniversary day of the Volunteer
Club will be observed tomorrow. Rev.
r. r. King will preach at II o'clock
on They Drove Jesus Away" Rev.
w. H. Dean will preach at pm. on
"A Confident Faith The sermon at
pm. will be preached by Rev. R. A.
Green.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Wisconsin Ave, Baptist,

Rev. Clarence Ray Ferguson will
preach at the IL o'clock service on
THE Vision of Christ From Patmos, :"
and at pm. on "He Showed Unto
Them His Hands" Prayer service
Wednesday evening.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Memorial United Brethren.

The pastor. Rev. Simpson B. Daugh-
erty. will speak tomorrow in the series
on What Believe" on the theme
"Crucified. Dead and Buried" and at
3 pm. on "Shipwrecked." Junior
Church meets at IL am. PRAYER
service Thursday evening.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
McKendree Methodist.

Peoples song service, led by Claude
H. Ward, at 8 pm. He will also sing
a special selection. He will be ac-
companied at the piano by Mrs. Ward
and at the organ by Mrs. Jeffries.
Sermon by the minister, Rev. Samuel
E. Rose, on Putting God to Bed"
Memorial day message on the topic
"a Worthy Memorial" at IL am. by
the minister. The choir sings special
selections.
Midweek service Thursday at 8 pm.
Address by Rev. Rose.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
John Wesley A. M. E,

At II am. Rev. L. z. Terrell will be
the guest preacher. At 7:45 pm. Rev.
Miss Mary E. White will deliver the
message. Music by the senior choir,
under the direction of S. A. Laurie
Norville; Miss Lucille Mills, organist.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
st. Columba's Episcopal.

Communion services will be held
tomorrow morning at 1880. At IL
o'clock the rector, Rev. E. A. LeMoine
will preach on Disciples of the Living
Christ and the World" On Friday
st. Columba's Auxiliary will give a
tea at the rectory for its guests,
Mrs. Winston Holt, diocesan presi-
dent Of auxiliaries, and Mrs. Walter
Dunlop, treasurer of the United
Thank Offering.
Ascension day services will be held
at 1890 am. May 30. A meeting of
the vestry has been called for Tues
day evening at the parish hall.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Positive Christianity,

DR.. G. F. Fraser will lecture at 1926
H street tomorrow at II am. on "Is
Spiritism and Denial of Matter Anti
Christi" and at pm. on The Law
of Prosperity and Health; Wednes-
day, pm, Man, His Own Saviour" ="
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Transfiguration EPISCOPAL.

Services will be held tomorrow at
7:30 and II am. Rev. J. j. Queally
will of1iciate and preach at the II
o'clock service. Those who were con-
firmed last Sunday will receive first
communion at 7:3O am.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
st. Luke's Episcopal.

At the II o'clock service tomorrow
Rev Josiah E. Elliott will preach q
special Memorial day commemorative
sermon Music will be rendered by
the choir. This will serve as a me-
mortal service for those of the parish
who died since the Memorial day as
well as a service Of appreciation for
those who have offered and lost their
lives In the armed services of the
Nation. An invitation is extended to
veterans generally with their families
and friends. Holy communion will
be celebrated at am.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Jones Memorial M. E.

DR.. julius S. Carroll breaches to-
morrow at IL am. on "The Worlds
Challenge to the Christian" and at
8 pm. on zone Of the Driving Forces
of Life"
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Fairmount Heights Presbyterian.

"The World Hated Them" will be
the subject of the pastor, Rev. H. w.
Campbell, at IL am. tomorrow. Music
by the choir, James A. Hunt, director.
At 6 pm, young peoples meeting;
subject. what Shall We Do About
Social Injustice?" Leader, Miss Edith
Ware; midweeA service Thursday, 8
pm.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Divine Science.

"a Mans Religion" is the subject
OF the lesson sermon by Rev. Grace
Lighttoot Patch tomorrow at IL am.
at the Burlington Hotel. On We'd
nesday at pm. at 1903 Thirteenth
street she will speak on Living
Above Trouble"
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Trinity Lutheran, Mount Rainier.

Rev. Edwin Pieplow will preach on
Heaven Is Never Deaf but When
Mans Heart Is Dumb" A duet will
be sung by Miss Anna Grace Figard
and Miss BETTY Ffgard.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Trinity Lutheran.

Rev. H. M. Hennig's topic tomor-
row is Lessons on Prayer" From
4 to pm. the members are invited
to view the alterations and improve
ments that have been completed In
the church basement.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
st. Stephen's Lutheran.

"The Armor of Light" will be the
subject of the sermon by Rev. Sam
H. Kornmann at II am. Arthur
Kettner will be guest soloist at this
service. At 730 pm. the subject will
be THE Definition of Religion"
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Yogoda Society.

Brahmachari Jotin Of Calcutta, In
dia, will speak tomorrow evening In
the chapel. 1883 Columbia road. The
subject will be The Cosrnic Symbol" "
The public is. invited.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Zion Lutheran.

"The Secret OF Sainthood" will be
the subject of the sermon by Rev.
Edward G. Goetz at the IL o'clock
service tomorrow.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Trinity Methodist.

DR.. Dan L. Ennis will have for his
subject tomorrow at IL am. THE
Divine Appearing" and at 8 pm.
Human Life-Immortal." Fellowship
service will be held Wednesday at
8 pm. and the Butler Glass Thursday
at pm.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Chapel Of the Redeemer.

There will be service of morning
prayer and sermon at Glen Echo at
$50 o'clock tomorrow. Rev. M. NJ.
Perkins will preach.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Western Presbyterian.

DR.. Dunham will preach a Me-
mortal day sermon, the subject OF
which will be Great Traditions"
In the evening he will preach on
whittier Bound?"
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Second Baptist.

Rev. J. L. S. Holloman will preach
tomorrow at II am. on THE Com
passion OF the Master" and In the
evening on II Thought on My Way"
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Church of Christ.

Evangelist James H. McBroom will
preach tomorrow at 3460 Fourteenth
street at IL am. on "Cloud Of Wit
nesses" and at pm. on THE Mind
of Jesus"
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Mount Moriah Baptist.

Rev. J. Harvey Randolph will
preach tomorrow morning on "A
Kingly Heritage" Special selections
will be rendered by the Senior Choir.
At $3.50 pm. the Interdenomina-
tional Ushers Union, with represent
atives from different parts of the
country, will conduct a memorial
service, in memory Of the departed
members. At 8 pm. the pastor will
have for his theme, The Unwearied
Strength" Prayer service Tuesday,
noon and at pm.
Evening star., 1935-05-25

"Buddha's Teachings and Parallels"
will be the topic of the lecture tomor-
row at 8 pm. by Swami Vividi-
shananda. On Tuesdays and Thurs
days at 8 pm. he teaches the Upani-
shads.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Pe0ple's Spiritualist.

Rev. DIR. Edward James Irvine Will
speak tomorrow at 701 Ninth street
southwest on THE Pharisees and the
Sadducees. or Oh, Ye Generation OF
Vipers." Come early if you want seats.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Activities in Local Churches ~

Spirit Of Sacrifice" At 2:l5 o'clock
he will conduct services at the District
Jail. Special music will bedirection of
by the choir, under the direction OF
Les Williams.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Volunteers of America.

Lieut.. Maj. H. Mills Eroh will
preach at services tomorrow after
noon in the mission at All Pennsyl-
vania avenue on The Young Mans
Chance" Rev. G.. w. Raines will
conduct the services.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Unity Spiritualist.

There will be a tea and musical
program tomorrow at o'clock at 1926
Massachusetts, avenue.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Marvin Methodist,

Rev. C. Carroll Burruss, the pastor,
will preach at IL am. on Opened
Eyes" A Young Peoples Millionary
service will be given at the service at
8 pm. The midweek prayer service
viii be held Thursday at pm.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Cleveland Park Conversational,

Freedom and Discipline" will be
the subject of Rev. Joseph S. Loughran
tomorrow at IL o'clock.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Christ Lutheran, Bethesda,
lexington Presbyterian.

Rev. George Drach will preach the
sermon tomorrow at IL am.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Congress st. NJ. p.

The Harrison Bible Glass will meet
tomorrow at 9:45 am. William N.
Payne. jr., second vice president, will
preside. Frank Shomo will have
charge of the lesson. DR.. Hirl A.
Kester, the pastor, will give a short
talk. Representative Daniel r. Nc
Gehee Of Mississippi, will be the
guest speaker. The lesson theme Is
Our Day of Worship" All men are
welcome.
DR.. Kester will preach at II am.
on What Would Make You Happy"
At 8 pm. the annual memorial serv-
ice of the Harrison Bible Class will
be held The pastor will deliver the
memorial address. All relatives and
friends of departed members are in
vited to attend
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Good Will Baptist.

DIR. James L. Pinn wilJ5peak tomor-
row morning on "The Message Of the
Flowers" and In the evening on "Ths
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Fifteenth Street PRESBYTERIAN.

Dr. H B. Taylor will have for his
subject Sunday, II am, Recognize
ing and Honoring Our Christian
Obligations. Music by the choir
under the direction of Clyde Glass.
organiSt,
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Metropolitan Wesley A. NJ. e. z.
Vedanta Society.

Preaching tomorrow at IL am. By
Rev. w. A. Spearman.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Potomac Heights Community,

DR.. Deets Pickett. research and edu-
cation secretary, Methodist Board Of
Evening star., 1935-05-25

Zion Baptist, Southwest.

Holy communion will be celebrated
tomorrow morning. Rev. J. Raymond
Henderson, pastor of the Wheat
Street Baptist Church, Atlanta, Ca,
will be the guest preacher. At 8
pm he will give an illustrated lecture
on Palestine. Children's service Fri
day, beginning at pm.
Evening star., 1935-05-25
st. M0nica's Chapel.

Holy communion will be celebrated
at am; morning prayer and SER
mon, 1870 o'clock: special children
service. 4:30 pm; every Thursday
holy communion, 7:30 am. by Rev.
j. Alvin Mayo, vicar.
Evening star., 1935-05-25

Services for the week as follows-Inspira-
tional Lecture and Messages, Sun. 8 pm.
by Rev. Puts Tues. eve. Auric Readings
by Rev. Puts. Make reservations. Wed.
eve, Lecture and Message Service by Rev.
Puts. No further meetings until change
is made to new address. Watch papers
Public Cordially Idkited. Phone &c. sss3. !.
v. r. KING. Born Psychic
Keadings Daily and BY Appointment.
- 726 ltfh 81, nv. -Bia. ellie
Evening star., 1935-05-25
Pauline Evans. D. D.. 900 K St. NV.

SpIrltuaI OUnSuItHtIUII DdIIy. Meg. O2g2
REV. JANE B. COATES
1927 Lamont NV, Suite 2
Message and Prayer Service
Every Wednesday. S:15 Pm.
Prophecies for June. read ut this meeting.
Readings by Appointment. Col. 1927
The Washington times., 1935-12-12
RAILROAD KING
SUCCUMBS

(continued from Page y
brothers in addition to the Nickel
Plate are the Chesapeake and
Ohio, Wheeling and Lake Erie.
Pere Marquette, Chicago and
Erie, Missouri Pacific which in
turn controlled the Gulf Coast
Lines, the New Jersey and New
York, the New York, Susque-
hanna and Western, International
Great Northern, and others.
Control Often Shaky
Several times the brothers we're
threatened with loss of control,
but on every occasion they
emerged from their difficulties
more powerful than ever. The
most recent occasion was less than
two months ago, when on Septem-
ber 80 securities which held con-
troll of their lines went on the
auction block in New York.
There were reports that oppos-
ing railroad leaders were con-
solidating in order to bid and gain
control. The opposition failed to
develop, however, and the Vans
obtained financial support that ap-
preciably strengthened their posi-
ton.