davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1935-03-25
MEDICINE BOTTLE
FETISH REMAINS
Lancashire People Spurn
Doctors Without
Liquid Cures.

MANCHESTER. England CP.-The
old fashioned medicine bottle, beloved
fetish Of Lancashire people, has new
fashioned doctors here worried
With all of modern science at their
fingertips. they find that "a doctor
without a bottle ia doctor out
the door"
And. incidentally, out of fee.
In self-defense. many physicians
have armed themselves with bottles of
harmless colored water to appeese the
demand of patients for bottle
cure"-and the fact that this city's
medicine consumption Is so per cent
higher than anywhere in Great
Britain has now become matter of
investigation by the Manchester In
surance Committee
1T is no exaggeratio1 to say that
a great many people in Lancashire do
not consider they have been properly
treated unless the doctor gives them
a bottle of medicine" said a member
of the committee.
II have actually known cases of
pepole demanding a bottle. More
than that, they have been known to
leave a doctor whom they considered
mean, or stingy. with medicine"
Love Of bottled medicine. he said,
was hereditary in Lancashire people,
with generation after generation born,
reared and dying with blind faith
in the "old wife's bottle"
THE old faith lives on. 1t is seen
in the remarkable number of herba-
lists, faith-healers and bone settlers
found throughout Lancashire. Many
people would never hesitate about
calling in an entirely unqualified man
who has achieved a local reputation
as Q healer"
And for this reason. he said, they
believe in medicine-the nastier the
taste, the greater their faith.
Evening star., 1935-03-25
GREATEST CIRCUS
|. SEASON FORECAST
Public in Mood to Spend for
Pleasure, Scouts Report
After Survey.

SARASOTA, Fla. LP).-The big
show, bigger and better than ever
before" is getting final polish for
what General Manager Sam w. Gum
pertz believes will be the greatest
circus season in American history"
They think in terms of superlatives
in the tinsled realm OF make believe,
but Gumpertz insists his prediction Is
no press agentry, and is spending thou
sands of dollars to back it.
Canny scouts for the Ringing in
terests-including the greatest show
on EARTH" Ringing Bros. and Bar
mum g. Bailey combined; the Hagen
beck-Wallace and Forepaugh-Sells
Bros. combined, and the A. G. Barnes
Circuses-have sounded business con-
ditions in scores of key cities and re-
ported the public is ready to pay for
dazzling spectacles.
Winter Attendance Gains.
In addition, attendance at the Ring
ling Winter quarters here has in
creased 100 per cent over last year
From his railroad car office here
where he directs the reconditioning
and preparatory activities Of all the
Ringing shows. Gumpertz has given
orders to spend freely.
Preparatory work was started here
soon after the circus returned from
its Summer tour last Fall instead of
waiting until after Christmas as usual
The old Forepaugh- Sells Show was
acquired as an addition to the Hagen
beck-Wallace Circus. primarily an
aggregation of animals.
Scout Back From Europe.
Pat Waldo recently returned from
long scouting jaunt over Europe, in
search Of new acts, and brought back
new sensations.
Performers and acts have been
shifted among the three shows to
provide brand-new entertainment in
the various sections they play.
"Emir," the largest tiger in cap
tivity. and other ferocious beasts will
pace the floor of new aluminium cages:
rubber tires have replaced the wide
steel wheels on the huge circus
wagons; sleeping cars have been re-
modelled for more comfort; here and
there throughout the vast equipage
can be found modern improvements.
Evening star., 1935-03-25
FUNERAL RITES TODAY
FOR COL. c. A. M'KENNEY
Well Known Consulting Engineer
Will Be Buried in Oak Hill
Cemetery.

Funeral services for Col. Charles
Albert McKenney, IS, consulting en-
gineer, who last year made q sur
vey of Georgia's inland waterways
and is we'll known for his rivers and
harbors work n South America, will
be held 1T mis- home, 1923 Rhode
Island avenue, today at pm, fol-
lowed by burial in Oak Hill Cemetery.
Formerly of the firm of Black Nc
Kenney and Stewart, dissolved few
years ago, he was a native of WASH
ington and graduate of Princeton. He
died Saturday at George Washington
University Hospital.
Besides his widow, he leaves two
sons, James Hall and Charles Albert
McKenney; a daughter, Francesca,
and Q brother, Frederic D. McKenney
Evening star., 1935-03-25
SLAYER SENTENCED
Killer of Girl, 5, Sentenced t,
Serve SO Years

WHITE PLAINS, N. Y, March 25
R.-Lawrence Stone, "a, descendant
of a pioneer Connecticut family,
pleaded guilty today in the second de-
gree to the murder of Nancy Jean
Costigan, 5, at Mount Vernon last Oc-
tober, and was sentenced to so years
In prison.
He had been indicted for first de-
gree murder for killing the child and
stuffing her body into an oil furnace
at an apartment house last October a.
Evening star., 1935-03-25
GENERAL TO HEAD BANK
Mckinley to Retire April 1, TAX
ing Position in Texas.

Mai. Gen. James F. Mckinley, Army
adjutant general, will retire about
June l to accept the presidency Of
the National Bank Of Fort Sam
Houston at San Antonio, Tex.
He entered the Army as a private
of the Ohio Infantry during the
Spanish American War. He became
assistant adjutant general in 1929, and
was promoted to adjutant general on
February 2, 1888.
No successor has been named.
Evening star., 1935-03-25
SMOKE UP BONDS
Serbs Use Them to Make Cigar
cites With.

BELGRADE R.-Peasants in the
Serb mountains near Kohshin have
burned thousands of dollars worth of
war reparation bonds by using them
as cigarette papers. The discovery
was made when a peasant tried to
cash interest coupons from bond
retired a year previously. 4
Evening star., 1935-03-25
HONEST BELFAST FOLKS
PAY THEIR CARFARE
Only Two Out of Several Thousand
Fail to Settle for Credit
Rides

BELFAST tP).-Oficials Of this
city's street railway are ready to back
the honesty of their patrons against
that of any other city, in or out of
Northern Ireland. Here's why:
Conductors are permitted to issue
tickets to passengers who find they
haven't sufficient money to pay their
fare. Such passengers are asked to
settle at the company's Offices.
Last year several thousand pas
sengers took advantage of the arrange
ment. Only two failed to pay.
Evening star., 1935-03-25
WEEK END ROBBERIES
$2,1oO in Cash and Jewelry Re-
-.. ported Stolen.

Cash and jewelry, totaling more
than $2,100, were stolen over the week
end, police reported today.
An overcoat, with $500 in the pock-
ct, was reported taken from a closet
in the home of Virgil E. Bradshaw,
$500 Pennsylvania avenue southeast.
Chester M. Williams, 905 Monroe
street, reported Q violin. valued at
$500. had been taken from the Church
of the Nazarine, Seventh and A
streets northeast. 4
Evening star., 1935-03-25
Kara Coast Yields Fluorspar.

ARCHANGEL, U. s. S. r. R.-
BY continuing operations through the
Winter, the Soviet fluorspar mines on
the coast of the Kara Sea had 10000
tons of the mineral ready for shipment
with the opening of Spring navigation.
Fluorspar figures in aluminium manu-
factIlre
Evening star., 1935-03-25
Keeps Vow by Shaving.

MORGANTOWN, w. Va. A9.-Be-
cause he Is q grandfather, F. M.
Brand, veteran attorney, no longer
has mustache. Years ago he vowed
to shave it OF if his first grandchild
was a boy. It wasEthe son Of his
daughter, Mrs. Thomas Earl Borgess..
Evening star., 1935-03-25
ACTORS ILL.PAID
French Stars Share in Profits of
Theaters.

PARIS (P).-There is more glory
than gold in being a member of the
famous Coincide Francasie troupe
nowadays.
Last of the Paris theaters to be
hit by the slump, the House of Mol
iere" is now in such low water that
temporary closing is being discussed.
The actors are not paid salaries,
but receive shares Of the profits ac-
cording 20 their ranking. This year
the shares of the stars amount to less
than $4,000 each.
Evening star., 1935-03-25
Births Reported.

Walter J. and Evangeline Reck. boy.
Vincent W. and Irene v. Gillen. girl.
Edison A, and Virginia ]. Esson. boy.
Franklin B. and Estell Roberts, boy.
Andrew J and Cecilia Middleton. girl.
John and Eloise Belford. boy.
George and Gussie Bell. boy.
Russell and Mary Bacon. girl.
John and Miriam Howard. girl.
Theodore and Lenora Price girl.
Howard W. and Permilla Holbrook. girl
Louis and Zellma Lee, boy.
Robert and Alberta Jones. boy.
Gofrey and Corrine Brown. girl
Lafayette and Mary Skinner; boy.
William and Ethel Harris. girl.
Frederick and Fanny Grinnage. boy.
William Z. and Hattie Z. Gaskins, boy.
Quay and Maxine Martin, boy.
John and Ethel Longstreet. boy.
Lewis and Maranda Yates boy.
Alonzo and Georgia Robinson. boy.
Evening star., 1935-03-25
SPECIAL NOTICES

atacHSG,dsr1 IEEG WILL I, BE MEETING OF THE
amb. Is ts Once Of sd4 ne i1Gs Rssse st. GS
eleetine nine directors for the ensuing
poper Sefer e'hfT he pnsaSs %esns as Po
9Rfs %paWAG es r g gecnesar9 aea close at
GS G.rE WHOM ION. IT MAY ~ CqMcERN Mr. OTIS
as the Pig and Whistle" 1912 Vermont
ave. NV. Wash. D. c.. to Mrs. Rita E.
..a bna1ess PeaSs to S. pai Al claims agant
S!ds p ia$S Mssh 8: C. On Or before Msfeh eh
not be responsible for any labor or con- con-
tracing done on any of my property by
ss;ss ss sssss than EEssis s''i
FIRE ESCAPES SECONDHAND; IN
stalled With complete ensineering service.
erin erins inssaliinf this season. Should ses my
prices. 1882 14th st. NV. Dist. 1850.
/ WILL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY
sss ssGt' ResH tRfn s
bee ave. Bradbury Heights. Md. 26.
FOR ECONOMICAL ELECTRICAL REPAIR
service. call Electric Shop on Wheels. Inc:
door Natl 1922. Wise. 4S21.
wANTED-RETURN LOADS FROM gos-
1Ss3 TRaNsfER asEsvf 4 sroRAGE eas % e.. 1873 st.
NV. Phone North 3343.
DR.. CHAS. r, CONRAD. CHIRoPoDIST,
now associated with Drs. W. w: and E; E.
ThSnBsGas alss s9S iash a ss e 80 Phone Dis
DAILY TRIPS MOVING LOADS AND
part loads to and from Balto.. Phila: and
New YORK. Frequent trips 70 other East.
BaVf6soN TfEylss ncs
STORAGE CO. phone Decatur 25O0.
NEED A ROOFER?
By devoting all our efforts to this one
held for 35 years we can offer better
service to our many customers. We
make specially Of repairs: Call US up.
KOONO COMPANY North 44s3.
A DEAL FUNERAL AT SIS
Preyides same service as 1as one eNstins
gall DEAL with 25 years experience
Evening star., 1935-03-25

$500. Don't waste insurance money"
call DEAL. with 25 years experienced
.
Evening star., 1935-03-25
lEED A ROOFER?

BY devoting all our EFFORTS to this one
held for. 35 years we can offer better
service to our many customers. We
ROOFING 933 v st. NV.
COMPANY North 4423.
~r M TYTNTrn IT NT C7E
, 1935-02-15
Survey Crew
Extends Work
Into Valley

McALLEN. Feb. Is. - A transcon-
tinental geodetic survey from Devils
Lake. North Dakota. to a point on
the Rio Grande. nea Mission, has
been under way since September 8,
1884. and will be completed sometime
In the next few months, II was learn
ed here Wednesday.
The survey is being made by the
United States Coast and Geodetic
Survey under the direction Of Lieu
tenant Carl r. Aslakson. Assisting
him = Signalman Walter ]. Billy,
Ensign Raymond Tryon, and Survey
or Fl. Sutton and % other men. The
party uses q fleet of AZ trucks in its
work and carries trailers. tents and
other camping equipment on its
route through the country.
The party Is located In Kerr
county. a short distance from Kerr
vile. 1t was learned, and Is progress
ing steadily toward the Valley.
The party started its work near
the North Dakota town last Septem-
Der 6 and has made rapid progress.
It's work Is known as first order tri-
angulation and its average accuracy
~ represented by m error OF one-
quarter inch to a mile.
Results OF the survey are valuable
IN local application. being applied in
mapping highways. railways and 9TH
er surface structures and assisting
In fitting them into other surveys
made by the coast and geodetic sur
vey.
, 1935-02-15
Disputes With France Now
In Abeyancc

HI nv ANU
Hitler has declared that after
Germany gets back the Saar. there
will be no tire EDITORIAL questions with
France. Thereby he seems permsn-
emily TO have given up all hope Of
AlSace-Lorralne. He Is not likely TO
tackle little Belgium just yet about
Eupen and Malmedy because OF her
good friends, France and England.
The same applies 10 Denmark'S
possession OF North Schlesvig. Her
colonies were inundated 10 England
and her dominions to Japan and
France-all first class p~owerS-and
Hitler will not tackle them for the
present.
There remains Memel in possess
sion OF a weak little Baltic state
and that is the reason it will be the
next Nazi objective. There Is q lot
Of history back OF IL. From the 18th
10 the 18th century Lithuania was
a really great east European power.
II became united with Poland when
the royal houses OF the two coun-
tries intermarrled.
When Poland va carved by
Russia, Austria and Prussia. Lith-
uania. like Poland, shared her fate
and became a Russian province.
The World War set free all the
Russian Baltic provinces which
then became the independent
states OF Lithusnia, Esthonia and
Latvla.
Wilma Disrupts Relation With Poles
Lithuania expected TO get back
the great city Of Wilma. which had
been the capital Of its ancient king
dom. But the Poles pulled a clever
trick they learned from the TIA
lians. The peace treaty makers had
refused to give Italy the important
Adriatlc port OF F1ume. But dan
nunzio. the famous Italian author.
with a force of irregulars, seized
Fiume and later turned 1t we TO
Italy.
The Allies regulari1ed the thing.
So IN 1920 General ZeligorSki. with
a body OF irregular Polish troops.
seized Wilma. PilSudSki. boss or
Poland. a highly pleased. because
he halls from the wilma region.
The Allied Ambassadors legalized
Poland'S action and II became a
Polish city. Since then Llthuania
has stubbornly refused 10 have any
relations OF any kind with Poland.
To all intentS. on paper at least.
the little country iS al var with its
big neighbor 70 the south and east.
As If this we're not enough and,
, 1935-02-15
NYE TO LEAD
NRA ATTACKS

WASHINGTON, Feb. l5.-P-
Senators striving for a broad in
vestigation into charges Of abuses"
under NRA sought Friday to as
sure such an inquiry despite o dis
pute which snagged the drive
Thursday.
The investigation. Il developed
Friday. may be a two-way one.
Senator's Nye R-NDD and Nc
Carran D-Nev) introduced a res
olution proposing an inquiry into
81 charges. including one that MIRA
had oppressed small business. They
met temporary obstruction In a
senate row over what committee
should be designated 70 act.
AT the same time. Senator's King
D-Utah) and Borah R-Idaho)
prepared 10 press before a sub
committee Of the judiciary commit
tee. the formers plan for investigat-
ing NRA monopoly" charges. King,
who is chairman OF the Subcom-
mittee, said il would call a meeting
soon TO determine what appropr1a-
ton should be asked He asserted
that 1t wants essential facts" be-
fore the administration submits
concrete proposals to extend the
act.
Senator Borah. who. with Nye,
has commended that NRA has dis
eliminated against small business,
added:
I have all the facts necessary TO
satisfy myself in this matter. ] for
one am opposed 10 any extension
of NRA II they insist on extending
It, there should be important mod
flying amendments"
, 1935-02-15
OF
BONUS MIGHT
END PENSIONS

WASHINGTON. Feb. 10. OPi-
Leaders in congress said Friday that
II veterans press for immediate pay
ment OF the 81, 100. 100000 bonus,
President Roosevelt plans to insist
that they yield all claims TO new
pension benefits in the future.
The leaders. who declined TO be
quoted by name at present, said the
president remarked that even
though such a bargain might not
actually be binding IN the future
II would constitute at least a moral
deterrent TO new demands.
II wa emphasized that the presi-
dent would not willingly see con-
gre& pass o bonus bill W under
that agreement. Opinion In con-
gress as TO what will happen to the
bonus bills lis still divided. Bonus
advocates predict victory: some adj
ministration leaders says the drive
will be beaten. while others foresee a
possible compromise.
One leader said that the preSi-
dent. in adopting his attitude on
pensions. has an eye or of the
largest potential expenditures IN
the future. involving more than
500, 100000 "a year.
At present, men who served IN
the World war have no outright
pensions as veterans, though the
president has estimated that in the
fiscal year 1885 $34.679.5 24 must be
spent for pensions to survivors Of
dead World wal veterans. Sd, 1872 252
rs compensation to survivors, $l86.-
400 .l49 for disability compensation
to veterans. So. 2S5 .555 for disabil-
ity pensions and s2.95l 900 as retired
pay 10 emergency officers.
These sums total s243 500 $50. As
time goes on. they will increase.
But they do not include a plain
pension granted to a man for the
pure and simple reason that he
served in the World war.
The president, a leader reported,
Is concerned about the annual ex-
penditure that would be involved IN
World war pensions because OF what
IT now costs TO maintain Spanish
American and Civil war veterans
and their dependents and survivors.
, 1935-02-15

The NaziS became 50 bold that
they formed military organizations
based upon the model Of German
Storm Troopers and encouraged
the teachers IN the Mcneil schools
TO spread propaganda aimed
against Lithuanla. They were fin
anced from Germany A notorious
German ADVENTURE established
himself at TilSit in German terri
tory. from which 10 direct Nazi
activities in Lithuania. Fearing
that some day these people would
organize a putSch and grab Mcneil,
the head Of the Lithuanian state
promulgated a Law diSSolvlng the
Nazi organizations, %torbidding the
wearing Of NaZi uniforms. and
taking away from the Nazi parties
their right TO vote.
German Leaders Were Deported
Taking Ster' action in Memel.
the government depoTted a lot OF
teachers and officials TO
Germany. Furthermore u dis
charged about $50 officials from
posts in Memel This is about two
thirds Of the lCnctionarieS. Finally.
j. arrested l4l Mcneil Germans &C.
cused OF being implicated IN Nszi
intrigueS. IN secret drilling OF arm
ed men, in the murder Of one Lith-
uanian and The wounding OF an
other. Ever since then the Man
press Of Germany has been indulg-
ing III a campaign ever more bit
ter than that about the Saar. The
papers have hit back
just as hard. The debate may be
summarized thus:
German charge: You arc exer-
cising a regular reign OF terror IN
Memel."
Lithuanian answer: We are pro-
our government. Talk about
terror comes yine from a Germany
has filled lails and concen-
tration camps with its oWn citizens
and conducted the mass murders Of
last June
, 1935-02-15

being a glutton for punishment. IL
proceeded TO make an enemy OF
the other big neighboring power.
Germany 10 the west. Memel, an
ancient Lithuanian city. but which
had Tor centuries been in possess
sion OF Germany. was given up by
the Germans under the peace trea-
ties. To avenge themselves for VIII
ma. the Lithuanlans seized Memel
in 1923, thus getting access to the
Baltic sea. The Allies finally legal
lied this in 1924 but at the same
time gave Memel territory a very
large measure Of autonomy. The
governor was TO be named BY the
Lithuanian government. but il was
to be ruled by a diet OF 20 members.
elected BY direct suffrage. and pass
all the laws for the region, save
those affecting customs duties and
state monopolies.
Bad Blood in Republic Era
Even when Germany was a real
republic, there was bad blood over
this. A German complaint was
heard By the Hague Tribunal.
which, BY ten votes TO five. decided
that Lrthuania'S sovereignty could
not DE challenged. Things have
moved to fever heat since the Nazis
came into power Alfred Rosenberg.
himself a Bait and Hitler'S tutor IN
foreign affairs, has kept his eyes
steadily on the little Baltic states.
The Germans resident there have
been active in NaZl propaganda
The NaZis were especially active
IN Memel. Pastor Won Sass formed
a Christian socialist workman'S
union. It's avoWed OBJECT was the
Of Memel territory TO Ger
many. It's marked socialist tenden-
cies alarmed the big German land
Cd %proprietors Ill Mcneil and q new
rival Nazi party was formed. Ros-
enberg, acting as Judge, decided
that the new party vas the real
thing and vetoed the Won Sass or
g~anlZation.
, 1935-02-15
Club Members Meet
Lspeclal ID The Heraldl

EDINBURG, Feb. Is. = Hidalgo
County Knights Of Pythias Joined in
a countrywide meeting here We'd
nesday night at which two state Of
ficials Of the order were guests. State
Grand Chancellor T. NJ. Gooch, Jr.,
Of Fort Worth and District Deputy
Grand Chancellor John Lee Smith
of Throckmorton were the visitors.
Arrangements we're made by L. d.
Rose Of Edinburg, district deputy
grand chancellor FOR the twenty-sev-
enth Texas district.
, 1935-02-15
Opens Law Office
Especial 10 The HeraIdl

EDINBURG, Feb. l5.-Rev. Mar
vIn =. Mccoy, former pastor OF the
Church OF the Nazarene al McAllen.
has announced the opening Of his
law office here. He rs associated
with Judge J. F. Carl. Before COM
Ing TO McAllen. Rev. Mccoy was a
member Of the firm OF McCoy 4,
Brady Of Houston. his partner be-
ing former District Judge Leo c.
Brady Of Galveston. He has also
served n representative In the
Texas Legislature from Lamar and
Tanning counties.
, 1935-02-15
Brotherhoods Meet
SPECIAL 70 The Herald

NOptNIhI 20 TIC HerhIul
SAN BENITO. Feb. Is The
Wesley Brotherhood OF the Meth
odiSt church and the Baptist
brotherhood held a Joint meeting
mt the Methodist church this week
With some IS members and guests
on hand. The Methodist quartet
sang and Miss Sadie Roberts gave
several readings Victor Harrison.
who has been IN charge or music
&C the Methodist revival. yodeled.
Ladies OF the Methodist church
served a supper and Marshall Cause.
president OF the Weslacy wesley
Brotherhood. presided.
, 1935-02-15
District Elects
(Spectal to The Reraidl

MERCEDES. Feb. l5.- Ira 7.
Myers OF WesIsco has been elected
president Of Hidalgo & Cameron
Counties Water Control g. Improve
ment District No. 0 board Of d.
rectors for the ensuing years. L. ".
, 1935-02-15

Kiester Of Weslaco was elected vice
president and II. II. Adkins Of I'd.
couch was named secretary. Other
board members are A. r. Hendricks
of Mercedes and Lee j. Hartzell Of
weslaco. Retiring officers are H.
Il Adkins, president: L. J. Hartzell,
vice president; and Ira Myers, Sec
rotary.
, 1935-02-15
Get New Schools
Especial 20 The HeraldD

RIO GRANDE CITY. Feb. is. -
construction work on a S57. 900 public
scnool building program got under
way IN Starr county this week. ac-
coroing 70 Mrs Florence u. Scott.
county school superintendent. The
new school, buildings will be built at
Roma, Salineno and El Sauz out OF
proceeds Of a bond issue and grant
from the Public Works Administra-
tion. Jacob Bansbach Construction
company OF San Antonio holds the
general contract and Henry +. Phelns
o. san Antonio is the architect.
Inc patent for barbed wire used
az Fencing was granted in America
tn 1874.
, 1935-02-15
FREUpENsTETN AppnTNrEn

B. M. F~Teudenstein Of BroWnsville.
receiver for The Merchants National
bank. has been appointed receives
for the First National bank of Lare-
no. The Laredo bank closed several
years ago.
, 1935-02-15
Der Reichsfuehrer'
BIZ MILTON BRONNER
NEA Service staff Correspondent

LONDON-Now that the problem
OF returning the Saar territory 10
Germany Is solved, the Nazis are
sure further TO disturb European
peace BY turning their attention TO
other slices Of land and asking that
they be restored to the Third Reich.
And the first OF these probably
will be Memel.
In addition TO the Saar, the ter
ritory Germany lost by the various
peace treaties was as follows: Al
ace-Lorraine, back 10 France; Eu-
pen and Malmedy. TO Belgium;
North Schleswlg to Denmark; Dan
zig. a free city, but somewhat under
Polish direction the famous Polish
corridor. cutting through German
territory. the best part Of Upper ST.
lesia, 70 Poland: the city OF Memel
and the hinterland, 10 Lithuania.
In addition. Germany lost all her
colonies.
, 1935-02-15

The Yangtse Kiang river, in Chr
ma, contains 1000 miles Of dikes.