The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1935-11-07

| NJ of the leagues covenant.
Article XII is the one which re-
| quires that any dispute among
league members be submitted to arbi-
tration. judicial settlement or an in
quiry by the council. 1t forbids the
members directly involved from declar-
Ing war or engaging in acts Of war un-
til three months after the verdict of the
league has been announced. Articles
XIII and XIV elaborate upon the ad-
ministration of arbitration, with XIV
establishing the permanent court of
international justice.
Pointed Part of Covenant.
Articles XIV and XVI are more d.
rectly concerned with the Italo-Ethio-
plan dispute than are any Of the
others, for they provide for cases
which have not been submitted to ar
bitration. In cases like this, members
are required to submit such disputes to
the council, which will try to bring the
fractions nations to some sort of peace
able settlement. If none is forthcom-
ing, the members can take whatever
steps they consider necessary, includ-
ing war against the aggressor. Since
sanctions require a vote of all mem
Der nations of the league, with the i'm
plicated nations not voting, the council
must refer the case to assembly. This
is what happened in the case of Italy
and Ethiopia.
Should "any member OF the league
resort to war in disregard Of it's COW
enants," (as Italy has) Article XVI
comes into play, for it provides for
economic sanctions. 1t also binds the
council In duty to recommend to the
members what military, naval or air
forces each shall contribute to the
armed force which is organized to
uphold the covenant of the league.
1t Is obvious that in the employment
Of sanctions against an aggressor ma.
ton, some members (notably those
which do a considerable export bust
ness with the aggressor) will be more
seriously affected than others. Pro-
visions are made for these members to
apply sanctions in a manner as con-
venient as possible
In formal resolution the assembly,
in 1921, put the following interpreta-
ton upon Article XVI:
"The council may, in the case of
particular members. postpone the COM
ing into force of any of these meas
ures for specified period, where it
is satisfied that it is necessary in or
der to minimize the loss and incon-
venience which will be caused to such
members.
Degrees of Sanctions.
In considering the weight of the
sanctions which the league has voted
to employ against Italy, it is well to
recall the note of Britain's Sir Samuel
HOare to the French ambassador,
which said: at is clear that there
may be degrees Of culpability and de-
grees of aggression, and consequently,
in cases where Article XVI applies,
the nature of the action appropriate to
be taken under 1t may vary according
to the circumstance of each particular
case"
Perhaps the most important phase
Of the sanctions voted against Italy by
the league is that which binds the 50
nations which agreed to them to pro-
hibit importation of "all goods con-
signed from and grown, produced or
manufactured in Italy or in Italian pos
sessions from whatever place they ar
rive" This would cut off approx
mately twO-thirds of Mussolini's ex-
port trade, chief articles of which are
manufactured cotton and silk. citrus
fruits, artificial silk, thrown silk ma
chinery and apparatus, cheese and
wines-exports which amounted to
about $SOO,OO0,OO0 annually at the
peak, but which have fallen off al
most half during the depression.
Listed among Italy's chief imports
in peace times are raw cotton, coal,
coke, wheat, machinery and parts,
raw wool and timber. The league
sanctions would raise an embargo on
horses, mules, donkeys, camels, rub
Der, bauxite, aluminium, aluminium
oxide, iron ore, scrap iron, tin and tin
ore, chromium, manganese, nickel.