davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
Richie Funeral Rites
Will Be Held Thursday

Funeral services for Mrs. Katherine
Drury Ritchey. pioneer North Dakota
resident and wife of the late John G.
Richie. will be held at 8 a. m. Thurs
day. at st. Marys procathedral with
Rev Father Robert Feehan officiat-
ing. Interment will be made In st.
Mary's cemetery
Phllbearers will be Joseph Murphy.
r. E. F1atherty. Francis Halloran.
John Dolan, George Will and Harry
Homan. Burial will be made beside
the DcGy of her husband who died In
1920. Members Of the local chapter
of the Catholic Daughters of Amer
lea will say a rosary over the body
which lies in state at the home of
Mrs Ritcheys two nieccs. the Misses
Boniface and Catherine Morris, TIA
Sixth st.
Two BROTHERS. Mike Drury of Dick
SON ana John Drury of Mandan, will
be here for the funeral. One son,
Frank +. Richie. lives in Bismarck.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
n q z ~
HUm PAGE 90 -
Roosevelt Assigns
Duties to All in
Spending Program

ision In that organisation to receive
all work relief applications.
The new division of applications
and information" was charged by the
president with taking the plans Of fed
eral officials, state and local agencies
and preparing them for quick action
by . works allotment board to be
headed by Roosevelt himself.
Richberg, who recently was named
chairman Of the board in charge Of
the recovery administration, explained
he planned to go into hiding" for 10
days to prepare for q test Of NRA.s
constitutionality before the supreme
court. With Stanley Reed, solicitor
general, he has been chosen to pre-
sent the governments side Of the case
in arguments before the court.
"A very large number Of projects
already have been studied and report
ed on by the various governmental
agencies during the past six months. %
the announcement asserted. These
projects are ready for delivery to this
new division for clearance"
Along with these revelations about
the work relief plans came word from
Secretary 1ckes that he intended to
confer with union labor leaders soon
regarding . downward revision Of the
present public works wage scale. Ickes
said recently that all work projects
would have uniform wage scale.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
TAYLOR Man Is Accused of
Abducting Woman, Children

the state penitentiary ut Bis
marck last year on q charge Of
Turing Mrs. echaff from her
home. He was later paroled.
According to Sheriff Fox. Mrs.
Schaff claimed that when passing
thorugh towns or stopping for
gasoline Bader kept her covered
with a revolver and threatened to
shoot her II she made any OUT
cry.
Bader may be charged with any
or all of seven offenses, authort-
ties stated Thursday. Abducting
a woman, kidnapping two children,
breaking and entering a home,
violation Of parole. carrying a
sawed off shotgun, carrying con-
cealed weapons, and threatening
to kill.
Mrs. Schaff and the children
were unframed, Sheriff Fox said.
Bader. according to the authors
ties. is infatuated with the
woman.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
$2O,74O in Corn-Hog
Payments Arrive Here

Ftve-hundred and twenty .eight
corn-hog checks totaling $20,74O30
will be distributed at series Of II
meetings to be held throughout Bur-
leigh county Thursday. Friday and
Saturday.
The checks are the final benefit
payments on the 1884 federal reduce
ton contracts. Robert Montgomery,
assistant county agent, explained
Wednesday.
Times and places where the checks
will be distributed are:
Thursday-Arena. 8 to 10 q. m;
Wing. 1880 to 1880 a. M; Regain,
to 2 p. M: Wilton. 2:30 to $50 p. m,
Baldwin, 4 to 5 p. m.
Friday-Driscoll. to 10 q. m;
Moffit, 1880 to 1880 a. M: Sterling,
l to p. m. Mckenzie, 2:3O to $50
p. M; Menoken, 4 to S p. m.
Saturday-Bismarck, all day.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
Believe Death Auto
Is Found in MinOt

Minot. N. D., April 24.-(ReAn
automobile suspected Of being the
machine In which two liquor hi jack
erS fled after fatally shooting Dona-
tus Lesmeister of Harvey near that
city early last Saturday was seized In
M,not wednesday by Sheriff Ray
Dierdorff and Deputy Sheriff John
Mcqueen.
Immediately after taking charge of
the auto, which was parked on a
street, the sheriff communicated with
Harvey and asked that persons there
who would be In q position to identify
tile automobile come to Minot to look
at the machine.
The owner Of the automobile, whose
description, the sheriff said, does not
fit either Of the two men who were at
Harvey, is being held by the sheriff
awaiting the arrival of the persons
from Harvey. The owner, an ex-con-
vict. told officer that he had not
loaned his automobile to anyone on
Friday night and that 1t was parked
on street here until early morning
Saturday when he left the city.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
Gopher Legislature
Upsets Olson Veto

St. Paul. April 24.--(P)-F'or the
second time during the session, the
Minnesota senate Wednesday over
rode q veto by Governor F. B. Olson,
repassing the commonly called cor
poration bill.
The IS votes needed to upset the veto
were forthcoming only after the SEN
ate had waited Is minutes pending
the arrival Of Senator Robert G. Mar
shall. Minneapolis. who had been at
tending a brother, seriously ill in a
Minneapolis hospital.
The bill extends from May to
June l. 1885, the deadline for corpora
lions to comply or refuse to comply
with the provisions of law passed
by the 1888 legislature.
In his veto message, the governor
branded the measure as special legis-
lation solely designed to benefit one
group Of stockholders as against an
other group Of stockholders.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
RETAILERS WILL BEL
EXEMPTED FROM NEWT
AGRICULTURAL LAWS|
Change Is Made by House Com.
mittss Before Reporting
Out AAA Amendments

washington, April 24.-(R-The
house agriculture committee Wednes.
day decided to exempt retail merch-
ants from the drastic licensing powers
proposed for the secretary Of agricul-
ture In the controversial AAA amend.
ments. It then voted to report the
amendments out, virtually unchanged
otherwise from the form In which they
previously were approved BY the
committee.
The amendments carry provisions
for Secretary Wallace's ''ever-normal"
granary plan, authority to use process
Ing taxes and one-third Of the nations
customs receipts to aid In handling
surplus agricultural products in ex-
port markets and extended authority
to license professors and distributors
of food products to make farmer
marketing agreements effective.
Retail merchants, under the re-
vised amendments, could not be
licensed under provisions Of the bill
which permit the secretary Of agrt-
culture to impose licenses even over
the protests Of q majority Of process
sors and distributors Of the COM
modify concerned.
The amendments In general have
drawn severe criticism from oppon.
ents on the ground that they would
give Secretary wallace too much
power.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
New England Votes
For New Building
(special 10 The Tribune)

(Special 70 The Tribunel
New England, N. D., April 24.-lR)-
At q special election Saturday this
village elected Gordon Gardner to
fill out the unexpired term Of Harvey
]. Miller as mayor and approved is
suance of $4,000 in bonds to help fl
nance the construction Of q $4,000
World War Memorial building.
OF the total $4,000 would come
from the Hettinger county memorial
fund and 5000 from q PWA grant.
The bond issue carried 3l3 to -.
Gardner received 173 votes with las
for Arvid Wiklund and 81 for A. g.
Saar.
Gardner, the son Of . pioneer. has
lived in New England since 1901.
Ritterbush Brothers Of Bismarck
are the architects for the proposed
memorial building, which will include
clubrooms for the American Legion
and for the public library, sponsored
during the last five years by the Am
erican Legion auxiliary.
In 1888 the city voted . bond issue
but the bonds were ruled invalid be-
cause Of failure to comply with .
technicality
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
Di0nne Doctor Says
CUNTS Are Better

Callander, Ont. April 24.-(ReDr.
g. w. Smith, North Bay physician
chosen by the parents. examined the
Dionne quintuplets Wednesday ana
announced they were satisfactorily
recovering from head colds.
He was In consultation with DR..
Alan Roy Dafoe. physician to the
babes and in his statement. commend
ed the splendid care given to the in
fantS.
DR.. Dafoe invited DR.. Smith person.
ally to make the examination after
Olivia Dionne. father of the quin-
tuplets, said he was not satisfied with
the inspection made early Tuesday
by DR.. Alan Brown, famous pedia-
trician Of Toronto.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
General Rain Totals
.O3 Inch at 3 p. M.

General rains over North Dakota
and Minnesota which began to fall
In Bismarck around l p. m, Wednes-
day had precipitated .03 Of an inch
at 3 p. M, according to O. w. Rob-
erts, head Of the federal weather bu-
reau here.
Agricultural authorities In Mime
sofa said that all fears for 1885 crops
were removed II normal precipitation
follows the general rains Tuesday
night and Wednesday.
At Fargo 20 inches OF precipita-
ton had fallen since Z a. M. Tues
day, the Associated Press reported
and oil seeding operations in the
Red River Valley were halted.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
Heavy Snow Benefits
Part of DrOuth Area

Denver. April 24.-(R1-The biggest
snow Of the winter struck big slice
Of the drouth belt In Colorado. Wyo-
ming and New Mexico Wednesday
where farm lands parched by four
years Of drouth soaked up moisture
like sponge.
Train crews and motorists coming
In from the east said the air was
clear Of dust for the first time In
days.
The storm had missed the south
eastern Colorado dust belt" early
Wednesday but reports indicated
weather there was threateninR Hard
~ . drop Of moisture has fallen in
that section for months.
Wednesday morning the rain had
turned to snow and covered Wyoming
and Ill Of Colorado except for the
extreme southeastern section Of the
state.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
EDISON MENTIONED
FOR M0FFET'S POST
Son Of Inventor May Become
Housing Administra tor IN.
der New Set.up

washington. April M.-R-The
name Of Charles Edison, son Of the
inventor, was among . list Of men
mentioned today 6 possible choices to
succeed James A. Moffett when the
latter retires as federal housing ad-
ministrator for New jersey.
Edison was the first housing ad-
ministrator.
Friends Of Moffett said the ad-
ministrator expects to discuss the
question Of his resignation In another
conference with President Roosevelt
before he leaves Sunday for q trip to
the orient.
His proposed resignation was not
definitely accepted In q luncheon talk
at the White House Tuesday. It was
understood that President Roosevelt
suggested that, instead Of resigning.
he take . leave of absence.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
March Collection and
Credit Sales Increase

March collections showed an aver
age increase of 81 per cent and credit
sales were generally 80 per cent
higher than the same month last
year, according to the monthly analy-
sis Of trade compiled by the research
division Of the National Retail Credit
association and the National Con-
sumer Credit Reporting corporation
received Wednesday by J. Henry
King, manager Of the Bismarck
Mandan Credit bureau.
Collections and credit sales for the
month failed to keep pace with in
creases indicated during the previous
months but this was explained by the
fact that Easter this year fell In
April and that March had one less
business day than last year.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
Rejects King for
Crippled Children

London, April 24.-(FeWhile prem.
iers, princes and other potentates from
distant possessions were flocking here
to congratulate King George on the
25th anniversary Of his reign, the
mayor Of one south London borough
attracted attention Wednesday By
turning down IN opportunity to greet
his sovereign.
The borough council Of Bermond-
sey voted Tuesday night to uphold
the decision Of Mayor Weightman not
to Join in the congratulatory cere-
monies.
The reason the mayor gave for his
stand was that the expenses for his
junket to meet the king would rob
80 poor crippled children Of . weeks
holiday by the sea-"
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24

Dickinson, N. D., April 24.-(40
Mike Bader of Taylor, 28, was
being held in the county Jail here
without charge. after being cap
tured near Watford City with
Mrs. Jean Schaff and two chill
dren, whom authorities claimed
were being carried In Bader's au-
tomobile against their will.
Sheriff John F. Lish of Stark
county claimed Bader broke into
the farm home of the Schalfs
near Gladstone while the hus-
band was In the field working,
and forced Mrs. Schaff and two
young children to accompany him
at the point of gun.
Bader was arrested Tuesday
night by Sheriff George c. Fox Of
Mckenzie county and Chief of
Police Richardson of WatfOrd
City. near Chambers bridge,
north of the Little Missouri river.
and returned to Dickinson.
Bader served several months in
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
Federation's Weekly
Broadcast to Change

Miss Maude A. Tolle6oen, radio
chairman for the eighth district o.
the North Dakota Federation Of Woa
mems clubs. announced "wednesday
that the weekly broadcast period VIII
be one hour earlier, or ct $50 o'clock
each Thursday morning, starttn6
May 2. due to the change to daylight
saving time for the summer months.
For this weeks broadcast ct thu
regular time, 1890 o'clock, Miss Tol.
lefsen has invited Miss Helen 4.
Katen, executive secretary Of the
North Dakota Anti tuberculosis Is.
ISOLATION, to speak on Camp 0rassick
The following week. Dr.. Maysil WI
liams. state public health officer. VIII
give a talk concerning Child Health
day, which Is observed on May I.
F. E. Cobb, president Of the 0tstG
School Of Forestry, Bottineau, u q
discuss shelterbelt work In the state
during the Thursday, May ., broad.
cast. President Cobb is prominently
identified with conservation work 81
the great plains section.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
Warns Against Kite
Flying Near Lines

With the kite flying season at hand,
q warning to boys and their parents
has been issued by w. g. Render,
local manager Of the North Dakota
Power and Light company.
"One accident In south Texas al
ready has been recorded this year"
Render said. Parents should take
every percaution to see that their
children do not fly kites anywhere
near electric lines"
Render gave few "don'ts" to pre-
vent the accidents. They include
don't use wire or any type Of tinsel
or metallic string on any part OF
the kite or string: don't fly kites near
electric lines and II the kite appears
to be falling into a line. turn It
loose; don't attempt to dislodge q
kite which has fallen into electric
wires: don't fly a kite in the street
because kite and an automobile
can't be watched at the same time.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
Willist0n Boy, Ii,
Accidentally Shot

Williston, N. D., April 24.-John
LeDosquet. Is, son of Joseph LeDos-
quet of WilliSton was recovering from
q bullet wound In his right leg. suf-
fered while target practicing with
John was scoring the match, stand
ing about so feet from the target
when q "a calibre rifle held by Har.
lon F1exhaug accidentlly discharged
as he prepared to shoot.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
VARIETY PROGRAM
GIVEN AT ROTARY
DuIIam, Copelin, jackson, Tavis,
Payne, Aughnay, French
Named Directors

Election of board of directors to
serve for the coming year, music by
members of the Jamestown college
chorus and a talk by John Jung
senior in the Bismarck high school
featured the regular noon luncheon
meeting of the local Rotary club
Wednesday.
Nominated and elected to member
ship on the board of directors were
@. F.. Dullam, F.. l.. Copelin. J. p
Jackson, A. r.. Tavis, w. H. Payne
Frank P. Aughnay and ]. p. French
Burt Finney made the report of the
nominating committee.
Members of the college chorus who
entertained the club were Ito Holstein
and Arthur Buck, vocal soloists: Rob-
ert Wells, flute Soloist, and Edwin
Ruff, pianist. Judge A. G. Burr also
introduced Prof. Joseph Black, direc-
tor. Miss Holstein sang Water
Boy; Wells played two selections
"Whirlwind' and Flight OF the
Bundle Bee" and Buck sang THE
Song of the Flea
Declaring that stories written about
China are mostly from the pens OF
travellers and missionaries who fail
to penetrate the mainland or remain
in the country for long periods OF
time, Jung said that American people
have not been given true picture of
the development and modernization
of the country.
Jung, who came to this country
with his father six years ago, ex-
planned the methods of growing rice
principal occupation of the Chinese
people, and described the everyday
customs of the people. Jung was
born in Sar Gown, Hoy Ping. in the
province of Canton. He was intro
duced by Robert Webb. program
chairman.
Merton Orr reported on the pro-
gram arranged for the ninth district
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
Shoots Man to Show
Girl He's Tough Guy

Topeka, Kas., April 24.-(R-Police
were checking Wednesday the story
Of 20-year-old Floyd Kraus that he
shot and killed Charles Highfill. so,
in the latter's room last Wednesday
night to prove to pretty waitress he
was "a tough guy"
Highfill. described by authorities as
liquor dealer, was found dead by his
landlady after she heard scuffling
noises in his room.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
Public Is Invited to
Party Thursday Night

The scavenger hunt which the 1ie.
marck chapter. American Association
OF University Women, will give Thurs.
day evening, with the Inn @ heads
quarters. Is open to the general pubs
lie and to both men and women, tho
committee in charge headed by Alra.
w. B. Pierce, announced Wednesday.
Guests are to assemble ut tho Inn b.
tween and $50 o'clock ana VIII 70.
turn to receive prizes and have sup.
per by 1880 o'clock. A nominal
charge Is being made for participe.
ton In the hunt. the proceeds 70 b
turned over to the FelloWShip and
social service funds of the organise.
ton.
Mr.. and Mrs. George D. Mann. ~
Avenue A West. returned to the city
Tuesday after spending the winter @
Los Angeles, Calf.
\ 4 \
Wanda Key Ayers. three.year-ol6
daughter Of Mr.. and Mrs. Otto AyerA
Menoken, broadcast a program Of
songs and reading over tho Man.
dan radio station at SIS O'Clock Sat-
urday evening. Miss Dorothy Wood
played piano accompantments for the
songs, which were 1.-THE Good shin
Lollypop" and Little Colonel llieg
Wood also played two solos, ''Tho
Blue Danube" Strauss, and Media.
tion," Morrison.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24

conference to be held at st. Paul and
outlined the entertainment features
planned for Rotarians and their
wives.
Guests of the club were Art Nc
Adams and H. L. Sherwood. both Of
Fargo, James Barrett of Devils Lake
and j. A. O'Brien of Dickinson.
c. l.. Young, l.. F. Bechtold, L. H.
Richmond and Robert Webb were APP
pointed to the May program commit
tee.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
Cut Allotment for
Grand Forks Paving

Washington, April 2l.-(R-Twen-
ty.three non-federal PWA projects
were reduced by Secretary Ickes Tues
day from loans and grants to grants
only after applicants had sold bonds
privately. The changes released 81
400,000 for reallotment. Projects In
cluded:
North Dakota-0rand Forks $780,
600 allotment for street improvement
changed to ~, 900.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24

Fargo, N. D.. April 24.-(ReJack
Lee, arrested In Texas Wednesday on
q charge Of murder, Is wanted ct
Hope. N. D.. for the killing Of Dave
Stewart. So, Hope village marshal,
who was shot down on the morning
Of Aug. II, 1888, when attempting to
thwart an oil station robbery.
Lee and q second suspect were
transient laborer3 in the Hope area
at the time Of the killing and disap-
peared that night. They were traced
to Texas by Sheriff D. A. Wanner-
strom.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
MIRA Governing Board
To Adopt New Policy

Washington, April A.-(R-A new
statement Of policy from the govern
ing board Of MIRA was interpreted
widely wednesday as IN answer to
congressional critics who have accused
the recovery administration Of fixing
prices and restricting production.
Dropped into the midst Of contro-
versy over whether the organisation
should be continued, the 5.0O0.word
statement said IN economy Of plenty
Is NRAS objective.
AZ for price controls, 1t asserted:
"The goal sought q the establish.
ment Of conditions under which, In
. free and open market, competition
may determine fair price,"
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24

Thursday becoming fair. preceded BY
rain extreme east, slightly warmer
central and west portions In after
noon.
! For Montana: Generally fair to.
night and Thursday; colder southeast
portion tonight, warmer east Of the
Oivid, Thursday.
Minnesota-Rain ton ght and
Thursday; colder in west and south
tonight and In southeast Thursday.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
Fargo Strikers Are
Sentenced by Judge

Fargo, N. D.. April 23.-R-eeu-
fences ranging from 30 days sus-
pended to one year In the state pen.
itentiary were dealt out BY Judge
Daniel B. Holt IN Cas- county district
court Wednesday In cases Of four
men convicted on charges growing
out Of strike activities In Fargo.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
PRECIPITATION
3A-Af>

EOT 15ISlIIATCK 6C6CIOu:
Total this month to date $500. 100
Normal. this month to date -. 100
Total, Jan. list to date ........ AL
Normal, Jan. LIST to date ....... 2.87
Accumulated defcy. to date -. .46
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
GENERAL CONDITIONS

A deep low pressure area Is center
ed over the southern Plains States
dodge City 2o.3l) while . high pres
sure area Is centered over the north
Pacific coast Seattle S0.32). Precipi-
tation has occurred from the upper
Mississippi valley westward to the
northern Rocky Mountain region with
heavy amounts In parts Of Iowa, Me-
braska. Wyoming and Utah. Warm
weather prevails in the Mississipppi
valley and Plains States, but readings
are somewhat lower over the Rocky
Mountain region.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24

tonight, somewhat
warmer Thursday.
For North DA-
kota: Generally
fair tonight and
Thursday, except
rain tonight ex-
IRENE east por-
ton: colder to-
night, somewhat
warmer Thursday
west portion.
For South Da.
kota: Cloudy and
colder, rain cen.
trail and east por-
lions tonight:
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
City and County

Betty Marguerite Is the name which
Mr.. and Mrs. r. I. Wagner, 40 First
ST., have chosen for their infant
born at their home Monday
T. H. Steffen, Wilton, Was q buk.
ness visitor In the city Tuesday.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
Suspect in Finley
Staying Is Nabbed

Childress, Tex, April N.-(P>-Jack
Lee, who police said was wanted for
the staying Of the Finley, N. D.. chief
Of police Is months ago. was arrested
here Wednesday.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24

The Rev. Mr.. A. w. Altenbern,
pastor at Hutchinson, Kas., prepares
copies OF each sermon for those In
his flock who do not hear him we'll.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1935-04-24
SENATE REJECTS AaaENDMENr

Warrington, April 24.-lReThe
senate wednesday rejected IN effort
to reduce the hond issue limit Of the
Bankhead farm tenant aid bill from
loo 100000 to 4loo.O0o.0oo. The
vote was . to -.