davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1935-08-17

BY JAMES RAYMOND LITTLE
(Bfr. Little, now living ia Portland
Ore, was I'm the Kl0ndtiEe In 1857
Kate Carmaek, an Kndian wOuaan
Of about 50 years, died - Carih8u
Crossing on the White Pass and Xa-
kon railroad en- the meExiUg Of
March %, 1920, from pneumonia fol-
lowing an attack Of influenza. She
had been sick about 10 days.
The life Of Kate Carmack Is inter
woven with the history Of the Kl0n-
dixie country, since the discovery %
gold In the summer OF 1895. Kate all
ways claimed and her white husband
George Carmack, never in my presence
denied, that she discovered the first
gold in the Klomdike. 1t was on Rab-
bit creek, later named Bonanza creek
Kate claimed it, and it is believed
by myself, and many other pioneer
sourdoughs, who are familiar with the
circumstances, that TO Kate alone IS
due the credit OF finding the first dull
yellow nugget and the gold dust ON the
rim of Rabbit creek, q discovery which
when the news reached the outside
world set the whole world aflame and
caused a rush Of adventures into this
UNEMPLOYED wilderness in search OF ell
dorado in the land OF the midnight sun
such as has never been witnessed either
before or since, a discovery that has
made the name Klondike familiar
word in the most remote civilized sec
tons of the habitable globe and has
caused to appear tame indeed the tales
told in the middle Of the 10th century
by the Peruvian explorer, Francisco de
Orellana, who averred that he had
found on the Amazon river and its
tributaries evidences of the existence OF
auriferous deposits, the gold from
which, If discovered, would enrich the
people of the world.
The boastings Of Orellana have since
been proven untrue TO a great extent,
gold has been found in pay
ing quantities on the headwaters OF
the Amazon river and the streams
flowing into it. But the discovery made
by Indian Kate Carmack, on that fate
ful morning, Aug. II, 1896, has added
TO commerce and to the arts almost a
billion dollars worth Of the precious !
yellow metal. Goldl Goldl The pos
session Of which both men and women
sometimes imperil their souls AND
barter their honor.
This party Of moose hunters was
Of George Carmack, a white |
nan, his Indian wife Kate and four
,ther Indians. Dawson Charlie" /
'Skookum Jim" Mason, and their wives
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1935-08-17

tl1rOnged with big
freight outfits. These
teams consisted OF
from 10 to 16 mules
with big massive COW
cred wagons. The big
bull outfits ran about
nine yoke OF bulls to
the team. These we're
the days when all the
freight was brought I'D
the Big Muddy by
steamboats, to Fort
Benton and intermed-
late points on the up
per Missouri, and dis
tributed by covered
wagon to all inland
points. The early day
road house was con-
e1sa~EAI - -. -
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1935-08-17

moral plan. The plan was rough and
ready, but honorable OF course, there
was no restriction on gambling in the
Territory Of Montana at that early
date, and the mule SINNERS and bull
for card game. Money was kept in
circulation In those days without the
aid Of the Blue Eagle.
Well I remember one night about
the middle Of May 1875, when we
camped at the Twenty-eight Mile
Springs while we were riding on the
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1935-08-17
GASOLINE TAX COLLECTIONS

July gasoline tax collections or $45g,-
$50 brought the total for the year to
s., 33e ,389, which is $225 ,314 ahead of
the mark made for the same period
last year. The grand total for 1884 was
S4,208, SIS. The tax, collected at the
rate Of five cents a gallon, is used In
maintenance and construction Of high
ways. Collections In six Of the seven
months of 1885 have exceeded the coll
lections Of the corresponding months
for last year.
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1935-08-17
.28-MILE SPRINGS
DAYS RECALLED
PIONEER WAS YOUNG Ian WHEN
he FREKGHTED wROAa FORT
BENTON KKwME
BY Al WILKINS

As Told 10 GRACE sTONE COATES
Twemty-eAght nzEzs Springs, was 8
stage station ana general stepping
place for the pubic, ewemky-eagh1
miles from Fort Benton 0m the Benz
t0n-Helezza road. The road h0ase was
established there about 1874 by Ed
Kelly. Like all ether places On the
very lively. AIE sorts Of persons were
travelling on the Gilmore & Sails
bury stage lines, the swift means Of
conveyance in those days
During the day time It was usually
quiet at the different road houses and
camping places, but by nightfall dur
ing the summer season they would be
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1935-08-17

Dogs in Arizona killed more than
10000 sheep in the Salt river valley
during the last six months Of last year
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1935-08-17

Seven-a-side football is being devel-
oped In the Irish Free State.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
POST OFFICE BUSINESS PASSES
$4,000 MARK IN YEAR HERE
Local Establishment Bare
ly Misses Restoration To
First Class Office

Postal receipts at the Hender-
sonville post office during 1884
showed approximately a 10 per
cent increase over the year 1888,
it was reported this morning by
7. l.. Osborne, assistant postmas-
ter.
The total receipts for the year
1884 were $4O,5O7.96 as COM
pared to $36,422.78 for the year
1888.
Receipts for the year were
slightly under the figure set for a
first-class post office, Mr.. Osborne
said. Government regulations re-
quire that receipts total more than
$4,000 in order for an office to
be classed as first-class. During
the three-cent postage regulation
receipts are figured at 90 per cent
of the total, he said, and for this
reason the local office falls short
ly under this figure. The local of
flee has been classed as second
class for the past few years.
Money orders and postal saw
ings showed an increase of about
10 per cent during the past year,
Mr.. Osborne said, and postal saw
ings on deposit in the local ottlce
now total approximately $780,
900.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
MRS. v. E, MOSS
PASSES away
Edneyville Resident Dies
In 18th Year This
Morning

Mrs. Quintina Crow Moss, 70,
wife of w. E. Moss, died at her
home at Edneyville this morning
after long illness. Funeral serv-
ices will be held Monday morning
at II o'clock from the Edneyville
Methodist church.
Services, however, will be held
from the Edneyville church and
burial will follow there. Service
will be in charge of the Rev.
Parker of Marion, and Rev. Nc
Clamrock of Edneyville.
Pallbearersw i'll be: Kyle Holli-
field, Ronald Moss, Sturgeon
Freeman, Clyde Nix, Carl Rhodes
and Benefate Justus.
She was a daughter of the late
Mr.. and Mrs. X. J. MacCraw. She
was a native of Rutherford coun-
ty and member of the Mt. Zion
Baptist church.
She is survived by her husband !;
one son, D. P. Moss, of Edney-
vile, and four daughters, Mrs. q.
V. Bagwell, Akron. o.; Mrs. Gam
by Hollifeld, of Bostic; Mrs. G..
P. Rogers, of Henrietta, and Miss
Julia Moss, of Hendersonville.
She is also survived by one
brother and one sister.
Flower girls at the funeral will
be Mrs. Sturgeon Freeman and
Misses Maude Hollifield, Agnes
Moss, Alma Moss, Mabel Nix, and
Hester Merrell.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
BILLS GOING
TO CONGRESS
RAPlDORDER
White House Conference
Results Last Night Are
Revealed
LABOR IS BACKING
30.HOUR WORK BILL

WASHINGTON, Jan. S. CUP
An immediate attack is plan
ned by President Roosevelt To
hasten his twin detectives of So
cial security for the average
man and work for the unempioy-
ed.
A program to be placed before
congress in rapid fire order was
worked out last night at a con-
ference with party leaders.
AS a result of this discussion
the following plan was adopted:
Ito provide by joint resolu-
ton one billion dollars for a con-
of the relief programs
until the new public works pro-
gram is put into effect.
ITO lay before congress next
week a message for social secur-
ity with legislation providing old
age pensions and unemployment
insurance.
3.-To stress insistence on a
balanced budget.
4.-To refrain from increased
taxation.
5.-To develop a long range
public works program so that
direct relief may be terminated
as quickly as possible.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
FIRE Loss FOR
CITY REDUCED
Calls Cut Almost By Half
In Past Year; Loss Less
By $4,000

Fire losses in the city Of Hen.
Jacksonville during 1884 showed
a substantial decrease over loss
es during 1888, figures on rec
ord at the city hall reveal.
Fire losses during the past
two years inside the city limits
have shown great reductions.
During the year 1884 the fire
department answered only 80
calls. Of these one was false,
six were grass or brush fires,
and there was no damage report
ed in rs cases. The fire loss
was only $4,253, and the largest
single loss was $1,000 on October
20 to a house owned by DR.. W.
r. Kirk.
During 1888 there were 70
calls answered by the department
and the total loss amounted to
$22,425. The largest single loss
for that year was the Brunson
Furniture Company fire which
amounted to $1,000. Losses in
the year 1882 amounted to $685.
535, of which the $4,000 Rex
theatre fire was the largest SIN
gle fire.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
CIVIL DOCKET
HEARING near
Judge Sink To Preside
Over Superior Court
Converting Jan. IA

The January term of superior
court of Henderson county VIII
convene here on Monday, Jan. IA,
with Judge H. Hoyle Sink, of Lex
ington, presiding. The court Will
be in session for two weeks and
will hear civil actions only. Judge
Sink will return here to hold court
after an absence of about four
years.
Thirty-one civil actions have
been placed on the docket for
trial, and the court is expected TO
handle this comparatively light
docket in a short time. :,
Jurors drawn for the first week
are: w. T. Drake. ]. t. Woodtln'
A. L. Mccall, E. D. Hudglns, "
H. Levi, Theodore r. Hill, Harley
B. Rhodes, ]. R. Neville, W. e.
McElrath, Herman Souther, L. J.
Cairnes, L. B. Creasman, r. T.
Hill, f. Allison, D. G. Wllkle, n
l.. Jackson, F. W. Hoots, ID. w
Smith. C.. NJ. CogdllI, L. D. An
SON. j V. Rhodes, NJ. NJ. Marshall
and A. NJ. Kinney.
Jurors for the second week are
Albert H. Drake, J. H. Ieit0n
Jobn r Gilbert, G. B. Heatherly
G. M. Dotson, w. w. Orr, W: l.
Mavbin, ]. w. Darnell, Harry Orr
C. p. Gibbs, 2. V. Wmtesldes, +
J. Cooper, George Massey, Sher'
man Crawford. C. E. Fisher, D.
T, PRESLEY, ]. w. Rogers, and r
T. Dalton.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
BUILDING HAS
BIG Gain here
1894 Activities Show 81
Pct. Increase Over
Those For 1888

Building permits issued IN tine
city of Hendersonville during
1884 showed an increase OF APP
proximately 81 per cent over
1888. figures at the city nal
show. u,
Permits issued in 1884 totalled
SS,525 as against permits total
ling S5,74O issued in 1888, the
records show. Fourteen permits
were issued in 1884 and II per-
mits in 1888.
As was pointed out by Chief
Otis Powers this morning, a num-
Der of people in the city have
done repair and remodelling
work during the past year and
permits have not been issued for
this work.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
HAUPTMANN'S
COUNCIL TIPS
DEFENSE PLAN
Circumstantial Case Would
Show Lindberghs I'm
posed Upon
CLAIM ATTACK ON
HAUPTMANN HOAX

NEW YORK, Jan. 5. (UP)-
Edward j. Reilly, chief defense
counsel for Bruno Hauptmanu
said today he will name in court
next Thursday the two men and
two women he is convinced kid
mapped and murdered Baby ! ind
bergh.
Reilly had previously indicat-
ed the line of defense by cast
ing suspicion on various persons
connected with the Lindbergh
household during the trial.
He said "we are trying to
build up circumstantial case
showing that others close to the
baby prepetrated the act. Sur
rounding circumstances indicate
that Li1dbergh and his wife were
impoSe3 aipnn by someone within
the h6Sehpjd."
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
Would Enforce
Sidewalks Law

Chief of Police Otis Powers this
morning requested the co-opera-
ton of parents in the matter of
children riding bicycles and skat-
ing on the sidewalks, particularly
on Main street.
These practices are strictly
against city ordinances, Chief
Powers said, and must be stopped.
Most of the children, he said,
are under 16 years Of age. and,
if arrested would have to face the
juvenile court. Chief Powers said
that his department would handle
all cases. where offenders, were
over 16 years of age.
The department, Chief Powers
said, is concerned over the safety
of pedestrians and Of the children
themselves, and would greatly ap-
preciate the cooperation of par
ents in this matter.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
WEATHER IN a
IlI1lIlARll
Ri ! !,
10 Inches Over Normal
No Extremes Seen
BY T. w. VALENTINE
Local u. S. Weather Observer

Hendersonville weather data for
the year 1884 show mean tenn
perature for the year about nine
tenths of degree above normal
and precipitation 9.65 inches
above normal. No extreme wealth
er occurred. Nine of the twelve
months showed mean temperatures
above normal and three below
normal. The greatest departure
was a deficiency Of &C degrees in
February. Six of the IL months
showed precipitation above normal
and six below normal. The great
est departure was an excess of
COS inches in June.
Following is a tabulated state
ment showing temperature depar-
lures by months:
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
DEATH CALLS
REV. PRESLEY
Late Methodist Minister'S
Rites Will Be AT Sky
land Sunday

The Rev. F. NJ. Presley, SO, a
Methodist minister in Buncombe
county for 6S years, died at his
home at Skyland this morning at
5 80 o'clock after an illness of six
weeks.
Funeral services will be held
Sunday afternoon at 8 O'Clock
from the Mt. Zion M. E. church,
at Skyland, and burial will follow
in the cemetery there. Six Meth
odist ministers will serve as pail
bearers.
Rev. Presley was a native of
Buncombe county and spent his
entire life there. His wife died six
years ago.
He was the father of IL chill
dren, 10 of whom are living today.
They are: Mrs. L. A. Watts, Wes-
ley, D. j., E. F., Verne, France,
and Robert Presley, all Of Sky
land, and Mrs. Charles Lanning,
Biltmore; Mrs. Lum Shufner, of
China Grove, and M. Presley Of
Edneyville.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
% Reno Hits
|AAA's Results

w YORK, Jan. 5.-(UP)-
Reno, militant midwestern
leader, charged in a speech
that AAA had betrayed,
opted and insulted farmers.
& farmer is in a worse con-
financially than ever be-
The AAA is the creation of
busters without agricultural
Found or experience" he de-
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
30 HOUR WEEK IS
LABOR'S OBJECTIVE

WASHINGTON, Jan. 5. (UP)
The American Federation Of
4uk today threw its full sup
~ behind early enactment of a
hour work week bill by
William Green, president Of
the A. F. of l.. declared: "Thc
bill has been introduced in both
houses of congress. The Amer
lean Federation of Labor will
concentrate its efforts to make
this measure law at the earliest
possible date"
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
FOUR FROM HERE ARE
HOME FROM BAHAMAS

DR.. and Mrs. ]. L. Weddington
and Mr.. and Mrs. ]. P. Grey have
returned from a visit to Mr.. and
Mrs. Milo Strong at Cat Cay
Island, in the Bahama group,
where Mr.. and Mrs. Strong are
spending the winter.
DR.. Wellington said this morn
ing that friends of Mr.. Strong
would be glad to know that MS
health was showing much improve
ment.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
Repairs Call For
Building Permits
Chief Powers Asks That
All Obtain These

Chief Otis Powers this morning
called attention to the fact that a
number of people have been doing
house repairing work without Sc
curing building permits: -.
The state, he said, is investi-
eating and seeking to enforce the
Sm;id;nm permit law, and he re-
ouasted that all people in the city
bavinp repair work done secure
nermits at the city hall.
There is no charge for building
nermits he said.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
Yesterday In Congress
BY UNITED PRESS


Heard Presidents message in
joint session with house.
Adopted resolutions regretting
the deaths of Speaker Henry T.
Rainey and Rep.-Elect Frederick
lands, Ind.
Listened to memorial addresses
by Sen. J. Ham Lewis, D., ILL.,, and
Sen. William II. Dieterich, DEM,
Ill.
Received constitutional amend
ment giving congress power to
regulate hours, wages and condi-
tions of labor safety at sea, bill
including inquiry into MORO Cas-
tie disaster, bill providing $1,000
fine for photographing U. S. for
tifcations, and others.
Recessed until Monday.
HOUSE,:
Heard Presidents message in
Joint session with senate.
Approved new appropriation
committee slate.
Received several hundred bills.
Adjourned until Monday.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
BIS OF 900
lE At STAKE
SHOWDOWN
Discharged As Stand.
| Oil Threatens To
j Quit State
ERNOR PLACED
Der HEAVY GUARD

fON ROUGE, Jan. 5. (UP)
Long today was engaged IN
4 with big business" with
kds Of jobs of oil refinery
les AT stake.
. standard Oil company dis
goo from is refinery here
first step in fulfilling its
that it would withdraw
be- state rather than pay a
tax on oil refining.
i discharged employees called
8 meeting for tonight after
linz to Governor Allen and
Rnt Roosevelt 70 save their
state capital is filed with
. policemen and men in
1othes guarding the cover
mansion.
<on Rouge is alarmed. 4 COM
- of business men conferred
standard Oil officials last
and offered any assistance
u The discharged emplOye:
I'd to President Roosevelt
&rventiOn against Long.
East Baton Rouge Minis
association, composed OF 81
ers, sent messages TO Gov
Allen and President Roose.
hploring them to intercede
bard Oil officials and EN-,
called a mass meeting OF
for Saturday night and in,
<ther refnerieS to send rep,
8tiyes.
n Allen, an ally of Long
f d himself with a body,
#pf state police. The minis,
6 dictated next Sunday as "a
q fasting and prayer that
q guidance may be obtained
a solution of the prob,
IA confront the city anC
y. The churches will be KEEP
|M day, with special commit
81 hand.
0ery employees told Presi
Roosevelt that thousands o
Is would be thrown on re
. Us unless the refinery con
! operations. They appealeu
bw citizens of Louisiana
them to spur their repre-
eS into action "and maxi
ealize that a states destin,
pon their decision" Thel
psf Of the refinery employee.
bOve normal employment
ID would lose their home,
cast into the world as wan,
new tax would yield near
900 a year. of which the
d Oil would pay more than
It's one refinery. Ninety
Of the gasoline produced
Baton Rouge refinery is
out Of state. The COM
Hans to abandon its market
Isl Of the Louisiana crude
3 transfer it's business to
Rates.
mas fought the oil COM
Slnce he was governor. He
Standard Oil for his i'm
ent as governor in 1929
Seatened to penalize it. He
MS hostility behind his
the-wealth" movement and
FOR the poor folks" sup
MS fight with the money
especially the oil industry.
the special session of the
pure last month, when the
oil was being speeded into
'ong pointed out the capitol
; to the refinery and re-
q: We may have to take
lace over"
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
|EXTRADITE PODERJAY

FNA, Jan. 5. (UP)--Ivan
lay, wanted in New York
neetlOn with the disappear
[ot Miss Agnes Tufverson,
Will be extradited to the
States aboard the Export
Exeter from Genoa next
sday.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
4 4Ria s s5N Mo aAs5N

III &sTON Jan. 5. (UP)-
A nd Z BSf the Hauptmann de-
fensz today told the United
Pred an expert At analyz-,
ing IA script will ts7la
that Richard Haup y
couI spossibly have a.
the "a notes. fs;s}}bo
ense said he would 10
dud witnesses testifying
It'd ION was at Hopewell on
til of the kidnapping. c.
Ii her associate counsel
sd h major attack will
ri entire case against
Il hn is a monstrous hoax"
Colonel Charles A. Lind
~ Stared into the eyes of
81 Richard Hauptmann yes
tsz gsahd swore he was the man
Wle cbllected $4,000 as his price
for the life and safety Of child
that aiready was dead, he gave
t5i6e most damaging piece of testi-
ntoGy That has been flung at the
prisoner in the first three days
Of his trial for the murder of
the Lindberg1 baby.
But if Hauptmann realized that,
he didn't show it. All spectators
in the hot courtroom seemed
more interested in what Lind
bergh was saying than did the
man whose life is in the balance
and who sat all day with his
arms folded and ablank look on
his face.
Lindbergh was on the witness
stand, slouched back in the shaky
chair that people occupy Eere
when they swear to tell the truth,
the whole truth and nothing but
the truth. Hauptmann was
down below him, about 80 feet
away, his chair pushed tight
against the rail that separates
the lawyers tables and the spec
tators' seats. There was no
warning that the eyes of these
two men were about to meet for
the first time since the trial be-
gan.
Attorney General David T. Will
entz was questioning Lindbergh
about the events of the clear,
starry night when he and Dir.
Continued on page three)
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
? MISSING AT SEA

HAVANA, Jan. 5. (UP)-,The
snanish captain and six members
of he crew Of the schooner
u G,1;on Bengochea were missing
i = u night, following a collision
, ,@ "sea train" freighter de-
ma, from Havana for New
York.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
Summary tor Month
MISS HUGHES SCHOOL
WILL RESUME MONDAY

Miss Elizabeth Hughes school
for little folks, which she operates
for children under seven years
of age at 7O4 Oakland street will
resume Monday following the
Christmas holidays.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
SAY KING MARKED MAN

ATHENS, Jan. 5. (UP)-A
corfu dispatch in the newspaper
Typos today reported the sec
ond attempt to assassinate King
Zog, of Albania, within the week.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05

Following is a tabulated state
ment showing precipitation depar-
lures by months;
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
WEATHER

Cloudy tonight; fair Sunday
.;,b slowly rising temperatures.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1935-01-05
GOOD AFTERNOON

Mrs. Elizabeth Dilling again lists
Mrs. Roosevelt among 1900 Reds.
and the country still doesn't know
who Mrs. Dilling is.
The Lexington advertiser., 1935-05-16

daughter and other talented pupils of
Mrs. Vincent.
Mrs, f. G. Davis and two attractive
children after a pleasant visit to her
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. j. R. Melton, re-
turned to their home at Benoit.
Misses Annie Lee and Pauline Carter
returned to their home Tuesday, after
finishing a successful years school
work
Miss Hilda Perkins left for Oxford,
her home; she promises a visit to
friends and relatives soon.
Miss Auris Pinder left for Durant
Tuesday and will come back often to
| the delight of her friends.
Mrs. NJ. C. Cade and children visited
relatives in Oakland last week
NJ. c. Cade and E. Cade went to Bates
vile on business errand Tuesday
Mrs. Ray Campbell and daughter
came up Wednesday with Carolyn Weil