davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1935-06-09

I'D YOU ever read the life OF
Peter the Hermit? 1t Is
highly relevant. reading just
- now He lived in the twelfth
century, a little over 800
wears ago. He was ragged. i'll
favored priest. half mad and wholly
fanatic. who conceived the idea OF
leading the people of Europe in holy
war to recover the tomb of Christ in
Jerusalem. There were no radios in
the year 1896. and Peter reached the
people by preaching directly. Month
after month he journeyed over France
and Germany, infiamlng the masses
to war upon the infidel Turk.
Consider the people of that time
dumb. driven human cattle, leading
short and brutal lives of indeScriba BILE
dirt, disease. poverty and ignorance.
The average peasant of that day was
never miles away from the hovel
in which. along with the pigs and
sheep, he was born and lived. He
never understood what country he
lived in. never knew who governed
him, what caused disease. why the
sun rose. Peter went among them
telling them that eternal salvation
awaited all those who followed him
to Palestine
And 100000 of these deluded VIC
tins set out upon this first crusade
a blind rabble men. women and little
children starting out afoot for an un-
known destination, without food or
equipment. For months the moo
Evening star., 1935-06-09
'Village Discipline'
Cuts Finland's Crime

HELSINGFORS P.-An old form
of village discipline" including or
ganization of vigilance committees,
has been resurrected in many places
in Finland in a campaign against
drunkenness and various forms of
crime.
This form of discipline, used in CO.
operation with local police forces, in
cludes the complete social and eco
nomic isolation of persons who re-
fuse to conduct themselves properly.
1t is administered usually by a COM
mittee of three to five men, elected
at a meeting of all residents of a
parish or community. These men in
turn organize a storm troop" of
picked men to issue warnings and If
necessary do police work.
The psychological effect of such
organization of community disapprov-
al has in many cases, it is reported,
brought an appreciable reduction in
crime.
Crime in Finland continues, accord
ing to official statistics, an important
problem. The daily population of
Finland's prisons, it is pointed out,
is as large as that of all prisons In
Sweden, Norway and Denmark to-
gether. Each year some 10000 per-
sons, out of Finland's population of
about 3,500,000, are sentenced to
prison. -
Evening star., 1935-06-09
Monastery Where Boris Codunov Lies
Is Crumbling After Four Centuries

show that some things have been re-
moved. but you can still get a fair
idea of the S350,000.000 collection
which occupied the three small rooms
before the war
In one case lies set of gold orna-
ments studded with diamonds, emer-
aids and % large star sapphires; in
another stands a metropolitans miter
encrusted with diamonds and contain
ing one $4,000 ruby; in still another
is draped an altar cloth covered with
thousands of pearls the size of peas.
1t is the sort of a collection which
only an Eastern potentate or Rus
sian would think of making and only
Russian would think of keeping way
out here in the country where only a
few stray tourists ever see it. A lone
man with a holster at his side stands
guard in the dim corridor outside.
Stops Flood Of Pilgrims.
The village of Zagorsk has not bene-
fitted much by the Bolshevikis anti
religious campaign which has auto
matically stopped the flood of pilgrims
who once flocked here at the rate Of
100000 year to worship at the shrine
of ST. Sergius. Peasants swarm about
in the deep mud of the market place
just below the Lavra wall, haggling
with one another over petty odds ant
ends and feeding their Scrawny horses.
A drunk creates a disturbance and
some one shouts for the police as
bearded companion tries to hush him
up.
Shame on you for going about in
those nice shoes without rubbers."
says motherly peasant woman. II
thought foreigners knew better"
Il know" says an old fellow COM
ing up to make conversation. You're
a foreigner and you've come TO see the
monastery"
Sure, that's right"
so. Yes, knew. I knew"
And vet they say that Russian peas
ants are stupid.
Copyright. 1881
Evening star., 1935-06-09

BY EVERETT r. CLINCHY, PHI. D.,
Director. National Conference of Jews
and Christians.
THE four hectic weeks in Europe
from which I have just re-
turned were all too brief for
L the long audiences with
score OF ITALIAN, French, Ger
man and Swiss leaders and the many
talks with common folk which were
crowded into them. Such experiences
make one feel like barn through
which the winds of many speculations
have been whistling. Not until my
ship ploughed westward from Europe,
away from what a Christian professor
of philosophy called "a hell OF
mess" did any degree of objectivity
become possible.
Europe today is continent OF COL
lective lunacies. realized this from
the moment a mysterious letter
reached me on the boat going over.
BE careful what you write to me in
Munich" warned this note from
friend, handed me even before the
ship had docked. MY mail is opened"
In Paris a Quaker reported to me a
crude device he had fashioned to
muff1e his voice in phone on the
continent. Even so, he, paciflst
and an "internationalist," was IN
constant dread of tapped wires.
In Italy a gentleman of splendid
refinement and independent achieve
ment cautiously scrutinized the room
before he would venture an honest
estimate of the latest Caesar in his
land. A Christian German clergy
man, calling on an American clergy
man in a Berlin hotel sent up fake
name to avoid record of his visit.
whispering countries is the only
phrase that fits. Hostilities are in the
air. And there is an element OF mad
ness about it all.
Ne0- Nationalist Hysterical.
The mass lunacies of cults are COM
plicated by nationalistic fanaticisms.
Nor are these restricted to the do
mains of Hitler. Mussolini and Stain.
Totalitarian chauyinisn1s in the great
Evening star., 1935-06-09

those who claim war is inescapable,
however suicidal it would seem. Not
only are there irreconcilable philoso-
phies, as totalitarian clashes with
democracy, for instance: but there is,
biologically speaking. an even more
fundamental conflict being felt-a
will-to-live in one nation that seeks
to deny the will-to-live in another
nation.
Domination Seen Necessary.
The nub of the trouble at this point
lies in the fact that each party be-
lieves that survival depends upon
physical domination To be specific ::
Germans understand that the New
Italy, a nation of only 10000, 600
has three 2-year classes of youth in
active training, which means 900
men mobilized. in addition to boy
brigadeS and older reserve forces. AS
in a game of checkers, the next
forced move is that the Germans are
driven to think that. in defense of
German civilization. they must unity
all Germanic peoples from the North
Sea to the Bosphorus.
This possibility, In turn, Wildly ex-
cites Danubian countries, as well as
non German Western Europe, to even
more furious preparations for hostili-
ties. If Hitler successfully swarms
all the 95,OO0,000 Germanic- -blooded
Europeans. then, the other nations
believe, Goering's gangster methods
would soon Germanize the whole of
Europe. Who wants Streicher bru-
tality and Rosenberg paganism to
dominate the world? Put an iron
ring around Germany" is the prevail
ing reaction.
At the same time the common
people of every country want peace
want it almost pathetically. Every
one has Nightmares over the surprises
in death-dealing contrivances another
war would bring. The ordinary man
and woman in Europe today will with
stand almost any crisis rather than
let loose the gas. fire and germs OF
a new war. The young chaps in
Germany know that it means kind
Of personal suicide" one 27.year.old
Evening star., 1935-06-09

relationships are aggravated by the
stupid. slow craftsmanship of ex-
tremely nationalistic democratic
countries. All the neo-nationalists
are slightly hysterical.
Take for example, the Germans. A
NaI lawyer with whom talked said: {:
1--WE know the French think there are
65.000.000 too many Germans. We
are afraid, because the world wants
to annihilate Teutonic civilization"
The result? Italians, French and
British, themselves terrified, discover
that Germany is manufacturing IA
war planes every day. The Nazis
are hiding huge air hangers, below
ground, along every frontier" "They
are widening arterial cavalcade high
ways" And the blunt announcement
by Germany that she plans SYSTEM
attic military training is read with
hypocritical condemnation by mill
tariZed France, Italy and Russia.
Loose Talk About War.
Much loose talk about another war
gets impetus from this situation. Some
plOpllCLo Sdlu wal WOulu CUTIE UuJ VI
Stresa. 1t did not. Others guess
war will break next Autumn. 1t prob
ably will not. More intricate esti-
mates calculate that in Germany,
Italy and France the economic po-
sition of each government is tracing
downward curve while their military
expenditures are mounting on a dis
tinctly rising curve: 'At the point
where those two curves cross each
other the next war will come"
"The Spring of 1881" reckoned one
journalist. But his fatalistic figuring
is too similar to that of some of my
pre- -millennialist Bible friends, who
are predicting the end of the world
precisely. to be convincing. The no.
tion is spread among increasing circles
of thoughtful Europeans that in this
generation the human species is get
ting so accustomed to adjusting to
tensions, without much violence, that
we are learning to take q crisis in
our stride.
A strong case can be argued by
Evening star., 1935-06-09

ZAGORSK, U. S. S. R.-When
they want to give the Moscow public
a special treat in the way of opera
they put on Boris Godunov" at the
BolShoi Theater. Either Pirogov or
Mark Raisin drapes himself in six
teenth century outfit of gold brocade
to look like Ivan the Terrible's sue
cessor and in deep bass tones carries
the audience back to the days when
Russian deSpotS were cruel but color
full.
Here in the TroitSko- o-SergievSkaya
Lavra, a mere A miles from Moscow
the ashes of the real Boris mold away
beside cobbled courtyard swimming
in mud and nobody thinks anything
of it. Certainly. at least. not the red
nosed little boys who keep begging
Uncle. give us a bit of bread" or
the NANCY local peasants whose
thoughts, if any. are also completely
on their stomachS.
After all, the ashes of the mighty
Boris have not Jared much worse
than the monastery itself, which has
suffered as much from neglect in the
ldSC II years as IL ola curing IHe
famous siege of 1903 and 1909. when
it withstood a Polish army for 16
months. Only the massive pinacled
wall of mellow red brick surrounding
the grounds is much as it always was.
three or four centuries ago. Serfs
though they were, the old Russians
built well.
Art Is Decaying.
Water seeps through priceless fres-
Goes in the fifteenth century Cathe-
dral of the Trinity and in the en-
trance the paint applied by the brush
of some ancient master is already
peeling off N long strips.
eyes" says the old caretaker.
something ought to be done about
it."
To visit the treasury" of the mon
astery, in plain little building back
of the Cathedral of the Trinity, is like
wandering from a dark alley into
Tiffany's. Vacant spots in the cases
Evening star., 1935-06-09

! Nazi told me. "A war will introduce
barbaric Dark Ages" an Italian Fascist
said grimly.
Many Europeans are saying that,
in spite of the pathological ma
tionalisms. only politicians in COM
| plete daze or dictators sliding from
popularity would be fools enough to
meet any crisis with an act of war.
I have come to fear the romantic
statesman even more than such poll
! ticians or dictators. 1t is the romantic
nature that is now Surrendering to
extreme peSSimiSm with regard to war.
The romanticist believes he can live
in an environment without tensions
and conflicts He cheriSheS an illu-
sion that the only way to save him.
self and his little fragment of civili-
zation is to suppress every idea and
every force in conflict with him. He
looks at war as a conflict to end con-
f1icts. The basic error of this posi-
ton is the notion that tensions and
conflicts are necessarily destructive.
The present-day lesson for man to
learn is that tensions and conflicts
between groups of men are essential
to progress. and can be made creative
can be civilized. The religious teach
ing applicable to this principle affirms
the relation of humanity to a spiritual
power by appropriation of which hu-
man conflicts can be transcribed and
spiritual values realized.
Evil for Evil Bad Politics.
Despite the war mania so prevalent
in Europe today an increasing number
of statesmen are coming to believe
that war is a romantic illusion. And
in the effort to prevent its outbreak
they are realizing that principles
which are baSically religious in char
acter must be applied to political and
economic situations. To meet evil
with evil is slowly coming to be re-
garded as not only poor religion but
bad politics. Practical craftsmanship
teaches that the injunction to over
come evil with good applies not only
to individuals but to nations.
The lesson for US Is that If organized
Evening star., 1935-06-09

There were others long before Peter
and long after, even unto our own
day. There was Catiline in Rome. be-
fore the birth OF Christ, scheming
aristocrat inflaming the slaves to re-
bellion and promising to wipe out all
debts.
There was John Ball. the mad
priest Of Kent" with his colleague
Wat Tyler. Here were rabble -rousers
of quite another kind. 1t is worth
while TO look at these two. Way back
in the fourteenth century life was
hard for the common man-so hard
that the life of our modern SUM
duellers, even in the midst Of long
depression, is comnarably easier. In
Evening star., 1935-06-09

religion is to make contribution to
the solution of the problems that face
the world order it must itself resist the
intrusion of the tribal lunacies that
obsess a large fraction of humanity
today and keep itself free from the
corrupting influences which every
where about it are provoking war
among the nations.
Evening star., 1935-06-09

The above indices are based upon
trade union returns, unemployment
insurance statistics, employment ex-
change figures and official estimates.
The peak of world unemployment
was reached in the Autumn of 1882.
Since then there has been a steady
fall. interrupted slightly the beginning
OF the Summer of 1884 until to date.
Evening star., 1935-06-09
None Reached Jerusalem.

As the sinister but pathetic mob
moved onward the peoples whose
lands they ravished rose and slaugh-
tered them for the mad dogs they
were. For 1000 miles through Eu-
rope their bones made fertilizer for
foreign soil. Not one escaped not
one reached Jerusalem. Thus the
rabble-rouser weaving his spell over
ignorance, did his evil work 800 years
Evening star., 1935-06-09

the middle Of the century an awful
peStllence swept over Europe, CHASTITY
pail of death that spread over I'M
numbered millions. And in strict ac-
cordance with one of those principles
of economics which high political au-
thorlty says economists change every
5 or 10 years, wages went up.
Evening star., 1935-06-09
Statute OF LabOurers.

The government of that day es-
tablished an N r. A. called the
Statute of Labourers. 1t was strangely
like our own comedy of regimenta-
ton of 1888, for it was devised by
the Kings advisers and approved by
the big business men of the year 1850.
Its objective was ostensibly to improve
the condition of the common man,
but actually it operated TO give mo-
nopoly profits to enterprise and to
prevent laborerS from getting the
wages the Black Death had given
them. In due time a grievous poll
tax was devised by the brain trusters
and added TO the burdens of the poor.
And this John Ball went about
England preaching revolt Believe it
or not. John Ball in 1881 was a share
the-wealth advocate. He preached
equality Of wealth. the abolition Of
titles and class distinctions. and what
would now be called Communism.
Among other things. he urged the
people to hunt down and exterminate
lawyers He was communicated by
his church and repeatedly jailed But
the revolt burst into fame and Wat
Tyler led a mob that captured Lon
Continued on Fifth Page.)
Evening star., 1935-06-09
BY NEIL CAROTHERS.

Professor of Economics Administration al
Lehigh University.
Evening star., 1935-11-07
Psychology
BY DR.. JESSE w. SPROWLS.

IF CHEMISTRY will explain the diff
= ference between tired and rested
feeling, between coWardice and brav-
cry, between feeble -mindedness and
normal-mindedneSS, between hunger
and satisfaction, why may it not one
day explain how we think? Who
knows but that some sort of chemical
substance is back of your favorite
amusement. your friendships, politics
morals. vices and philosophical beliefs?
Such theories are now being advanced
by some of our leading scientists.
Let us suppose that these theories
turn out to be facts. What would
happen? In the first place, democ
racy would be in danger. People
might be chemically fed up to the
point where they would all think alike
That would be about the biggest
calamity that could befall nation.
We have too much mob-mindedness
already. We know what it will do.
In the second place, all the spice
would be taken out of life Perhaps
every human trait would be reduced
to a common level, so that thinking
itself would not be known to exist.
Finally. any mishap to the chemical
factory would lead to fatal chemical
starvation. Before the Red Cross
could get on the scene many would
die from differences of opinion"
When We come to think it over, this
is not a bad world, after all. Per-
haps the scientists are just trying to
amuse us.
Evening star., 1935-11-07

anchored leaf or along the branches OF
trees or shrubs; bright eyes cleaning
for a second from hollow tree; ber-
ries of red and green, from low
plants along the pathway-these are
just a few of the attractions offered.
From Maine to Quebec, and from
this point to Delaware. and along the
mountain range to Florida, Northern
Alabama and Mississippi, then west
to Minnesota and Nebraska and south
to Texas, shagbarks send down their
long taproots to where water is avail
able, and reach up sturdy, straight
trunks, often 120 feet, into the sun
shine.
All year round, this esteemed neigh
bor Is interesting to her admirers.
She manifests to the world, symmetry,
grace, strength and dependability.
Her wood is commercially valuable,
as it Is close grained, tough, elastic
and hard. Her leaves are a lovely
green in the Summer, and exquisite
yellow in the early Autumn; her fruit,
paired or single, Is In smooth husk
that is four-angled to the base and
opens wide to release the pale, smooth
Evening star., 1935-11-07
How 1t Started
Blackguard.
BY JEAN NEWTON.


IF THE original black guard should
wake up one of these days and see
his present-day progeny defined. his
eyes would pop with amazement; and
If his head did not hang too low with
shame. his lips, If they were not too
paralyzed from unbelief, would whistle
long and astounded "Phew!"
For the black guard Of old was an
honest fellow: humble and simple,
true; but of unquestioned integrity,
of unsullied honor deserving of his
place as the trusted retainer of a
nobleman.
/ The black guard of ancient days
was a watchman, a protector Of his
masters wares, specifically, the guard
over the expensive court or residential
kitchen utensils and dining equip
ment. by which, being occasionally
Smutted, he was at first dubbed, all in
fun, of course, black guard.
Alas for the trail Of the serpent!
There were those of unmerit who
we're appointed to this station, trait
ors to their position and the conf
dence reposed in them; and, in time.
the term degenerated till it came to
be reserved for the menials of the
household.
1t was not long thereafter that the
application was made to those who
we're menial in character as we'll as
occupation, to vagrants of all descrip-
ton, to sWindlers and criminals of all
sorts, to people of bad repute gen.
orally.
Copyright 1880
Evening star., 1935-11-07

shell that protects the sweet meat
of the kernel
She is a most satisfactory tree to
plant for ornamental purposes, as well
as for shade and fruit. Today, fine
orchards of hickory-nut trees are be-
ing cultivated. The wood of their
ancestors has served their human
brothers well, for it has been used
extensively In the manufacture Of
agricultural implements. sled runners,
wheels. furniture, vehicles, ak handles
and fuel-to say nothing of the food
value of their nuts.
Evening star., 1935-11-07
Natures Children
Shagbark Hickory (Hicoria Ovata).

almost drives him wild with Joy. He
is, as you know. the only member Of
the Seven Famous Sleepers' Club
that re-enters the world in Spring,
looking plump and happy.
Madam Shagbark is surrounded by
interesting neighbors. whether she
stands only few yards from the barn
or corncrib. or in the rich. moist soil
of the woods What treat to 60 lcr
an all-day visit! Chippy, racing back
and forth to his treasure trove; a few
migrating birds, eagerly devouring the
bountiful crop of weed seeds; an an
cient turtle, digging into the soft loan
for Winter; empty bird nests, exposed
to view and yours for the taking; gall
insects on scrub oak, plant stems and
such places; cocoons, dangling in
Evening star., 1935-11-07
Bedtime Stories
The Gangsters.

they kept close to the Hound as he
moved along AS the trail grew warmer
the Hounds voice changed. His CON-
panions understood what 1t meant.
They understood that he was finding
the trail easier to follow, and they
kept at his heels.
So they worked through the Green
Forest, and their presence there Gre
ated feeling of dread Many pairs
of bright eyes saw them, and those
who saw knew what it meant, for II
was not the first time the Green For
est had been visited by such gangsteIs
They all knew that this was not the
hunting season. They all knew that
the master of that Hound was not
with him and would not have allowed
him to hunt had he been there. So the
word was passed along through the
Green Forest that the gangsterS were
there, and to warn Lightfoot the Deer
and Mrs. Lightfoot, if there was
chance.
Now, the trail that the gangsters
had picked up was the trail of Mrs.
Lightfoot. After while. when the
trail had become fresh, showing that
Mrs. Lightfoot was on the move, the
Hound gave sudden yelp of increased
excitement.
What is it now?" asked one of the
others.
Young Deer Two little ones!" le-
piled the Hound.
Those are what We want snarled
one of the others. We'll forget TIE
big one. Just follow the little ones.
We ought to catch up with them before
a great while"
So the gangsters plotted and planned.
and the Hound with the keen nose icl-
lowed the trail of Mrs. Lightfoot and
the twins. 1t was beautiful Summer
day in the Green Forest. but fear and
dread destroyed the beauty of it.
Evening star., 1935-11-07

BEEN HUNTING FOR.
80 much interested in actually killing
as he was in the running down of the
victim. The two others could not fol-
low the trail as could the Eound. You
see their noses were not equal to pick
ing up that scent and following 1t.
They had not been trained for that
sort of thing. That is why they had
the Hound with them. They were leav-
ing it for him to do the work of finding
and following the trail, while they kept
right along with him. They would do
the killing when the time came.
Now the gangSterS knew exactly
what they wanted. They were not in-
tereSted when the trail of Reddy Fox
vas found. They were not interested
when Jumper the Hare was startled
and raced away in pain sight. They
just kept right on hunting for the
trail of Lightfoot the Deer, or some
members of his family. At last the
Hound. who, of course, had to be the
leader, found what he was hunting for
a faint scent left by the feet of Deer
He yelped joyfully. The others under
stood what that yelp meant. Their
eyes cleaned, but they themselves
made no sound.
The trail was cold. That is to say, 1t
was several hours since it had been
made. 1t required long and patient
work to follow it. Now and then the
Hound would yelp in impatience. The
he. They looked into all tie surround
ing thickets on the chance that they
might surprise Deer there, but always