davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1934-07-19

Total Liabilities 1926 ,222 $50
MEMORANDUM: Loans and
Investments Pledged To
Secure Liabilities
United States Government
securities ........ 6,250.00
Pledged:
(G) A a nst circulating
notes outstanding 6,250.00
(0 Total Pledged 80. $6,250.00
State of Maryland, County Of Mont
0omeTy. So:
I, FRANCIS MILLER, Cashier of the
above-named bank, do solemnly swear
that the above statement is true TO
the best of my knowledge and belief.
FRANCIS MILLER, Cashier.
Subscribed and sworn to before me
this 10th day of July, 1884.
j. ]. SHOEMAKER, Notary Public.
Correct-Attest:
FRANK J. DOWNEY,
JACOB w. BIRD,
R. H. LANSDALE,
F. L. THOMAS,
385 Directors.
Evening star., 1934-04-05
DEBT DEFAULTERS
BILL IS ENACTED
House Joins Senate in Ap-
proving Ban on Loans
to Debtors.
Nv the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
A credit embargo was voted by
Congress yesterday for foreign nations
that have defaulted on obligations to
this Government and its nationals.
BY an almost unanimous voice
vote the House passed the Senate
approved Johnson bill barring Ameri-
cans from engaging in financial trans
actions with foreign countries that
fail to pay their debts owed this Ma
ton or investors.
It was sent to the White House,
where President Roosevelt is expected
to sign it. He has signifled his sup
port of the measure.
Chairman McReynolds of the For
eign Affairs Committee brought the
bill before the House unde~ procedure
barring amendments and requiring a
two-thirds majority vote for passage
saying that when one of the foreign
debtors refused to make its payments
1t asked What are you going to do
about it?"
Here Is our chance to reply You
can't borrow from our people, said
McReynolds. Let's show these for
eign countries we are going to do
something"
McReynolds said that recently
France sought through Dutch syn
dicate to borrow funds from American
investors. but was turned down by
the Treasury on the basis of this leg
islation. This bill, he said, would
carry out that policy.
Evening star., 1934-04-05
|M|SS PERKINS HITS
|STR|KE WAVE TALK
Declares "There Isn't q
First-CIass Strike in
America"
BY the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
CLEVELAND. Ohio, April 5.-With
factory employment and pay rolls 60
ing up, Frances Perkins, Secretary Of
Labor. is not impressed by the strike
wave people are talking about"
There isn't a first-class strike in
America" she told reporters in an in
terview yesterday. why do. the
American people get the jitters when
the word strike is mentioned? Is it so
terrible that people leave work and
refuse to come back until they get
something they want?"
Miss Perkins discussed strikes, COM
pany unions and a resignation before
delivering a lecture at John Hay High
School, which was full Of figures on
increased pay rolls and employment.
The pay rolls. she said, have jumped
66.5 per cent in the last year, and en-
ployment 1874 per cent.
Purchasing Increased.
The increased incomes Of wage
earners have meant increased pur-
chasing power. which has helped to
Evening star., 1934-04-05
TOM MIX Is DEFENDANT
IN 25-YEAR.0LD CASE
Rv the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
DALLAS, Tex, April 5.-A 25-year-
old case of "horse embezzlement" was
revived yesterday against Tom Mix.
but the motion picture and circus per-
former said he didn't believe the trial
called for a personal appearance on
his part.
There's nothing to It," Mix averred
here after Judge Claude Duval. at
Newkirk, Okla, set the case for trial
May S. The charges. filed in 1909
were called to the attention of au-
thorities by Col. Zack Miller, with
whom Mix has been engaged in iitiga-
ton for several years. 1t was from
the Miller family's 101 Ranch the
spotted gelding named Bologny al
legedly was taken in November, 1908.
Mix said his attorneys would repre-
sent him at Newkirk.
Il borrowed a horse to use in the
Oklahoma State Fair" he explained
Il got hurt and went to a hospital
I paid man to take the horse back
to the ranch"
Evening star., 1934-04-05
Women Are Declared
Inefficient Buyers
By Home Expert
BY the Associated Press.


TORONTO, April Some Of
the reasons many women are in.
efficient buyers is that they are
unconscious of their responsible
ties in buying" Carlotta c. Greer,
supervisor of household art in
John Hay High School Of Cleve-
land, told members of the techni-
cal section of the Ontario Edu-
cational Association yesterday.
1t was the function Of home
economists, Miss Greer said, to
train pupils to become intelli-
gent and responsible buyers. Sur
veys showed women spend IS
cents of every dollar passed
over store counters" Miss Greer
added, and ut has been deter
mined color or odor often are the
only deciding factors when they
purchase goods"
Evening star., 1934-04-05

venerable shrines in the imperial
palace today to pay homage to more
than 100 generations Of his ancestors.
It was q part of the ancient ritual
which Is to be so important In the
infants future life, but the babe, in
the arms of his nurse, appeared
oblivious to the awesomeness of the
occasion.
Evening star., 1934-04-05
Bandits Slain in Mexico

OAXACA. Mexico, April P.-
Four members of bandit gang that
ransacked and burned the town OF
Vista Allegro we're killed yesterday in
a battle with Federal troops. The
leader escaped.
Evening star., 1934-04-05

take some industrial concerns out Of
red ink into black, she told her audi
ence.
To reporters she gave her definition
Of the difference between a first and
a third class strike. The latter, she
said. means headbusting. A flrst-class
strike. she explained. is where the
workers are perfectly organized and
know exactly what they want. and
how to 60 about getting 1t without
busting heads" She compared COM
pany unions to student governments,
which are run by the teachers"
The resignation mentioned by Miss
Perkins was in response to q question
as to her views on charges made by
Charles g. Wood. former conciliator,
who criticized her recently In Boston.
She at first said she did not recall
the name. Then she said:
Indeed. Is that news? Would
the newspapers be interested If my
Office boy resigned?"
Citizens Inspired N. r. A.
Bundles Of letters from thousands
of humble citizens to President Roose-
velt were really the basis for. and the
origin Of, N. r. A., Miss Perkins de-
clared In her address.
About 100000 people used their
enforced leisure to think out some
plan Of recovery" Secretary Perkins
said, "and on March 1 last year they
wrote letters to the Government about
their ideas"
There were two common thoughts
in most Of the letters-shorter work
hours and wages above the bare sub
sistence level to build up purchasing
power, Miss Perkins said.
I'VE were all impressed by the sin
cerity Of these letters" she said. THE
President said that the ideas con-
tanned in these letters seemed like a
real lead, and the result Of it all was
the national industrial recovery act"
Evening star., 1934-04-05
Love Shrine's Owner Dies.

Hugh Mackie. owner Of the black
smith shop in Gretna Green, Scotland.
which is the haven of eloping lovers,
has died at the age Of "a.
Evening star., 1934-04-05
PRINCE PAYS HOMAGE
Japanese Babe Is Taken Before
Shrines in Palace.

TOXIC, April CP.-Akihito Tsugo
No Miya, the three-month-old crown
prince Of Japan, was carried before
Evening star., 1934-04-05
Loses Eye in Bombing.

As the result Of q bomb thrown In Z
street in Dundalk, Irish Free State,
recently, Alexander Mcdonald. q child,
has lost an eye.
Evening star., 1934-04-05
LUCKIEs ARE ALWAYS KIND TO YOUR THROAT

strands of only the center leaves .. rolled
round, and firm i. no loose ends. That's
why Luckies keep in oondition'-do not dry
out Luekies are always kind to my throat. -
The Washington times., 1934-11-13
Policeman Hunts
Policeman in
Loss of Hat

What policeman took a gray
fedora hat, property of another
policeman, from Room 1913 at
Central High School Saturday
during the police examination
there for promotion?
Private j. F.. Reynolds, at
tached to the First precinct, the
loser, sent that appeal over the
police teletype system today.
He is bold enough to accuse a
brother policeman. Says he:
81 can't imagine anyone but
a policeman with nerve enough
to take a hat that didn't belong
to him while the room was full
of alert policemen and detec-
tiveS."
The Washington times., 1934-11-13
TOWN COUNCIL
0SESMEMBER

Howard Harrison, town council
man of Hyattsville, unwittingly
resigned his position to act as an
election official for one night,
last week.
At special meeting of the
town council of Hyattsvile last
night, it was definitely decided
that Mr.. Harrison had officiated
at the election, and that he was
therefore automatically dropped
from public office, according to
Maryland law.
The councilmen will hold an
other special meeting on Thurs
day night at which time Mr.. Har-
rison will either be replaced or
voted back into the council. Mr..
Harrison said he was ignorant of
the law on the subject, adding
that he acted as election official
only because he was asked to at
a late hour, and thought he was
performing a service to his COM
munity.
The Washington times., 1934-11-13
Policeman Facing
KIDNAPPING Charge

NEW YORK, Nov. 10 d.N.SJ.
A bruised and battered police
man, mauled by the fists OF an
Infatuated mob, was to appear in
Bronx magistrates court today
to answer a charge of attempt
ing to kidnap a 12-year-old school
girl, after forcing her into his
automobile.
The policeman, Thomas j. Cul-
len, of the Bronx, who has been
on the force for five years, is
accused of the attempted kidnap-
ing of Anna McManus, under
sized daughter of partially
blind stationary engineer. Cullen
was rescued by fellow policemen
barely in the nick of time, for
the girls screams had drawn a
crowd which was punching him
around savagely when a radio
patrol drove up.
The Washington times., 1934-11-13

George e. Timmons. rs, 924 1ngraham
St. N. W., and Maxine H. Runion, %,
Timberville, Va.
John E. soule. 80. Fort Barrancas,
Fla. and Adelia Elsa Maria Ermelinda
Rosasco, 80, 1852 Thirty-third st. N. w.
Florentino G. Fabella, IS, 1904 Ninth
ST.. and Annie j. Johnson, Fl, Lexing-
ton, Va.
george F. Little, So, Oak Park. ILL.,,
and Margaret T. Andrews, SS, Wardman
Park Hotel.
Humbert N. Inbres. "a, 1884 Abbey
Pl N. E., and Angelina NJ. Carrara, 81
Marshall stevens, ~. and Matte
childress 30, both of 144o R st. n. W.
James T. Yates, 81. 1914 Q st. N. w,
and Susie Cook, 20. 1859 Nineteenth St.
N. ".
william E. Watkins, 80, and Ida Will
liams, rs, both Of New York.
Charles D. Shields, 10, 1645 Thirteenth
St., and Beedie B. Artus. 20, 1880 Eighth
st.
Ralph L. Harland. 81. and Lillian l..
Duke, rs, both Of Durham, N. c.
Walter C. Andrews 3S, 742 Fourth St.
and Carrie Cople, 80, 404 H st. N. W.
Melvin H. Leishear, %, and Ruth M.
Eggleston, IS. both of Baltimore.
Sule NJ. Edwards 81. Charlottesville
The Washington times., 1934-11-13
Surveyors Job
InCountyIs
Heritage

Many voters in Prince
Georges county were curious to
know why the Democrats did
not offer a candidate to oppose
Thomas E. Latimer, who was
reelected county surveyor, last
Tuesday.
The explanation is that the
office of county surveyor in
Prince Georges is a sort Of
heritage, having remained in
the Latimer family almost un-
interruptedly for IS years.
Young Mr.. Latimer, who was
elected to the position in 1882,
was only "a years old at the
time, and succeeded his father,
Edward Latimer, who in turn
had succeeded his father.
With such a record Of service
to the county behind them, the
Democratic party either did not
care to contest the office, or
thought it useless. The position
carries no salary, but pays a fee
for each job.
The Washington times., 1934-11-13
Club Groups Plan
Reviews of Books

Circles number one and two of
the Takoma Park Fortnightly
Book Club will hold a regular
meeting tomorrow afternoon at 3
p. M, it was announced today.
A review of Long Remember, )"
by MacKinley Kantor), by Mrs.
H. D. Lawson, and another re-
view of Life of Nijinsky" (by
his wife,, by Mrs. F. B. Linton,
will feature the meeting of Circle
number one.
During the meeting of Circle
number two to be held at the
home of Mrs. ]. B. Allen. in the
first block of Elm Avenue. Mrs.
R. H. Lake, will review two books,
Mary Queen of Scots" by Eric
Linklater, and MARY of Scot
land" by Maxwell Anderson.
The Washington times., 1934-11-13
NICE WILL FACE
COUNTY FIGHT
ON LIQUOR

Original Goldsborough and pre-
convention Nice men will be pit
ted against each other for control
Of Prince Georges county patron.
age that is to be named" by
the newly elected Governor Harry
w. Nice, a fight that will reach
its climax in control Of the liquor
board next June.
Already numerous aSpirantS
have come to the surface for the
post Of police court justice, the
board of election supervisors,
State roads workers and other
posts. But before any of these
are named there will be a strug-
gle in the Republican central
committee between DR.. Thomas
Latimer and Gardner Coale,
GoldSborough hackers before the
Republican convention, and Frank
Small and ]. Wilson Ryan, Nice
supporters.
The Coale faction controls a
majority of the committee votes,
yet the committee itself may not
have any authority in its recon-
mendations to the governor should
Mr.. Nice seek to please his orig
inal supporters.
BY a peculiar quirk in the liquor
law, control of the county liquor
board will pass to the Repub-
licans on June i, while control Of
the diSpensary system in Mont
gomery county will go to the party
sustaining a majority Of its county
commissioners.
The Washington times., 1934-11-13
INJURIES
8 STUDENTS

Three University of Maryland
students today are recovering in
Casualty Hospital from injuries
received late yesterday when an
automobile in which they were
riding collided with another ma
chine at Rhode Island Avenue
and Williams Street, Brentwood.
They were returning to their
Washington homes from the
Maryland University-Virginia Mill
tary Institute football game at
Baltimore.
Those injured were Robert
White, 700 block Montana Ave.
N. w.; Charles Pierce, 1900 block
Jackson Pl. N. E., and Curtis
HOLSTER, 1900 block Somerset Pl
N. w. Their injuries were not
serious.
Gordon Lauck, first block S st.
N. w., driver of the other We.
hicle, was treated by the Bladens'
burg rescue squad for minor in
jurieS and sent to his home.
The Washington times., 1934-11-13
CARL H, BRAATZ

His name is really Carl Herman
Braatz. But to thousands of
Washington children he was Santa
Claus.
And today they buried him from
the Central Union Mission where
he had made his home for many
years.
Little is known of the old man
who so closely resembled St. Nick
and who each year at Christmas
time portrayed him in downtown
stores.
He was born in Berlin some SS
years ago, and had lived in Wash
ington since 1874. He was well
known to art students, having
posed at the Corcoran Galleries
In Germany he was butler to
George Bancroft, American am
bassador, and when he died in
1891 Mr.. Bancroft left him an in,
come of 81 a day for life.
But he didn't save his money.
He spent it, doing good, acting the
Santa Claus he portrayed.
No known relatives survive,
The Washington times., 1934-11-13
The aloud TEST"

This is the way to relieve occa-
sional sluggishness, or constipa-
ton in child of any age:
First: select liquid laxative of
the proper strength for children.
Second: give the dose suited to
the child'S age, and condition.
Third: reduce the dose, if repeated.
until the bowels are moving with
out any help at all.
An ideal laxative for this pur-
pose is the pure California Syrup
of Figs which every druggist keeps
in stock. Be certain that it is
the genuine product, with Cali
fornia" blown in the bottle.
The Washington times., 1934-11-13
Choir to Present
Cantata at TakOma

Members Of the choir of the Ia
koma Park Presbyterian Church
under direction of Mrs. Albert w.
Volkmer, will present the cantata,
1.-THE Daughters of Jairus," by
John Stainer, tomorrow evening
at 8 o'clock in the church audi
forum.
Mrs. Dudley C. Jackson will be
organist and Mrs. j. Frank Rice,
soprano; c. Wilfried Smith, tenor;
and Wifred c. Gilbert, baritone,
will be soloistS.
The Washington times., 1934-11-13
Adult Class Asked
For White Schools

Parent-Teac associations in
white schools throughout Prince
Georges county are being urged to
aid in the organization of adult
education classes in an effort to
increase relief education work.
The number of colored classes
in relief education far outnumbers
the number Of white classes.
The Washington times., 1934-11-13
DUMB FROM FEAR

ISTANBUL GN.S). - Ibrahim
Bey was asleep in his cafe at night
when he felt a snake crawling over
his body. He managed to Strangle
it with a blanket, but the expert
ence gave him such a fright that
he has lost all power Of speech.
The Washington times., 1934-11-13

action controlled. It is not wise to
give laxatives of adult strength to
a child. just because you give
them less frequently or in less
amounts. Stomach upSetS and boDel
troubles Of grouping boys and girls
can often be traced to this mistake.
When you change to California
Syrup of Figs instead of harsh
medicines, you'll risk no more
violence to your child's appetite,
digestion, and general physical
condition. You'll have safer,
more satisfactory result, too.
Those little upsets and complaints
just disappear as rule when this
advice is followed. Try it'll
The Washington times., 1934-11-13
GEORGE L. MCCONNELL

Reqiem mass was said in Holy
Name Church today for George
L. Mcconnell, District fireman
killed in an automobile accident
in New Hampshire Sunday. Inter
ment followed in Cedar Hill Gene
terry, with a group of brother fire
men acting as pallbearers.
Mr.. Mcconnell had been mem.
Der of the fire department since
The Washington times., 1934-11-13
RESPIRATOR SAVES GIRLS LIFE
APPARENTLY {

APPARENTLY doomed
to die when paralysis at
tackled her respirat DRY
faculties, Pearl Faust was
placed in an artificial
breathing tank. DR.. Ed
ward E. Seidman, attend
ing the child, says now she
has a good chance
The Washington times., 1934-11-13
Rv CARROLL MILLER

Five generals will be honorary
pail bearers at the funeral services
for Col. Charles Edward Terry
Lull, distinguished Army officer
who died yesterday at Walter Reed
Hospital.
Colonel Lull, who was chief OF
staff of the Eighty-sixth Division
in France during the World War,
will be buried from the National
Cathedral Thursday morning, fol-
lowed by interment with full mill
tary honors in Arlington National
Cemetery.
A native of Washington, he was
81, and the son of the late Capt.
Edward Lull, U. S. N.
Colonel Lull had been stationed
in washington since 1929, when he
was appointed to the historical
section of the Army War College,
being named chief in 1881. He
was an organizer of the American
Military Historical Foundation.
Colonel Lull is survived by a
widow, Mrs. Frederick Lull, and
a son, Edward Lull.
CHARLES A. BRUMBAUGH
Funeral arrangements were be-
ing made today for Charles A.
Dutch" Brumbaugh, noted Wash.
ington athlete who died yesterday
following an automobile accident
after the Princeton-Lehigh foot
ball game in which he served as an
official.
Mr.. Brumbaugh was educated in
local schools and starred in foot
ball, baseball basketball, and track
at Penn State College where he
took his degree in 1921.
Later he tried out with the
Washington baseball club but gave
up the game to become a high
school athletic director.
He is survived by a widow, his
father, DR.. G. M. Brumbaugh,
1854 Biltmore St. N. w., and a
brother, Elliot Brumhaugh, OF
Chevy Chase.
The Washington times., 1934-11-13
The Weather

District Of Columbia-Light
rain tonight; Wednesday fair and
colder; lowest temperature to-
night about IS degrees; fresh
northwest winds.
MarylAnd-Light rain in east
and re1n or snow in west portion
tonight: Wednesday generally fair
and colder. except snow flurrieS in
the mountains.
virginia-Light rain tonight,
probably clearing w esday
morning; warmer in south and
central portions tonight; colder
Wednesday.
Temperatures
Yesterday Today
4p. m....... Al 4 a. m. ...... 80
8 p. Niece. 37I8 a. m. ...... "a
Midnight. 90. "a Noon ....... 43
Departures From Normal
Accumulated excess of tempera-
ture since January /, 1884, 247.
Excess of temperature since No
vember l., 1884, 8.
Accumulated excess OF preclp1ta-
ton since January /, 1884, 7.78.
Deficiency of precipitation since
November /, 1884, 0.41.
Tide Table
Today-High tides at 1871 a..
m. and 1881 p. m. Low tides
at 7:18 a. m. and 1923 p. m.
Tomorrow-High tides at 1::21
a. m. and 1859 p. m. Low tides
at 8:17 a. m. and $40 p. m.
The Sun and Moon
The sun rises today at 6:48 a..
m. and sets 1855 p. m. The sun
rises tomorrow at $40 a. m. and
sets 4:56 p. m.
The moon rises today at 12:42
p. m. and sets 1880 p. m. The
moon rises tomorrow at 1:12 p.
m. and sets 1859 p. m.
OTHER TEMPERATURES
The Washington times., 1934-11-13
Try Lemon Juice Recipe;
Relieve Rheumatic Pain

To relieve rheumatic pain, 90 to any
leading druggist and secure a package
Of the REV PRESCRIPTION Mix it as
directed and add the juice Of lemons.
This will make a full quart of the best
medicine for rheumatic and neuritis
pains you have ever tried. Costs only
4 few cents a day. This doctors pre-
scription often stops it overnight, many
sufferers in Washington say. For sale,
recommended and guaranteed by all
leading druggists.
The Washington times., 1934-11-13
DEATHS

EhIhd D. LIttle' o., emergency Hospital.
Anna L. Sutton, 81. 4s5 ST. S. W.
Louise B. School, Is, John Dickson
Home.
clara M. Brill. SIS, SO varnum
st. N. W.
Elisha Mcclure. 50. Emergency Hos
pital.
James ]. Donellan. 5s. 1913 Harvard
St. N. W.
Nathan Bisker. ss. sibley Hospital.
Edward C. Hampshire, IS Providence
Hospital.
Catherine Smith, 20, eallinser Hos
pital.
Earl Thomas, S. Gallinser Hospital.
Martha /. jackson, 5, Chidren's Hos
Peter Andrakakos, month, children's
Hospital.
Katherine A. Boyle. hours, George
Washington Hospital.
Infant Williamson, l hour. Columbia
Hospital.
Carrie W. Clifford, 72, s39 s St. N. W,
Mary Hamilton, 81. Freedmen's Hos
pital
John w. Brown. so. $50 I St. s. w,
Beatrice Young, As. Gallnger Hospital
Edgar Washington, ~. 1852 Navy
Pl. S. E.
Robert Thompson. IS. Gallinger Hos
pital
Harry Jackson. 30. 1872 Pierce Court.
Charles Washington, 20, Casualty Hos.
pital.
Evelyn Hail. months, chndr.n's
Hospital.
Infant Wilson. 1 day, Freedmen's Hos-
pital.
Infant Maloy, s hours GallinEer Hos
pital.
Infant Anderson, 6h hours 1914
Sarah Moore. hours, Freedmen's Hos
pital
The Washington times., 1934-11-13
BIRTHS
MARRIAGE LICENSES

Samuel and Elsie Shulman. boy.
James and Helen Brown, boy.
The Washington times., 1934-11-13
MRS. LOUISE BOEKHOFF

PoACAlIo, q DIOIleC dIlu y SlSIeI /.
MRS. LOUISE BOEKHOFF
Final rites will be held tomor-
row for Mrs. Louise L. Boekhoff, ,
widely known for her civic, chart
table and church work.
Mrs. Boekhoff, the wife of Louis
L. Boekhoff, of the Bureau of
Internal Revenue, died Sunday at
her home in Chevy Chase.
Services will be held from the
home at 2 o'clock tomorrow, with
the Rev. DR.. j. Hil4man HOLSTER
officiating. Interment will be in
Glenwood Cemetery.
Mrs. Boekhoff is survived by her
husband, a daughter, Miss Claire
Boekhoff. and her mother, Mrs.
Samuel G.. Shelton.
The Washington times., 1934-11-13

A mother sometimes tries all sorts
of ways to keep a child's bowels in
proper condition, and fails.
But a child who has been con-
valescing in hospital, will often
come out with bowels working
like a well-regulated watch.
The average mother gives any
laxative the family may be using,
while doctors give children a
liquid laxative Of suitable ingre-
dients, suitable strength, and in
suitable amount.
Wh0f 70 DO for a
Sluggish Child
Stop all use of mineral drugs,
whether they are salts, pills, tab
let's, or candy" form. Even once
a month is too often to give any
child a cathartic strong enough
for adults. Use a liquid laxative
containing SIENNA "a natural laxa-
tive. California Syrup of Figs has
the right amount for children's
use, and this rich, fruity syrup
does not upset child's system.
Give that headachy or bilious
child a little Of this gentle laxative
when conStipated, and a little less
if dose is repeated until bowels
seem to be moving regularly and
thoroughly Of their own accord.
Whaf Doctors Soy
A liquid laxative is safest for
children of any age, because the
dose can be regulated and the