davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1934-04-15

in turn earns a yearly revenue of ST.
760 900 for the Government) will un-
derwrite a second service along the
east coast of South America at time
when the whole trend in Washington
is toward the pairing down of airmail
expenditures, seem extremely doubt
full. On the other hand, there appears
to be even less likelihood that the air
line can afford such a move on its
own initiative.
Pan-American's mail-carrying con-
tracts with Uncle Sam cover a 10
year period, only half of which has
expired. But there has been too much
proof of late that the Government is
not above violating the supposed
sanctity of such agreements without
affording its contractors chance to
defend themselves for either officials
or stockholders of this company to
feel any sense of security. Is any
concern justified in making tremen-
dous capital investments for equip
ment, development work, ETC., on the
basis of long-term agreements with a
government that may repudiate Its
pledges and deny its hapless contrac-
tor the basic American right of trial
before conviction?
Congress passed the foreign airmail
act. which made Pan-American's vast
system of airways possible, following
representations that both French and
German subsidized airlines already
we're strongly intrenched in South
America. This situation was, described
as a serious menace to Yankee trade
and prestige in South America.
The Germans and the French at
this time already were represented by
extensive systems in Latin America.
Pan-American. however, except for
25O-mile run from Miami to Havana,
has achieved all of its vast develop
ment since 1928, starting from scratch
and coming from behind to pass its
European competitors and become the
generally acknowledged leader among
Latin American airline operators and
q model Of safe and efficient service
for. the entire-wprld.
Evening star., 1934-04-15
Foreign Trade Reversal
Pivot of Debt Dilemma
Continued From First Page.)

by loans, but the loans themselves can
never be paid until the situation is re-
versed and the nation which has been
selling more than it buys begins to buy
more than it sells.
The johnson law probably repre-
sents the last convulsion of the debt
debate, as the occupation of the Ruhr
marked the final repercussion of the
World War. AS the French tried to
collect reparations by bayonets. Con-
gress is now trying to collect war debts
by coercion of financial variety. But
since reparations and war debts were
equally absurd economically, the re-
suit will be the same. Presently, too,
we shall have to face the fact that in
the end France had to face at Lau-
same, where reparations, with her
consent, were decently inferred. -,
(Copyright, 1884. by the Mcclure News
paper Syudicate.J
Evening star., 1934-04-15
BY ALBIN E. JOHNSON.

- ENEVA.-The much-heralded
postwar system for conduct
ing international relations
~ has gone into an almost to-
tai eclipse. Whether one
chooses to admit it or not, the ines
capable fact is that Woodrow Will
sons plan for "open covenants openly
arrived at is a completely bankrupt
ideal for the moment. Not only has
Europe reverted to the pre-war policy
of bilateral and multilateral alliances,
but it has dropped even further down
the scale of international political
morality and is now negotiating pacts
which are neither secret nor open
covenants.
The pledge to conclude only open
and aboveboard treaties, assumed by
nearly 60 nations which adhered to
the league covenant, has never been
seriously observed, although many
governments have taken their obliga-
tion literally. Since the armistice,
however, and until comparatively re-
Gently, most members of the league
compromised on "open covenants Sc
cretly arrived at" In other words.
pacts of political, commercial and
general nature we're first negotiated
privately or secretly. behind closed
doors. and then made public as ac-
complished facts. They we're even
ventually-registered with the league
so that the entire world could read
their contents.
FranEneSS in Discard
Today, however, not even that
frankness is being observed. Instead
governments resort to the subterfuge
of concluding treaties which outward
ly deal only with innocuous political
platitudes, such as non-aggreSsion,
conciliation and arbitration proceed
ures and commercial rapprochements.
These pacts are almost Immediately
made public, but the important "in-
terpretations," aide memories and
verbal understandings, which are any
thing but in conformity with the So
called postwar political morality,
never see the light of day. They re-
veal themselves only when national
policies of the contracting parties are
watched closely from month to month,
as international situations unfold.
The Balkan pact" recently con-
cluded between Turkey, Greece, Ru-
mania and Yugoslavia and the Aus
tro-Italo- Hungarian economic" en-
tente are the latest contributions to
the growing list Of ''pacts" which
have come into being stnse the eco
Evening star., 1934-04-15
IGNORING NCLEAGUE,EUROPE
REVERTS TO:PAPERPACT
Versailles Treaty Is Forgotten, With In
triguing Powers Again Placing
Faith i'm Secret Alliances.

nomic depression brought forth a Sc
ries of political crises. To the casual
reader both are admirable efforts. in
tended to clear the muddied European
atmosphere and hasten economic re-
construction and establish additional
guarantees of world peace.
Jokers Revealed.
But-the Balkan pact has at least
two jokers which are no longer dip
lomatic secrets. 1t presumably is open
to signature by any and all Balkan
countries, yet neither Bulgaria nor
Albania can possibly accept it since
it attempts to guarantee indefinitely
the territorial status quo, including
the impossible Macedonian situation.
Furthermore-while the signatories
bind themselves to mutually assist
each other in event of external ag-
gression, the Greek government, in
it's private Interpretation" has speci-
fed that the pledge only holds good
in so far as the aggreSsor is not a
great power Should Italy, for ex-
ample, declare war on YugoSlavia, or
invade Albania (Which is an almost
inevitable development of the future)
Greece will not be bound to aid its
Yugoslavian ally. 1t is not that
Greece loves Italy, but the Athenian
statesmen know that were Greece and
Yugoslavia to join in war against
Rome the Italians, with their over
whelming naval power, would imme-
diately occupy most of Greece's
islands. including Corfu and Crete.
Win or lose in the Balkans, the
Italians would not return the islands
to Greece once they were taken.
That feature of the Balkan pact is
not on the record. however. 1t was
a last-minute development which the
Yugoslavs chose to swallow rather
than see the pact (Which, by the way,
is technically contrary to the League
Covenant) collapse.
Political Codicil.
As for the Mussolini- Dollfuss- Com
bos agreements, it was not until the
signatures had been affixed to the
three commercial protocols that 1t be-
came definitely known that there was
a political codicil. Here again the
contracting powers graciously invited
"other interested states" to accede to
the treaties, but the conditions de-
manded by all three parties were
such that neither Yugoslavia, Czech
slovakia or Rumania would dream of
associating with the new Danubian
grouping. Germany may eventually
CONTINUED on Fourth Pase.l
Evening star., 1934-04-15
APRIL BRINGS FREEDOM
TO ssENSLAVED'' CONGRESS
New Deal Precedent Set as President
Is Overridden on Important
Measures, Observer Says.
BY MARK SULLIVAN.

"HE historian of this dramatic
period-when some one can
get round to writing it with
detachment, will record that
Evening star., 1934-04-15
BY GASTON NERVAL.

-: :: :; =; ?;:: s: !
<la..alo.-...o..4. La, ntix,
Evening star., 1934-04-15

handicap thus placed upon it or suffer
some pretty sad economic conse-
quences. And if this problem already
had not been rendered difficult enough
by recent airmail developments in the
United States. it is still further COM
plicated by the fact that both Ger
many and France have just moved to
lop another three days off the mail
time from Europe by flying the entire
distance and eliminating the sluggish
surface transportation link across the
South Atlantic.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1934-09-25

Suddenly. his hold loosed, Tom shot overheard
with the roll of the Shipl Captain De Cana, who
was at the helm, came running as the sail, which
Tom had been gripping, was torn from Solves by
the wind and went flying into ribbons.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1934-09-25
CORRECT MANNERS
Baby Shower
re Pnnckmon.


Dear Mrs. Beeckman:
One of my friends is plan
ming a baby shower for my girl
friend. Is it proper to type the
cards that are to be sent to in
dividualS, or is it better form
to write them in longhand? We
are planning to get small cards.
Will you kindly give me an
idea how to word such an invi-
tation? This is not to be an
elaborate affair. M.
It is the best form to write
these invitations as notes, not
on cards but on note-paper, the
seminole, if you wish. And
they may be worded like this:
Dear Mary,
I am inviting group of Eli.
nor's close friends to come to
my home for baby shower for
her, on Tuesday, the first OF
October, at three o'clock, and
very much want to have you
come. Will you? Do say yes"
and will you think of some gift
that you would like to bring for
the baby that Elinor Is to wei
come soon? Dearest love.
AFFECT1ONATELY.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1934-09-25
The Man Asks

OCo1 401os OCVCNA41okAs
We are going to move out of
town in the very near future.
Is it correct for me to ask some
friends of mine young mem
to write to me? There is one
young man in particular whom
I would like to ask, but do not
know if this would be correct.
I have known this young man
for over a year. He belongs to
the same club that I do, and he
has been in my house quite a
few times and Is well acquaint-
ed with my parents. There is
nothing between us except that
we are good friends.
If this is correct how should
I tell him and who should write
first. the young ma or
should I? Y.
I am sure that these young
men friends of yours will do the
proper thing and ask you for
permission to write to you. 1t
is the man who asks the woman
for this privilege, and then, Of
course, he writes first,
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1934-10-11
Legal QUESTION Is
issue IN TAX SUIT
Whether State Board Used u
legal Method in Making
Assessment Studied

Fargo, N. D., Oct. l1.-(FeWhether
the Great Northern railroad will re-
ceive q decrease in its 1888 taxes
Thursday hinged on technical ques-
ton of whether the state board Of
equalization used an illegal method
or formula In arriving at the assess
ment for that year.
Federal Judge Andrew Miller, after
hearing arguments Of attorneys for
the railroad and the state, took the
matter under advisement and asked
attorneys to submit legal authorities
II they are able to find them on the
question Of whether the Judge would
be justified in substituting his judy
ment for that Of the equalization
board unless fraud on the part Of the
equalization board y proved.
Harold Shaft. special assistant at
torney general, in arguing the states
side Of the case, maintained Judge
Miller would not be warranted IN
substituting his judgment for that Of
the state board Of equalization UNI
less it coull be shown that the state
board used illegal methods in arriving
at the assessment.
Attorneys for the railroad maintain
the state board committed fraud in
law by disregarding evidence laid be-
fore it by the state taxing commission
and others from whom information
was sought regarding the railroads
property value.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1934-10-11
Italian Consulate
Attacked by M0bs

Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, Oct. H.
B-A Authorities here disclosed
Thursday that the secretary Of
the Italian consulate was severely
pummeled, but not seriously in
jlred. Tuesday evening by q crowd
which had just learned Of the as
sassination Of their king, Alexan-
der.
The announcement of his death
brought great masses Of citizens
out into the market square and
surrounding streets. The secre-
tary of the Italian consulate, hap
pening to pass, was speedily rec
ognized. The crowd cried out de-
risively against Italy, then seized
the Italian official.
Reports published abroad that
there were public demonstrations
with speeches against Italy were
fatty denied by Yugoslavian au-
thorities. Public sentiment against
Italy, however, is running high.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1934-10-11
GOVERNMENT DEBTS
ABSORBED BY BANKS
Institutions Take More Than
Half Of Four Billion in
Bonds During Year

Washington, Oct. l1.-(P)-Federal
reserve board figures showed Thurs
day that the nations banks are sup
porting the government credit to an
extent unparalleled even during the
period Of vast world borrowing.
More than half Of the $4,000, 900 900
increase in government debt during
the past IL months, was absorbed by
the banking structure, the compila-
ton disclosed. In the preceding year
the picture was different. In that IL
months the debt increased $4,000. 000,-
600 and Of these securities. only about
one third went to the banks.
Statistics of the Federal Deposit In
srance- Corporation indicated that
bank holdings Of government securi-
ties - including those Of the reserve
banks amount to one-half the ma
tional debt Of approximately $27.0o7.-
C00,000
The figure Is accurate for 50 per
cent Of the commercial banks and q
per cent Of mutual savings institu-
tons but represents private estimates
for the remainder. The reserve banks
hold approximately $2.430. 100000.
A comparison Of the present situa-
ton with that existing In 1918 shows
that holdings Of governments by re-
serve member banks amount to more
than 80 per cent Of deposits, whereas
in 1918 they weEe less than IL per
cenk ~ ~
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1934-10-11
AT. /. RE|NSTATES
BUILDERS UNIONS
Long Labor Battle Ends With
'IncorrigibIes' in Control
Of Department

San Francisco, Oct. l1.-(P)-The
long and spirited internal battle ir
the building trades department Of
the American Federation Of Labor
has ended with three unions, labeled
as "incorrigibles" by their opponents
virtually In control Of the depart
ment.
Backing President William Green
the 54th annual convention of the A.
F. Of L. by an overwhelming vote
Wednesday night supported its ex-
ecutive copmittee in declaring the
recent building trades convention IL
legal because it refused to allow re-
affiliation Of the Bricklayers', Car
penters' and Electrical Workers
union. The vote settling a problem
which has ranked for years in the
inner councils OF the federation was
1898 to 1896.
The executive committee had or
dered the three unions reinstated in
an effort to present 9 united front
to industry" in the formation Of
codes and settlement Of disputes.
The three "incorrigibles." with the
support Of few Of the lesser unions
now affiliated with the department,
will be able to control its policies,
delegates agreed during the 61z hour
debate which preceded the roll-call
vote.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1934-10-11
GOVERNOR PREDICTS
DEMOCRAT VICTORY
Olson Declares Noodle Is Gain.
ing Strength Among Farm
ers Of State

Victory for the Democrats In the
fall election was foreseen Thursday
by Gov. Ole H. Olson, IN q statement
t. the Associated Press.
Olson, who has been campaigning
with the Democrats since the early
part Of the election battle, explained
he believed many are leaving the
renks Of the Republicans. to support
Tom Noodle, the Democratic candi-
date for governor. I believe the Dem
ocrats will win
He said he had received reports
from various sections Of the state,
telling of farmer support swinging to
the Democratic standard bearer.
Olson said his opinion has been
strengthened during the past few
weeks, although at first was In
clined to believe the Democrats would
rot become as strong as the trend
shows definitely they now are"
For many years, Olson has been
CIR active Republican. He announced
his support Of Noodle shortly after
assuming office as governor, follow
ing action of the state supreme court
outing Gov. william LANCER.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1934-10-11
LANCER Moratorium
Played by Jungers

Glendale, N. D., Oct. 11.-lR-The
moratorium Of busted governor VIII
liam LANCER was compared to an ac-
Gordon by John r. Jungers, Demo-
cratic candidate for insurance COM
missioner. in = political address de-
livered IN German here.
Mr.. LANCER stretched it and COM
pressed It according to his political
needs" declared Mr.. Jungers.
Junsers repeated his assertion that
President Roosevelt and LANCER
worked hand IL hard. But the Roose-
welt hand was giving and the LANCER
hand was taking"
Only . political trickster would
dare capitalize on misery money"
Jungers declared g he flayed LANCER
for creating the impression in the
minds Of Thousands Of distressed citi-
zens that he uanger) was responsible
for the relief monies poured into the
state by the Roosevelt administra-
ton"
what other Interpretation can be
placed on the fact that he stamped
federal relief orders the william
LANCER Relief FUND.-" Jungers ques-
tioued.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1934-10-11
Plan Bus Service
To State Capitol

Bus service from downtown Bis
marck to the state capitol building
will be instituted next Thursday.
October Is, by John Olson, it was
announced here Thursday.
Although details have not been
finally determined, it is expected
that trips to the capitol will be made
every Is or 20 minutes. At the be-
ginning the bus will follow q route
which takes it north on Fourth st..
and south on Seventh ST.. to Main
aytnue. Passengers may board the
bus at any point and stay on until
it reaches the point nearest their
destination
The fare will be 10 cents with four
tokens for Is cents. The bus which
Olson will put in service will seat 20
passengers and is fully equipped for
winter driving, having storm sash
and extra heater.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1934-10-11
Restraining Order in
Jones Recall Issued

Minot. N. D., Oct. ll.-(ReDistrict
Judge John G. Lowe Of Minot We'd
nesday signed an order, returnable IN
court next Tuesday afternoon, re-
straining County Auditor A. q. Tor
geson from calling an election for the
recall Of State Senator George A.
Jones Of the 29th district.
Because Judge Lowe, who Is the
jurist in the state In charge Of closed
bank cases, will be out Of A1inot next
week, he asked Judge q. Crimson Of
Rugby to come here to hear argu-
ments for and against dismissal Of
the restraining order.
Senator Jones. in obtaining the re-
straining order, alleged the auditor
erred In holding the petitions seeking
his recall were sufficient for the
calling Of IN election.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1934-10-11
Mrs. Schafer Hurt in
California Bus Mishap

Mrs. Bertha Schafer. mother Of
Harold Shafer, PIT Avenue G., and
candidate for Burleigh county clerk
Of court, received severe injuries when
q bus on which she was returning to
Bismarck collided with car ct Bever-
" Hills, Calf, it was learned here
Thursday.
Three persons We, killed and ~,
besides Mrs. Schafer, were injured
in the collision.
Mrs. schafer had been visiting in
California with Mrs. Philip Becker
Of jamestown. The Bismarck woman
was taken to hospital with several
crushed bones and minor bruises but
Is getting along nicely.
Mrs. Schafer can be reached at 500
Welshire Blvd, Los Angeles.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1934-10-11
Year-Old Hettinger
Child Dies Wednesday

Franklin Delano Beckman. year.
old son Of Mr.. and Mrs. Albert Beck
man, Hettinger, died ct the Beckman
home early Wednesday morning. Fu-
neral services will be held at the Nor
wegian Lutheran church ct Hettiuger
with Rev. Leland Rude officiating,
Interment viii Be made there. Besides
his parents the young child has sts-
ter. Lillian and brother, Walter.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1934-10-11
KALEMEN'S ALLIES
IN ASSASSINATION
GR|LLED BY POLICE
Suspects Carrying Passports
indicating Austro-ItaIian
Origin
CABINET SHAKE-UP SEEN
Third Member Of Ring Escapes
Hands Of Authorities at
Fontainebleau
Copyright. 1894, BY The Associated
PreSSl
CABINET SHAKE.UP SEEN
Copyright, 1894. By The Associated
preSSl

Paris, Oct. 1.-Two suspected ter
rorists, arrested Thursday as accom-
plices Of Petrus Kalemen. assassin Of
King Alexander Of Yugoslavia and
Louis Barthou, foreign minister Of
France, we're found to be carrying
passports indicating they were Of
Austro- Italian origin.
Frances police, under nation wide
fire because of the assassinations,
questioned their suspects throughout
the day In an effort to solve the mys-
terry Of the double killing that Is shak-
ing the diplomatic foundations OF
Europe.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1934-10-11
Cabinet Collapse Near

Rumors spread that the government
of Premier Castor Doumergue might
resign in order to reorganize. The
feeling Of the French people was
running high, not only because Of the
assassinations but because Of previ-
Gus alleged shortcomings Of police
work.
The two arrested suspects said
they were Wladislav Benes and Var
oslav Novack. The passports they
carried were Czechoslovakian and
showed Benes to have been born at
cara, Italy, in 1903, and Novack at
Goritza, Italy, in 1900. Both Of these
places then were Austrian territory.
They were arrested at Thonon on
the border Of Switzerland shortly af-
ter third suspect, Sylvester Chalny,
had escaped from police hands at
Fontainebleau. Chalny was identified
by passport which he dropped, q
passport which, like that Of Kalemen,
was purported to have been issued
by the Czechsolovakian Consulate at
Zagreb.
Benes, under French police grill
AAA6S WIN A410 4OCSVAO11OAS tAl0O AAAO
friend Novack was really Nikomir Ma
lis, whom police had been seeking as
q terrorist agitator ever since Belgian
authorities told them he was on
French soil and intending to assas-
sinate Alexander.
Identity Not Certain
But they were none too sure Of
this Identification, for Sylvester
Chalny, in his escape at Fontaine-
bleau, dropped another passport
bearing the name Sylvester Nails. It
appeared possible the real Nails was
neither Of these men. Chalny,s pass
port showed he was born at HARLOW
ach, Croatian city.
France prepared to bury her be-
loved statesman, Barthou, even as she
guarded zealously the safety Of the
new king OF Yugoslavia, 11-year old
Peter II, and his mother, the widow
ed Queen Marie. Madame Lebrun,
the wife Of the president Of France,
offered herself as q pledge Of Queen
Marie's safety for, disguised with q
heavy veil, she rode through the
streets Of Paris in an automobile with
her husband, sitting IN the place Of
Continued on Page Two)