davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington times., 1934-04-14
; Ten Year Turnover
Here Is Titanic
But One Exception

Zachary, Joe Martina, Byron
Specie and Allan Russell were
the backbone Of the Washing.
ton pitching staff and every
mothers son Of them have
long since gone their respective
ways, only Zachary and Mar
bury still being in active har-
ness as the 1884 season starts.
Leibold was given his release
after the 1925 season. and Nc.
Nicely went to st. Louis in
1927.
Bucky Harris went on to
manage Washington through
1928 and then piloted the De-
troit Tigers until he resigned
toward the latter part Of last
season to direct the Red Sox
this year.
Goslin went to st. Louis in
June, 1880, and came back to
Washington from the Browns
a year ago only to be swapped
for Outfielder John Thomas
Stone at the end of last season.
Joe Judge drew his uncondi-
tional release a year ago and
was signed by Brooklyn and
then by the Red Sox, where he
will play and coach this year.
Adieu to Peck
Roger Peckinpaugh was traded
in January, 1927, to the Chi
cago White Sox for Mangum
and Thurston and the following
December signed to manage
Cleveland, where he was re-
lieved by Walter Johnson in
mid-season of 1888.
Muddy Ruel went to the Red
Sox in the winter Of 1880, later
to the Tigers, Browns and now
the White Sox.
Sammy Rice, the last Of the
1924 worlds champions to de-
part from the Griffmen, signed
early in January to play for Wal
ter JohnSon's Cleveland Indians.
OF the players who have come
and gone from the Washington
club, there have been two most
valuable award winners, an
honor carrying a $1,000 prize,
which baseball bestowed upon
its outstanding sons for years,
but which was discontinued by
the American League in 1928
and the National in 1929. Wal
ter johnson and Roger Peckin-
paugh were thus honored, and
since their active playing days
Joe Cronin has been so &C
claimed by vote Of the writer's.
The Washington times., 1934-04-14
ARCADIA WAITS
CLERKS PIN
STAKES

Monk Fraser will play host to
Uncle Sans bowlers when the
Arcadia's Annual Federal and Dis
trict Government Handicap
Tournament is held at 8 p. m.
It will be a three-game total
pins affair. Scratch will be a 11S
average. The handicap will be
two-thirds of the difference be-
tween averages of April /, and the
118 scratch. Entry fee is $1.60
including games. Four prizes will
be given. On April 26, similar
tournament will be held for
women.
'Dutch" Newman, who rolls
today with Joe Harrison in The
washington Times Atlantic Coast
Doubles, prepared for the event
last night when he returned 70
competition and helped the Silver
Spring Skating Rink team cut the
National Capital League lead of
the Lucky Strike BARRIERS to one
game.
After picking up a game on the
Lucky Strike BARRIERS, leaders Of
the National Capital League, the
silver Spring Skating Rink
dropped two out of three games TO
Charley Young'S Temple team,
which still leaves them two games
behind the BARRIERS.
The Skaters with a high team
set of 1868 won the odd game
froSl the BARRIERS whose winning
game was the result Of a strike
by Johnny Anderson and nine
pin count on a spare in the last
box by Joe Pricci. Capt. Joe Har.
rison, of the winners, got himself
another 400 set when he masSaged
the naples for Ali count.
Frank Mischou was hot las
night, too, getting a 166 game
and 418 set to help Fountain
Hams make a clean sweep of its
set with Judd and Detweiler. King
Pin took three from Temple Hand
Laundry; Peoples Life Insurance
blanked Lucky Strike and Book of
Washington received a forfeit
from Star Service.
The Washington times., 1934-04-14

The lacrosse match features &C.
ton at College Park where the
University of Maryland stickmen
line up against the Mt. Washing
ton Club, of Baltimore, at 3
o'clock.
The tennis match will bring the
Georgetown and Temple teams
against each other at the Colum-
bia Country Club courts at 2:3O
o'clock. Temple lost yesterday to
George Washington, 6-3.
Baseball, track and football ex-
perienced heated innings" to fea-
ture yesterdays activity besides
that tennis match between George
Washington and Temple.
OId-Liners Win
On the diamond, the University
of Maryland nine defeated Vir-
ginia by the one-sided score of
8 to 0. On the cinder path, Mary
land triumphed over the Uni
versity of Richmond, 76 1-3 to
49 %, while on the football field,
George Washington had a regu-
lar member of it's grid team
Arnold Benefield-injured during
the Colonials spring drill.
Excellent pitching by Ralph
Ruble, big highlander, enabled
Maryland to defeat Virginia at
baseball. Ruble, by virtue of his
performance, ran his string of
scoreleSs innings to 10. His team
mates won the game by rallies in
the third, fourth and eighth in.
ningS, featured by the batting of
Benner and Buscher.
Earl Widmyer was for the nth
time the star in Maryland's track
triumph over Richmond. The
young star won victories in both
the 100 and 20O-yard dashes, Civ,
ing his team quite an edge in
the point totals.
Bob Slye costarred with Wild
myer by winning the 220-yard
low hurdles with ease. Bob Lever.
ton, local boy and the Spiders
five-star athlete, placed third in
the 120-yard high hurdles and
second in the 220-yard low hurdles.
Lost For Spring
George Washington will lose
the services Of Arnold Benefited
for the remainder of the spring
season, due to the lads injury
yesterday, which turned out to
be broken ankle. But Bene-
field will be recovered in time for
the ColonialS' drills next fall,
which is something to be thank
The Washington times., 1934-04-14
GERMAN SOCCER
TEAMS CLASH
TOMORROW

German American Sport Club
meets the German Sport Club
of Baltimore tomorrow at 2::30
p. M, at Benning.
The Baltimore team lost only
one point this season in the
Maryland Soccer League when
the locals held them to a IL
tie. The Washington club is in
second place in the Maryland
League.
Heinie Heise, Blanche, Louie
Gum, Herath, Sienuta and
MuehlhauSen are included in the
roster of the Washington club
which expects victory this time.
The Washington times., 1934-04-14
KENNEDY HOPES
To REPEAT

That Les Kennedy again will
turn back Donald ("Red'D Barry
in Tuesday nights ten-round box
ing feature at Portner arena to-
day was predicted by colorful
Jimmy Erwin, Kennedy's handler.
Erwin was one of the few to
predict Kennedy's upset of the
redhead a year ago after Barry
had been installed a five to one
favorite.
Les has little trouble with the
boxers. It's the rough, tough
punchers who generally take him.
Kennedy both out-boxed and out.
punched Barry a year ago.
The Washington times., 1934-04-14
TWelfth Street 'Y
Boxers In ShOU

Twelfth Street "Y' boxers en-
gage a ring team from Philadel-
phia tonight at 8::30-that team
being under the name Of the Wis.
Sahickon Club.
Five bouts will make the even
ing a busy one with Sammy Will
liamS, 165-pounder, meeting the
MiSSahickon Clubs ace in the fea.
ture. Hike Garden, Of Howard Uni,
versity, will wrestle a member Of
the visiting team as an added at
The Washington times., 1934-04-14

SPORTS
By KIRK MILLER
OsSie May Feel
Strange Next Monday
Last of Old Guard

When Ossie Bluege takes up
his position of IL years standing
out around the Washington third.
base bag next Monday he will
have good cause to rub his eyes to
make sure he is seeing rightly.
He will be the last Of the old
1924 guard which won an
American League pennant and a
worlds championship, to still be
in Washington uniform, and he
may see q mirage of the gang
which 10 years ago, come sum-
mer, startled the baseball world
by eraSing that famed slogan
which attached itself to the local
team-"Washington, first in
war, first in peace and last in
the American League"
The 10-year turnover in the
particular case of Washington
personnel has been almost 100
per cent. It is quite a commen-
tary on the passing show which
Is baseball, although the faces
do not come and go here any
more rapidly than elsewhere, in
fact not so much so possibly as
in the case of the Athletics which
tear down and rebuild with great
regularity.
Cant Stand Still
There is no such a thing as
standing still in baseball. Teams
either go forward or deteriorate.
In the constant, ceaseless effort
to improve, the picture is per-
Sistently changing, and in 10
seasons. with the exception of
Bluege, there has been what
would otherwise be a total
eclipse here.
OF course Nick Altrock and
AL Schacht are still with us,
but Of the actual players who
first brought Washington to
the fore in a baseball sense
OSSie is the lone crusader, and
it is a mark Of merit that he has
been able to outlaSt the field by
sterling playing and by taking
splendid care Of his ageing body.
Let us hark back to that
1924 winning lineup, starting
off with Memo Leibold and
Earl McNeely, who alternated
In center and led off. Then
came Bucky Harris, Sammy
Rice, Goose Goslin, Joe Judge,
Ossie Bluege, Roger Peckin.
paugh, Muddy Ruel and the
pitcher.
That Great Staff
Walter Johnson, George Mog-
ridge, Fred Marberry, Tom
The Washington times., 1934-04-14
Final Rites Held
For ChGrLey Moran

Final rites for C. v. CUncle
Charlie) Moran, former director
of athletics at Catholic University,
who died Wednesday, were held
today at his late residence, 1926
Euclid st. N. w. Requiem mass
was said at st. Paul's Church.
Tnterment was in Mt. Olivet
Cemetery.
The Washington times., 1934-04-14
Indian Spring Exhibition Heads Golf Card
5-STAR DUEL
IS OFFERED
D..C.FANS
By GEORGE A. SIMPSON

BY GEORGE A. SIMPSON
Headlining the weekend golf
activities for the District will be
the exhibition match at the
Indian Spring Country Club to-
morrow afternoon.
Two of the participants, w.
Lawson Little Of San Francisco
and Roland r. Mackenzie, pro at
the Congressional Country Club.
will perhaps gain the most atten-
ton.
First of all, the exhibition viii
provide local golf lovers their Sec
ond opportunity Of seeing Mac
Kenzie in action since returning
to take over the Congressional
job. Mackenzie appeared in an
exhibition at Rock Creek Park a
week ago.
Can Glimpse Little
Secondly, many local followers
of the game will want to
glimpse at Little who is known
as a powerful driver. Little,
an appointee to the 1884 United
States Walker Cup team, really
clocks 'em off the tee.
Others who will figure in to-
morrow's exhibition will be AL
Houghton, Roger Peacock and
George Diffenbaugh. Play is to
begin at 2 p. m.
Another exhibition is scheduled
tomorrow afternoon. It will bring
together Harry Pitt and al
Treder, of Manor, against Martin
F. Mccarthy and Cliff Spencer,
Of Beaver Dam, with action tax
ing place over the Manor course
beginning at 1870 p. m.
Tournaments at Clubs
Tournaments for members of
the various clubs will also swing
into action today and tomorrow.
All the golfers ask is a break in
the chilly weather that has laid
a black crepe on the courses the
past few days.
Capt. Kenneth j. Fielder, Army
Navy Country Club, fell before
the wizardry of Chandler Har-
per, 4 and 3, in the third round
OF the Country Club of Virginia
tournament at Richmond yester-
day. Harper then bowed to
Johnny Dawson, Of Chicago, a
and 3, in the sernifinals. Daw-
son engages Billy Howell in the
final today with the first-named
ruling as favorite.
Approximately $50 women mem
berS of the Congressional Coun-
try Club participated in yester.
days Ladies Day" program. w.
Lawson Little and Roland r.
Mackenzie were honored guests
at a luncheon. Mrs. F. G. Await;
women's golf chairman, was in
charge. Il
Scores Low Gross
Mrs. B. L. Brewer was first low
gross while Mrs. H. I. Harrigan
won the prize for highest score.
Mrs. Harvey L. Cobb took the
prize for lowest score. on any Sc
lected four holes. Other results:
Least number of puts, Mrs. C. T.
Penn; selected three holes. Mrs. Tabar;
selected two holes, Mrs. ]. F. Hayes
handicap winners, low score, Mrs. Jack
Scott; least number Of puts, Mrs. R.
E. Burks; high score. Mrs. Doley Craw-
ford; selected four holes, Mrs J. ].
Mccarthy; selected three holes, Mrs
H: H. Moffitt; selected two holes, Mrs
W. F. Bradbury; putting contest, Mrs.
Tommy wilkins.
Mrs. D. w. Bell and Mrs. B.
c. Hartig scored 81 to share first
honorS in the women's Scotch
foursome at Manor yesterday.
Mrs. R. E. Jones and Mrs. j. T.
Powell placed second with 80,
and Mrs. w. H. Callahan and
Mrs. T. N. Beavers third with 81,
The Washington times., 1934-04-14

full for, as Colonial coaches put
it today.
Catholic University and Mary
land are to scrimmage this after
noon at College Park, incidentally,
these drills having become quite
constructive to both teams. For.
ward passes will be the feature
Of today'S double workout.
The Washington times., 1934-04-14
Nelson Eliminated
From HGndbnU PLau

NEW YORK?, April 14.-Angelo
Trulio, of the New York A. c.,
battered his way into the final of
the national A. A. U. four-wall
handball championship, by defeat
ing Geoge Nelson, of Baltimore
and Washington, 21-3, 21-6.
Trulio. who held the title in
1882, experienced little difficulty
eliminating his rival. Sam Atche-
son, Of Memphis, defeated title
holder, also reached the final. He
defeated John Walsh, of the New
York A. c., 21-11, 21-4.
The Washington times., 1934-04-14
LOST 0NE-HIT GAME

A pitcher named Dolly Gray,
hurting for Washington at Chi
cago on August 2S, 1909, lost a
one-hit game by the score Of 6
runs to 4.
The Washington times., 1934-04-14

Stealing a
march on
all except
The Times
photog-
rapher,
Trainer
Jim Healey
at 5:45 this
morning
gave Sing
ing Wood,
with Jockey
Bobby Jones
up, a work.
OUT at Lne
Pimlico
race track,
the star of
Mrs. John
Hay Whit
ney's stable
doing the
mile in
1:41 As.
Trainer
Healey is
shown hold
ing the
watch on
Singing
Wood,
who today
was shipped
to Havre
de Grace
where the
son Of
Royal
Minstrel
will prob
ably race
in a spring
event in
the meeting
starting
next week.
The Washington times., 1934-04-14
PRINTERS TO DRILL

The Union Printers will work
out tomorrow at / p. m. on Mon
ument Ground No. 2. All players
are urged to report on time.
The Washington times., 1934-04-14
WERE NAMED WHALES

The Chicago Club, of the Fed
eral League, was nicknamed the
Whales" and won the 1918 PEN
nant with the lowly percentage of
.566.
The Washington times., 1934-04-14
We 7 PITCHER
BELOWFORM
OFI933

PITTSBURGH, April 14.-TO-
days scheduled exhibition game
between Washington and Pitts
burgh was called off due to cold
and snow.
The Washington times., 1934-04-14
ASKING FOR PLAYERS

A. and P. Cleaners are looking
for insect pitchers and infielders.
Write Lew Cohen at 1893 F st.
N. z.
The Washington times., 1934-04-14
MARKET NINE TOLLS

Center Market unlimited base.
ballers will drill tomorrow at 10
a. m. on the East Ellipse.
The Washington times., 1934-04-14
IMPRESSIVE VICTORY

Lee-Jackson scored an impress
Sive 13-to-8 decision over Wash
ington-Lee High baseball team
Yesterday.
The Washington times., 1934-04-14
Lacrosse, Net Match Tops
College Card Today

Lacrosse rules the collegiate sports schedule for today
though tennis will run close second
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1934-10-25
ADULT EDUCATION
CLASSES UNDER WAY

Adult education classes in Pine
county started Monday night with six
teachers employed under the emer-
gency educational program of the
State Emergency Relief administra-
ton, it was announced by Miss Mag
daleen Andren, county supervisor.
Free courses are offered in various
towns throughout the county in the
following subjects: English litera-
ture, dramatics, home economics, ag-
riculture, modern problems, Journal
ism and physical education.
Within a short time the complete
program will be set up with several
additional courses and teachers. In
formation on registration for these
classes can be obtained from Miss
Andren at the superintendent office
in Pine City.
Teachers now at work on the gov
eminent financed project are: Lucille
Williams of Brook Park, Robert Ahern
of Pine City, Mary Sexton of Beroun,
Edward Becker of Buffalo, Martha
Peterson and Priscilla Rugg, both of
st. Paul.
Pine county and fifteen counties
throughout the state are now organ
lied for the adult education program.
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1934-10-25

pie outside the state. The tax is
nothing but a tax on poverty, said Mr..
Williams. The poor man is taxed
equally with the millionaire, he stated,
and wealthy groups benefit by the re-
duction on property taxes.
FL. Proposals.
He urged the necessity for opening
idle factories for the unemployed; for
building unemployment insurance; for
providing old age pensions; for guar
anteeing cost of production to farm
ers; for taking off the tax rolls all
homesteads up to $1,000; and for help
ing farmers develop cooperative mar
kets. The Farmer-Labor party, Mr..
Williams stated, is the only party to-
day that offers any solution to our
present dilemma.
County Meetings.
The principal speakers to address
the FL. meeting at the Windemere
town hall Thursday, Oct. IS, were c.
Elmer johnson and Chas. j. Swanson.
This community is showing great in
terest in the coming election, and the
various speakers were awarded close
attention by the large audience which
packed the hall. An interesting feat
ure of the Dell Grove F.-L meeting
was the showing of the FL. pictures.
A number of speakers were present,
and lunch was served. The executive
committee held a short business meet
ing. Hans MOsbak was again select
ed as a delegate to the Sixth District
conference at st. Cloud.
Future Meetings Scheduled.
The regular meeting of the Clover
Ogema club will be held Saturday,
Oct. 81. A good program of speaking
and entertainment can be expected
from this active group. o. 2. Rems-
berg, manager of the Central Co
operative Association, will be the
principal speaker at the Birch Creek
meeting at the creamery, October 30
At Bruno, on the same date, another
Farmer-LabOr meeting will be held.
The Rock Creek club has a meeting
scheduled for October 81, at the John
JOIIlSOu NOME. FL. pictures Will NC
shown in connection with the follow
ing meetings: Clover-Ogema, Birch
Creek, and Rock Creek.
The radio program of FL candi-
dates follows: Saturday, Oct. 81,
WCCO, 6:45 to 700 p. m, Senator
Shipstead; Saturday, Oct. q, WTCN,
12:45 to 100 p. m, Att. Gen. Peterson;
Saturday, Oct. q, KSTP, 6:45 to 700
p. M, Att Gen. Peterson; Monday, Oct
80, WCCO, 7:45 to 500 p. m, Speaker
to be announced later; Monday, Oct
20, WCCO, 9:45 to 1000 p. m, Att.
Gen. Peterson; Tuesday, Oct. 80,
WCCO, 1855 to 1900 noon, Senator
Shipstead; Tuesday, Oct. 30, KSTP,
6:45 to 700 p. M, Att. Gen. Peterson;
Tuesday, Oct 80. WTCN, S:15 to $50
D. M, Att. Gen. Peterson; Wednesday,
Oct. 81, WCCO, 9:45 to 1000 p. M,
Governor Olson; Thursday, Nov. L,
WCCO, HOO to 11:15 a. m, Speaker to
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1934-10-25

70 .
ing the unemployment problem is the
more important, in fact the most i'm
pOrtant problem confronting the peo-
pie.
Look Before Leaping.
When times are hard and prevail
ing taxes are oppressive there is
sometimes a tendency to grasp at
straws. Let us not jump from the
frying pan into the fire.
Get the people back to work, let
them have some income, and the tax
problem will not loom so high.
If more revenue is needed to allevi-
ate the general property tax, some
of it can be secured through raises
in rates on other forms of taxation
now on the statute books. A bill
to raise the inheritance tax was
passed by the House in the last spe-
cial session of the Minnesota Legis-
lature, but the Senate failed to act.
Governmental revenue from the
iron industry in the form of occupa-
tional and royalty taxes, as we'll as
gross earnings taxes on railroads,
telephone, telegraph and express COM
panies, will more than double when
the idle people are again employed
and buying power is restored. mas
much as private industry is not bring
ing about this change the federal and
state governments must look after it,
for the government owes every one
an opportunity to make a living.
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1934-10-25
BROOK PARK MAN
SUCCUMBS AT Sc
Death Results From Poisoning Caused
by Ruptured appendix; Fun
eral at Hinckley.

The death of Joseph Aloyse Nicholas
Karpen of Brook Park, occurred Sat-
urday following an illness of 20 days
caused by a ruptured appendix.
Mr.. Karpen passed away at pre-
mature age, being only sc. He was
born at CRANKY on September II,
1898. He was a farmer and tractor
operator and a member of st. Patrick
church. He was married September
II, 1929, to Edith Reed of Sandstone,
and the widow and two step-children,
Lloyd Reed, II, and Nancy Reed, 10,
survive him.
The funeral was held at Hinckley
at 1920 a. m. Wednesday with Father
Reiger officiating. Burial was made
in Rosehill cemetery with Otto Ora
Der, Tom Kelsbeck, William Moeser.
Otto Brinkman, George, Louis, and
Roy Wenholz acting as pallbearers.
Friends from far and near will ex-
tend sympathy to members of the be-
reaved family in their hour of sadness.
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1934-10-25
AUCTION SALE
NEAR ASKOV

On Saturday, October 81, at 1
o'clock p. m, 4 miles east and one
half mile south of Askov, / will sell
the following chattels to the highest
bidder for cash:
One team gray geldings, ages II
and Is years, weight 1900 pounds;
set heavy work harness, riding Gull
tivator, one horse cultivator, lever
spring tooth harrow, 14-inch John
Deere walking pillow, Deering mower,
John Deere hay rake, 1a-horse gas
engine with truck, pump jack, some
tools.
There will also be sold at the same
time a cream separator, wagon with
rack, riding cultivator, hay rake,
walking pillow.
VIM. OLSEN, Owner.
ARTHUR RUBBER, Clerk.
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1934-10-25
ASKOV

A baby girl arrived Friday morning
Jensen.
Frank Krantz was a Minneapolis
passenger on the Great Northern
Monday.
And. ]. Larsen went to Pine City
Wednesday, having been called tt
serve on the petit jury.
Mrs. Niels l. Petersen left Saturda!
for Evanston and Chicago, ILL.,, to visit
relatives and the Worlds Fair.
Otto Jensen left Saturday for Deer
wood and other points in the northern
part of the state for a few days visit
Mr.. and Mrs. Johannes Juhl, Mr.
and Mrs. Johannes Sorensen and Jess
Larsen are in Ringsted, Iowa, this
week for visit with old friends.
The regular fourth Saturday in the
month social by the local d. B. S
lodge is scheduled for Oct. 81. Reds
Cavaliers will furnish the music.
The Misses Hedvig Larsen and AL
freida and Naomi Jensen left Satur'
day for Chicago. where they will at
tend the Worlds Fair and later seek
employment.
Under auspices of the local Young
Peoples Society the one act play
1.-The Great Choice" will be presented
in the very near future. Look for
further announcements next week.
Mr.. and Mrs. Chris Eriksen, Mr.
and Mrs. Otto Madsen, Mr.. and Mrs
Hans Koed, Mr.. and Mrs. John H.
Sorensen and Berge Thomson were
visitors in Minneapolis Tuesday eve
ming.
Mr.. and Mrs. ]. r. Petersen and
Mr.. and Mrs. And. P. lessen were in
Hutchinson yesterday to attend the
funeral of Chr. Sorensen, brother
of Hans Sorensen who died here some
years ago.
Mrs. Jorgen Christensen went to
Cedar Falls, Iowa, Saturday for a
visit with friends. She accompanied
the Cedar Falls people who had been
visiting at the Christensen home for
some time.
The committee in charge of the an
nual d. S. S. bazaar, has just an
nounced that their sale this fall will
be on the 10th of November in the D.
B. S. hall. Remember and reserve the
date as that is always a big event
Mr.. and Mrs. Fred johnson and
daughter, Miss Herds, went to Mime
apolis Sunday for visit. From there
Miss Herds continued on to California
to seek employment while Mr.. and
Mrs. johnson returned home Monday
Hans c. Johansen, one of the pio-
neers of the community, has recently
left for Hurley. Miss, together with
his son, Peter, and his family who il
recent years have farmed near Withee
Wis. They intend to make the new
Danish colony, "Granly," their per.
manent home.
Workmen have recently completed
the remodeling of the heating system
in the d. B. S. hall. The pipeless
furnace arrangement has been elm
mated and the hole in the floor closed
up. The heat now comes out from
under the stage, and the circulation
has greatly been improved with the
installation of large fan within the
heating system.