davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1934-02-04
These CMmbs Knoev Ho7v to Use Slot Ma
chiues-And They Douf Play Them
for the Fun ofIt but to Get tWhat
They're after:

articles it will buy, that some individuals
enjoy the accumulation of money for its own
sake.
To very young child, however, a delicious
candy or a ride on the merTy-go-round forms
a much powerful incentive than the
brightest of bright pennies.
Could the ape be taught to work as hard
for the penny as for the banana it would
buy?
THIS tested by means of an ingenious
work machine. The reward-banana or
token-WaS placed on a bar outside the cage
of the ape. 1t arranged the ape could
lift the bar, pulling the reward up to dis
tance within his grasp.
Then weights were placed on the bar so that
it became real task to lift the reward up to
the place where it could be secured by the
ape. As additional weights were added the work
became increasingly harder. and the total
weight which the ape was willing to lift be-
came an accurate measure of his desire for
that particular reward.
Provided the token on the bar was one which
the chimpanzee recognized as good one
one which would buy the reward for the banana
or other d-bit itself. But il a worthless
check were placed there, the chimp was no
longer interested in the task.
The animal allowed to 60 to the CHM
pomat Immediately after he got the money and
SptIlu II. buI ldlcI TcStdTCl may Ut ulQeI-
taken to find out whether he can be taught
to work today for money that he is not allowed
to spend until tomorrow-or next Saturday
night
Watching the apes expressing their desire
for food by going to the machine of their
preference and buying 1t, DR.. Wolfe was struck
with the possibility that these tokens and
slot machines might become q substitute for
language for the apes.
Despite persistent tests and experiments,
there is still no scientific evidence that CHM
panzees can learn to speak the language Of
man that man can learn the language of
apes, if indeed they have one
NR. ROBERT M. YERKES under whose
- direction DR.. Wolfe has worked, and who
is authority on the intelligence and habits
of apes, has himself conducted exhaustive
experiments on this point. He found nothing
to make him think that the ape has what can
be correctly called a language.
True, he has calls. and makes q variety of
definite sounds. but these are more truly
pressions of emotions than of ideas. They are
more like mans signs, or groans, or Squeals,
than like his words
ALI attempts to teach the ane to sDeak
Evening star., 1934-02-04

DR.. Robert NJ. Yerkes, under whose
direction the experiments were con-
Quoted.
chine by putting in nickel, nor pie from
the coffee machine by inserting the dime.
Mr.. Chimp, finding his wealth spread out
on the floor, would pick the correct coin go un-
hesitatingly to the corresponding chimpomat,
and buy his treasure.
Having demonstrated that the ape has the
ability to spend money, DR.. Wolfe began to
wonder whether not he would work for
wages" Could ape show sufficient fore
sight to work when the only reward was an
inedible chip that he could later spend for
food?
To man, the green bills in his pay en-
velOpe sufficient incentive for his labor:
he doesn't have to see before him his reward
in food or other desirables. In fact money
has come to mean more to man than the
Evening star., 1934-02-04

Photos Copyright by Science Service.
human words have failed, and this failure is in
spite of the fact that apes are exceptionally
clever at learning to understand what is said
to them.
The reason for their apparent inability to
speak is DUE DR.. Yerkes believes, to a lack OF
inclination to initiate sounds
The human child and the parrot In lesser
degree, have natural tendency to copy the
sounds they hear If you say boo" to a
baby you will soon hear him repeat it after
you.
The ape will not initiate in this way. He
"apeS" what he sees; not what he hears.
Without this tendency to mimic sounds, the
learning of speech is out of the question, even
though he has vocal mechanism that would
make speech perfectly possible so far as the
physiological equipment is concerned.
Other psychologists have suggested that the
ape does not speak because he hasn't the ideas
to express. DR.. Wolfe, in considering this
theory allowed the chimpanzee to use the
token technique as q substitute for language.
YELLOW chip placed in one chimpomat
was to indicate that the ape wanted to
play romp with the examiner. blue chip
placed in another machine would indicate his
desire to quit the experiments and return to
his living quarters.
The apes learned this more abstract use
of the machines quite readily as they learned
to get food from the chimpomats. In fact, DIR.
Wolfe reports that the of the blue chip
was learned with greater than any of the
others.
During the course Of the experiment, DR..
Wolfe brought in q professional cameraman
to photograph the animals. One creature took
an instant dislike to the stranger. She be-
came so excited that it was difficult to per-
suade her to do anything that could be used
for the pictures
Finally DR.. Wolfe spread out on the floor
all the various chips that were familiar to
the animal. The chimp was allowed her
choice.
There was not the slightest hesitation. In
stantly she grabbed the blue chip and ran to
place it in the upper machine, hustling then
to the door to get away from that phOtog-
rapher! She was rewarded DR. Wolfe took
her at once to the quiet seclusion of her home.
DR.. Wolfe believes that it is perfectly pos
sible for the apes to learn to make change.
For example, they might place white chip in
a machine which would deliver not food but
two red chips, or a blue chip or perhaps a
blue chip and yellow chip.
IN THIS way it may be possible to learn
] something of apes OF relative VAL
ues. banana is worth more to him than a
nut, but would he spend his banana chip in
order to secure two nut chips, Or three, or five,
dozen? Or would he exchange it for a
blue chip that would give him escape from
some one disiked, as was the photographer?
Or for another that would buy him companion
ship with a fellow ape?
These are some of the possibilities that may
be explored by further research.
It is also planned to use the method
to discover more concerning the apes eco
nomic attitudes toward his fellows. Will one
CONTINUED a IfftAenfh Pane
Evening star., 1934-02-04


express them in this way. And he would buy
himself good meal, too
Chimpanzees have performed exactly that
fcat at the laboratories of comparative psy-
clobiology at Yale University.
Poker chips of various sizes and colors were
l.sed for money. And the slot machines, aptly
,alled by the investigators "chimpomats,'' were
specially devised for the experiment.
Different chimpomats used to vend
different kinds of food. white chip would
Juy" grapes; a red one bananas; a green
ne, oranges, etc. An animal, then, in order
obtain particular food simply had to select
ne appropriate chip and insert it into the
chimpomat.
The ability to appreciate the value of money
a symbol for what it can buy has heretofore
been considered an exclusive attribute of man.
These experiments at Yale demonstrate, how
ever. that animals lower in the scale than man
attach significance to symbols. This Is
re conclusion Of DR.. John B. Wolfe, National
!: search Council Fellow, who conducted the
experiment. under the direction of DR.. Robert
l. Yerkes.
PES can use money" to buy the banana
or other treat they desire. They can Sc
ct water-buying tokens when they thirsty.
hey choose a small white token rather
IAN larger one with smaller purchasing
wer. They can discard as worthless brass
''1ecks which were the plug rickels" of the
tXoeEiment and had no exchange value.
They can even hoard" more of the tokens
than they can spend at one time, holding them
io" future use if not for rainy day
1t was not an easy task for the apes to do
this, however. The first act was to reach
.r the food at the opening and the first
step was not difficult. Even a dull CHM
:. can easily learn where to find banana
Very soon they came to associate the ap-
france of the food at the opening with the
A.
at as soon as DR.. Wolfe would start to put
fe token into the slot the chimpanzee was
~dy and waiting to catch the forthcoming
lana.
The next step for the animal was to insert
1c chip himself. But for some reason this
a5 much more difficult. Finally two animals
lastered the trick, and then they proved
acmselves better teachers than the psychologist
Dr. Wolfe allowed the other two to
'"arn from the experienced apes, and they
picked it up much more readily from their ape
.letructors.
Other machines were introduced, and other
"cCins.' The chimpanzees had to learn that
tnc white chip would work in one machine,
but not in another. And they had to learn
that one machine would deliver banana and
nothing else while another would deliver nuts
other food.
HE problem was quite like that of the diner
in the automat restaurant who must learn
{ go to machine and insert a nickel for
ccGee and to another and insert a dime for
pie You can't get coffee from the pie ma
Evening star., 1934-02-04
BY MARJORIE FAN DE WATER.

A N APE cannot go into hotel, read
~ the menu and write his order for a
meal. But he can choose the deli
cacies he wants from the machines
in an automat. Although he cannot
speak to tell of his desires. he can
Milford chronicle., 1934-02-23
BAYVTEW HEIGHTS
Near BOwers)

Mrs. II. +. Jackson and Mrs. B.
Schaeffer spent Thursday with Mrs.
Ernest COudright.
Mr.. and Mrs. Fisher Sutherland
and family were Sunday guests of
Daniel Cartright and Mrs. Brittin
Hollinger.
Mr.. and Mrs. II. Z. Jackson spent
Sunday in Milford Neck with Mr.. and
Mrs. Clarence Webb and family.
Mrs. Charles Thomas of Frederick
spent Monday here with her sister.
Mrs. H. E. Jackson.
We are sorry to- report that Mr..
and Mrs. Walter VOgel's children
are confined to their homes with
whOOping cough.
MFR. and Mrs, Barney Schaeffer
spent a very pleasant Sunday eve
ming at the home of Mr.. and Mrs.
G. A. Gilbert.
Mr.. and Mrs. Harry E. Jackson
attended the card party Saturday
evening given by Mrs. William Mar
tin and Mrs. Thomas Moore. at the
home of Mrs. Martin.
Milford chronicle., 1934-02-23
CORN-HOG ALLOTMENT
MEETINGS In KENT co.
tConiinned from Fira PaseI

be held In the vocational agriculture
room in the Milford High School
building, In cooperation with Sussex
County Agent c. Russell Snyder, and
c. f. McCauley, vocational agricul-
: ture instructor.
For the benefit OF the corn and
. hog farmers I'm the central part of
Kent county a meeting has been ar
ranged for Friday afternoon, March
2. at 1880 O'Clock. in the budget room
in the new legislative building in
Dover.
At 1880 o'clock. on the evening Of
March 2, meeting will be held in
the public school building in Clay
ton. to which all the farmers in the
northern sections of the county are
cordially invited.
At each of these meetings the
county agent will have the assist
ance of A. d. Cobb, assistant direc-
tor of the agricultural extension SER
vice of the University of Delaware.
who will explain by the use of
charts the reasons for the Federal
government entering upon this allOt-
ment program with reference to-
corn and hogs. In the meantime each
farmer in the county will receive
from the Office of County Agent Rus
sell E. Wilson a letter explaining
this plan. and a sample contract
which will be the form that is being
used throughout the United States.
Those farmers who are interested
in signing up for this corn-hOg allOt-
ment program, which is similar to
the wheat acreage adjustment and
allotment plan, are requested to
either attend one of these eommun-
ity meetings or get in touch with the
county agents Office where they will !.
be furnished with work sheets upon
which to record the necessary in
formation concerning their pTOduc- /
tion of corn and hogs for the past !
two years. This information then /
will be transferred to the contracts /
which must be signed by each pro-
ducer who agrees to conform to the
of the plan of ieduc-
ing the corn acreage 20 per cent of
the average acreage of 1882 and 1888
and of reducing the number of lit
ters of hogs farTowed 25 per cent of
the average number covering these
two basic years.
Milford chronicle., 1934-02-23
HOUSTON

Church news for Sunday, Feb. 70:
Sunday school at $50 a. NJ, Howard
r. Moore superintendent. Preaching
at 1890 by the pastor, Rev. J. e.
Handy, and the evening services as
usual.
We are very glad to report the
sick of our community are getting
better. Mrs. Manlove and Mrs. Dick
erson who have been seriously i'll
are both very much improved at this
writing and Elmer Dawson is also
doing fine and we sincerely hope
that they will all soon be up and
out again.
Eugene Sharp, Jr., was operated
upon for appendicitis on Saturday
and we hear he is getting along very
nicely.
Mr.. and Mrs. Merrill W. Thistle
wood and daughter Evelyn went to
Selbyville on Sunday afternoon and
were callers at the homes of Mr.. and
Mrs. James Johnson and Mr.. and
Mrs. Virgil McCabe.
MIR. and Mrs. George Armour had
as their Sunday guests. Mr.. and Mrs.
Irving Jellison, Mr.. and Mrs. Walter
VOshell of Wilmington, Del, Mrs.
Reuben Harrington of Milton, Mrs.
Horace McCready of WestOver, Nd,
MIR. and Mrs. Linford Cordrey of
Pittsville, Md. and Mr.. and Mrs.
Lawrence Armour and daughter
jeanette.
Mr.. aud Mrs. Obey Sapp and son
Hummel were Wilmington visitors
on Saturday.
Club Notes
The Houston New Century Club
met at the home of Mrs. Robert
Daniels in Milford on Wednesday
afternoon, Feb. 14th. with the presi-
dent, Mrs Webb presiding. The
meeting was opened with a song by
the club. The collect was Tecited in
unison. the flag salute was given, led
by Mrs. Morgan. The minutes OF the
previous meeting we're read by Miss
Garnet LOfiand secretary pro TEN.
The president read the bylaws Of
the club which was required during
the year. Other important business
matters were discussed. One being I
over International Relations. After
all the business had been disposed
of the meeting was given over to
Mrs. Daniels chairman for the day.
and II being ST. Valentine day she
had an extra fine program, one
which created quite lot of fun. She
had several contests and prizes were
awarded to Mrs. Dufendach and Mrs.
Webb. During the social hour the
hostess served delicious refresh
ments.
Milford chronicle., 1934-02-23
MILFORD
WILLlAMSVILLE
Near HOusion)

Church News: Sunday school at
Williamsville Church every Sunday
at 2 D. m. Superintendent, George
Tatman. Everyone is welcome to this
little church. Parents come and
bring your children and help to
build up a good Sunday school in
your community. We have four well
organized classes and our attend
ance is growing each Sunday. There
will be preaching al 3 p. M.
We we're disappointed very much
because II was impossible for Pro-
fessOr Jump to be with us last SUN
day. However, we were very fOrtu-
nate i'm getting Mrs. Edward Elliott
for the speaker. She gave very in
spring talk on THE Prodigal Son"
The following trustees for Will
Evansville Church have been elected
for the term of one year: Charles
Tatman, Zack Donovan and Edwin
Prettyman. The following are the
stewards: Miss Kathryn Donovan.
George Tatman and Herbert Carter.
Communion steward, Mrs. Ralph
Butler; music committee, Mrs.
Ralph Butler; class leader, Edwin
Prettyman; pastoral relation. Chas.
Tatman.
Mr.. and Mrs. George Tatman.
Charles Tatman, Mrs. Ralph Butler
and Miss Kathryn Donovan attended
the fourth quarterly conference
meeting which. was held in HOus-
ton Church last Thursday evening. q
Mrs. Lavinia E. Kenney has re-
turned to her home after spending
several weeks visiting with relatives
and friends in Wilmington and
Pennsylvania.
Miss Kathryn Donovan and friend.
Wilson Hatfield called on Mr.. and
Mrs. Floyd Hunt of Milford on Sun
day evening.
Frank Kinney of Holly Oak visit
ed at the home of Mrs. Lavinia Kin !
ney on Sunday.
Milford chronicle., 1934-02-23
LYNCH'S CORNER
Near Ellendale)

Snow! Snow. and more snOwl
Every way we look we see snow. as
! the largest snow this winter fell
Monday night, making the seventh
snow i'm succession.
Mr.. and Mrs. Oliver Lynch spent
Sunday evening with Mr.. and Mrs.
David EllenswOrth of Glendale.
Mrs. Pauline Lynch spent last
Wednesday visiting friends in
Georgetown.
Mrs. Oliver Lynch was on the sick
list last week.
Master Alfred Rogers of George
town spent last week with his aunt,
Mrs. ElwOOd Lynch of this place.
Mrs. Lizzie Lynch and son Handy,
Jr., spent Sunday with Mr.. and Mrs.
Atwood Lynch of near Georgetown.
Mr.. and Mrs. Alfred Rogers and
children of Georgetown spent last
Thursday with Mrs. Rogers parents,
Mr.. and Mrs. Clarence Abbott.
Mr.. and Mrs. Horace Webb and
son Otis. were Sunday visitors at che
home of Mrs. Webb's mother, Mrs.
Ida O'Day of Chaplains.
Mr.. and Mrs. Isaac Webb have re-
turned home after spending three
weeks in Orlando, Fla. They report
very pleasant trip among the
orange groves and in the warm sun
shine.
Mr.. and Mrs. Earl Carlisle of
Stockley spent Sunday evening with
MIR. and Mrs. Horace Webb.
The people of this community are
very sOrrOy to hear of the death of
Mrs. Lawrence Sipple of MillsbOro.
The family have the heartfelt SYM
pathy of this entire community in
the loss of such dear friend.
Curtis Ennis spent the weekend
in New York City.
Milford chronicle., 1934-02-23

As a matter OF fact, aside from
the natural appeal of a mice red
apple" (or a greening or a rus
set. if your particular yen is for
those) one need never have a raw
apple around, because those in
cans give you more than the raw
ones do-the more being their as
sured quality and the greater
convenience in cooking.
The Gamers have even remem-
bered the housewives liking for
attractive shelves, and. wise peo-
pie that they are. they have given
their cans "eye appeal" through
the use Of true color labels that
reproduce the fruit exactly.
Discussing the merits OF raw
and canned fruits. for children's
use. and Of apples in particular,
since the apple season was Just
at its height. one mother OF four
whose budget. even in these times.
permits her to have the best OF
everything. said that although she
encouraged them to eat all the
good fresh fruit they wish. they
seem to prefer canned apple
sauce and apple butter and des-
serts made from them.
Some Good Apple Recipes
And that naturally suggests
ways and means Of using apples
from the cans. II saves so much
time and effort. and you don't
have to worry about quality and
flavor. Here are some recipes for
delicious apple foods that your
family will be sure to like.
Apple and Cream Cheese Pie:
Season one No. 2 can of apple
sauce with ons-fourth teaspoon
cloves and pour into a crust. Dot
Milford chronicle., 1934-02-23
UNION
Near Lincoln)

The Ladies' Aid meeting has been
postponed from Friday. Feb. 23rd
to Monday evening. Feb. 2Gth. All
members try to be present as we
want TO show our appreciation to
New Market Aid. meeting with us.
They are furnishing the program.
Don't forget we meet at the parsOn-
age i'm Glendale. Home made ice
cream will be on sale. cake free.
Those to furnish cake please try to
be on hand with your cakes. namely:
Mrs. Burlingame, Mrs. COllett, Mrs.
Veryl Webb and Mrs. Fitzgerald.
The weather man has surely been
furnishing plenty of snow this
month; this community was visited
by a blizzard on Monday night and
Tuesday. tying up traffic in general.
Milford chronicle., 1934-02-23

NORTHERN Spy. Golden Rus
N set. Streaked Pippin. Maid
ems Blush. Lady Sweet. New
town Pippin-the very names sug-
gest untold joys to the great Amer
lean apple munching public. And
to those OF us who live, or ever
have lived, beyond the city limits,
they conjure up visions Of or
chards, from the ripening Of the
first Red Astrakan in June, to the
dropping OF the last Baldwin or
Winesap, on the very edge of
winter.
II we could only store them all
on our pantry shelves, in all their
colorful variety. we could keep
the family happy. meal on end.
with their favorite fruit. But,
apples being the perishable and
bulky things they are, and pantry
space being so limited, it just
can't be done.
Quality and Convenience
That doesn't mean, though. that
We have to be deprived Of apples
any time we want them. for
again our good old friend the tin
can comes to the rescue Of the
housewife and you can have the
most delicious apples you can
imagine all year round, in any
form you wish, baked. as apple
h,,ftoy or annie sauce- More than
that; you can be perfectly sure
that there will be no imperfec-
tions TO be cut out. because these
apples selected for canning are
picked ct the very peak OF their
goodness when flesh and flavor
are just right, and they are sealed
IN their cans so quickly that they
retain more Of their vitamins
than do apples held in storage.
Milford chronicle., 1934-02-23
The Apples On Your
Pantry Shelf
Your

with one tablespoon Of butter and
bake at $50 degrees for ten min
utes. then reduce to $50 degrees
for twenty minutes. Cool. Beat
three-fourths cup Of cream, add
one cream cheese which has been
forced through a sieve and nile
on the pie, which should be cold.
Cake and Biscuits
Apple Sauce Loaf Cake: Cream
one-third cup Of butter and one
cup of sugar. Add one teaspoon
soda to one and one-quarter CUPS
canned apple sauce lone 11.ounce
CAM and add to creamed mixture.
Sift together two cups -four. one
teaspoon baking powder. a few
grains salt. one-half teaspoon
Glove, one-half teaspoon allspice
a2d one-fourth teaspoon nutmeg,
ana add together with the grated
rind Of one lemon. Add one-half
cup Of raisins and oue-half cup
nuts. (Reserve a little vi be
-four to sift over them). Bake
in a loaf in a $50 degree oven tOi
from forty-five to sixty minutes.
Apple Sauce Biscuits: Mix and
sift two cups OF -four. four tea
spoons baking powder. one-halt
teaspoon soda and one teaspoon
salt. Cut in three tablespoons Of
shortening and add one beaten
egg One-half cup canned apple
sauce and one-fourth cup Of thick
sour cream. mixed together. Put
out on a Toured board. cut into
small biscuits and place in pans
Sprinkle with grated cheese. and
bake in a hot Oven-450 degrees -
for ten to twelve minutes "his
makes about sixteen medium
sized hiscuits
Milford chronicle., 1934-02-23
TRINITY

Mr.. and Mrs. Charles F'riedel o.
near Seaford spent Sunday with his
son, Mr.. and Mrs. Frank Friedel.
Miss Thelma Slacum spent Mon
day night with Elizabeth Steen.
Miss Elizabeth Chaffinch spent
Monday night with a former class
mate, Margaret Hastings.
Mr.. and Mrs. A. T. White and chill.
dren visited relatives at Denton on
Sunday.
Miss Mildred Dill who has been
quite i'll for the past two weeks with
sinus trouble is improving slowly.
Mr.. and Mrs. Elmer Rogers enter
tanned her brother on Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Clarence Parker and
MIR. and Mrs. Leon Carey and son
Robert spent Sunday evening with
Mr.. and Mrs. Harry WalstOn.
Mr.. and Mrs. Paul White and Mr..
and Mrs. Waller of Eden, Md. were
visitors at the home of Mr.. and Mrs.
A. T. White on Saturday.
John Williams is seriously i'll with
pneumonia. His mother from near
fredericksburg is with him. DR.. Metz
Ter OF Bridgeville is the attending
physician.
The Trinity-Epworth Home DEM
Onstration Club will meet with Mrs.
J. E. Cannon on Tuesday evening,
February %. The ladies are request
ed to bring their husbands for the
evening.
The taxpayers of Brights Branch
Ditch will hold their annual meet
ing. Saturday, March 3, at the home
of C. H. Nelson between the hours
of 1880 and 4 p. m.
The Crusaders of Trinity and Ep-
worth will hold their next meeting
at Epworth on Monday evening. Feb
ruary rs at 1880. 1t is istmpOrtant that
everyone be on time.
In spite of the cold weather we are
having record breaking attendance
at Trinity NJ. E. Sunday school. This
past Sunday a very interesting his
tory Of Barratt's Chapel was given.
This Sunday we will learn the his
tory of st. Thomas Church.
Church school at Trinity Sunday.
rs, at $3.50 a. m.
Milford chronicle., 1934-02-23
TINE EXPOSURE

A judges little daughter, who had
attended her fathers court for the
first time. told her mother:
Papa made speech, and several
other meh made speeches TO twelve
men who sat all together, and then
those twelve men were put in dark
room to be develOped.-Montreal
Star
Milford chronicle., 1934-02-23

The Optimist is now counting the
days to spring and the pessimist is
counting the days to income tax
times.-Albany News.