davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
ELMOR6HELD
AT ANEVILLE
Veteran am a.Dan Block
ade Runnsl 81 Complete
Term d Georgia

The career which carried
Frank Elm6re, former Henderson
county reSiHent, through t h e
World war, into court on a charge
of stealing an airplane, to Cuba
as a flyer and gun runner for rev.
dictionary groups, and finally to
a Georgia chaingang for bank
robbery, took him to the Bun
combe county jail on Tuesday
night after his arrest near Bat
Cave by federal officers.
Elmore's arrest came at the
home of a friend in this county, it
was said by officers, and he was
taken to the Buncombe Jail.
Elmore is we'll known in Hen
derson county and his wife lives
here. Several years ago, while
working at the Acknowledgements
sonville airport, he took plane
and went to Georgia. The plane
belonged to Luther Johnson, who
was operating the airport at that
time and Johnson preferred
charges of violating the national
motor vehicle act.
The case was heard by Magis-
trate J. P. Fletcher, now clerk of
the superior court, and Magistrate
Fletcher held that an airplane did
not come under the act. Later the
supreme court, ruling on another
case, upheld the decision of Mr..
Fletcher.
Elmore spent his early years
near Americas. Ga, and served in
the naval air service during the
World war. Later he worked at
the Fletcher airport, and then he
worked on the Atlanta-Miami air
mail run.
Lured by money, he took job
with Cuban revolutionary groups
and flew spies and ran guns for
(Contlnued on page three)
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
Blotting Paper
Screens Doors
For Vanderbilts
Court Orders New Protec-
ton From Press as Hear
ings Moves Forward

NEW YORK, Oct. 1S.-UP)
Green plotting paper was used
yesterday to cover the glass in
doors leading to the courtroom
where Mrs. Gloria Morgan Van
derbilt's fight to regain custody
of her daughter is in progress.
The sheets of plotting paper
were tackled over the panes as re-
porters-barred from the trial by
Justice John F. Carew-gathered
in the corridor to witness the ar
rival and departure of principals.
DR.. Everett Jessup, child spe-
citlist, was a witness at yester-
days hearing.
Mrs. Vanderbilt has been &C
caused ~ her mother, Mrs. Laura
X. Nc gan, and her sister-in-law,
Mrs. Harry Payne Whitney, of
being unfit to have custody of 10
year-old Gloria, heiress to $4,-
100000.
Prince and Princess Hohenlohe
were among those attending the
hearing. Prince Hohenlohe has
been accused of indiscretions with
Mrs. Vanderbilt.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
Roosevelt Order To Draft Rules
For Work Load Is Said Prejudicial

the association announced last
night.
Besse pointed out that the presi-
dents order directs the work as
signment board to include in a
permanent plan the proposals of
the Winant board which was Gre
ated to settle the cotton textile
strike "unless good cause is shown
to the contrary"
"Such prejudicial instructions
to the board have forced the wool
textile industry to protest to the
president and to call attention to
the fact that the Winant board
made no investigation of the wool
textile industry and cannot have
based its recommendations on any
detailed knowledge of conditions"
Besse said.
"Any attempt to incorporate
such recommendations as a part
of the wool textile code will find
the industry united in opposition.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
IS, Judge Holds Powers AAA
Received From Congress Void

to expedite a ruling by the U. S.
supreme court on the validity Of
President Roosevelt's order which
nullified the gold clause in billions
of bonds. :,
Solicitor General ]. Crawford
Biggs asked the court to hear ar
guments in a case involving bank
ruptcy proceedings against the
st. Louis, Iron Mountain and
Southern railway at the same
time it reviewed a case against
the Baltimore and Ohio railroad
based on the gold clause.
The government contended IN
the st. Louis, Iron Mountain
case that its claims were Jeopar-
died because trustees for SEN
ior bond issue claim they are en-
titled to payment in gold as OF Its
old dollar value. The road IS IN
debted to the Reconstruction FL
nance Corporation for S2S'lS4'-
500. :.
The Baltimore and Ohio case IS
based on action of bond holder
demanding payment of interest on
basis of the gold content or the
dollar, ..r.. - - :
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
Rogers Becomes
Folks Nominee

RALEIGH, Oct. 1S.-C. P. Rog-
ers, of Tryon, will be the Demo-
cratic nominee for the general as
sembly from Polk county, accord
ing to the decision of the state su-
preme court yesterday in uphold
ing the decision of Judge Wilson
Warlick, of the superior court.
Both the decision of Judge War
lick and the supreme court were
adverse to E. B. Cloud, who
brought the action against the
Polk county board of elections.
Cloud charged that he was nom
mated on the basis of the first
count, but the state board of cleo
tons. investigating alleged lrreg,,
ularities, disqualified the old
board and a new one was appoint
ed. The new board threw out
many votes and declared Rogers
the nominee.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
/. S. May Recognize Jap Naval Claims
2 Mothers Praise
Boy Scout Work
Before Kiwanis
Talks in Support of Report
Rendered by Mashburn
on Progress

Mrs. n. C. Foster and Mrs. Sam
KAHN, mothers of two members of
the Kiwanis clubs Boy Scout
troop, spoke briefly at the clubs
meeting today in support of re-
port by David MaShburEE Scout
master, on the activities nj the
troop this year.
Mr.. Mashburn't report showed
much progress in interest and &C
tivities, and the two mothers de-
clared that scouting is much worth
while and that they are proud to
have sons as members of the troop
because it teaches them self reli-
ance. integrity and many other
virtues.
]. H. Lampley, chairman of the
clubs troop committee, gave a fl
nancial report, and D. Y. Brown
lee. club president, appointed
Edw. R. Sutherland. R. S. Gibbs
and DR.. Hyatt R. Brown as the
clubs Scout committee, with
Brookshire Sinclair and R. B.
Hammes Is representatives on the
honor eastAeil.
The cIabgave a rising vote of
thanks to S<tatmaster Mashburn
for his succesfai direction of the
troops activitt6&
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
To Hold Services
AT Mills River

Beginning Tuesday night, Oct.
20, at 7:30 o'clock, the Rev. DR..
R. D. Carson, Of Rogersville,
Tenn, will preach series of SER
mons at the Mills River Presby-
terian church, continuing through
Sunday, October %.
The Rev. w. s. Hutchinson,
pastor, also announces that morn
ing services will be held Wednes-
day and Thursday at 1890 vt
the church, Friday at. 8 a. M. at,
the school auditorium, and Sun
day at 11:l5 a. M, at the church.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
Says COUNTY
COP. FAVORS
PENSION BILL
WaIdrop Cites Party Rec.
ord on Issues Bene-
fitting People

Both political organizations in
Henderson county will support the
old-age pension movement, it be-
came evident today when Frank
H. Waldrop, county Republican
chairman, issued a statement say
ing he believed such a bill, if
properly drafted and enacted by
the national congress, would bene-
fit Henderson county consider
ably.
M. M. Redden, county Demo-
cratic chairman, announced yes
terday that a sufficient number
of signatures are obtained to a
petition in his possession asking
that an old-age pension law be en-
acted, he will take it to Washing
ton and insist that Senators Bailey
and Reynolds sponsor or support
the legislation.
Mr.. Waldrop's statement fol-
lows:
"It appears that great senti-
ment has developed in favor of
an old-age pension in Henderson
county. The Republican party be-
lieves that this bill, if properly
drafted and made a law, would
benefit Henderson county consid-
erably, due to the fact that larg-
er element of it's citizenry are
working people and therefore
would greatly benefit by this bill.
"The Republican party is heart
lily in favor of any legislation that
will relieve suffering and distress
and improve the condition of the
people as whole. The Republican
party has always stood for liberty
(Continued on page three)
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
BEARCATS WILL PLAY STRONG
ASHEVILLE ELEVEN ON FRIDAY
Starting Lineup for Locals
To Be Same as in
Former Games

The Hendersonville High Bear
cats will journey to Asheviiie to-
morrow afternoon to meet one of
the strongest Asheville high school
teams ever placed on the grid
iron.
Asheville has had an exception
ally good season thus far while
the locals have had trouble get
ting the proper teamwork, due
mainly to the lack of experienced
men.
Coach Jimmy Jackson has an
nounced that his starting lineup
will probably be the same men
who have started previous games.
LYDIA and Page at ends, Gianakos
and Hawkins at tackles, Miller
and Brown at guard with Turner
at center. IN the backfield Jimmy
Lampley will call the signals at
quarterback, Freddy Yelton will
play full, with Jim Brown and
Quarles at halves. Quarles will re-
place Brothers, hard-driving half
back who is ineligible for this
game due to failure to pass suf-
ficient scholastic work. Joe Hol-
lingsworth, who started the sea-
son at quarterback is still out, due
to an injury sustained in the
Seneca game two weeks ago.
L. K. Singley, faculty manager
and the team student managers
have requested that all who plan
to attend the game and have
room to carry members of the
team to Asheville notify the au-
thorities at the high school.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
INSURANCE
UNEMPLOYEDIS.
STUDIED
F. R. Explains Subsistence
Homestead Relation
to Crop Cutting
NEW SOCIAL LAW
PLANS HINTED AT
BY ARTHUR F. DeGREVE

WASHINGTON, Oct. 10. (UP)
Industry and labor will bear the
major cost of the unemployment
insurance plan now being studied
by administration experts for sub
mission to the next congress,
President Roosevelt indicated last
night.
Several schemes are being con-
sidered, he said. One calls for the
federal government to bear the
costs of administering the prof.
ect. Direct contributions by the
state to any unemployment insur-
ance fund is not included in pro-
posals receiving serious thought.
Mr.. Roosevelt gave newspaper
correspondents the first faint out
line of his Forthcoming program
of social legislation as the treas
ury reported emergency recovery
expenses had reached a total of
more than a billion dollars since
July /.
Expenditures labelled by the
treasury as emergency" amount
ed to $1,O15,443,339 from July 1
to October Is as compared with
36,379,935 during the CORE
spending period of last year.
At the same time the treasury
reported an increase of $751;
S44,946 IN the nations income,
leaving a deficit of 707,033,183
in the first 3 1-2 months of the
current fiscal year. This compared
with a deficit of S273,9O2,603
that existed at the same time last
year.
President Roosevelt made it
clear that the program through
which he hopes to provide secur-
itv for every American citizen
still is in its formative stages.
The subsistence homestead pro-
ject, with which the administra-
ton has been experimenting for
many months, also will find its
way into the new program.
There has been some criticism
that the administration was work
ing at cross purposes in that,
while the AAA was urging farm
ers to reduce crops and stocks,
the government was purchasing
stock and urging subsistence
homesteaders to produce more
vegetables and grain from the
soil.
Mr.. Roosevelt pointed out there
was no relationship between the
subsistence homesteader and the
producing farmer. In the former
case, he said, the government was
first trying to save humanity and
secondly was attempting to make
the poor self-sufficient and thus
remove them from relief rolls.
The desire of the admlnlstra-
ton to reduce emergency relief
costs as soon as possible without
permitting the nations people to
90 hungry was exemplified in the
treasury figures yesterday. They
disclosed that of the billion dollar
emergency figures so far this ifs
cal year, nearly half, or S44, 343,-
TAO, was spent for relief.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
Nor TO FIGHT
OF
NAVAL POWER
b,,visiOns Include Limit
NO Of Both Naval Ships
and Guns
INST BE ACCEPTABLE.
n OTHERS CONCERNED
By FREDERICK KUN
IL Press Staff Correspondent

||T0SDON. Oct. 18.-CUP).-
h. United States is prepared to
|.,,;ipr recognition of Japan's
|,;m 10 naval equality, under
[,,sir conditions, it was learned
|, ,oo5 authority last night.
Tho delegation here to partici-
l.. IN preliminary conversations
I.iirg M to the 1885 world ma
4 rsrference intimtaed readi-
Il, :, consider incorporation nj
rsg treaty of a clause recog-
|rirg the Japanese equality
H., providing the new pact
y, 10th naval vessels and guns
, manner suitable to all sea
[zs,s concerned, for a stipulat-
I length Of time.
/ This Information and intima-
kn r the Japanese delegation
kst Toxic was willing to debate
h figures which they would con-
|dsr give them naval equality
sf.h the United States and Great
britain tended to an extent to
|ipe, the deep pessimism which
|as surrounded preliminary talks,
! open shortly.
Admiral IsOroku Yamaoto, chief
/ the japanese delegation, in to-
avs press conference, sai6:: The
ight to equality for our national
ete1se is the basis of Japan's po-
i;ion, but the figures giving US
quality remain one of the points
be discussed"
Later, Yamamoto declined to
rsver whether Tokyo would de-
band equal tonnage for the three
taior sea powers - Japan, the
United States and Britain. How
|Ts:, a definitely more cheerful!
|td:gie obtained last night, with
delegates insisting prospects
b: a new naval accord are
tighter.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
FRENCH GOVERNMENT
WILL TRY TERRORISTS

PALS, Oct. 18.-(UP).-Thc
French government last night de-
cided to try three terrorists in
volved in the assassination Of
King Alexander of Jugoslavia and
Foreign Minister Louis Barthou
last week at Marseilles, in French
courts on charges of completely in
the shooting plot.
The Observation-Disclosures NAL
ny, Wladislas Benes and Yaraslaw
Novak--will be tried in the AS
sizes court at Aix-en-provence,
near Marseilles.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
FUNERAL Held
AT BELGRADE
CHURCH TODAY
5000 People Jailed to
Keep Streets Clear of
All Suspects .
FRANCE WILL TRY
THREE TERRORISTS

BELGRADE, Oct. 1s.-(UP).
Kings, princes and statesmen rep
resenting 10 countries and weep
ing peasants today accorded fu-
neral honors to King Alexander
of Jugoslavia, who was assassinat-
ed at Marseilles nine days ago.
The funeral procession accom-
panying the body from the Ca
thedral to the railway station in
Guided King Boris of Bulgaria,
King Carol of Roumania, Presi-
dent Albert Lebrun of France,
French War Minister Philippe
Petain, Prince George of Great
Britain, Captain Hermann Goer-
ing, German minister of interior,
and other notables.
The procession required two
hours to pass, under the protec-
ton of thousands Of Jugoslavian
soldiers who lined the street to
prevent another assassination at
tempt.
Eleven-year-old King Peter Ii
walked beside his mother, Queen
Marie.
The casket was placed aboard
train for Oplenoc, family burial
ground.
The body Of the king lay in
state in the royal palace during
Wednesday, while a queue more
than a mile long moved endlessIy
into the halls, past the bier and
out into the streets again, in 81
lent homage to the monarch slain
at Marseilles.
At midnight, the body of the
king was removed to the cathe-
dral from the palace, for the fu-
neral ceremonies today.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18

WASHINGTON, Oct. IS. (UP)
Attorney General Homer Cum
mings today expressed the con-
viction that the Stoll kidnapping
case was "almost completely solv-
ed" saying that all that now re-
mains is the capture of Robinson.
LOUISVILLE, Oct. 18.-(UP)
Federal agents today had aban-
doned hope for the immediate cap
ture of Thomas H. Robinson, Jr.,
accused kidnaper of Mrs. Alice
Speed Stoll, we'll known southern
society woman who was returned
to her home Wednesday night af-
ter six days absence, but reverted
to the tactics which resulted in
the arrest of Bruno Richard
Hauptmann in the Lindbergh case.
A bewildering multitude of re-
ports that Robinson had been seen
in various central western points
was investigated but all of these
had been discredited.
At Canton, ILL.,, police said that
the man who shot a motorist and
stole two automobiles there last
night failed to answer the descrip-
ton of Robinson.
All gates to the Century of
Progress exposition at Chicago
were being watched after Chica-
20 police were warned that Rob-
inson might appear there as he
worked there last year.
Agents working on the crime
placed their principal reliance on
wide publicity of the serial num-
bers of the ransom bills included
in the $40, 450 ransom held by the
suspect.
Banks, stores, filling stations
and post offices were supplied
with the numbers of these bills.
Mrs. Stoll was beaten so severe
ly by the kidnaper who held her
prisoner for six days that once
she thought she was going to die,
it was revealed last night as three
federal warrants were issued for
her alleged abductors.
Thos. H. Robinson, Jr., foppish
Tennesseean who is sought as the
actual kidnaper of the wealthy
Mrs. Stoll, decided at one time to
kill his victim while they were
hidden in an indianapolis apart
ment, and was dissuaded from
further violence only by the pleas
of his own wife, Frances.
While police departments in
the middle west Joined with fed
eral operatives in spreading the
search for Robinson, U. S. Com,
missioner Eugene Daley issued
warrants for the abductor, his
wife and his father, Thos. H. Rob
inson, Sr., of Nashville. Mrs. Rob
inson is in custody here and the
elder Robinson is held by Nash
vile police.
Mrs. Robinson, arraigned on a
charge of "aiding and abetting'
in violation of the Lindbergh law.
pleaded not guilty and was held
under $4,000 bond for hearing
October 26th.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
EDNEYVILLE TO HAVE
COP. PRECINCT MEET

Continuing the series of politi-
cal rallies in Henderson county,
Frank H. Waldrop, county Re-
publican chairman, announced to-
day that A. J. Redden, local at
torney, will speak at Edneyville
at 1880 p. m. Friday. The public
is invited, ,''iI'..'..
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
CHARGES ROOSEVELTS
ORDER PREJUDICIAL

NEW YORK, Oct. IS. (UP)-
The National Association of Wool
Manufacturers has telegraphed
President Roosevelt protesting his
executive order of Tuesday night
STIMULATING rules and regulations
for the wool textile assignment
board, President Arthur Besse OF
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
ASA KEYES, ONE TIME
PROSECUTOR, Is DEAD

LOS ANGELES, Oct. 10. (UP)
Asa Keyes, 81, whose brilliant
career as a prosecutor was cut
short by Imprisonment in connec-
ton with the Julian Petroleum
Corporation fiaseo, died today at
Beverly Hills, following stroke
of paralysis.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
Men From Three Counties Urge
Parole Be Given J. Mack Rhodes

sometime.
Mr.. Jackson declared that he
would not only give Rhodes a job,
but that he would give him a key
to his office and the combination
to his safe. -.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18

SASHINGTON, Oct. Is. (UP)
Frc2.s today declined to COM
pr OF reports from London that
(: United States will consider
a:ans claims to naval equality
F07ded certain conditions are
Be.
They pointed to the admins
faaon'S policy of allowing AM
a:Ssator Norman H. Davis and the
'niet States delegation complete
fsscom in revealing details with
tga'd to the coming conferences
p emphasized that no state
ientS will be made by Washing
= officials while the delegation
in London.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
GIVE UP HOPE
ROBINSON May
Be ARRESTED
Justice Agents Settle Down
to Tactics Used in the
Lindbergh Case
FUGITIVE'S WIFE AND
FATHER BOTH HELD

LOUISVILLE, KY, Oct. 49,
(UP)-Mrs. Frances Robinson,
charged with participating in the
Stoll kidnapping, delivered the
$4,000 ransom money to her hus-
band on instructions of federal
agents, her attorney announced
today.
Federal Judge Charles I. Daw-
son ordered the grand jury into
session to investigate the kidnap-
ing.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
WomenDemocrats
Will Meet Friday

The Ladies Democratic club of
Henderson county will meet at
the city hall on Friday afternoon
at $3.50 o'clock.
All ladies of the county are in
vited to attend.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
|EES REVIVAL OF
The FAMILY ALTAR

|,y SSaS'ANNAH, Ga, Oct. 49,
|EsEh-Dr, Frederick H. Knubel
Ne" iork was reelected pres
Of the United Lutheran
f. |.T'a IN America today for the
consecutive time at the 9th
-niaI convention held here.
.ne President, in his annual re-
!. .G;d the 500 delegates that
- SaU TOR the revival of the
~, altar is becoming more
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
MRS. BALDWIN RETURNS

Mrs. B. F. Baldwin has return
ed to her home after being at the
Baptist hospital, in Winston
Salem, for five and a half weeks.
Her condition is such that she is
still unable to see friends.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
THINK ROBINSON
CAR FOUND IN OHIO

SPRINGFIELD, Ohio, Oct. 10.
(UP)-A sedan, believed to have
been abandoned by Thomas H.
Robinson, Jr., alleged kidnaper
of Alice Stoll, was found here to-
day, police announced.
Federal agents were en- route
here to check fingerprints.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18

| |PTAaLAHOMA CITY, Oct. 1s.-
En-. 49,. s. Judge Edgar S.
5Fs s-. Iate yesterday held that
bal Al congress gave the Agricul-
! h., adjustment Administration
Br,, ,tnse milk dealers were I'M
T.,l;Slonal and void.
~, aasnt,s decision was on a plea
r5sn ,.s zoo Oklahoma City area
tig ,Ssaaent milk dealers for an
iii, ',on against the AAA,
,s1,e s Vas as seeking to require IL
iesoss The Judge held that the
1or;,o5' equrement was an unau-
h ''r os. Interference with the DO
b. powers Of the state.
i,oj1os.S;s cached the conclusion that
DElaScoSr,,oGn and sale of milk in the
nfs,ts.,aaa City area are wholly
+isy !" IN their nature and that
: bp n not affect, interfere with
be MEN interstate commerce.
"''lon was granted.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
I'D EEK RULING ON
PAYMENT CLAUSE

he goyo o,,.SGFON, Oct. Is. (UP)
""eRt moved yesterday
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
GOOD AFTERNOON

The American Federation Of
Labor approves the idea of verti-
cal unions as opposed to horizon.
tai cuts.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
WEATHER

.;oral showers tonight and
Ues little change in temporal
ture.
The times-news. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1927-current, 1934-10-18
ALMOST COMPLETELY
SOLVED, SAYS CUMMINGS

WASHINGTON, Oct. 10. (UP)
Attorney General Homer Cum
mings today expressed the con-
viction that the Stoll kidnapping
case was "almost completely solv-
ed" saying that all that now re-
mains is the capture of Robinson.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1934-09-27

plans for the music department
and asked PIT. A. to aid in Sc
curing music of various kinds.
The president, Mrs. M. E. Ber-
kowitz, gave a carefully prepared
address in which she outlined her
plans for the year, appointed the
chairmen of the various commit
tees, announced the PIT. A.
policy for the year and asked for
the hearty cooperation of the
members in making this a banner
year for the High School PIT. A.
Miss Annie Lois Hicks room
won the prize for the highest per-
centage of parents present.
In all it was one of the most
enthusiastic meetings held in some
years at the high school.
After the business session a
social hour followed.