davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1933-02-14

Christian church. "by every means In
their power, worked zealously to eradi-
cate the vestiges of pagan superstition,
chiefly by the simple process of retain
ing the ceremonies, but modifying their
significance, and substituted for the
drawing CT names in honor Of the
goddess Februato Juno the names OF
some particular saints. But as the
festival of the Lupercalia took place
during February, the 14th of that
month, St Valentines day. was selected
for this new feast, as occurring at the
same time. The saints whose names
were drawn were proposed for imitation
to the persons who received the slips of
paper whereon they were written, and
in many reliAous house, where this
custom still prevails each member CT
the community preserves his billet
during the year as an Indictment to
initiate the virtues and invoke the
special intercession of his holy valen-
tine"
st. Francis de Sales, according to
Butler, "severely forbade the custom
of valentines, or giving boys in writing
the names of girls to be admired and
attended on by them, and to abolish it
he changed it into giving billets with
the names Of certain saints for them to
honor and initiate in particular man.
ner"
But once more the boys and girls
triumphed over the saint. In the later
years of the sixteenth century however.
the girls won victory of their own in
that they corrected the formula so
that they. instead of the boys. chose
the names.
Mailing Was Expensive.
In the period of quill pens and costly
delivery service the transmission of
valentines through the mails was an
business The swains of that
time had to content themselves and
their idolized fair ones with thick sheets
If gilt-edged letter paper-envelopes had
not then come into use, and book post
age was still unknown-the first page
of each sheet being adorned with gilt
cupid, carefully gummed on, surmount-
ing a few lines, the favorite formula
announcing in terms still held sacred
to st. Valentine that because the rose
is red and the violet blue, therefore the
Qoved one) is as sweet as sugar"
With cheaper postage printed valen-
tines gradually came into general use.
They consisted of a gaudily colored
picture representing loving couple
seated in a bower, with church in
the distance, and few lines descriptive
of the tender sentiments of the persons
the same" Some Of these
productions were quaint in the extreme.
Evening star., 1933-02-14
Report for Last "a Hours.

Record for Last "a Hours.
Highest, As, noon, today. Year ago, At.
Lowest, 38. 800 pm. yesterday. Year
ago, 36.
Record Temperatures This Year.
Highest, 68, on January 19.
Lowest, IA, on February 8.
Tide Tables.
Furnished by United States Coast and
GeOdetic Survey
Evening star., 1933-02-14
Countess Asks to Bee.

Countess Karoline Cziraky. widow Of
Count Johann Cziraky. has applied to
the police of Budapest, Hungary. for a
license to beg. Her father once was
the richest Jewish merchant in Bdda-
pest She married Count CzirakyS In
1914. but his family did not accept |her
because the marriage was a civil and
not religious ceremony.
Evening star., 1933-02-14
BY JAMES WALDO FAWCETT.


The origin of st. Valentines day and
Of the customs connected with its OBJ
servance is lost in the mists of an
tiquity. No man can say how the feast
began or how it first came to be re-
gardej as an occasion for the inter-
change of greetings of love and affec-
ton. But perhaps just because there
is mystery in the circumstances. there
are many theories of explanation.
February IA, 1t is certain, has been
the feast day of two saints known as
Valentine for hundreds of years; and
these two saints apparently were real
persons. The first was a Bishop or
Pope of Rene in the time of the En-
peror Claudius II, called Gothicus.
268-270, A. D. So steadfast was he
in the faith that he was marked for
Imprisonment when Claudius began to
persecute the Christian communities
In jail he cured the blindness of the
daughter of his guard But this very
miracle was the excuse of his con-
demnation. He was beaten with clubs
and then beheaded, a martyr of the
church. Tradition says that he YVES
buried in the old sanctuary of st.
PraxedeS at Rene, where a gate, lat
terly known as the Porta del Popolo,
was formerly named in his honor, the
Porta Valentino His passion" is part
of the legend of Saints Marius and
Martha and their companions. The
second Valentine was Bishop of Terni
Unteramna). He is supposed to have
been martyred on the same day as the
first and buried, like his brother in
loyalty and sacrifice, on the Via Fla
minia. 1t was this Valentine who was
credited with healing the son of the
rhetorician Grafton.
Referred to by Lamb.
1t was the first st. Valentine to whom
the essayist Charles Lamb referred in
his address: Like unto thee, assuredly.
Evening star., 1933-02-14
ST. VALENTINES DAY ORIGIN
LOST IN MISTS OF ANTIQUITY
February ID, However, Has Been the Feast
Day of Two Saints for Hun
dreds of Years.

there is no mitred father in the CAL
endar; not Jerome, nor Ambrose, nor
Cyril Thou contest attended with
thousands and tens of thousands of
little Loves, and the air is 'brush't with
the hiss of rustings wings Singing
Cupids are thv cho-isters and thy pre-
centors, and instead of the crosier. the
mystical arrow is borne before thee"
But not even Lamb knows why the
saint is the particular patron of love
and lovers.
Etymologists say that the circum-
stance is the product of a confusion
caused by the fact that the letters
''v'' and "g" we're frequently inter-
changed in popular speech. The word
gallant" and the word valiant" both
spring from the Latin "valens," signi-
flying 'healthful." The Norman word
"galantin,' lover of the fair sex, was
pronounced ''valantan" or ''valentin."
From these premises it is argued that
by a natural development Bishop
Valentine was constituted the special
protector and aide of sweethearts,
although he has no real connection.
not even an genealogical one, with that
class of beings"
Francis Douce, in his illustrations
of Shakespeare, 1907, suggests that st.
Valentines day is the Christianized
form of the classic Lupercalia, feasts
held in Rome in February in honor of
Pan and Juno Juno Februato), when
it was customary to put the names of
young women in a box, from which
they then were drawn by the men as
chance directed, and that the Christian
clergy finding it difficult to extirpate
the pagan practice, gave it at least
religious aspect by substituting the
names of particular saints for those
of the women.
Superstition End Sought.
Alban Butler, in the Lives CT the
Saints" explains that ministers of the
Evening star., 1933-02-14
THE WEATHER


District Of Columbia Cloudy, prob
ably occasional rain tonight and to-
morrow; colder tomorrow afternoon;
minimum temperature tonight about
40 degrees; moderate southwest and
west winds
Maryland Cloudy, with light rain
tonight and possibly tomorrow morn
ing; colder tomorrow afternoon.
Virginia-Rain tonight and probably
tomorrow mornings slightly warmer in
southeast portion tonight: colder in
west portion tomorrow afternoon.
West Virginia-Rain tonight, prob
ably changing to snow tomorrow morn
ing; colder tomorrow and in northwest
portion tonight.
River Report.
Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers
clear this morning.
Report for Last "a Hours.
Evening star., 1933-02-14
FOREIGN.
Pig Routs Cattle Thieves.

When cattle thieves attempted to raid
. dairy farm in Villa Franqueza, near
Alicante, Spain, they were frightened
away by the loud grunts Of a suspicious
pig. The grunts also aroused the people
Of the farm, but the thieves, enraged
by the interruption, killed the porker
bofof4 they fed.
Evening star., 1933-02-14
European Conditions Reviewed.
Opens Health Talk Series.

DR.. A. Earklie Coulter this morning
gave the first of a new series of popu-
lar health talks for men and women
workers. under auspices of the Associa-
ton for the Prevention of tuberculosis.
addressing the assembled force of en-
ployes at Goldenbergs Department
Store
Evening star., 1933-02-14

confronted by denominational colleges,
Of which there are 278. The total
number of college students has in
creased, it was pointed out, but the
number of students in denominational
colleges has declined Is per cent.
Because many denominational COL
leges are financially unable to main
tain standard courses, the committee
recommended many combinations Of
weak and struggling colleges of the
Presbyterian and Reformed faith in
order that the essential Christian en-
phasis of the true Christian college
may not be lost
Dr. C. S. Cleland, foreign missions
chairman, reported that many serious
difficulties" beset foreign missionary
work during the past year, but, despite
the difficulties, considerable progress
was noted.
European Conditions Reviewed.
Evangelical conditions in Europe
were reviewed by DR.. ]. Ross Steven
son of Princeton, N. j.. who told the
gathering:
Unlike our European brethren. who
are daily brought face to face with the
relentless propaganda from Moscow. our
American Christian public disregards
as irrelevant and remote the dark
clouds gathering in the Eastern sky"
Evening star., 1933-02-14

1t was the first st. Valentine to whom
the essayiSt Charles Lamb referred in
his address: Like unto thee, assuredly.
Evening star., 1933-02-14

DR.. Clarke's committee also called
attention to "the critical situation"
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-19
NJ: DOES HALF
 OF PASS TRIES

MANHATTAN, Kas., Dec. 19.- Lee Morgan was in the middle of his junior year before he won a place as quarterback and pass pitcher on the Kansas State college football squad, which carried off runner-up honors in the 1883 Big Six conference race.
 Coach "Bo" McMillin's search for . signal caller ended when Morgan completed II out of 21 passes against Missouri for total gain of 219 yards.
 Kansas States aerial machine, built around Morgan, made good about half of it's attem D t S throughout the season.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-19
BOLIVIA AND
 PARAGUAY ID
 STOP WARFARE:
Truce Declared and Be- lieved Effective Until
 New Year

MONTEVIDEO, Dec. 19-Bolivia has accepted the proposal for a truce in the Gran Chaco border warfare with Paraguay according to a statement made last night and a meeting between representatives of the two countries will be ar ranged shortly. It is not believed hostilities will be resumed. although a formal truce agreement will most likely be only until New Years.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-19
Wedding Beer Is
 Stolen; Mean Trick

MILWAUKEE, Dec. 19.-In the opinion of Mrs. c. Robertson the moanest thief is the one who "eloped" with a quarter barrel of beer at a wedding party in her home. She told police the barrel disappeared just as the guests were getting ready to drink the health of her daughter and son-in-law.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-19
FAVOR CO-CAPTAINS

EVANSTON III, Dee. l9.-The co-captain idea is popular at Northwester university this year. Don Brewer and Nelson Culver share the basketball capyaincy, and Roy Augustson, football star and Herb Harris will jointly lead tke Purple baseballers.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-19
GRID JAUNTS
 HURTS LIONS
 HOOP SQUAD

NEW YORK. Dee. 19.-Thae Rose Bowl invitation may be a great compliment to Columbia's football team but it is a distinct loss to its basket ball team. The Columbia basketball team must play for at least a month without the services of' Capt. owen McDowe1l, Tom Tomb, Harry Chase and several others who have bsen members Of both squads, but who will pass up basketball for that trip west.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-19
WARS ON CROWS

TOPEKA. Kas., Dec. 19.-Led ty the Kansas Izaak Walton league, of the state have declars l war on crows. A "crow shoot was outlined, with 200 squads of if , hunters each competing for ca ! prizes totaling S475.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-19
INT. TENNIS MEET

MELBOURNE, Australia, Dec. 10. Two players each from the Unit ed States, England France, Japan, South Africa and New Zealand are to be invited to compete in the Australian tennis championships planned here for January, 1885.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-19
@I I,,.FORBIDDEN VALLEY
 |49 :A- S4 Wi1Gaem Bynom l!loueut

SYNOPSIS: Hdrin0 beaten of sproU band ot Rlos0hee hldidHS, Curt flies to VGncourer for iafor- ndtion about Ralph aud SoaDd Nichols. qcho are bound on dan- gerons mission in the CdRddidn Northeast but aciH not tell tchdt it IS. Curt himself is trucking dor1 Igor KdrdkItdn, icedlthg cTcok lcho has taken refuge in the Indidu co1tnfrU Curt is reporting 10 1. K. Marlin. his old chief in flu Royal Mounted. rhcl ArH Bdidlcin fele- phones that he has line oa Ralph Nichols.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-19
DOUGLAS
 NEVIS
ICY WEATHER STOPS WORK
 AT TREADWELL FOUNDRY

Freezing of the 12-inch water main sup plying the Treadwsil Foundry caused suspension of reg ular activities there yesterday and most of the men were laid off tenn porarily. Efforts to thaw out the big pipe started early yesterday but without success up to last night Efforts were continued to- day with hopes of favorable re- suits.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-19

Is pounds in weight due to mud.
 Larry Holland. Southern Califor- nia sportsman, lost his reel and line off Avalon, Cal When 1t was recovered with grappling hooks, in stead of 9 big fish, he found he had caught a .22 calibra rifle
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-19
NOTICE

Regular meeting of Aurora En- campment will be held in Juneau on Tuesday evening, Dec. 19, 1883 Election of officers will be held and all Patriarchs are requested to be present.
 L. w. KILBURN, -ady Scribe.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-19
SPORT BRIEFS

After playing each other in 1893. Stanford and Washington did not meet at football for 27 years. but since 1920 Stanford has won five games to Washington's four, with two ties.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-19

Daily Empire Christmas Edition wrapped fer mailing, postage paid, I5 cents. Leave crders at Empire CT Phone 37i.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-19

How much muddy field slows down football team was indicat- .ed when the pants of Willamette, Ore. player were weighed after a game and found to have Increased
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-19
STORE OPEN

The Juneau Florists store will be open all day Sunday December 23th and from II am. to 2 pm. Christmas Day. A complete show ing Of potted plants and cut flow ers. adv
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-19
SPECIAL SESSION OF
 CITY COUNCIL HELD

For the purpose of laying out the c. w. A. works program here more definitely and establish reg ulations in conformity with those suggested by acting chief, Hawley II. Sterling, the City Council met for a short session in the city hall last evening and action was taken accordingly.
 The meeting was interrupted during it's course by some of the business men of the town waiting on the Council to petition action to secure a more adequate fresh water supply, which was promised, by passing a resolution to wolH to- ward that end.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-19

Daily Empire Christmas Edition wrapped for mailing, postage paid, E cents. Leave orders at Empire or Phone 374.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-19

Daily Empire Christmas Edition wrapped fer mailing, postage paid, 15 cents. Leave orders at Empire or Phone 374.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-19

Curt hears. tomorrow, a strange theory about Sonya.
Evening star., 1933-11-23
FARM AND FACTORY
PLAN IS UNDER WAY
Mrs. Roosevelt InSpects Be-
ginnings of Project in
West Virginia.

The Federal Farm and Factory prof.
ect located at Arthurdale, w. Va, which
Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt inspected
yesterday, is well under way.
This project, begun under supervision
of Bushrod Grimes of the University OF
West Virginia, is plan to create
place where unemployed miners can
work either on their five-acre farms or
in the factory which produces post Office
furniture.
The Government bought 200 acres.
which Mrs. Roosevelt says varies from
hill country TO bottom land. This land
is rented to the miners in five-acre plots
on a 2O-year amortization. plan. They
pay no rent the first year. 1t is hoped
that by raising their own food and
selling what the factory produces. the
scheme will develop into a self-support-
Mrs Roosevelt said several cellars
were already dug and several plots for
farm land already chosen. She hopes
there will be so houses built by Christ
mas. The first will be Hodgson houses,
varying in size from two bed rooms to
four. Every house will have kitchen.
living room and cellar. The subsequent
houses will probably be made of native
stone or wood.
Mrs. Roosevelt told OF taking TO Two
men in the machine shop. One of
them had only one arm and she asked
him what he was able to do. He
answered, II sharpen all the tools and
I can do just as good work as any one
else"
Il hope this project will serve as a
laboratory" Mrs Roosevelt said.
Apropos of the discussion about a
: national theater in Washington, Mrs
| Roosevelt remarked that if people are
fgoing to be educated for leisure, posi-
| bility must be given them for develop
sang their cultural side.
She laughingly discussed the various
things people expected her to know and
concluded: THE one thing I don't hear
in the White House is gossip
{ While Mrs. Roosevelt was on the way
. from Morgantown to Arthurdale. fire
truck followed her car, and when they
i came to the factory. the truck gave the
signal for the factory siren to blow in
! her honor. Mrs. Roosevelt knew moth
ing of this, and said. Il thought they
were to get people back to work"
Evening star., 1933-11-23
MOTIONS ARE FILED
IN GAS VALUE CASE
Charles c. Mayer Asks Com
mission to Exclude
Franchise Figures. :

Cross-eXamination Of August G. Klein
engineer, at the valuation case OF the
Washington g. Georgetown Gas Light
Companies was interrupted today by the
filing Of several motions by Charles c.
Mayer
Mayer asked the Public Utilities Com
| mission not to include any franchise
value in their valuation figure, to make
! the valuation temporary and not perma-
nent, TO deny the companies the right
to use natural gas, to revise the rate
structure and to withhold any illegal
valuation.
The motions were taken under ad-
visement after objection on the part of
| the gas companies that all of them
we're irrelevant to the valuation case.
Previous to the interruption. Klein,
who is the companies expert on repro
| duction costs, had been testifying as to
his reasons for including in the proper
| the engineers for the commission
which to carry oil from the Baltimore
g. Ohio Railroad to the east station
show rooms at the companies main
office building, and four water gas
| generating sets.
| Klein said the pipe line was not used
and he had not tested it to see whether
it could be used at this time, but he
recalled that during the World War it
was used for piping oil from the tank
cars to the companies manufacturing
| plant.
AS to the space used for selling ga;
| appliances, he said he considered this
an integral part of the companies
business. The commission some years
ago issued an order that the cash
Evening star., 1933-11-23
HEADS COMMITTEE

Dr. Howard H Long. assistant super
intendent of schools. has been named
chairman of the Advisory Committee
for the local emergency relief organi-
cation on the care of colored transients
Working with DR.. Long will be Mrs
Marie B. Schanks, Mrs. Lillian McRae,
George w. Beasley, Mrs. Anna j.
Thompson. John R. Pinkett, Edwin B.
Henderson and Campbell c. johnson.
The committee will work with the
transient division of the emergency re-
lief organization.
Evening star., 1933-11-23

receipts and expenses from the gas ap-
pliance business be accounted for sepa-
rately from receipts and expenses for
sale of gas. Assistant Corporation
Counsel William A. Roberts asked him
If this would make any difference In
his decision to include the showrooms
and Klein said he would have to in
vestigate before he could answer.
The water gas sets, he testified. were
used only one day a year In some cases
and In other years not at all, but
still he considered them essential to
protect the continuous flow Of gas de-
manded by customers Of the companies
Evening star., 1933-11-23

ed cells and then tore steam pipes from
the walls.
Authorities had to move fast to keep
the protestants, who are objecting to
the segregation. from being badly
burned by the steam.
First reports said additional police
had been called to augment the guard,
but prison authorities said they had
come only to relieve those on watch.
Evening star., 1933-11-23
HUSBAND SPIKES CAREER

HOLLYWOOD, November % Up.-
Saying that after she came to Holly
wood with a movie contract in her
purse her boyhood sweetheart appeared
on the scene and refused to let her go
into pictures, Miss Oklahoma City" of
1927, now Mrs. Jewell Hoffman, OBJ
tained divorce yesterday from Richard
Hoffman.
He insisted on my working, but he
wouldn't let me take advantage of my
movie contract" the wife testified.
Evening star., 1933-11-23
CALIFORNIA RUM PLAN
TRENDS TO MONOPOLY
State Committee Leans Toward
Control of Liquor Stores, Not
of Manufacture.

BY the Associated Press.
LOS ANGELES, November 23.-The
possibility that the State of California
may 60 into the liquor business with
State monopoly Of hard liquor sales was
suggested here yesterday by Assembly
man Lawrence Cobb, member of the
Interim State Assembly Liquor Investi-
cation Committee.
Cobb said that the State would not
manufacture liquor. but would simply
Evening star., 1933-11-23

monopolize its sale. Fortified wines and
all hard liquor would be sold only in
stores owned and operated by the State.
while the committee has not as yet
made its recommendation, the members
lean toward State monopoly" Cobb said.
Evening star., 1933-11-23
Woman "Bosses" Home.

RHINELANDER, Wis. (R.-Believing
a divorce might be averted. Mrs. Minnie
Wright, Tomahawk several months ago
obtained o formal court order declaring
she was boss in the home.
The experiment ended this week. Mrs.
Wright told the judge her husband
Loveless Wright, "sulked" almost contin-
uously. She was granted a divorce.
Evening star., 1933-11-23
.e2 CONvICTS FLOOD
PENITENTIARY CELLS
Philadelphia Prisoners Protest Seq.
regation by Tearing Fixtures
From Walls.

BY the Associated Press
PHILADELPHIA, November %. -
Ninety-two prisoners, segregated from
other convicts In the Eastern State
penitentiary, destroyed virtually all
their cell furnishings as they shouted
protests during disorder last night.
They ripped up water pipes and flood.
Evening star., 1933-11-23
Pants Cause Penalty.

!, COLOMBO. Ceylon LR.-Because he
wore trousers instead of orthodox flow-
ing robes while en- visit to London, q
Buddhist monk has been convicted of
a misdemeanor. The trial committee
rejected his excuse that he wore the
pants to keep warm.