Evening star., 1933-04-29
GALAX|ES AS WELL
AS UNIVERSE HELD .
TO Be EXPANDING.
DR.. Gum of Naval L laboratory
Attacks Battling Prob
lem of Universe.
THREE DIMENSIONS
GIVEN PHYSICAL SOCIETY
How Dense Mass of Creation Was
Shattered by Centrifugal Force
Billions of Years Ago.
BY THOMAS r. HENRY.

BY THOMAS r. HENRY.
A new mathematical solution of the
banning problem Of the expanding uni
verse was presented before the Amer
lean Physical Society, meeting at the
Bureau Of Standards here Yesterday bv
Dr. Ross Gum. physicist Of the Naval
Research Laboratory.
III. Gunn made a direct attack on
the puzzle which arises from the oh
served fact that creation-our own
Milky Way Galaxy with its billions of
stars ike the sun and the thousands
OF otner similar galaXies removed from
IL by millions of light years of space
Is expanding at an enormous rate II
was first observed by Dr.. Edwin A
Hubble, astronomer of the Carnegie
institution Of Washington at the Mount
wilson Observatory, who found spec
Iroscoplc evidence that the other ga
IaXles were moving away from the
polnt OF observation on this earth at
taN proportional to their distance.
Inls rate Is approximately 100 miles
per second per million light years. A
ngnt year is the distance covered in a
year @ by light moving at approximately
loO,O00 miles a second. Galaxies-s
galaxy Is an 1sland-like conglomeration
OF billions Of stars, 900 900 light wears
away from the earth are recedin1 AT a
rae aa OF ZOO miles a second: those 5000
OoO heht years away at a rate of 3o0
miles second, and so on
ms problem has been attacked bv
EnStem, Wilhelm DeSitter and the
A0oe LeMaitre in different ways but
an lnVolvlng concepts of hyperdimen-
sloliaI space which Is inappreciable to
H.
an explanation which involves only the
familiar three dimensions. His ex-
p.anatlon comes closer to that of Le-
Maltre than to any of the others. but
olspenses with the somewhat mystical
concept OF the original atom which was
spaceless and timeless and which ex-
piooed' creating time and space.
Universal Phenomenon
Gums defense of his solution Is that
1t hts as well or better than any Of the
others the actual speeds of cosmic ex-
panslon as observed by Hubble and
makes IT universal phenomenon. Not
only all creation but the separate pal-
axes themselves. including the Milky
Way galaxy are expanding. he saws.
The cosmic motion of the solar system
ltsel, evidence for which was pre-
sented before the National Academy OF
sciences this week, may be associated
WIN this galactic expansion, he be.
lieves.
In the beginning Gum told the phy.
sicists. all the mass of creation was
packed denSely together In one pri-
meVal body. 1t was intensely hot. II
was revolving at terrific rate, getting
faster and faster. Finally the speed Of
revolution grew too fast for the mass
to stay together. The centrifugal
forces broke it into millions of enor-
nous pieces. This. he calculates, hap.
pened about 5000, 600, 900 years ago
Now, Gum explained to the physi-
cists. one side of each Of the broken
Oh masses come from the outside of
the pr1meval mass. The other side
came from the inside. The inside.
que to the tremendous heat generated
oy gravity IN such a mass, was much
hotter than the outside So the broken
on mass was much hotter, perhaps
tW1ce as hot, on one side as On the
other.
Energy and Mass Same.
Now hot body radiates energy.
Energy and mass are different forms
OF the same thing The more energy
II radlates the more mass it loses. The
neat and light We get from the sun
are pltS OF the sun itself, and In q
ieW billion years, it has been calcu-
lated, the sun will have radiated itself
away 10 nothing. The hotter a BODY
Is, the more energy-and consequently
mass-it radiates.
From this Gum comes hack tn The
fact that his great cosmic fragments
are thermically asymetrical-hotter on
one side than on the other. Each one
OF them was many billions Of times
the mass OF our sun. A single one OF
tnem, Tor instance, contained all the
NIlons OF stars in the Milky WAY
galaxy, including the sun itself and
all its planets.
This was radiating perhaps twice as
inucn energy In one direction as In the
other. Now such a radiation would
have the same effect as the explosions
OF a rocket, which are merely explosive
ana intermittent rather than contin-
uous radlations. It would drive the
raolating body in the direction opposite
10 That In which the greatest force was
applied. In this case it would be avay
from some hypothetical center Of gray
lty The forces involved in the radia-
tlonS OF such enormous bodies were
such as to battle the human imaRina-S
tion. Like a vast number of sky rockets
the fragments OF creation scattered into
tne vast emptiness of eternity.
But, according to another we'll known
physical law, an unequally heated body
mas a tendency to get into thermic
equlilorlum. When one end of an iron
par is heated In the course of time the
Wnoie par will heat up, and the tenn
perature throughout will be equal. This
also was happening to the cosmic frag-
ments. Besides radiating into space the
neat OF the hottest side was diffusing
toward the cooler side In the course
OF Time the heat on both sides-and
consequently the outward radiation on
ootn sides-would be equal and opposite
and there would be no force pushing
the galaxies outward.
Still Rushing On.
This stage may have arrived a few
million years ago or it may be still
in the future. At any rate, observa-
tionS show that the cosmic fragments
still are rushing outward. But once
started, body tends to move continu-
ously IN straight line until something
stops it. The further apart the cosmic
fragments get the more independent
they become Of the pull toward the
universal center Of gravity.
Not only does the principle apply to
but 1t Is working on a small scale close
to home and explains the behavior Of
the Milky Way galaxy. There is OBJ
servational evidence-and this IL the
first time this ever has been pointed
out-that the stars are getting further
and further apart, he said.
Another bit Of evidence was presented
regarding the cosmic motion Of the
solar system The sun was shown to
be moving southward-Dr. Gum said
at a rate of approximately 130 miles
second If this observation Is ac.
cepted, Gum maintained, 1t would indi-
cate the sun itself is hotter on its
north than on its south side. and Is
being pushed southwark by the force
of the northerly directed radiation.
The original separation Of the cosmic
mass presumably was into the frag-
rnents now renresenfed bu fha NJ Ia xias