davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Waterbury Democrat., 1933-02-11
Twin Bill at
 New Garden
Mystery of Life" and Deception" Weekend
 Program

DrAmntizcd upon m outIino or his idcnH on evolution tho eminent scientist. lawyer and lecturer, Claf. cnce Dnrrow, in "The Mystery or Tdfo", which opens special en- gnRcment nt tho New Garden the- ntnr Sunday md Monday, gives to the world for tho first time the pcroen story of tho loves and trng- odlcg of tho rcnl "underwOrld"s-- tho world under foot. This ib the world where tho Hcnrfnced RnnH,er r gets his victim without fall md without cHpInting his crime where love ig elemental md hot with pnBBion---whcro warfare iS 10 skillfulIy organized that waste la not known, tho bodies Of tho dead even being utilized to strengthen the fortitudo of tho vlct0rH--whcfc death turks nt every hand and n breeze that turns n leaf mny Do tho instrument of death to thoua. nnds. This iB nlHo tho "undcrworId
 thnt now lies beneath tho dnnk vegetation of tho Junglos, where, nmId tho towering stalks of rank Rrnsseg md plant life, tho Bnnii WOOD his mBto and tho "Drnculn
 of tho insect kingdom hkittefs down tho highways of dnrkncSl with murder in his heart and bIood on hIB Iips--~thr Jungle thnt once covered tho earth md In which Tn tho carly days Of creation was forged fin tho hont of love and tho iron of hate for things that to-day WI cnlI mnn, on this BtnRo N cnDctcd the whole drDmn Of He with tho players in tho natural roles in which destiny cnst thnm' They play their parts with conBum' mate skill, Tragedy ls ronl because it is tnken from life; romance h Bweotly intriguing because tho no' tors nro living their pnrtB-'.not morely playing them, Tho whole story of tho universe hnB benn opi' tomlyed in this production, tho TO. mnnco of life, tho tragedy Of denth and over nIl tho eternal question mark, tho riddle of tho ages--tho unnngWernbIo mystery Of lifo. AS tho gtory unfOlds on tho screen tho vOiCo Of DnrrOW can Do heard In tho background presenting his hr- gumentB; building his cnBo upon tho premise that man and lifo re' gIlt6d from chemical- -eleetrO dls. turbnnceg in tho warming swamp land of our early GosmIc epoch. Unusual photography nboundS In thH production md Bome Of the most interesting shots of animal llfe ever seen hro presented. Insect life is also shown in nll its startling organized perfection. Armies of ants hro soon in military mnneuvers--- training perhaps for tho grent war with man which iB to provo tho toHt of tho mastery of tho world. Strange birds hre seen ns they court and mnto, stealing homes for themselves md then onmouH0giDg them SO that th. original owners would never recognize tho plnce If tbey happened nIoDg. "The Mystery of Life" Is unique. Nothing llke it bnB ever been seen upon Inc screen before. T. has been in tho making In tho lnbOrntorieB of science for ten yenrg. Many of itB BGGnes could not Do duplicated, IL h1s n most 1maz' ing interest for thcnter-g0ors of all ngcs because it B lifo itself
 Other features hre Deception" with Loo CnrrIllO, DIckin Moore md Tbelmh Todd and Ruth Fitting in Modern CindorclIn". Also n number of interesting short sub jectA Monday morning at 10 o'clock thsre will bs 1n extra
The Waterbury Democrat., 1933-02-11
Clara Bow in Cameo Feature

Three swcothearts and m worth loss husband contend for Clara Bow's fiery lovo ln Call Iicr SnV- age," the famous red-hehd'H first Fox starring picture slated for tho Cameo thehter beginning Hundny, They arc Gilbert Itofnnd ns Moon glow, her half-brced sweetheart; Monroe OwBley, the moral coward aho marrios; Anthony JOWltt, son of wealth who learns 10 fcnr her.; and Cyril Davis, her fnthor'B wenk- ,willed choice,
 "Ifells Angels" the most pres tenti0us picture thnt has como out of Hollywood, will loo tho cO'fen- ture.
 This spectacular film drama wns produced nt n cost of approximate iy t4,060,0 ,000, and WaB three years in tho making. This iH tho most timo md money over expended on C cGIlulOid production,
 More than l37 pilots, pianos md mechanics wero used In filming tho ar sequences of "IialfH Angels" and in ono acone hI0no bO planes
The Waterbury Democrat., 1933-02-11

enacted beforu thcm within tho walls of the wax museum,
 Directed by Michael Curtix, whose success in the creation of Doctor x" has made him rocog- n,xod aa q master of the suspense and thrills, tho picture ia said to havo a terrific climax. Although thoro is abundant comedy relief. doftiy woven into tho pattern of
 A brilliant cast eontrives to mako every character in "rhe Myatory of the Wax Museum" live with startling vivdncsa, Lionel Atwili, ono of the foremost stars of tho metropolitan stage. plays tho aoulp. tor Igor. Glenda Farrell. whoso brilliant work in "Llfe Begins" atamped her aa q conedionne of no ordinary ability. ia tho newspaper roportor who solves the mystery.
 Frank MoHugh, well known for hla comedy chnra cterixationa in numerous Warner-Firat National pictures such aa "Tho Crowd Noara", Parachute" Union Do. pot" "Blosaod Event." High Prca- Hure' nnd "i.ifo Begins, ia the driving newspaper editor.
 other exceptional artiats who contribute to the aucccha Of the thriller are Fay Wray, Edwin Max well. Arthur Edmund Carewc, Mat thew uetz, Holmes Herbert. Thom- na E, Jackson. Dewitt Jennings. Gavin Gordon and Allen Vincent.
 Exports have pronounced Tho Mystery of tho Wax Museum" to bo tho most perfect motion picture ln color that has yet been made.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1933-02-11
sas~-=sHs--s-'--s-s--rs- s---ssH@s'sss~ LECTURE ON ALASKA,

Tho regular monthly meeting of tho Elementary Teachers Social studies club was held Thursday af- tcrnoon at Davenport Hall. William Papo, local nowapaperman. ontcr. tnlncd tho members with q most Interesting nddroaa on Alaska. Illus trntlng hia lecture by showing nov Ing pictures of that country. Miss Mary Grady, president of tho club. presided. Tho entertainment com- mittoe consisted of MisH Anna Akc- hnn, ohnirlady. and tho Misaca Ag- nca Cronan, Ada George and Cath
 OrInN C0Oney.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1933-02-11
TrOubadOurs at
 Park Tonight
25 Cent Dances Prove
 Their Popularity

loo Damian and his Troubn- dourB, another ono of Wnterbury'H young up.ond-coming orchestras, will bo on tho Btngo nt tho Ham, ilton park dance pavilion tonight, when tho hundreds of happy dun cers throng tho municipal ball. room for anothor week end. "Pros- pcrity Night. Tho park is now tho plncc where the people you used to know, tho people you do know. and tho people you'd liko to know mako merry each Saturday night at thcso popular quarter dnncoB.
 And why shouldn't they bc pop uihr? Admission adjusted to moot tho conditions of tho times; and standard of music that has always becn the policy at tho park rc- trained; n splendid dance floor; m environment that's different. Re- ally. thcre'a nothing just likc it for miles around.
 Como carly and stny late; dnnc. ing 8:30 to 11:S0 and freo auto parking.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1933-02-11

self md tho fro that followed, q dramatic court scono in which Mss Chnttcrton is branded by her own son and orgies fin the gay dives.
 Tho companion feature is to be "TIenrt Punch, q delightful love romance featuring Marion Shil- ling md Lloyd Hughes. On Wed. fiesday and Thursday tho strand will present Lawyer Man" with William Powell and Joan Blondcil, also "Tho Penguin Pool Murder" with Edna May oliver and Jamos Gicagon. Jrridny and Saturdays program will include Helen Hayes and Gnry Cooper in "A Farewell to Arms' and "Mcn of America" with nn nil stnr cast.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1933-02-11
Alhambra Books
 Ruth ChattertOn

rho singing walter, without whom no Dight-lIfo chfo, whethor on tho BnrbnrY COnst in Bnn Fran cisco or In New York's ToDderloiD, wnB complete twenty yonrH ago, lives in all his glory in Ruth Chat. tertOnB latest starring vehicle, "FriscO Jenny" n First National picture which iB now showing nt Tho Alhnmbrh thontor.
 The pictrue hng itB opening lo- chie on tho notorious BnrbnTy Coast in 1906, tho yonr of tho great earthquake hnd Are.
 And BB n companion feature "He Learned About Women" m nmug- Ing comedy dealing with tho nd. ventures of n young man who hnd $50, ,000, 900, but who hnd mover been kIgBcd, hnB been booked. stuart Erwin, Alison HkIpwOrth, Susan Fleming, Grant Mitchell md Gordon WogtcOtt hond tho cnSt.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1933-02-11

morning performance for tho chll- dron with special additional Sult- nbls pictures, Tho general admiA- Hion for tho children will bo t0e and accompanying adults will Do pdmlttcd for lbc.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-10-06

versity Of Manitoba, died Thursday a'
Stoney Mountain penitentiary. wheu
he was serving . term for theft o.
university funds. He was %.
Machray was the central figure n
q financial scandal q little more than
q year ago. For Is years, 1nvestga-
tors said, he misused funds entrusted
to his care by the Church Of England
diocese Of Rupert's land and the Uni
versity of Manitoba.
When he pleaded guilty to theft Of
$500 900 from the university and &C.,
900 from q former law partner, Mach
ray was sentenced to seven years Inn
prisonment. Church officials were
forced to launch . national campaign
to restock their depleted treasury.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-10-06

west lightweight championship. claim
ed by Stanton.
Stanton scaled 1884, but Rippatoe
was unable to make the limit and
came in at 1871. Stanton won five
Of the six rounds, with one even.
In the semi windup, Caddy Casey,
st. Paul welterweight, had to rally In
the final round to get q draw with
Al PAIL Of Sioux City.
Lee Savoldi, st. Paul light-heavy-
weight, stopped Tiger Cy Bielfeldt Of
Moorhead In the fifth round Of q six
round bout.
Harry Larson, Staples. Mimi, light
weight, beat Dyer Of st. Paul, In
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-10-06

Roseglen and numerous other North
Dakota towns before moving to
Dodge.
She leaves her husband; three
brothers, Phillip and Jacob Landeis,
Mandar, and Louis Landeis, Fort
Yates; six daughters, Mrs. Pete vogh,
Dodge; Mrs. Peter Marquart, Dodge;
Mrs. Frank Glerck, Dodge; Mrs. John
Klein; Center; Mrs. Oden Schlosser,
and Mrs. Adam Miller, Mandan: and
two sons, Lawrence and John Of
Dodge.
Funeral services will be held at
a. M, Saturday from st. Joseph's
Catholic church here. 1nterment will
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-10-06
RECEIVERS ACCEPT
HOME OWNER BONDS
Practice 10 Followed in Cases
OF Both State and Nation.
al Banks

Agreements to accept bonds Of the
Home Owners Loan corporation In ex-
change for mortgages held by closed
North Dakota banks are being made
regularly, according to L. r. Baird,
state receiver.
Baird said this practice has been
followed for several weeks.
Though the bonds have not been
issued yet, agreements are being made
Immediately to accept them In order
to relieve pressure excrted by mort.
cages on hO1ne-owner debtors.
In like manner the receivers Of
closed national banks have been auth
orized by ]. F.. r. O'Connor, federal
comptroller, to submit to his office for
consideration all cases In which they
believe it would be to the advantage
Of their trusts to exchange mortgages
for the emergency bonds.
I'VE expect, however, in each case
OF proposed exchange" O'Connor
wrote to william F. Stevenson, chair
man Of the federal home loan bank
board, ito have contract with the
mortgagor- debtor permitting the
bonds by the receiver to be utilized In
acquiring the mortgage held by the
Home Owners Loan Corporation at
such time, in each case, as may seem
to be to the advantage Of the trust,
and we assume that our policy In this
respect will meet with your. approval
in view Of the provisions Of the Home
Owners Loan Act permitting such
bonds to be used in payment Of the
outstanding mortgages"
Law requires that such exchanges
be approved by court order and that
prior to the filing Of the court pro-
ceedings the approval Of the comp
troller likewise be given to the ex-
change.
O'Connor's stand represents q
change from his original position re-
garding the home owners bonds.
Among reasons for the change In
attitude, O'Connor wrote to Steven
son, lis that our attention has been
directed to numerous instances where
the mortgage-debtor has reduced his
mortgage substantially and therefore
has worthwhile equity in the prop
erty, but is unable for the time being
to continue to carry the property by
reason Of lack Of employment or re.
duced earnings or otherwise, 50 thai
unless some relief Is afforded, tht
mortgagor-debtors Of this class will be
liable to lose their equities in the
properties
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-10-06
GENERAL CONDITIONS

A high pressure area (30.20) extends
from saskatchewan southwark to Col
orado while low pressure areas are
centered over the upper Great Lakes
reoinn and over western oregon
1Roseburg $3.50. Cooler weather pre-
vaiis over the northern Great Plains
and along the northeastern ROCKY
Mountain slope. Temperatures are
sliqhtly higher over the Far West: Ex-
cent for unsettled conditions IN Kan
sas. the weather is generally fair from
the Great Lakes region westward ana
Southwestward to the Pacific Coast.
Missouri river stage at 7 .. m. VI
It. "a hour change, DO It.
Bismarck station barometer, lncnes:
% A. Reduced to sea level, 30.12.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-10-06
Services Saturday
For Dodge Resident

Mandan, N. D., Oct. 6.-(R)-Mrs.
Bertha zentner. IS, Of Dodge, died in
st. Alexius hospital, Bismarck, short
" before p. m. Wednesday. She
had been In the hospital since Sun
day. I
Mrs. Zentner, wife Of Frank Gent
ner, came to the United States with
her husband In 1900. They settled
near Richardton and In 1918 moved to
Mandan. They lived here six years
and then lived In Ryder, Lakota
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-10-06
Says State Boards
Giving Cooperation

st. Paul. Oct. 6.-(P-Frank w
Matson, Minnesota railroad and
warehouse commission chairman
said Thursday night Interstate co.
operation In regulating rates ane
service Of the Northwestern Bell Tele.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-10-06
Rippatoe of Fargo
Beaten by Stanton

Fargo, N. D., Oct. 6.-F)-Johnny
Stanton, Minneapolis lightweight, de-
feated Kid Rippatoe, Fargo negro. In
the feature six-round bout Of q box
ing program here Thursday night.
The bout was billed as for the north
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-10-06

phone company had been going on
three years.
He made this comment after Floyd
Bollen of the Nebraska railway COM
mission suggested commissions Of
Minnesota, Iowa, the Dakotas and Me-
braska join in a regional regulation
policy. Matson said these five states
had been cooperating.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-10-06

six rounds, coming from behind In the
last four rounds to pull ahead.
Wild Bill Bourbon Of Sioux Falls,
s D., swarmed all over Billy Russell,
Moorhead middleweight. to score a
technical knockout in the first round.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-10-06

Nationally known ~ the soap
that ends III offensive body odoss.
Here it is specially priced for
Ward Week Onlyl
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-10-06

ALuIG 00VUI N0ys
For North Da-
kota: Fair tonight
and Sat ur d ay;
light frost tonight,
rising temperature
Saturday.
For South Oa.
kota: Fair tonight
and Sat U r d ay;
local light frost
tonight. Sigh T y
warmer Saturday.
For Montana:
Generally fair to-
night and Satur-
-
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-10-06

be made In the Mandan cemtery with
members Of the German Verein Of st.
Joseph's Catholic church acting Is
pallbearerS.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-10-06
Noted Convict Dies
In Canadian Prison

Winnipeg. Manitoba, Oct. 6.-(Fe
John A. Machray, former chairman
of the board and bursar Of the. Uni
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-10-06

day; warmer to- .. N
night and east portion Saturaay. .a
saturday. slightly colder tonight, ex-
cent il extreme north, light 70 local
" heavy frost; somewhat warmer Sat
urday.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-10-06
PRECIPITATION REPORT

For Bismarck station:
Total this month to date ...... .W
Normal, this month to date 80. .l6
Total, January LIST to date 80. e1o
Normal, January LIST to date !. 1855
Accumulated deficiency to date 0.l9
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-10-06
Weather Report
FORECAST

For Bismarck and vicinity: Fair
tonight and Saturday: rising temper
The Waterbury Democrat., 1933-03-07
Funeral Wilt Take Place Friday Mornnig-Body
 to Arrive on Wednesday
 -Non-Sectarian Rites Will Be Held at Stadium

Chicago, March - U.PO = Mayor Anton J. Cermak's funeral will be held Friday morning in the Chicago Stadium.
 It was in the stadium that Mayor Cermak as "boss" of the Illinois delegation to the democratic na- tional convention, swung his SUD- port to Franklin D. Roosevelt for the presidency. Cermak, host to the convention because of his official position, was a major factor, with William G. McAdoo of California, in the final surge of votes that started the New York governor to- ward the White House.
 Cermak's body. speeding north ward from Miami, where he died yesterday morning aft gallant battle against effects o a bullet ln- tended for President Roosevelt, will arrive at 1L a. m. Wednesday: An honorary escort of members or the city council, the mayors cab- inet and prominent democrats Will accompany the body to Cermak's home.
 Thursday morning the casket will be taken to City Hall and the body will be in state short dis tance from the draped office rom which Cermak managed the coun- try's second largest city. Friday at 10 a. m. non-sectarian rites Will De held at the Stadium. with burial following in the Bohemian Natlon- al cemetery. |,
 Party leaders, republican as well as democratic, postponed naming d
 (Continued on Page i.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1933-03-07
MAYOR CERMAK TO
 BE BURIED FROM
 CHICAGO STADIUM
TO COME TO TRIAL
 ON THU RSDAY

Miami, Fla, March 7.-(UP) -Arraignment of Giuseppi .Zangafa on a charge of mur- dcring Mayor Anton J. Ccrmak to-day was set for 9 a. m. Thursday in Dade county cir cult court.
 Judge Ely o. Thompson or dered the postponcmcnt at the conclusion of n seven-minute court session opening at noon. Zangara was led from the courtroom still maining his air of contcmptuous disdain for his possible penalty of death in the electric chair.
 "'Me no sorry,'-the dimin- utive Italian bricklaycr was quoted by prison guards as de- claring repeatedly before the short court proceedings. His only comment in court was "same three" when asked whom he preferred as counsel.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1933-03-07
TWO KIDNAPERS OF
 MILLIONAIRE ARE
 PUT UNDER ARREST
One Taken in South Dako= ia and Another in Den= yer Two Others Will Soon Be in TOils-Were Paid $6O,OOO Ransom

Denver, Colo, March 7-UP)- One of the alleged kidnapers of Charles Boettcher II, millionaire held for ramson for IF days, was arrested near Mitchell, s. D.. and another was arrested in Denver, police announced.
 Chief A. T. Clark said identity of two other members of the kid naping band who collected $6O,0OO ransom for release of Boettcher was known and that their arrest was expected shortly.
 Boettcher, wealthy young busi- nessman and member of one of the vests richest pioneer families! was seized by kidnapers at his home, where a note was thrust in- to the hands of his young wife. The couple had just driven up to their Denver home when the abductors appeared. They carried Boettcher away in an automobile.
 The ransom note demanded $60,- 900, which was paid IT days later when the millionaire was released from a car in Denver and return ed home. He said he had been talk en on a long automobile trip by the kidnapers who compelled him to wear a bl:ndfold whenever they were in the same room with him.
 He said he had never seen their faces and did not know their names
 Three women and a man, 1t was revealed, have been held since Sun day on charges of investigation. suspected of being confederates of the kidnapers.
 The man, arrested in Denver. was said to have been the one who wrote a series of ransom notes re-
 (Continued on Page 8.) a
The Waterbury Democrat., 1933-03-07
SHOE WORKERS
 ON STRIKE NOW
 NUMBER l2,O00
They Are Out in Lynn and Haverhill -12 Fac= tories Sign Agreement, 36 Have Refused

Boston. March 7-UP)-Ap- proximately 12,O00 shoe workers in Haverhill and Lynn remained on strike today as the banking mora torium retarded settlement nego- tiations. The Allied Shoe Manufac- turers' Association of Lynn, com. prising 28 manufacturers. said in it's first official statement that "at q meeting at Hotel Edison the general banking situation and It's effects on the shoe industry were discussed and all other plans were laid aside indefinitely"
 Meantime, however. additional settlements were reached. The $50 employees of the Paisncr- Batchel- der Shoe company returned to work under "a substantial wage increase" and the 300 operatives resumed work at the Pacific Shoe company under IS per cent in- crease. This increased the number of Lynn factories that have re- opened to 12. employing 1900 workers. Factories still affected to- tailed 3G, employing about 4OOO. Tn Haverhill where approXimately 75OO workers from 63 factories have walked out. Charles G
 Wood. U. S. commissioner of con ciliation. and Mayor George Il. Dalrymple sought to arrange Q conference between manufacturers and strikers representatives.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1933-03-07

Washington, March 7.-OP)- Mrs Franklin D. Roosevelt today put two old neighbors from Hyde Park in charge of the presidential household. Only Lizzie Foster. Mrs Roosevelt's personal maid, Irwin McDuffie, the presidents valet. and McDufie's wife, who serves as house-maid. came with the Roose- yelts last Thursday. They were ants from the Roosevelts' New York home.
 Henry D. Nesbitt of Hyde Park, becomes chief bookkeeper and re- ceiving clerk of the White House, and his wife. who used to manage cooperative market for women. IS the new housekeeper.
 The other 15 or IS White House servants have been selected from those in the White House during
The Waterbury Democrat., 1933-03-07
Mrs. Roosevelt To Have
 Old Family Servants In
 Charge At White House

the Hoover administration. While Mrs Roosevelt takes an
 active part in organizing the house.
 hold and planning it's daily routine,
 the Nesbitts have general charge.
 They direct the servants. order the
 groceries, receive and route pack ages, arrange for extra servants if
 any are needed for large func- ton.
 Nesbitt's last job was In q Poughkeepsie cooperate company.
 The factory closed down and he
 was unemployed when Mrs Roose-
 welt asked him and his wife to come down and manage the White House. Before that he worked for a railroad. whaling company, and in other enterprises. Mrs Roosevelt's only social engagement
 today is the last concert of the sea- son here of the New York Phil- harmonic orchestra.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1933-03-07
CUNMAN KEPT ON LAUGHING AS HE
 SHOT DRIVER
Laughing When He Got Into the Cab and Still Laughed as He "Spot- ted" Victim

New York, March 7-(U.P.) A jaunty man in a blue overcoat. carrying 8 walking stick. hailed Santo Cari's taxicab and entered 1t with a loud laugh. All the way over the Williamsburg bridge to Brook lyn he kept up his laughter.
 Ut must be a good joke he's laughing at." Cari thought.
 At the end of the ride. the pas- senger alighted, thrust revolver in Cari's ribs, and prodded him to Q doorway.
 "Take my money, but don't shoot me" Cari begged.
 The passenger laughed again.
 q don't want your money" he said. I'm going to kill you"
 The laughing man fired four shots at Cari and walked away, swinging his cane.
 Cari was near death to-day. He told police he had never seen the man before. and that he had no known enemies.