Evening star., 1933-07-19

Dissimilar in several ways, Turkey.
Russia and Japan are alike in the Vlgor
and methods with which they are strlv-
ing to meet current economic difficult
ties
They are trying to build up agricul-
ture and industries to level OF per-
manent stability; they are seeking trade
pacts with other nations; they have
inaugurated far-sighted plans reaching
into many spheres of life, and they
have claimed success in building up
new national standard of living.
RussiaS fve-year plans in industry
and agriculture are reflected in Tur-
KEYS attempts not only to solve the
depression but also to prevent hard
times from ever returning.
The American influence, also, is Wis
ible Turkey has called in United States
experts to help shape its big plan.
Japans anti-depreSsion weapons are
like those in the United States, and
were adopted 18 months ago. when
Japan went off the gold standard, the
yen declined, and foreign trade began
to increase.
Turkey to Engage Experts.
After Walker D. Hines of New York,
former director of American railroads,
has completed a general survey OF IN
duStrial and agricultural possibilities.
the Turkish government plans to en-
gage many other experts to apply the
recommendations Hines will make.
Turkey has been in financial difficult
ties for a long time, SO the nation does
not feel the current recession so much
as does the Occident. but nevertheless
Is eager to safeguard the future and
raise the standard Of living.
UNEMPLOYMENT is decreasing partly
because Of a large railroad project en-
ploying hand labor instead OF machines.
More than 900 miles already have been
completed, with SOB miles more under
construction and $50 miles planned, in
cluding lines opening up the rich Eregn
coal mines and Argana copper mines.
Other public works include an ex-
tensive highway system harbor con-
struction. and irrigation projects on the
Anatolian Steppes.
A balanced budget. favorable trade
balance. and a statement by the min
lister of finance that there will be no
imitation add to the cheerfulness In
Turkey.
Quota System of Imports.
A quota system of imports now in
force is being replaced by bilateral
treaty negotiations which put lnterna-
tional trade on a barter basis.
Barter is common in Anatolian VII
lages. where money is scarce. Turkeys
l58.000.000 liras in paper scarcely sufflce
the city populations. The American
equivalent of the lra is S4.40)
New banks, however. have succeeded
in getting 100000 liras in hoardings
from peasant stockings.
Then, too. there are such schemes
as decorating minaretS with electric
t,o Of nrto Iro
and campaigns seeking to replace with
homegrown Smyrna figs the tons Of
imported sugar consumed in the an
nual Moslem candy festival.
Turkeys cherished national drink,
imported coffee. is being "adulterated'
with figs. as another move toward eco
nomic self-sufficiency.
AS major relief measure the gov
ernment plans to reform railroads,
agriculture and State monopolies. such
as tobacco. salt and alcohol and to ex-
plot oil wells on the basis Of the Hines
report.
These efforts will help shape Turkeys
future economic policies. Turkey also
is turning to America and Russia for
another depression cure -induStrlallza-
tion to replace, in parr. agriculture.
Soviet Russia recently loaned Turkey
$20.0OO0G0 worth of machinery and
plans are going forward for big textile
and sugar factories.
Japan Is Looking Forward.
Japans anti-depression campaign
was intensified in August, 1882. when
a special session of the Diet voted to
appropriate 600,000000 yen for three
year program. principally directed at
the relief of rural distress. The yen is
now worth 296 American cents
Of this sum, 60,000,000 is being ex-
pended in the fiscal year 1933-34, as
follows: Public works. 000000 900 yen;
direct farm relief 80,0000O0; the rest
for encouragement of various industries.
The l933-34 budget includes appro-
priationS of 300 coo coo yen for the re-
plenishment of aImamentS for the army
and navy.
This sum will go largely to steel, ship
building and other industries supplying
the defense services.
Unemployment. never acute in Japan
has been steadily falling. according to
latest figures. In the last II months a
decrease of $4,000 has been registered
In the number Of idle, previously set
at 424 900
Little Currency Imitation.
Thus far, there has been little cur
fency imitation, despite the huge budget
deficits The currency level remained
practically stationary in the past year.
but finance authorities indicated that
controlled initiation can be expected in
the coming year. Probably following the
trend as revealed in the recent United
States move.
The 193334 budget deficit of 100000
yen is expected to be equaled in 193435.
Thus far the Bank of Japan has ab-
sorbed practically all bond issues f1oated
10 meet the deficit, but that institution
is expected to adopt measures for deal
ing with subsequent issues calculated to
encourage gradual imitation.
The Bank of Japan ana other semi
official institutions are advancing funds
at the lowest rates in their history to
encourage industry.
With the same objective, the govern
ment has steadfastly refused to increase
taxes on the ground they must handi
cap reviving businesses.
Second Five Year Plan.
Soviet Russias second fivc-year plan
was announced last December, with the
conclusion of the first program, gen.
orally pronounced a success.
A slowing up of industrial activities
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