davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Detroit tribune. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1933-1933, 1933-09-30
WEST SIDE
NEWS
BY LottIe McCrary

Most OF the young folk are back
in school and hard at work. yet
they find time for many social az
fairs. One OF the outstanding ar
fairs OF the week was the buffet
supper given In honor OF Miss
Roberta Mcclure. who left Sunday
night TO begin her second year at
Fisk University. The supper was
given by Thelma Crumpton and
Maude Sewell at the home OF Miss
Crumpton OF G524 Firwood. Among
those present were Misses Ro-
berta Mcclure. Thelma Crumpion.
Annie Wellington. Maude Sewell.
Messrs. Freddie Shaeffer. Mauric
Mae Intash. O'Neal Banks and
others.
The Golden Rule Literary anil
Art Club and Aux l. held their Isl
regular Joint meeting at the home
OF Mrs. W. ID. Mcdaniel, Sept. %.
After a short business session the
visiting club was served a dainty
repast by the mother club. Mrs.
McCrary president OF mother club
presided. Mrs. Carter member of
Aux No. /. acted secretary.
Mr.. and Mrs. w. X. Davie resi-
dents OF Miami. Fla. who have
been visiting New York city for
some time Will visit their mother.
Mrs. Annie Clark, and their uncle
and aunt, Mr.. and Mrs. Alex viii
liams OF Stanford Avenue. Mrs.
Clark, who has been visiting in
the city for the pass two months,
viii return TO her home in ,AIfarai,
Fla. with her daughter and SON
in-law, Mr. and Mrs. Dayie.
Mrs. Mcdonald delivered an adj
dress to the missionary ladies.
Monday night Sept. 10Th AT the
Metropolitan Church of Woodward
Avenue.
The funeral OF Mr.. Bengo OF
Stanford Ave, who passed away
Sunday noon. was held Tuesday
from ST. Stephens Church. Rev
Howell officiating.
Detroit tribune. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1933-1933, 1933-09-30
CHiLLOCHTHE. OHIO, NEWS
BY KENNETH SMITH

Hello. everybody. This week We
start Chillocothe news in the De-
troit Tribune All news Items
for this column. should. see the
writer al 305 Delano avenue.
The main event of the week was
a dance at the Winter Garden.
featuring the Platinum Grill Or
chestra. II was reported big sue
cess.
Misses Ruth Lucas. Virginia Cat
lift, and Mary Emma Lucas, stut
dents at Wilberforce. spent tn
week end here with their parents.
The Lincoln Panthers' SENT
profs. opened IN eseason here Fri
day winning over Portsmouth, 90
to 0. Sunday. they won from Girl
cleville, 3S to 0.
Detroit tribune. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1933-1933, 1933-09-30

ceiyed compensation. as mimeo
graph operator. Applicants assem-
bled for examination. Application
Form :. Announcement 20. Appli-
cations must be on file with the q.
5. Service Commission at Wash +
ington, ID. C.. not later that Sept.
80. 1888.
"For Information concerning an
nounced examinations. apply TO u.
>. Civil Service Board. Post Office
OF cnstomh0use, any city. or 10
the United States Civil Service
Commission. Washington, ID. c.
"rhe salary is subject TO a de
ductlon not 10 exceed Is per cent
as a measure of economy and 10 a
retirement deduction OF l-2 per
cent"
Detroit tribune. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1933-1933, 1933-09-30
QUESTION
COLUMN
BY JANE BOYER

Dear Miss Boyer:
am seeking an answer to a
very important question. ! am 2
girl OF II and senior in high
school. There Is a boy in my class
with whom am in love. ! know
YOU viii say that am too young
10 know what love is. but that h
not what wish 20 discuss. This
box comes from a fine family and
Is very nice young man. lie
comes 20 see me often AMI al
though they have given no definite
reason. my parents object 10 him.
Miss Boyer. do you think that
parents should forbid me 10 see
him without giving me some rea-
son or discussing II with me? am
greatly distressed because they are
hurting me by forbdng me to see
him. The hoy likes me also and is
much puzzled when have to re
fuse his invitations. Please tell me
Miss Boyer what shall do
Thank you so much Puzzled.
Dear Puzzled:
Don't take the boys too serious
~. That's why your parents object
FOR LOVE IS serious business and
seventeen is too young to he think
ing about Il. Finish your schooling.
Take up swimming. skating and
tennis. BE pal with the boys but
lon't get serious.
No. think your mother and
father should tell YOU just why
they do not want you 10 see the
boy friend. Ask them why. lis al
ways better 10 talk things over.
%%%*
Dear Miss Boyer:
am going with a young man
who lives in distant city. lie is
very anxious for me to come to
visit him for week His
mother and sisters also have invit-
ed me.
NOW MISS Boyer 90 You think
their is anything wrong with me
going to visit this young man, and
his family?
Ny mother objects, and I should
like 10 know what YOU think?
Yours truly.
Anxious
Dear Anxious:
There is no real harm in going
10 visit the young snau and his
family but II is not CUSTOMARY for
young girls to visit young men un-
less formal engagement has been
Mother is right.
X = =
Questions vii be answered in
this column by Jane Boyer. Detroit
Tribune. Write on one side Of pa
per only.
Detroit tribune. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1933-1933, 1933-09-30
Civil Service Exami-
+. nation For Mimeo-
graph Operotor

Washington (cNS) Among a
list OF examinations for different
positions in the Federal service
announced last week was one for
mimeograph operators reading as
follows:
Monograph Operator, 81 260
year; departmental service. Wash
ington, ID. C., and field service; acc
Is or over. but under 30 years. Ap
plicants must show that they have
had al least three months OF full
time experience within the past
three years, for which they re
Detroit tribune. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1933-1933, 1933-09-30
ARTS GARAGE

Cars Washed. Polished and
Simonizcd-M O t ors
Cleaned and Tops
Dressed
Arthur Beardan, Prop.
625 BEACON ST.. at ST. Antoine
Detroit tribune. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1933-1933, 1933-09-30
Life Story Of
Robert j. Willis
CONTINUED from Pare 81

ticing law in Detroit for a good
many years. When | was admitted
10 the bar he was well established
as q leader among his people In
this community. and was recogniz-
ed as strong and fearless champ
ion OF their social. political and
legal rights.
The judges OF our courts have
recognized I'm Mr.. Willis a worthy
example OF what earnest endeavOr
may do for man In struggle
against disadvantages and limita-
tions OF birth and early environ
ment. We recognize in MIR. Willis
man or earnest. honest purposes
and kindly. friendly characteris-
tics.
Sincerely yours.
Theodore j. Richter
Judge Clyde !. Webster has this
10 say: I?
Dear Mr.. Butler:
Mr.. Robert J. Willis has prectlc-
ed law In this city for great
many years with credit TO himself.
TO the profession and TO his race.
His practice has been general and
varied and wide. lie has been very
active In all courts. He is well and
Familiarity known to all judges and
10 all lawyers. He has also. during
all these years. been very much
Interested and has actively parti-
cipated In many organizations and
In all movements looking toward
the betterment and Improvement
OF his race as whole and OF in
diyidual members thereof.
Very truly yours.
Clyde |. Webster
One remarkable thing about
nearly all great characters IL that
they generally have a sense OF hui
NOR. that is spontaneous and sub
and In the darkest period OF the
tie. Lincoln was that type of man.
civil War. after the battle OF Bull
Run. he was found lying upon his
couch with a smile upon his face.
When the officers came In to ex-
plain why they wee routed, he
dryly remarked. You won the
battle and then ran away"
Robert Willis has often turned
the tide of many legal battles,
which were going against him by
interspersing his plea with spice
Of wit and humor. The story that
appeals 10 me most Is the one reia-
tive TO the royal blood In his veins.
In order TO obtain tho full signih-
canoe OF the story. must take you
back through the pages of history
TO the time when Cromwell wrest-
ed the power from King Charles.
and made the Commonwealth the
terror of all Roynllsts. Many OF the
Royallsls left England, and settled
IN the Colonies.
Among these was Judge Willis, a
relative OF King Charles. who set
tied In Virginia. The Willlses could
trace their ancestors back TO the
king and all the Willises or the
United States are descendants OF
royalty. About twenty years ago n
committee was appointed to write
the biography of all the Willise s.
and compile them into one great
volume.
This committee being thorough
In It's research work, came upon
the name of Robert j. Willis, u. Of
NJ. 1893. Boomerlacker OF the
Department OF Law. Being igno-
rant OF the fact that this Willis
was a gentleman of color. and TAX
ing for granted all Willis gradu-
ates OF the University OF Michigan
had royal blood In their veins,
they Immediately got In touch
with Robert j.. and asked him To
forward them some information
about his ancestors Robert j see
Detroit tribune. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1933-1933, 1933-09-30
OBITU AIRY


The late Thomas McCruler. 22l5
Monroe street died Monday. Sept.
%. AT 1880 A. NJ. after brief
illness of only one week. The body
lies in state at a. G. Wright's
Funeral Parlors. 1915 81, Aubin.
The funeral will be held Monday.
oct. ?. at ] =. II. Rev Jesse Mr.
Gruder, pastor Of Macedonia Bap-
list Church, and brother Of the
deceased, viii be present.
Mr. McGruder Is survived by his
widow Mrs Eunicc McGruder, II
daughter his father aud brother
five sisters and large circle of
friends
Detroit tribune. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1933-1933, 1933-09-30

Our advertisers are your friends.
Patronlxc them. They help the
Tribune.
Detroit tribune. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1933-1933, 1933-09-30

Watch The Detroit Tribune for
the Grand Opening OF the finest
Restaurant and Beer Garden IN
Detroit, located mt Brewster and
Hastings.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-28
ABOUT ALBERT

J. B. PrieStley is quite likely lG pick a young, lower middle class Englishman as a hero. And he is quite likely to use him as a means of satirizing something.
 So with Albert, the hero of Al bert Goes Through" The book is as slight as book well could be, but not amusing Albert is a movie fan, vastly enamoured of certain celluloid heroine. He is, indeed, so enamoured that he goes to see her latest film when he should be home nursing a bad cold or something similar.
 Albert falls ill in the theatre, and has delirious dream. He is the hero of string of movies, and be- fore he wakes up in the managers office he has afforded his creator opportunity to poke fun at almost all the standard varieties of cellu- Ibid entertainment. Obviously in a book of this type, there must be both point and love interest.
 MT. Priestley's point apparently is that little experience will cure almost anyone of desire to live the life of movie hero. And the love interest has to do with a girl named Nellie.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-28

sumption of dir>omatic relations with the United States, and by bet ter crops.
 Japanese Gotten Trade Rooms
 In the far east, Japanese export trade, helped by the severely de- preciated yen and low labor costs, swelled to boom proportions. For the first time in history, Japanese cotton exports exceeded those of Lancashire, alarming the British and Dutch.
 Both India and Australia ap- peared to have solved their budget difficulties. Better wool prices were helpful to Australia.
 Canada's export trade improved and industrial production expanded along with that of the United States. Mexico was encouraged by better silver prices.
 Progress in South America
 The South American countries as producers of raw materials, still suffered from low prices, but sub stantial progress was achieved.
 Argentina concluded an advan- tageous tra de agreement with Great Britain.
 Brazilian foreign trade expanded as political conditions stabilized but she, still struggled with excess coffee production.
 Plans to lower trade barriers and expand trade between the North and South American nations were to the fore at the Pan-American conference in Montevideo as the year neared it's close.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-28

production and employment as the year progressed, and her export trade exceeded the corresponding levels oi 1882
 The gold bloc countries showed improvement at times, but France found herself hampered by contro- versy over balancing her budget, and by fears over her ability to maintain the gold standard. Never theless a somewhat makeshitt bud get was accepted toward the end of the year.
 Employment and production held up relatively well in France, but Frances erstwhile lucrative tour ist trade dwindled and export in- dustries were harassed by the rsla- lively high level of the franc.
 Among other countries in the gold bloc, Holland balanced her budget by vigorous measures, and better prices for tin and rubber helped her colonies.
 Belgian industry remained rela lively depressed, but employment improved somewhat Unemploy ment reached it's peak in Italy in February, and thereafter gradually declined.
 Switzerland felt adverse effects cf the high level of her currency upon tourist trade and exports.
 The central European countries still labored under currency re- strictions, but even in long-de- pressed Austria. industrial produc- ton reached it's best levels since January, 1892, and employment inn proved.
 Russia, was encouraged oy. re-
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-28

ed Henderson, who pops up in and out of his creators life like a grain of corn in a skillet. Appar- ently MT. Coates has read and ad- mired Andre Gide's The Counter feiters," for his idea is a version of the Frenchman's idea. "Yester- days Burdens" is sort of long essay about writing a novel, with bits of the story tossed in here and there.
 It bounces back and forth be- tween New York and the Housa- tonic Valley, and is altogether un- practicable and fascinating.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-28
'DRUNK'S BLUE BOOK" |SSUED;
 HILARIOUS ONE
Where Paris Dimes l Also Off Press-Other
 Late Publications
By JOHN SELBY '

NEW YORK, Dec. 28.-It is rap idly becoming impossible to keep up with repeal in the book busi- ness. In addition to those tonnes of one or another sort as having to do with legal liquor, there now appears another set.
 The most hilarious, indeed the only one intended to be humorous, that comes to mind is "The Drunk's Blue Book" which has been com piled and given the world by Nor man Anthony and Otto Soglow. It is quite mad, and often really fun ny in addition.
 In addition, there are two books in the serious class, both being hurried through a grooming press by the same publisher.
 One is by Julian Street, whose "Where Paris Dimes" is one ot the few books on food and wine in Paris that is both reliable and amusing. MT. Streets new one is called Wines" and should contain the ripe experience of an accom- plished diner.
 And the oth CT is a reissue, brought up to date, of one of the famous books of the past-"Jack 5 Manual" 1t contains more than a thousand recipes, and is the work of J. A. Gruhusko, who in the old days was wine steward at the Plaza Hotel, and also manager of the Knickerbocker's bars.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-28
CABIN DAMAGED BY
 FIRE EARLY TODAY

A cabin between Ninth and Tenth streets on the tide flats was slight ly damaged by fire early this morning which started on the roof and burned through into the at tic The Department made a quick run and checked the blaze before it could spread.
 The cabin is owned by Albert
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-28

majority of artists or actors expect ing to continue work in Germany.
 The chamber plans free enter tainment for the masses consist ing of concerts, vaudeville and of films. It expects that employed talented persons will take advan tage of the governments offer to regiment their spare time in the way other activities have been reg ulatsd.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-28
CLOSING PRICES TODAY

NEW YORK, Dec. 28.-Closing quotation of Alaska Juneau mlre stock today is 213i, American Can 98a4, American Power and Light 6lb. Anaconda 14A, Armour B. 2A :. Bethlehem Steel STA, Calumet and Hecla As, CurtissWright 212, Fox Films 137k. General Motors 35ls, International Harvester 40. Kanne- colt 2Oss, North American Aviation 5. Chicago and Milwaukee (pre- ferred) 7al Montgomery Ward 22la, Standard Oil of California 40, Unit ed States Steel ATS.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-28

graph and Allied Chemical held four point advances.
 Dupont, Sterling Products, h. ternational Blu S n Machines, United states Steel (preferred) were up three points,
 Shares up one to two or more points included National Distillers Johns- s-Manville, Westinghouse, h. dustrial Alcohol, United St te s Steel, Case and others.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-28
MIR. AND MRS. l.. R. SIMMS SOUTHBOUND ARD
 THE STEAMER ALASKA

MT and Mrs. A R. Simms are southoound aboard the Alaska on their way outside for a vacation trip. MT Simms is secretary to Col O. F. Ohlson, of the Alaska Railroad.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-28
B. M. Behrends Co.,, Inc.
 Jmeaus Leading Department Store ,es fea>

deer specials. Steers, whole car cass, at cents per pound, half carcass, 9 cents; lawn, whole car- cass, 10 cents and half carcass II cents a pound while they last" for cash.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-28
Arrowhead in Oak.

IUKA, .-Woodcutters fellsd a gigantic oak near here recently and embedded in it's heart they found an Indian arrowhead ot flint. Rings on the tree indicated it was more than l50 years old.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-28
FREE SHOWS
 FOR GERMANS

BERLIN, Dec. 28.-Artists and actors have been asked to give one months time yearly without pay to the committee in charge of the building up of leisure time pro- grams for the German masses.
 The request was made by the reich's "Kultur Chamber" and will in all probability be granted by the
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-28
POND FOR DREDGE

Just before the freeze-up on Sunset Creek, Nome district, Ches- ter Milligan and crew of men com pleted a pond for installation of a dradge next spring. The dredge will be hauled by tractors over the snow from Osborn Creek.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-28

Norman and is occupied by a fam fly named Bland. The loss was fully covered by insurance.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-28

continues high northwestern Canada with the Pacific extending Alaska Heavy occurred light lower Southeast Alaska prevailing elsewhere Temperatures the h. morning with mostly readings the Territory.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-28
REINDEE- SPEC..ES

The Iomen Commercial Con- pany recently advertised in the Nome Nugget the following rein
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-28
CURIOUS NOVEL

Yesterdays Burdens" is ostensi- bly a novel, and actually almost everything else but-which does no. mean that it is not thoroughly worth the attention of the read ing public.
 Robert Coates has presumably written the history of a man nam
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-28
F orId Hemtened Gs
 1884 DmUnS on Signs,
 Economic Untreezing 2

CContlnued iron, rage one.)
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-28
STOCK PRICES TAKE ADvANCE;
 MARKET FIRM
Profit Taking Shade Some Gains Curb Also
 Active and Strong

(Continuea 1lv.l Page One)
The Daily Alaska empire., 1933-12-28

sumption of dir>omatic relations with the United States, and by bet ter crops.
Evening star., 1933-10-31
Fights Last Night
By the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
BOSTON-Vince Dundee, 100, Balti-
more, outpointed Lou Brouillard, l59,
Worcester, Mass (l5 rounds for middle
weight championship Werther Arceli,
Boston, outpointed Tommy Romano,
Watertown Cd; Jack Mccarthy, 1873,
Boston, outpointed Johnny Dixon, 2ol,
Boston 90.
JACKSONVILLE, Fla.-Lope Tenorio,
146, New York. and Cliff Greenwood,
l44, Sarasota, Fla, drew Qo).
LA SALE, Il-Jackie Sharkey.
1901. Minneapolis. outpointed Young
Geno 127, La Sale Q0).
SAGINAW, Mich.-Lou Scozza, 173,
Buffalo. outpointed Johnny Vorce, I'll,
Detroit O0); Holman Williams. 127.
Detroit. outpointed Joe Dempsey, 127,
Buffalo Q0).
ALBANY, N. Y.-Frankie Petrolle.
ISL, Schnectady, N. Y, stopped Eddie
Shapiro, 149, New York %; Elmer Cic-
come, 1876, Schenectady. outpointed
Frankie Digesu, 1876, New York 90.
BURLINGTON, Iowa.-Bobby O'Dowd,
118. Cedar Rapids, Iowa, knocked out
AL De Rose, ll6, Chicago 90; Phil Per-
nice, 1873, Chicago, stopped Jackie Du-
gan. 1875, Waterloo. Iowa CD.
SALT LAKE CITY.-Adrian Elton,
131, Santaquin, Utah. outpointed
Tommy logan. 100. Philadelphia (6);
Danny London, 1913. New York, out
pointed Leroy Gibson, l2s, Terre Haute,
Ind. (6).
HOUSTON, Tex.-Johnny RiSko, 2l0,
Cleveland, knocked out Big Boy Peter
son. 2o4. Minneapolis (6).
,CHICAGO.-Solly Dulesky. Chicago,
outpointed Bill Connell, Monmouth, ILL.,
49,; George Engel. South Bend, Ind,
outpointed Dany Neeman, Chicago 3d..
HOLYOKE, Mass.-Lou Amber, 13412
Herkimer. N Y, outpointed Paris APIECE,
1856, Providence (10).
Evening star., 1933-10-31
Grid Graphs

IGHT games, three in the unlimited
class, one in the 150-pound divi-
sion and four in the 135-pound
group, are listed for Sunday in the Ma
tional Capital Foot Ball League. Mary
land A. c. is setting the pace in the hot
unlimited race.
Sundays complete card
Unlimited-Marions VS.. Fort Humphreys.
at Fort Humphreys; Seaman Gunners vs.
Mercury at Gunners Field; Maryland A. C.
VI, st. Stephens, at Seat Pleasant.
1hO-pound class-Meridians vs.. Palace.
st Conzaga Stadium.
135-pound ciass-Apaches VS.. Centennials;
Northeast Boys Club VS.. Palace; Brookland
VS.. Mercury; Cleveland VS.. Georsetown.
Mercury gridders will drill tomorrow
evening at 80 o'clock at Seventh and l
streets southwest.
Landon Eagles are seeking grid COM
petition in the ll5-pound class. Call
Decatur 4l64.
Marion 115-pounders will practice to-
morrow evening at Sixth and Pennsyl-
yar1ia avenue southeast.
A game for Sunday with 135-pound
foe is sought by the Triple Tau Frater-
nifty. Call Ray King at Adams 2sl4
after 6 pm.
Evening star., 1933-10-31
INvEIGLED TO PLAY,
M'AlWEE TAKES CUP
Gains Cleland Trophy as Sports
Writers Ruin Turf on War
College Golf Course.

n EN- McALWEE. who had to be In
n duced to play. today was the proud
possessor of the rusty Cleveland
Cup, tin emblem OF golfing superiority
among Washington sports writer's.
McAlwee won the honor yesterday
on the Army War College course, tri-
umphing over perhaps the worst field
of mashie- wielders ever to dig bitches
in an undeserving lawn. His score was
41-41-12-70.
In second place was rotund Walter
Haight. with 41-45-1o-86
The sports scriveners were enter
tained al a luncheon between the
morning and afternoon rounds by Gen.
H. J. Simonds. commandant of the
post. and other officers. Capt Ken
Fielder, athletic director, was the
referee.
The scores:
cossain.! ss R1s,n.sn sS'7i.e pov1sS Hss
43-44-6Es1; Bill Mccormick. 53S4s-
1911; Francis Stan. 53-4a-1s-S4;
walter Haight. 41@5-10-76; Ben Nc
Alwee. 41-41-12-70: Vince Flaherty
44ss-47al2.s4; e: dino simi: 5sE.5e-24ma g.; -;
Hottell. 46-50-l0-SS: Harry Fry. A.
47-1e-7e: r. D, Thomas. 44-45N5-s4;
Ralph Wilkinson, 55-59-1s-99.
Evening star., 1933-10-31
c. u. TO USE SCRUBS
IN LOYOLA CONTEST
Coach Bergman Decides to Rest Up
Regulars for Detroit Tilt
on November II.
NT OYOLA for the scrubs. Detroit
for the regulars!"

EFT OYOLA for the Scrubs Detroit
for the regulars"
This was the edict delivered
by Coach Dutch Bergman today as his
Catholic University foot ballers resumed
intensive workouts at Brookland.
In announcing his reserves would be
pitted against Baltimore Loyola Friday
II. a game to be played either at Grit
fifth Stadium under the lights or at
Brookland in the afternoon, Bergman
emphasized the Importance of c. US
Homecoming" against Detroit at Grif-
fith's balliwick November IL.
Naturally that's the game we're
shooting for" the flying Dutchman"
declared That's why I'm determined
to rest our injured players now Our
regulars took a bad physical beating
against Wake Forest. Consequently it's
my intention to have every man fit for
the Detroit game"
An even dozen today were included
on Trainer George Lentz's hospital
list, although majority Of these hurts
were of a minor nature. A belief that
Bergman probably will be able to start
his full strength against Detroit under
the existing arrangement today was
voiced by Lentz as he hustled about his
duties.