davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
Nice Riot
MitcheIIS Go Out for the
Evening-Land in
Jail.
TINE Mitchell boys were out for

TINE Mitchell boys were out for
L. an evening last night and as
a result three of them and a
friend we're arrested following two
riot calls early today at the Wal
kathon in the Manufacturers
building at the state Playground
Under arrest on charges of in
citing a riot, resisting an officer
and possession of liquor are Guy
Mitchell, 81, of 1855 NARROW
avenue; Randall Mitchell, 20, of
1929 East Michigan street; Guy
Mitchell, 10, of 242 North High
land avenue, and Paul Wild
haimer, 10, of $40 Dorman street.
The arrests were made by a
squad of state police under Lieu
tenant Hinkle after the state po-
lice and deputy sheriffs answered
riot calls shortly after 3 a. m. and
a. m.
%ALLS to city police head
~ quarters we're unavailing with
Captain Jess McMurtry soothing
at appeals for help.
why, we can't go to the Walk
athon because there's court
order against us interfering with
it. Why don't you try the Sheriff's
Office or the state police?" Captain
McMurtry answered.
Captain McMurtry referred to
Chief Mike Morrissey's unsuccess-
full efforts to stop the Valuation
in which the chief, the police and
safety board were restrained from
acting on the contention that the
Playground is state property and
hence city police have no juris-
diction.
Walkathon officials said the
trouble grew out of drinking by
the arrested quartet, one of whom,
Guy Mitchell, was slugged and
had to be treated at city hospital.
YOUNG MITCHELL declared
Il today at police headquarters
that twenty stitches we're taken
in scalp wound as the result of
several blows or the head with
an iron pipe In the hands of a
Valuation employee.
Mitchell asserted the trouble
grew out of alteration in which
Jackson Mitchell engaged with
another Valuation spectator
The cases will be heard Thursday
afternoon in municipal court
four.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01

siren pierced the air. The tele-
phone in the canteen and every
other telephone in Shanghai rang
simultaneously for one minute.
THE Communists again." said
Gardner Forster of indianapolis
the American volunteer policeman
laconically.
Il suppose So" said the English
man, but here, old chap. finish
your drink. One always shoots best
after the third drink"
In ten minutes, the city of Shang-
hal was an armed camp. Two thou
sand five hundred volunteer police
men in the city had heard the alarm,
broadcast by the one-minute tele-
phone ring, as had Mr.. Forster and
his British companion.
In addition to the volunteers
more than five thousand regular
policemen were on their way to the
scene of trouble or were telephonilg
their precinct headquarters, for in
StructiOnS.
Business volunteers in the
Shanghai special police-were DON
ming uniforms hastily or pulling on
arm bands which distinguished
them as policemen
All hands raced to a building on
the Yangste Poo, in the shipping
district, where it was found a band
of kidnapers. heavily armed, had
barricaded themselves.
I'VE shot it out with them for
quite while" said Mr.. Forster to-
day, and eventually captured them
They had kidnapped a wealthy resi-
dent. They we're heading for the
country outside the city limits when
the police surprised them. Had they
reached the country, they never
would have been caught for the
Chinese terrain, honeycombed with
bitches, offers a million avenues OF
escape.
Mr.. Forster. who lives at the
Michigan hotel. 127 East Michigan
street. recited the foregoing incl
dent today to illustrate what he
thinks should be done in Indian
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
Love for Dog Brings
Death to Two at Lake

when he investigated the fire in
the marsh.
Mr.. and Mrs. Paine apparently
had been killed when they tried to
rescue the dog. which, while chasing
the opossum, had come in contact
with an electric wire carrying 1000
volts.
The wire was feeder wire from
a commercial power plant.
For the last month, Mr.. and Mrs.
Paine had occupied a cottage at
Lake WawaSee. They had been play
ing on the golf course at the lake
adjoining the marsh when the acct
dent occurred.
Mrs. Paine was a former resident
of indianapolis. She is survived by
her mother, Mrs. Tevis, and a sis
ter, Mrs. H. L. Sunderland. Mrs.
Tevis and Mrs. Sunderland left this
morning for Lake Wawasee.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
DRAMA SERIES
TO OPEN WITH
BROADWAY HIT
Dinner at Eight to Play
Here on Legitimate
Theater Circuit.
BY WALTER ID. HICKMAN
Times Theater Critic

indianapolis today was guaran-
teed a splendid legitimate road show
season when Arthur NJ. Oberfelder.
well known Denver (Colo) Snowman
announced the completion of a
legitimate circuit.
The fear Of lean legitimate sea-
son at Englishs was dispelled when
Mr.. Oberfelder announced his sea-
son at English's would open Sunday
night, Nov. II, with Dinner at
Eight" and continue through Fri
DAY with matinees Wednesday and
Friday.
James Kirkwood will star in
Dinner at Eight" which has a cast
of twenty-six. Miss Jessica New
comb opens on Sunday, Nov. 10, in
The Double Door, a Broadway sue
cess. Violet Heming will be starred
in There's Always Juliet" Sunday,
Nov. 26.
Shows will be presented on tour
at 81 top at night, with many rs
and 50-cent seats The matineeS
at Englishs on Wednesday will have
COp price VI 10 Genus OUIl6T seats
will be at IS and so cents.
L am convinced" Mr.. Oberfelder
said as he concluded arrangements
with Vincent Burke, manager Of
English's, that the legitimate stage
has tremendous values along cul-
tural lines. I am going to give the
people of this city So road show
productions at prices they can af-
ford to pay"
Mr. Oberfelder is an experienced
Snowman, and his experience in
Denver, Kansas City, and other cit
les is proof that he knows his bust
ness. Assisting Mr.. Oberfelder is
John McWee, also a wel-known
theatrical Snowman.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
HELD
BY MINISTERS
Broad Ripple Pastor Will
Direct M. E. Group
in District.
NINUTEMEN

The Rev. Norbert G. Talbot
Broad Ripple M E. church pastor
today headed the Methodist Minis
ters' Association of the Indianapolis
district.
Other officers elected were the
Rev. E. G. Boch, president, and
the Rev R. L. Dove, Morris Street
M. E. church pastor, secretary
treasurer. Executive committee is
composed of the Rev. r. M. Willard
chairman; the Rev. H. ]. Kieser,
the Rev E. Arnold Clegg, the Rev.
B. Brooks Shake and the Rev. E. J.
Weiss.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
CELTIC FIRM JOINS
FEDERAL LOAN BANK
Meets Standards Set by
u. S. system.

The Celtic Savings and Loan As
ISOLATION, Is West Ohio street, is the
latest and ninth of local building
and loan associations to join the
Federal Home Loan Bank system
it was announced today.
Advices from Washington to the
Federal Home Loan bank stated
that the association has met the
standards set for membership in the
system and gained the approval of
the examiners there as we'll as the
examining department of the In
dianapolis regional bank.
The Celtic, one of the largest as
soc;ations in the city, has assets of
$11 900, 900. John r. WEIGH is presi-
dent and Leo F. WEIGH is secretary
The association was incorporated in
1884.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
THREE BANDIT
SUSPECTS HELD
TO COUNTY JURY
Detectives Claim Two Men,
Woman Admit Part in
RobberieS.

Arraigned before Municipal Judge
Dewey E. Myers this morning, two
men and a woman, held in connec-
ton with recent holdups. waived
examination and were bound over
to the grand jury.
The fourth man, Albert Birch
POOP North Capitol avenue, has
been held since Sunday on Vagrancy
charges and will appear in court
Friday
William Saunders, 81, Of 121 East
Twenty-frst street. charged with
conspiracy, auto banditry and rob-
berry. was bound to the grand jury
under $1,000 bond.
Placed Under $1,000 Bond
Held on similar charges, Guy
Marlette, 17l6 North Meridian, and
Mrs. Julia -Rodocker Knox, 1874
North Meridian street, likewise
waived examination and were bound
to the grand jury under $4,000
bonds
Detectives said they had obtained
statements from each of the four,
and that Saunders had admitted a
previous petit larceny conviction.
Ten hOldups here and two in
Kansas City are said by detectives
to have been admitted by Saunders,
who implicated Birch in several of
the robberies.
Denies Getting $500
Marlette and Mrs. Knox confessed
to working with Saunders only in
the holdup of the restaurant of
John Rodocker Mrs. Knoxs father.
at 61s East Walnut street, detectives
said.
Although $500 was reported
taken from Harry Schubert, who oc-
cupied desk space in the restaurant
to cash pay checks of factory work
ers, Saunders said he obtained ONLY
$1,000, detectives said.
Saunders and Mrs. Knox charge
that Marlette planned the restau-
rant holdup and arranged for
Saunders to escape in Marlette's car.
parked nearby, while Mrs. Knox and
Marlette were herded into the base
ment with customers and restau-
rant employees.
RObberies Listed
Saunders was arrested Yesterday
in an alleged attempt to hold up the
Williams hotel, Washington street
and Senate avenue. Other holdups
admitted by Saunders, according to
detectives. we're at:
Standard grocery, 709 East Fifty
fourth street, Sept. 3: E. M. Dopp
pharmacy, 1920 East Michigan
street, Sept. 4; Piggy Wiggly
grocery, Forty-second street and
College avenue; Kroger grocery.
1904 Central avenue, Sept. 10;
Massey pharmacy, 24O1 East Tenth
street, Oct. 81; City fruit store.
1922 College avenue, Oct. 26; Lee
pharmacy 1858 Fairfield avenue,
Oct. 26.
Single-handed, Saunders said he
held up the Meeker hotel and OBJ
tanned $50 on Oct. "a.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01

with her husband. Lon CLANCY. once
known to screen lovers as "the man
of 1000 faces"
The widow of the late character
actor died in hospital after a long
illness.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
Man, Wife Fatally Burned
Trying to Rescue Pet
From Wire.

Love for pet dog caused the
death yesterday of Mr.. and Mrs.
Creston Paine at Lake Wawasee.
according to messages received in
indianapolis by Mrs. Paine's
mother, Mrs. Llewellyn Tevis. 1910
Ruckle street.
The bodies of the couple were
found in flames in a marsh near a
golf course at Lake Wawasee. Be-
meath them were the charred bodies
OF their pet dog and an opossum.
They we're discovered by William
w. Irwin, golf course manager,
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
MONDAY NAMED
TAX DEADL|NE
IS Per Cent of County Levy
Is Due, Says Sexton,
County Treasurer.

With Monday the deadline for
paying the fall installment of taxes,
collections today were less than 25
per cent, County Treasurer Tim
othy P. Sexton said today, warning
of last minute rush.
Up to today, only $2,267 ,284 had
been collected, the average fall in
stallment collection being about
$11 100000. Several additional win
dows have been provided to speed
handling of the inevitable long
lines of last minute taxpayers.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
LOCAL MAN ENTERS
6 HORSES AT CHICAGO
Purebred PercherOns to Compete in
International Show.

First Marion county entry in the
International Live Stock EXPOSE
ton, to be held in Chicago Dec. 2
to 9, has been received from DR..
Judson D. Moschelle 1888 North
Meridian street, exposition officials
announced today.
Six purebred Percheron draft
horses have been entered by DR..
Moschelle from his Golden Dawn
farms, it is said.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
MRS. FOLSOM DIES
AFTER LONG ILLNESS
Funeral Rites to Be Held
at Church.

Mrs. Josephine B. Folsom, "a,
died yesterday in her home, 2121
Ringgold avenue. She had been ill
four years.
Funeral services will be held in
the Valid funeral home at 8l5 Fri
day morning and at in st. Gather
ines Catholic church. Burial will
be in Holy Cross cemetery.
Surviving her are two sister, Mrs
Mary A. Miller and Mrs Lena K.
Koritzer, both of indianapolis.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01

A trumpet and clarinet valued
at $3.50, and a Saxophone of unde-
termined value, were recovered by
police in two Indiana avenue pawn
shops today. Police said the instru-
ments were the property of R. w.
Sheets, Franklin. stolen several
DAYS ago.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
PARKED AUTOS ROBBED
Thieves Get Coat and Clarinet
From Car at Playground.

An overcoat and a clarinet, valued
at SIS. were stolen from an auto
mobile owned by J. Edward Meier,
r. R. 10, Box 241, while he was
parked at the state Playground early
today.
Also stolen from a car parked at
the Playground today were two rain
coats and 1000 paper plates valued
at $40, from a car owned by S. R.
Sweeney. 421 East Washington
street.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
City Man Recalls Ringing of
All Phones to Spread
Alarm.
BY BASIL GALLAGHER
Times staff Writer

Pith-helmeted and dressed IN
tropical garb. an Englishman and
an American stood at the bar in
the canteen of the Shanghai spe-
cial police in the Chinese city.
1t was a hot summer evening in
1927 and the two volunteer police
men, refreshing themselves after a
hard day of helping to suppress
Communist riots, were about to go
home
Suddenly the shrill scream of a
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
Three State Teams Get Rate Cuts

Rate reductions totaling $4,000 in
electric bills of three Indiana towns
we're ordered yesterday by the pub
lie service commission. The towns
are Dillsboro, served by the Public
Service Company of Indiana, and
Fulton and Jasonville, both served
by the Northern Indiana Power
COmnanv
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
Wounded by Shotgun

John Lee, 46, roomer at 934 South
Delaware street, was in city hospital
today suffering from shotgun
wounds, and John New, SO, another
roomer, was under arrest on charges
of assault with intent to kill. New
said the shotgun was discharged &C
cidentallV.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
Puppet Show Scheduled

Beech Grove Parent Teacher AS
ISOLATION will sponsor a puppet show
in the school auditorium at 7:30
Thursday. The playlet will be pre-
sented by Miss Maxine Mckay and
Harry Fowler of the John Heron
Art institute.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
PEAT TO LECTURE AT
HEBRON ART INSTITUTE
Paintings to Be Analysed by Direc-
tor i'm Address Next Week.

Paintings by Leonardo Da Vinci,
Ell Greco. Whistler and Cezanne will
be analyzed in lecture by Wilbur
Peat at the John Heron Art Insti-
tute, at p m. Wednesday.
The Painters Point of View" is
the title of Mr.. Peats talk which
will be illustrated The approach of
the artists to their work, as well
as their relationships to the public,
will form the basis of the discus
sion to follow the talk.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
AUTO LOOTED BY THIEF
Two OvercOats valued at $50 Are
Reported Stolen.

Breaking the door Of an automo-
bile parked at Market and Califor-
mia streets last night, a thief stole
two topcoats valued at $50 and two
pairs of gloves valued at 81. The
car was owned by Eugene Fleece,
428 West FOrtY-Street
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
PAGE 81
Radio stolen From Car

Sheridan Payne, 1920 Hoefgen
street, reported to police today that
a radio valued at SIS was stolen
from his car parked in front OF
1000 North Pennsylvania street, last
night.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
PicknOcket Gets S28

O. L. Webb. 2428 Park avenue, re-
ported to police that his pocket had
been picked of $28 while walking
among the Halloween jewellers last
night between the Claypool and Me-
ridian street.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
Dramatic Club Formed

Many Cathedral students and
alumni are members of The Barn
stormers," a dramatic club, organ
lied by Cathedral graduate, Rob-
ert Maloy, director of the clubs
productions
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
YOUTH INJURED BY CAR
Boys Arm Hurt Severely When 1t Is
Caugh on Door Handle.

Marion Lashman, IA, of 1882 Hoyt
avenue, suffered severe injuries OF
the right arm last night when he
caught his arm on the door handle
of an automobile owned by Horace
Joyner, 20, 1905 East Kelly street,
in front of the boys home.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
POLITICS BLAMED BY
REMY IN CRIME TALK
Universal Club Speaker Pleads for
Unhampered Police Force.

No hope exists for a cessation of
Indiana's crime wave until there is
a separation of politics from police
affairs. William H. Remy, former
Marion county prosecutor, said at
the Universal Club luncheon in the
Columbia Club yesterday.
I'VE select too many policemen
because they have been able to car
ry precincts. and We never are 60
ing to catch criminals with such
men" Mr.. Remy declared.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
Automobile Is Lonted

A merchandise box valued at S12
and an overcoat valued at SIS we're
stolen from an automobile owned by
Morris Beck. 1898 North Warman
avenue, parked at Washington
street and Capitol avenue, last
night.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
Eastern Star Supper Set

Corinthian auxiliary, Order of
Eastern Star, will give a penny sup
per Friday at $50, followed by a
card party at $50 at Evergreen
Masonic Temple, 2515 West Wash
ington street.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-11-01
CHANEY'S WIDOW DIES
Relict of Actor Taken by Death
After Long Illness.

bW Hited Press
HOLLYWOOD. Nov. l. Death
has joined Mrs. Hazel CLANCY, 43,
Seward daily gateway., 1933-08-24
HI. F." CASE DISMISSED

Capt c. G. Hansen and officers of the SS H. F. Alexander, of the Pacific Steamship Lines, whic h grounded near Point Wilson July "A, were freed from all blame in a decision handed down recently m Seattle by United States steam ooat inspectors. The findings were 10 the effect that there were no violations of the statute laws, nor of the rules of the bureau of navi- gation and steamboat inspection service. The vessel struck the rock early in the morning when the To- cality avs blanketed with a heavy fog.
Seward daily gateway., 1933-08-24
M. 5. DISCOVERER
 ARRIVES IN PORT

The MS. Discoverer, Capt. Heinie Berger, arrived in port this after noon from Anchorage and Cook Inlet ports. Capt. Berger reports that he was stormbound for two days on the voyage from Anchor age. He left Anchorage Sunday.
 The Discoverer struck heavy log on it's trip to Seward and a small leak was sprung in the hull. Capt. Berger was to beach his craft this afternoon, behind the local break water, and will calk the seams im- mediately. He sails on the return trip to Anchorage and Cook Inlet ports at five o'clock tomorrow morning.
 The Discoverer brought in quite listing of passengers to port and they included MT. Parrish and Miss Eleanor Parrish, from Kenai; Tom Olson, Bill Anderson, Frank Anderson, Ed McCament, and Will liam Bern, from Illiamna; and MT. and Mrs R. Paulson, from Seldovia.
Seward daily gateway., 1933-08-24
.CHIEF'SKIDDING
 ENJOYEDBY THIEF

TURLOCK, Calif., Aug. 24. -Po- lice chief E. w. Gaddy heard there were pickpockets operating at the Turlock melon carnival. He wrote Did you ever get fooled" on slip of paper. He put it in the wallet in his pocket and went to the car nival.
 On his return home he found the wallet still safe Smiling, h e took out the paper. "Quit your kidding,' said a note that had been substituted by some nimble- finger ed thief.
Seward daily gateway., 1933-08-24
REPEAL CANDIDATE

E. B. McGovern, internationally known figure in the salmon pack ing industry, announced in Seattle recently. He will be repeal candi- date from the 43 district at the Spe- cial election in Washington, August 29. McGovern has lived in Seattle for 38 years.
Seward daily gateway., 1933-08-24

That successfully groomed, smart looking cOiffure you have long wanted can be obtained for S7.5O from PEARL HENRY. Her QUART permanents give the fastidious ap- pearance necessary to a perfect ensemble. Call ADAMS 89 for an appointment; any kind of beauty work done which you desire.
Seward daily gateway., 1933-08-24

J. w. Lippincott, head of a big Philadelphia publishing house, and Maj. L. Walters, business man of the same city, are to arrive in Juneau about September 1 for a 10day bear hunt on Admiralty, ChichagOf and BaranOf Islands.
Seward daily gateway., 1933-08-24
AT THE HOTELS

VAN GILDER-Frank Senchy, A. Mayer, Paul A. Monroe, w. H. Sher- man.
 SEWARD-Mr. and Mrs. M. J. Ed munson, Matanuska; Mrs. w. w. Flynn and daughter Jean, Lake view; MT. and Mrs. H. Beebe, An chorage.
Seward daily gateway., 1933-08-24
ASSASSINATION RUMORS

NASHA, Aug. 24. Reports that an airplane carrying men who have threatened to assassinate Gerardo Machado, former Cuban president, had left Cuba for here, caused the placing of armed guards about Ma chadoS hotel.
Seward daily gateway., 1933-08-24

The sum of S34,629 was granted 10 Alaska for unemployment re- lief recently by the Federal emer- gency relief administration This brought all the states and territor- -es eligible to receive federal funds Under the relief act.
Seward daily gateway., 1933-08-24

A passenger train is due to ar rive in Seward at six o'clock this evening, according to the local AL aSka Railroad office.
Seward daily gateway., 1933-08-24

Latest word on the SS. Yukon says that the vessel is due to arrive in Seward at 6:3O in the morning.
Seward daily gateway., 1933-08-24

WALL PAPER AND PAINT.-J L. CRAFT.
Imperial Valley press., 1933-02-04
Mexican Shot
During Quarrel

What seemed to be a commu-
nifty argument involving three
Mexicans, white man and white
woman ended early this morning
when Benito Gutierrez 81, was shot
twice in the right arm, and with
the arrest of Gutierrez, j. Flores,
80. Francisco Salgado 26, S. T. Mof-
fet, So, and Esther Moffet, 38.
Gutierrez was arrested after re-
ceiving emergency treatment at the
county hospital. Frank P. Nc
Caslin, deputy sheriff. arrested the
others north of Imperial, where the
argument began.
McCaslin said this morning that
Gutierrez was shot by Moffet, when
the Mexican visited the Moffet
place shortly after / o'clock this
morning. The woman was in
volved in the argument which end
ed in the shooting, McCaslin said.
The part played by the other
Mexicans was uncertain today.
They are held as witnesses pending
a further investigation.
Imperial Valley press., 1933-02-04
Real Ghost Tale In
American Weekly

The remarkable story of visit
from her husbands ghost, by Lady
Caillard, is one of the interesting
features appearing tomorrow in the
American Weekly, magazine Sec
tion of the Los Angeles Examiner.
Another chapter on the criminal
Investigations of Bertillon, the fa-
nous French detective, will also
be presented.
Other articles include revelation
of the plot by which the wife of
Stain. Russian dictator, was pois-
oned; encouraging the child's in
quisitiveness toward mechanics; de-
scription of the Chicago artists
hall and numerous suicides among
French butterflies" who have been
hard hit by the depression.