davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11
|R. ". FRAZIER WOULD
PROTECT FOLK ON
PAYROLL OF STATE.
Launches Battle to Control
Money Collected as Politi-
cal Assessments

r. w. Frazier Of Crosby, Nonparti-
san war horse" who admits many
political scars and claims some po-
litical scalps, Wednesday issued a
statement or notice which he frankly
admitted was intended to have wide
political repercussions.
The statement said:
The temporary officers Of the
State Employers Protective associa-
tion. q new organization being form
ed to protect state employees cam
paign fund assessments and contri-
buttons from being used to further
the political ambitions of an indivi-
dual or clique of individuals prior to
the regular state convention, and to
direct the expenditure Of their own
fund, announces that because of the
temporary absence of the president
and organizer they will not hold their
organization meeting Friday of this
week, as originally planned, but that
the same will be held in sufficient
time to perfect the permanent organ
ization. and elect officers from their
own membership. which officers will
be the custodians of the campaign
funds raised by the employees.
Payment to any one OF any por-
ton of your salary for political pur-
poses at this time. or until the or.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11
Meetings of Clubs,
Fraternal Groups

The regular meeting Of the Degree
Of Honor lodge will be held at 8
o'clock Thursday evening in the Aux
iliary room at the World War Me-
mortal building.
Officers will be installed at q meet
ing OF the Rebekah lodge at 1880
O'Clock Friday evening in the Odd
Fellows hall.
n \ \
A general meeting Of the Ladies'
Aid society Of the First Lutheran
church will be held ct $50 O'Clock
Thursday afternoon in the church
parlors. Officers will be elected. All
members are urged to be present.
\ / \
The Junior Study club will meet
at 1 o'clock Thursday afternoon ct
the home Of Frances Fralm, 70S
Fourth st. Emma LANCER will read
a paper giving q biography Of . great
composer.
X Il =
A talk on the Igorots and other
Philippine tribes by Mrs. 8. r. Mote.
who spent several years In the Philip
pines a = teacher. will feature
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11

ganization is perfected, Is unneces.
sAry.
Plan Meeting Later
Further advice can be secured by
addressing p. Q. Box Ill, Bismarck
N. D., but better still watch for the
announcement Of meeting date later
and attend the meeting which will
be held the latter part Of this
month"
Frazier is not on the state payroll,
although he has been In Bismarck
since before the first Of the year.
His interest in the proposal, he said,
Is to protect" state employees ana to
thwart any effort to use money con-
tributed by them to control future
nominations by the Nonpartisan
League.
Although the president and or
gani0er" who will be absent Friday
was not identified, it was assumed
that the reference was to Frazier
himself.
The thing at which Frazier is driv-
Ing is control Of money collected rs
q percentage Of the pay Of state en-
ployes for political purposes. This
system usually is explained on the
ground that it IS lob insurance"
All Nonpartisan-endorsed officials
are said to have entered into an
agreement to turn over two per cent
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11
SOCIETY NEWS
Garden Club to Make
Plans for Activities

Discussion Of Need of q Garden
Plan and How to Prepare One" will
be an important feature of the jan
uary meeting Of the Bismarck Garden
club. to be held at 8 o'clock Thurs
day evening in the Chamber of Com
merce room at the World War Me-
mortal building.
arrangements for the annual Yard
and Garden contest also will be made
at this meeting and activities for the
new year will be outlined.
All members Of the club and others
interested In any phase of gardening
are particularly invited to attend.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11
WOmen's Club News

Horoscopes of members Of Chapter
l. Of the Sponsor Mothers club were
read by Mrs. N. Lloyd Lillestrand.
following paper on Consultations, =
which she presented at a meeting of
the club Tuesday evening at the
home Of Mrs. p. J. Schmitz, 318 Han
nafin st. A paper on Teaching
Thrift to Children" prepared by Mrs.
John Larson. was read by Mrs. J. NJ.
Parks, who later conducted an intel
ligence test for parents.
X y Y
Members of Lewis and Clark chap
ter Of the Sponsor Mothers club held
their first meeting Of the new year
Tuesday afternoon at the home Of
Mrs. George Skunk, TIA Ninth st.
Resolutions for 1888 were given in
response to roll call. Mrs. A. G..
Brainerd read a paper dealing with
state institutions and Mrs. Clare
Nelson gave paper on what Shall
I Tell My Child" A group Of mu-
steal numbers were given by the
Harmonica Rogues, band composed
of 10 boys, directed by Mrs. Clarence
Guinness and Miss Grace Hand.
\ 4 =
A talk by Mrs. Robert Ritterbush
on the plan and purposes Of the In
ternational Sponsor Mothers clubs
preceded the regular program Of the
Progressive Mothers club, meeting
Tuesday evening at the home Of Mrs.
Fred Svaren, 600 Sixteenth st. Mrs.
Albin Hedstrom spoke on New Laws
Of North Dakota"
X X X
Papers by Mrs. Roy Indseth and
by Mrs. F. J. Bavendick were on the
program at meeting Of the Moth
ers' Service club Tuesday evening at
the home Of NJ E. M. Hendricks,
92l Fifth st. Mrs. Indseth's paper
vas on Building Up the Home Ii
brary," and Mrs. Bavendick's topic
was Answering Children's Cues
tions."
A group Of piano numbers by Mrs.
Fay Brown and vocal selections by
Mrs. J. L. Powell. with Mrs. F. M.
Davis at the piano. were given at a
meeting Of the Business and Profess
sional Women's club Tuesday even
ing in the club room. A talk on
newspaper publicity followed. The
committee in charge included Miss
Mabel Olson, Mrs. Alfred Zuger and
Mrs. L. B. Sowles.
= e =
AS its major welfare project for the
winter season. Chapter Be of the
Sponsor Mothers club will care for
one needy family which also is de-
serving during the next few months.
A committee composed Of Mrs. G. o.
Burnett. Mrs. Henry Jones and Mrs.
Paul Freise has been appointed to
direct the project. For the program
following the business session, the
following papers were given: Christ
in Art" by Mrs. Burnett: Ancient
Mexico" Mrs. Donald Tracy, and "A
Health Program for Your Child"
Mrs. Freise. Roll call was answered
with New Year resolutions
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11
Coleharbor Teachers
Married at Minot

Announcement Is made Of the we'd
ding OF Miss Florence A. Mortenson,
daughter Of Mr.. and Mrs. A. L. Nor
tenson, Minot, and Allen Nygaard,
Coleharbor, son Of Mr.. and Mrs. p. l.
Nygaard Of Plaza, which took place
Friday afternoon at the Mortenson
home, with Rev. H. E. Dierenfield,
pastor Of the Minot Presbyterian
church officiating.
Mr.. and Mrs. Nygaard are now A.
home at Coleharbor, where both arc
members Of the faculty Of the city
schools.
The bride was graduated from the
Minot state teachers college in 1928.
Mr.. Nygaard Is 4 graduate Of James,
town college.
4 Y Y
Miss Elizabeth Bleize1{er Of Robert
sons store Is spending several days in
Glendive as the guest Of her parents.
y n 4
Officers will be elected at q meeting
Of the Order Of the Rainbow for Girls
at 1880 o'clock Thursday evening in
the Masonic temple.
\ 4 y
For her daughter. Doris, who was IL
years old, Mrs. Frank Orchard, 2l1
Second st.. entertained q group Of 40
girls at birthday dinner party Tues
day evening. Yellow tapers in pink
holders and appointments to carry out
pink and yellow color note were used
for the table. Bunco was played with
Lydia LANCER and Jean Truman re-
ceiving prizes. Lois Riggs was award
ed q prize in guessing game and Isa-
belle LaRue was the winner In pea
nut hunt. Mrs. w. w. Turner, James
town, who Is visiting at the Orchard
home, was guest at the party.
i y =
Miss Arlys Anderson and Miss
lone Noggle entertained teachers and
officers Of the primary department of
the Sunday school Of the McCabe
Methodist church Tuesday evening at
the Anderson home, 723 Second st.
Following a business meeting. the
evening was spent socially. Twelve
members attended
= 4 ~
Miss Mamie Clark ,Stewartsdale, Is
spending the week In Bismarck as
the guest Of Mr.. and Mrs. Irwin
Small. $40 Tenth st., and Mrs. J. H.
Mcdonnell, a sister. Mr.. and Mrs.
Small, accompanied by Miss Clark.
motored to Arnold to visit with Mr..
and Mrs. Arthur Small the first Of
the week.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11
Dresbach Named to
Head Billiard Men

v. L. Dresbach, proprietor of the
Grand Pacific Billiard Parlors here,
was elected president of the Billiard
Mems association Of North Dakota
at a meeting here Tuesday.
He succeeds o. o. Troyer. Rugby,
who was named secretary treasurer.
Others named were L. p. Dawson,
Devils Lake, first vice president, and
George Binek, Dickinson. and H. G.
Hulsebus, Towner, directors.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11

meeting OF the Woman's Missionary
society Of the First Presbyterian
church Thursday afternoon at the
home OF Mrs. H. L. Wheeler, 3l4
Avenue d. Mrs. c. G. Converse will
conduct a map talk on the Philip
pines and Mrs. J. L. Hughes will
speak on China" Mrs. Floyd Logee
will lead the devotional service. vio-
lin numbers by Mrs. Otto Hanson,
Fort Lincoln, also will be on the pro-
gram.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11
TO BEGIN Stone
WORK IN March
Capitol Engineer Narrowly Es-
capes Injury When Wind
Hurls Plank

Stone work on North Dakota's new
skyscraper capitol building Is expect
ed to begin early in March, it was an.
nounced Wednesday by John Davis,
superintendent Of construction for the
Lundoff- Bicknell company, contrac-
tors for structure.
Davis said concrete and steel work
IS progressing as satisfactorily as
could be expected and that this work
should be nearing completion late in
February.
High wind and bitter weather Tues
day caused delay in the concrete
work and considerable danger to men
working in the temporary office
building about 80 yards from the base
Of the steel tower.
The wind caught plank high up
OH the structure and hurled it down
through a window in the office build
ing Davis said. c. E. Shreve, me-
chanical superintendent, narrowly es-
capped injury or death. Had he been
at his desk the plank would have
struck him. The window was re-
placed and an hour later another
plank hurtled through the same win
dow. Again Shreve escaped injury.
Now Shreve is waiting for the
third plank" Davis said, land he
hopes it doesn't arrive on Friday the
18th"
Concrete floors have been laid up
to the 18th story, the superintendent
said. The contractors can lay con-
crete when temperatures are around
zero or higher but halt work when
lower temperatures are forecast.
When steel and concrete work on
the tower is completed, Davis said,
work will begin on the west wing,
where the legislature will be housed.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11
Indian School Glee
Club to Give Program

Inc Y. =. indian school girls glee
club, a group Of other students and
Emmett Griffin Of Bismarck will par
ticipate In an assembly program at Z
o'clock at the U. 8. Indian school au-
ditorium, under the direction of Mrs.
Hermann Scheffer, voice teacher.
Mrs. Sharon Mote will play the &C.
compartments.
Numbers to be given include pale
Moon" Logan. Glee club: Garages"
Dobson and "Mammy's Song" Ware,
Emmett Griffin: piano solo, "Solfe-
getto." Bach. Audrey Warrior: "Mu-
steal Mice" Sandman" and Cuckoo
Clock, Grant Schaeffer, little girls
glee club: "Boyhood, Garnet, Jack
Mote: "One Sweetly Solemn Though, /"
Ambrose: and MY Creed" Garnet.
glee club.
These musical programs are given
on the third Sunday evening Of each
month.
Mr.. and Mrs. Clell Cannon (Rvth
JohnSon) have returned to Bismarck
after q wedding trip which took them
to the Grand Canyon and Los An
geles and Pasadena, Calf, by way Of
Kansas City. They also visited in
San Francisco, returning via Seattle
and Spokane, Wash. Mr.. and Mrs.
Cannon are making their home at
ia Avenue c.
The Young Peoples Christian En-
deavor society Of the First Evangeli-
cal church will hold its annual cleo
ton Of officers at $3.50 o'clock this
evening In the church parlors. All
members are requested to attend.
\ \ X
Mrs. Forrest f. Skinner, 200 Thayer
avenue, and Mrs. Kenneth King, were
hoetesses to members of the American
Legion Auxiliary chorus at a break
fast Wednesday morning at the Skin
ner home. Covers were marked for
10 members.
The Ladies' Aid society of the First
Baptist church will hold meeting at
s o'clock Thursday afternoon at the
home of Mrs. Fred Miller, 9Ol Tenth
st.. with Mrs. Miller and Mrs. o. T.
1tddcu as HUSICSScS. ~ COIOldl lIlVltd.
ton Is extended to friends.
r X X
The U. C.: T. Auxiliary will hold a
benefit bridge party. to which the
public is invited. following the regular
meeting Saturday evening in the Elks
tall. Play will start about 9 o'clock.
Reservations are to be made as soon
as possible with Mrs. A. M. Omdahl.
Y X y
Mr.. and Mrs. Harry Frank and two
children Of Fairview, Mont, are
spending few days in Bismarck as
the guests Of Mr.. and Mrs. H. M.
Leonhard. TIC Mandan st. They are
en- route to their home after a trip to
Minneapolis. Mrs. Frank is q sister
of Mr.. Lombard.
\ X X
Oriental Music" will be the theme
OF q program to be given at a meeting
of the Thursday Musical club at
o'clock Thursday afternoon in the
Auxiliary room Of the World War Me-
mortal building. Miss Helen House
will be the leader. Hostesses will be
Mrs. L. r. Priske and Mrs. j. L.
Powell.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11
Lodge Of Perfection.
Will Meet Tonight

A regular meeting Of the Bismarck-
Mandan Lodge Of Perfection will be
conducted 1t the Bismarck Masonic
Temple this evening, beginning at
7:30 O'Clock.
All members Of the Scottish Rite
Consistory are urged to attend.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11

Of their payroll 70 the Nonpartisan
League for campaign purposes and
under ordinary circumstances the
money would 90 70 the League exc
cutive committee. II r this arrange
ment which rfader apparently is
trying to unset.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11
City-County News

Miss Marjorie Ballet, l22 Third st..
is recovering nicely from m operation
which she underwent last Friday ut
the Bismarck hospital.
H. L. Reade, state fire marshal. Is
seriously Ill ct his home, Az Rosser
avenue, with influenza.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11

Ontario carries q stock Of TOO Diff
ierent brands Of whiskey, ale, gin,
brandy, wine and liqueurs.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11

Raids on telephone boxes in the
London area alone are responsible for
loss Of $500 monthly.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11

Ninety per cent Of our foot troubles
and ailments are due to Improperly
fitting footwear.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11
INDORSE FRAZIER BILL

st. Paul. Jan. 1l.(R)-The Frazier
bill to refinance farm mortgages was
formally Endorsed by the Minnesota
senate Wednesday. The house previ-
ouSly had given Its approval.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11

Deacon Shem browne, of Boston,
was the first professional artist in
America Of whom there Is any rec
ord.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11
SWIrTEsT RIVER

The River Rhone is regarded as
the swiftest river in the world. at
tanning velocity of 40 miles an hour
in certain parts of its course.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11

The tourist" industry has fallen
to the half million mark in France,
as compared to 100000 foreign Wis
itors year before the World war.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11
ROAD OF COTTON

A strip Of cotton road" laid in
South Carolina six years ago, and
exposed to usual traffic conditions,
has required no repair attention and
Is still in excellent condition.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11

Disraeli. English prime minister,
predicted his own success in his mai
den speech in the house of commons.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11

Under favorable conditions an air.
plane can be seen from about 10000
to $4,000 feet.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11

The average person makes use of
5000 to 10000 words. Doctors know
Is 900 and lawyers $4,000.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11

The evergreen forest Of Siberia Is
the largest single mass Of conifers in
the world.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11

Nearly 80 years mother dying left baby girls
York crphanage Both babies adopted
OF each others existence
Island n r. applied the orphanage baby
gaet Fowley of Chicago had
The ophanage knew they the sisters
each other and here them
the holidays together Mrs Roux. left. Mrs Fowley.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11
A BORROWING ROCK

The first directory of London had
a royal origin, being started by
Charles I, who wanted list of citi-
zenS who could loan him money.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1933-01-11

A most satisfactory dress for school
or office or to wear daytimes when
you intend to shed your coat for
luncheon or round Of bridge Is this
rlinabout dress Of mixed tweed IN
red, white and blue. It's smart neck
arrangement and wide sleeves pro-
claim 1t as q 1888 success. The col
lar. sleeve bands and bows are made
Of red and blue velvet, combina-
tion that is lively and yet keeps its
freshness long time.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-04-10

sponge boat came alongside anC
We sold them load.
Next time we got close to shore
was off Boca Grande, about 100
miles above Key West. 1t was
dead calm, and Pete got inspired
monkeying with his motor
All of sudden she gives a ter
rible cry like a dying mule, the
fly-Wheel cants up on an angle of
sixty degrees, and the whole thing
shakes like she's going crazy.
AL Pete had done was loosen
all the bolts he could lay SPAN
ner on. 1t seems little risky, now
look back at it, but the Old Man
never seemed to tumble.
What we wanted then was for
the Pegasus to hang there, unable
to get out to open sea again. We
figured sooner or later the old
striped flag would show up on the
horizon. Then we could find some
way to spill the beans.
"DUT the Old Mamie was
ID squarehead - would have
none of it. He was all for keeping
moving. So we had the whole
crew perspiring over that fly
wheel and cursing Pete, trying
to shake the thing down into its
mOOringS again.
When the skipper just about
had decided to heave Pete over
board to the likeliest looking
shark in the neighborhood, up
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-04-10
PILOT INJURED
IN PLANE CRASH
City Man Falls 1000 Feet
in Accident; Condition
Is Fair

John V. Heller, 3106 North Sher-
man drive, is in fair condition to-
day at Methodist hospital following
injuries incurred Sunday when a
plane he was plotting fell from an
altitude of 1000 feet
The plane, which was demolished.
fell on the farm of George l..
Gladen, at a point one-half mile
east of the Marion county line near
West Tenth street.
Elmer Gladen, tenant on the farm.
with the aid Of other residents of
the vicinity. pulled the aviator from
the wreckage. Heller is believed to
have incurred internal injuries in
addition to a crushed left hand, a
severe cut on the head and an in
jury of the left eye.
Crumpling of a wing when a strut
gave way due to breakage of an adj
juStment screw was aScribed as the
cause of the crash by mechanics of
the Hoosier airport, who inspected
the wreckage.
Heller, according to Capitol air
port officials, was an experienced
pilot with two years of flying, but
his ship, a Liberty monoplane, was
said to be a type built for expert
mental purposes, and not approved
by the United States department of
commerce.
The pilot is an accountant. His
wife, Mrs. Lucille Heller, is a teach
er in School 66.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-04-10
BUSINESS MEN LAUD
MODERNIzATI0N PLAN
Pay Rolls Will Be Increased,
Says Arthur V. Brown.

Business leaders of the city today
praised the modernizaton campaign
as an opportune time to remodel
and repair homes. apartments and
other buildings.
The campaign, to be staged April
% to May 5. is being promoted by
several thousand volunteers work
ing in districts.
In commenting on the proposed
project, Arthur V. Brown, president
of the Indiana National bank and
Union Trust Company, asserted re-
suits of the campaign will stimulate
business and increase pay rolls.
He declared business leaders are
expecting higher prices of labor and
materials and urged property own
erS to repair while prices are low.
An army of 5000 volunteer work
ers is enlisting property owners in
the campaign. Jobs will be given
several thousand unemployed.
The campaign workers are as
signed to districts to publicize the
drive.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-04-10

Then there follows, between bot
ties 10 and II, a pleasant reaction,
marked with perspirRtion and a
feeling of friendliness to all present.
A detailed discussion on business
affairs is included.
The new beer is discussed from all
angles. There is a general lull in
the drinking, caused both by feel
ing of fullneSs and the inclination
to talk. In fact, that sandwich you
ordered ten to twelve bottles ago
tastes pretty good. You order an
other and. perhaps, a bowl of soup.
Let's Talk About Beer
Bottle II doesn't come up for a
long time. In fact, you go to some
other place for a different brand of
beer.
Bottles IS and IA start the con-
verSatiOn all over again. The chief
topic is the difference in taste be-
tween the two brands, the price OF
beer and the fact that if you had
consumed that much home brew,
you'd long since been hanging from
a chandelier.
1t is a task to down No. IS i'm
mediately after IA. In fact, there is
another lull-this time much longer
and much quieter. There is a dull
throb at the temples. It's the start
OF a new beer headache. It's not
the jittery headache of days gone
by. Just dull tom-tom throb that
is there to warn you to halt.
Always the Gentlemen
But, at that stage of the game, the
brilliant idea dawns that. perhaps, a
couple more bottles will do away
with that headache. NThat accounts
for Nos. Is and II. Still, there is no
tendency to sing.
You're getting loggy now. Sleep
would be easy, but you ought to
drink one more before you leave.
You do. That's No. 18.
Nos. 19 and 20 are accounted for
by the old, staid custom of gentle
men.
It's the usual two beers among the
boys before home and to bed.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1933-04-10
JURORS |NDICT
CITY LAWYER
GiIIiIand Is Accused of En-
beZzIement: Bond Set
at 500.

Lawrence L. Gilliland, 1885 North
Alabama street, attorney, today was
indicted by the Marion county grand
jury on charges of embezzlement
and grand larceny and his bond
fixed at $4,000. Ten other persons
were indicted and four were dis
charged in the grand jury report.
Gilliland was bound over to the
grand jury March % on charges of
obtaining money under false pre-
lenses when he is alleged to have
accepted 5000 from Frank Volk, 1924
Mansfield street, and Clemen Ben
nerscherdt, 1926 Mansfield street, on
the promise he could obtain them
fire department appointments.
Charles Smith, charged with theft
of the auto of Circuit Judge Earl
Cox, was indicted on vehicle taking
charges.