davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1932-12-19

ouars.ly Dit.aend rate: IN dollars based on last
oip!dend tPartly extra. .Plus a. in stock.
q s,aaH payAoie IN cash or stock. Payable IN
Stock Adjustment dividend Plus Sc
IN IN stock. gPlus ec. in stock Plus ies
IN IN ek. stoek. Plus az in stock. Plus 100
IN stock m pius 5. in stock Plus 80
~ STOCK Paid last year-no regular rate
Evening star., 1932-12-19
New York Cotton

Special Dispatch to The Star.
NEW YORK, December 19-After an
early advance that carried cotton prices
to highest levels of the month, the
market today met increased selling pres
sure and weakness in the stock market
the last hour closed the list at the
bottom. with a loss Of to 9 points
on the day.
The recovery around 6L cents for the
May position brought more hedging from
the South and January liquidation prior
to notices on Friday increased in volume.
Spots were reduced 5 points to 610
Cation ronOo.
Evening star., 1932-12-19
Bank Closings Fewer.

NEW YORK. December 10 (R.-m
comparison with 25 the week before
only l3 banks closed In the United
States last week, the American Banker
reported Four banks reopened and
one new bank was chartered
Evening star., 1932-12-19
Grain Market

By the Associated Press.
CHICAGO, December 19-Late down.
turns in Chicago grain values today ac-
companied scattered liquidation and fol-
lowed weakness Of final quotations on
wheat at Liverpool
The Chicago wheat market was easily
influenced. as business lacked volume
Trade was of holiday character.
Wheat closed unstable as-9s under
Saturdays finish. corn at I4-as decline
to ls-i4 advance and oats is-l. up, and
provisions varying from IL cents set
back to an equal gain.
Evening star., 1932-12-19
Washington Stock Exchange
SALES.

SALES.
Capital Traction-2 at 4, 10 at As. 10
at 4ls, 10 at 41s, 10 at 41s, 10 at Ais.
AFTER CALL.
Washington Rwy. g. Elec. 4s-Sl 900 at
87l2, $1,000 at STA.
Bid and Asked Prices.
Evening star., 1932-12-19
PARIS BOURSE PRICES.

PARIS, December l9 (P).-Three per
cent rentes 7S francs; AZ per cent
rentes. 9475.
Exchange on London, 1896. The dol
lar was quoted at 1852.
The Washington times., 1932-06-06
SEABURY WORKS
F. On WALKER
REPORT

NEW YORK, June 6 Q.N.SO.-
Samuel Seabury, counsel of the
Hofstadter legislative committee.
drafted his analysis today of the
evidence against Mayor James J.
Walker which, with a transcript
Of the committee hearings, prob
ably will be sent to Governor
Franklin D. Roosevelt tomorrow.
1t was believed group of civic
organizations, including the City
Club and Society for the Proven.
tion of Crime, would place formal
charges against the mayor before
the governor and demand his re-
moval.
Seabury, who was back from
his trip to Washington, Pa,
where he received an honorary
degree, refused to comment on
any phase of the Walker case. in
Guiding the anonymous statement
attacking Seabury's m h d S
which was issued through close
friends of Governor Roosevelt.
State Senator John A. Hast
ings, in a letter to District At.
torney Grain asked that Seabury
be indicted, charging the counsel
received a reduced fare rate when
he sailed for Bermuda last March
and therefore violated a conSti
tutional act forbidding public of
ficialS to accept such reductions.
The Washington times., 1932-06-06
SENATOR LEWIS
NOW COLONEL

Senator James Hamilton Lewis
is now also Lieutenant Colonel
Lewis.
BY direction of President Hoover
the Illinois statesman has been
presented with a commission as
lieutenant colonel in the Officers
Reserve Corps.
Lewis has had a long service in
the Army. During the Spanish
American war. although a Repre-
sentative in Congress from the
State of Washington. Lewis with
the express permission of Presi.
dent Mckinley and Secretary of
War Alger served as volunteer aid
during the Porto Rican campaign
on theS staff of Gen. F. D. Grant.
After the World War, Colonel
Lewis was appointed major in
the Reserve Corps, which commits
sion he has held until his present
promotion.
The Washington times., 1932-06-06
HEARING
TOMORROW

A hearing before the Senate
District Committee tomorrow
afternoon at 2:30 o'clock on the
Mapes income tax bill for the
Capital was announced last night
by Senator Arthur Capper, COM
mittee chairman.
Advance requests for time to
present views have come from
various civic organizations and
individuals, most of whom will
oppose imposition of a separate
income tax upon District resi-
dents. Chairman Capper said,
therefore, he anticipated that
the hearings may run for two or
more days.
Thomas F.. Murphy. assistant
chief of the United States Bureau
of Efficiency, which suggested
numerous changes in the Mapes
income tax plan approved by the
House, will be one of the wit
neSSeS tomorrow.
The Washington times., 1932-06-06
YOUTH browns
IN POTOMAC

Believed to have struck sub
merged rock when he made a dive
in the Potomac River at Broad
water, Frank Walsh, %, of 1909
Window Pl. N. W., an employe of
the Atlantic and Pacific stores,
was drowned early yesterday. The
youths body was found today by
Montgomery county police and
rescue squads from the Bethesda
and Glen Echo volunteer fire de-
partments.
Walsh was the weekend guest
of George Kopf and Sidney De-
Shaxo, who live near Sycamore
Island. With Kopf, he went
canoeing early yesterday and
shortly after noon they tied up
the canoe on the Virginia shore
and went swimming. Kopf and
a number of other swimmers be-
gan diving for him when he failed
to come to the surface.
The Washington times., 1932-06-06
FLAG DAY RITES
ARRANGED

Flag Day observances will be de-
cided upon tomorrow afternoon
by representatives of cooperating
organizations at a meeting in the
District of Columbia Bicentennial
Commission officers.
The Flag Day parade will start
at Constitution Avenue and Seven
teenth Street, at p. m. June IA,
and it will be reviewed by the
President and his official party
on the East Plaza of the Capitol at
8 o'clock.
The procession will be held un-
der the joint auspices of the local
and national Bicentennial COM
missions. There will be hundreds
of costumes marchers and numer.
ous floats. Many State societies
will enter floats in the parade, and
several. including Mississippi, Ore.
gon and Rhode Island, will have
marching units.
The Washington times., 1932-06-06
What's Doing
When and Where

Dinner-Hecht Company, $50
p. M, Raleigh Hotel.
Meeting-Optometric Society,
7 p. M, Raleigh Hotel.
Concert-Army Band, 7:30 p.
M, Sylvan Theater.
Glass Exercises-Damascus High
School, 8 p. M, Damascus, Md.
Com m e n cement Exercises
Chevy Chase School, 4:30 p. m,
6410 Connecticut Ave. N. w.
Grand Lodge Night-Potomac
Lodge, No. S. F.. A. A. M, 7:3O
p. m, Lodge House.
Meeting-Delphian Society, 8
p. M, Shoreham Hotel.
Annual Picnic Meeting-Mon-
day Evening Club. 6 p. M, Vaca-
ton Lodge of the Y. W. c. A,
Cherrydale, Va.
Strawberry Festival-Holy Trim
ity Church, dinner served from
5 to 10 p. M. Parish Grounds,
1914 o st. N. w.
Exhibition - The Architectural
Club of Central High School, all
day, Central Building of the Pub
lie Library, Eighth and K SITS.
N. w.
commencement Dance-Chevy
Chase School, $50 p. M, school
auditorium, 6410 Connecticut
Ave. N. w.
Annual Moonlight Cruise
Bethlehem Chapter, No. 7, o. E.
S., 8 p. m, on the steamer City
of Washington.
Meeting -Chaminade and Low
cite Glee Clubs, evening, Thom-
son Center, Twelfth and L SITS.
N. w.
Election of Officers-East Sill
yer Spring School, Parent-Teacher
Association, 2 p. m, at the school.
Westinghouse Hills Citizens
Association, 8 p. M, Ben w.
Murch School.
Meeting-State and Provincial
Health Authorities of North
America, all day, Willard Hotel.
Neutrality-suspicious. League Of
Republican Women, $3.50 p. M,
Willard Hotel.
Meeting-Abraham Lincoln Cir.
Gle, No. 3, of the Ladies of the
G. A. R., 8 p. M. Willard Hotel.
Meeting-Henry w. Lawton
Camp, No. 4. of the United States
War Veterans, 8 p. m, Pythian
Temple
Concert-U. S. Marine Band, 8
p. M, Marine Barracks.
Annual Moonlight Cruise
Bethlehem Chapter, No. 7. Order
of Eastern Star, sailing at p. M,
on the steamer City of Washing
ton,
The Washington times., 1932-06-06
100 GRADUATED.
At AMERICAN j.

More than 100 degrees were
awarded today at commencement
exercises at American University.
DR.. Henry H. Crane, of Scranton,
Pa, delivered the commencement
address.
The modern machine age was
decried at the university's convo-
cation exercises yesterday by DR..
Lucius C. Clark, chancellor, who
declared:
"Our day is a key-sticking,
telephone ringing, radiO-static,
autO-adjusting mechanism. We
have school examining, super
salesmanship, air mindedness,
society fitting, political cOnniv.
ing"
Declaring that moral and re-
ugious values are being deter"
mined by masters of the machine
in these days, DR.. Clark called
upon the students to teach the
world how to Give together, not
as beasts, but as human beings"
The Washington times., 1932-06-06
Dismissed Policeman
Commits Suicide

Funeral services for former
Policeman Carroll zepp, 4S, of
4918 Illinois Ave. N. W., will be
held this afternoon at the Hy-
song funeral parlofs, Thirteenth
and N Streets Northwest. Burial
will be in Cedar Hill Cemetery.
Zepp who was dismissed from
the force last August on a
charge of being drunk, shot and
killed himself at his repair shop,
1925 Blangdon Cts. N. w. His
body was found yesterday after
he had been missing from home
since Saturday. His widow said
he had been respondent because
of financial difficulties.
The Washington times., 1932-06-06
Police Lieutenant
To Get Purple Heart

Police Lieut.. Lloyd Kelly, of
Eleventh precinct. will receive the
Purple. Heart award of valor at
Meuse-Argonne on october II,
1918, during the World War. He
was attached to the 119th Machine
Gun Battalion.
The Purple Heart award was
established by George Washing
ton and recently revived in honor
of the bicentennial.
The Washington times., 1932-06-06
Fight on Highway
Leads to 3 Arrests

Three men found fighting on
the Marlboro Pike at Forestville,
Md, early today were arrested
by Policeman William G. Gray.
of the Prince Georges county po-
lice force.
According to Gray the men en-
gagged in a fight after they
stopped for gasoline at a garage.
The men gave their names as Clar-
er1ce Hook, 1125 Owens st. N. E.;
George Harding, of Oxon Hill,
Md, and Paul Smith, 1144 Fourth
st. N. w. They were released
on 500 bond each.
The Washington times., 1932-06-06
Chevy Chase Seniors
Hear M1rUin TODAY

DR.. Cloyd Heck Marvin. presi-
dent of George Washington Uni
versity and president of the Dis
trict Bicentennial Commission,
will address the graduates of
Chevy Chase Junior College and
Senior High School at commence
ment exercises this afternoon.
The Rev. Charles J. Scudder de-
livered the baccalaureate sermon
Yesterday.
The Washington times., 1932-06-06
HGrrisOnbUrg Man
SucclLn1bS in D. C..

Walter M. Masters, so years of
age, died in a local hospital yes
terday after a short illness. He
same to Washington IL years ago
from Harrisonburg, Va, and was
employed as a salesman for the
Birmingham Implement Com
pany.
His wife, Mrs. BERTHE Masters,
and a daughter. Pauline, survive
him. The funeral will be held
at HarriSonburg at II a. m. Tues
day.
The Washington times., 1932-06-06
Dance ReUue Staged
BU Miss Mitchell

Youthful dancers scored last
night on the National Theater
stage when pupils of the Anna
T. Mitchell School of Dancing
presented their 1892 Dancing
Revue" The local pupils were
augmented by members of Miss
Mitchell's class in Frederick, Md
Medals were awarded following
the revue.
The Washington times., 1932-06-06
TAXI DRIVER is ROBBED

William P. Allen, taxi driver, 300
block Tenth st. N. E., told Tenth
precinct police yesterday he was
robbed of SIS at point of a gun by
two colored men in the 700 block
Gresham Pl. N. w,
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1932-04-07
Mrs. Otto, II, Buried
at Morgan Tuesday

Funeral services were held Tues
day at 1 p. m. at the home and l:oO
o. m. at the Methodist church for
Mrs. Henry w. Otto, II years old,
who died at her home Sunday about
$3.50 a. m. after an illness of nearly
a month.
Although i'll for sometime it was
not until Saturday that she was con-
fined to her bed. She became steadily
weaker until she died.
Mrs. Otto was born in Pommern,
Germany, January 6, 1860 and came
to this country when she was nine
years old. After living a few years
in the east she moved with her faml-
lys to Fairfax, Minnesota, where she
lived until her marriage to II. w.
Otto of Franklin, April q, 1884,.
They moved to a farm five miles
northeast of Morgan where they re-
sided until IL years ago when they
moved to Redwood Falls.
She is survived by her husband,
three daughters, Mrs. George t1xsen,
Wabasso, Mrs. r. G. Netzke, Amlret
and Mrs. Fred Holznagel of Redwood
Falls, one son, Erwin Otto of San
born and three grandchildren.
The funeral was conducted by Rev.
G. E. Martin of the Methodist churcn
and burial was in the Morgan Genet
cry. The pail bearers were G.. "A.
Luscher, w. R. Roberts, Mike Lau-
terbach, A. C. Burmeister, Robert
Parker and F. M. Bravinder.
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1932-04-07
State Bank Adds New
Executive to Staff

The directors of the State Bank
and Trust Company announce the
addition of William M. Pease to the
executive force, Mr.. Pease having
been been appointed to the position
of assistant vice president at meet
ing of the directors Saturday eve
ming.
"The business of this bank which
now serves wide territory in and
around Redwood Falls has grown to
the point where additional executive
help is required" A. C. Burmeister,
president of the bank, stated.
Mr.. Pease comes from Minneapo-
lis where he has been connected with
the First National Bank of that city.
He has wide acquaintance among
bankers of Minnesota and other
Northwestern states, and is thorough
" familiar with conditions in and
around Redwood Falls. He has had
many years experience in banking
and credits and the directors OF the
local bank selected him from num-
Der of applicants.
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1932-04-07
ROAD and BRIDGE
FUND DEBT FREE;
AWARD CONTRACTS
$33O,00O Debt of Road, Bridge
Fund Paid Through Rigid
Economy, dry Season
ROAD CONSTRUCTION LET
Commissioners in Session; to
Hear Tax League Men
April %

The road and bridge fund for Red
wood county, which few years ago
was S330,00O in debt, is debt-free for
the first time in years, it was reveal
ed after a meeting of the board OF
county commissioners this week.
The last debt paid was $4,000 bor-
rowed from the ditch fund on SIX per
cent interest when that fund had a
surplus few years ago.
The settlement, according to Rich
ard Cook, county engineer, is attrl-
buted to strict economy practlced IN
the department, a dry season last
summer which saved the county S20,-
600 in maintenance and other factors.
The road and bridge levy was reduc-
ed considerably last fall.
S33O,0OO Owed Few Years Ago .
The county highway department
paid 100000 up to February l, 1881,
and since that time the remaining
$4,000 has been paid at intervals:
The contract for the construction
work on the county road from High
way Ia north to John Arnett's farm,
a distance of one and three-fourths
miles was let to B. J. Schmitz OF Wa
basso. The Schmitz construction
crew also were awarded the contract
for the construction of the road in
Paxton township from Clarence Cob
leigh's farm to the Indian agency.
The first contract was let for $824.5O
and the second for $1,440.
The B. S. Andrews construction
company received the contract for
the construction of the Sherman
township job from the top of the hill
to the bridge, south of Franklin, for
$500.
The construction contracts which
were let this week will probably be
the only s-.ch contracts to be. given
out this summer, although it is pro-
bable that several crawling jobs will
be let later in the summer.
The commissioners were visited
Tuesday by a delegation of the Red
wood County Tax Reduction league at
which time, the commissioners decid-
ed to hear the delegations pleas for
reduction April % at a special meet
ing of the board.
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1932-04-07
Airport Plans Await
More Favorable Times

A recommendation that civic or
panizations of Redwood Falls post
pone the establishment of an airport
until business conditions are more
favorable was read and accepted at
a meeting of the Lions club Monday
noon. ;,
Lions club representatives on the
airport committee stated that after
meeting with members of the Com
mercial club and American Legion
airport committees and obtaining
estimates on the cost of establishing
and maintaining port, it was the
opinion of the group that the matter
should be dropped until later date.
William R. Mitchell of Tracy was
here Sunday and visited several
possible sites. He recommended two
located on Highway Ia near the city.
The three organizations considered
raising money by subscription to
open a port and had planned to seed
all of the land leased to alfalfa ex-
cept what would be required for run
ways. The crop would make the port
self-supporting in its third year, &C
cording to the plan.
Similar reports will be made to
the other clubs interested at their
next meetings.
The Lions feted members of the
high school basketball team at the
luncheon. Parker D. Sanders, j. d.
Wichman and John Finn made short
talks,
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1932-04-07
Grace johnson WEEDS
j. w. Bvram March %

Miss Grace Johnson of Minneapolis
and DR.. j. W. Byram of Echo were
married Monday, March %, at the
Mrs. Margaret Evans Huntington re-
sidence at Mortified. Rev. Josiah
Kidder, an old friend of the young
couple performed the ceremony.
Mrs. Byram attended Carleton Col
lege and at one time was a teacher
in the schools here. More recently
she has been EMPLOYED in the art de-
partment of the John w. Thomas and
Company store.
DIR. Byram is a graduate of the
University of Minnesota and his IN
terne work was done at Fairview hos
pital. He began the active practice
of medicine at Echo several months
ago and they will make their home
there.
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1932-04-07
CITY TAX RATE
COMPARES WELL
With LIKE CITIES
Lower Than Many in Sections;
Report of Minnesota
Towns Show

Redwood Falls municipal tax rate
of 235 mills compares favorably with
most other Minnesota cities of its
size according to a table of taxes
payable in 1882 published in Mime
sofa Municipalities"
The total rate paid here is $3.50
mills of which 1888 mills goes to the
state, 8.92 to the county and 1920
mills to the school.
Assessed valuation of real proper
ty in the city is $1,023,844; personal
property, $250,588 and money and
credits, $316,060. Municipal yield
amounts to $29,949 on real and per-
sonal property, $316 Zone milD on
money and credits and $8,658 by spe-
cial assessment.
Municipal rates in other smaller
cities of the state are:
Pipestone 33.1, Olivia 1879, Tracy
29.7, Slayton, 42.3, Sleepy Eye 31.5
Springfield 18, Sank Rapids 1928
Sank Center Is, Wadena 17.6, Will.
mar 1913, Window 30.1, Worthingtor
21.1, Alexandria 2S.87, Bayport 60.44
Benson 42.5, Blue Earth 26, Brecken-
ridge 1854, Candy FLA, Crosby 42.46
Dawson 20. Detroit Lakes 25.9, East
Grand Forks 26.9, Glenwood 1919, Gil.
bertv30.6, Grand Rapids 35.2, Jackson
28.79, Keewatin 1872, Luverne 7.8
Marshall 27.5, Minneota 1919, Monte
video 1858, Morris 31.42, Nashwaul
40.5, New Ulm 28.8, Ortonville 25.4
and st. James ID.
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1932-04-07
EDWARD JUHNKE,
STRUCK BY CAR ON
HIGHWAY IA, KILLED
Martin Eide, Belview, Blinded
by Light of Approaching
Car, Hits Farmer
SHOCK CAUSED DEATH
Coroner Called, Victim Rushed
to Hospital; Hold
No Inquest

Edward Juhnke, II, farmer liv-
ing one and one-half miles west OF
Redwood Falls, was struck and killed
b. an automobile on Highway IA Sun
day evening while walking home
from visiting a neighbor.
Martin Eide, Belview, driver of the
car, was coming to Redwood Falls
from Belview when he met two cars.
He was blinded by the lights OF the
approaching cars and did not see Mr.
Juhnke until he was only few feet
away, he told Coroner A. w. Hub
bard who was called after the accl-
dent.
After investigation Mr.. Hubbard
pronounced it death by shock ana
possibly internal injuries and no IN
quest was held. According to Eide,
his car was going at slow rate OF
speed when it struck the man. HIS
statement was supported by the TACT
that no bones were broken. Mr.
Juhnke had been subject to heart at
tacks.
Mr.. Juhnke was on his way nome
from Jerry Mahoney's farm, nan
mile west of his own, where ne visit
ed earlier in the evening. The Eide
car was going in the same direction
MIR. Juhnke was when the Belvlew
men met two cars. Mr.. Juhnke was
taken to the Redwood Falls hospital
but he died before he arrived.
Quintine Simpson, Axel Wldelman
and ]. A. Fenske, were passengers In
the Eide car
Mr.. Juhnke was born in Wisconsin,
August %, 1861, and lived there until
he moved with his family as boy
to Faribault county. He resided there
until he was married and moved to
Blue Earth county. The family lived
there until 81 years ago when they
moved to their present farm west OF
Redwood Falls.
Besides his wife, Mr.. Juhnke IS
survived by five daughters, Mrs. Dali
las johnson, Mrs. George Seebeck
and Miss Bertha Juhnke of Redwood
Falls, Mrs. Floyd Schultz and Mrs.
Gilman Dahlberg, both of Wabasso.
Funeral services were held at the
German Lutheran church Wednesday
afternoon with Rev. w. G. Nickeis
officiating.
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1932-04-07
Frazier Bill on Farm
Mortgages introduced

The Farmers Farm Relief Bill IN
dorsed by the Commercial club here
and introduced in the United States
Senate by Senator Lynn j. Frazier OF
North Dakota is up for discussion
before the Agricultural Committee.
A number of state legislatures have
passed resolutions asking congress to
pass it without delay, and the Farm
ers Union is unanimously supporting
it, as are other farm organizations.
The bill provides that the United
State Government shall re-finance
the existing farm indebtedness at
one and one-half per cent interest
and one and one-half per cent prin-
cipal on the amortization plan. 1t
provides that the United States Gov
eminent shall get the money with
which to do this, not by issuing and
selling bonds, but by issuing Federal
Reserve Notes secured by first mort
cages on farms.
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1932-04-07
Funeral Monday for
Miss Lillian Shippee

Miss Lillian Ruth Shippee, daugh-
ter of Mrs. Laura Shippee, died at
her mothers home Friday evening at
the age of SO years. Funeral services
were held from the Church OF Chrlst
Monday afternoon with Rev. Oscar
Joneson officiationg.
Miss Shippee has been in weak
ened condition since she was nine
wears old. Recently she became sud-
denly worse. - I'M
She was born in Cedarville, Ill,
inois, February 3, 1896 and lived
there until 1912 when the family
moved to Redwood Falls.
She is survived by her mother, two
brothers, Arthur and Shirley OF Red
wood Falls and three sisters, MRS
Walter Jaus of Winthrop, Mrs. Louis
Fadden Of Monrovia, California ano
Miss Lola Shippe of Redwood Falls.
Burial was in the Redwood Fails
cemetery.
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1932-04-07
Captains Named for
Annual Grow Hunt

Redwood county sportsmen will
again stage a crow hunt, it was de-
cided at a well-attended meeting OF
the Redwood County Game Protective
league held at the city hall Thursday
night.
Frank Thiering, president of the
league, appointed w. E. Paffrath and
Fred Schmidt, captains and Ira Rog-
ers and Harry Warner, lieutenants.
After several minutes of debate on
how prizes should be awarded, it was
decided to permit the captains to
Judge what prizes should be given
and on what basis. A similar contest
was held last year.
Moving pictures of wild game were
shown and interpreted by Editor
Swenson of Fins, Feathers and Furs
magazine. He also spoke on game
conservation. He is member of the
state game and fish department. He
emphasized the Importance of protec-
tive leagues.