davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1932-09-24
BAPTISTS ARRANGE
RALLY DAY SERVICE
DR.. Johnson to Preach on Rally
ing Point for Today and
Books of Bible.

Rally day tomorrow at the National
Baptist Memorial will be observed by
the Bible school at $50 am. and by the
young people in the evening. DR.. Cove
G. johnson also will take as his topic
at the morning service The Rallying
Point of Today" In the evening he
will continue his messages on the books
Of the Bible, his special subject being
'Exodus-the Book Of Outgoings." The
Junior B. Y p U. will meet at pm.
Boys and girls from 8 to IL years Of age
are invited.
A rally social for the mothers and
children Of the cradle roll and the be-
ginners' departments will be held at
the church Tuesday at 2 pm. The
deaconesses will meet at the church
Wednesday at 8 pm. The subject for
consideration at the Thursday evening
service will be Prayer as Work" Fri
day at 7:30 pm. the Boy Scouts, Troop
43, will meet.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
First Baptist-West WASHINGTON.

The pastor, DR.. Marcellus N. New
some is on his vacation. Rev. w. Arm
stead Jones of the Rock Creek Bap-
tist Church, will preach tomorrow at
IL am. A musical program by the
Tribe of zebulum will be given at 8
pm. Bible school, $3.50 am; Inter-
mediate c. E., pm; Senior c. E.,
pm; weekly meetings Wednesday and
Friday nights.
Evening star., 1932-09-24

Divine Service Every Sunday PM.
1873 Meridian Place NV.
Musical Programme. 1:45
Elizabeth Gardiner Coombs
Special Vocal Programme This Sunday
Sermon by the Pastor
Rev. Jane B. Coates
Subject, "The Covenant"
Asst. Pastors. Rev. Mollie Hall. virsinia
Wade, Paul w. DeLoe, John Hall and others.
, Spirit Messages and Healing Treatments
by the Church Mediums and Healers
Message, Prosperity and Healing Service
Every Wednesday s:15, DR.. Jane b. Coates.
1873 Meridian Pl. NV
DR.. Coates gives consultations BY appt
Col e0oT naiIy 80 E,,.atrgg. ~>>'
Evening star., 1932-09-24
Congress Street NJ. p.

The Harrison Bible Glass Of Con-
greSS Street Methodist Protestant
Church will meet tomorrow at GAS
O'Clock in the auditorium of the church.
F. r. Cohill will have charge of the
lesson and give a short talk on it..
Lieut.. Milton D. Smith of the Traffic
Bureau. Police Department. will speak
on What the World Owes Moses" Dr.
Hiel A. Kester, the pastor, will preach
at II am. on THE Unshaken Pillars"
and at pm. on THE Tenth Man"
Evening star., 1932-09-24
CONVOCATIONS CALLED

The Northern and Southern Convo-
cations Of the Diocese of Washington
will hold special meeting Wednesday
at 10 am. with holy communion.
Services will be held on the recently
completed main floor Of the Cathedral
and will extend into the afternoon.
Right Rev. Wyatt Brown, Bishop of
Harrisburg, will be the guest speaker.
Reports will be given by leaders Of
the various church organizations and
plans completed for the convocation
wide preaching mission to be held.
starting November l3. Representative
groups from all parishes are expected
to attend.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
FAITH TO BE SUBJECT

At the Sixth Presbyterian Church to-
morrow morning, the pastor, Rev. God
frey Chobot, will preach on Fear Versus
Trust" The text is What Time Am
Afraid. Will Put My Trust in Thee" !"
( Communion will be celebrated Octo-
Der 2. Preparation is being made for
the Rally day service in the Sunday
school October 9, at GAS am. The pro-
gram will be in charge of A. M. Buck
and his assistant, E. r Albrecht.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
John Wesley A. M. E. Zion.

DR.. George 0. BullOCk'S topic tOnl0r-
row at IL am. is Christ Question,
Which Silenced the World and at 8
pm, Christ Laughed to Scorn" Prayer
meeting, $50 to 7:30 am; Bible school,
9:15 am; Jr. C. E. S., 4 PM; I. c. E.
S.. S pm; Senior, pm; prayer meet
ing Tuesday, to 10 pm; young peo-
pies prayer meeting Thursday, to 8
pm; MONDAY prayer meeting daily.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
SIGNBOARDS is TOPIC

Promotion day will be observed in the
Brightwood Park Methodist Episcopal
Sunday school tomorrow beginning at
GAS am.
"Signboards" will be the subject Of
the address Of Rev. S. Carroll Coale
minister, to the children at the II
o'clock service. Catching the Spirit
of the Heights" will be his sermon theme
at this hour, and The Guidance of
God" at the evening service.
The Epworth League meets at 6:45
pm. Circle No. 2 will meet at the
home of Mrs. Faye Price, AIT Marietta
place, Monday evening The minister
will conduct the prayer meeting Thurs
day evening.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
PLAN AUTUMN RALLY

The Fall rally will be held tomorrow
at $50 am. in Keller Memorial Lu-
theran Sunday school An address will
be given by Rev. Clifford H. Jope, pas
tor of the Ninth Street Christian
Church. The local pastor, DR.. S. T.
Nicholas, will give a short talk after the
smaller children have assembled with
the main school. A solo will be sung
by Mrs. D. H. Lawson, soprano and
special selections will be played by an
orchestra under direction of Edw. l..
Weber.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
SutrtfualiHf

RONALDA Message Meetings tues, "a.
SUM-, 8 y m; Wed. afternoon, pm. Read by
appointment only. Dec. 1855. 1447 You st. NV.
MRS. RIZPAH ELDON
I 133s M ass. Ave. wv. Sc. Cor. 18th 4 Mass-Ave.
Spiritual message meetings Mondays. .
D Readings daily. ME. 2l26
Evening star., 1932-09-24
Western Presbyterian.

Rally day will be observed tomorrow.
There will be graduating exercises in
the Sunday school, with an address by
Miss Judith L. Steele. At the morn
ing service the pastor, Dr. Dunham
will preach on THE Forsaken Leader y
The Christian Endeavor service will be
conducted by the young people. In the
evening the sermon will be "A Straight
Word on Religion
The preparatory service will be held
Thursday evening, followed by a meet
ing of the session of the church.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
SPIRITUALIST CHURCH
OF PSYCHIC SCIENCE

Rev. CAROL Z. M MckiNsiEY, SiE Minister
Lecture. 8 PM. by the Faster
Subject:
81. Paul's Diversity Of Spiritual Gifts.
FolloUed By Spirit Greetings
Assisting Mediums. Edward C. SpenEeFman
Elisabeth Mcdonald and Mrs. Margaret Mandis
MID-WEEh MESSAGE SERVICE.
Wednesday Eve, 8 Pm.
All services in tent on the lawn. weather
Evening star., 1932-09-24
Spiritual Science Church Of Chri,t

Holds message circle every Friday. .
PM, for the benefit Of Longley Spiritual
Church. 3423 Holmead Place NV. Private
Evening star., 1932-09-24
InixersaIist Memorial.

Religion and Christ" is the sermon
theme of DR.. Frederic W. Perkins to.
morrow morning The church school
will meet at 1918 O'Clock, except the
adult class, which follows the churcn
service. The Ladies Aid Association
will meet Tuesday at 1880 O'Clock Tor
its business session followed by card
party and social At 4 O'Clock tea will
be served. Mrs. Elwood J. Way Is the
hostess.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
Tabor PRESBYTERIAN.

Rev. r. A. Farley will speak tomor-
row at II am. on THE Call of Christ:
Young Peoples Society, 7'pm.; church
school, $50 am. Mid-week services:
Thursday, pm. will be conducted
by Win One" discussion number three
of the congregation, Elder j.. W. Har-
rington. chairman Boy Scouts, Thurs
day. 7 pm
Evening star., 1932-09-24
Shiloh Baptist.

The pastor, Rev. E. L. Harrison, will
speak tomorrow. at IL o'clock on "The
Poor in Spirit" and at o'clock on
The Merciful" The Young Peoples
Society, under the leadership of James
Brown, will discuss the topic, Get
ting Good Start" at o'clock The
free coaching classes in English, French
and Latin. with elementary subjects,
sponsored by the Educational Commit
tee of the church, have reopened. They
meet at the church on Tuesdays and
THURSDAYS at Z o'clock.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
MetropoIitan A, M, E.

DR.. William H. Thomas, the minister,
will preach tomorrow at II am. on
Can God Answer Prayer?' and at 8
pm. on Our Attitude Toward Life"
Church school, 9 am; Christian En-
deavor. $50 pm. The music at both
services will be furnished by the second
choir, who will close their Summer
season at the evening service. Mrs
Marie E. Jumper, director. Ministerial
Alliance Tuesday at noon in the church
parlor.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
Rally Day.

The Rally day for Luther Leaguers
will be held tomorrow at pm. in
the Evangelical Lutheran Church of
Atonement, Rhode Island avenue and
North Capitol streets. The subject of
the evening will be "Why We Need
Young Peoples Societies in the Church" :"
Martin A. McGrory, treasurer of the
Luther League, will speak
The Glee Club of the Central Union
Mission will render several songs.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
First Brethren,

Rev. Homer A. Kent, pastor, will
preach at II o'clock tomorrow on
Lowest Thou Me?" and at pm. on
Gods Threefold Imperative" Sunday
school, $50 am; Young Peoples
Christian Endeavor, 7 pm.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
Centennial Baptist.

What Some Washington People
Hide!" is the subject Of Rev. E. Hez
Sven Sunday night at 8 o'clock. Ihe
II O'Clock sermon subject is "Impart
out of Yourself and Get Greatly" The
B. Y. P. U. convenes at pm. and the
Sunday school at $50 am.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
Good Will Baptist,

The pastor, DR.. James L. Pinn, will
preach tomorrow morning on THE
Outcast." In the evening his subject
will be "An Old Testament Preacher
Of Social Righteousness Sunday
school, $50 am; Baptist Young Peo-
pies Union, $50 pm.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
st. COIumba's Episcopal.

Tomorrow is promotion Sunday for
the church school. The rector, Rev.
E. A. LIE Moine, has decided to make
religious education the theme of the
day. The officers and teachers Of the
church school expect to attend the IL
o'clock service to hear a sermon on
The Way to Grow"
A meeting Of the vestry will be held
Tuesday evening. The Women's Guild
will have an all-day meeting Thursday.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
Volunteers of America.

Rev. Charles Curtis will be the guest
preacher at the services tomorrow at
3 o'clock at the Relief Mission, All
Pennsylvania avenue. A special musi-
cal program has been arranged by Mrs.
Veda Shafer, assisted by Capt. Jennie
Ingram.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
Divine Science.

Grace Lightfoot Patch, leader of the
First Divine Science Movement in
Washington, presides at the center at
Stoneleigh Court, 1706 L street, each
Sunday at II am. The topic tomor-
row morning is Wherein Divine Sci
ence Is Unique"
Evening star., 1932-09-24
Christian Healing.

Holy communion will be celebrated
at the service of Christian Healing by
DR.. G. F. Dudley Tuesday at 1880 am.
in the Church of st. Stephen and~the
Incarnation.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
New Bethel Baptist.

Special services will be held tomor-
row. Rev. A. S. George will preach
morning and evening. Sunday school,
$50 am; Christian Endeavor, $50
pm; revival services each night next
week.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
First Reformed.

Harvest festival services at II am.
tomorrow will be celebrated, when the
pastor, Dr. James D. Buhrer, Will
preach on "Our Harvests, Physical and
Spiritual"
Evening star., 1932-09-24
Friendship Baptist.

Rev. P. P. Samuels of Philadelphia,
Pa will preach tomorrow at II am;
Rev. L. T. Hughes, pastor of the Mount
Jezreel Baptist Church, will preach at
$3.50 pm: Rev Nathan Ross of Emory
Grove, Md, will speak at pm; Sum-
day school, 10 am: B. Y. P. u, pm.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
Bethany Baptist.

Rev. Charles w. Baldwin, pastor
First Community Church, Margate
City. N. j., will be the guest preacher
tomorrow at II am and 8 pm: Morn
ing theme. "My Heart Is Fixed" and
in the evening, "Calvary's Witnesses" !"
Evening star., 1932-09-24
Perfect Class DaY.

The ladies' Bible class of the Park
View Christian Church will observe
Perfect Glass day tomorrow at 9:45 a m
under the leadership of Mrs. Coils
Evening star., 1932-09-24
Guest Speaker,

John S. Bennett, superintendent of
Central Union Mission will be the guest
speaker at the Mems Bible Glass of
Eastern Presbyterian Church tomorrow
at 10 am. The Central Union Mission
Glee Club will assist.
Plans are under way in the class
for membership campaign, in which
the class will be divided in two teams,
the loosers to entertain the winners.
The class has entered a team in
the East Washington Church Bowling
League, under the leadership Of Beverly
M. Leache, assistant secretary of the
class.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
PetwOrth NJ. z.

'The Other Wise Man." by DR.. Henry
Van Dyke, will be the subject of an
illustrated sermon by Rev. Robert L.
Wood tomorrow evening. The choir will
sing. In the morning the sermon
theme is 1.-The Fruits of Unbelief." Sun
day school is at $50 am. The Young
Mems Class will have as its guest
teacher Maj. ]. K. Stacey.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
Gospel Hall.

Gospel services will be held tomor-
row at 8 pm. in the hall at 245 Fiji
teenth street southeast. Prayer meet
ings are held Thursday evenings at 8
o'clock.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
Fifth Baptist Rally Day,

The annual Rally and Promotion day
at Fifth Baptist Church Will Be OBJ
served tomorrow In the Sunday school
and church services. John Ruthven will
make an address. DR.. John Z. Briggs
will preach at 7:45 pm.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
Second Baptist.

Rev. William A. Johnson, Pilgrim
Baptist Church, Nyack, N Y, will
preach at II am and pm. tomor-
row. Bible school $50 am; B. Y. P. u,
at pm.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
LONGLEY MEMORIAL
SPIRITUALIST CHURCH

sunday, September 25. At aPM
LECTURE BY REV. F. H. MANDRELL.
3423 Holmead Place NV, Corner
Newton Street
Healing Clinic-Dr. virginia Walker.
Assisting Mediums-Mrs. Suit Mrs Scharf-
fetter. Mrs. Mandrell. Mr. Myers and others
Trumpet Seance Monday at pm, by Mrs
Nichols OF Camp Chesterfield, Ind
Evening star., 1932-09-24
Catholic Guild.

The Catholic Evidence Guild will
have as speakers tomorrow afternoon
on the Catholic University Campus
Mary G. Hawks. president Of the Ma
tional Council of Catholic Women, and
Jerome Downey of Georgetown Uni
versity. Miss Hawks will speak on Our
Lady and the Saints" and Mr.. DoWney.s
subject is Miracles" The meeting will
be held near the Harewood entrance TO
the grounds and is open to the public.
Questions on Catholic doctrine will be
answered.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
Highlands Baptist.

The pastor, Rev. Newton M. Sim
monds, will preach on "Recompenses-
Human and Devine" tomorrow morning.
In the evening he will speak Of "The
Real Jesus" The social circle will meet
Wednesday with Mrs. Simmonds, 1924
Gallatin street. The Fall rally day OF
the school will be held October 9. Rev.
E. o. Clark of the Chevy Chase Church
will be the speaker.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
All Souls Unitarian.

The opening session of the church
school will take place tomorrow at GAS
o'clock in Pierce Hall and new pupils
will be registered. At the IL o'clock
service the minister, DR.. Ulysses G. B.
Pierce, will preach on Unto the Hills"
Evening star., 1932-09-24
Fifteenth Street Presbyterian.

DR.. H. B. Taylor, pastor, will preach
tomorrow at II o'clock on Hidden
Mamma" Christian Endeavor, pm.
Rev. l. w. Underhill, missionary from
Africa, will preach October 2.
Evening star., 1932-09-24
Activities in Local Churches
Peoples CONGREGATIONAL.

The minister, Rev. A. F. Elmes will
preach tomorrow morning on "A Lead
ing Church." Young peoples service,
Thursday, preparatory to communion.
Seward daily gateway., 1932-07-26
EXPORTS OF J. 5. O|L
 AND COAL IS THREATENED

OTTAWA, Canada, July 26, (P)- Threats to the trade of U. s. oil and coal interests in the British Empire arose today in the parlys of the British Empire conference.
 Tn referring to the unfair trade practices" the committee on trade within the commonwealth heard of inferential references to the al- legged price cutting by American oil companies.
 A threat to U. s. coal came in the declaration from the Canadian delegation placing anthracite coal on the long list of items from which the conference might select articles for British preference. This would hit the present sale of U. s. anthra- cite in Canada by opening a mar ket to Welsh miners.
 The discussion included wheat, meat, lumber, fish and fruits.
Seward daily gateway., 1932-07-26
MELLON ASSIGNING
 SAYS LONDON HERALD

LONDON, July 26, The report that Ambassador Andrew Mellon was to resign soon was being de- nied here Monday by American of- ficials who claim that they would know if such a move was contem- plated. Washington also denies the report.
 The Daily Herald of London was authority for the statement that Mellon was going to resign. It said that the aged statesman and fin ancier of America was resigning so that a younger man could be put in his place to carry on the U. s. part in the world war debt neg citations
Seward daily gateway., 1932-07-26
HOOVER BLAMED FUR
 DEBT CANCELLATION

WASHINGTON, D. C.. July .26, - Senator Hiram Johnson of Califor- mia, on Monday, placed upon Pres ident Hoover the responsibility for the European move seeking debt cancellation.
 Senator Johnson stated that the President planned to shift the en- tire burden of debt payment upon the shoulders of the American tax payer by cancellation of the huge sums of money which the Europ- can nations owe to the United States.
 It is understood that Johnson will announce further details as to the debt cancellation situation in his anti-Hoover election campaign.
Seward daily gateway., 1932-07-26
BURIED 21 YEARS, FAT

NEW YORK, July 26, The best way of adding weight to turtles ap- pears to be to imprison them in a foot of space beneath a slabstone for 21 years. A turtle weighing five pounds was accidently buried when a sidewalk was laid in front of midtown hotel in 1911. When a laborer pullel up the flagstones to replace them with a ceme n walk he found the snapping turtle weighed IA pounds, despite lack of exercise.
Seward daily gateway., 1932-07-26
THE SPIRIT THAT WINS

Last week Captain Ivan L. Peterson, directing the drilling of the Peterson oil we'll at Chickaloon, sailed for San Francisco after spending part of the summer at the we'll On his arrival Captain Peter son had found his buildings caved by snow and un- fit for habtation Thus the time he had hoped to de- vote to drilling was consumed in rebuilding the quarters.
 Captain Peterson expects to return before many weeks prepared to resume drilling, when he will pos siblv finish the we'll which will tell him if he has oil or not Whatever the result this portion of Alaska is indebted to Captain Peterson for his courage and energy in an effort to prove what many believe that there is oil in this portion of Alaska only need ing research with the drill
 With his own money and that of his associates, many of whom prominent in national affairs, he has plugged away steadily, encountering and overcoming every obstacle found in pioneer well, including loss of tools, gaspressure cavng, and un known formation. Despite these handicaps he has sent the bore down distance of 1900 feet, cased off the gas pressure which reached 22OO pounds to the square inch and threatened to lose the well, recov cred tools imprisoned by the cave, ceented the hoe drilled thru and has the we'll in shape for further progress. Starting with Star rig it was soon found that more sturdy and complete equipment was de- handed He therefore brought in the first standard rig introduced in Western Alaska and now has an equipment capable of testing any field he chooses
 Should Captain Peterson bring in even pump ing well 1t would be the most important event Tn re- cent Alaskan history and bring untold prosperity to this portion of the Territory.
 Like the pioneers who first braved the big wild erness, Captain Peterson has the adventures com pex As an old sea captain, he was among the first to enter the lower Yukon with ship laden until decks were awash. He was among the argonauts of Nome and thus is perfectly at home in the North land. While few know it he has pioneered waters where even only the most intrepid dare venture. In this work he left his mark upon Alaska and ap- pears destined to enlarge it by giving us an oil we'll.
 Alaska needs more Captain Ivan L. Petersons- these men of vision and energy who do not write de- feat in their log.
 In his pioneering in the oil fields Captain Peter son has the admiration and confidence of every pro gressve man all of whom would join with him ln the elation of writing success after his efforts.
Seward daily gateway., 1932-07-26
ORDER Ev|CT VETERANS
 FROM GROUNDS DELAYED

WASHINGTON, July 26, The commissioners of the District of Columbia ordered indefinite post ponement of their previous order for the police to evict veterans of the bonus army from government buildings and property.
 The new order of the commis- sioners represented a temporary victory for the veterans in their plan to stay in Washington, for their bonus fight. The veterans had begun a course of passive re- sistance to the evacuation order and have been told to make the police evict them bodily.
Seward daily gateway., 1932-07-26
MS DISCOvERER IN PORT

The MS Discoverer, Capt. Heinie Berger, arrived in port at noon to- day from Iliamna, Cook Inlet and Anchorage, bringing passengers and mail. Captain Berger expected to get away on the return voyage at o'clock this evening. Engineer Jack Wilkenson was suddenly talk en ill enroute and at Seldovia first aid was given him and where his case was diagnosed as gall stones. Dr. A. D. Haverstock, of the Sew ard General Hospital, attended the sick man immediately upon arrival
Seward daily gateway., 1932-07-26
REACH CANADIAN LAND

COPENHAGEN, July 26, An un- confirmed dispatch here states that Capt. Wolfgang Gronau, German aviator, who is flying from Germ any to Montreal, Canada over a route which has taken him to Ice land and Greenland, said that he had successfully completed a 7OO- mile flight from Greenland to a point in Northern Canada, reach ing there Monday night. The re- port said that Gronau would com plete the rest of his hop to Mon- treal today.
Seward daily gateway., 1932-07-26
FORTUNE SHRINKS

NEW YORK, July 26, The per- sonal fortune of President Hoover, which in 1928 was said to total over $4,O00,O00, has shrunk to a figure around $7O0,00O, it was re- vealed here by the Magazine For tune. The shrinkage is said to have been due to the Presidents interest in an investment company whose former assets are now de- clared to be mostly liabilities.
Seward daily gateway., 1932-07-26
GOOD GRAIN OUTLOOK

SPOKANE, Wash, July 26, II A. D. Adams, general manager of the North Pacific Grain Growers said that a ready market would be found for wheat growers of the North Pacific this year as a big exporting company has announced plans for the purchase of a huge quantity of wheat as soon as it is available.
Seward daily gateway., 1932-07-26
PROGRAM WON'T HURT

OTTAWA, Canada, July 26, - Further evidences were disclosed at the Ottawa economic conference of British empires that a policy that would be non-injurious to U. s. exporters will in all liklihood be adopted. It was feared for some time that export business would be hard hit as result of this meet ing but this fear is now being mod erated.
Seward daily gateway., 1932-07-26
TEXAS VOTERS FAVOR
 EARLY RESuBN|Ss|0N

DALLAS, Texas, July 25, A n early count Saturday of the tax returns in the Texas election show ed that out of almost 100000 votes, seven out of 10 votes were in favor of resubmission of the 18th amend ment.
 The votes for Governor shows that candidate Ferguson and Gov. Ross Sterling, running for reelect- fen, are running neck and neck and it was declared that 8 runoff cleo tion might prove necessary.
Seward daily gateway., 1932-07-26
MAURICE CHEVAL|ER'S
 WIFE STILL LOVES HIM

PARIS, July 26, -Yvonne Valle, wife of Maurice Chevalier, famous singer, still loves her husband. :.
 Chevalier is suing her for di- vorce and cites incompatibility as the reason.
 Miss Valle said, yesterday at her summer home near this city, that she would go on long sea voyage in an attempt to forget Chevalier and everything.
Seward daily gateway., 1932-07-26
SUITS ARE SETTLED

CLEVELAND, July 26, (P)-Dam- age suits in the Cleveland clinic disaster, one of the worst in this country's history, were settled for $167,000 The clinic was operated by the famous Dr. George Oriole and was struck by fire May 19, 1929 when 125 persons were stricken fat ally by deadly poisonous gases, or burned.