davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Western news and the Libby times. [volume] (Libby, Mont.) 1920-1933, 1932-04-28
First Lutheran Church.
The Presbyterian Church.

Sunday, May 1st, is Vocation Day
in the Presbyterian Church through
out the country. We shall observe IT
at the morning worship in thinking of
The Greatest Vocation This will
furnish the young folks and parents
with an opportunity for pretty seri-
Gus thought. The Bible school meets at
10 o'clock, the worship period begins
promptly at last sound Of the bell.
The Young Peoples Group meets for
supper and discussion, at $50 at the
church
Western news and the Libby times. [volume] (Libby, Mont.) 1920-1933, 1932-04-28

The Lamplighters have their eve
ming meal together on Tuesday and fol-
low that with discussion.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
Mrs. Sabin
Insists on
Fall Repeal

Mrs. Meredith Nicholson Jr.. ex-
ccutive secretary Of Indiana di-
vision, Womans Organization for
National Prohibition Reform, and
Mrs. Sylvester johnson Jr.. state
chairman, left today for Princeton.
II j., where they will attend the
! ational executive committee meet
i2g Tuesday and Wednesday.
we want unqualified repeal, .
s1id Mrs. Charles H. Sabin. ma
t'onal president, and we are pre-
r lred to fight any resolution which
& oes not return full power Of legal
control Of liquor to the states"
The organization is meeting to
t1ttle any unsatisfactory action
nich might be taken at the seven
tg-second congress.
We are watching with interest
the proposal of Speaker Garner"
S i'd Mrs. Sabin. I'VE will oppose
any bill which leaves the question
in the hands Of the federal gov
nment. We also oppose submit
ting a repeal resolution to the
S ate legislatures for ratification.
In addition to discussing the pro-
+ bition question as its stands, the
organization will hear reports of ma
t.onal officers and state chairmen.
Mrs. James Ross Todd of Louis
vile, who was the guest of Mrs.
F ebert Adams when Mrs. Sabin
visited here a year ago, will attend
TIE national meeting. Mrs. Fred
c lex Alger of Detroit, who has
V 5ited here, will be a delegate. APP
p oximately fifty will attend.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
Ne10 European Countries
Issue Interesting Stamps
BY MRS. C. O. ROBINSON

BY MRS. C. o. ROBINSON
HAvE you ever been to Azerbai-
IL jan2 I hadn't until I bought
the first stamps issued by this new
republic.
Before the close Of the World war
it had no nation history, but de-
clared itself republic in 1918. In
1920 Soviet government was
formed, with Baku as the capitol,
and it joined with Georgia and
Armenia in 1921 to form the Trans
caucasian Federation of Soviet Re-
publics. They affiliated with the U.
S. S. r. in 1923, so now Russian
stamps are used.
The first stamps issued by the ma
tional republic of Azerbaijan are
very primitive looking imperforates
and except for the first twenty-nine
have the most amazing catalog
value. Most of them are more than
81 each, many are SIS to $40 each
and some as high as SIS. These
stamps are without gum, as in
warm countries they often are so
issued.
Armenia is, of course, well known
to most of us, because of the trials
and tribulations of its national his
tory, but 1 wonder how many of us
knew that Mt. Ararat, where Noah
landed the ark, is in this prosecuted
land.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
COUNCIL URGES
TARIFF SLASHES
Cut Arms, Reduce Debts,
Is HOLSTERS Plea.

War debt revision should not be
considered except in conjunction
with reduction of expenditures for
military purposes, it is declared in
a report Of the Indiana Council on
International Relations on its in
stitute of disarmament held here
Nov. IL and II.
The report, presented by DR..
David M. Edwards, executive sec
rotary Of the institute, to DR.. Mich
olas Murray Butler, president of
the Carnegie Endowment for Inter
national Peace. was MADE public
today in New York by DR.. Butler.
Copies of the report have been
sent to President Hoover and to
President Elect Franklin D. Roose-
welt:
For the purpose of adjusting the
economic policy of the United States
to conditions resulting from the de-
preston, the report states there
should be tariff changes, declaring
that "the conviction grows that the
United States can not be a creditor
nation and high tariff nation at
the same time.
DR.. James A. WOODBURY., history
professor at Indiana university, is
president of the council, and at
tended the institute with I. j. Good,
president Indiana Central college;
Professor B. F. Wampler, Manches-
ter college; Professor E. R. Moon,
Butler university; Professor George
Manhart, De Paw university; Don
aid Carmony, Indiana Central col
lege; Douglas Vernon, Indiana uni
versity, and John Kitchen, Wabash
college
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
Hi-Ho! Here's Start of
Second Weeks Contest

THE rules Of the HI-HO Con-
Il test for the second week are
simple:
l. Form your answers with pieces
cut from the HI-HO puzzles that
will appear in this newspaper each
day during the contest, and keep
them until you have all six.
1t is not necessary to buy copies
Of this paper to enter the contest.
The puzzle and the various de-
signs are on file at The Times Of
fee, and paper tracings may be
made from them.
g.. 2. Answers addressed to THE
HI-HO CONTEST EDITOR of
this newspaper must be sumitted
by mail and must be postmarked
not later than midnight, Sunday,
Dec. II, except in the case of Times
mail subscribers who do not re-
ceive Saturdays papers until Mon
day. They may have until Mon
day night.
3. The official correct answers
will be printed in THE TIMES on
Monday, Dec. II. Announcement
of prize winners will be made as
soon as the contest judges can
make their awards. The answers
for the first week are on page 10
today.
4. Judging will be based primar-
lily on accuracy. Neatness and
originality of presentation will be
considered next. In case of tie,
the full amount of the prize will
be awarded to each of the tying
contestants.
5. This contest its open to every
one except employees of this news
paper and members of their
families.
In the second weeks contest, as
in the first, prizes totaling SIS will
be awarded.
Decision of judges will be final.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05

It's philatelic history begins in
1920, when the national republic
was formed, though surcharged
Russian stamps were used. After
the federated republic was es-
tablished in 1921, Armenia issued a
series of handsome pictorals, using
truly Armenian subjects, among
them Mt. Ararat.
Georgia, the third member of this
federated republic, was under Turk
ish and Persian rule until 1901,
when Russia annexed it. At the
time of the World war, it also es-
tablished an independent republic
and used three Russian stamps.
Surcharged, which are expensive
now 1t had issued only ten stamps
OF its own when taken over by the
Soviet Union and since then has
used the stamps of Russia.
n
Ut is an interesting study to see
H. how the World war affected the
countries of Europe and the stamps
Of these countries tell the story
most clearly. Little Esthonia. Lat
via, and Lithuania look, on the
map, as if they are about to be
pushed into the Baltic sta by huge
Russia, but judging by their stamps,
they are strong on national spirit.
The Lithuanian Historical Society
OF Chicago had an exhibit at the
show recently held in Chi
cago. One interesting item was a
display of amber, found only on
the shores of the Baltic sea.
Lithuania, now republic, once
belonged to Poland. When Poland
was under Russian rule, a small
part of Lithuania went to Ger
many, but most of it was ruled bv
Russia. In the general upheaval
after the World war, Lithuanians
rallied their countrymen and estab-
lished republic. Wilma was the
capitol, but the League of Nations
gave it to Poland after the Treaty
of Versailles and gave MemeI to
Mcneil formerly was part of
Germany and after the World war
was under allied control. 1t is a
natural port for Lithuania, which
influenced the leagues decision. It's
stamp history is confused, although,
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
To End a Cough
In a Hurry, Mix
This at Home
Saves 81. No COOkingl So Easyl

Millions of housewives have found
that, by mixing their own cough medi-
cine, they get a purer, more effective
remedy. They use recipe which costs
about One-fourth as much as ready
made medicine, but which really has no
equal for breaking up obstinate coughs.
From any druggist, get 21a ounces
of Pinex. Pour this into pint bottle,
and add graduated sugar syrup to fill
up the pint. The syrup is easily made
with 2 cups sugar and one cup water,
stirred a few moments until dissolved.
No cooking needed. It's no trouble at
all, and makes the most effective
remedy that money could buy. Keeps
perfectly, and children love its taste.
It's quick action in loosening the
phlegm, clearing the air passages, and
soothing away the Inflammation, has
caused it to be used in more homes
than any other cough remedy.
Pinex is a highly concentrated COM
pound of Norway Pine, famous for its
healing effect on throat membranes. 1t
is guaranteed to give prompt relief or
money refunded.
Advertisement.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
II ARE INJURED
IN WEEKEND
AUTO ACCIDENTS
Drivers of Four Vehicles
Arrested; Two Children
Among Hurt.

Twelve motorists we're injured
and drivers of four automobiles
we're arrested as a result of city traf-
fic accidents during the weekend.
police said.
A driver who abandoned a stolen
car after it careeened down an en-
bankment at Fall creek and North
western avenue, and was wrecked. Is
sought today.
The auto, property of the il
Darmody Company, collided with
several trees and was overturned.
The driver was seen to run by
Richard Ellis, Negro of 2166 North
western avenue, a witness.
Charge Of failure to stop at a
preferential street was placed
against Mrs. Bernard Matthews. 81.
of 1929 North Drexel avenue. after
the auto she was driving collided
with another at Thirtieth and
Delaware streets, injuring Jeanne
Sutton, 8, daughter of Mrs. Madge
Sutton, "a West Thirty-second
street. The child was bruised.
When an auto in which they
were riding crashed into a parked
auto in the 200 block on North
Meridian street, Saturday night, the
following were injured:
Albert jacobson, 81, of 1923 Pros
pect street. head and body injuries;
Miss Adeline Tobin, 25, of 4936
North Meridian street, decorations
on the face and throat, and Francis
Gibbons, IS, of Rochester, the driv-
er, cuts on the forehead and nose.
Gibbons was arrested on drunk
enness charge.
Other injured persons:
Julia May Michael, 3. daughter of Mrs.
Paul Michael, 1880 North Illinois street
fractured left leg Louie Jack ST. of lis
South West street. right leg bruised; John
sullivan, 81, o. zO3 South Holmes avenue
three teeth Knocked out; Frank Rice. 353
North Belle Vieu Place cuts and bruises
on the face and body; Verne Doty 80. OF
5l5 Sanders street. body bruises; Herman
wheel. 2l5 Hanson avenue leg fracture
and Mrs Eva Kemp, l04l Harlan street.
bruised.
Drivers and charges on which
LEY were arrested:
Joseph Grendol, %. Grand hotel driving
while drunk; Herman Bohne 80 of 1857
Ashland avenue blind tiger and driving
while drunk, and Edward Utter. So OF 1910
East Vermont street. drunkenness and
driving while drunk.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05

New Mexico, whereby Bonfils bought
land at $3.50 an acre and sold it to
settlers for $50 an acre, was charged.
The citation stated that bonfils re-
ceived stock in the Public Service
Company for his franchise support
in 1925.
That he hijacked and black
mailed Harry Sinclair and his asso-
ciates Of $250,000 in 1924 on threat
that he would expose their Teapot
Dome activities constituted an
other allegation.
When the Denver water board re-
fused to purchase worthless water
rights from him, Bonfils countered
with another attack, the citation
charged.
Numerous other charges of SINH
lar character were cited, all in an
attempt to substantiate the reason
for the various questions in the de-
position hearing.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
SOrOrities

The regular business meeting of
the Alpha Epsilon chapter of the
Alpha Zeta Beta sorority will be
held at Tuesday at the Washing
ton.
Members of Alpha chapter Of
Sigma Delta Pi sorority will meet
at 1880 Monday with Mrs. Jean Da
Vie, BIS Graceland avenue.
Misses Alberta Welmer and
Jeanne Starbuck will be hostesSes
tonight for a business and social
meeting of Beta chapter, Delta Rho
sorority. The meeting will be held at
Miss Starbuck's home, 1850 Shelby
avenue.
Alpha Epsilon chapter, Delta
Theta Tau sorority, will meet at 8
tonight at the home of Mrs. j. r.
Frigge, 1924 Broadway.
Mrs Kathryn Turney Garten will
review two books at the meeting of
the Sigma Chi Mothers club Tues
day at the chapter house. The books
reviewed will be "BlesSes Spinoza,
by Browne, and "Flowering Wilder
ness by Galsworthy.
Hilarity Club held founders day
celebration Saturday night at
dinner at the Moorish castle. Ray
mcno Monaghan was POSTMASTER.
Alpha chapter of Pi Sigma Tau
sorority will meet tonight at the
Fletcher Savings and Trust bank.
Beta chapter of Phi Gamma So
rority will meet tonight at the home
of Misses Dorothy and Helen Noftz-
ger. TITS North Pennsylvania street.
Kappa chapter of Delta Sigma
Kappa sorority will meet tonight at
the home If Miss Kathryn McCol-
lum of Acton. Newly elected Off
GERS are: President, Miss Marie To-
lin; vice-preSident Miss Kathryn
Borden; secretary, Miss Luella
SwailS; corresponding secretary.
Miss Lillian Maze; treasurer, Miss
Kathryn McCollum.
Phi Gamma Tau sorority will hold
q bazar Wednesday at the home of
Miss Edna Bleakney, 245S North
Pennsylvania. Proceeds will be
used for relief work.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
CITY URGED TO ASK
100000 RFC LOAN
Unemployment Relief and Compile
ton of Sewage Plant Proposed.

Unemployment Relief and Compile
ton of Sewage Plant Proposed.
Relief of the city's unemployment
problem and completion of the dis
posal plant are the two detectives
in an attempt to obtain $400,OOO loan
from the Reconstruction Finance
Corporation. now being considered
by the sanitary board.
Suggestion for using federal funds
was made to the board by Russell B.
Moore, local engineer, who also is
head of the American Legion I'M
employment relief committee.
Approximately 100000 was in
vested in the plant several years ago,
but the program was abandoned
temporarily. Original plans for the
new plan provided for it's opera
ton to be self -liquidating, in addi-
ton to giving the city improved
sanitary advantages.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
DIR. HUGH MAGILL
WILL SPEAK HERE

DR.. Hugh Magill of Chicago, gen.
eral secretary of the International
Council of Religion, will be the
gGest of honor and speaker OF the
evening Thursday at the fourth an
nual church school dinner.
DR.. Magill will speak on THE
Christian Philosophy of Life"
Special music will be furnished by
the women's chorus and by the
c. M. B. orchestra. Sam Simms
will sing.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
GANDHI GOES ON FAST
Loses Six Pounds Protesting Unfair
Treatment to Prisoner.

By United Press
POONA, India, Dec. 5.-Protesting
alleged unfair treatment of one of
his fellow prisoners in Yerovda Jail,
Mahatma Gandhi Monday COM
pleted a twenty-four- hour hunger
strike with the threat that unless
some action is taken, he will renew
his fast Wednesday.
The twenty-four foodless hours
caused Gandhi to lose six pounds
and rendered him so weak that he
has to be carried in a stretcher, it
was said at the Jail.
Gandhi became interested in the
case of prisoner named Patta-
wardhan some time ago and wrote
to the government, asking that he
be permitted to air his grievances
When no reply was forthcoming
Gandhi began his fast Saturday.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
Children's Coughs
Need Creomulsion

Always get the best, fastest and surest
treatment for your child's cough or
cold. Prudent mothers more and more
are turning TO Circumcision for any
cough or cold that starts.
Circumcision emulsi6es creosote with
six other important medicinal elements
which soothe and heal the inHamed
membranes and check germ growth. It
is not cheap remedy, but contains no
narcotics and is certain relief. Get 4
bottle from your druggist right now
and have i ready Tor instant use. (adYl
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
PURDUE DEAN HONORED

Elected President of American So
ciety of Mechanical Engineers.
BIZ URited Press
NEW YORK, Dec. 5.-Dean
Audrey A. Potter of the school of
engineering of Purdue university
was elected president of the Ameri-
can Society of Mechanical Engineers
today. He succeeds Conrad N.
Lauer of PHILADELPHIA.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
Asthma Treatment
On Free Trial!

D. j. Lane, druggist at 1413 Lane
Building, st. Mary's, Kan, manufac-
lures a treatment for Asthma in
which he has so much confidence
that he sends SIPS bottle by mail
to anyone who will write him for
it. IS offer is that he is to be paid
for this bottle after you are COM
pletely satisfied and the one taking
the treatment to be the judge. Send
your name and address today.-Ad-
vertisement.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
YardaI Susnect Is Caught

Found by police in a vacant house
from which plumbing fixtures had
been removed and placed in a sack,
George Carter, Is, Negro, 322 West
Eleventh street. was arrested Sun
day night by police on vagrancy
charge and is held under high bond
The house is at 943 North Alabama
street. The owner is John Salters,
2008 North Alabama street.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
1895 FUR COAT STOLEN
AT NORTH SIDE HOME
Thief Opens Window, Uses Stick to
Reach Expensive Garment.

Guests were among losers in home
burglaries reported to police during
the weekend.
Mrs. Curtis Butler, 3540 North
Meridian street, was the loser of a
$685. fur coat, stolen at the home
of DR.. c. E. Cox, 2OO1 North Penn
Sylvania street, where she was
guest. A thief raised a window and
used a stick to bring the coat with
in reach from a bed where it had
been placed.
Two blocks from the Cox resi-
dence, at the home of Mrs. John
Worth Kern, 1886 North Pennsyl-
vania street, guest, Mrs. Fannie M.
Morrison, Spink-Arn hotel, lost q
$75 coat, taken in the same manner
as the other.
Other home burglaries were re-
ported by Lenox Mills, 1928 Ethel
street, suit of clothes, and Mrs. Roo
ert Harrington, 1868 North Penn
sylvania street, purse containing So.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
CHRISTMAS WILL
BE TALK TOPIC

Christmas in Many Lands" will
be the subject of Mrs. Frank w.
C-egor, president of the Matinee
Musicale, who will speak at the
Christmas luncheon and card party
of the Ladies Society of the Indian
apolis Maennerchor The party will
be given in the Academy of Music
at 1890 Friday.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
Personals

Mrs. William Davis is the guest
of her niece, Mrs. Walter Nicholson,
and Mr.. Nicholson of Terre Haute
Mrs. Flo Richie of Terre Haute
is visiting Mrs. Charles A. Kelley
ST., 5154 North Capitol avenue.
Mr.. and Mrs. R. E. Adams, ALAS
Washington boulevard, are guests
at the Chalfonte- Haddon hall, at
Atlantic City.
Miss May Cameron of New York,
has been called to indianapolis by
the death of her mother, Mrs. j. R..
Cameron, 2120 North oxford street..
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
IMPLEMENT COST HIT
Harvester Company Prices to Go
Under Fire la Congress.

BIZ Scripps-Hotoard Newspaper Alliance
WASHINGTON, Dec. 5.-Alleging
that the International Harvester
Company is a trust monopolizing
the worldwide market for farm
machinery, Senator Elmer Thomas
Dem, Okla) has prepared a reso-
luton to ask the senate agriculture
committee to investigate the cost of
s~oducing farm implements and
machinery. He is a member of the
committee.
MY information is" said Thomas,
that not only have prices been
maintained for farm machinery by
the International Harvester Com
pany, which sells to the entire
world, but that prices on replace
ments and repair parts actually
have been increased"
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
COUNTY HEADS FAVOR
GENERAL SALES TAX
Adoption of Measure for Poor Re-
lief Approved by Committee.

ACl AppNOFcu ny committee.
Adoption of a general sales tax
to provide poor relief funds is ia
vored by the legislative committee
of the Indiana County Commission
ers Association, it was announced
Saturday by Bruce Short, Marion
county surveyor and association
secretary.
The legislative committee mem
bers are Tom Ellis, Indianapolis,
president of the association; Charles
j. Roy, South Bend; Clarence Roy.
FIT. Wayne; Henry Schernhorst, Ev-
ansville; Ernest Marker, Indianapo-
lis; Ammon E. De Walt, Peru; Dor
Sey G. Rector, Mllncie, and Austin
Crawford, Bedford.
According to Short, general
sales tax of l per cent would raise
approximately $14,00O,0O0, which is
the estimated annual cost of poor
relief in the state.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
Falls on TrestIe. Killed

By United Press
VALPARAISO, Ind, Dec. 5.-Fu-
neral services will be held here
Tuesday for John Shelley, 81, Penn
sylvania railroad section gang fore
man, who was killed in fall from a
trestle at Crestline. 0.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
ASKS $3.50 ACT CHANGE
Ogden Recommends Revamping of
Law in Annual Report.

recommendation that the legisla-
ture next spring revamp the $1.5O
tax limit law in order to make its
provisions mandatory on taxing Of
fcials is contained in final annual
report made today by Attorney
General James M. Ogden.
Ogden further suggested that the
legislature be directed by law to
submit all proposed lews to the at
torney-general for determination OF
constitutionality.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
.DAHLIA SHOW is FIXED
Annual Exhibit to Be Held Here in

september of Next Year.
Executive committee of the In
diana Dahlia Society, meeting in
the Washington Sunday, decided to
hold the annual show in Indianap-
oils Sept. Is and II. S. T. McCurdy
of Kokomo was reelected show
manager.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
Federation to Meet

Mrs. ]. F. Edwards will preside at
a meeting of the executive board of
the Seventh District Federation of
Women's Clubs. which will meet at
1890 Friday, in the Fletcher Ameri-
can Bank.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
Mss Zerfas Hostess

Miss Roxe zerfas, 1903 North New
Jersey street. viii be hostess Tues
day to a covered dish supper for
former Purdue university students.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
Edith Hart Nodded

Miss Edith Hart, daughter Of Mrs.
Ida Fart, SOP North Tacoma ave-
nue., was r,a~ri-d Friday night to
Ralph ~Ssv...'-r' IL. son Of Mr.. and
Mrs. Eugene f<irkbr.de. The Rev.
C. Z. Andrews read the ceremony.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
Hostess to Augilidru

Mrs. Herman Kothe, 3845 Guilford
avenue, was hostess today to the
junior auxiliary of the Public
Health Nursing Association.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1932-12-05
Card Parties

The Ladies auxiliary of the fire
department will give a card party
at $3.50 Tuesday, at fire headquar-
tiers.