Evening star., 1932-04-26
Apparatus Carries Sounds
Around Middle Ear to
Inner Fluid.
WORK Barred TO CREATE
DEPTH IN FILM SCENES
National Academy Told of Machine
Alternating Exposures-New
Star Groups Described.
BY THOMAS r. HENRY.

was described before the National
Academy of Sciences today by DR.. Fred
erick Bedell of Cornell University.
The device is expected to bring hear
ing to millions who now do not hear at
all or only with great difficulty.
BY means of a vibrating apparatus
which is attached either to the teeth OF
the bony structure Of the head, he said
1T is possible to "detour" sound vibra-
tions around the middle ear, where
most of the defects causing deafness
are located, to the bone encased fluid
of the inner ear from whence they are
transmitted in the form of nervous i'm
pulses to the brain.
Persons who have not heard for years
have been able to hear by this method
DR.. Bedell said. There are, he said
approximately $4,000 900 persons in the
United States who are either wholly
or partially devoid of hearing great
number of whom will be enabled to en-
joy the phonograph and the radio be-
cause of this device
"A convenient equipment" he said,
consists of one or more deaf speakers
and a special radio set, adapted to oper-
ate either loud speaker or the deaf
speaker. By means of the deaf speaker
one who is hard of hearing may thus
listen in on program with other
members of the household or, with the
loud speaker turned off, he may oper-
ate the radio without disturbing the
others.
Use Seen in Education.
1.-THE possibility of hearing by bone
conduction offers attractive possibilities
for the education of deaf children by
phonograph and nicrophone. First
they must become sound conscious.
Then the ability to interpret must
gradually be built up by repetition and
association
Three dimensional moving pictures
have been produced in the laboratory.
it was annouced by DR.. Herbert E.
Ives of the Bell Telephone Laboratories,
who also has made some OF. the greatest
advances toward the realization of tele-
vision.
By an extremely involved method,
DR.. Ives said, it is possible to produce
on the screen "a composite picture
which varies with the direction and
distance of observation, exhibiting
stereoscopic relief Present day pic
lures are seen only on plain surface,
having no depth. Thus a scene on the
screen never can entirely represent an
actual scene. In an actual scene OBJ
jects vary in their distances from the
observer and from each other. On the
tance.
Although the motion picture in relief
is an accomplished fact in the labora-
tory, DR.. Ives said, successful results
depend upon such extreme accuracy OF
ali mechanical and optical parts and
adjustments that commercial applica-
ton appears remote"
The human being views the scene be-
fore him as having three dimensions
ha hoe fyryn
"sees" from a different viewpoint. The
brain then interprets the slight differ
ences in the two retinal images as
meaning that the scene has depth. In
the familiar parlor stereoScope each eye
sees a different photograph, the pair
having been taken initially through
cameras about three inches apart. If
motion pictures are taken In similar
manner, and viewed in such way that
each eye sees only the picture meant for
it, there will be an illusion OF depth in
the picture.
Pictures Alternated-
Up to the present that successful
methods of doing this have involved the
projection of the pictures alternately, or
in two Complementary colors, for the
two eyes, with either rotating shutter
in front of each person or pair of
vent the eyes from seeing anything but
the appropriate picture. DR.. Ives, ap-
paratus obviates the need of any such
apparatus.
The pictures are so mixed up on
the film that they reach the two eyes
OF the observer from different angles.
Discovery of 1875 great aggregations
of stars in another galaxy, light from
which requires 100000 years to reach
the earth, was reported by DR.. Edwin
Hubble of the Mount Wilson ObServa-
tory
These distant objects in the heavens,
DR.. Hubble has concluded tentatively,
are globular star clusters within the
great Andromeda nebula-the Milky
Way galaxy's nearest neighbor in the
vast fields of space The Milky Way
galaxy itself, consisting of about
10000 900 900 stars, including the sun,
is itself divided into such globular
clusters. One of the largest, the
Hercules cluster, consists of about l20,-
100000 stars. The sun itself, seen
from a point distant in space, might
be member of such a globular cluster
Dr. Hubble's conclusion that such a
star arrangement also exists in the
Andromeda nebula is further evidence
that these great spirals, many thou
sands of which have been discovered in
the last few years, actually are distant
''universes" comparable in size and
composition to our own. That these
objects actually are parts of the
Andromeda nebula, rather than them
selves separate galaXies, is indicated
by their velocity through space as re-
vealed by the spectroscope, which is
very close TO that Of the nebula.
The recent observations, DR.. Hubble
said, indicate that the diameter Of the
Andromeda nebula is approximately
100000 light years. comparable TO that
Of the Milky Way galaxy.
Star Distances Guaged.
Measures of the distance and lumi-
Mostly of 1000 of the brighter stars in
the heavens was reported by DR.. Waltar
S. Adams, director of the Mount Wilson
Observatory.
Perhaps the single most interesting
result" he said, SIS the remarkable
tendency of both giant and dwarf stars
but especially the giants, to grour
around definite absolute magnitudes
We may say that stars Of given tenn
perature, like electric light blubs, arr
built to give out definite candle power
In each class the absolute magnitude
shows a nearly linear progression with
spectral type except among the yer!
coolest stars, but the line Of change Il
opposite for dwarfs from that Of th'
giants and super-giants. Among th'
dwarfs the luminosity decreases regu
1arly with advancing spectral type o.
reduced surface temperatures, and ther
drops abruptly as we reach the very