davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1932-04-10
VIusi mountains,

wonder For the winners are protected ahou4
the head by pointed helmets OF wood A0g
cotton with chin straps and ear plates ana
q flap down the back of the neck.
These warriors wear armor jackets, pfogs
ably made of Stats of wood laced togethe4
And they are loaded down with shields, haftE
axes wicked-looking maces and other acce&
sories for close combat War paint on feo4
and legs completes the fighting OUTFIT.
Some of the enemy in this fight have helmesg
to wear. But most of them have only tasseaed
caps to save their heads from bludgeon oaoWs
and have little or body protection.
from what is known of the Chimu Indians
a great wall would have come in handy
at almost any period of their busy career.
When the Chimu were young and r1sang
tribe in North Coast Peru they were engaged
in fighting civil wars among their own neagns
bors Later the Chimu had to defend thenf8
selves against Indian tribes from the highland
of Peru And then, somewhere between 1OOg
AID and 1900 AID. the Chimu had to hghA
the conquering Incas, who finally added Chimu
land to their kingdom
Experts on Peruvian archaeology d1frer nq
their views as to which age OF Chimu ngnung
brought the great wall into existence DIR. u. u
Olson of the University of California suegests
that the great wall may have been defense
structure built by the early Chimu as they
extended their territory to north and sout<A
Evening star., 1932-04-10
jasmine Origin Unknoee~

JASMINE, often considered the perfume most
- pleasing to men in general, Is obtained
from a shrub of that name common in Agia
and Europe. The origin of the jasmine Is uns
known, but it is known to have been brought
to Europe and Asia. where it met instant ap-
proval and the plant is to be found alnosa
anywhere in the two continents where the Wins
ter is not too severe.
At maturity the shrub grows to a height Uf
from to 10 feet and is covered with evergreen
leaves and bears white, waxy flower.
Evening star., 1932-04-10
.Ianizaries Once Powerful Force

their barracks, to which they had been 63vexl
by the conquering forces of the Sultan. -
remainder, approximately 10000. were banished
from Turkey.
Evening star., 1932-04-10
BY EMILY c. DAVIS.

HE Great Wall of China. winding like
a mighty, protecting serpent along
the old northern boundary of the
Celestial Kingdam-.
Hadrian's Wall, the Great Wall of
Evening star., 1932-06-24
THIRD GAS BLAST
SHAKES POTOMAC
Explosion Occurs Near Site
Where Two Were Fatally
Burned Wednesday.
BY . star Correspondent Of IN. star

BY stan correspondent OF Inc Star.
POTOMAC, Nd, June 24.-A third
explosion on the natural gas transmits
sion line Of the Columbia Gas Con-
struction Co. near the spot where two
people were burned fatally and another
seriously injured IN the twin blast;
Wednesday frightened residents OF Po-
tomsc last night. A search Of the VI
cinity however, failed to reveal any
pany declared that damage was only
slight.
The explosion occurred at q point
near the estate Of Samuel X. Martin
and the line was cut of Immediately
by John Barrett. foreman of the line
crew, when the gauges at the Rockville
measuring station showed q sharp droE
In pressure.
Make Thorough Search.
Members OF the Montgomery County
police force and Rockville firemen went
to the scene and made a thorough
search of the area in which the gas
main is located, but could find no trace
Of any injured persons. The main was
shut of today in order that minor re-
pairs might be made, oficials of the
gas company said.
Funeral services for John Esputa, 81
employe Of the gas company, and Ed
ward Dove, II, Rockville High School
senior, who were burned fatally in the
explosions Wednesday, will be held
tomorrow morning at st. Mary's Cath
ole Church In Rockville.
Requiem mass for Dove will be said
at o'clock. with the Rev. Charles r
O'Hara off1ciating, while mass for
Esputs will be held by Rev. O'Hara
Evening star., 1932-06-24
MARKET rigging
Barred IN COURT
MORGAN Belmont Describes
Plans PRESUMABLY TO
Raise" Stock Values.
~ the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
NEW YORK, June 24.-Plans for q
brokerage operation, presumably" de-
signed to raise the velue Of Chicago
Pneumatic Tool Co. stock In 1871 by
''risginr the market were described In
Supreme Court yesterday by Morgan
Belmont, senior partner In August Bel
mont 81 Co.
Belmont said the operation was TO
have been undertaken coincident with
the purchase Of Charles M. Sehwab's
holdings of the stock st q price Of
s16,o09, 900, or 100000 more than
the market value.
Shares Net Bought
The banker denied, however, the allie
cations Of Victor SoSkice and Michael
Kay promoters suing the Belmont frm
and Speyer & Co. for commissions, that
the houses had bought all OF 6ehwab's 9
1000 shares Of common, or paid &l75
a share for them. The market value ut
the time was about $13T.
Referring to releases signed in jan
uary, 1925, by Soskice q Kay, Bel
mont was asked about n paragraph pro-
hibiting the promoters from operating
in the stock for four months
That was 30 Speyer & 90. could rig
the market7" he was asked.
Custom ef Protection.
1T is customary" Belmont replied,
"for a house Undertaking . market op-
Grafton to protect themselves from per-
sons who have knowledge Of the affair." !"
with a view DO having the price 20
up?"
Presumably So" he replied.
Belmont said when he first considered
Evening star., 1932-06-24
HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
WELCOMED TO CAPITAL

The National Convention Of High
School Students was welcomed to wash
ington last night by DR.. william John
Cooper. United States commissioner OF
education, in an address at the conven-
ton banquet at the Washington Hotel
The speech was broadcast.
DR.. Cooper pointed out that the three
extra-curricular activities in which
high school students might best par
ticipate are music. art and writing.
Completion Of organization plans for
the association will be the work Of o
committee appointed last night. The
committee includes Betsy Winter. Chris
tine Kempton and Laurabelle Weiselo-
gel. all Of Central High School. and
Morgan walters Of South High School,
Minneapolis. They will be assisted by
Ralph Boyer, originator of the organi-
zation, and Edith Louise Grosvenor
also of Central.
Evening star., 1932-06-24

at 10 am. Burial Of both win Be In
SC. Mary's Cemetery.
Both Esputa and Dove died Wednes-
day night at Georgetown Hospital IN
Washington. where q third victim OF
the two blasts, William Slack Nichol-
Eson, Is, Of Rockville, Is recovering from
serious burns.
Evening star., 1932-06-24

purchasing the schwab stock he be-
nevsa he could Day Schwab $1s,71s,0 ,04o
and then sell the stock for 1927. .4e0
after the company was reeapitalized.
Ultimately, however, he said the only
purchases made were OF 10, 700 shares
Of the stock and that they were paid
for ut prices under the quotations. He
said 6oskiee q Kay were paid COM
missions in full for the transaction.
fremen to Stage Dance.
UPPER MARLBORO, Md, June "a
Especially The local Volunteer Fire
Department will stage seneft dance
in Trinity Hall June %.
Evening star., 1932-06-24

Haiti expects It's next coffee crop to
be much larger than this years.
Evening star., 1932-10-19
How to Compare
Temperature Marks

To the Editor OF The Star:
Reading Sundays Star. I was much
interested in the account of the recent
balloon ascent into the stratosphere by
Prof. Picard. However, the account
contained one error in an explanatory
parenthetical Interpolation. The tenn
peratures encountered were discussed
and the statement was made that the
cold outside the car reached so de-
grees centigrade. This. said the inter-
polat1on, was equivalent to -76 degrees
Fahrenheit. This is an error. The
Fahrenheit temperature that equals SO
degrees centigrade is So degrees.
When Fahrenheit invented the ther-
mometer he fixed the temperature at
which salt melts ice as his zero point
and 212 degrees as the boiling point of
fresh water at sea level As his scale
worked out, the freezing point of fresh
water was 80 degrees. I don't know
why these odd-Seeming values were hit
upon, but that is it. Thus we see the Q
are 1870 degrees Fahrenheit between tie
freezing and boiling points OF fresh
water at sea level pressure of the atmoS-
phere. Now the centigrade scale was
devised to have 100 degrees between
these two points and the freezing point
was selected as the zero. Hence l de-
gree centigrade equals 18 degrees
Fahrenheit, and therefore so degrees
centigrade equals 80 degrees Fahren-
heit. So, so degrees centigrade equals
90 degrees Fahrenheit below the same
point. But. as the Fahrenheit zero is
80 of its degrees below the centigrade
zero, we must subtract that figure from
the 80 degrees mentioned. which gives
us SO degrees. the correct Fahrenheit
reading below zero that equals so de-
grees below zero centigrade
G. w. EDGERI,Y.
Evening star., 1932-10-19
Confusing Issues.
From the Schenectady Gazette

Aside from the legal questions in
volved. it is unfortunate fer the City
of New York that the highest State
courts have held that there must be a
municipal election there this year to I'LL
the vacancy caused by the resignation
OF James ]. Walker as mayor. Legal
opinion was divided until the court
decision was made.
Recognizing that partisanship has nc
moral right to intrude itself into
municipal affairs, where local issues and
individualities should be the determin-
ing factors, the State has decreed these
selections should be made in "ofi
years"-that IS, when no President or
Governor Is to be chosen.
The effect Of this provision Of Law
Is nullified by the court determination
that q vacancy exists in the mayoralty
of New York and that it must be filled
November for the balance of the term
Of the former incumbent. While there
still Is slight possibility Of further
proceedings that might prevent this
election, it Is unlikely.
Municipal interests differ 50 widely
| from those of the State or of the Ma
ton that the former must suffer when
submerged in the campaigns Of the lat
ter. Parties mean less in q city, town
or village than in the larger govern
mental divisions; individuals count more
Where in many cases We merely hear
Of a nominee for national or State
Office, In Q community we have every
opportunity to see him personally and
to get a first hand intimate picture OF
him. That knowledge Is far more valu-
able than to know he Is connected with
this or that party.
able to select its mayor at some other
time.
Evening star., 1932-10-19
The Fugitive in Greece.

Samuel insult, indicted in Chicago
for fraud in connection with the f1ota-
ton of securities in his public utilities
super-corporation, whose extradition is
sought from Greece, where he fled from
Paris, Is relying for his immunity from
being turned over to American custody
upon the fact that an extradition treaty
negotiated some time ago between the
United States and Greece lacks the
final formality Of an exchange Of rati-
ncation and is, therefore, technically
ineffective. While no Official sugges-
ton is made to that effect, It Is never
theless felt in this country that for
Greece to permit the escape of insult
from the jurisdiction of the American
courts because of this technicality
would be an act of bad faith on the
part Of the government at Athens.
A radio dispatch to The Star from
the Grecian capital yesterday stated
that the Greek government will co-op-
crate with the United States IN its at
tend to put insult On trial Fhk Il
Evening star., 1932-10-19

reassuring. There was apprehension
that on the ground Of the incomplete
ness Of the extradition treaty the Gre
clan authorities might connive at or
permit the flight of the fugitive into a
region Of assured immunity through the
lack Of any extradition agreements. For
instance, he might go to Russia, with
which the United States has no diplo-
matte relations.
Preparation of the extradition docu-
ments in. the case is under way and it
is expected that representatives Of this
government will depart next week for
Athens. It would appear to be likely
that the Greek authorities are waiting
for the formal demand with the usual
evidences pertaining to the indictment
and the nature Of the charges against
the fugitive.
insults flight, upon the advice of
counsel, who pointed out the possibility
of immunity in Greece, is evidence of
fear that he may be convicted if he
stands trial If he Is as innocent Of
wrongdoing as he processes in his
statements to the press, there is no rea-
son why he should not come back and
face the court. If by chsn nee, through
favoring technicalities, he should evade
arrest and his return to this country, he
will be condemned to spend the rest of
his life abroad. his movements confined
to the very limited range Of the few
countries with which the United States
has no extradition treaties, miserable
existence for a man of his years, or
indeed for any person.
Evening star., 1932-10-19
Psychological Effect of
A School House CupOla

To the Editor Of The Star:
There has been discussion regarding
placing q cupola on the Taft Junior
High School. It has been asserted that
a cupola on q school building Is Of no
use and an unnecessary expense.
But, is such a cupola needless? Does
it render no service? Does 1t not have
some part In the educational work
which Is carried on in the building?
Once upon a time boy lived on a
farm two miles out from country
town, the farm being on a ridge from
which a part Of the town could be
seen. 1t was reported that a new
school house was to be erected in that
town. A neighbor's boy said that he
understood that new building would be
large, a whopper. The work on the
building progressed until the main part
was there. But the work continued,
and there arose a tower-form cupola.
That was high enough to be seen from
that farm; and from time TO time that
boy looked that way and saw that
tower. During occasionai visits to the
town he saw the entire building, a well
designed building, three stories high,
and having the tower-form cupola de-
signed in harmony with the body Of
the building.
That cupola was an attractive fea-
ture in the horizon as viewed from that
farm. Perhaps it did not actually
beckon; but it did exert an influence
on that boy. 1t attracted the attention
Of that boy. 1t caused him to think OF
the future. It was insprational. There
came time for the beginning Of the
Spring term in the high school in that
building; and 1t was somehow arranged
for that boy to walk those two miles
daily during that Spring term and at
tend classes there in fascinating stud
les under teachers who not only treated
their subjects well, but also exerted
stimulating personal influence, tending
to make the students ambitious to pro-
coed further. There was also the bene-
fit Of companionship with q larger
number Of advanced students than
were In the country school
The start given to that boy by that
Spring term led to further schooling
elsewhere.
The man who was that boy can look
back to that cupola with a feeling of
obligation to it. and with gratitude to
the Board Of Education who thought it
well to put that cupola there.
Beyond question, any public building,
whether municipal or educational or
ieielouS, may De SO designed as 10
exert inspirational influence for per-
sons who never enter the building. A
cupola, steeple or tower. pointing up
ward, is distinctive relative to such in
spirational influence. That influence
is greater upon young people. even upon
those Of primary grades. If the pri-
mary pupils attend school In a low
building, and see the advanced school
building with the cupola or tower
pointing upward, that Is q beckoning
to those children.
II at present there is need to econo-
mize in the erection or the Taft Jun
ior High School. why not build the
roof with base for the cupola. and
later erect the cupola on that base
CYRUS KEHR.
Evening star., 1932-10-19
Another Line Passes.
From the YOUNGSTOWN Daily Vindicator.


The Eastern Michigan & Toledo in
terurban line abandoned service the
first of the week, and as its tracks were
also used by the Lake Shore Electric
and the Cincinnati & Lake Erie roads
they also abandoned service to Detroit
Financial difficulties which force the
Michigan line into the hands of q re-
ceiver, disagreements with city officials
Of Monroe and loss of patronage. which
all lines are feeling these days of busses
and privately owned automobiles,
brought the decision to discontinue
service, remove all equipment to De-
troit and take up and salvage the rails
The line was built 80 years ago at q
cost Of 81, 900 900, and five years later
1t was bought for twice the amount by
the Detroit United Lines, and for years
was their most profitable branch.
At one time Northwestern Ohio
boasted that 1t was the greatest inter-
urban center In the State and one OF
the greatest in the country. Some years
ago fine highway was built, linking
cities In that section with towns In
Michigan, and the days Of electric
service were numbered.
The line has served Q generation
bringing towns closer together and
making possible the development oi
many suburban districts, with -fine
streets and highways leading in all d.
rections. The passing Of the inter.
urban lines, entailing heavy loss tc
the companies which operated them
brings freShly TO mind the changing
order and the period of .promotion o,
electric lines that ence Interested IN.
~
Evening star., 1932-10-19
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
BY FREDERIC J. HASKIN.

, berger, Swiss chemist, born In 1872,
and doctor of the University Of Bern,
Switzerland.
@. What is the derivation OF star
board?-H. M.
A. 1t is probably derived from steer
board and became identified with the
side Of the ship to the right Of person
at the steer board and racing the bow.
The word larboard was used to desig-
nate the side to the left This term
has been superseded by the word port,
in order to avoid the confusion caused
by the similarity of names.
@. How does Lake Titicaca compare
in size with one Of the Great Lakes?
F. A. L.
A. 1t is about one-third the size of
Lake Ontario.
@. What is the liquid used in gaso-
line gauges on automobile dashboards?
A. It is alcohol, to which has been
added an organic dye soluble in alco-
hol.
Q. What significance has the word
ho?-L. G.
A. 1t was the formaf exclamation
used by a commander IN battle or by
an umpire in a tournament to order q
cessation Of hostilities.
@. What became of Benjamin Frank
Inns bequests of money to be lent to
young artisans?-S. N.
A. DR.. Franklin left 5000 to the
City of Boston and a like amount to
the City of Philadelphia to assist
through loans young married artisans
trying to make their way. The Philadel-
phia fund accumulated slowly. In 1891
amounting to 100000. Twenty thou
sand dollars was set aside for another
century by the trustees. In 1908 the
remainder, which had reached sl33, 900.
was turned over to the Franklin Insti-
tute. The Boston fund accumulated
more rapidly and in 1891 mounted to
1891 900. Of this, $4,000 was set aside
to accumulate for another century, and
in 1904 the remainder. then S408 900,
was used to build the Franklin Union,
an industrial school, a like amount
being provided by Andrew Carnegie.
@. In what month is the largest
amount Of cotton shipped out Of New
Orleans?-C. L.
A. For the last three years the month
of heaviest shipments was December.
@ Why are balloon races held?-
B. T.
| A. Balloon racing is essential be-
cause it is an important contribution
to the training of dirigible airship pilots
and. like automobile racing in the auto
mobile industry is a testing ground
for new Improvements on airships.
G. How many fingerprint records has
the Department Of JuStice?-H. r.
A. On September l, 1882, there were
over 3250,000 flngerprint records and
over 100000 index records in the bu-
reau's archives. The bureaus collec-
ton is the largest and most complete
group Of criminal fngerprint records OF
current value in the world.
W. OK, "
A. Fish. like other cold -blooded ami
mails, including reptiles and amphibians,
are poikilothermic: that is, their body
| Temperatures are directly Influenced by
the temperature of the surrounding me-
dium. Consequently, they can be sub
jected to very low temperatures and
still survive. However. if a fish were
placed in ice for a sufficient length OF
time. it could undoubtedly be frozen to
death.
Q. When it is announced that an oil
well is producing a certain number of
barrels of oil day. how many gallons
are counted to the barrel?-W. J. R.
A. The oil barrel contains AZ gallons.
Evening star., 1932-10-19
"Share-the.WOrk." D."
rom the Richmond Times-Dispatch.

From the Richmond Times-Dispatch.
In the Federal Reserve districts
throughout the country is launched
"Share-the-work" movement, an effort
to diminish unemployment and to In
crease buying power by wider distri-
button of available jobs.
This plan grew out of the recent con-
ference bstween President Hoover and
business leaders on ways and means Of
accelerating business recovery. Walter
:. Teagle. an outstanding industrial cap
! tain, heads the Committee Of Co.
ordination.
The three objectives, as set forth in
pamphlet now being received by en-
( ployers, are:
Il. To check the upward trend Of
unemployment, when work Is reduced
for seasonal or other reasons, by en-
| ploying the greatest possible number OF
workers on a shortened working sched-
ule. thus avoiding adding to unemploy-
ment.
2. To decrease unemployment by .
wider spreading CT work now available
among larger group of employees work.
| ing Shorter periods rather than by en-
ploying smaller group working longer
periods.
"3 Whenever an increasing volume
of business permits employing addi-
tional personnel, to do so by distributing
the increased work to the greatest
possible number rather than by work.
| ing longer schedules"
This, in brief, is what Mr. Teagles
committee wishes the employers Of the
country to do. He is not operating an
employment agency. He has no jobs
to give out He is not attempting to
coerce business houses to accept his
plan. He Is merely calling it to their
attention as a means of accelerating
business recovery.
Time, Mr. Teagle says has done its
work We have reached rock bottom.
The hour has arrived when reconstruc-
tion measures may be expected TO be
most effective. He offers the plan Of
his committee in the hope that employ
ers will consider it and, if they think
it is sound, apply it in their businesses.
Evening star., 1932-10-19
The Ghost of q Bank.

Since Gov. Roosevelt repeatedly has
questioned the good faith OF President
Hoover, 1t may be fair to inquire OF
him regarding his attitude to the de-
positors Of the defunct Bank Of United
States, the pallid ghost OF which
promenades the streets of New York
City. The bank was closed December
IL, 1890. At that time its liabilities
were approximately one hundred and
sixty million dollars. 1t had been a
DOOR mans bank, and there were thou
sands of working men and women in
volved in the crash. Investigation dis
closed that the State superintendent
of banks, Joseph A. Broderick, had
known of the institutions unsound
condition nine months before the end,
and it was alleged that he had neg
lected regular examination Of the
books. Finally, he was indicted. At
his trial Mr.. Roosevelt testified for him,
declaring that he wished to share the
responsibility. Broderick was acquitted.
Needless to remark, the verdict was not
popular.
Now william J. Donovan, campaign
ing to succeed the Democratic aspirant
in Albany, raises the issue:
When we look at his record in deal
ing with that situation there is some.
thing brazen in the distinguished Gov.
ernor of New York travelling far from
the place where he is charged with ar
obligation, leading the cause Of "ths
forgotten man." when right in thi!
county in his home State, this room
perhaps, are men and women crushet
e. . result Of the negligence Of ht