Evening star., 1932-03-13

DR.. Klineberg pointed out that where
as the differences between the three
cities themselves was inconsequential.
the difference between country and
city was noteworthy. Taking rural and
| urban groups together, the scores in
total are: City, average, 2l5.7; median
2l6.9, and country, average, 1871, and
median, 1870
Although German Nordics are ap-
parently on top, the ordic-Alpine-
Mediterranean hierarchy is not MAIN
tanned, hence DR.. Klineberg concludes
the German Nordics, the French Med
iterraneans and the German Alpines
representing three different races and
two nations, should be regarded as
equal"
Differences Pointed Out.
Comparing the various racial groups
within the same nation, DR.. Klineberg
points out that 'in Germany there is
small but negligible superiority of the
Nordics over the Alpines, in Italy the
Alpine group is clearly superior to the
mediterranean, but in France the Med
lterranean group is even more clearly
superior to both the Nordic and the Al
pine groups"
Grouping the results into the three
racial groups, regardless of nationality
the scores are as follows:
Group. Aver. Median.
Nordic .............. 1885 1905
Alpine ............... 1878 1902
Mediterranean ..... 1852 1885
With regard to national differences,
the case, in DR.. Klineberg's mind, lis
not clear one way or another" The
three city groups do not differ appre-
| clably, he says, but whatever advantage
there is favors the Paris group, with
the Hamburg group second and the
Rome group third. AS far as the rural
groups are concerned, the descending
order is German, French, Italian.
Group. Aver. Median.
German rural. 1859 1884
French rural. ......... 1857 1910
ltallan rural. ......... 1893 1873
THE averages" DR.. Klineberg OBJ
serves, SHOW fairly definite superior
ity of the German over the other two
groups and the medians indicate a su-
periority of both German and French
groups over the Italian"
Interprets Results.
Endeavoring to interpret these re-
suits and to explain the phenomena in
relation to the conflict of heredity and
environment. DR.. Klineberg says: "One
thing seems clear-namely, that as far
as these results go, they offer no sub
sanitation of definite racial hierarchy
and they indicate that the concept of
race is of no value whatever in ex-
planning the observed differences"
On the other hand, he asks, are the
differences entirely due to culture and
environment? This is tempting con-
clusion," he replies; unfortunately it
cannot as yet be fully justified"
'Heredity, unlike race" he continues,
cannot be entirely ruled out in an in
depreciation of the differences between
the individual groups. On the other
hand, there is an interesting parallel
ism between the result obtained and
the general ackground-cultural, eco
nomic, historical-of the various groups
tested, which lends support to an en-
vironment point of view. Such paral-
lelism may not prove anything conclu-
sively, but it seems to the writer to be
suggestive"
Factors which DR.. Klineberg believes
enter into this question are, perhaps,
| the religious differences in Flanders,
with accompanying difficulties in edu-
cation, different economic conditions in
the Po Valley and in Sicily and various
other cultural influences