davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1932-05-08

cooperative organizations participated
had been S338, 900, 900. More than S182,-
100000 had been repaid, with balance
of loans outstanding to cooperative
associations of $156,000000.
Those loans are helping to finance
the cooperative marketing operations
of live stock producers, pecan growers,
fruit and vegetable associations, wool
and mohair raisers. tobacco growers
and cotton patch owners among other
co-operatives. They are helping them
to help themselves; paying a subStan-
tial part of the cost of all kinds of
facilities needed for marketing the
products of field and feed lot.
In a northern Kansas county, for in
stance, we have given practical help to
two groups of farmers having extern
sive apple orchards. They had been
selling their apples individually and in
a hit or miss way for years. The fruit
was poorly graded, of uneven quality,
not properly washed to be free Of spray,
not boxed or packed for sale.
Growers Benefit.
Now. with the aid of Farm Board
loan to cooperative associations that
the growers formed, packing and wash
ing plants have been established. The
apples are carefully prepared and
graded. properly packed and either sold
at the plant or shipped to market. And
one of the orchard owners estimated
that last year. though prices had been
low because of general conditions, the
growers. nevertheless, have benefited as
much as 20 cents a bushel over what
would have been realized had the sales
been made individually.
These are among the smaller farmer
co-operatives, aided through Govern
ment funds that will come back into
the public treasury, to be reloaned to
some other group of farmers or some
group of farmer associations. Then
there are great, reaching co-opera-
! tive organizations like the Farmers Ma
tional Grain Corporation, with its 27
regional members serving 250000
farmers, which handled nearly 200.-
COO 900 bushels of grain in terminal
markets. That was approximately three
times the amount handled in terminal
markets by co-operatives before the
agricultural marketing act was passed.
The National Live Stock Marketing
Association, another cooperative organ
iZation assisted by the board in provid-
| ing facilities for dispoSing of stock
! raisers' products served 350,000 pro-
ducers and handled more than 5000, 900
head of live stock The National Wool
Marketing Corporation served $4,000
wool and mohair growers. and handled
! 1870 900 600 pounds in 1880 and 1881.
OF course, the building up of these
producers marketing organizations
meets with opposition from and criti-
cism by those who in the past have
profited from the old system at the
producers expense. But the work of
developing efficient, national CO.
operatively owned agricultural facilities
goes on as an important part of the
great task of rural economic recon-
struction. We are not creating huge
Government marketing organization.
Instead, we are helping farmer -owned
and farmer controlled marketing as
sociations to grow to help themselves.
! Through their growth in numbers and
: In wisdom those who live on the soil
win benefit, and as they benefit SO also
win the whole Nation profit.
Evening star., 1932-05-08
BY PAUL SCOTT MowRER.

~ ARIS.-The Franco-PoliSh al
- lance expires in June but,
unless it is formally denounced
l. by one side or the other, it will
be renewed automatically. In
quiries by this correspondent both in
Polish and French circles indicate that
there will be no denunciation.
Indeed, there is feeling that this
alliance, which. it is said, is operative
only defensively, and even then only
under the sponsorship of the League
of Nations, is today more necessary
than ever, owing to the Nationalist
reaction and revolt against the treaties
in Germany.
Polish spokesmen go so far as to
say that, even if there were no formal
alliance. the relations between France
and Poland would inevitably be just
as close as they are now. In other
words, it is felt that this alliance is
not a mere artificial diplomatic scheme
devised for insidious ends to the greater
grandeur of either France or Poland,
but a sort of natural political phe-
nomenon arising out of the existing
situation and bound to endure as long
as this situation itself continues.
1t has been widely assumed by ad-
versaries of France and of the peace
treaties that the so-called French sys-
tenn of alliances, far from being a
Evening star., 1932-05-08
JAPAN LOSES MILLIONS
In TRADE WITH CHINA
Merchants Weigh Military Gain as Ex.
ports to Second Best Customer Drop.
Shippers Hard Hit.

churia proper; "a per cent to South
China; 80 per cent to Central China,
SO per cent to Hongkong and 81 per
cent to North China.
AS result of the aggressive activities
OF the National Salvation Association
for Resisting Japan, which through its
100 branches throughout China was
directing the boycott campaign, it was
estimated that on January l Japanese
goods to the total value Of 25,0000 600
gold dollars held by local Chinese mer-
chants were sealed. In addition thou
sands Of dollars worth of orders placed
in Japan prior to the japanese attack
in Shanghai were Cancelled by Chinese
merchants or delivery of the goods re-
fused on arrival in Shanghai.
Prior to the Manchurian affair and
other incidents preceding it which ag-
gravated Chinese feeling against Japan
Japanese steamers were doing a -four
ishing business in Chinese waters.
Japa nese shipping firms estimate the
combined losses to Japanese-owned
ocean going and tramp steamers from
October / of last year to January l of
this year at about $28,000,0 900 gold.
Heavy Loss on Cotton Mills.
On January % and 90, all Japanese
owned cotton mills in the west and
cast districts of Shanghai were closed.
The director general of the japanese
Cotton Mill Owners Association in
formed this correspondent that the
cost of upkeep for these mills had rep
resented a loss of $3.50, 900 gold per
month since hostilities began and that
did not take into consideration the
loss of trade involved.
No figures are available on the cost
Of maintaining an army of nearly &c. 900
troops in Shanghai. not to speak of a
naval fleet of vessels Certainly those
Japanese who are not advocates of the
so-called strong policy" toward China
are beginning to wonder If the game
has been worth the candle. If Japan's
military action In Shanghai has been
in retaliation for loss of trade, it would
seem that the cure is likely to be worse
than the disease.
Boycott organizations may be off,
cially smashed, but there is no doubt
that anti-Japanese feeling among the
Chinese has been accentuated. On a
competitive market. with other nations
eager to supply the goods which China
has been buying from Japan it does not
seem entirely practical to attempt to
regain trade at the point of a gun.
Evening star., 1932-05-08

And so with the other members of
the so-called system. Jugoslavia fears
Italy, Hungary and Bulgaria, which now
have close agreements. Czechoslovakia
fears Germany and Hungary, and espe-
cially the German desire to annex Aus
tria, which, If fulfilled, would theoreti-
cally place Czechoslovakia at Germany's
mercy by the process of encirclement.
Rumania fears Russia and Hungary.
Poland fears Germany and Russia.
But just as the countries which want
to continue to exist without dismem-
berment tend to draw closer together,
SO do the countries which feel that the
present frontiers are unjust and which
therefore want to gain or recover terri
tory at the expense of others. Thus
Russia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Aus
tria and Bulgaria are now more or less
agreed. 1t is from them that the loud
est outcries arise against French
hegemony.'
Their policies, therefore, are directed
steadily toward winning British and
American sympathies, toward belittling
and opposing France in every possible
way and toward breaking up the French
alliances.
Solution Of the whole problem doubt
less will depend on the attitude Great
Britain and the United States finally
assume, If any, in these fundamental
and disruptive continental quarrels.
(Copyright, 1922
Evening star., 1932-05-08

ton is commonly carried on by means
OF checks, but this makes no differ
ence)
No Profit So Far. :
The bank now has in its till or in
its vault 81 900 which it did not have
before. Upon this ST. 900 the bank
makes no profit. In order to make
profit the bank must loan the 81 900 to:
a customer Cor buy a mortgage or a
railroad or public utility bond, which Is
the same thing. 1t Is to be presumed
the bank will be eager to do this. That
Is what banks exist for.
Tnat the bank should loan this thou
sand dollars to customer Is the indis-
pensable next step. The Federal Re-
serve System can do no more. It is
now up 10 the bank and the banks
customers. Until the bank loans the
thousand dollars to a customer. no new
money is created. z
All the Federal Reserve System ix
doing, and all 1t can do. is TO create
not more credit money-but merely the
opportunity for more credit money. The
new credit money does not actually
come into existence until the bank loans
its money to a customer.
A bank, like every one else, can only
make profit by doing business. Sooner
or later, the banks, with the money i'm
their tills and vaults, will begin to loan
Stated another way, the question IS.
WIN the process now being followed by
the Federal Reserve result In more.
money? As to this the answer is the
same that President Coolidge made
about the rain. To a Senator who said
"I think 1t is going to stop raining"
Coolidge answered 1T always has"
The creation of more credit naney.
so soon as II gets under way, WIN resrz
prices Of all kinds of commodities.
wheat. cotton, land. everything. : And
higher prices we must have. E1h the
only way We can pay cur debts.
Evening star., 1932-05-08
BY VICTOR KEEN.

- HANGHAI.- trade losses,
which are largely the result of
her military activity in Man
~ churia and its repercussions
upon japanese trade In China
proper, are causing many conservative
Japanese business men to ask, What
price military glory?"
Japans total trade and business
losses in China during the last six
months cannot be accurately estimated,
but it is safe to say that they will run
into millions of dollars Next to Amer
lea, China has been Japan's best custo-
mer An average of Japan's trade fig
ures for the last 10 years shows that
25 per cent of all Japan's exports went
to China, while 18 per cent of Japan's
imports came from that country.
japanese military forces occupied
Mukden In Manchuria on the night of
September 18. Other strategic centers
were captured during the three days
following. The economic reaction in
China to this military invasion is elo-
quently demonstrated by the maritime
customs statistics for October Japa-
nese exports to Central and South
China during that month dropped from
first to nth place.
Trade Near Vanishing Point.
The average value of Japan's total
exports between 1925 and 1880 was
approximate 1,000, 100000 gold dollars.
of which 42l2 per cent were purchased
by the United States and 35 per cent,
or approximately 30,000,000 gold dollars
a month, were sold in China and other
parts of Asia, where Japan's trade is
largely handled through overseas Chi
nese merchants. A report issued by
the Japanese Chamber of Commerce
prior to the outbreak of hostilities in
Shanghai estimated that japanese ex-
ports to China had been reduced by
"a per cent in comparison to last years
figures. Since the beginning of Sino-
Japanese fighting in Shanghai on jan
uary % japanese export trade to China
had practically vanished.
japanese exports to China during
February, the month following the out
break of war in Shanghai. declined by
48 per cent compared to the preceding
month, according to estimates issued
by the japanese commercial counsellor
in Shanghai. These exports figures
showed an increase of 35 per cent to
Kwantung leased territory in Manchuria
and decreases of IS per cent to Man
Evening star., 1932-05-08
Hope of European Reconstruction
Without Force Dimmed by Hitlerism
Continued From First Page.)

Continued From First Page.)
Germany to try the Hitler experiment
without aid from the outside. They
will await the inevitable bankruptcy,
the bankruptcy which they hold in
evitable. with complete fatalism. They
viii resist all efforts, whether coming
from Washington or London, to bring
any material aid to German finance or
business. In the French view Ger
many at best must now go through a
long period of extreme misery and de-
preston before the very consequences
OF the Hitler victory are revealed to
the mass of the people who have
hailed the Austrian as a savior.
On the other hand, while the course
OF France and of her allies will be
marked by restraint, there is sure to be
growing state of tension because IN
his election speeches Hitler has prom
ised to restore German rule in the Cor
r1dor and that can only be accomplished
by force and by war For Poland will
defend her territory and France Is
bound to support Poland, while Czecho-
slovakta, as an ally of France. cannot
stand aside. And in Danzig and Upper
Silesia there Is fuel for a general con-
flagration lying close at hand
That war will come Is, of course, un-
likely. In the present state of German
financial and military power such a
war would be suicidal. The danger lies
Evening star., 1932-05-08

Continued From First Page)
Corporation Charles G. Dawes. Most
ardently they desire more money and
most intelligently they are bringing it
about.
The beginning of the lesson is to re-
alize there are two kinds of money
Gn the very brief financial school here
attempted many technicalities must
be omitted. One is currency-the
coins and notes that every one has in
his pocket. The other kind is credit
rnoney-the kind of money represented
by the credit of depositor in or bor-
rover from bank.
Equally as Good.
These two kinds of money are equally
good. The first kind. however-cur-
rency-cannot be increased except
within rigid limits and always with
danger. The second kind-credit
money-can be increased. To increase
the quantity of credit money under
present conditions is absolutely safe,
wholly desirable and very necessary.
The desirability Of it is extreme. That
Is what Governor Meyer of the Federal
Reserve System and the other finan-
clal duIQOrltlcS Ol Tie IOfeIiiHeub are
now doing.
The process consists, as the first step,
of the purchase of Government bonds
by the Federal Reserve System. The
system is buying at the rate Of about
sl00, 100000 a week. 1t buys these
bonds in the open market-that is, it
tuys them from private owners or from
banks, chiefly from banks. Whether it
buys the bonds from individuals or from
banks, the result is the same. Let us
follow the process Of buying from
banks.
When the Federal Reserve System
buys a 81 900 Government bond from q
bank, the system gives to the bank IN
payment $1,000 In currency or the
equivalent Of currency. CThe transac-
Evening star., 1932-05-08
Philippine Islands Held Doomed
Ii independence Plea Is Granted

nearer and its wheat and flour may be
expected to capture the market after
separation.
The Philippine people, under Ameri-
can influence, have become milk con-
sumers to a greater degree than any
ether group of tropical people Their
lands are not suitable for dairy cattle
and so for several years they have
been the largest market, on dollars
and cents basis, for condensed and
evaporated milk produced in the United
States Philippine imports average a
third of the total American exports of
canned milk.
Disastrous Chaos Found.
might continue this itemization
indefinitely to show the Importance of
the Philippine market from the stand
point of our workers and their employ
ers. But have said enough to demon
strate that the separation will bring
about disruption and destruction of a
trade of more than 5000 600, 900 amu-
ally Con the basis of 1929 exports and
imports, with consequent loss of en-
ployment both in the Philippines and
in our own country.
The Philippines, Of course, are of
some value as a naval base for the pro-
lection of our commerce with the Far
East. But they are of the utmost i'm
portance as a commercial base for our
peaceful entry with merchandise into
the Orient. Too many Of our people
labor under the misapprehension that
the Orient is dormant and means
nothing to us. The fact is that the
hope of the Western World lies in the
reawakening of the East, with an in
crease in the wants and buying power
of its hundreds of millions of people.
That awakening can be achieved
only by the expansion of trading be-
tween East and West. In the Philip
pines we already have wonderfully
fine commercial gateway to the Orient,
with shipping facilities. a transShip-
ment point, banking interests and re-
sources.
Now it is proposed to cast off this
outpost of American civilization and
base for American trade with half the
world-not for the real benefit Of the
Filipino people, but to serve certain
special interests in this country We
are choosing the worst possible time,
from the standpoint of safety Of the
Evening star., 1932-05-08

Filipino people and the safety Of our
own interests
We are preparing to give other ma
tions vitality interested In the Orient
something else in the way of territory
and resources to quarrel over, to covet
and to become the subject of interna-
tional intrigue. We disturb naval re-
lations and we lose power to protect
our commerce in the East.
Such is the havoc that viii be
wrought If the Philippine "'independ-
ence" bill becomes law We could do
no greater injury to the Filipino people
than by this means. We do injury to
our own people employed in factory
and on farm If the bill becomes law.
And by such legislation we would add
one more point of disturbance and pos
sible strife to world that is trying to
find the way to a lasting peace. No
greater folly has been proposed since
this country reached its majority in the
Family of Nations.
Evening star., 1932-05-08
In the Big League.

From the Nashville Banner
Japan has asked waivers on the
League of Nations and Is preparing to
give 1t an unconditional release. Try
ing to hit when Japan ordered q bunt
Is said to be the reason.
Evening star., 1932-05-08
Radical-Conservative Struggle
In Coming Election Held Unlikely

Continued From First Page.)
Evening star., 1932-05-08
BY GASTON NERvAL.

ABOR DAY-"El Dia del Trabai 10"
has passed quietly on the
other side of the Rio Grande.
- Those who expected exciting
Evening star., 1932-05-08
Fair Return for Labor.

This statement of an actual situa-
tion Is a striking demonstration of the
fact that a fair and decent price 10
the producer Of food does not neces-
sarily result in a high price to the
consumer. And it proves also that O
low price to the producer does not
insure low price to the consumer In
The producers news. [volume] (Plentywood, Mont.) 1918-1937, 1932-12-23
EASTERN COLO. IN BAD
OHADR
N. HI. DELEGATES GO TO
WASH. RELIEF CONFAB
IN LOG CABIN ON TRUCK
(BY FRED CHASE)

The New England delegates to
the Farmers National Relief Con-
ference left Lempster, N. H., Dec.
8 with a log cabin built on a large
truck.
The first stop was at Gardner,
Mass, where the delegates were
greeted by so farmers and work
ers. An enthusiastic meeting was
held and collection taken for the
benefit Of the delegates.
FARMERS FRIENDLY
The next stop was Worcester,
Mass. on December 4 and then on
to Plainfield, Conn. A mass meet
ing in Brooklyn, Conn, greeted the
delegates. The next day, Dec. s.
we are on our way. We stopped
at a farm in Guilford, Conn.,, fol
lunch.
All the farmers on thu way arr
friendly. A lot of literature i:
sold, and a basis made for further
organization. Farmers in New
Hampshire, Massachusetts anC
Connecticut report unbearable con
ditions.
The producers news. [volume] (Plentywood, Mont.) 1918-1937, 1932-12-23
DOings of the
Advance Guard

One man in Iowa found Producers News on 4
oad he read it and subscribed for six months Anna
one happened to see the paper in Seattle SO he sbsc
One man in Alaska also happened to run acros.
paper and subscribed.
This shows that there are a 10 tof people wil;Du
subscribe for the paper they only had chance 70 "
it. Sowing the papers broadcast the roads is No, -
best way of getting the paper in circulation; there !. nc
much waste to it. We must go and talk to the peor
show them copy of the paper and tell them VIII.
stands for Tell them it is paper for the overtaroI
farmers read and find what to do when tbsW
pay taxes how to organize and prevent ~
and evictions.
Last week August Wanhola of Kinball, Mimi ro...
have told his neghbors of these things for h.
ten subs all in lump. August did well but aoo..
anybody else can do just as well if they go after it w.
want you all to go after it right away-les get sbsc
lions galore and put her over big.
The producers news. [volume] (Plentywood, Mont.) 1918-1937, 1932-12-23

bill as q means of granting the
bankers relief for their frozen
farm loans.
On Friday afternoon the farmer
delegates adjourned TO the House
and Senate galleries where they
had an opportunity of seeing the
inaction of their representatives.
In the senate there were about
half a dozen senators participant
ing, while in the house the number
present during the course of the
Afternoon ranged from about 20
to 40, out of over AIS.
WILL CARRY ON WORK
Saturday morning the farmer
delegate reported to the confer :
ence the attitude of the represen-
tatives and Senator's toward the
just demands of the farm masses.
While the mass pressure was in
sufficient TO gain any immediate
results in both the House and the
Senate the demands of the farm
ers were inserted in the Congress
sional Record.
/ In order to continue the strug-
gle for their demands the farmer
delegates at the Conference con-
Guided their work by electing an
executive committee of five who
will carry on the work until the
next conference. These elected
were Benzely and Phillip Smith OF
Pennsylvania, Fred Chase of New
Hampshire John Marshall of Ohio
and Lem Harris, who viii act as
executive secretary, with head.
Quarters It Washington, D. C. In
addition, one farmer from each
state represented at the confer
ence was elected to the national
committed which may be enlarged
by the inclusion of representative:
of other safes as they become or,
ganized behind the demands of the
Conferences.
The producers news. [volume] (Plentywood, Mont.) 1918-1937, 1932-12-23
SALES TAX WILL
BE ADDED BURDEN
TO ALL CONSUMERS

Washington, Dec. 9.-President
Hoover in his message at the OPEN
ing OF Congress called for a sales
tax of 2.25 per cent on manufac-
tured goods that would take 1885,
100000 out of workers pockets. He
also calico for a slash in wages of
IL per ceit Of government en-
ployees.
Congress- Il .=elined to put off
consideration Of the sales tax until
the next session. However, that
Democratic leaders are not OPP
posed to the tax On workers and
The producers news. [volume] (Plentywood, Mont.) 1918-1937, 1932-12-23
SEIZE MACHINE
AFTER SlOl HAD
BEENPAID ON IT
Confined from Front Page,


to the farmer. He said that those
of us who ire members should also
work insid. them and educate the
farmers apng the more militant
line laid OWN at the conference.
WASHING MACHINE
At this meeting we heard the
story of 9 washing machine, the
original est of which was SAG
cash with subsequent payments.
The farmes who bought it was un
able to maze the payments on it,
so it was advertised in the Fort
Wayne Jornal Gazette for $50
cash,
A farme went to the store to
buy it audit then carried price
of $1S8. lie put down the $50
cash, kept up his payments until
he had pal $101 on it and then,
being unate to make any more
payments, was taken from him
This certanly shows that the
farmers ned militant action here
We arrivd in Chicago Dec. is
and stoppef at the Lithuanian hall
where we yere fed and also great
care was AIKEN to find us good
beds in pirate homes. / was taker
to the hon Of a Chicago worker
given a fin hot bath, clothes al