davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1932-09-25
NEW REVOLTS THREATENED
BEFORE SPAIN STABILIZES
Mild Handling of Recent Outbreak Be
lieved Encouraging to Militarist.
Monarchist Groups.

political lives, they have BEEN and con-
tinue, plotting against the state. Util-
izing their comrades who remained in
the army, but who took the Repub-
lican oath with their fingers crossed, the
militarists staged the abortive Seville
insurrection. Their mouthpiece, Gen.
San Jurjo. is now in prison and out Of
the picture But Gen. Coded. far clev-
erer and more scheming. and Gems.
Martinez Anido and Emilio Barrero
went on the theory that "he who plots
and runs away will live to plot another
day" The two latter are now hiding
in France, and Gen. Coded has COW
cred his tracks sufficiently we'll to es-
cape, for the moment, the legal conse-
quences for anything he might have
done.
Army Being Purged.
When the slightest opportunity pre-
sents itself however-and many oppor-
tunities will come sooner or later
they again will seek to precipitate trou-
BILE The San Jurjo outbreak was the
first since the republic was founded
IS months ago, competent observers
predict that at least two more will come
before the last. BY that time the army
and Guard Civile will have been purged
of their monarchists and malcontents
and the republic will be secured.
Why the Azana government has not
yielded to the public clamor and exc
cuted the leaders in the Seville con-
spiracy is still somewhat of mystery
even in Spain-one of the many politi-
cal paradoxes which constantly appear.
The firing squad for Gen. San Jurjo
would have been applauded by rs per
cent of the people at least. He is re-
garded as double traitor, first to eX-
King Alfonso, whom he deserted in his
hour of need and now to the republic,
which made him commander in chief of
the Carbineri, or Frontier Guard, with
a salary higher than any other general
In Spain receives.
Premier Azana, perhaps. was match
ing Republican chivalry with that OF
the former Dictator Primo de Rivera
who, by refusing to sanction the exc
cution of his political opponents per-
mitted the foundation of the present
republic to be laid. Then again there
are those who, like ex-Foreign Min
lister ALEXANDRA LerrouX, argue that
unnecessary shedding of blood would
have an unpleasant reaction In for
eign countries and serve only TO over
emphasize the comparative unimpor-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1932-09-25

everywhere, military expenditures have
been Notwithstanding the dis
armament of the vanquiShed nations
by more than 100000 900. The sums
expended at the present time are &C
tually larger than those of 1913, the
year Of the most violent nationaliSm.
All this means that whereas the total
wealth has decreased. our shrunken
wealth has been saddled with the bur-
den of an ever-growing taxation-and
this in a period in which the life OF the
world has remained paralyzed.
1t would be hard to conceive OF
treaties more unjust and absurd than
those that were made in 1918 and 1919
Only men utterly ignorant Of economic
factors and still blinded by war hatred
could conceive Of so many inJustlces
and absurdities.
Wars, in the past. had a limited i'm
portance from the point of view of pro-
duction, as they were waged by small
professional armies which usually sub
sisted on the products Of the invaded
countries. 1t was possible, then, to wal
for years without the methods Of pro-
duction undergoing any change. The
salient feature of all great modern wars
Is that they impel the warning nations
| to organize resistance. to pool all their
resources and to put vast plans into
execution.
Thus war imposes anti-economic
methods of production upon the fight
ing nations. 1t is necessary to manu-
facture arms and ammunition by any
and all means, to purchase raw ma
terials, food and other supplies in vast
quantities; no attention is paid to cost
AS result, not only are huge and I'M
deserved private fortunes quickly
Continued ON Third Page)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1932-09-25
ACTION ONLYTTON REPORT
MAY AFFECT MANY NATIONS
Three Courses Involving Japan Seen
Open to League-Expulsion
Regarded as Possibility.

these situations the council decided TO
delay the whole issue until Novem-
Der a.
There is reason to think that France
would welcome a fresh opportunity to
manifest its sympathy with the Ameri-
can position in this affair. France ap-
pears to have discovered, somewhat
tardily, that its interest lies in the strict
defense of all treaties, even in treaties
interesting mainly the Far East.
1t is significant that yesterday in the
council. during a brief discussion of the
Gran Chaco dispute in South America
between Bolivia and Paraguay. the
French delegate, Joseph Paul-Boncour.
took occasion to state that France
wants to see the League Covenant ap-
Piled equally to disputes in all regions.
1t is further believed that Edouard
Herriot, premier Of France. himself has
given reinsurance to the United States
along the same lines.
Great Britains view is also believed
to have evolved toward that of the
United States. with a cabinet crisis i'm
minent in London. The British delega-
ton here would obviously prefer not to
commit itself for the moment. but 1t is
thought that Britain is ready at least to
subscribe to non-recognition Of Man
chukuo.
Lord Lytton Quoted.
Moreover, British opinion, already
partly favorable to the American thesis,
will be influenced, it is believed, by the
Lytton report. A Bombay dispatch to
the London Times quotes Lord Lytton
himself as saying that 1t will be diff
cult to keep 100000 Chinese under
the rule OF 100000 japanese indefinitely
and that while Japan obviously Is able
to seize Manchuria by force, to do so
weuld be to keep the rest of the world
from living in peace.
japan, seeing Britain and France thus
evolving toward the United States. ap-
pears to be trying to enlist support in
Germany, Russia and Italian quarters.
Italy seems to have no intention of
taking sides against the United States
and Britain and is therefore acting with
great discretion. But both Germany
and Russia appear for the moment to be
giving Japan some slight encourage
ment.
Russia really fears Japan in the Far
East and would seemingly thus prefer
TO come to terms with the United States.
but as no answer has been made from
washington to its various oyertures. it
appears now to be ready TO talk with
Toxic. 1t Is rumored here today that
Japan has promised to tr.-' to help Ger
many in its claim for equal armaments
and the implication is that Germany in
return will not oppose Japan in the
forthcoming League debates.
Germany, Russia and Japan are all
seemingly annoyed at the Anglo French
entente. as well as at the sympathy
which the French and British are re-
ceiving from the United States or which
the United States Is receiving from
France and Great Britain. Thus a sort
of temporary German Russian japanese
combination appears to be vaguely
threatened 1t is believed however that
this threat for the present Ii more
imaginary than real
Copyright, 1881
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1932-09-25
~
/peR \
/Of INCREASED
= PRODUCTION

group than those out of jobs, supply
the bulk of the purchasing power of the
Nation. and If their purchases are lin
tied to necessities the decrease in the
purchasing power of the country is very
pronounced indeed.
Thus each of these conditions con-
tributes to the aggravatlon OF the other
and starts in motion continuous circle
of decline in production, followed by
further decline in employment, followed
by further decline in purchasing power,
and so on, until something happens
to start the current in the opposite
direction.
Other Nations Meet Problem.
Every industrial nation except the
United States has established some
form of permanent machinery to cope
with the problem of unemployment.
why? Because unemployment is al
ways with us in good times and bad:
Even in the boom years OF 1923 ara
1929 there were about two million men
able and willing to work who could not
find Jobs. There is no dispute as 10
the existence of the problem, and this
depression by its length and severity
has convinced most of us of the neces-
sity of establishing plan to counteract
its distressing consequences.
However, there is great question as
to what kind of plan we shall adopt.
Shall we pay the unemployed worker
benefits to sustain life; in other words,
shall we establish system of 'doles'?
Or shall we devise means to prevent
his becoming unemployed? Shall we
prescribe medicine to cure the disease
or establish hygiene to prevent it?
Most forms of unemployment in.
surance provide for the payment OF
benefits only after the worker has been
laid off. Unemployment insurance
should, in my opinion, prevent unem-
ployment in the same way that work
mems compensation laws prevent &C
cidents What would seek to develop
Is q system of employment assurance
rather than a system of unemployment
insurance. Employers have found it
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1932-09-25
BY FRANCISCO NITTI,
Italy's Former Prime Minister.

TINE most significant and the most
deeply rooted cause of the de-
preston that now holds the en-
i tire world in its grip is the giddy
increase in public expenditures
by local, state and national govern
ments all over the world-that has
taken place since the war.
The idea of placing the burden OF all
major expenditures on the state al
ready has spread to such an extent
that it has entered into the mental
habit of the people. When one thinks
of the agitation of the American vet
Grams for the bonus, which involves an
outlay OF more than $4,000 600, 900, one
can hardly believe that such a prepos-
ferrous demand could ever have been
made. What would. in comparison. be
the logical exacting Of the European
combatants, who saw millions OF their
comrades killed, mutilated or disabled?
If we analyze public expenditures be-
fore and after the war one fact strikes
us with particular force. Since 1918
they have increased more rapidly than
in any previous period.
In some countries Gas in France) pub
lie expenditures have merely doubled
since 1913; in others they have in
creased three or four times, as in the
United States. England, Germany,
Switzerland, etc, or they have grown
in an even greater proportion, as in
many of the smaller states of Europe
and America.
Such lavish spending by both nations
and municipalities might give rise to
the inference that the war has enriched
humanity We know, on the contrary,
that from the point of view Of econo-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1932-09-25

pay $18 and the Employment Stabiliza-
ton Reserve Fund 81, increasing the
weekly wage to $40. When normal op-
erations are resumed on a 40-hour- "a
week basis the payments from the En-
| ployment Sterilization Reserve Fund
will cease.
The operation of the employment
sterilization reserve fund will enable
employers to apply the principle of d.
viding work without suffering a COM
petitive disadvantage. In fact. the op-
portunity which it affords employers to
enable them to enjoy distinct advan-
tage over employers who lay off work.
ers when the demand for their prod
ucts declines. The assurance of regular
employment will attract superior work
ers and by removing the chief cause OF
malingering should result In reduced
labor costs. Since the plan is volun-
tary, feel that these advantages will
| induce the great majority of public
spirited employers to become partici-
pants.
The practice of dividing the work
| among the employees by reducing the
| hours of labor: in times Of economic de-
preston seems so logical and so humane
that the ordinary observer wonders why
industry has not adopted it more gen.
orally. There must be some strong rea-
son for this reluctance on the part OF
| industry. What is the obstacle to such
a practice? Can 1t be overcome with
out resorting to fanciful or unsound
procedures?
The main obstacle to dividing work is
the difficulty of getting the proposition
generally accepted by all employers
within competitive groups. Some en-
ployers assert that a division Of work
beyond certain point makes neces-
sary an upward revision of hourly pay
which causes them to lose business by
giving a labor cost advantage to their
competitors.
One cannot brush aside this obstacle,
but. as the general adoption Of this
policy Of dividing work would operate
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1932-09-25

~ ADRID-Republican Spain has
M successfully liouidated its first
NV counter-revolution, and the
i victims of its lukewarm wrath
handful of generals, are
serving prison sentences or have been
deprived of their commands because of
their participation in Gen. San Jurjos
abortive attempt to restore the mon
archy. But a second. and perhaps a
third, uprising still turks in the systems
of the discontinued army officers and
is almost certain to break forth before
the end of the year.
One would not be far from wrong In
stating that the real Spanish revolu-
ton is just beginning. The deposing
of King Alfonso was altogether too
soft a procedure to purge Spain OF the
many parasitic elements which flourish
ed on the monarchy and dictatorship.
The Zamora- Azana regime has already
ruled too long on a milk-fed diet.
Hesitating to shed blood, even to avenge
the heroes of Jaca, Capts- Garcia
Hernandez and F'irmin Galan, who were
executed by the Berenguer dictatorship,
the republic Is filling It's jails with
potential enemies instead. Unless a
miracle happens the price for over
throwing the monarchy has yet to be
paid-in the coin that all revolutions
exact, lives and property.
Menace Seen Ahead.
Ignoring the social problems that
confront the new republic. and which
will be solved in their good time. there
is at least one real menace ahead-that
is, the militarist- monarchist clique
Since Alfonso's precipitate flight the
monarchists have been unusually quiet.
Spain is 80 per cent anti-Bourbon these
days and the nobility knows it. To keep
what spoils they have they must lie
low and plot discreetly.
The military clique, however, is
neither so discreet nor so cowardly
Built Up through centuries of royalist
favors, the officers in the Spanish Army
see their ancient and honorable insti-
tuition slowly but surely being legislated
out of existence. They would rebel
against the monarchy as quickly as they
will against the republic to save them
selves. When the Republicans took
office, Minister of War Manuel Azana
(now premier and the strongest man
in the cabineD gave all officers who
could not conscientiously swear to sup
port the republic chance to retire on
full pay. Twelve thousand accepted.
But instead Of leading private, nom
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1932-09-25

so potently In hating a decline in en-
ployment and purchasing power, We
must look for some way to overcome
the obstacle Nothing but money will
do it-money to offset. or partially of
set, the labor cost differential which
operates against any business estab-
lishment that divides the work when
its competitors refuse to do so. But
where will this money come from? MY
answer to that question is: 1t must
come from an employment Sterilization
reserve fund such as have proposed.
Determining Contributions.
How will the amount of the con-
tributions to the Employment Stabiliza-
ton Reserve Fund be determined? That
depends upon the extent and duration
of future depreSSionS. This cannot be
predicted with accuracy; all We can do
is to base our conclusions for the fu-
ture upon the experience of the past,
and assume that the indexes of in
dustrial production and business &C
tivity will advance and decline in about
the same ratio.
observe that the index of business
activity prepared by Col. Leonard P.
Ayres of the Cleveland Trust Co. bears
close relationship to the index Of in
dustrial production prepared by the
same individual and based upon data
furnished by the Federal Reserve Board.
I have calculated that the below-nor-
NAL or minus percentages of the bust
ness activity index over a period OF 81
years from 1900 to date average about
per cent a year. and have assumed
that man-hours would shrink in the
same proportion as the reduction in
business activity.
3Per Cent Of Pay Roll.
The fund would be drawn upon to
cover only half of the calculated shrink
age of per cent, which would be per
cent Of the pay roll. The combined con-
tributions to the reserve fund by en-
ployes and employers, assuming $40
average weekly wage, would amount to
so cents $500 03) for each employe.
20 cents to be paid by the employe and
40 cents by the employer. The employ
er would be permitted to deduct so
per cent of his contributions to the
reserve fund from his. insome tax. The
purpose of this deduction is to mini
mize the apprehension of an employer
that he is burdening his enterprise with
a competitive handicap when he par
ticipates in the plan.
The figures resulting from the cal
culation that I have described are out
side figures and do not take into con-
sideration the inevitable retarding in
fuence that would follow retaining all
workers on the pay roll. 1t is esti-
mated that the American wage Garner
purchases the great bulk of all goods
manufactured in the United States
and that his continued presence in the
market as a consumer-buyer OF con-
siderably more than the necessities
would be insured by his receiving at least
10 per cent of his average normal
earnings. Under the operation of the
employment sterilization reserve plan
it would require a production shrink
age of 40 per cent to reduce his earn
ings to 10 per cent OF normal. Such
a production contraction has occurred
CONTINUED on Third Page.)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1932-09-25
Speeds of 6,739 Stars
Catalogued by Scientist

BERKELEY, Calf. CP).-Years OF
work in the measuring of the veloc-
tiles of stars have been tabulated in q
catalogue compiled by Astronomer J. H.
Wright of Lick Observatory and pub
lished by the University of California.
In the task he was assisted by Mrs.
Wright.
Counting the components OF visual
stars as two stars. there are 6,739 listed
with their velocities, ascertained by OBJ
servatories throughout the world and
checked either at Lick or elsewhere.
The highest speed OF heavenly bodies
is attributed to some of the giant
negulae which are believed to be dis
tant universes. One of these is de-
clared to be seemingly trave ing at
speed Of some 4S,970,0oo miles per
hour.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1932-09-25

mics the effects Of the European War
have been terrible. About 100000
100000 has been dissipated Ten mil
lion men were killed. and at least 20
600, 900 more have seen their capacity
for work seriously impaired. An absurd
system of reparations and debts was
created, with the result that world
finance, through mutations and defia-
tons, is utterly disorganiZed. Europe
has become Balkanized
There were in Europe before the war
some 25 states: now there are IS. with
out counting the states badly and alb
surdly administered by the League of
Nations and the small Vatican State
Thousands Of miles of new barriers
have been erected. The duties which
have paralyzed the life of the world
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1932-09-25

lance of a revolt which was foredoomed
to failure
Organize Shock Troops.
One very definite thing has grown
out of the recent revolt, that is AZana' S
decision to strengthen the Republican
shock troops and to weaken the reg
ular army. The so-called Garde Re
publicaine consists at the moment of
only about 1000 hand-picked officers
and men. 1t is a military-police or
ganization. It's effectiveness in ham
ding the revolt in Madrid convinced
Premier Azana that with between
5000 and 10000 of these shock troops
in the various provincial cities of Spain
he can demobilize half the present
standing army of 100000 men and get
rid of all the discontinued and untruSt-
worthy officers. Reorganization Of the
army, however, cannot be done in a
day.
Another impending development is
the elimination from the diplomatic
service Of all lukewarm Republicans or
MonarchiSts at heart. The cabinet
has authorized a reorganization of
that service, which is imperative. To
date the Republicans have been alto
gether too lenient in allowing many
officials to retain their posts: They
learned their lesson with Gen. San
Jurjo, and intended to profit by 1t. In
view of his Seville revolt it is hard
to know just why San Jurjo threw the
civil guards on the side Of the Re-
public when Alfonsos fate hung in the
balance.
Military Control Opposed.
The extreme unpopularity Of the
militarists as governors also is an out
landing fact in the Spain of today.
Even the Monarchists and clergy at heart
oppose the restoration of a military
dictatorship. though they are ready to
capitalize on the army's discomfort to
overthrow the republic. IT is safe TO
say that no militarist will ever hold
a key position in any future Spanish
government that has the support Of
the people. Like the nobility. the army
has ceased to play a part In the ma
tons political life.
Besides the nobility, clergy and mil
itary, two other groups are dlscon-
tented with the government and can
be counted on to underhandedly sup
port a revolt under favorable condi-
lions. One Is the Andalusian land
owners and the other is the navy.
The landowners see their estates
passing away before the Oortes con-
templattd agrarian reforms. This
controls most of the estates in the most
fertile provinces Of Spain, CASTLE and
Andalusia. Fifty per cent of the pop
ulation of these districts are peon and
illiterate.
Radicalism, however, Is spreading
rapidly among them and the Com
munists, Anarchists and Syndicalists
are striving to organize them into po-
litical units. To counterfeit this tend
ency the government is breaking up
estates and dividing the land among
the more advanced and intelligent
peasants The reform does not please
the landlords, nor the Church which
derives its revenues from the feudal
system.
The navy does not count for much
Continued on Third Page.)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1932-09-25

have been raised from 100 to 700 per
cent. Some Of the European countries
have gone so far as to fix not only
the duties, but also the amount Of for
eign goods to be imported.
Bolshevik Russia is in the midst OF
a serious depression: the whole of Asia,
comprising more than half the popula-
ton of the earth. is crossed by great
currents of xenophobia and shaken by
revolutionary movements. World trade
has almost reached the low level Of 20
years ago. in the last two years it has
suffered veritable catastrophe. As COM
pared with the 1929 figures, there was
a decrease of Is per cent in 1880 and
40 per cent in 1881.
While in the last five years the wealth
of the nations has dwindled almost
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1932-09-25

per cent are enrolled in the schools Of
agriculture.
There has been considerable growth
In primary education. despite the finan-
cia1 handicaps of the national govern
ment. Much of this schooling is now
in the hands of local authorities, with
little support or interference from the
national government Schools in this
category total 190,985, including 1852
higher primary and middle schools. The
total enrolment In secondary schools
exceeds 100000, as against 5000, 900
10 years ago.
(Copyright, 1897
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1932-09-25
lance Of a revolt which was foredoomed

Continued on Third Page
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1932-09-25
BY ALBIN E. JOHNSON.

~ ADRID-Republica Spain has
M successfully liouidated its first
wv counter-revolution, and the
i victims of its lukewarm wrath
handful of uanaralS are