davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-09-06

Of the Wickersham Commission who tried it
out with considerable success as chief Of police
OF Berkeley, Calf. Calvin Goddard noted
ballistic expert and managing director of the
Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory of North
western University, is another enthusiast. Col.
Goddard has appointed Leonardo Keeler,
pioneer in lie detection research, as q member
Of the laboratory staff
In an interview with the writer some months
ago. Keeler predicted that the deception
tester as he prefers to call the machine, even
tually will be recognized as an invaluable aid
to scientific crime detection. The courts SO
far have banned its use in important cases,
on the ground that its worth has not been
proved.
Keeler'S device has amazed police and other
observers in laboratory demonstrations, how
ever. Operating on the theory that a person
cannot lie without undergoing an emotional
reaction that increases the blood pressure and
quickens the breathing. the machine makes
use Of an ordinary clinical sphygmomanometer,
or blood pressure tester, and pneumograph,
for recording respiration.
Tests conducted with actual suspects in Cali
fornia resulted in confessions of guilt from rs
per cent of the prisoners The deception tester
Is not an instrument of torture, and Is used
only with the consent of the subject.
The chief argument against the third degree
Is that it involves the danger of false confess
sions. England recognized this danger as early
as the seventeenth century. Forced confess
Sions were banned in England after q prisoner
confessed to murder that never occurred. The
prisoner confessed to Staying q man under
promise of pardon. but later the supposed
victim turned up alive
famous instance of this kind in the United
States was the joint confession of murder by
the Boorn brothers in Vermont more than q
century ago. after a long inquisition. While
the brothers awaiting execution, the
slain man was found in New Jersey, suffer-
ing from amnesia.
During investigation of the Wall Street bomb
explosion some years ago number of persons
confessed falsely to the crime.
Other objections to the third degree are that
it induces lazy" Investigations encourages
hard boiled" tactics on the part of the police
hardens the criminal and impars public con-
hdence in the administration Of justice.
How can the third degree be abolished?
This question is perhaps best answered by
the experts of the Wckersham Commission
They said:
Statutes cannot cope with the third degree
nor can police regulations. Without the will
to enforce them, these become words upon a
printed page.
THE real remedy lies in the will of the COM
munity. If the community insists upon higher
standards in police. prosecutors and judges.
the third degree will cease to be q systematic
practice"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-09-06

clean" before physical pressure need be ap-
Piled
The cooler the sweat box" sometimes
helps" prisoner to remember about a crime
the bar associations survey disclosed. The
cooler is just what its name implies-a cold,
dark cell. devoid of furniture, where ample
time is given the accused man to think it
over" The sweat box" which came into wide
after the Civil War. is a small cell so ar
ranged that it may be heated to a high degree
Of temperature. Earlier variations included the
burning of old rags and rubber outside the
cell, and letting the nauseating fumes fill the
cell. 1t was the sweat box that gave rise to
the expression sweating him down." Whether
the method be refrigeration suffocation, the
results about the same. A confession is
pretty sure to be forthcoming If the process
is carried far enough
Some police employ the light cure" also
known putting the prisoner Ion the spot"
giving him the limelight." This involves
turning a spotlight full upon the face of the
suspect and leaving him in the glare of the
binding beam for long period. Another
method Is to flash the light on at regular
intervals Of 10 seconds or so.
There are prisoners who won't ''listen to
reason" under any sort of pressure. Consider,
for example the of Decasto Earl Mayer
Of Seattle, who would not confess to the murder
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-09-06

Of man in that city despite seven days and
nights OF pressure" Mayer was bonbarded
interminably with questions, not permitted
to sleep was given treatment with the Oregon
boot" and finally was drugged with chloroform,
inoculated with truth serum and tested
with lie detector."
The Oregon boot" consists of steel frame
which clamps around the leg loosely and to
which is chained 60-pound iron ball. If the
wearer of the boot" attempts to move about,
the weight holds him back. The boot" at one
time was a notorious instrument Of punish
ment in the Colorado State prison at Canon
City
The So-called truth serum" is the drug
scopolamin. which is capable of putting the
prisoner into a twilight sleep" 1t is injected
beneath the skin with a hypodermic needle
When the involuntary patient has succumbed
to its influence he is supposed to be unable
to tell lie.
HE lie detector" is a machine for recording
emotional reactions with devices for OBJ
serving blood pressure and respiratory varia-
tions of subject
The lie detector' has gained many sup
porters in recent years. Its adoption it is
claimed, would abolish the third degree and
revolutionize crime detection One of its lead
ing advocates is August Vollmer, police expert
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-09-06
Continued from Second Page

his hiding place. he heard beforehand yet it
was only the whimpering of a frightened dog.
Once again, whining with fear Quit sank his
sharp tooth into one of the elephants hind
legs Once again the great pachyderm seemed
to transfer all his rage from the man to the
dog. Stamping desperately. he tried again and
again to crush Quit Failing to do this he
whirled frantically around and around striv-
ing to strike or seize the elusive dog with his
trunk. Each time Quit whirled with him.
always keeping behind his bulk, and always
drawing him farther and farther away from
his masters hiding place. At last, reused to a
perfect frenzy by the dogs yelps and nips the
elephant abandoned all further search for the
hidden man and rushed away after Quit until
he was lost to sight behind the thicket.
Squire Weston wasted not a moment of the
respite which had again been vouchsafed him.
Crawling out Of the burrow he fed away
along the trail in an opposite direction to that
in which the elephant had gone, and an hour
or SO later, painting and exhausted, wet with
sweat and sn1eared red with clay, he staggered
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-09-06
CONTINUED From First Pa0e.)

several years ago an accused husband was con-
fronted suddenly with the scalp of his wife,
with whose murder he was charged. In Texas
a man suspected of burning a merchant to
death in his store was taken from his cell in
the early hours of the morning and seated be-
fore the charred remains of a body at the
scene of the fire. In Michigan a woman of
low intelligence was put in a cell from the
ceiling of which danged a skeleton, purport
eddy OF the woman she had been accused OF
killing
According to Ernest Jerome Hopkins special
investigator employed by the Wickersham Com
mission. New York and Chicago are the worst
offenders with respect to use of the third de-
gree. The bare fist, the blackjack or night
stick and the rubber hose appear to be the
most popular instruments in New York City,
while Chicago makes use of tear gas bombs,
steel shackles for suspending the suspect up
side down or one of those thick Windy City
telephone books. rolled into a club and used
deity behind the
A list of alleged attacks on prisoners in
nearly 800 cases reported by the Legal Aid So
ciety Of New York during 1880 discloses the
following assorted methods of police brutality:
Hitting with nightstick. kicking in stomach,
hitting in jaw beating with rubber hose, club
bling with blackjack dragging by the hair slap
ping in the face, twisting arms, striking with
iron pipe, suspending head downward from an
open window
If accounts of investigators to be be-
HeVed. the new YORK police do not take the
pains their Chicago brethren do to avoid leav-
ing tell-tale marks on the victim Whereas the
New Workers are pictured as prone to blacken
eyes and loosen teeth. Hopkins points out that
the ChicagoanS are more considerate of the
prisoner-or perhaps of the consequences. The
telephone book, he comments. leaves no bruise
If welded judciously back of the ear, and tear
gas tells no tales after the eyes are dried. The
conditions complained of in Chicago existed
prior to the recent change in administration.
The American Bar Association has before it
46-page report by the Committee Lawless
Enforcement of the Law, in which it is declared
the third degree is "in uSe"almoSt everywhere,
if not everywhere. in the United States" The
committee condemns the widespread practice
of holding a prisoner "incommunicado"-with
out benefit of counsel. relatives or friends-al-
though no charge has been made out against
him. In the District of Columbia this prac-
tice has been resorted to after the arrested per-
son has been booked on what is called "tech-
nical charge of Observation-Disclosures that
may mean.
IT is during this period of "incommunicado"
! detention that investigators proceed to
''give 'em the works" This may mean nothing
more serious than a relentless griIling by hard
boiled detectives. Often the prisoner comes
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-09-06
The C0zvaya Becomes n Hero

up on the wide. deserted veranda and dropped
half-fainting into hammock
For long he lay there in a stupor Of exhaus-
ton. to be aroused at last by silken head
nesting against one of his dangling hands, and
looked down into Quits brown eyes, gazing
up at him with world of love and devotion in
their depths. moment later, from q cool
corner where he had been taking q siesta,
Grit trotted complacently out to greet his
master, apparently entirely unaware that he
had been found wanting in any way. The
squire regarded him sternly for q moment and
then STOPPING down, changed the engraved
collars of the two dogs, and like an accolade
clasped the one marked Crit" around the
neck of the coach-dog. who although he feared
nightly. had not faltered when the great test
came.
Copyright, 1879
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-09-06
Before Prohibition

Columbus certainly was some prophet"
"Why?"
when he discovered America he shouted:
I see dry land!"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-09-06
Sunday Morning Among the Cross-W ords
ACROSS

ACROSS
1 A vial or cruet.
z Pertaining to
vinegar.
IS Tap.
10 Long, arched
building.
20 Disease.
81 Infringer on
copyright laws.
% North European
race. -
% Organ stops.
"a Ester formed by
glycerine and
acetic acid.
IS Combining form
of two.
20 Aromatic plant.
% Absolutely.
80 Implement used
for wedding.
81 Island: poet.
80 Canine madness.
Sc Most peaceful.
80 Alluvial deposit.
40 Article of foot
wear.
AZ WithdraWS
from circulation.
43 City in Iowa.
As Moves forward
gradually.
At Haunt.
AZ Figures OF
speech.
81 Oriental.
So Townships in
ancient Greco.
81 Became indig-
nant.
SO Favorable
opinion.
81 A small Amer
can rail.
81 Danish terri
torial division.
So Mantle worn by
knights.
IS Strayed.
81 Hurried.
68 Female antelope.
50 Excavation for
extracting ore.
20 Unpaid balance.
II Sufflx denoting
full of.
~ Vessel for heat
ing liquids.
"a Decoy.
rs Makes an official
estimate Of
property.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-10-13

side Of the portico Of the annex across
the lagoon in the Aztec garden.
DR.. Leo 8. Rowe, director general Of
the Union, greeted the guests at the
front door. the early arrivals lingering
near the patio, where the Guatemalan
Mirimba Band, under the direction Of
Dom Carlos, played for half an hour or
more. The guests then made their way
up the staircase, or the elevator at the
south side. to the hall of fiags on the
upper floor, where the Secretary Of
State, chairman Of the Governing
Board, received with Mrs. Stimson and
the heads of Latin American missions
in Washington. There were so few abb
sentees that the line stretched into and
half way across the great hall Of the
Americas. Mrs. Stimson wore q par
ticulalarly becoming gown of heavy
white silk, the full skirt falling In
graceful feds to the ankles and about
the hips circular flounce and the only
trimming was a shoulder bouquet OF
gardenias. About her neck hung deli
cate diamond necklace and she wore
diamond pendant earrings.
The dean of Latin American min
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-10-13

The second secretary of the British
embassy, Mr.. C. j. w. TORI, has sailed
for brief vacation in his home in Eng
land and will join Mrs. TORI in their
home in Georgetown the end of No
vember.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-10-13

Mr.. Etienne Lsrdy. counselor Of the
4SwiSs legation, gave a luncheon yester-
Rday at Wardman Park Hotel in honor
of Mr.. Yung Kwai. charge d'affaires Of
che Chinese legation.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-10-13
SOCIETY
Turkish Ambassador Plans Afternoon Fete
to Celebrate National Day of
/ His Country.
His Country.

have had as their guests the past week
at their apartment in the Broadmoor
Col. and Mrs. Paul Weeks OF Peoria, Ill.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-10-13

The Minister of the Netherlands and
Nine Royen are arriving in New York
today on the Europa, having spent the
Summer in Holland.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-10-13

have had as their guests the past week
at their apartment in the Broadmoor
Col. and Mrs. Paul Weeks OF Peoria, Ill
Capt. and Mrs. William Chambers
are entertaining for the month the lat
ter,s sister and brother-in-law, Comdr
and Mrs. William Hodgman. Comdr
Hodeman is commercial attache of the
United States legation at Budapest and
is now on leave.
Mrs. James Francis Sullivan OF Phila-
delphia came to Washington yesterday
with Princess RuSpoli, who has been
a guest in her home, The Woods, at
Radnor, to attend the dinner OF the
Colonial Danes. Mrs. Sullivan left this
morning with a party of Colonial Danes
to visit historic ShrineS en- route to the
celebration at Yorktown.
Mrs. Sullivan will return to Washing
ton next week for several days and
will be at the Mayflower.
Brig. Gen. and Mrs. Cornelius Van
derbilt will entertain at dinner october
IS, in honor Of Marshal Petain and
the French delegates to the Yorktown
celebration.
Mrs. A. Davis Ireland is a guest at
the Mayhower for a few days and will
make occasional visits to Washington
during the Autumn and Winter, but
will spend the greater part OF her time
in New York and not occupy her house
here.
Mrs. Tasker. wife of Lieut.. Col. Ar
thur N. Tasker. stationed at Fort
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-10-13

listers, DR.. J.. varela, who Is vice chair
man Of the board of governors, with
Nine. Verela, was next in line, she wear
ing q becoming costume of heavy black
satin, simply made with long faring
skirt and fitted bodice without trim
ming. Others Of the heads OF Latin
American missions in Washington who
were in the long receiving line from
time to time were the Ambassador Of
Cuba and Sonora de Ferrara, the Am
hassador of Peru, Senior de Freyre y
Sartander; the Ambassador Of Brazil,
Senior de Lima e Silva; the Ambas-
CONTINUED on Third Papel
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-10-13

Capt. Hubert Bayette, U. S. A., and
Mrs. Bayette and their twin daughters,
Idanthea and Bonnie, are in New York
and are expected to come to Washing
ton for a visit before going to Capt.
Bayette's new post, at Fort Maxwell,
Ala. Mrs. Bayette was before her mar
riage Miss Idanthea Moffatt and made
her debut about four years ago. Capt.
Bayette was member OF the Battle
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-10-13
Delegates to Pan Congress
Honor Guests at Reception.

Delegates to Pan Congress
Honor Guests at Reception.
The Pan-American Union presented
brilliant scene last evening, when the
Governing Board of that Union enter
tanned a large company at threefold
party-a concert. a reception and dane
ing-not to mention the delicious sup
per, served in the map room. The
building itself made picture not soon
to be forgotten with the judiciously
placed floodlights and the flags OF the
81 republics which form the Union
erected across the terrace in front and
giant clusters of the 81 flags at each
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-10-13

Monuments Commission and with his
family has been in France for about
three years.
Mr.. Joseph E. Davies will sail tomor-
Davies, IN Paris, where she has been
for several months with the Colonial
exposition. Miss Davies will accom-
pany her father to Vienna and they
will return to this country In December.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-10-13

Miss Betty West, daughter of Mrs
Willard F. West has as her guests Miss
Dorothy Randolph of Upperville and
Miss Anna Nisbet Of 1rvington- on the
Hudson.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-10-13

Lewis, Wash, is visiting her sisters,
Miss Louise Berry and Miss Edna
Berry, at 1920 Lamont street.
Mrs. Mark Reid Yates will have as
guests for several days Mr.. and Mrs.
Reginald A. F. Williams of New York.
Mr.. Williams is the son of DR.. and Mrs.
Tom A. williams Of Miami, Fla, for
merly of Washington. Mr.. Williams
marriage to Miss Beatrice Cobb, daugh-
ter of Mr.. and Mrs. Gambler Cobb Of
New York City took place last May.
Mrs. Yates has issued cards for a
tea for Mr.. and Mrs. Williams Thurs
day afternoon and will have assisting
her several debutantes of the season
Thursday evening Mrs. Yates will en-
terrain at dinner at the Chevy Chase
Club for Mr.. and Mrs. Williams.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-10-13

Mr. and Mrs. Maxim Karolik will
not close their place at Newport until
the 1st Of November, when they will
return to Washington.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-10-13

Miss Betty Beale, daughter Of Mr.
and Mrs. William Lewis Beale, has re-
turned TO Smith College and will not
return to Washington until Christmas
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-10-13

Miss Louise Hoehling is entertaining
at the dinner dance at the Shorehanl
tomorrow in honor of Miss Margaret
Bouve and Miss Bouve's wedding party
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-10-13

Est. 20 Years.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-10-13

Gen. and Mrs. william II. Tschappat
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-11-12
500 600 OOO- YEAR OLD HISTORY OF
RGINIA VALLEY TOLD IN ROCKS
Six Great Volumes, With Pages Hundreds
of Feet Thick, Studied
by Biologists

rock layers before 1t. AS result of
this the younger rocks generally are
found toward the Northwest, while the
old Cambrian rocks are best repre-
sented in the Valley region, the Blue
Ridge and the Piedmont. The view
perhaps most generally held by geol-
ogists Is that this great push resulted
from a cooling and consequent con-
traction OF the earth, so that something
on the surface had to give way. 1t did
not, however, take place in an alto
gether orderly fashion, which makes
the Virginia country a very compli-
Gated geological manuscript to read.
Age Of Rocks Reversed.
First the rocks were pushed up in
their proper order, from oldest to
youngest. Then, as more pressure was
exerted, they were turned completely
over, so the Oldest were on top and
the youngest on the bottom. With still
broken on completely and pushed for
ward over the rocks lying to the north
west OF the peak, or fault, to use the
geological term. A great stirring-up of
the laborS OF the ages took place
through these dislocations Cambrian
may appear on top of Silurian, or
"Ozarkian" just below Devonian
Inc work OF biologists slowly is
bringing order out of the great con-
fusion. but 1t Is laborious Job. reouir-
ing the Interpretation of each rock
layer. The work is still further COM
plicated by the process of erosion, which,
through the ages, has torn off page
AFTER page OF the great rock manuscript.
AT one time, Mr.. Butts points out, parts
OF the Blue Ridge and the Valley of
virginia doubtless stood as high as the
Alps today. The mountains have been
worn down to their present levels.
since the end Of the carboniferous or
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-11-12

large Q number Of absent voters for o
comparatively small county.
The commission will hold its f1rst
meeting here November Is.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-11-12

The story Of the Valley of Virginia
for 500,000,000 years Is being recon-
structed by the United States Geologi-
! cal Survey.
1t is a sweeping epic of the conflicts
of tremendous forces through the cons
that members of the survey staff are
| finding written in six great volumes,
each with MANY pages hundreds of
| feet thick. These pages are the rock
layers of the mountains. The printing
upon them consists of the impressions
of shells of ancient sea creatures which
were imbedded in the mud of sea
bottom when they died, the mud aft
erward changing to rock.
The story, according to Charles Butts,
survey geologiSt who has just COM
pleted his Sum -ner's work in the valley,
goes back to the far-off days when the
region now covered by the valley, the
Blue Ridge, Massanutten and Ale
| gheny ranges was the bottom Of q
shallow sea, which stretched north and
south from Labrador to Georgia, with
shore continually shifting westward.
Sea Endured Long Time.
This was the condition at the be-
ginning of the Cambrian period of
geologic time. This Cambrian sea must
have endured for a long time because,
Mr.. Butts says, the Virginia rocks laid
down in this period are several thou
sand feet thick. They were all formed
from the mud of the sea bottom, con-
tanning fossils of the characteristic
shelled creatures of the period
Then in order follow a period known
to some biologists as the Ozarkian. the
Ordovician, the Silurian, the Devonian
and Mississippi periods, each with its
subdivisions characterized by differ
ences in the animals. The outline of
the great epi-continental sea varied
during these ages and some Of its vari-
atoms can be determined from the foS-
sils.
This state of affairs lasted until ap-
proximately 200 900 900 years ago, when
the sea is believed to have receeded to
about its present coastal line, leaving
behind 1t large areas of low-lying swamp
land with luxurious vegetation, the foS-
SLICED, hardened remains of which are
the coal deposits of Southwest Virginia.
But, Mr.. Butts says, even in these coal
deposits there is evidence that the shall
low sea did not retreat without q strug-
gle and several times regained tempo
rary hold on the land. Between the
coal layers there are layers OF rock with
sea fossils.
Deep Rock Built Up.
During the underwater period OF
Virginia's history, researches show, APP
proximately 10000 feet of rock was
built up from the hardened and COM
pressed mud That would be the condi-
ton II a place could be found where
the rocks were undisturbed in their
natural and complete sequence in time
those laid down in the late Mississip-
plan period on top and those OF the
early Cambrian at the bottom, with all
tho Intervening periOdS represented,
Nothing of the kind actually exists.
The Virginia area is like an ancient
manuscript that has been torn apart
and scattered to the winds.
Something happened to form the
Appalachian Mountains. There was
tremendous pushing from the direction
Of the Southeast, which piled up the