davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington times., 1931-10-19
GEO. PIN TEAM
SEEKS REVENGE

Georgetown Recreation pin
spillers are just waiting for Sat
urday to come today. For this
reason. The Takoma Park
bowlers defeated them last week
at the Takoma Alleys in the first
block Of 10-game special match
And only by seven pins.
This coming Saturday the
Georgetowners plan to get re-
venge. And that means by not
only winning the second block,
but by wiping out the Takoma
teams seven pin lead, thereby
winning the entire match. Total
pins count.
Too much Mcdonald might
explain why the GeOrgetOwnerS
lost last week. The Takoma
bowler ran wild to total high
game of 1877 and high set of
625 to star. Walker, with a
game of 1876 and a set of Gil
cO-Starred.
Henry Bromley was George
towns best bowler. He turned in
a game of 149 and 602 set to
help keep his team in the match.
Jack Talbert's 591 set also aided.
The match
GEORGETOWN RECREATION
The Washington times., 1931-10-19
st. Johns Hdrriers
Defeat Catholic u.

The st. Johns College OF An
napolis cross country team de-
feated the Catholic University
mixers, 26 to 80. in meet over
the C. U. grounds yesterday. The
Johnnies' freshmen easily de
feated the Cardinal yearl;ngs, II
to 33, though Averhoff, c. U.
freshman, led the field home;
Varsity and Russell and Dun
leavy est, John'sl 8, Mcdonald &C
W; 4, Hickey &C. U);. 5. Hampton
(st. John'O; s and Z, McGuigin ano Tt
John's); 9. o'Loughlin &c. u: 10. De
Bettencourt C. y. Time q No. No.
Crea est. John's): 3, Reardon est
John's); i, E. McCrea est. John's); s.
Jones. est. John's); 6, Verlinden &c.
1st,' John's1; .. Drake S(st, John's)
10, De Matt (st. Jobn's). Time. 11:3S
The Washington times., 1931-10-19
Ben FrG11kLiHas List
Practice Session

Basketball at Benjamin Frank.
lin University will get its first
look-in tomorrow when. candi-
dates will report for a short prac-
tice session. The drills this year
will be held at the Central High
School gymnasium.
A difficult schedule faces the
team this year, and with many
veterans gone from last years
squad, tough time of it is the
prospect unless several depend
able men report to the practice
sessions on tap. Games with
Rider College. Mount st. Joseph's,
Seton Hall. and New Jersey State
Teachers College will be played.
The Washington times., 1931-10-19
Bowling Tonight

District League-Hecht Company VS..
Temple
National Capital League-Young &
Simon VS. Farnum.
Fraternity Lc-gue-Sigma Phi Chap
ter A. S, L VS.. Kappa Sigma Chapter,
A. s. L.: Kappa Phi VS.. Pi PHI Sigma
Delta VS.. Alpha Iota Kappa; Chi Sigma
Chapter, A S. l. vs. Sigma lambda
Nu; Phi Delta Zeta VS.. Phi Sigma Chi,
Temple League-TryMe Garage VS.
Venesky's ampie VS.. Hub Restaurant;
n. f. Pharmacy VS. Peerless; Palma
teer's VS. Bland Lluch.
Terminal Railroad Y NJ. c. A.
YeaEue-C. 7. Co. vs.. Jersey Yards.
Post Office League-Delivery VS.
stamp Division; Equipment Supply VS.
Money Order
Federal League-Merchant Fleet VS.
Navy; shipping Board VS. Supervising
Architect; Public Suildings and Public
Parks VS.. Post Office; City Post Office
vs. Treasury Commerce vs.. Veterans
Administrations Navy Yard VS.. Inter
nal Revenue.
The Washington times., 1931-10-19
GEL 7 les TRIM
CHAMPIONS

Using a La Notre Dame sys-
tenn, the crack St. Mary's Celtics
from Alexandria, Va, stopped
off at Griffith Stadium yesterday
long enouh to smother a fighting
Apaches grid team, District
champions. 80 to 8 in a South
Atlantic League game.
The visitors sent in a green
clad ierseyed eleven in the first
period which showed up fairly
we'll. In this quarter the &C
curate toe of Paddy Byrne, for
mer Holy Cross field general,
kicked a beautiful field goal from
the 15-yard. mark to give the
Apaches a 3 to 0 advantage.
The second period was a
different story, Coach Joe
Sweeney of the Alexandrians
waved an entire new team on the
field. These players wore old
Northern Red Bird uniforms.
They promptly got to work.
John Moore, quarterback for
Squad B" threw q 35-yard
heave into the waiting hands
of Sullivan, placing the oval
on the locals 15.yard strip.
With the unstoppable Mr.. Moore
carrying the ball it was brought
down to the 3-yard line. He
plunged over for the score and
added the extra point. Through
out the game the Celtics' played
this brand of ball.
The Apaches tried hard but
the two Celtic" teams were too
much for them.
Roy Boyd and "Tubba" Farrell
looked best on the line and Gene
Murphy and Paddy Byrne starred
in the backfield for the losers.
The Washington times., 1931-10-19
FIVE GAMES
COMPRISE
SCHEDULE
BY GARRETT WATERS

\
The public high school foot
ball series. which started last
Friday with western defeating
Business. 13 to 0, gets down to
real business this week with the
playing of two games.
Tomorrow, Eastern and Cen
tral make their debuts while on
Friday Tech swings into action
meeting western.
These games are scheduled at
the usual place-the Central Sta
dium-and will start at the usual
time-3:30 o'clock, according to
the program.
Three other contests are on
the scholastic schedule for the
week, while the subject Of games
is being discussed. Friday ST.
Albans and st. Johns help keep
the ball rolling in contests with
Georgetown Prep and Alexandra
High, respectively.
Emerson Plays Saturday
The st. Alban gridmen meet
their Georgetown Prep oppon
ents on the st. Albans field at
$3.50 o'clock. while the ST. johns,
Alexandria High School clash IS
scheduled at Alexandria, Va. al
3:45 o'clock.
Saturday, Emerson travels to
Woodstock, Va, to meet the
Massanutten Military Acad.
.en1y eleven in the lone contest
scheduled for that day. Thls
fray, incidentally. closes the
scholastic action for the week.
There will be many eyes 20
cused on the Eastern-Centra
high series clash tomorrow. chiefly
because fans will want to declde
for themselves about the WORTH
and str :,gth Of the Mount Pleas
anters, who have not only looKeo
good in recent practice sessions
but who have won every outside
game played to date.
Eastern is not expected to give
Central much Of a battle IN view
of it's disastrous showing against
Gcnzaga Prep last week. In this
contest the Lincoln Parkers dis
played conclusive signs of being
far away from the form known
of them in other years.
Watch Western
Still, htey might bob up and
play their heads off against Cen
trail in an inspired effort to in
augurate their series debut with
a triumph.
The Friday game between
Western and Tech will be in.
teresting fer the reason that it
will bring out whether the
Georgetown teams power against
Business was just a flash in
the pan.
Although Western is not ex,
pected to defeat Tech, which
rates the best of the high school
teams once more, a hold their
own" showing will cause quite
a stir among scholastic followers
who believe the Ahearn team IS
much stronger than formerly
rated.
The Washington times., 1931-10-19
THIRD RACE
Six FuPlOngS

6742-Play Bill On. Garner). II;
6765-Annessimic (PegE). ........... II:
67S6-Problematic tSteffen)........ III
673S-The Point (Coltiletti1 " II;
6L59-Rocky Point Lauch) ......... II;
6129-Purple Dust huther). .,. II;
6759-Taneier (ReniCk( ~ ~
6137-What Have You (Ellis) zee. II;
b13S-Annapoitan (W. Garner) .s II:
S1S7-Sir Wrack (Quattlebaum). 80. II;
67S9-Captain Coll (Stevers) ...... III
Note-Mlx numbers in this race.
The Washington times., 1931-10-19
SECOND RACE
About Two Miles

6153-Nat Clyman (McKinney)..
6159-Light Plume (Gardner).
6152-Coq Girls (No boy.
6150-Creek (No boy).
6159-Sweesie (Albright). t)...........
6159-Fordham (No boy) ..........
6156-War Mist (Collins) ...........
6155-Moonstruck (ReaD ............
G159-Brunette Preferred (No boy).
6154-Dragoon De Vert4 (Harhorne)
6159-Royal Ensign I'd TJones)
6157-Cockrobin mo boy). ..........
6l51-Banner Day tEgan). .........
61S9-Joe Engel (Brooks) ..........
The Washington times., 1931-10-19
"Greater Deception on Grid
Today Jack Hegarty
By GINO SINH

TKis is the srtk of series Of nterUieOs 10th odtme
Washington football players)
John E. cold Jacz) Hegarty, renowned Georgetown end
and tackle back in 19012 and 1913 when Georgetown was
the of the walk in local college gdron circles believes
that the modern game much spectacular than that Of
hic dovs
The Washington times., 1931-10-19
EBBETTS IN BOUT

CHICAGO, Oct. 19,-Harry
Ebbetts, Brooklyn middleweight,
will clash with Buck Easterling of
Kansas here tonight in a TO-
round battle.
The Washington times., 1931-10-19
Gridmen Hopeful
Of Bettering Record

UNIVERSITY, VaY Oct. 19With the Washington and Lee
game in Lexington Saturday the Virginia football team
enters upon the second half Of its 1881 football
Players and coaches alike determined that the record
made the second five games going be better than that
The Washington times., 1931-10-19
FIFTH RACE
One Mile and a Sixteenth
MINI II IEFA r
Mile and a Sixteenth
HbNLN III RACE
Mile and a Quarter

Si9O-West Point (Taylor) II,
o!S6-Standard Bearer (Leonard).. II:
SiSd-Chancellor (MarinellD ....... 10
6l99-Meeran (No boy) ......,,. IL
6!S5-Miss Mac Geishman) .....,., 10
6!S4-Pantagruel (Luther) ..,....., 10
6l93-Golden Play (Lauch) .....,.. 10
Sl99-Willie K. (Krieger) ........, 10
oiSa-Star (Cooper) ....... ...... II
6lS9-S. ]. Gillfieland Dainty 49,, ii
6l92-Jodphur (Maihen) ........... ii
The Washington times., 1931-10-19
GRACE PLAYERS
HOLD To LEAD

The feature of last weeks bowl
ing in the Georgetown Church
League was Grace Episcopal'S
two-game win over West Wash
ington Baptist. These important
victories enabled the Grace play.
ers to hold on to their slim lead
for first place. Paul Hart's 355
and Cozzens' 342, helped consid-
erably.
The Washington times., 1931-10-19

If the Cavaliers were ever af.
flicted with overcOnfidence it
was knocked out of them by
the Cadets. When Bryant kicked
his 32-yard field goal to score
the first points lin the new sta
dunn the Cavaliers relaxed and
said to themselves: ''That's all
there is to it," While they were
catching their breath a finely
coached V. M. /. team rode over
them.
The second half Of Virginia's
schedule is much more difficult
than the first five games. Fol
lowing the meeting with w. and
L., the Cavaliers travel to play
Harvard in Boston and Columbia
in New York. Then comes a game
in Scott Stadium against v. P. I.
followed by the closing contest
with North Carolina in Chapel
Hill.
Jimmy DeHart's w. and L. team
is going to be hard to beat
The Washington times., 1931-10-19


Virginia has had very poor suc-'
cess with the first five games
played. After the opening vic
tory over Roanoke College there
was a 7 to 7 tie played against
Randolph Macon, a team that has
emerged as one Of the strongest
in the Virginia conference.
V. M. /. Knocks EN-
Playing Maryland in Washing
ton the Cavaliers lost by a 7-to-6
score in the last five minutes of
play. This close game with the
strong Old Line team that later
defeated Navy is probably in
large measure responsible for the
defeats at the hands Of Sewanee
and V. M. I.
The Washington times., 1931-10-19

Home seekers who want to establish
themselves in q home Of their own
will find a timely home selection in
the Classified Ssetioas
The Washington times., 1931-10-19
Official Scratches
And Jockeys At
Laurel
FIRST RACE
Six FurlOngs

614s-Catty (Hernandez) ..... ]
6149-Water Mark (Guerra) ........
6147-Elaming Mamie (Snlder).... !
6-49-Grand Voivode (No boy) ...... !
6143-Blue Bitten (Mann) ...,
6142-Wise Seller (Meade) .......... ]
6141-Porgie Neishman) ........ !
6145-Consumma ton (Nertney) .... !
614O-Dustemoff (RousselD ....... l
6146-Night Vintage degere) !
6149--Fair Lever (Pesg). j
6I44-SandwracR (Ellis)> .........AL !
The Washington times., 1931-10-19
FOURTH RACE
Six FurlongS

6I66-BIack Jacket Tsteffen> -
616Q-Mexico (Garner(
S!64-Wise Count (Ellis). )..... II
iSS-Erederick (Fields) s)........ II
6161-Espinaca CKurtsinoari :
6165-StimuIato for NV c.snt
o!oS-Merry Fox (ColtilettD, , II
6162-Temnns (HernnnhnrA
The Washington times., 1931-10-19

High individual averaEes-Corcoran
CPeck No. -. 1853: Bromley (Peck
No. ~. 1874. High individual sets
Corcoran, (Peck No. -. 356, Bromley
Peck No. ~, 356. High individual
games-R. Hart (Grace), l40; Corcoran
Peck No. ~. 14O. High individual
spares-Corcoran 81: Bromley. S3. High
Individual strikes-E. Saul (Peck No. ~.
10: r. Hart (Gracel. Q. High team
game-Peck No. l. 500. High set-Peek
No. !, 1,640.
The Washington times., 1931-10-19

One other big event Of the
week was an even 600 team game
rolled by the Peck Chapel No.
/, last years champions. This
high game was rolled against
the Peck Chapel No. 3 team,
enabling the winners to pull
within two games of the lead.
The remainder of the results
went in this manner: Peck Chapel
No. 2 won two from Calvary M.
E., and Mt. Vernon took two from
Covenent.First. The standings
and records:
The Waterbury Democrat., 1931-07-07
EQUAL RIGHTS OF
BOTH SEXES FOR
SPANISH GOVT
Religious Freedom Was An
other One of the PrOvi=
sions in the Projected
Federal Constitution
BY WILLIAM ii. LANDER
United Press staff Correspondent

Madrid, July 7-(UP)-Universa
women to hold office, and religious
freedom We're among the broad pro-
visions in the projected Federal
constitution of the republic as re-
vised by the judicial commission
and made public today.
Religious liberty is guaranteed
it had been indicated the constitu-
ton would provide for complete Sc
paration of church and state-to-
gether with freedom of speech.
The draft of the constitution pro-
vides that congress will be elected
by all citizens of Spain over % years
of age. Citizens over %, regardless
of sex, are eligible for election as a
deputy in the National congress, for
a period of five years. Deputies
may be reelected for an indefinite
number of terms.
The senate would be composed of
$50 senators as follows: SO from
the provinces; so representing labor,
commerce and industry; so repre-
senting employers; so from profess
sional associations; and so from
university, cultural and religious
organizations.
The draft constitution stipulates
that constitutional rights and guar
antees can be suspended wholly or
in part by the government, when
necessary for the security of the
state.
Congress has the power to decide
upon suspension of guarantees. A
suspension time limit of 60 days
was provided, to be extended only
through permission of congress.
The president of the republic will
he elected by congress from among
the senators. The constitution as
drafted says in this connection:
ANY Spaniard over 40 years of age
is eligible, except naturalized citi-
zens, military men on active duty,
ecclesiastics, and members of for
mer reigning families of Spain"
A term of six years was provided.
The draft commission which sub
mitted the constitution was headed
by Ossorio Gallardo. 1t is to be
considered at the constitutional con-
vention, scheduled to convene in
Madrid on July IA,
The Waterbury Democrat., 1931-07-07

the beer industry by two meth
DDS.
One was the showing that on
March IA, 1928, one of the de-
PENDANTS transmitted $4,000 to
Capone at Miami, Fla, by tele-
graph, the money being addressed
to Capone under the alias of "A.
Costa" A similar Geographic
transmission of $4,000 was made
on June %, 1928.
The second method was by tap
ping telephone wires and listening
In on gangsters' conversations.
This particular wire tapping re-
vealed a meeting held at the Lex
ington hotel, a Capone headquarters,
with Capone present and at which
beer plans we're discussed. Oddly
enough, it was found that Capone
was referred to in telephone CONVEX
sations not as the Big Fellow or
"No. l." but as "Snorky." This. it
seems is the name of prize dog
owned by one of Capone's friends.
No effort was made in this IN
The Waterbury Democrat., 1931-07-07
Gang Chief Facing Prison. Then Young And Low Member

dictment, covering beer activities,
to go into Capone's traffic in hard
liquors. Apparently this was being
saved for second indictment.
Ten Breweries, Each
Producing 100 Barrels Daily
According to Investigators, the
gang has had in operation at all
times an average of 10 breweries
each capable of producing 100 bar
rels of beer a day. This Capone
beer cost about Sc or 81 barrel to
make and sold for SIS barrel, the
spread taking care of profits, pro-
lection of various kinds, delivery ex-
penses, etc. The saloonkeepers re-
tailed it for rs cents glass.
Originally Capone's beer came
from supposedly legitimate neat
beer plants that were Cheating" on
the side. Later, the gang began
erecting it's own standardized plants
in old buildings in isolated sections
of the city.
Through it all ran the thread
of a huge, finely organized industry,
operating on a tremendous scale in
brazen defiance of the law. 1t was
a business with angles. Materials
were bought in enormous lots and
ueIINclSu " lHC VI CWCi lCo.
This beer was barreled and de-.
livered in trucks, conveyed by
guards in autos, to speakeasies
and saloons. Next, the empty bar
rels were collected and returned
to the brewery, there to be
steamed inside as failure to do so
would result in the next content of
beer being spoiled.
The gangs whiskey business
was conducted on different basis.
Aside from the imports of fancy
liquors for the high priced trade,
the domestic product was made at
"alcohol cooking" plants scattered
through cheaper residential sections
and operated by two or three men.
The gang supplied the mash and
called for the finished product.
Competitors Unlucky;
Soon Stopped Bullets
Practically all the liquor sold in
Chicago has been charged to
The Waterbury Democrat., 1931-07-07

Capone's gang which long ago es-
tablisned regular territories with
caefully laid out boundary lines.
Formerly, there were bloody wars
between. rival gangs for certain
choice territories, but recently
Capone has had little competition.
Capone found himself in a very
fortunate (and profitable) position.
While no effort to pin any rivals
sudden demise on him was ever sue
cessful it seems odd that men who
tried to muscle in" on his rackets
had the misfortune to get in the
way of somebody's stream of ma
chine gun bullets or disappeaed on
a one-way ride.
Most spectacular of all was the
st Valentines day massacre Of
1929 when seven members of Bugs
Moran's North Side gang, who had
taken over a territory after Dion
O'Bannion and ,Hymie Weiss had
been slain, were lined against a
garage wall and cut down with ma
chine guns. When the news came
to him that his men were dead
Moran cried out:
"Only Capone guns kill like
that
THE END.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1931-07-07
BICYCLE FOR HEALTH

London.-A World War veteran
who came back from the front a
physical wreck, has taken to the
open air, via the bicycle and fruit
The Waterbury Democrat., 1931-07-07
'$5OO,OOO SUIT
THAT INVOLVES
VICE PRESIDENT
Hotel Company in Washing
ton Brings. the Suit
Against Publisher in
Kansas

Chicago, July 7.-CUP).-A libel
suit asking 100000 damages and
charging, among other things. that
Vice-President Charles A. Curtis
name was linked Gin a defamatory
manner" with the financing OF a
Washington, D. c., hotel has been
filed in federal court here against e.
Haldemann-Julius publisher, OF
Girard, Kas.
The suit was filed by Harold A.
Moore, vice-president of the Ameri-
can Bond & Mortgage company, now
in the hands of a receiver. Moore,
his father, William J. Moore, and a
brother at one time owned the May
flower hotel in Washington, D. c.,
when Curtis lived there.
Moore quoted in the suit ques-
ton printed in a periodical pub
lished by Haldemann-Julius and ask
ing, chow does it happen that Vice
President Curtis occupies 10-room
suite in the Mayf1ower hotel? ;"
Continuing to quote the periodical,
Moore said the following interroga-
ton was printed in answer to the
first question:
us it because the Honorable Mr..
Curtis, as senator and while occupy
ing the dignified Office which he now
holds, has rendered valuable per-
sonal and political aid to these bond
grafters, of which William j. Moore
and his sons in control of this May
flower hotel, are heads?"
Curtis has ignored the article and
at one time said the amount he paid
for his suite in the hotel was "his
own business"
The Waterbury Democrat., 1931-07-07

among them Steve Swoboda, vet
eran Capone brewmaster. who
had been arrested week before
in another big brewery raid in a
different part of town.
Several days later, while Ness
and his agents were still watching
the wrecked brewery to see who
would appear, Bert Delaney, su
perintendent of manufacture for
Capone's beer making syndicate
and the same man who had offered
the brides a few days before, drove
up to the plant. He and four
others were arrested by the
agents while they were trying to
load A big steel beer vat on a
truck and make off with it.
There were other brewery raids,
many of them with their thrills.
ct was impractical for us TO
try to use a car" Ness explains.
The moment strange auto
showed up in one of their neigh
borhoods it was surrounded by
cars from all directions with men
who wanted to know what we
were about. On one occasion We
fooled them by penetrating the
district Individually and on foot
and watching from behind rub
Dish cans until we got ready to
raid.
Raidcd Breweries
Were Standardized
"A significant fact about these
breweries was that they appeared
to he standardized. They We're
installed on identical plans and
were clearly the work of the same
men"
Various tricks of concealment
were used, even camou1age. A.
one place Ness found the whole
interior of the building had been
painted black so as to give the
illusion to a chance passerby,
when beer truck entered or lett,
that the truck was merely enter
ing or leaving a storage garage.
Capone, himself, was tied 10
The Waterbury Democrat., 1931-07-07
WHAT'S IN A NAME?
ASK AL CAPONE!

AL Capone may be just plain
AL Capone to you, but federal Of
ficials in Chicago know him by a
lot of other names. Here are his
aliases as listed in the income
tax and prohibition indictments
returned against him in federal
court:
INCOME TAX INDICTMENT
-Alphonse Capone, Alphonse
Brown, AL Capone, Al Brown,
"Scarface" Capone and A. Costa.
PROHIBITION INDICTMENT
-Alphonse Capone, A. Costa, AL
bert Costa, Frank Ross, John
Brown, Smoky" Capone, Frank
Hart, Louis Hart.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1931-07-07
COL STIMSON in
ITALY BUT NOT
FOR POLITICS
Just Wants to Meet Heads
of European Govern
ments, as He Takes Trip
Around

Naples, Italy, July 7.-CUP)-
Colonel Henry L. Stimson, United
States secretary of state in Europe
on a tour of combined business and
pleasure, stepped ashore here early
to-day
He was met on board the liner
Conte Grande, on which he came
from New York, by Ambassador
John w. Garrett and Mrs Garrett,
ard Commentators Tagliani, repre-
senting the foreign office.
The liner entered the port of Ma
pies at $3.50 a. m. and came along
side the dock at 8 o'clock.
Colonel Stimson planned to pro-
coed shortly to Rome, where he ex-
pected to stay three or four days,
comforting with Dino Grandi. foreign
minister, and other members of the
government.
With his family and suite.
Colonel Stimson disembarked and
went to his hotel. Ambassador Gar.
rett informed Stimson an accord
had been reached in Paris, while
still aboard ship. Stimson said:
II am very glad to be greeted
by news that an accord has been
reached in Paris. 1t is great step
forward for the economic welfare of
the world"
Disclaiming desire to talk politics,
the state secretary continued:
II want to be just plain tourist
to-day. 1 am looking forward to
renewing acquaintance with Grandi
and to meeting Mussolini for the
first time.
II come to Europe to meet the
heads of governments, but there is
no politics in my mission. l want
to talk informally with them regard
ing their problems"
The Waterbury Democrat., 1931-07-07
TWAS ALL IN FUN

Delaware, O.-Students of Ohio
Wesleyan university were treated to
a colorful pajama parade by hun
dreds of the schools co-eds. In re-
turn, male members of the school
donned their best ''p. Us" and troop
ed up to the girls dormitories. They
were met at the door by a night
Waterman and stream of water
from a fire house. They succeeded
in overpowering the Waterman,
however, gave him a drenching,
and went on with their parade.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1931-07-07

EDITORS NOTE: This Is the
fourth and last of a series of ex-
elusive stories on how agents OF
the governments income tax and
Prohibition bureaus trapped Al
Capone, who faces sentence TO
federal penitentiary on june 30.
To-day's story tells how the evil
dence of 5000 crimes against the
prohibition law by Oapone was
! Obtained.