davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1931-05-22

No agricultural implement has inn
proved more through long series Of
inventions down through the ages than
has the pillow, declares Clarence A.
O'Brien, Washington patent attorney.
While many farm implements were
originally conceived in somewhat
advanced stage, the plow started from
scratch" literally.
The original pillow, according to Mr..
O'Brien, was a forked stick or limb
Of tree with a projecting point. With
this implement the ground was broken
by dragging the fork or projecting
point of the stick through the ground,
forming a continuous furrow. Thus
the fork of the stick was the share,
while the main part of the stick was
the beam.
One of the first improvements, as
shown in plows Of this kind pictured
on Syrian monuments, was brace be-
tween the share and the beam to hold
the tree limbs more firmly together.
While the earlier model was operated
by one man, it is apparent that two or
more men were required to handle the
Syrian pillow.
First Home of the PIow.
Upon a very old monument of an
cient Egypt, the country which seems
to have been the first home of the
pillow, Mr.. O'Brien says, picture
shows number Of men dragging a
pillow by means of rope.
Another Egyptian monument of
later date shows blowing scene with
animals drawing the pillow. The Egypt
ian pillow shows an improvement over
the crooked stick of the Syrians, in
that it had broader share, thus max
ing wider furrow that would break
more ground. It also had two handles
instead Of one and was apparently a
fairly effective implement.
vergil, in his Georges" writing
which formed part Of back-to-the-
land movement in the First century
B. c.. showed little Improvement over
the Egyptian pillow. Pliny, Roman
writer of the First century A. D.. re-
fers to a pillow that had wheels to reg
ulate the depth. 1t also had coulter,
or knife, fixed in front Of the share
to make the first cut of the sod. Mr..
O'Brien intimates, however, that such
a pillow was not in general use in
Pliny's time.
Pow With Wheels.
A thousand years later, however, u
pillow with wheels and coulter was
doubtless in common use. It had evil
IDENTIFY spread up into England, since
extant drawings show Anglo-Saxons
of the Eleventh century using plows
of this description. One of these
shows a pillow with two wheels pulled
by four oxen.
Five hundred years later, at the time
Columbus discovered America, the
pillow showed little further improve
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1931-05-22
Pow 1Pnys Pow 70 A. D. 2-The Syrian Plo Known
Webstes 4Jethro Woods 1919;


ment. It was still the clumsy wooden
contraption of earlier ages.
The next improvement of record, Mr..
O'Brien says, is found in an old book
published in 1652-a double pillow that
would cut two burrows at one time.
In the early seventeen hundreds, Dutch
pillow makers began to put moldboards
ON their plows to lift up and turn over
the slice of sod cut by the share. Prior
to that time the pillow simply ran
through the ground and stirred it up.
This improvement was quickly copied
by other nations, with the moldboard
later cased with plates Of iron.
1t was not until about 1900 that the
share was made of iron with a hard
ened steel point. The coulter was also
Of iron with straight stick for the
beam.
First MoIdboard Plow.
In the United States in the latter
part of the Eighteenth century, de-
cided improvements began to appear
in plows. While travelling in France,
Thomas jefferson noted in his diary,
1.-The awkward figure of their mold
board leads one to consider what
should be its FORM" By 1893 Jefferson
had determined what the proper form
of the moldboard should be and had
in use on his large estate in Virginia
several plows with moldboards Of
small resistance. While subsequent
improvements have been made, Jeffer-
son has the distinction Of having in
vented the first moldboard constructed
according to scientific and mathemati-
cal principles.
Plow Of Cast Iron.
Charles Newbold, a farmer near
Burlington, N. j., in 1896 made plow
of cast iron with the point, share and
moldboard all cast in one piece. The
New Jersey farmers, however, did not
accept this innovation. In 1919 Jethro
Wood, Of Scipio, took out patent for
pillow made of cast iron and combin-
ing the best features of those designed
by Jefferson and by Newbold. His
pillow bad the point, share and mold
board fastened together so that worn
parts could be replaced. BY 1925 it
had practically replaced the half-wood-
en-, half-iron plows of earlier days.
While the United States patent office
lists many later improvements, in the
main the best plows today closely re-
semble in design that patented by
Jethro Wood in 1919.
The gang pillow appeared about the
middle of the Nineteenth century in
order to take care of the needs of the
farmer in the vast prairie, and while
originally drawn by horses, they were
later drawn by steam. John Fowler,
about 1865, introduced steam blowing
in England, drawing two sets of plows.
And today it is not uncommon to find
tractors drawing number of plows
turning a breadth Of many feet at one
time.
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1931-05-22

year term in prison to which he was
sentenced, and pay fine of 100000.
unless President Hoover intervenes
with pardon-which is the hope of
his friends.
Fall, interviewed at his ranch In
New Mexico, said his attitude toward
a Presidential pardon was rather pas
sive. II am an old man." he said. Il
am not guilty Of the crime Of which
/ was accused. had fought until
I am worn out and considerations for
my family impel me to carry the fight
no further"
He said he had no money with
which to pay the fine and explained
he had lost ownership Of the ranch
on which he lives when a mortgage
was foreclosed several years ago.
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1931-05-22

all the sessions and on the last day
Mortimer Schiff, New York banker,
was elected president for 1881.
At banquet concluding the first
days session Dan Beard. veteran In
dian fighter and chief commissioner
of Boy Scouts. presented the silver
buffalo. highest honor in the gift of
the organization. to an English peer
and six Americans. Those honored
were Lord Hampton, chief commits
sioner of British Boy Scouts; Griffith
Ogden Ellis, editor of The American
Boy magazine; Lewis Cavity. New
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1931-05-22
News Review Of Current
Events the World Over
International Chamber of Commerce Debates Causes and
Cures of Economic Depression- Financiers
Scored by NJ A. Traylor.
By EDWARD W. PICKARD

York banker; George W. Olmstead,
Pennsylvania public utilities execu-
tive; Victor F. Ridder, New York
newspaper publisher; Robert p. Sniff
fen, Yonkers, N. Y, merchandising ex-
pert, and Nell r. Wilkinson, Atlanta
(Ga.) merchant and manufacturer. CT
tations praised them for distinguished
service to scouting.
Lord Hampton, long prominent In
English Boy Scout work, served with
distinction in the World war. He was
awarded the Silver Cross for life saw
ing in 1919 and the following year re-
ceived the award of the Silver Wolf.
the British Scout decoration for dis
tinguished service to boys.
HERE is something else for GER
4 ! tain active opponents Of the dry
law to ponder upon. The District Of
Columbia Court Of Appeals. in an opin-
ion which takes away from Robert de
Francis Of Washington the citizen
ship granted him in 1927. holds that
violator Of the prohibition act can
not be attached to the principles Of
the Constitution and is not person
of good moral character.
The decision reversed the action Of
the District of Columbia Supreme
court which had denied petition by
United States Attorney Leo A. Rover
seeking to set aside Francis natural
ization.
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1931-05-22

and the state Of New York win re-
ceive in inheritance taxes far less Of
his amassed wealth than would have
been the case had he passed away
Two years ago. His estate is esti-
mated at something like $500,000,0O0.
FRENCH opposition to the proposed
Austro-German customs accord
seems to be effective at least to the
extent of keeping the little entente
out of line. The foreign ministers of
that entente have stated that all ques-
tions concerning the accord must find
the countries of the little entente firm
ly united in their attitude, and what
that attitude will be is indicated by
the fact that the Rumanian govern
ment has informed Berlin that it does
not wish to negotiate with Germany
at this time. M. BRAND is being warm
ly supported by Czechosloyakia.
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1931-05-22

uAOA6 lhC NuAACo "
Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka, with two
intermediate landings; from there
across the Boring sea and along the
Aleutian islands and the Alaskan
shore, with stops, to Seward, and then
down to Vancouver and Seattle. At the
latter city he will change his sea pom
ICONS for landing gear and proceed to
San Francisco. after which he hopes
to fly to the National Capital to deliver
to President Hoover message of
good will from Japan. Yoshihara's
plane is light all-metal Junkers with
open cockpit and no radio.
The huge German seaplane DO-X.
which started for South America
months ago and was laid up by d fire.
is on its way again and at last ac-
counts had reached Bolama, Portu-
guese Guinea.
EULL recognition has been extended
by the United States to the dual
kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd and It's
dependencies on the Arabian PENN
sula. After years of warfare, the en-
tire kingdom is now ruled by Ibn Saud.
1t embraces an area of about 100000
square miles with a population of less
than 100000.
&c. 1881. Western Newspaper union-D
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1931-05-22

TAPAN'S foremost
- aviat tor, young
Seiji Yoshihara, start
ed his solo fight from
Tokyo to Washington.
D. c., under the aus
pieces of the Tokyo
n e W spaper Hochi
Shimbun. His route
for the long and peril
Gus journey was laid
out to the northern IS
lands of Japan, thence
olonU tho Kuriloc IN
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1931-05-22

CHINA has virtual
- ly abr0gated the
extra territoriality
treaties, with for
eign powers, the abb
rogation to take effect
January i next. Chi
nesc jurisdiction over
legal cases involving
foreigners resident in
China is to be estab-
lished. but special
courts for such cases
will be created in GER
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1931-05-22

LIS conviction on
- the charge Of ac-
cepting a bride having
been upheld by the
District of Columbia
court of appeals. AL
bert B. Fall says he
has decided not to
carry the case to the
Supreme court of the
United States. The
former secretary of
the interior. it seems,
L ~-.- Al
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1931-05-22

NTOTHERS and
AVA childre n and
their welfare were the
topics Of especial con-
sideration during the
week throughout the
nation. To promote
better maternity care
for the women of the
United States was the
object of a big meet
ing in the Park Lane
hotel, New York city,
the arrangements for
-
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1931-05-22


Shanghai, Tientsin, Mukden and Can
ton. The mandate to this effect was
promulgated by President Chang Kali
shek's government after negotiations
with Sir Miles Lampson, British min
lister. for abolition Of extraterritorial-
ity had broken down. Foreign consuls
in China feared that communists
would find in the action excuse for at
tacks on foreigners in the interior, and
the number Of protecting warships at
various ports was increased.
President Chang Kai-shek is hav-
ing his troubles with rebels in Canton
and with some members Of his own
Nationalist party. The former are led
by Chen Chi-tang. and both they and
the conservative Nationalist declare
that Chang must resign the presi-
dency, asserting that he is trying to
make himself dictator. The prov
inces of Kwangtung and Kwangsi de-
clared their independence.
DRESYDENT DOUMERGUE opened
Frances international colonial ex-
position at vincennes park on Tues
day, and it is expected that the big
show will attract throngs of visitors
until it closes at the end Of October.
In addition to all French colonies,
the United States, Italy. Belgium,
Brazil, Denmark, Holland, and Por-
tugal are represented. Native life Of
Indo- China, equatorial Africa, and
Madagascar has been reproduced even
to the extent of importing 5000 ma
tives.
The United States is represented
by q copy of Washington's Mount
Vernon home, and by pavilions for
Hawaiian. Porto Rican, Alaskan, and
Philippine exhibits.
DRESIDENT CARMONA of Portugal
is comparatively happy now, for
the rather serious revolt in Madeira
island has been suppressed by the
government forces under command of
Magalheas Correia, minister of marine.
The federal troops bombarded the
rebels at Funchal by land, sea and
air until they gave up the fight, the
leaders taking refuge in the British le-
CATION. The casualties were not ex-
cessive, but the normal life Of Madeira
had been greatly disturbed for weeks
and the government in Lisbon was
really worried for a time.
MORE than once Mustapha Renal
1v1 Pasha has refused to LET the
Turks make him President for life,
but they are doing it in effect any
way. The other day they elected him
for his third term of four years, that
action being taken by the national as
sembly in extraordinary session at
Angora, and the vote was unanimous.
Ismet Pasha and the cabinet resigned
pro forma and the premier and other
ministers were promptly reappointed.
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1931-05-22
DREvAILING

DREVAILING d e.
preston has not
affec tie d the Boy
Scouts of America.
The national council
celebrated at a two
day meeting in Mem
phis the close of the
twenty-f first year of the
organization and an
nounced it had been
the best and most
eventful of all. Presi-
dent Walter w. Head
Of Chicago presided at
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1931-05-22

VX7HAT ails this
w old world? What
are the causes of the
ailments? What can
be done about it?
These were the Ques-
lions asked and in
various avs a n
sweredby scores Of the
leading men in finance
and industry from
43 nations, assembled
in Washington for the
sessions of the Inter-
~c%snDoI Cho vrahnr nf
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1931-05-22

GORGE FISHER BAKER of New
~ York. reputed to be the richest
American banker and the third richest
man in the country, who died of pneu-
monia ct the age of ninety-one, was
buried Tuesday in Tuxedo Park, N. Y,
where he resided. Many persons promi-
nent in finance and in life generally
were present at the funeral.
Because Mr.. Baker died In period
of price depression, the United States
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1931-05-22

(Time given is Eastern Standard:
subtract one hour for Central and two.
hours for Mountain time.)
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1931-05-22

charge of Mrs. Kermit Roosevelt.
Prominent physicians and health Of
ficers as we'll as many well known
women were among the attendants,
the latter including Mrs. Herbert
Hoover, Mrs. John Sloane, Mrs. Au-
gust Belmont. Mrs. e. Marshall Field,
Mrs. Jeremiah Midland, Mrs. Samuel
Schiller. Mrs. Robert L. Gerry, Mrs.
John r. Drexel, Miss Mabel Choate,
and Miss Frances Perkins, New York
state industrial commissioner.
DULITZER prize awards for liter
, airy excellence in 1890 have been
announced, and there are few If any
surprises in the list. The main awards
are: Best novel, Mrs. Margaret Aver
Barnes, for years of Grace; best
book dealing with the history of the
United States, Prof. Bernadotte E.
Schmitt of University of Chicago, for
"The Coming of the War;; best play,
Susan Glaspell, for "Alison's House.;
best American biography, Henry
James, for Charles w. Eliot; best
volume Of verse, Robert Frost, for
COLLECTED Poems; best piece Of re-
portorial work, A. B. Macdonald of
the Kansas City Star; best example Of
foreign correspondence, II. r. Knicker-
booker of the Philadelphia Ledger;
best editorial, c. s. Ryckman Of the
Fremont (Neb.) Tribune; best car
toon, Edmund Duffy Of the Baltimore
Sun, A gold medal was awarded the
Constitution of Atlanta, Ca. for meri-
torious public service in exposing
municipal graft. Several young men
were given travelling scholarships in
journalism.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-07-21
HITLERITES WARN
BRUENING OF TERMS
Not to Be Bound by Further Con.
cessions to France, Says
Wire to London.

BY the Associated Press.
BERLIN, July 21-In a telegram to
Chancellor Bruening in London today.
Adolf Hitler, Alfred Hugenberg and
other leaders of the Nationalist opposi-
ton served warning that they will not
consider themselves bound by any new
political guarantees conceded to France
in connection with financial assistance
for Germany.
THE plan proposed by President
Hoover and originally intended as
measure of relief for Germany" the
telegram said, finds itself opposed by
the undisguised intention of France to
force the German people permanently
under her dictation. Thus out of relief
is to be made worse distress.
Responsible quarters in France can
not be unaware that the despair among
our people particularly among our
young people, has grown to such an ex-
tent that all kinds of most dangerous
trains Of thought have been set in mo-
ton.
1.-THE German nation, which feels
itself free of war guilt, cannot and will
not longer carry the unjust burdens
forced upon 1t, and any further reduc-
ton Of the German State sovereignty is
decidedly unbearable and inexcusable.
"The whole national opposition,
therefore, formally serves notice that, In
accordance with its basic convictions, 1t
will not regard as legally binding any
further conditions entered into with
France"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-07-21
Navy Orders

Capt: Richard P. Mccullough, re.
lieved from all active duty; to home.
Lieut.. Comdr. Gail w. Morgan. de.
tachec aide on staff. Battle Force; tc
aide on staff, commander in chief
United States Fleet.
Lieut.. Comdr Charles G. McCord
orders modified. to duty U. S. s. Jason
as executive officer.
Lieut.. Comdr John S. Phillips, orders
modified; to duty U. S. S. Borie a.
executive officer.
Lieut.. Henry L. Pitts. title changed
effective as of June 5. 1881, to aide or
Staff. commander aircraft, Scouting
Force.
Lieut.. Carlisle H. Thompson, orders
modified; to duty with Destroyer Squad
ron, Asiatic Fleet.
Lieut.. Junior Grade) Clement r
Crtddle, detached U. 8. S. Pittsburgh;
to U. S. S. Grebe.
Lieut.. (Junior Grade) william M
Haynsworth, jr., detached U. S. S. Hous-
ton: to duty with Destroyer Squadron
S. ASiatic Fleet
Lieut.. Junior Grade) Nelson M
Parry, to duty as watch officer with the
staff commander in chief. Asiatic Fleet
Lieut.. Ralph H. Wishard. orders modi-
fed; to duty on U. S. S. Tracey.
Ensign Finley E. Hall, detached Naval
Air Station, Pensacola, Fla; to VC
Squadron Alb, U. S. S. Tennessee.
Medical Corps.
Lieut.. Comdr. Max Silverman. de-
tached Navy recruiting station, Detroit,
Mich; to U. S. S. Bushnell.
Lieut.. Rob r. DoSs, detached Division
9, Destroyer Scouting Force; to U. S. S.
Salinas.
Lieut.. Willard s. Sargent, detached
receiving ship, New York; to Naval
Hospital, Charleston. S. c.
Lieut.. (Junior Grade) James E.
Amiss, detached Norfolk Naval Hospital,
Portsmouth, Va; to U. S. S. Antares.
Supply Corps.
Lieut. John M. Speissegger, detached
assistant to inspector of Supply Corps,
East Coast Bureau S. and A.; to Har-
ward University, Cambridge, Mass.
Warrant Officers.
Chief Radio Electrician Luke w. Du
Fresno, detached U. S. S. Pensacola,
about September Is; to Naval Research
Laboratory, Bellevue, D. G.
Death.
Lieut.. Junior Grade) Charles Water
man Livermore. U. S. NJ, retired, died
May IT, 1881, at Jamaica Plain, Mass.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-07-21
Hindenburg's Letter
German Presidents Direct Appeal to Hoover Without
Use of Diplomatic Channels Describes Dire
Situation of His People.

view Of the burdens now resting upon
her. Large credits which foreign coun-
tries had given us have been with
drawn. Even within the last days
the Reichsbank has been compelled to
give up to foreign countries one-third
of its reserves Of gold and foreign ex-
changes.
THE inevitable consequence Of these
events must be the further serious cur
tailment of our economic life and an
increase in the number of unemployed,
who already comprise more than one
third OF the labor engaged in industry.
"The ability, the will to work and the
discipline Of the German people justify
confidence that Germany will live up
to the heavy private operations and
meet the private loans which rest upon
her and which cannot be changed.
Appeals to Hoover.
ain order to keep up her courage to
face life and the confidence of the world
in her ability to fulfill her obligations,
Germany, however. is most urgently in
need of relisf. This relief must come
Immediately If disaster is not to befall
us and others. Opr people must be
vouchsafed the possibility of working
under conditions of life which are bear
abb.
THE relief which is necessary would,
through its material and moral effects
upon the general crisis, rebound to the
benefit of all countries. 1t would i'm
prove conditions in other countries and
essentially reduce the danger to Ger
many of the internal and external ten
sion and strain that have been created
by our distress and lack of hope.
You, Mr.. President, as representative
Of the great American people, hold the
possibility within your hands of taking
the steps for the German people and
for the world by which an immediate
change In the situation, so fraught with
danger, can be brought about.
"tSigned) Won HINDENBURG.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-07-21

however, more than an academic inter-
est, because If the Court should decide
that the customs union Is legal, then
the Germans will have big moral vim
dication and can use resumption of the
customs union project as a diplomatic
and financial bargaining stick. Even
II at the London Conference the Ger
mans formally give up the project, it
will remain a constant reminder that
the Versailles 'front.'" as it is called
here, may again at any time be broken.
Meantime, Austria. country cheated
by the elimination of Hungary, a head
without a body, has to turn somewhere
for salvation. If orientation to Germany
fails. then the possibility of some future
tie-up with Hungary is strengthened.
This helps explain the great French
diplomatic activity in Hungary today.
France, possibly by sudden Hapsburg
restoration. might try to solve the Au-
strisn problem
All in all, the customs project. even
II 1t gets no further, has helped Austria
so far rather than injured her. Like
wise, 1t has enormously stimulated gen.
eral plans for European economic COL
laooratlon and recovery.
(Copyright, 1912