Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-09-27

at least two approved type parachute
flares.
For overwater flying, In addition to
all equipment listed for overland fly
ing, the plane must carry suitable sig
nal flares, Very pistols or rockets. Life
preservers or approved Rotation devices
must be provided for each person on
board.
When fogs or low clouds settle down
on the earth over the routes Of the
scheduled airliners, it may become
necessary for the pilot to climb above
the clouds or fog and ny lover the top. "
Under the new interpretations, no
airplane shall be operated over the top
or through solid fog or clouds unless
facilities and operating instructions
which have the approval Of the Depart
ment Of Commerce for this specific type
Of flying. Marked deviation from the
prescribed attitudes Of flight may not
be made without approval. Such ap-
proved operating instructions must be
published by the operator and made
available for information Of passengers
and air line personnel so that passen-
gers may know whether the pilot, under
pressure of circumstances, will climb
to unusual attitudes or whether he will
push through fog and clouds or over
the top Of q cloud blanket which may
shroud the earth below.
Radio Must Be Carried.
The regulations are interpreted to
mean that all aircraft shall be provided
with approved radio receiving apparatus
for the purpose Of receiving radio range
beacon signals and weather broadcaSts,
unless an adequate ana approved visual
signalling system be devised and sub
Stttuted for radio.
Dealing with fuel supply, the De-
| partn1ent tnterpretS its regulations to
mean that suitably located intermediate
refueling stations shall be provided I'M
less the plane carries 81 per cent addi-
tional fuel and oil in excess Of that
normally required for flight between the
scheduled stops. 1t is required that at
excess fuel for flight under normal
conditions between scheduled or inter-
mediate refueling stops be carried.
ANY aircraft in which the pilot In
entirely separated from his passengers
must be provided with suitable means OF
communication between pilot and pass
engers.
Dealing with fight personnel the de.
partment has ruled that the first pilot
shall hold q transport license, q rating
| Tor the type Of aircraft employed, and
shall be thoroughly familiar with thC
route flown and fully competent in al
phases Of the particular operation, in
GLIDING the use Of equipment, devices
accessories and other aids. The piloi
must be thoroughly familiar with al
fields, including terminals, intermediate
stops and emergency fields, their ap-
breaches and Instructions and have
complete knowledge of all the naviga.
ton aids and communication facilities
provided along the route.
A co-pilot Is required when the air.
craft capacity Is Is passengers or more
when the gross weight Of the aircraft
Is $4,000 pounds or more, or where tn,
pilot flies f1ve or more hours In o Singl,
day In an aircraft having q seating
capacity Of eight passengers or more
ator, steward or cabin attendant wheI
his services as pilot are not required
The co-pilot may hold either trans
port or limited commercial license ant
may ny as such without rating for tn,
particular type airplane employed.
The FIRST pilot, co-pilot or othel
member of the crew may serve as radio
operator unless unusual circumstance,
make 1t advisable for definite fixing o.
this duty.
The Interpretation Of the basic code
according to the Department Of Com
merce, requires that a first pilot shall
not be on fight duty more than III
hours In any one month and that h,
shah not be on fight duty in exces
Of q scheduled 80 hours in any seven
day period or more than q scheduled
8 hours in any 24-hour period. Re
lief from flight duty for not less thar
"a consecutive hours must be Arranged
for each pilot within each seven-day