davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Waterbury Democrat., 1931-07-29

times as powerful a radiator or light as our own star, the sun. AL tair is a smaller star, only about fen times as great as the sun, and lies only about sixteen light-years away: Deneb, on the other hand, IS much larger than Vega. Although inc least bright of the three to the terrestrial eye, Deneb is probably ten thousand times as great a radiator of light as the sun, for its distance from us is approximately six hundred and twenty-five light years.
 Apex of the Suns Way
 Close to Vegas position in the sky lies the point called by as- tronomers, "the apex of the suns way" This is the direction toward which the sun is rushing through space with a speed of about thir- teen miles per second, carrying with 1t the entire system of planets and their satellites. In the course of many millions of years, if noth- ing happens to change the sun present direction and speed, our system will thus pass close, as- economically speaking. to the pres ent position of Vega in space. But the latter, of course, is itself also in rapid motion away from US present location in space and Will then be, effectively just as Tar away from us as 1t is now. The first astronomer to locate this "apex" point was W. Herschel, in about 173S.
 Slightly to the east of Vega are two fairly bright stars. Beta and Gamma Lyrae. The brightness Of Beta Lyrae varies, due to the fact that it is really system of two tars which periodically eclipse one another and thus produce a dimiri- ution of the light sent out in our direction. Between Beta and Gamma lies the remarkable Ring Nebula in Lyra, which looks like a tenuous ring shaped cloud. As a matter of fact, 1t Is not really a ring for photographs show that the lumious nebular material ex- tends throughout the central por- ton with. however, considerably lower intensity of radiation. Photo graphs and powerful telescopes also reveal the presence of a star right at the center. It is undoubt- edly a spheroidal mass whose out CT layers are more brilliant. This nebuia belongs to the type of planetary nebulas. This term "pIanetary," as applied to this class of nebulas, is grievous mis- homer, though applied to them by inc same great Herschei mention- ed above in connection with the sun's motion through space. They are not at all like planets, except that they show small disks in the telescope instead of irregular points of light as is shown by the Stars. This is what caused them to receive the name that still clings to them for historical reasons.
 Planetary nebulas are reail,
The Waterbury Democrat., 1931-07-29
Itching Ends When
 zemo Touches Skin

thousands say. It's wonderful the way soothing, Cooling Zemo brings relief to skin which itches and burns. Even in most severe cases, itching disappears almost as soon as Zemo touches the tender and unframed surface. To draw out local infection and help to clear away unsightly blemishes, we know of nothing better than in- visible zemo. Always keep this family antiseptic on hand. Use 1t freely. It's safe as can be. 35c. 6Oc and 31.50. All dealers.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1931-07-29
SWEDISH WHITE COAL" GAINS

Malmo, Sweden, (UP).-Sweden's "white coar-its enormous supply of water power-furnishes nearly all light, heat and power In the country, and 1t also comprises a part of Sweden's invisible export. Thus more than 31,000,00O kilo- watts are sent by submarine cable to Denmark.
The Bismarck tribune., 1931-10-31

two Sengbusch Self-Closing Inkstands at a
moderate price. The set will pay for itself in eff
ficiency and ink saving. Ink will not evaporate,
nor thicken with dust. Simple to fill, always
ready for use, lasts indefinitely.
The Bismarck tribune., 1931-10-31

For more than 20 years Sengbusch Self-Closing
Inkstand sets have been the standard of the bust
ness world. Thousands are in use today in every
part of the country Every desk should have one.
Illustrated is one of the many economical COM
binations-an attractive pressed glass set with
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1931-09-25
OF LIGHT
BEGIN TO PIERCE
BUSINESS GLOOM
Movement of Merchandise
Freight Gains and Build
ings Shows Improvement
Europe Still Big Factor
in Situation.

Washington, d. c. (ILNS)--Some
rays of light have begun to pierce
the business gloom, but it is too early
yet to say whether they are really
significant.
The Business Week reports that
slight but belated signs of the ex-
pected autumn acceleration of bust
ness activity appeared the week be-
fore Labor Day Railroad movements
of merchandise freight at last turned
upward after depressing period of
persistent decline, and building con-
tracts also improved from the disap-
pointing August level, the Business
Week reports, with the result that its
weekly index of business, after touch
ing new lows in the middle of August,
rallied little.
Reports received by international
Labor News Service, indicate quick
ening of industry in New England,
with shoes, hats and textiles leading
in the revival Shoes and hats are
especially active. Some New Eng
land shoe factories have orders to
keep the plants busy for three months
with a full force of operatives. Hat
factories in Danbury, Conn, are re-
ported working overtime. Textile
plants are doing more business and
taking on workers.
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1931-09-25

in Boston Child labor was vigorously
condemned by the convention, he said,
but there are now 03,000 more chill
dren employed than before. This, he
claimed, "is a sad commentary on
affairs when there are millions of
adults willing and anxious to work !"
Morrison summarized some of the
achievements of the organized work
ers since he was a delegate to the
American Federation of Labor con-
yention in 1897. Among them he men
toned developing the organization of
the miners from a union of 1000 mem
bers in that year to more than 400,-
900, and the increase of union labor
in the United States from 256,000
members in 1897 to more than 4,000,-
900.
He told of the fight against the
citizens alliances which spent mill
lions unsuccessfully to break up the
union movement, and recounted the
seven-year campaign which resulted in
the passage of the Clayton act.
He spoke of the campaign now be-
ing waged for federal anti-injunction
legislation and the defeat of Judge
Parker for the supreme court of the
United States as two of the most
recent efforts of which the American
Federation of Labor is proud.
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1931-09-25
Commercial Telegraphers Sign
Three Services at Old Wage

move" the survey says.
The labor survey says that the for
eign crises have delayed recovery
here and remarks:
Business at home is under the
shadow of catastrophies abroad. The
September upturn has been delayed
and forecasters now believe that re-
vival will not begin this fall.
Business declined further last month,
so that August was probably the low
est point of the depression"
Hoarding Delays Recovery
One cause of the continued depres-
sion, the labor survey points out, is
that beside the decline in workers in
come, thousands are boarding their
earnings for fear of unemployment.
"Hoardings of workers and others are
estimated at from $800,000,000 to
81 900, 100000" the survey says. eff
the 20,000,000 wage earners who will
probably be employed from November
through March were sure of their
Jobs from October on, we estimate
that at least $30o,O00,000 could be re-
leased for purchases, and workers
could undertake installment pur-
chases amounting to about $700,000,-
900 more, making a total increase in
buying of 81 ,OO0,OO0,O00. This is one
way to build confidence, the crying
need for business recovery"
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1931-09-25
TO PAY BIG DEBT
Garment Union Votes Levy
on Membership

New York City (ILNS)-The general
executive board of the international
Ladies' Garment Workers Union has
decided to levy an assessment of
1915 on the $4,000 members of the
union to help pay off an Indebtedness
of 1888 600.
The first funds accruing as a re-
suit of the assessment will be used to
make two payments of 25 per cent
each on the international unions debt
of $143, 900 to the International-Mad
son Bank, recently closed by the New
York state banking department, and
also two payments of 25 per cent each
on the $4,000 bonds which were is
sued by the union three years ago.
The debt to the internationally -Madi-
son Bank dates back to the general
strike of cloakmakers in 1926, direct
ed by communist leadership, which
spent approximately $3,500,000 dur
ing the walkout that ended in disas
trous defeat. At that time the inter-
rational union borrowed 100000
from the bank and since then has
reduced the loan to $143,000 and had
hoped to have it paid in full in three
years, but the closing of the institu-
tion by the banking department neces-
STATED a clearing of the loan in the
shortest possible period.
The $140,000 raised on a three-year
reconstruction bond loan in 1928 was
put through to carry out plans made
by the leaders to rebuild the union
after the strike defeat of 1925, which
resulted in the elimination of the
communist leaders.
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1931-09-25
FIVE-DAY WEEK
Urged By Morrison AS Rem
edy For Idle

Boston, Mass.-The five-day week
with no reduction in the standard rate
of pay was emphasized as an impor-
tant remedy for unemployment by
Frank Morrison, secretary of the
American Federation of Labor, in an
address before the annual convention
of the international Typographical
Union here.
There are at present 100000
workers who can never receive en-
ployment except through the reduc-
ton of hours and days of work be-
cause of the introduction into indus
try of labor-saving and labor-replac
ing machinery" he said "All work
ers must have shorter hours. 1t is
better that some work less time than
that others do not work at all"
"This country of wealth." he con-
tinued, ''is able to feed all. None
should 90 hungry. This remedy should
come soon. These millions of unem-
ployed will not stand peacefully by
and see men, women and children
slowly starve. The great political or
ganizations of this country fully APP
preciate this situation.
II remember that at the start of
the Coolidge administration the late
Samuel Gompers and | visited the
president and warned him of the situa
ton Industry, he said, would take
care of that Well, industry won't.
The trade unions and the workers
alone can.
What have the Chamber of Com
merce of the United States and the
National Association of Manufactur-
ers, two great representatives of in
dustry, done? They have not con-
tributed one suggestion. Their atti
tude seems to be to use unemploy-
ment as an excuse to cut wages.
What has labor done? | hold that
labor has presented remedy or plan,
and that is the plan sponsored by the
American Federation of Labor, which
met here a year ago That plan is the
five-day week, with no reduction in
the standard rate of pay"
Morrison then outlined the various
resolutions passed at the 1880 Amer
lean Federation of Labor convention
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1931-09-25
Earning Power Held in Union Shop Contract
United Press international News Service and Universal
Service Unanimous in Denouncing Pay Cuts.

Chicago (ILNS) - Closed shop
agreements with United Press, In
ternational News Service and Uni
versal Service, Inc, were renewed for
one year without any changes by the
Commercial Telegraphers' Union of
North America last week.
Both parties to the agreement ad-
hered strictly to the recommendations
of the Hoover conference of 1929, that
labor should not institute any new de-
mands and industry should maintain
the purchasing power of the workers
by not reducing wages.
While the C. T. U. of N. A. felt that
there were very good reasons for ad-
ditional money for its press members,
due to increased output now that the
change to high speed printers has
been practically completed, it was
felt that any demands for revision
should be put over for a more favor
able time.
The arrangements expressed them
selves as being in complete accord
with the policy of maintaining wage
standards, although pointing out the
difficulties of their clients, the news
paper publishers, because of reduced
advertising and poor collections.
Powers Proud of Record
international President Frank B
Powers assisted the committees and
expressed pride in the fact that u
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1931-09-25
AUTO PLANTS LEAD
in FIVE-DAY WEEK

Westinghouse fve-day week has
been made effective as a temporary
measure by 44.3 per cent of the auto
mobile industry, according to sur
vey on the extension of the movement
for a shorter working week made by
the Bureau of Statistics of the u. S.
Department of Labor.
The bureau canvassed 37,857 estab-
lishments representing II industries.
The establishments employ 3,94l, ,792
persons Of the total number of es-
adjustments, Sc per cent had estab-
lished the five-day week as a tempo
rary measure, while "a per cent
had made it permanent.
Three industries characterized by
highly skilled craftsmen fell below
automobile manufacturers in adopt
ing the five-day week during the bust
ness depression In the radio indus
try, 34.4 per cent of the employees
worked on fve-day week basis, in
textile, dyeing and finishing indus
tries, 27 per cent, and in the aircraft
industry, 24.9.
The survey says that the building
trades were among the first to ex-
pertinent with the fve-day week, and
were reported in June to have that
basis for one or more crafts in 100
cities and towns. In Al cities, all
crafts in the building trades were
on a fve-day week basis.
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1931-09-25
Modify Volstead Act to Meet Tax
Issue, Labor's Committee Urges
Sales Taxation Proposals Denounced Loading Unfair
Burden on Those Least Able to Pay, and Dry Law
Modification Advocated as Best Solution of Problem.

Washington, d. C. (ILNS)-"Mod-
ify the Volstead act and meet the tax
ISSUE" is the demand of labor's ma
tional committee for modification of
the Volstead act, denouncing the pro-
posed sales tax.
"Sales tax proposals are vicious,
load an unfair burden upon those
least able to pay, and merely place a
new burden on business generally, as
we'll as upon the wage earners," says
the committee, of which Matthew
Woll is chairman and /. M. Ornburn
is secretary treasurer.
'To turn to modification of the Vol
stead act for revenue, as we'll as for
reduction of crime and restoration of
freedom and temperance, is the sane,
sensible, American thing to do.
Sales Tax Ruinous
''It is undoubtedly true that every
cent of required revenue could be
raised by a sales tax, but it also is
true that by that method of raising
money we should be merely forcing
our people, already deeply swamped
in unemployment and misery, deeper
into the gloom of depression. If the
purpose of government is to burden
the peOple beyond all hone. then by
all means let there be a sales tax!
Load the pennies and dimes of taxa
ton onto the six million of unem-
ployed. Reduce the masses to the
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1931-09-25

Pedestrian Pete says: "An auto by
any other name would be just as hard
to dodge"
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1931-09-25
MIR. SWOPE
Presents Old Age and Job
Insurance Plan

New York.-Gerard Swope, presi-
dent of the General Electric Com
pany, at the annual dinner of the
National Electrical Manufacturers
Association, presented a plan for the
organization of industry designed to
stabilize production and consumption,
minimize unemployment and to solve
adequately, from the employers
viewpoint, the problem of security for
the worker and his family in illness,
disability, involuntary idleness, old
age and death.
Mr.. Swope declared that the plan
was drawn up for the electric light
and power industry, but added that
it could be adapted to any other in
dustry.
On the employers side the domi-
mating force would be trade associa-
tions, composed of the organized
employers. The plan appears to give
no consideration to the trade unions
as the organized body to represent
the workers. The voice of the en-
ployes would manifest itself through
company unions, which every trade
unionist knows are dominated by the
employers.
Mr.. Swope said that if the owners
of industry did not make gesture
toward various forms of workers
insurance by the owners of industry,
he feared the government would step
in and do something in that direction.
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1931-09-25
Organization Key to Economic
Balance, Printers Head Says
Charles p. Howard Tells International Typographical
Union Convention That Workers Now Pay With
Hunger for Failure to Organize and Maintain Buy
ing Power.

00,000,OO0. In 1929 the value of
manufactured products had increased
to 500, 400 100000 and wages totaled
S11 ,320, 100000. While the value of
that product increased approximately
is per cent, the portion labor received
as wages increased approximately 4
per cent Thus centralized control of
the machinery of production and NAL
distribution of wealth has brought to
the nation the worst panic it has ever
known"
Five-Day Week Favored
Howard's report favored the five
day week in the printing industry but
opposed adoption of an international
union law fixing the week at five days
"We firmly believe the five-day week
to be the best possible solution for
the present condition of unemploy-
ment, but we do not believe the adop-
tion of an international union law is
the best way to accomplish the de-
sired result" he said, explaining that
it was believed the best method was
TO allow local unions autonomy to
deal with conditions as they develop.
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1931-09-25

Boston, Mass. (ILNS)-Effective
lines of industry could have. prevent
ed the maldistribution of wealth
which brought on the depression,
Charles P. Howard, president of the
international Typographical Union,
told the delegates to the 18th conven-
tion of the union here, in presenting
his annual report.
when it became apparent that
millions of workers would be forced
into idleness," President Howard said,
reduction in the working hours per
day and restriction of the working.
days per week would have effectively
checked the confagration and restor-
ed confidence. The application of such
remedy would have maintained the
balance between production and con-
sumption so essential to avoid indus
trial stagnation and panic. Thus the
workers of the nation pay with hun
ger and deprivation for their failure
to organize and maintain the balance
of power for control of industry so
essential to their welfare.
Control Must Be Exercised
"The experience has proven that
the industrial leaders cannot be per-
mitted to exercise unregulated and
unrestricted control of the machinery
of production and the agencies for
distribution of that which is essential
to the welfare of all our people.
Through democratic organization
the workers must have an effective
voice in fixing the hours of labor,
wage rates and conditions, to main
tain a proper balance between pur-
chasing and consuming power on the
one hand and production and profits
on the other, or that condition may
be established through dictatorship.
1T is too much to expect that mil
lions of intelligent working men and
women will suffer indefinitely from
idleness and its attendant evils and
maintain their loyalty to a system
that promises nothing but cyclical
panics and chronological unemploy-
ment."
Causes of Depression
Analyzing the causes of the depres-
sion, which he called the worst the
nation has ever experienced, M.
Howard said
''In many lines of industry thou
sands of workers were displaced by
development and introduction of au-
tomato machinery. New industries
We're unable to absorb those misplaced,
with the inescapable consequences
that the number of unemployed was
further increased and the domestic
buying power drastically restricted.
Reduced to figures the story can
be concretely told The value of
manufactured products in the United
State for 1923 was $60,500, 900, 900
and the aggregate sum paid to wage
workers for the same year was SILL
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1931-09-25
WHAT NEXT?

Announcement was recently made
in London of a new stamping and
pressure machine which it was de-
clared would "revolutionize British
industry" The Daily Mail said that
the machine could be used in stamp
ings of every sort from watch
mechanisms to motor car bodies, and
for making nails, bricks, composition
materials and the manufacture of
furniture from pulverized wood.
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1931-09-25

struggling level of the masses of the
people of England and Germany. If
that is craftsmanship, then let US
have something less dignifed in name,
but more sane and sound in purpose.
"The present cost of enforcement
is about seventeen million dollars a
year. The national, state and local
revenue. from liquor in the last year
before Volsteadism amounted to some
529 millions of dollars. Let us restore
that revenue and stop that idiotic out
lay of money for so-called enforce
ment.
Modification Would Make Jobs
But the combined cost of enforce
ment and possible revenue from taxa
tion is not all that the government
would gain through modification. Vast
employment would begin Immediately
and there would be healthy increases
in income taxes. 1t is not possible to
compare the gain through income
taxes with the income tax payments
of the last pre-Volstead year, but on
the face of it the gain would be great,
both in individual incomes and in cor
porate incomes. The money that
would flow into every line of business
from wages and salaries paid would
produce taxable results generally and
would, primarily and in addition, in
crease the buying power of great
masses of people and stimulate at
least 80 lines of manufacture.
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1931-09-25
Cotton and Wool Gain

The cotton cloth manufacturing in
dustry shows increased activity in Au-
gust by comparison with July in re-
ports collected by the Association of
Cotton Textile Merchants of New
York. Gains were recorded in new
orders, shipments and production.
The wool branch of the textile in
dustry is steadily developing sharp
advance from the low point to which
it plunged in 1880 as a result of the
depression Woolen manufacturing
plants in some sections are approach
ing 24-hour activity. Consumption of
raw wool by mills for the first seven
months of 1881 has broken all pre-
vious records except those of 1929 and
1927, according to data received by
the U. S. Census Bureau.
fundamentally reassuring are the
relative stability of commodity prices
in the face of burdensome surpluses,
and the progressive weakening of the
successive waves of reaction to un-
favorable news in the security mar
ket, while the forces of def1ation wear
themselves out" the Business Week
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1931-09-25
Europe the Bogeyman

Both the Business Week and the
American Federation of Labor month
ly survey of business agree that while
the immediate emergencies of the
European situation have been taken
care of, with the financial aid given
Germany and Great Britain, Europe
is still the big factor in the business
situation.
Business men and financiers are
apprehensive as to what may happen
when the debt holiday ends next June,
the A. F. of L. survey says, adding
that this destroys the basis of con-
fidence necessary for business recov-
cry. international fnanciers realize
the need of revising war debts and
reparations, but are not yet ready to