davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-06-30
LINE RUNS AT LOSS,
COUNSEL CONTENDS
Urges !. c. c. Approval of
Purchase of Chicago &
Alton by B. & O.
BY the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
Testimony that the Chicago & Alton
Railroad is operating at loss was pre-
sented to the Interstate Commerce
Commission yesterday by Luther walter
in behalf Of the Baltimore & Ohio's
petition for approval Of its purchase OF
the read.
The Baltimore & Ohio purchased the
Chicago & Alton at q receivership sale
last December for 5000 900 in cash
and the assumption Of bonds aggre-
eating $49, 100000. The Alton Co. was
then formed and has Joined the Balti-
more & Ohio in seeking commission ap-
prevail Of the acquisition.
Fought by stockhOadsrA
Stockholders Of the Chicago 3 Alton
are opposing approval by the commits
sion on grounds that the price paid was
inadequate and that stockholders have
an equity in the line.
Walter commended the line was not
worth more than CTS, 000, 900 and that
the Commission should approve the
sale. He SAT- the stockholders had
failed to establish their claim in court
and therefore had no standing before
the commission.
Henry w. Anderson also argued In
favor Of the Baltimore & Ohio acqui-
sition.
Says Value Higher.
Jonathan C. Gibson, speaking for
the stockholders in the absence of for
mer Senator James A. Reed, who was
unable to come to Washington because
Of illness, told the commission the
stockholders felt the road to be worth
between $1l5,O0O, 900 and $l40. 1000, 900.
He held that stockholders' rights
should not be disregarded and that
the stockholders had thought arrange
ments were being made for reorgani-
zation of the road and were surprised
when word of the sale to the Baltimore
& Ohio was received.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-06-30
TWO SHOT WHEN DRY
AGENTS RAID HOME
q. s. 0mcer and Man Resisting
Search Wounded-Victim Says He
Thought Raiders Bandits.
Rx the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
NEW ORLEANS, La. June 30.-A
Federal prohibition agent and q resi-
dent of Plaquemine Point north Of
here, were shot and wounded yeSter-
day as q raiding party attempted TO
make an arrest.
C. w. Prather of New Orleans, the
agent. was shot through the shoulder.
Joseph Alcaldo, who was wounded in
the leg, told officers he resisted their
entrance into his house, believing the
agents to be bandits.
The shooting occurred as Agent
Prather, Agent Emmett 8. Ferguson
and United States Deputy Marshal
Frank Lower. seeking Joseph Hymel. a
fugitive since last May. approached
Alcado's house under the impression
the man wanted was there.
They said their rap on the door was
answered by q bullet through the panel
and Prather fell wounded. Marshal
Lower returned the fire through the
door and then broke it open to find
Alcado lying on the floor, shot through
the leg.
Alcado denied he knew the fugitive
sought.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-06-30

Nearly 5000 tons of honey were con-
sumed in England in the last IL
months
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-06-30
TWO OPINIONS GIVEN
IN CUBAN RAIL CASE
District Court of Appeals Disallows
Two Claims on $3.50, 1000
Damage Fund.

A fund of $35oo0o awarded by the
Cuban government to Charles J. Harrah
for the destruction in 1927 of a rail-
volved in two opinions rendered yester-
day by the District Court Of Appeals
through Justice D. Lawrence Groner
The court sustained the action of the
District Supreme Court in dismissing
a suit by Walter F. Smith, owner of
portion Of the land occupied by the
railroad, who sought to establish lien
against the fund. 1t reversed the lower
court in refusing to allow a lien of
$4,000 on the fund which was claimed
by Edgar W.. Mccormick, who had
contract for services to be paid by 10
per cent of the amount recovered.
The court found that Smith had never
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-06-30

made any claim for damages for the
until the award had been made. In
the Mccormick case 1t was held the
lower court erred in dismissing the suit.
The case was remanded for further pro-
ceedingS.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-06-30
Mother and Son Drown.

BELIiEAIR, Ohio, June so LP.-A
mother and her 5-year-old son drowned
in the Ohio River here yesterday. It
Berher. IS, went to the rescue Of the
child, Edward, when the latter fell into
the water while throwing stones.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-06-30
LINDBERGHS TEST PLANE
FOR FLIGHT TO ORIENT
Carry Load of 100 Gallons Of Gaso-
line Up to Capacity-Will Take
Western Route on Trip.

BY the Associated Press.
NEW YORK. June 30.-Col. Charles
A. Lindbergh and Mrs. Lindbergh made
test flights yesterday Of the remodeled
Lockheed Sirius low wing monoplane
in which they plan to ny to the Orient
this Summer on q vacation trip.
The tests were with loads Of various
size to determine the behavior Of the
craft. On the first the ship carried
only 100 gallons OF gasoline. Later it
was increased by 100 up to its
maximum.
The colonel said he had decided to
take the western route TO the Far East
unless something now unforeseen
causes a shift in plans. He said he
had ascertained that he will be able
to get enough gas and oil through
Point Barrow, Alaska, and ct other
points on his itinerary.
He said he hoped to get away some
time in July.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-06-30
PARK ARRESTS SCORED
Judge Hit Releases Two Young
Women Who Walked on Grass.

Police should spend more time inves-
tigating serious crimes and less time
bothering with petty violations, Judge
Isaac r. Hit of Police Court declared
yesterday in Diminishing charges against
two young women arrested Saturday for
walking across the grass near the Gen.
sus Bureau
The Observation-Disclosures Rashaw
and Irene Alvarez, Census Bureau en-
ployes-were refunded collateral Of 81
each they had been required to post
by w. E. Riley, park policeman.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-06-30
MASSACHUSETTS GROUP
FORMS AL SMITH LEAGUE.

Representative ]. E. Hagan Named
Chairman for Campaign to Win
Delegates at Party Convention.
By the Associated Press
BOSTON, June 30.-Paoers Of organ
izaticn of "the Alfred z. Smith for
President League of Massachusetts"
were filed with the secretary of State
yesterday by Representative James z.
Hagan Of Sommerville, who was named
as chairman.
Hagan said the league would endeavor
to secure the election of Smith dele
gates to the national Democratic con-
vention next year. Smith carried the
State in 1928, the first Democrat TO do
so since 1912, and Hagan characterized
him as the one who has cemented the
party in Massachusetts"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-06-30
g RESOLUTIONS
BEFORE EDUCATORS
One Condemns Decreases in
School Budgets and Re.
duction in Salaries.
BY the Associated Press.

LOS ANGELES, June 3O.-Twenty-
one historical and Ia supplementary
resolutions, dealing with every phase Of
American school life from curriculum
making to Federal aid. were before the
Resolutions Committee of the National
Education Association today.
Action on the resolutions, among
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-06-30
BERLIN STUDENTS CLASH.
Police Called to ouell Socialists and
Communists Riots.

BERLIN. June 30 A).-Police were
called yesterday to quell rioting by Ma
tional Socialists and Communists on the
University Of Berlin campus.
They succeeded In separating the
warning factions, but when the Social
lists withdrew into an auditorium and
began singing Hitler ballads. the uni
versity authorities closed the institu-
ton for the day.
Tomorrow another attempt will be
made to persuade the boys to forget
politics and concentrate on their studies.
La gaceta., 1931-06-26

estaba senalada para ell venide-
70 martes.
Thompson asegura que eSta
enfermo Y no puede salir dc
Chicago hacia Bston.
La gaceta., 1931-06-26
L1GA NACIONAL

Los Cardenales hicieron la ca
rrera de la victoria en- la septi-
ms entr"da. c"ando Watkins sc
rob6 Ell "home".
y Klein ayud6 a la victoria de
su club con un cuadrangular.
St. Luis 1c, 3h, De; Brooklyn
DC, Oh, lie.
Pittsburg 1c, 5h, lie; Filadel-
fla SC, 10h, De.
Chicago &c, III, lie; Boston
DC, III, Re.
Cincinnati &c, l2h, De; New
York DC, Oh, lie.
La gaceta., 1931-06-26

Boston SC, 14h, De; Cleveland
SC, 12h, lie.
La gaceta., 1931-06-26
PIeitos y, Oivorcios

Corte Federal: Ana M. Plat
contra ell gobierno de los Esta-
dos Unidos; United States con-
ira C. j. Stephens.
Corte del Circuito: Letha H.
Hunt contra N. A. Hunt; Esta-
do de Florida, para ell uso y be-
neficio del condado de HILLSIDE
rough, contra Armando Rodri-
guez; Francisco Sierra contra
j. C. Henderson Cora M. Black
La gaceta., 1931-06-26

burn contra Gladys E. Smith;
Armada Alvarez Gonzalez con-
vra Elio Gonzalez; Ethel E.
Vale contra Howard L. Vale; N.
C. Baker contra r. w. Thomas
Helen Mae Worden contra Clay
ton Roy Worden.
La gaceta., 1931-06-26
ACUSADO DE UTILlZAR Ell
CORREO PARA DEFRAU-
OAR &t

Al comisionado federal Pink
erton fLe prcst utado aver Hen
ry C. BurLettt joven vecino de
Forr Myers, alusado de utili-
Ear ell correo para defraudar.
Bur0ette pedfa mercancias
por correo y despues las paga-
ba con cheques falsos.
1enira que prestar fianza de
50 500 81 quiere disfrutar de IL
hettad prov 'siOnal.
La gaceta., 1931-06-26
D P~ROHTBfENDO VEN
DER BEBIDAS ALCOHO-
LICAS

FL juez federal Akerman fir
mo aver una orden prohibiendo
la venta de bebidas alcoholics
en- ell lugar conocido como Big
Steve's Place, avenida South
Moody 302, en- esta ciudad.
Sc menciona como obligados
a cumplir la orden, la Sra. C. J..
Stephens, Raymond Epson, Du-
gan Lee y Roy Coley, Los agen-
ties de la prohibition firmaron
declaraciones juradas diciendo
que en- ese lugar Sc viola la ley
SEGA.
La gaceta., 1931-06-26
INFORMATION
DEL PUERTO

Solo un vapor entr6 aver, ell
Harry Sinclair, de bandera a
mericana, procedente de Hous-
ton, Texas.
Durante ell dia de aver zarpa-
ron les vapores Cuba y Tamaho
Maru, americana Ell primero Y
japones ell segundo.
Tambien Sc hicieron a la mar
las motonaves Strassa, de ban
dera sueca, y Truxton, nicara-
giense.
La gaceta., 1931-06-26
IF FUE REBAJADA LA Pc
MA

FL iuez Alderman rebaj6 aver
a Norman K. Ross encontrado
culpable en- Miami de traficar
con licores ;Htoxicantes, la pc
ma que Sc lie habia impuesto, de
dos amos a un ano.
Seis procesamiantos Sc dicta-
ron contra otras seis personals
rela ;iona1as con Ross Y solo a
este e toco ." ailaI con la mas
fea".
La gaceta., 1931-06-26
MATRIMONIOS

Venancio Torres, 81, y Maria
Gonzalez, II; Charles Earl AL
zen, %, Y Ruby E. Jones, 10; A.
Jack Maloney, 81. y Edna Lu-
ellie Minis, 10; Kermit Clyde
Petit, %. y Tulsa Elizabeth Ro-
berts, 81.
La gaceta., 1931-06-26
BASE l'Ai.i
LLIGA AMERICANA

nque solo batearon cuatro
los senadores anotaron
datro carreras, venciendo a los
Ggres. Sorrell sostuvo un duelo
de pitchers con Fischer Y Burke
llevando la peor parte.
Washington 4c, All, 2e; De-
troit &c, III, lie.
La gaceta., 1931-06-26

Los campeones del mundo
fueron derrotados de nuevo Y SUI
ventaja sobre los Senadores que
do reducida a medic desafio. La
cadena de victorias de Earn
shaw fue destruida con I'm Jon
ron" de Gress con dos corredo-
res en- las bases.
Filadelfia sc, 11h, De; st.
Luis &c, 8h, De.
Filadelfia sc, 10h, lie; st.
Luis Sc, 14h. lie.
Boston SC, 14h, De; Cleveland
&c, 12h, lie.
Los Yankees vencieron a los
Medals Blancas en- un doble jue
go, con La ayuda de quadrangle
lares bateados por Babe Ruth
(su 1907 y Lou Gehrig (17o).
Pipgras solo permitio cuatro
hits, en- ell segundo.
New York 10c, 13h, 2e; Chica
go Sc, 16h, 2e.
New York Sc, 8h, Sc; Chica-
go &c, 4h, lie.
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1931-12-10
similar post at the head Of Marshall
College, in Huntington, w. Va,

similar post at the head of Marshall
College, in Huntington, w. Va,
which he held until 1920.
He first visited Florida in 1918,
when he arranged the setting of his
splendid grove in the eastern part
of the city, and short time later
became a permanent Floridian by
buying the home at Mohawk, which
was destroyed by fire last year, to-
gether with his library Of several
thousand volumes and many other
valuable manuscripts and docu-
ments which he had accumulated
in his forceful career.
Immediately upon his arrival in
Florida he became in constant de-
mand in all parts of the state for
counsel and lectures upon educa-
tional matters, and in 1923 and 1924
was secretary of the Florida Edu-
cational Association as well as edit
or of the Journal of that society.
During his life time he was the
publisher Of many books dealing
with all phases Of education and
educational work. In many of
these Mrs. Woodley was the co-au-
thor, and these volumes are among
the most authoritative and inSpira-
tional of the many which have been
produced in the world of letters.
Probably no man in Florida was
recognized in school matters as was
DR.. Woodley. He was constantly
on speaking tours, when he adj
dressed local schools and colleges,
Parent Teacher organizations,
county, district and state teachers
meetings, as well as other gather
ings of the nature of advancement
of the general welfare Of the state
and nation.
I'm this section he was recogniz-
ed as an outstanding citizen, and
the community took an instructive
pride that among all the great and
beautiful places of Florida, he and
Mrs. Woodley should have chosen
to spend their declining years
among the hills and lakes which
they loved so we'll"
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1931-12-10
BACKWARD LOOK
AT THE CONGRESS
First Season Opened Federal
Hall, New York City,
March A, 1889
QUORUM HARD TO GET
Conditions Vastly Different
From 72nd Session Which
Opened Dec. s

The converting of the Seventy
second Congress on December in
the National Capital brings forth
some interesting facts from the
United States George Washington
Ricentennial Commission about the
meeting in Federal Hall, New
York City, of the First United
States Congress.
Congress was to open on March
4, 1879; but on tina day, however,
only twenty-one members Of Con-
gress were present, eight Senators
and thirteen Representatives, not
a quorum for either House.
Day after day, week after week,
the members present met in FEEDER
al Hall which was done over for
their accommodation. But it was
not until the first day of April that
any business could be transacted
because a quorum was lacking. On
that day, thirty members Of the
House having answered to their
names, the body was organized and
General Frederick Muhlenberg was
chosen Speaker.
The Senate did not get together
until April 6, when a quorum was
finally mustered. A temporary pre-
siding officer, whose sole duty it
was to open and count the electoral
votes, was elected. George Wash
ington had the vote of every elect
or, which was generally known, and
was therefore, President. The Sec
ond votes of electors were widely
scattered. John Adams had the
next largest number and was there
fore, Vice President, although he
did not get majority of the whole
of electors appointed. It was two
weeks before Washington could be
appraised of his election and reach
the seat of government.
It is difficult to realize in this
day, when Senators and Represen-
tatives arrive by airplane, train and
motor, what an achievement a
journey was in the days of the
first United States Congress. 1t
took day and half to make the
trip from Philadelphia to New
York. The fastest might bring the
Representative" from Charleston
in ten or twelve days, weather and
roads permitting. Through certain
sections of the country it was nee
essary to proceed for days at a
tim, with mud up to the hubs Of
the chariot wheels. Members from
the far. South came by steamer.
Taverns were indifferent in ser
vice and often so crowded that it
was impossible to secure comfor-
table accommodations, so it was
small wonder that the members of
Congress were loathe to leave their
homes and f1resides hor the uncer-
tain comforts Of the long highway
to the seat Of the national govern
ment. 49,.
Wealthy New York citizens had
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1931-12-10
ROYAL Neighbors Elect

Rosewood Camp, 1911, Royal
Neighbors met at the home OF Mrs.
Lillian Truax last week Thursday,
December End. The annual election
of officers resulted as follows:
Oracle Effie Robinson
Vice Oracle-Etta Wilcox
Past Oracle@Hildur Otto.
Recorder-LillianT ruax.
Receiver-Minnie Mann
Chancellor-Edna Opheim
Marshall-Lottie Domke
Inner Sentinel-Rena DeLong
Outer Sentinel-Bertha Paske
Managers-Lulu Deziel and Alice
Garfield
Musician-Harriet Frey.
Physician-Dr.sR. II. Sweetman.
Following the election light re-
freshments were served and social
hour was enjoyed.
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1931-12-10
Gosnel Tabernacle

Activities for the week ss fol-
lows:
Rev. c. c. Beatty Asst. Supt. Of
the Northwest District of the As
semblies of God will preach Sat
urday night at 500 P. M.
Sunday services as follows:
1000 A. M. Bible School, classes
for all ages.
HOO A. M. Preaching, service.
500 P. M. Evangelistic service.
2:30 P. M. Preaching service at
the Tabernacle in Little Sank.
Rev. c. c. Beatty. of Minneapo-
lis, will preach at all the services on
Sunday. 49,.
We of the Gospel Tabernacle ex-
tend a cordial invitation to you, to
worship God with us.
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1931-12-10
Zion Lutheran Church

Bird Sunday in Advent as.
1000 a. m. Service in German
HOO a. m. Sunday School
200 p. m. Rehearsal of Christmas
Program.
$3.50 a. m. Saturday, Religious In
struction for children.
In the voters meeting last Sun
day it was definitely decided not
to change the time Of church ser
vice in the future on account of
the language question, but to per-
manently set the time for English
service, at 1000 a. m. and Sunday
School at HOO a. m. ~
The time for service in the Ger
man language will be decided in
the German service next Sunday.
The Ladies Aid will meet at the
home Of Mr.. and Mrs. Arthur Lloyd
this Thursday afternoon.
The Young Peoples Society will
meet Friday 500 p. m. at the par
sonage for the monthly business
and educational meeting.
st. PauPs Lutheran Church, Unity
2:30 p. m. Service in English
200 p. m. Saturday, Religious In
struction for children.
J. F. Schumacher, Pastor.
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1931-12-10
Ward Springs

Casper Kicker was a st. Cloud
caller Tuesday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Joe Brake and sons,
John and Joseph, Jr., were Sank
Centre business callers Saturday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Mike Gerads and
son, Francis, were Sunday visitors
with Mr.. and Mrs. Casper Kicker
and family.
Fred Hunter and daughter, Mrs.
Geo. Murphy, were to st. Cloud
Tuesday on business.
Mr.. and Mrs. Ted Tucker visited
the latter's parents, Mr.. and Mrs.
John Costello a few days. They left
Monday for Minneapolis where Mr..
Tucker will be employed.
Mr.. and Mrs. Ed Albers and
Leona Albers, motored to st. Cloud
Tuesday.
Sheriff Adams, of Long Prairie,
was q Ward Springs caller Thurs
day.
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1931-12-10
Florida Paper Tells Story
Of Passing of DR.. Woodley
Former Superintendent of Sank
Centre Schools Held High
Place In Florida

The following account of the
death Of DR.. L. o. Woodley, brief
mention of whose demise was made
in the Herald Of last week, taken
from the Clermont (Fla) Press,
will be of interest to many Of the
old friends Of the family residing
in this community, as well as old
friends formerly residing in Sank
Centre:
"Dr. o. I. Woodley, national
prominent educator and author,
died suddenly in the home of his
nephew, o. r. Woodley, here at ten
o'clock last night. Ill for a week
from cold, he was thought to be
recovering when formation of a
blood clot near the heart brought
death to him quickly and quietly.
Born October 10, 1861, in On
tario, Canada, he was brought to
the United States by his parents at
the age of eight. His youth was the
ordinary struggle of that epoch,
when advantages were compare
lively few, but with a single aim
for all that education could offer,
he struggled through to his first
college degree, which was granted
him in 1885, when he was gradual
ed from Michigan State Normal
College, at Ypsilanti.
HE engaged in educational work
for period, taking post graduate
work in Albion College, becoming
an A. B. in 1901, as well as an hon
orary Phi. d. of Michigan State Col
lege in the same year. In 1902 he
was awarded the degree of A. M.
by Columbia.
Upon his graduation from his
first college course, he was married
to Myra s. Soper, of Toronto, Can
ada, who has been at his side in all
of his work, aiding him in his spec
ial efforts, and at the same time,
building up a distinguished career
in the line of women's advancement
for herself. She is co-author with
him in a number of his books, and
has state and national standing in
women's advancement organiza-
lions that testify to her ability and
skill as an organizer and worker.
"Dr. Woodley's first work as a
practical school executive was in
Sank Centre, Mimi, where he was
superintendent Of schools from 1889
to 1894. He served in similar ca
pacity in Menonimee, Mich, from
1894 to 1901. and in Passaic, N. J.,
from 1904 to 1909 He became presi-
dent of the State Normal School, at
Fairmont, w. Va, in 1910, remain
ing there five years, and at the con-
clusion of that service, taking a
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1931-12-10

contributed the sum of So 900 for
the purpose of remodeling the old
City Hall, repainting and renovat-
ing the building, which. when COM
pleted, received the name Of Fed
eral Hall, and was placed by lie
City Council at the disposal or
Congress. These alterations Incl
dentally, were made by Major LEN
FAINT, who later laid out the City OF
Washington.
The appearance Of the Hall was
impressive for those days, the
basement story in Tuscan style
with seven openings and four mas
sive pillars ir the center, supported
by heavy arches, above which rose
four Doric Columns. The cornice
was ingeniously divided to admit
thirteen stars in the Metopes which,
with the eagle and other insignia
in the pediment, and the sculpture
of thirteen arrows surrounded by
olive branches over each window,
marked it as a building set apart
for national purposes.
ened into a large plainly furnished
room, to which every one had free
access, and beyond this was the
-vestibule, which led in front to the
Hall Of Representatives, and thru
arches on each side. The vestibuie
was paved in marble. ...s.
= The Hall of Representatives was
somewhat octangular in shape with
inches for statutes at intervals. The
windows were about sixteen rect
above the floor, the fine wainscoting
below, interrupted by four great
fireplaces. In the panels between
the windows were trophies carved,
and the letters U. s. cipher sur
rounded with laurel. ..
The Speakers chair was on an
elevated platform, opposite the prin-
ciple entrance. Each member had
a separate chair and desk. Guests
Of the members were seated in two
galleries in front of the Speakers
dias. The general public was ad-
mitted only to an area on the moor
outside the bar. In this room, the
windows were hung in light blue
damask, the chairs covered with
the same material.
The Senate Chamber was If any
thing more elegant than the Hall
of Representatives. 1t was ap-
preached by stairs on the east SIDE
of the vestibule, through an ante
chamber, communicating with an
iron gallery as well as with the
Hall of Representatives. There
were three windows at each end,
those toward Wall Street opening
into an outdoor gallery twelve feet
deep and guarded by an iron rail-
ing. 1t was in this gallery that
George Washington took the sol
emn oath of office, the packed
throngs witnessing the ceremony
silent for an instant in alteration OF
their idol and leader.