davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-05
Ne7O Idea ofSudstituting Heljum for Nitrogen
iuDivers Helmets Eliminates Deadly
'tBends and Brings WithinRangeSunken
Treasure Ships Heretof fore Regarded as
inaccessible

volume was regulated by Frank Crilley widely
known diver and holder of the worlds depth
record for rubber suit equipment. He will be
in charge of diving operations on the wilkins
Polar expedition.
Comdr. Danenhower chose the site of
his descent the place where the former presi-
Dental yacht May7ower rested on Che bottom
of the river at the Philadelphia Navy Yard.
The craft had been sunk during a disastrous
fire which swept it from stem to stern. Navy
divers had been busy preparing the craft to be
raised.
Anxious eyes strained to pierce the gray veil
of wind-lashed water as Danenhower disap-
peared from view. Attendants operated valves,
watched dials and paid out line with tense
faces waiting for the signal that would mean
the synthetic air had failed. that the command
er was in danger Minutes passed, but no
signal came. The lines continued to slip into
the water indicating the intrepid experimenter
was moving about Finally the lines ceased
moving, then jerked taught. Attendants sprang
into action, drawing up the ropes and hose.
The great diving helmet broke the surface OF
the water followed by the huge shoulders Of
the commander. The tension was at an end.
Those at the waters edge waited impatiently
while helpers removed the experimental head
gear.
UENTIRELY feasible" said the commander
as the helmet was drawn clear Of his
head. Then, despite the fact that he was
drenched to the skin and a chill wind was
sweeping in from the river, he paused to ex-
plain to the assemblage the benefits of the new
discovery.
Interviewed later at his desk in the hotel
from where he is directing the gigantic work OF
preparing a Polar expedition, he still preferred
to dwell on the future of the synthetic air
rather than his own exploit
ct wanted to be the first to test the dis
covery which will prove such a great boon for
divers" he said simply. Besides, the day Of
the test happened to be the tenth anniversary
of my wedding date and I was glad to spend
part of it in testing new scientific device"
"Just what is the composition of the new
air?" Comdr Danenhower was asked.
Synthetic air is composed of approximately
70 parts of helium and 20 to 81 parts of oxygen
In other words, the nitrogen content of normal
air is replaced by helium in synthetic air.
Naturally, the dangers peculiar to nitrogen in
undersea work are removed"
Scientists long ago discovered that the nor
NAL makeup of the mixture of gases forming
the atmosphere of the earth which is common
ly designated air. was approximately 1908 parts
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-05

synthetic air has been perfected winch
contains helium instead of nitrogen, the gas
which causes the horrible divers bends" The
new combination will enable divers to remain
for longer time beneath the surface, will cut
the time required for the decomposition process
by one-third more and viii bring Wltnm
reach of marine salvors sunken treasure ships
which have def1ed their efforts because OF the
great depts at which they lie. After numerous
experiments on animals and on divers in spe-
ciaIly constructed tanks, the new gas was re-
Gently given its first actual sea test and de-
clared successful.
The plain statement that the first sea test
was successful wells a picture of heroism, OF
dashing adventure and courage equaled only
in the annals of war. Death turks in the pic
t1lre-the grisly strangling death feared by all
undersea workers 1t climbed down the guide
ropes hand over hand with the man who made
the test. 1t loomed very near during those first
few telltale minutes when man-made air was
weighed in the balance of actual undersea con-
ditions Then it skunk away, defeated once
again by science and courage.
WITH the characteristic modesty Of the true
w hero. the man who made the first I'M
dersea tests of synthetic air, Capt Sloan
Danenhower commander of the submarine
Nautilus on the forthcoming Polar expedition
of Sir George Hubert wilkins, refused to dis
cuss the hazards of his feat, but was enthusl-
astic in describing the benefits of the new
combination of gases. His gesture OF CLOSING
over his own personal danger, however, does not
lessen the fact that he actually riSked his life
to aid the undersea workers of the future. AL
though the new air passed successful tests with
divers to the depths of 400 feet, with result
ing pressure of 176 pounds the experiments
were made in tanks where there was no wave
motion, strong currents or the thousand and
one dangers that beset the diver in actual I'M
derSea work.
When he plunged beneath the murky surface
of the Delaware River to test the synthetic
air, Comdr Danenhower wore no protective
diving equipment except q regulation diving
helmet Although the day was bitterly cold
and thin fringes of ice had formed at the wa
terS edge the thin rubber suit which he wore
was not waterproof. The synthetic air was
supplied from tank at the waters edge. The
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-05

nitrogen and 2Os7 parts of oxygen. with vary
ing minute quantities of carbonic acid, ammo
MIA ozone aqueous vapor, and so forth.
Ordinary air." continued Danenhower, has
considerable nitrogen in it. This gas, under.
the great pressure found undersea, diSSolveS in
the blood AS the diver emerges from the deep
the pressure decreases causing the nitrogen in
the circulatory system to expand. If this takes
place too suddenly the diver gets the bends
The bends" also known as divers palsy and
caisson disease is the scourge of all underSea
workers. The nitrogen bubbles which form in
the circulatory system sometimes two and
three inches in length, causing blindness, pa
ralysis and heart failure. The disease was first
observed by Tribius in 1889. It was called cais-
son disease because until means OF preven-
ton was evolved caisSon workers were the chief
victims. Caissons are chambers constructed for
underwater work. such as the laying of founda-
tons for bridge piers. The principle of the
caiSSon is the keeping out Of the water by
means of air pressure. They are like huge bot
tomless boxes, and the workers, known as sand
hogs" stand on the bed of the river sea and
dig away mud and loose rock unhampered by
water.
Caisson disease may be avoided generally by
gradually reducing the pressure step by step.
One principle of decomposition under the old
method was that it took as long to free man
of the effects of pressure it did to acquire the
pressure. Thus, if man was at work the
other hour for the decomposition process Re-
ports from the Canal Zone tell of diver who
went through the process too hastily. He sud-
denly choked to death while eating. Doctors
later attributed the choking to nitrogen bub-
BILE which strangled him.
ONE of the chief benefits of the synthetic air
is that it materially reduces the time
needed for decomposition, is the viewpoint of
Capt Danenhower.
Various estimates place this reduction at
from one-fourth to one-third of the customary
period" he said. my opinion is that it is
nearer one-third. In other words, the diver
coming out of the depths will have to spend
only two-thirds of the usual time in the de-
compression chamber.
1.-THE reason for this is obvious. since nitro
gen dissolved in the blood under great pressure
was the cause of the bends and other ills pc
culiar to the occupation of diving, the best cure
would be the substitution of some gas which
did not dissolve SO readily in the blood. Helium
as a substitute proposed by Prof Elihu
Thompson of Swampscott, Mass, fellow of the
Royal Society
"Helium, taking the place of nitrogen in the
new mixture of synthetic air, is 40 per cent
less soluble than nitrogen in water according
to experiments by the United States Bureau of
Mines. Thus 40 per cent less of the gas will be
dissolved in the blood FIelium thus escapes
from the lungs more quickly than nitrogen and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-05

the decomposition time is reduced by approxi-
mately one-third, some say one-fourth While
the oxygen content of the air remains the
same, the evils resulting from nitrogen are re-
moved by the substitution of helium."
do you think the new air will supplant the
old immediately"
while the actual sea test has convinced me
that synthetic air is entirely practical, expert
ments will be continued for some time. The
submarine Defender, now being fitted with an
oil engine will be used in ali exhaustive series
Of tests in deep water
Commenting on the treasure-trove aspect OF
the new air. Comdr. Danenhower said: Since
the helum does not dissolve as readily as
nitrogen with the blood under pressure, the
diver can descend so much deeper without LII
effect Therefore synthetic air will open up
vast field which has lain untouched because Of
the immense pressure of great ocean depths"
The mere mention of sunken treasure brings
up visions of the ocean floor literally studded
with gold and silver.
The most modern instance of salvage work
is that Of Genoa company which has UNDER
taken the task of recovering some five millions
in gold, silver and precious stones from the
strong room of the Peninsular and Oriental liner
Egypt, off Cape Finistere. The work was
abandoned with the approach of rough weather,
but is expected to be resumed when mild
weather Gains the winds and seas.
THE largest successful treasure haul of modern
times is reported as being that from the
White Star liner Laurentia, sunk of the Irish
coast in 1917. Her strong rooms contained
$35, 600, 900 in gold and S., 100000 in silver.
The value of the bullion in the strong room
of the sunken Egypt is about one-third more
than was recovered from the steamship Oceana,
which sunk in the English Channel in 1912.
That vessel lay at depth of only II fathoms.
The all-steel diving garb used in the Egypt
operations permits depths never before attained
by man. With the synthetic air, man may
penetrate to the last strongholds of Davy Jones'
locker in search for sunken treasure. Perhaps
the greatest treasure at the bottom of the sea
is that in the shattered huks of the Franco
Spanish feet sunk in Vigo Bay, at the north
west tip of Spain, with bullion computed vari-
ousIy between $4,000, 900 and $120, 900, 900 in
value.
The coasts of the North American Continent
are lined with wrecks containing valuable car
goes The bottom about Hell Gate on the West
Coast is the ocean graveyard of many sunken
ships.
Copyright 1917
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-05
Modern FARMING.

"Jerry amt much of farmer, In afraid"
fNaw, he keeps fooln round with them
there crops so much he don't half tend to his
film station"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-05
BY FRANK C4RLYN.

w wELIUM the light, nonexplosive gas
which has hitherto been used to
7 carry man into the air. is now to
be employed to bear him down to
-" new ocean depthS
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-03-24
CITY COUNCIL ASKS
GOV. Richie To RUN
Action Taken at Baltimore by
9 to s Vote After ConSid-
cradle Debate.
BY the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
BALTIMORE, Md, March 24.-Gov.
Richie was requested to become a can
didate for President in a resolution
adopted by the City Council last night
Approval of the measure-similar to
one adopted by the State Legislature
March 5-came after considerable de-
bate. The vote was to 6, with Re-
publican supporting the proposal.
A Republican member Of the Council
and now a candidate for mayor called
the resolution "child'S play" and an
other member of the party said he
thought 1t would hurt Gov. Ritchie by
giving the world the impression that
the people of Baltimore. through the
City Council, were divided on the queS-
ton of his election to the presidency"
A proposal substituting "a son of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-03-24
BISHOPS HOME PICKETED
Deposed Minister Petitions Church
Head "for Justice"

NEW YORK, March 24-Rev. DR..
Eliot White, companionate marriage
advocate, picketed the residence of
Bishop william T. Manning yesterday
bearing placard: Bishop, I ask you
for justice"
DR.. White. removed as assistant rec
tor of an Episcopalian church after he
had championed former Judge Ben
Lindsay's theories, wore black cassock
and cord as he marched back and forth
in front of the bishops home. The
placard was suspended by a purple cord
on his breast. He wore beret.
DR.. White said he had a petition
ready to present to the bishop should
he receive a hearing.
The bishop declined to- comment.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-03-24
Film CompanY Sued.

LOS ANGELES, March "a (P.--A
suit seeking $25O,OOO damages and an
accounting was brought against Multi
color Limited, and Howard Hughes, flm
producer, yesterday by Screen Inter
views, Inc. charging the defendants
failed to complete contract. Screen
Interviews, Inc, charged It entered a
contract with Multicolor, of which
Hughes then was sole owner, for the
production of 90 talking picture inter-
views. Five were made and distributed,
but the others were not produced, the
company charged.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-03-24
MRS. NIXON lRDLINGER
MAINTAINS indifference
Husband slayer's Child Visits Her.
Mother to Arrive
s34a
on Thursday.
d. the Assoclated Pres.


NICE, France, March 24-Seeming
to be stil unaware OF ner position, Mrs.
Charlotte Nixon-Nirdling accused Of
shooting and killing her husband, Fred
Nirdlinger, in their apartment here, Is
continuing to maintain in her prison cell
the same stoid Indifference which char
ecterized her first days Of incarceration.
Her youngest child has been brought
20 visit her on two occasions, but re-
malned only shor5 time.
The magistrates investigation, is con-
t1nuing methodically and will probably
be finished within a week.
Although It was reported she had only
$50 Ia cash when she was arrested, it
was expected that her financial diflcul-
ties would be solved before she needs
money.
Her mother, Mrs. James H. Nash, Is
que TO arrive from the United States on
Thursday.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-03-24

Maryland" for the Governors name
failed to receive approval.
A Democrat. supporting the resolu-
ton, said it would "be very gracious on
the part of the Republicans to go along
with a sweet little gesture" adding, as
he turned to the Republican member
ship, 'you would make yourselves much
bigger men," The resolution was offered
without the Governors knowledge.
The Council is composed Of 10 MEM
bers. Ten are Democrats.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-03-24
Southwest

10th st. and Va. ave-
Herbert'S Pharmacy.
316 Az st.-Harris' Drug
Store.
Az and L stS.-Columbia
Pharmacy.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-03-24
BRIGANDS SEIZE ROAD
Thieves Rob All Palestine Tourists
for Two-Hour Period.

JERUSALEM, March "a ga bold
pertes Of Tobberies occurred today on
the Jer1salem-H road.
The brigands completely controlled
the road for two hours, hating cars
and robbing passengers of money,
clothes and valuables. British police
rushed TO the spot, but the brigands
had decamped.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-03-24
WARNS OF future ].
JOLIET DISORDERS.
Convict Tells Probers "StooI-
PIgeon Guards Brought on
= Riot" of March Ia.

% eAs Associated Press.
JOLIET, ILL.,, March IA warning
has been sounded that there may be
Q resumption Of disorders in the Illinois
Penitentiaries, in which three convicts
have already been killed in uprisings
since March IA.
1t was given before the Legislative
Committee investigating unrest in the
States twin prisons, by Joe Moran,
convict serving time for bank robbery,
who charged that he had paid $4,000 to
O member of a previous pardon and
parole board for his parole, but was re-
arrested after IL months Of freedom. He
sefused to give his name.
Don't think this is the end" the
witness said, in referring to the rioting
In the old prison and the Statewide
Penitentiary. 1.-THE inmates didn't want
70 riot March ID and they wouldn't
have If it hadn't been for the stool
pigeon guards and inmates and their
activity. stoolpigeon guards brought on
this riot and you haven't heard the
last OF it."
Two Prisoners Killed.
Two prisoners were killed in the
March IA disorders, which occurred In
the older of the two prisons and one
met death March 10 at the newer pen
itentiary known as Statewide. Warden
Henry Hill blamed overcrowding and
the activities of the parole board.
Moran's testimony yesterday, given
Just before the committee adjourned to
AHo :. Of Grrfs1oHald
day, was attacked by Thomas II. Can
non, a member of the present board,
who declared the convict was "telling
only one side Of the story"
you must remember" Cannon said,
shat these convictS hate everybody.
Much of your sympathy for them is
misplaced"
Threat Of Fisticuffs at Session.
The session became heated when
Cannon charged that State Senator
Daniel Serritena Of Chicago and other
members Of the Legislature had tried to
bring pressure on the parole board to
get the release Of prisoners in whom
they were interested. There was q
threat of fisticuffs as Harry McCaSk-
rian, State Representative from Rock
Island took exception to Cannon's
statement, but the uproar was quoted
by the chairman.
While the hearing was In progress
the Rev. George L. Whitmeyer, Epis-
copa1 chaplain, who resigned after the
warden had charged him with foment-
ing disorder, confirmed q report that he
himself had once been q convict. He
said he had been sentenced to Elmira
Reformatory in New York prior to his
ordination on a grand larceny charge.
He began study for the ministry after
he was paroled.
Mr.. Whitmeyer, prior to his resigna-
ton as chaplain, denounced the tactics
used in handling prisoners in Joliet.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-03-24

30th and P stS.-Morgan
Bros Pharmacy.
30th and M sts.-Brace's
Pharmacy.
3411 M st.-M oskey's
Pharmacy.
2072 wise nsin ave-
Haney's.
Wisconsin ave. and o st.
Donahue's Pharmacy.
35th and o sts.-Sugar's
Drug Store.
5104 Conduit rd.-Modern
Drug Store.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-03-24
Southeast

3rd and Pa. ave.-O'Don-
nell's Drug Store.
9th and Eye StS.-F. p.
Weller's Pharmacy.
18th and Pa. ave.-Fealy's
Pharmacy.
1907 Nichols ave-, AnacoS-
tia-Healy's Drug Store.
18th and East Cap. sts.--
Lincoln Park Pharmacy.
1904 Minnesota ave-
Twining City Drug
Store.
No fees in connection
with this Seryice-olly
regular rates are charged.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-03-24
Dunlap Spring Hats
TO tCeGr tUith The WGshingtOniGn
81 and SO

Every man knows that Dunlap hat Is
the last word in smart style. 1t should
also be known that Dunlap hat wears
better and looks better for longer time.
If it's Dunlap, that's all you need to
know about hat.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-03-24
Northwest

4NOI AAWGSI
18th and Park rd.-Arm-
Strong's Pharmacy.
14th and P sts.-Day's
Pharmacy.
1875 18th st. - Martyrs
Cigar & Magazine Store.
18th and Que sts.-Ken-
ner'S Pharmacy.
18th and U stS.-G. 0.
Brock.
1901 Georgia ave.-Har-
ward Drug Store.
1912 18th st.-CollifloWer
Art & Gift Co.
3401 14th St.-Bronaugh'S
Pharmacy.
14th and Buchanan Sts.-
Hohberger'S Pharmacy.
14th st. and Colorado ave.
-O'DonnellS Pharmacy.
1909 Mount Pleasant St.
Mount Pleasant Cigar
and News Shop.
1773 Columbia rd.-The
Billy Shop.
1852 California st.-Co-
lodny Brothers.
Wardman Park Pharmacy.
N. Y. N. J. ayes. and M st.
Sanitary Pharmacy.
1st and X sts.-Duncan's
Pharmacy.
7th and X StS.-Golden-
berg's (time clerks
Tth and o sts.-Lincoln
Drug Store.
7th st. and r. I. ave-.
French Simpson.
18th and M sts.-L. H.
Forster'S Pharmacy.
9th and U sts.-M. H. Hun
tons Pharmacy.
Ga. ave. and Upshur St.
Petworth Pharmacy.
221 Upshur St.-Monck's
Pharmacy.
1918 Ga. ave.-Brightwood
Pharmacy.
Ga. ave. and Kennedy st.
-Lampkin'S Pharmacy.
2o01 Sherman ave.-Sher-
man Ave. Pharmacy.
1924 3rd st.-Stewart's
Pharmacy.
1905 Mass. ave.-Dupont
Pharmacv.
18th and Fla. ave.-Bern-
STEMS Drug Store.
Ela. ave. and 1st st.-N.
ReiSkin.
North Capitol st. and r. I.
ave.-Parker'S p h a r.
macy.
1742 Pa. ave-. Louis
Krick.
21st and G sts.-Quigley's
Pharmacy.
25th st. and Pa. ave-
Herbst's Pharmacy.
1915 Conn. ave. Joll'S
Newsstand.
$500 Conn. ave.--Circle
Confectionery Store.
Wisconsin ave. and Ma
comb st.-Harry G. Taft.
1921 Wisconsin ave.-Mor-
gan Bros Pharmacy.
Takoma Park. $50 Cedar
st.-Mattlngly Bros.
Pharmacy.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-03-24
Northeast

200 Mass. ave.-Capitol
Towers Pharmacy.
4th and H sts.-Home
Drug Store.
GOT H st.-Garren's Music
Store.
18th and Md. ave.-Luck-
ett'S Pharmacy.
18th and Md. ave.-Louis
F. Bradley.
North Capitol and Eye
Kenealy'S Pharmacy.
goth and r. I. ave.-Col-
Inns Pharmacy, Wood
ridge.
$500 18th st.-Brookland
Pharmacy, Brookland.
4th and r. I. ave.-John
G. Biggs' Pharmacy.
Chesapeake Junction-Dr.
F. L. Wight, Jr.
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1931-06-04
A LAUDABLE WORK

Among the many humanitarian activi-
ties which engage the support of benevolent
societies and individuals, the restoring of
crippled children to health and happiness is
one of the most commendable.
The work of modern surgeons in this con-
nection is effective almost beyond belief. At
recent convention of the International So
ciety for Crippled Children it was stated that
modern science has healed all manner Of
diseases and we are happy to say today that
practically every type of malformation, if
taken in early childhood, can be cured"
Among the organizations which have
given special attention to crippled children,
the Shriners have been particularly active,
each member of the order contributing regu-
larly to the maintenance of homes for these
unfortunate little ones, who would otherwise
go through life with deformed bodies and
limbs. Other societies are doing a similar
service.
The hearty encouragement and support
of this labor of love should be extended by
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1931-06-04
every person who is in position to lend a
WASTE IN ADVERTISING

This is an age of advertising. Business
could not get along without it. Yet many
merchants waste large share of the money
they think they are spending for advertising
and wonder why they do not get better re-
suits.
Women do most of the buying for the
home. Now, did you ever see woman go
looking over the bilboards, or reading the
movie screen advertisements in order to make
up her mind what or where to buy! Does she
get her shopping information from theatre
program or a telephone directory? Not on
your life.
Outside of the store itself, the best and
almost the only way to attract prospective
customers attention to what you have to sell
is through the newspaper that goes into the
home. The store that advertises adequately
and persistently in it's local newspapers has
no need to waste money on the other inferior
mediums mentioned