davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-01

The Secretary Of State and Mrs
Stimson left the Capital yesterday 70:
their home, Highhold. West Hills, Long
Island. where they will remain until
Sunday.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-01

Miss Janet Large is spending the
Easter vacation with her uncle and
aunt the President and Mrs. Hoover,
in the White House where Miss Susan
Dyer Is also a guest.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-01

in Washington at the Mayfiower and
left In the afternoon for New York.
Miss Ann Nell White OF Walton, N. Y,
who is at Columbia University this
Winter continuing her postgraduate
studies in psychology. will arrive this
Continued on Third Pare1
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-01
by the war Department Polo Associa.

Mrs. A. Earl Nicely entertained at
luncheon yesterday at the Shoreham in
compliment to Mrs. Waldo Clark. Among
the guests was Mrs. Clark's mother,
Mrs. Percy Stone, of Harrodsburg, KY,
who is now visiting her.
The former Secretary of State and
Mrs Frank b. Kellogg spent yesterday
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-01

Mr.. and Mrs. Frank j. Lcesch of
Chicago, accompanied by the fatter's
mother Mrs. Stephen @. Browning,
have returned to Washington from
three weeks trip to Pasadena and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-01

THE Secretary Of the Navy anc
Mrs. Charles Francis Adams vii
entertain at dinner Saturday
Il April 49, in their home, at 1921
r street in honor of Prince
Takamatsu. second younger brother Of
Emperor Hirohito, and his bride Prin-
cess Takamatsu, who will arrive in
Washington on the afternoon of April
is.
The evening of the arrival of the
royal visitors the President and Mrs
Hoover will give dinner in their honor
at the White House, and the following
evening the Japanese Ambassador and
Nine. Debuchi will entertain at for
NAL dinner at the embassy for them
Friday, April II, the distinguished
Orientals will dine informally with the
Ambassador and Nine. Debuchi, and
Monday, April 20, the Undersecretary
of State and Mrs William r. Castle
will be hosts at dinner to Prince and
Princess Takamatsu. The naval at
tache of the Japanese embassy, Capt.
Shosuke Shimomura will entertain at
dinner April 10 in honor of his coun-
trymen.
While in the Capital the royal pair
will motor to Annapolis, where they
will be guests of the superintendent of
the Naval Academy, Rear Admiral
Samuel Robson.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-01

Mr.. and Mrs B. Alexander Singer en-
tertained informally at dinner at the
Shoreham Hotel last evening for Consul
Chicago
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-01
opened their apartment at the May.

Mr. and Mrs. Eugene G. Coulter will
entertain a party of IL at dinner this
evening at the Shoreham Hotel.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-01

Mrs j. Daniel Ruden and Miss Mary
Perdue Ruden are in Chicago, having
gone for visit to Mrs. Ruden's brother.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-01

Mrs. Tracy c. Drake of Chicago ]:
at the Willard for a short stay.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-01

Mrs. James G.. Mckay entertained
Shoreham Hotel. Her guests were Mrs
A. M Holcombe, Miss Priscilla Hol-
combe, Miss Natalie Lantz, who at
tends Cornell University with Miss Hol-
combe and now is her house guest;
Miss Helen Ray, Miss Clara Smith and
Miss Dorothy Nicholson.
Mrs Paul FitzSimonS is making q
brief visit at the Mayfower.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-01

Capt and Mrs. James r. Menzie will
be hosts at dinner this evening in the
Army and Navy Country Club in COM
pliment to Miss Mary Cootes. daughter
Of the commandant Of Fort Myer and
Mrs. Harry n. Cootes.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-01

The Ambassador of Great Britain and
Lady Lindsay will entertain at an in
formal luncheon tomorrow.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-01

Mrs. McKelvie, wife of Mr.. Samuel
r. McKelvie, member of the Federal
Farm Board, has left Washington by
motor for her home in Nebraska Mr.
McKelvie has taken an apartment at
the Carlton. He probably will join
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-01

+, Mrs. McKelvie in the West this Sum-
/ mer.
Mr.. and Mrs. George w. Wickersham
! entertained a company of 10 at dinner
last evening at the Shoreham Hotel.
Kern-Fawsett Wedding
This Afternoon in Rockville.
Miss Mary Gene Fawsett, daughter Of
Mr.. William H Fawsett Of Travilah,
Md. and Mr.. Bradley c. Karn. son of
Mr.. and Mrs. Frank H. Karn of Rock
vile. were married early this afternoon
by the Rev. j. Lloyd Black of the Rock
vile Christian Church, the ceremony
taking place in the home of the min
lister.
The bride wore gown of blue chif-
fon, with accessories to correspond, and
carried a shower bouquet of brides
roses and lilies of the valley. Her going
away costume was an ensemble CT blue
and gray and corresponding accessories.
There were no attendants.
Immediately after the ceremony, Mr..
and Mrs Karn left for a trip north
They will make their home in Rockville.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-01

Mrs. Robert Lansing left today for
Watertcwn. N. Y, where she will be
until April IA.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-01
SOCIETY
Members of the Royal Japanese Family
Will Be Brilliantly Feted in
the Capital.
the Capital.

Mrs. McKelvie in the West this Sum-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-04-01

Mrs. Benjamin D. Fouloes, president
of the District of Columbia branch of
the Needlework Guild of America, will
be at home tomorrow from 10
O'Clock, to the officers Of the guild, in
honor Of Mrs. Charles Evans Hughes.
the honorary president Of the Dis
trict of Columbia branch.
Smyrna times., 1931-09-09
ST. GEORGES ROAD FINISHED
New Six Mile Strip Makes Four
teen Miles of Double Highway

DelaWare's second stretch of dual
highway six miles in length extend
ing from st. Georges to Old Draw
yers Creek, opened to vehicle traf-
f1c on Saturday. The completion
of the new roadway, at a cost of
$245, 900, makes IA miles of dual
highway now in use and plans are
under way for the construction of
an additional six miles of such a
highway leading to Fieldsboro. The
contract for two bridges to be con
structed on this project, has been
awarded to James Bowers, of
Whitesville, N. c., at cost of
$4,000. The fills viii be made this
winter and the paving completed
next summer. When this project
is carried out there will be 20
miles of dual roadway leading
southwark from State Road. The
cost of the last portion just com
pleted ending at Old Drawers
Creek, was borne by the Federal
Government and the State highway
department, the last session of the
Congress appropriating one-half of
the cost from the unemployed re-
lief bill. The contract for the
work was awarded to the Contin-
entail Construction Company, of
Baltimore. The new roadway cor
rorr6,,Je ~ +Lo frc+ c+,ao+ob of J1,ol
roadway being 20 feet in width
with a fifty feet parkway between
the two roads Work was started
on the project in April. The task
of seeding, planting and otherwise
improving the parkway is now un-
der way The same species of
plants and trees planted on the
parkway on the first stretch is be-
ing used in this work. The con-
struction of the dual road system
is praised by automobiiists gener-
ally, and during the two years, the
first stretch has been in use, ac-
cording to E. Downing, resident
engineer of the State highway de
partment, there had been no fatal
tiles such as has been experienced
on the single roadways. The State
highway from Wilmington to State
Road is a four lane road and from
State road to Old Drawers Creek,
the dull road continues, making IA
miles in length.
Smyrna times., 1931-09-09
Meaning of Word ''Dish"
Has Undergone Change

Originally the word dish applied
only TO a plate, bowl, or platter.
There are related words in other
languages which mean either plate
or table The word comes from
the old English disc, plate, which
is equivalent to the old High Ger
man tisc, plate. Present-day Ger
man has tisch, table. 1t has been
in our language since about the
Eighth century.
1t has been used to designate "a
broad shallow vessel, with fiat bot
tom, concave sides, and nearly level
rim, made Of earthenware. glass,
metal, or wood, and used chiefly to
hold food ut meals. Sometimes it
is restricted to those vessels which
are oval, square, or irregular in
shape, as distinguished from cir
cular plate. Other times it refers
to all open vessels used to contain
food at table, '.as turCens, vege-
table dishes, etc 1t also means,
"a hollow vessel of wood or metal,
used for drinking. and also espe-
cially as a be%gar's receptacle for
aims; cup, but this latter use
seems less frequent than the for
mer one. 1t was not introduced into
our literature until about 1881, and
it has not been used much since
the Eighteenth century. This use
has survived in the phrase, "a dish
of tea," which is fairly common to-
day. Macaulay wrote in 1865,
More than one seat in parliament
had been bought and sold
over a dish of coffee at Cara
ways" Dish here means an in
definite quantity.
A water pitcher, sugar bowl, and
possibly u cup, are not, strictly
speaking. dishes. But, to the
Americaa housewife, dishes are
coming . mean those utensils that
go on the table at mealtime, as
well as to refer to the amount or
kind of food served in a dish.-
Literary Digest.
Smyrna times., 1931-09-09
MARINE BAND AT LONGWOOD
Proceeds of Concerts on September
IA Will Go to The Bows Camp

IA VIII 90 to The Boys Camp
Mr.. and Mrs. Pierre S. dupont
have arranged to bring the United
States Marine Band to Longwood
for concerts the afternoon and ev-
ening of Monday, September IA
proceeds of which will benefit the
Boys Camp of the Community
Service. Mrs. Frank c. Tallman,
who is personally interested in the
activities of the camp and the con-
cert, has arranged to send a group
of children to the afternoon con-
cert and plans are also being made
for other groups to attend. The
United States Marine Band has be-
come an institution in America. 1t
is in demand wherever the best
music is desired. From the Presi-
dent of United States to the hum
blest citizen, this famous band has
become a symbol of all that is best
in band music. 1t is known as the
Presidents Own. and it plays at
the White House for the great dip
lomatic functions, balls and social
gatherings that are frequent
events at the capital. Many music
lovers of Wilmington are familiar
with the splendid concerts given by
this band which has been brought
to Longwood frequently for benefit
performances by Mr.. and Mrs. du-
Smyrna times., 1931-09-09
WEDDING OF MUCH INTEREST
Miss Isabelle Green Becomes Bride
of j. p. Pepper, Georgetown

of j. p. Pepper, Georgetown
A quiet but pretty wedding took
place in Wesley Methodist Episco-
pal Church, Georgetown, Tuesday
night when Miss Isabelle Green,
daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Joseph
G. Green, and James Paul Pepper,
son of Mr.. and Mrs. Byron, were
married by the Rev. Omar E.Jones
The brides sister, Miss Margaret
Green, and John Jones, a close
friend of the bridegroom, were the
attendants The bride was attired
in a navy blue chiffon dress with
hat ard gloves to match. Her sis
ter was dressed in a suit of navy
blue velvet. The bride is very pop
ular among the younger set
throughout the central section of
Sussex county. She is a graduate
of the Georgetown High School,
class of 81, and for the past two
years was star side center on the
school basketball team. Her faith
er is senior member OF the firm Of
Joseph G. Green, Inc, plumbers
and steam filters, and for II
years chief of the Georgetown Fire
Company. The bridegroom is one
of the members of the firm Of By
ron Pepper & Sons, dairymen and
hatcherymen, located on the
George rgetown-Laurel highway. The
bridegroom father, in addition to
being a dairyman and hatchery
man, has for many years been a
rural mail carriers from the
Georgetown post office. He is also
one of the three members Of the
Georgetown Board Of Education.
Immediately after the ceremony,
Mr.. and Mrs. Pepper left for a
wedding trip to Atlantic City They
are expected to return the first Of
the week.
Smyrna times., 1931-09-09

The Postoffice Department at
Washington, has ordered Harbeson
rural route No. 2 to be consolidate
ed with Harbeson Route No. and
Milton Route No. 2, Sussex county
The consolidation was brought
about by a vacancy in one of the
Milton routes and the department
did not think it worth while to fill
the vacancy.
Smyrna times., 1931-09-09
Try 1t. and See

II don't see why having your car
overhauled should be such a de-
pressing experience"
You don't. eh? Well, 1t was
overhauled by a motor cycle cop"
Smyrna times., 1931-09-09

Alexander G. Cummins' phos-
phate works at the Brick Store
Landing" on the Creek some two
miles below Rothwell's landing is
assuming quite dignified proper
tions. The manufacturers COM
menced about two years ago in the
large barn that belongs to the
farm under the management of A.
Sisco. The result of the season
was prompting of Mr.. Cummins
to go into the manufacture in a
more business like way and he
forthwith erected factory with
the necessary works, and a IS
horse power engine was placed in
it for driving power The past
winter or spring he fanked this
building with two sheds on either
side so by 80 feet for storage room.
In addition he has recently, with
the other improvements in machin-
cry obtained a new mixer capable
Of manipulating 1900 pounds of
material at one time. Still, his SUI
perintendent, James Farrow, says,
they are hampered for both room
and power and Mr. Cummins in
tends to erect another building in
front Of the present one and re-
place the present engine with one
Of 50-horse power. The creek at
this point curves right into fast
land, giving splendid landing
with nine feet Of water at high
tide. The front, solidly laid with
heavy hewn logs (now undergoing
repairs) is 160 feet in length with
two wings, 80 feet each. The nat
ural advantages Of this place as a
shipping point are among the best
On the creek.
The Public Schools opened on
Monday with more than usual com
motion among the little folks. Con-
solidation caused a shaking up and
a new deal very much the same as
if they had been members Of a
pack of cards. Many Of those who
had been going all the time to No
3 were sent to Nos and vice versa.
Heretofore the older could see af-
ter and protect the small and help
less member Of the family but the
arbitrary rule of division by class
es scattered them in many cases to
different sides Of the town. This
bore heavily with some, and not
few tears were shed, but in few
days they will doubtless get used
to the new order Of things. "A
proper remedy cannot be had until
a new house is built To hold all the
scholars at No 5 which cannot
properly be done until after the
next meeting Of the Legislature.
The teachers have been like the
children. shifted from side to side
like so many figures in game Of
chess, but have entered on their
work with spirit and earnestness.
The Directors in a body visited
each school with encouraging rec
ognition. The most important
change is the establishment Of a
high school under the instruction
of the Principal, Mr.. Rosin. The
consequence is the starting to
school again of a number who had
gone through and thought their ed
ucation finished-unless at dis
tant seminary or college.
Down The Peninsula.-The peo-
Smyrna times., 1931-09-09
The Other Side of 1t

There have been some mighty
mean mothers-in-law. but 0ffhand
our bet would be that there have
been a heap more mean sons-in-
law-Cincinnati Enquirer
Smyrna times., 1931-09-09
HUNTING SEASov
Federal Regulation
ed on Wild n,,, 1ssh

The Delaware Can.
Commission has is @ al
announcing the Fedsr0u Fl5u
just amended prasor.a q fe9
iod November is : 'Illg y
on ducks sll . s.s1 .ae only ops |
September III 0,as 'il III
day Of tie blrti. '~s
squirrels IA; lung ssal
oaIlir,Iis. except csy,
z 6a Ii,,i, I, ! !, .la and d..
- sora 1" squirrels II
Fedoyal al = ,sl aIa Y doves. 81
: Ion epsl e q , q" ,Aere is no u
siderable difference .'''s
State aud L--.5., -'"ts
~ 49, ai-'' 1'=sa- bag
ail. a, G"7gs -Ne most restng,
mus mus 6 observed. Ia. !,
n man -l1lls p more u
iisn nan caA e feasorss,
@ Aecoi oihg e 5ae sttae las.
pelso nouns a license III
lie la9 ,i5'-.' as P:es.,,I
la"' + Authorized TO ar..r
o5 ou( ~alian. var "9-ators Of t.
anu IlSh -a. this Stat.
any freehoIder Or Isa,.t,,.
member Of hi- family -
son in his ea.alev is ar..
arrest Wltaeat warrant \
son of Peta ,hs "ho upon d
nold of leaseh a.d. snail ca.,I
violations IT he gs~. 4
laws q the State 7. i d
q an spoflsIhen p AXE s3s
of the authority tas ~
them for The enforcensr,
laws" the bulletin suggsv.
Smyrna times., 1931-09-09
SMYRNA FIFTY YEARS AGO AS
REVAMPED FROM OUR FILES
ITEMS ABOUT SMYRNA FROM
SMYRNA TIMES, SEPT. Z, 1881
Notes of Marriages, Deaths, Real
Estate Deals and Matters of In
terest of Half Century Ago

(The Smyrna Times has started
20 look back over its files and tell
what happened around the correspond
ing date of this issue. half century
ago. We hope to make this a regular
weekly feature. If it does nothing else,
1t will call to mind people and events
of that day that should be interesting
to the present generation. We hope
our readers will find it interesting and
that it will make the Times more eag-
erly sought and read-Editor.)
Smyrna times., 1931-09-09

CraSed aCith blood flaming rum
those savage Ka6frS attacked!
1t sgiH challenge your belief TO
read of the Jungle horrors heap
ed upon this beautiful lOOmdn,
lCho actually ived TO tell her
0wn true story in lUOrdS so
frank they ferrity.
eff those degenerate Kaffirs had only
killed me" this woman writes, 81
would not today be tortured with tell
ing you of that horrible jungle night.
"You may ask, why tell it, if it
tortures you to do SOP But tell you
Smyrna times., 1931-09-09

Queen Arne County
OF Religious Eaaca.ion Vii
convention q all .hs
Schools Of the county il
vile Methodist Episcopal
on Thursday Septembs-
most excellent and ins,rr,,
gram IS beng prepared fm
casion.
Smyrna times., 1931-09-09

that | must speak. / must cuh.
in confession, so psychuIoal
there is a magic balm that h:t
forget forget Oh, tImy
If you, dear spectator, think
dealt you hellish blows-ssg.
soul with suffe pick
amazing real-life story, TIES
TRAIL. here in this thundena
Even as you read, YOU nF
that any woman Of woman br
bear the nameless hOrron.
upon these defenseless L
shoulders. But read this at
true-life story for yourself ]
find it complete in 0ctObs
STORY. Get your copy-rsa:i
True Story Hour is nor broSdfssi Er
might Oper HE4F and NBCRs \
Smyrna times., 1931-09-09
You CanB
A Ford
On Easy
Terms

Like thousa~I
other motor i
people you csl /
Ford throas
for a small u
payment and /
monthly term: j
charges for u
ipg are moi'al
low. which al'
led through oI I
Office. |
Bring in you 4
car for aPHIl
Wen treat Il
right Now \
Fan is here. Il
the thrill Of II
Ford 49, "a
ID operate II
able yet 50 n
ser ths Il
buy under II
ent abnormal Il
tiOns. n
Smyrna times., 1931-09-09

True Story Hour is nor br0GdfsIi Er
might oger HE4F and NBC RsA
O'Clock New fork time.
Smyrna times., 1931-09-09
Premier Ford Dealer

Our Main Job is to Help You
avoid Trouble By Keeping
Your Car Running Smoothly
as well as Save You Money IN
Repairs.
The Washington times., 1931-02-11
SINS DECLARED
SUICIDE CAUSE

That James Franz Skogland,
49-year-old scientist at the Bureau
Of Standards. was driven to suicide
by. the belief that his life had
been misspent was revealed late
yesterday by the discovery Of a
note in his clothes by Assistant
Morguemaster Estes.
The note read:
Dear father, mother, Lou, Mel.
son, Dorothy and Kenneth:
Sorry, but this is the best way
out. It is my reward for a badly
spent life. Faithful to you but
= . million small sins have over.
come me. GOOd-by. lSigned)
Franz"
Mr.. Skogland committed sui.
eide yesterday afternoon by plung-
ing $50 feet from the Million
Dollar" Bridge on Connecticut
Avenue to the paved surface Of
Rock Creek Highway below.
Elmo Stiger. 618 B St. N. w.,
said that Mr.. Skogland was walk
ing across the bridge when he
suddenly turned, climbed over the
iron guard rail and leaped,
Coroner j. Ramsay hewitt is ex-
pected to issue a certificate of
suicide today.
The Washington times., 1931-02-11
Prisoner COnfeSses
To Firin0 Building

Charles Davis, colored, so, 2123
Tenth st. N. W., last night signed
a confession in which he ad-
mitted setting fire to stables in
the rear of 2040 Tenth st. N. W.,
in which five horses were burned
to death Saturday night.
The fire completely destroyed
the stablesI owned by Mary
Bureke, 1882 Massachusetts, Ave.
N. w., and endangered surround
ing property. Davis had been
held for questioning.
The Washington times., 1931-02-11
TGkOn1G Park Pastor
Hit-1nd-RUn Victim

The Rev. William E. LaRue,
pastor Of the Tacoma Park Bap-
tist Church, narrowly escaped
injury yesterday when his auto
mobile was in collision with an
other. driven by a hit-and-run
driver, in Soldiers Home grounds.
Thomas Sykes, of Kentucky
Avenue Southeast, was later ar
rested by police in connection
with the accident. According to
police, Sykes was armed. He is
being held on a charge of investi-
cation.
The Washington times., 1931-02-11
GIRLS WIN PRIZE.
FOR SCULPTURE.

Three youthful sculptors won
the prizes for the Corcoran School
of Art advanced sculpture class
contest, which was judged today
by three local sculptors.
The winners are Margaret BroX-
ton, Betty Thompson and Gladys
Theis, all students. The class has
been working under the supervi-
sion of it's instructor, j. Maxwell
Miller, head of the Rhinehart
School of Sculpture in Baltimore.
The judges Of the contest were
Miss Claire Hill, Mrs. George
Oakley Gotten and Mrs. Margaret
French CreSson.
The Washington times., 1931-02-11
Monument Beacon
Favored BY Grant

The Washington Monument, in
stead of being a serious menace
to aviators flying at night and in
fog, may soon become a tremen-
dous help as beacon of light
reaching 555 feet toward the sky,
If efforts of Lieut.. Col. U. S.
Grant 3D., director of Public
Buildings and Public Parks, are
successful.
Conferences are now being con-
Quoted with representatives Of
various lighting companies to de-
terInine the best way to illumi-
nate the shaft.
The Washington times., 1931-02-11
Mirror Skating Pool
Ice Tests Conducted

Experiments to test the feast.
bility of converting the Lincoln
Memorial reflecting pool into an
all.winter ice skating rink by
means of artificial refrigeration
are still being conducted on the
roof of the District Building.
Two weeks ago, a box-like
apparatus, equipped with re-
frigerating machinery, was placed
on the roof. Tests of the ice
composition under all sorts of
weather are being conducted by
a committee of the Board of
Trade before a final report will
be submitted.
The Washington times., 1931-02-11
Merchants Death
Under Police Probe

Police today we're continuing
their inquiry into the death Of
Alfred J. Wollberg, 3405 Ordway
st. N. W., branch manager of a
cigar store. who died yesterday
at his home.
The inquiry was begun after
the discovery in his home Of a
pasteboard box labeled with the
name Of a poison, police said.
Deputy Coroner Joseph D. Rogers
is expected to perform an autopsy
today.
Mr.. 'Wollberg was found dead
yesterday by his wife.
The Washington times., 1931-02-11
ENGINEERS MEET FRIDAY

The Washington chapter of the
Association of Engineers
will hold its next meeting at 8
o'clock Friday night at 2400
Sixteenth st. N. w. A new
engineers drive" will be dis
cuSSed.
The Washington times., 1931-02-11
Friday and Thirteen
Fail to Brighten
OD.C. Dealers

Friday the thirteenth? Who's
afraid?
Certainly not a group Of TO
dealers who formerly had their
stands in Old Center Market,
now being demolished.
For the group has selected
the date Of Friday, the thir-
teenth, to open their new head
quarters at Maryland Avenue
and Water Street Southwest.
Plans for the new market
were made 13 years ago by a
committee of 13 members.