davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-05-17
Milady's Motoring
BY FREDERICK C. RUSSELL.

One way you can lose standing
quickly is by your behavior while sit
ting at the wheel Of the car.
Motcrdom is abuzz with stories OF
women who have tried to learn to
manipulate an automobile and who
have faled-until today. Something
about the new transmissicns has en-
couraged them to buck up and make
a second attempt. Invariably they find
the going easier, and sign on the dotted
line. It's milady's year in the motor
world.
Driving tips offered by the men folk
are not always to be trusted. Consider
for instance. the case of the woman
who was informed that If she acceler-
ated after every turn the steering
wheel would spin around to the
straight-ahead position more easily
She tried the idea and nearly upset
the car. Her machine was equipped
with the type of gear that does not
right itself 1t is necessary to swing
the wheel manually to return 1t to
the straight-ahead position, and the
faster the car travels the quicker the
driver must be about it.
Ladies who like to step on the gas
and what woman doesnt-should be
interested in high-speed steering pro-
cedure as recommended by z. w. Sea
holm, che Ct the leading automotive
engineers.
For the best control at high speed y
he says, the two hands should grasp
the wheel at points approximately OPP
posite each other. The palm of the
left hand should be under the rim, with
tie fingers gripping upward, thus al
lowing the left arm and hand to serve
as q brace. The palm of the right
hand should be on top of the rim, with
the fingers gripping downward, thus
affording the greatest and most quick
ly available leverage"
When told by dealer for O fairly
priced car that he could not possibly
meet the allowance offered by COM
petitor, II he expected to stay in busi-
ness. woman shopper asked what DIFF
ferencs did his business security mean
to her. II she Is listening In I'd like
10 answer this by reminding her of the
many thous ands OF people who today
are driving orphan cas- because fhcV
we're 30 "succes~ -" II '2<.,.,g in th~ir
fcrmcr cars TO- ;rc-c ti,-n they w-re
v-1fth. It's Sco1 t,'...---s u le7-e ycI-
ceaier enough r"ofit p that he can
continue to represent your make OF car.
give It prestige and provide the service
you need.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-05-17
MUCH ROAD WORK
PLANNED IN BRAZIL
Present Development Is Halted BY
Depressed Economic
Situation.

| The world depression called q halt
| to a2 elaborate program Of road build
ING IN Brazil according TO survey of
motor roads in that country which the
Commerce Department has Just issued.
Previous to 1920, the survey reveals,
little attention was paid to road de-
velopment in that country. with the
exception of the areas In or near the
popilous cast cities.
Beginning in that year the federal
irrigation service undertook the con-
struction of new roads and the i'm
provement Of existing highways as part
| Ct an elaborate scheme of irrigation
and hydroelectric development. About
3,400 miles of road were completed by
! this service.
State Governments Helm.
The federal highway law of 1927
greatly stimulated road-b lin e
throughout the whole Of Brazil. Under
| its provisions plans were drawn for a
nationwide network Of roads, and
some financial aid was provided for
those to be constructed by the state
| governments.
This activity in road building came
to an end with the coffee crisis in the
latter half Of 1929, which, with the
political unrest in 1880, was responsible
|
federal and the state highways
| The new roads which are projected
will be built to uniform specifications
as to width Of roadway, width of sur
! face, materials used. radius of curves,
! tangent between curves, and grades,
according to the survey, The new
bridges will be Of reinforced ccncrete
or wood on concrete piles; cuts and
fills are now being made to make the
roads more nearly permanent.
Obstacles to Overcome.
There are many natural obstacles to
the construction Of good roads in
Brazil, 1t Il pointed out. In the first
| place, the country is very large and
E, the population sparse in most of the
area. Most Of it is tropical, with def
mite rainy seasons. In those seasons
dirt roads are washed away or, If they
remain, are impossible. Bridges have
not been built extensively, and when
the streams are swollen the fords can
net be- used. The roads cut through
the jungle will be entirely overgrown
In very short time unless the vegeta-
ton Is constantly cut back.
Although much Of the road building
In Brazil Is still done with pick and
shovel, an increasing tendency is evil
dent toward the use Of modern road
building machinery.
The federal government and a num-
Der OF the more progressive state gov
ernmentS are using greater amount
of mechanical equipment, and the
same Is true of number Of the larger
contractors. United States equipment
is generally preferred, although some
European equipment has been pur-
chased, principally from Germany and
England.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-05-17

Any woman who has difficulty back
Ing out of the garage should be care
ful to see that the front wheels are
set straight ahead before starting of
IN the morning. The straighter the
car is run into the garage the less
chance there will be of taking on a
door on the way out.
Women with roadsters will be in
terested in the new-type auto wardrobe
trunk which stands in an upright PC
sition on the running board just back
OF the left door. Dresses are hung on
hangers and keep remarkably free from
wrinkles even on long trip. For rear
trunk equipment it is best to place the
grips on top of each other rather than
to set them in the usual position. Ex-
cept in the cfse of a wardrobe trunk.
your clothiES will keep better II lying
fiat.
If you are one Of the many American
women now breaking in a new car
there are some points you may profit
by observing. Women have a natural
advantage in a job of this sort, but
very few CT them know why
Briefly, it's because of your desire
to step on it. II you bear in mind
that you should not drive the new car
IaSt, ana keep cutting down the car
speed whenever you think of it, you
probably viii make q good job Of the
breaking-tn process. Spurts OF speed
are beneficial to the motors OF the
newer cars, because of pressure lubri-
cation.
Just so long as you don't maintain
speed or try to exercise the upper
range of the speedcmeter you probably
will be doing right by yourself ana
the car Too many man drivers
make the mistake of poking along with
new car. actually making the engine
labor on hills and on slight upgradeS;
II the car is kept at its rolling speed
1t can operate more easily.
Also because women still are Dit
skeptical Of the gears, and try to
shift to high as soon as possible, they
are less likely to overspeed the engine
10 lower gear. Deliver a new car 10
a woman and she will also want TO
spend a week shopping around for a
new trousSeau, whereas O man Will
Immediately start cut en- trip Sfort
runs are better for the brand-new car.
After a series Of compliments like
that I'm going to risk bit Of cr-t.c I'M
Vhy. fair lady, siwevs -. you" &C..
Tol back into mira WIEN rou st9"t
cvay cp..l In tram? Csnt y1u hold
the car with the hand brake. slowly
easing on Is you engage the Gluten
and accelerate the enginei
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-05-17
BENEFIT FOR MANUFACTURERS
SEEN FROM AUTOMOBILE RACES
Auto Designer, Whose Many Advances
Underwent Initial Development Through
Racing Practice, Makes Claim.

both these jobs are Of the rotary valve
type, and are said to have two-cycl0
motors Of the double piston variety.
One OF the other sixteens Il 10 be pi.
.oted by Earl Cooper, track veteran
The car with more power per pound
OF weight than any CT the others to
try the race is likely TO be the Miller
Special, which William Canton of De-
troit is to drive. II Is credited with
developing 300 horsepower TO make the
2OO-miles-an-hour maximum claimed
for 1t.
Rebuild Old Timer.
One of the real old-timer power
plants to be rebuilt for this race is
the Mercedes, Of German make. In
which Ralph De Palma won the 800"
back IN 1915. 1t is being put in by
Dick Woods Of Noble. pa. mo driver
is named for It. De Talma, in this
contest. MAJ b. a. the wheel CT O
MillerW Weir Spc~.ai Owned by Van =.
G aussen
In the class CT revampad stock cars
appear the names Ford. Fronty-Tord
Studebaker Hudson, Buick. Auburn
Stutz and Lycoming.
Also there are Il of what are known
as Model A Duesenbergs. The latter
carry engines that we're designed back
in 1920. and none were built later than
1925. Most of them retain the orig4
inal axles. Several have had new
frames built fer them, and for TIRES
new heads haze been made
(Copyright, 1881. by North American News
paper Alliance
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-05-17
BUILDERS RECOMMEND
GREATER HIGHWAY WIDTH
20-Foot Minimum Urged by Engineers,
Who Would Make Roads Safe for
Even Reckless Drivers.

executive, in charge Of fact collection.
Numerous campaigns have been be-
gun to encourage safe driving and to
reduce the number of accidents. Safety,
however, is best provided for by build
ing enough safe roads SO that there
will be no congestion" declared George
Sewers, commissioner of engineering
and construction. Cleveland, en- officer
Of the Road Builders Association.
Most accidents occur as a result of
congestion and poor visibility at inter-
sections of both roads and streets"
The railroads, with record of only
seven passenger deaths from train ac-
cidents IN 1889 - 101 $4,000 persons
hauled for each death-furniSh an ex-
cellent example Of the importance of
providing o safe roadbed and careful
operation by trained men," he continued.
THE care used in selecting engine driv-
ers is hardly possible for automobile
drivers, but with such care the operation
of motor vehicles on the highways would
be infinitely safer. The use of auto
mobiles, however. would be materially
reduced. A similar condition now ex-
lists in the handling OF sirplanes. Long
and relatively expensive training is nee
essary before one Is permitted TO fly an
airplane. Licensing of motor vehicle
operators is big step forward"
Safe for Reckless Drivers.
Obviously, safety on the highways VIII
not be achieved to any great extent
until roads are built so that even e
reckless driver viii be safe. To achieve
this result many existing roads must
be reconstructed-safety must be built
into them"-stated Stanley Abel, Sec
rotary Of the County Supervisors Asso-
citation Of California, another oficer OF
the Road Builders Association.
What are the essentials of built-in
safety? Adequate width Of surface Is
probably the first requirement" he as
serted. Then follows freedom from
sharp curves with clear vision around
curves and over the tops Of hills, which
should be rounded so that a driver can
see well ahead car approaching on
the opposite hillside. Proper super
elevation and non-skid surfaces are de-
sirable. Safety demands full width of
bridges and eulverts so that the driver
hardly notices their existence as he
passes. In addition, courtesy and eau
ton on the part Of individual drivers
are needed"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-05-17
MOTORISTS COVERING
GREATER DISTANCES
Improved Roads Cause Of Better
Driving Ease and
Lower Costs.

Motorists of today are covering two
thirds more distance in year than they
Gid decade ago.
The u. S. Department of Agriculture
recently announced that in 1880 the
total usage Of gasoline increased 31a per
cent over that of 1929, even though
there were only few more cars
In 1880 the average consumption Of
gasoline per vehicle was $50 gallons, as
compared with 500 gallons in 1929.
Estimating that the average car travels
Is miles per gallon, motorists in 1880
averaged 8,340 miles of travel. Ten
years ago motorists averaged little more
than 5000 miles yearly.
This sharpened appetite for travel has
come about through improved roads,
which motorists themselves have paid
for through vehicle license fees and
gasoline taxes Although road incomes
are augmented from other sources,
funds contributed directly by motorists
have been largely responsible for the
construction of continuous interlocking
highways which allow the motorist to
cover lengthy mileages at will
Last year the net revenue from the
gasoline tax was S494,6e3, 900. The aver
age gasoline tax rate was 3.35 cents per
gallon. Road builders consider this a
bargain price TO pay for motoring facili-
ties because of the lowered cost of OPP
Grating automobiles. increased speed,
driving comfort and the lowered road
maintenance cost; cost borne in one
way or another by taxpayers.
Automobile license fees the country
ever averaged $l341 annually, and this,
added to the average gasoline tax pay
ment of 1882, brings the total to
S32.o3. The average motor car owner
can f10IIre nit for hirnaelf what he e,ef G
for his motor tax expenditures.
According TO the widely accepted Iowa
State College figures, hard-surfaced
pavements save more than cents a
mile in car operating costs over roads of
intermediate types The motorist,
therefore. who in 1880 drove s.34O miles
over concrete rather than over interme-
date type roads saved sag 40, or more
than $50 over his motor tax outlay.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-05-17

Road widening to q minimum of 20
feet Is recommended in States and
counties in committee report of the
American Road Builders Association by
G. e. BurleSon, county highway engi-
neer Clearwater Fla, chairman of the
Committee on Road Widening. Rec
concentrations are also made as to
when and how roads should be widened
The population in urban and SUBJ
urban sections has grown so rapidly and
such large percentage of the people
own automobiles that the widening of
old roads must be carried forward
rapidly" declared Mr.. Burleson.
Future Traffic Demands.
Future traf1c demands as to width
Of pavement should be anticipated for
10 years. the committee says, and right
of way should be wide enough for con-
dttions IS years hence. Highways for
two lanes of traffic should be paved at
least 20 feet wide with 6-foot shoulders
for parking. Intersections should be
widened to four traffic lanes (40 feet)
for 300 feet in each direction from the
corner. Where trafic exceeds 1000 We
hicles a 10-hour day. or frequent peak
loads in excess Of 300 vehicles an hour
in one direction exists. three or four
lane road is needed The salvage value
Of the old pavement should be sacrificed
to improve the alignment or to provide
clearer vision over hills.
In widening an old pavement q mar
row, but substantial, widening strip
even with the old surface on both sides
improves the appearance Of the road,
gives definite limits for pavement MAIN
tenaIlce and guides trafic. A few feet
added to one side is less expensive
than widening both sides, but the new
track of vehicles may change the heavy
loads to weak point on the pave
ment.
Extra Width on Curves.
Pavements on curves. comments the
committee, should be given from TO
s feet extra width, and they should be
marked down the center to separate
trafic.
Based on facts collected from nu-
merous States and counties, the COM
mittee lays down rules for road widen
ing which, while not ironclad, give q
consensus of engineering opinion as to
when and how the work should be
DONE" stated Charles Grubb, engineer
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-05-17
OIL VISC0SITY GAUGED
BY NEW NUMBER SYSTEM
Present Vague Classification to
Give Way to Improved Method,
Engineers Believe.

A series of numbers ranging from
10 to 10 to denote tie viscosity of
lubricat!ng oil. or its body. has recently
been developed by the Society of Auto
motive Engineers in cooperation with
leading automotive and oil manufac-
ture2S to take the place of the old gen
eral classification of light, medium,
heavy, extra heavy, etc.
These numbers will not in any way
refer to the quality Of the oil. but will
define only its body or viscosity. Just
as the size or number on a mans collar
does not in any way indicate the quality
Of the linen OF which 1t is made, so the
new numbers will not refer to the
quality Of the oil. but only to its con-
s.3tency of body, or viscosity.
The new classification. which has
been called the s. A. E. V;scosity Num-
berirg System. is very simple. H.
merely arbitrarily divides motor oil
vi5ccSites into six .nuIh--e1 sro''~7
ranging fro-1 very Light OIL ro~' --;'e-kc !
S. A. E. Viscosity no. 10 to ext e hsavy
which 10 marked s. A. z. Viscosity
No. u
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-05-17
HIGHWAY ENGINEERS
SHOULD LOOK AHEAD
Automotive Leader Urges Road
Builders to Study Traffic
Needs Of the Future.

Taxpayers are well within theiA
rights in demanding that highway exc
ecutives and engineers in charge of tho
development Of road programs. tie In
their present-day plans with those that
may be in effect 10 years from now,T
states H. II. Franklin, an executive i9
the automobile world. For years Mr.
Franklin has been one of the leaders
in demand that highway construcy
ton should look to future trafae needs
as we'll as to provide safety for presents
day automobile users.
Mr.. Franklin believes it Is partictIs
larry important that highway execuS
tives and engineers of county, Stats
and Federal governments should make
careful and detailed study Of the posA
Sible tTaff1c requirements for the next
20 years, or for period equal to the
| life Of the average well built highway
This is especially necessary in the more
pcpulous States.
1T should be recognized that 10 %
the purpose of automobiles year after
year to go faster with increasing safety.
To be prepared to meet this Develop
ment Is the job of our future highway
system. Any current program that
would Be made radically out-of-dats by
WAC cbdb0o VI ~ yCdIo 0CflCC 1ltALlb DC
termed as poorly engineered" accord
ing 10 Mr.. Franklin.
Millions and millions of dollars have
been spent in the past on highway con-
struction and many millions more win
be spent IN the future It is highly ess
sential that all forthcoming expsndi-
lures should return maximum value to
the public which foots the bills either
directly or indirectly.
'Two-wey traffic l1nes sTs eornpuls
sorry now, especially between populous
eenters. e11 the need will soon grow
for fcu--vsy and even s.z-wav roads.
l deem f. o mark of farsighteCness for
engineers and highway commissioners
to select their present routes SO that
parallel highways of this kind will b
possible when the need develops Tfil
would reduce to large extent the exk
pense of such expansion and avoid
make-over or abandonment of existin&
roadways.
Each year we see improvements Cd
our highway building, yet taken as
whole 1t has not kept pace with thu
development of motor travel, which aims
for closer apd faster linking Of our cities
and consequent expediting of business
transactions and social contacts. When
our roads are thoroughly nodernize6
1t will be commonplace to travel a
speeds Of 90 miles an hour, and mora
with greater safety than we have =
lesser PAGES today"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-05-17
In the Motor World
BY G. ADAMS HOWARD.

ers required varies from $4,000 in
Pennsylvania to $50 in Delaware.
Wide differences in the estimates
of money and workers required
for highway projects are evident
in various States, but these in
many cases are attributed TO local
conditions, the necessity OF fire.
quent bridge building, and grad
ing problems.
Fourteen States will spend S20,-
900, 900 or more each on new high
ways this year. Leading these Is
Louisiana with appropriation OF
$75, 100000 plans for $500 miles
of road and 10000 workers. Others
include Pennsylvania, $50, 000, 900,
1,400 miles and $4,000 workers;
New York, $57 ,000, 900. 700 miles
and 1900 workers. Texas, $45,-
600, 900, no estimated mileage and
$4,000 workers; Illinois, $45 ,000,-
600, 1900 miles and 10000 work
ers; New Jersey, $37,000,000, 100
miles and 10000 workers; Mich1-
gan, $31, 900, 900, 400 miles and no
estimate of workers required; Mis-
souri,, $4,000, 900, 1,700 miles and
1000 workers; California, $50, 000,-
900, no mileage estimate and 5000
workers; Ohio, 1000 900; West
Virginia. $21 ,572 900, $50 miles and
5000 workers; Kentucky, $21 $780,
900. 300 miles and 5000 workers;
South Carolina, S20,000,000 1000
miles and no labor estimate; Iowa.
$4,000, 900, 700 miles and 1900
workers.
Programs of Other States.
Ten other States will spend
from $10,0OO,0O0 to $4,000, 900.
These include: Indiana, $4,000
900, 400 miles and 5000 workers;
Wisconsin, $4,000 900, 1000 miles
and 14,500 workers; Oklahoma,
$17,000,000, 1850 miles and $4,000
workers; Virginia, $1,000, 900, 600
miles and 5000 workers; Con-
necticut, $4,000, 900; Washington,
$15,620,000, 1,449 miles and 1000
workers; Arkansas, $4,000 900,
$50 miles and 5000 workers; Min
nesota, $13, $4,000, TAT miles and
1000 workers: Florida, 81, 600. 900;
Colorado, 10000 900, no estimated
mileage and 5000 workers.
Programs of other States are:
Alabama, $5,00O,000, 200 miles,
$500 workers; Delaware, $2.000,-
600, 70 miles, $50 workers; Idaho,
$7,800,000, TOO miles, 1900 work.
ers; Kansas, $4,000, 900, $50 miles,
$500 workers; Maine, So, 445 900,
488 miles, $4,000 workers; Mary
land, $9,450,0 900; Mississippi. So
100000, $50 miles, no estimate of
workers; Montana, $4,000, 900, 800
miles, 5000 workers; Nebraska,
S., 400 900, $50 miles, 1000 work.
ers; Nevada, $4,000 900. 230 miles,
no estimate of workers; New
Hampshire, $5,S00000, 90 miles,
no estimate of workers; North
Carolina, $1,000, 900, 225 miles, no
estimate of workers; North Da-
kota, $4,000, 900, 795 miles, 5000
workers; Oregon, $500, 900, 200
miles, 5000 workers; Rhode Is
land, $3,o0o,000, ga miles. 800
workers: South Dakota, $9,000,-
900; Tennecsce. So, 100000; Utah,
$500 900. "25 miles, no labor es-
innate; wyoming, e6,15Q,000, 800
miles and no estimate OF workers
required.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-05-17
WOULD RESTRICT LIGHTS

The New York State Automobile As
ISOLATION has Endorsed bill which viii
prohibit the installation of trafic sig
mails on the State or county highways
without the written approval Of the
superintendent of public works.
Ill-feeling has been aroused by the
indiscriminate erection of fixed-tim0
traffic signals Motorists point out the
fact that traffic authorities say that
the country is annually losing over
$4,000 5000 unnecessarily because a
traffic congestion and delay.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-05-17
Old Car Menace.

OF the $4,000. 900 automobiles reg
istered in the United States, 5000 600
are rated by the American Automobile
Association worth only $25 apiece, and
are called menace to safety by the
associations president.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-05-17
To Start Earlier.

Many States indicated that
highway construction work will
start earlier this year than last to
provide workers with employment
as early as possible. In New York
State, SIC, 000, 900 Of the States
proposed So, O00, 900 expenditure
Is already available and highway
work has been started In April
this year instead Of May as is Gus
tomary.
The highway budgets of the
various States from which figures
Eere obtained range from s75.-
100000 in Louisiana to $4,000 Geo
In FerSGe. TIE new mileage r"c-
iected ranges from $500 in Louis
lana to 20 miles in New Hamp-
ahire and the estimate OF work.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-05-17

The closing of this station will
several experienced, we'll trained,
station manager. If interested in
and ask for superintendent office.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1931-05-17

make available, for employment.
dependable operators including
personnel phone National 5000