davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1930-01-26

According 10 one miIliner !,
know American women are the
inferior OF French women IN this
gentle art OF putting on their
hats Young girls. she says. are
especially careless in the way they
treat their hats. and II Is only be-
cause they possess the charm OF
youth and a style that is charac-
teristIc OF American girls in par
ticular that they manage to look
as we'll as they do. You may
agree with this little milliner-or
you may not-but anyway you
may be interested IN hearing her
directions and warnings
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1930-01-26
Don't Pull Brim

In pressing the hat down bring
what pressure is needed on the
lower part OF the crown. Never
pull IL down by the brim. as this
is sure TO spoil the shape. espe-
cially IL the hat Is Of the draped
sort
Never let a milliner persuade
you TO buy a hat that IL too snug.
IL is quite true that hats Of soft
materials will stretch" after they
have been worn a few times. but
this enforced stretching brings an
undue strain on the hat and may
entirely spoil its line.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1930-01-26
No Wasp Waists

Alarmists have seen in the new.
more closely nodded dresses and
coats a ure indication OF a return
OF tightly laced corsets. But actu-
ally the silhouette OF 1880 is as
far removed from the wasp waist
Of the last century. as was that
of 1925 To be sure many women
have recently found it necessary
10 adopt corsets OF some sort.
The object is not TO produce n
smaller waist but 10 secure a
smooth. slender outline over the
hips And still the game OF diet
ing to obtain the naturally slim
hipped silhouette goes merrily on.
Slenderness through the waist
In a feature OF the new silhouette
but never the old sort OF slender
ness that was achieved at the cost
of bulging hips and distorted bust.
Normal waistlines. 10 be sure, but
eve accented by tightly drawn
belts. often the belt effect Is
achieved by a stitched band OF
material and even when the belt
is separate and adjustable IL must
not be worn tightly enough 10
produce a sharp break in contour.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1930-01-26
SMART HATS MUST BE
SMARTLY WORN IF THEY
ARE TO BE REALLY SMART

that are really smart are nowadays within the reach q
All. but it is one thing TO wear a smart hat and quite an'''isi
thing to wear a hat smartly. Some women 'as-
adjust their hats only when they are new or onlT y
quite expensive, and some women feel that juI yal
expensive they themselves should be relieved " ai
in the matter.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1930-01-26

The result is that even with the
new clothes that suggest most
strongly the small-waisted fash
ions OF the past. the silhouette is
strikingly modern. The contrast
between the old more formal
fashions OF the past and the new.
less CONSTRUCTED forms OF women
OF the present is one OF the most
charming things about the new
mode.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1930-07-17

masses of workers, but lead to fresh epidem
les of bankruptcy, to fresh waves of unem-
ployment, and to the absorption of the weaker
capitalist associations by the stronger CAPT
talist associations?
The bases of the over-production crisis of
economics and their cause lie in the system of
capitalist economy itself The basis of the
crisis lies in the antagonism between the social
nature of production and the capitalist form
of appropriation of the products of this pro-
duction. One expression of this fundamental
contradiction of capitalism is the contradic-
ton between the colossal growth of the posi-
bities of production, calculated on the win
ming of a maximum of capitalist profit, and
the relative limitation of the solvent demand
on the part of the masses of the workers,
whose standard of living the capitalists are
constantly endeavoring to press down to the
utmost minimum limit. In order to gain the
upper hand in competition, and to press out
fresh profits, the capitalists are obliged to
develop technics, to carry out naturalization,
to increase the exploitation of the workers, to
intensity the productive capacity of their I'M
dertakings to the uttermost In order not to
fall behind one another. all capitalists are
forced to strike along one path or another
of blind haste in the development of the posi-
bilities of production. But the purchasing
powers of the million masses of the workers
and peasants, at bottom the chief buyers,
main at low level in both home and foreign
markets Hence the over-production crises.
Hence the well-known consequences, repeating
themselves more or less periodically, causing
the goods to remain unsold, production to de-
cline, unemployment to increase, wages to fall,
and the contradiction between the level of pro-
ducton and the level of solvent demand to in
crease. An over-production crisis is the APP
pearance of these contradictions in tempes-
tuous and destructive forms. If capitalism
were to adapt production, not to the achieve
ment of maximum of profit, but to the sys-
tematic improvement of the material stua-
ton of the masses of the people; if it were to
apply the profits, not to the satisfaction of
the desires of the parasite classes, not to the
perfecting of the methods of exploitation, not
to the export of capital, but to the systematic
betterment of the material position of the
workers and peasants, then there would be
no crisis. But then capitalism would not be
capitalism. In order to exterminate the crisis,
we must exterminate capitalism.
This is the whole basis of the over-produc-
ton crises of economy.
An examination of the present crisis cannot
however confne itself to these considerations
The present crisis is not simple repetition of
the old crises. 1t is growing and developing
under conditions which must be made
fully clear before complete idea of the crisis
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1930-07-17
(Conttnuedl


This Is a general survey OF the developing
world economic crisis.
(bl Today now that the world economic
crisis is developing with annihilating effect,
running whole strata of middle and small CAPT
talists. impoverishing whole groups of the
labor aIistocracy and peasantry, and damnng
the million masses of the workers to starva-
ton, the question arises everywhere: What
are the causes of the crisis, where are its
bases, how are they to be combated, how de-
stroyed? The most multifarious "crisis theor-
les" are elaborated. Whole projects are pro-
posed for the "alleviation,' prevention" or
liquidation of the crisis. The bourgeois OPP
positions rail at the bourgeois governments,
which appear to have failed to take the neces-
sary measures" to prevent the crisis. The
democrats" throw the blame on the "repub-
Gcans" the Republicans" on the democrats"
and all join against the Hoover group with
its Federal Reserve Bank system, which has
proved unable to cope with the crisis" In
deed, there are some wise heads who observe
the causes of the world economic crisis in the
''intrigues of Bolshevsm." l refer here to
the wel-known "industrialist' Rechberg, for
instance, who has little resemblance to an in
dustrialist as such, but rather resembles an
"industrialist" among the literates and 'lit-
crate" among the industrialsts. Laughter,)
1t is obvious that all these theories and
projects have nothing to do with science. 1t
must be admitted that the bourgeois scientists
have collapsed utterly in the face of this
crisis; and even more than this, they show
themselves lacking in even that minimum of
insight into life which their predecessors must
be granted to have possessed. These gentle
men forget that the crisis cannot be estimated
as an accidental phenomenon in the system of
capitalist economics. These gentlemen forget
that the economic crisis is the compulsory re-
suit of capitalism. These gentlemen forget that
these crises came into the world simultane-
ously with the birth of capitalism. In the
course of more than one hundred years period
ical economic crises have occurred, returning
every II to 10 to years. During this period
the bourgeois governments have tried every
shade and variety of device, bourgeois brains
of every degree of capacity have exerted their
utmost efforts, all to solve the problem of
preventing these crises. But they have one
and all suffered defeat for the reason that
within the confines of capitalism economic
crises can be neither prevented nor removed.
Is it then matter of surprise that the bour-
geois brains of today again fail to find a
solution? Is it any matter of wonder that
the measures of the bourgeois. governments
are in actual fact accomplishing nothing to-
ward an alienation of the crisis, toward an
Improvement of the position of the million
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1930-07-17
by BILL dunno


FT7HE National Convention of Unemployed
Il Chicago, July 5th, undoubtedly marked
a big advance in our work among the
unemployed masses, in the bringing forward of
the T. U, U. L. as the leadership of the unem-
ployed, developed directly out of their
struggles, in changing the base of the I'M
employed masses an integral part of the
ganization of the unorganized directly by the
Trade Union Unity League and its affiliated
industrial unions and leagues.
The convention was decisive proof of the
growing rehabilitation of the working class.
From March 6 to July is four months.
Had the preparations for the Chicago conven-
ton been on the same scale as for March 6,
had there been the same intensity of agitation
and organizational work during the four
months intervening as there was for the six
weeks preceding March g. there can be little
doubt that we would have come very close to
having 10000 delegates at the Chicago con-
vention.
One thousand three hundred and twenty dele
gates from p states, with substantial repre-
sentation from such decisive industries as steel
and metal, transportation, mining, food and
building construction, were registered at the
convention. The garment industry well
represented and agricultural workers sent
small but very militant delegation of eleven.
The weakness of the work among the unem-
ployed generally and especially in regard to
the actual organization Of Unemployed Coun-
ellis, is shown by the fact that by far the
greatest majority of the delegates were elected
by unions, shop committees, industrial leagues,
mnorities in the old unions, local T. U. U. L.
groups, workers fraterna and benefit societies,
ETC., and very few by Unemployed Councils.
This means that the organization of the unem-
ployed councils has made but bare beginning.
The serious work of preparing the co..,
non begun not more than two weeks be-
fore July Except in the Chicago district
and in most districts only week before the
convention. Under these circumstances the
response of working class organizations repre-
scented by 1920 jobless worker delegates most
Of whom encountered the greatest difficulties
financial, police interference, etc--in getting
to the convention, is truly remarkable--eo
quent testimony to the extent of mass unem-
ployment to the growing influence of our
Party and the T. U. U. L., to the rapid height
ening of the militancy of the working class.
Wrong Conceptions Refuted.
The tone of the convention, which was one
OF militant enthusiasm and the manner in
which its organization and general work were
carried out refutes in the most emphatic man
ner the opinion held even by some Party mem
bers j. e. that a gathering of unemployed
workers must necessarily be somewhat loose,
anarchistic and undisciplined. This was true
of the old "bummery" conventions held under
the influence of syndicalist elements and con-
sisting mostly Of migratory workers. but the
class struggle now has reached a far h'~her
stage, the influence of our Party is power
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1930-07-17

1t need not be said that this circumstance,
which renders the crisis especially tormenting
to the masses of the people forming the main
consumers of the goods, and reduces these to
want and misery, necessarily leads to pro-
longation of the crisis, and hampers its abb
sorption.
a. The present economic crisis is develop
ing on the basis of that general crisis OF
capitalism which originated during the period
of the imperialist war, which undermined the
pillars of capitalism and facilitated the bring
ing about of an economic crisis.
What does this mean? 1t means above all
that the imperialist war and its consequences
have accelerated the process of decay of can't
talism and shaken its equilibrium, that today
we live in the epoch of wars and revolutions,
that capitalism no longer represents uniform
and comprehensive system of international
economics, that side by side with the capl-
talist economic system there exists the social
list system and that this is growing, matur-
ing opposing the capitalist system, exposing
by the mere fact of its existence the rotten
ness of capitalism, and shaking its foundations.
1t means further that the imperialist war and
the victory of the revolution in the Soviet
Union have shaken the pillars of imperialism
in the colonial and dependent countries, that
the authority of imperialism is becoming very
brittle in these countries, that it no longer
possesses the power to pursue its customary
methods in these countries.
1t means further that during the war, and
after the war; young capitalism sprang up
in the colonial and capitalist countries. and
that this has competed successfully in the
markets against the old capitalist countries,
thereby intensifying and aggravating the
struggle for the markets.
And it means, finally, that the war has be-
queathed to the majority of the capitalist
countries disastrous legacy of chronic non
utilization of the producing capacity of the
undertakings, of an army of unemployed which
has become transformed from reserve army
into standing army of unemployment. fac
tor which confronted capitalism with multi
tude of difficulties even before the present
crisis, and has been bound to complcate mat
tiers further during the crisis.
These are the circumstances deepening and
aggravating the world economic crisis. 1t
must be admitted that the present economic
crisis is the most serious and profound of all
the world economic crises hitherto experienced
Q. The Intensfication of the Antagonisms of
Capitalism.
The most important result of the world
economic crisis is the exposure and intensified
ton of the antagonisms inherent in world cap
stasm.
(a) The antagonisms amongst the most
important imperalist countries are being re-
veaed and intensified; the struggles for the
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1930-07-17
The Political Report Of the Central Committee the XVI Party Congress
Of the Communist ay Of the Soviet Union oasE Stains Address 9Th June ~

markets, the struggles for the raw materials,
the struggles for the export OF capital None
of the capitalist states are any longer salts
fled with the old distribution of the spheres
of influence and colonies. They see that the
comparative forces have shifted, and that the
markets, the sources of raw materials, the
spheres of influence, ETC., must be redistrlb-
uted. The most important OF these an ason-
isms is the antagonism between the U. S. A.
and England Both in the field Of the ex-
port of manufactured goods and in the sphere
of capital export the chief struggle is between
the United States and England. 1t suffces
to glance at any economic newspaper. at any
document relating to the export of goods and
capital, to receive convincing proof OF this.
The main arena of this struggle is South Amer
ica China, the colonies and dominions OF the
old imperialist states. The preponderance OF
forces in this strugge-even the express pre-
ponderance-is on the side of the U. s. A.
This main antagonism is followed by others,
which, though not decisive, are still very i'm
portant: between Germany and France, be-
tween France and Italy, between England and
France, etc.
There can be no doubt that the struggle for
the markets, for raw materials and fields for
the export of capital, will be intensified from
day to day, and from month to month, by the
developing crisis
The means used in this struggle are: tariff.
policy, cheap goods, cheap credit, regrouping
of forces and new military and political alli-
ances, increased ornaments, preparations for
fresh imperialist wars, and finally, war.
have referred to the crisis which has seized
upon every branch of industry. But there is
one industry which is not affected by the crisis,
and that is the industry. This is growing
steadily, in spite of the crisis. The bourgeois
states are arming wildly, arming ever more
and more Why? Certainly not for amuse-
ment, but for war. And the imperialists need
war, for it is the sole means of redistributing
the world, and to re-divide the markets, the
sources of raw materials, and the spheres of
capitalist investment.
1t is easily comprehensive that under these
circumstances so-called pacifism is at its last
gasp that the League of Nations is rotting
away while still alive, that the disarmament
proposals" vanish into the abyss, and the con-
ference for the reduction of naval ornaments
is converted into conference on the renewal
and extension of the navies.
This means that the danger of war will grow
more rapidly than before. Let the social DEM
ocrats chatter of pacifism, of peace, of the
peaceful development of capitalism, ETC., the
experience gained during the governmental
reign of the social democrats in Germany and
England proves this fascism to be mere
mask hiding fresh preparations for war.
ITO be Continued)
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1930-07-17
Some Conclusions from the
Chicago Convention
Mobilize For August First!

full factor making for the recognition Of the
need of proletarian discipline.
The order of business of the convention was
carried through on schedule. The delegates
were housed and fed in a manner that raised
the morale Of the convention. The industrial
conference and the conferences of Negro, youth
and women workers were organized and held as
part of the convention itself in spite of poor
technical preparation and a great shortage of
technical forces.
Weak Preparations--A Concrete Instance.
The amount of work accomplished by the
convention-agitational propagapdstic and Or
ganizational-could and should have been
spread over three or four day period and
better results accomplished. This was one
of the greatest shortcomings of the conven-
ton which resulted directly from the general
lack of preparation everywhere by our Party
and the I. U. u. l..
1t was possible in the course of one day to
obtain only the minimum results-especialy
in the industrial conferences. Let US take
concrete instance:
Three hundred and seven steel and metal
workers registered at the convention. The steel
and metal (including auto) conference. At the
National Conference of the Metal Workers
Industrial League in Youngstown June 14-l5,
127 delegates were present. At the Chicago
convention therefore, there were about two and
one-half times as many metal workers present
as at the Metal Workers National Conference.
Proper Connection Not Made.
This shows that not only did we fail before
the Youngstown conference to make the
proper connection between the struggles of
the unemployed and employed in the steel and
metal industry las in all other industries) but
that up to Chicago we had continued this error.
Otherwise we would never have permitted our
selves to be placed in a position of having only
an hour or two to prepare and hold confer
ence of steel and metal workers of the mass
character that the Chicago conference was.
Had we not underestimated the response of
the steel and metal workers to our unemploy-
ment program (and this is result of an
underestimation of the extent Of naturalization
and the depth of the economic crisis in this
industry we would have been able to broaden
the base of the Metal Workers Industrial
League and stimulate the struggles in the in
dustry far more .han we did.
Other Shortcomings.
While the large steel and metal workers
delegation denotes big response to our pro-
gram and activity in this decisive industry,
the total absence Of textile workers from the
convention does not indicate rising employ
ment or lack of the will to struggle among the
textile workers. In no industry is employ
ment more severe. The influence of our Party
and the National Textile Workers Union and
the will of the workers to fight, has been
proved in many important struggles
The fact that not single textile worker was
at the unemployed convention must therefore
be considered as proof that the leadership Of
the N. T. W. U. does not consider unemploy
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1930-07-17

can be obtained. 1t is complicated and deep
ened by series of special circumstances, and
until clear light is thrown upon these there
is no possibility of forming real conception
of the present economic crisis.
What are these special circumstances?
These special circumstances consist of the
following characteristic facts:
l. The crisis has seized most acutely the
chief land of capitalism, it's citadel, the United
States of America, which holds in its hands
no less than one-half of the total production
and of the total consumption of all the coun-
tries of the earth. 1t is easily comprehensive
that this circumstance is bound to involve an
enormous extension of the sphere of influ-
ence, an aggravation of the crisis, and the
accumulation of extreme difficulties for world
capitalism.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1930-07-17

ment work important or if it does is unable
to connect it with the general work and
struggles in the industry.
Another Instance.
A similar instance is brought into the sharp
est relief by the fact that there was not
single unemployed miner from the huge
anthracite and bitumnous coal fields of Penn
sylvania present at the convention. West Vir-
gina sent 10, and Southern Illinois II but from
the state of Pennsylvania with its 275,000 min
ers there was not a single delegate
This instance shows the almost complete
neglect of unemployment work in this basic
industry, by the Party district offices in Pitts
burgh and Pennsylvania, by the T. U. U. l.. and
the National Miners Union. One would sup
pose that with close to so per cent unemploy-
ment in the anthracite, and as much as rs per
cent unemployment in many bitumnous fields
of this state, that at least one Pennsylvania
miner would stray accidentally into the
Chicago convention One, is almost tempted
to think that what work was done among the
tens of thousands of unemployed Pennsylvania
miners was directed to keeping them away
rather than getting delegates to the Chicago
convention.
Many other instances of almost total neg
lect or extremely formal and weak conduct Of
the unemployment work could be cited but
these are sufficient to show that the radicali-
cation of the working class rather than planned
and sustained activity on part was respon-
sible for the mass character of the Chicago con-
vention. This is true to such an extent that
it now constitutes a real danger which we must
eliminate from this moment on in carrying out
the program adopted by the convention.
,To Be Continued)
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1930-07-17

2. In the course of the development of the
economic crisis, the industrial crisis in the
most important capitalist countries has not
simply conceded with the agrarian crisis in
the agricultural countries, but the two are
interviewer. greatly intensifying the difficult
ties and determining beforehand the inevita-
bilty of general retrogression in economic
activity 1t cannot be otherwise; the indus
trial crisis is bound to intensity the agrarian
and the agrarian crisis the industrial, neces-
sary leading to an sggravation of the econ
omic crisis in it's totality.
8. Capitalism today differs from the old
capitalism in being monopolist capitalism, and
this determines in advance the inevitability
of the struggle of the capitalist associations
for the maintenance of the high monopolist
prices for goods in spite of over-production.