White Bluffs spokesman. [volume] (White Bluffs, Wash.) 1907-1938, 1930-07-04

Sa&& OF her race, the sole sur
- - vivor of the countless
millions of passenger
pigeons which once darkened the skies
In their flight in the Mississippi val
ley. Today somewhere in the protect
ing scrub oak which covers the green
plains of Marthas Vineyard there
wanders another native American who
is the successor to the unique posi-
ton once held by Martha" He bears
no man-given name, for where MAR
tina" died in captivity he is spending
his last years in the freedom of
vast reservation which was created
20 years ago to save his species from
extinction. But the effort has failed
for today this single health hen, a
male, on Martha's Vineyard is the
last of his race.
When the earliest settlers came to
New England the heath hen was the
most abundant Of all game birds in
the East, being distributed from Cape
Ann to Virginia and especially abun-
dant in the lowlands of Massachusetts,
Connecticut and Long island. In fact,
in Governor Winthrk' day this bird
was 50 common ay9gnal Boston ssta that
gaborers "bound out" to employers
stipulated in their agreements with
their masters that it should not be
served to them as their food oftener
"than few times week." But when
the settlers began cutting off the for
ests the decline of the heath hen
started. The spread of civilization and
the increasing number Of cats and dogs
which preyed upon its young further
decimated the heath hen and by
century ago they were gone from the
mainland of Massachusetts, although
a few fingered for another decade or
two on outer Long Island and on the
Jersey plains.
Eventually it was discovered that
the island of Martha's Vineyard off
the Massachusetts coast, was the only
place where these birds could be
found and even there they were en-
gagged in what seemed a hopeless
struggle against death.
:. In 1876 they were reported extinct
and the introduction of foxes and
racoons to the island the following
year made the death of the RAGE seem
certain. But somehow the heath hens
re-established themselves. In the
early '9Os William Brewster reckoned
that there might be 200 birds left on
the island. The grass fire of 1884
ruined their breeding ground, and OBJ
servers could find only five birds that
autumn. In 1897 hunter with
bird dog failed to start single bird
Yet again they came back, only to
suffer in another fire in 1906 Massa-
chusetts game wardens set the heath
hen population at twenty-one in 1907
and at fifty or more In 1908. Then
the state took hand and gave the
birds active protection.
BY 1916 the colony had grown to a
thousand. The foxes and raccoons
were exterminated; other pests were
kept down. But that summer an
other fire swept over the heath hen
reservation, and that autumn great
flights of goshawks descended on the
island and preyed on the survivors.
In 1917 fewer than 100 heath hens
were left; these increased to more
than 400 in 1922, when a cold, wet
season almost wiped out the colony
Perhaps fifty birds were left in 1923
possibly thirty in 1927 Despite the
care of the state and of the Martha's
Vineyard Rod and Gun club, despite
distribution of food, cultivation Of clio
yer and sun1owers, despite the destruc
ton of cats and rats and crows ant
hawks, the colony dwinded steadily
And now there is only one left Prof
Alfred O. Gross of Bowdoin college
who for several years had made al
annual census Of the heath hens OF
the island, returned to Boston recent
" and submitted his annual report
In it he said:
During the year 1923 the numbe
of heath hens dwindled from tire
TO one lone bird. This bird was aliv
at the time of the annual censu
taken March 80 to April 3, 1872!
Though suggestions have been mad
to the state department of cor