davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Daily Alaska empire., 1930-02-14
SOVIET PLANES PERMITTED TO
 LAND AT NOME
Will Aid Alaska Planes Transport Cargo of Fur
 from Icebound Boat

Soviet planes engaged for several weeks in the search for the bodies of Col. Ben Eielson and Earl Bor- land, will aid the Alaska Airways fleet in transporting furs from the icebcund Nanuk to Nome, it was learned today by Gov George A. Parks. He was advised by the Interior Department that he might grant them permission to land at Nome and take on gasoline and ether necessary supplies there.
 Authority for them to land was asked by the Aviation Corporation, Of which the Alaska company is subsidiary. Secretary Wilbur, of the Interior Department, advised the Governor that the State De- parement had no objection to the Russians landing at Nome and pro- curing there any supplies needed in their operations.
 Gov. Parks has advised the Gus toms authorities of this fact, and issued the necessary permission for landing
The Daily Alaska empire., 1930-02-14
AT THE HOTELS

Alaskan-Mrs. Lizzie RojaS, Geo Franklin, John Campbell.
 Gastineau-Lucille Pepoon. Zynda-J. B. Marshal.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1930-02-14
L7ISHERMAN'S SERVICE
 WILL BE HELD SUNDAY
 ATLUTHE2AN CHURCH

The second annual Fisherman's Service will be held at the Luther an Church Sunday morning at II o'clock
 Rev Allen today said: At the beginning of this years fishing season 1t is altogether proper that those who are engaged in the fish ing industry and also those who are interested in the welfare of these men and their families should gather together with the congregation and ask Gods blessing and protection upon this seasons work"
 Special music and sermon topic suitable for this occasion have been arranged 50 that this service will be helpful and beneficial to all who attend. The public is cordial
The Daily Alaska empire., 1930-02-14
ATTENTION

Why wait until Spring, have your interior painting, paperhanging and decorating done now. Max H. Mielke. Phone 11e1. adv.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1930-02-14

failed to declare. The sums paid include the foreign purchase price, plus duty and 100 per cent fine for failure to declare.
 Mir. Schwabacher, accompanied by his wife and maid, arrived on the Bremen. A quantity of undeclared wearing apparel and jewelry, in cluding a necklace appraised at s18Co0, was found in their bag gage.
 Mrs. Storrs, wife of a New York theatre. program publisher, arrived cn the Berengaria with her two daughters. She brought quan- tity of jewelry and customs agents discovered that much of it was not declared.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1930-02-14

ly invited to worship with the con- gregation at this service.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1930-02-14

when Schreiner started in the hay business, he sells far more now than he did then. Annually his company ships about 4,000 car loads, or more than a million bales, to all parts of the country.
 Schreiner owns or controls more than 20 sections of ay-growing land, which produce about half of his output. He buys the rest from private growers. If the market is unfavorable, he can store almost all of a years production in 20 storehouses scattered throughout his fenceless domain.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1930-02-14
TAXI DRIVERS
 STRIKE CAUSE
 OF DISORDERS
Police Use Tear Gas Bombs To Disperse Crowds
 in Pittsburgh

PITTSBURGH. Penn, Feb. 14.- Disorders in which the Police re- sorted to tear gas bombs, to dis perse large crowds of strikers and sympathizers, marked the five week old strike of taxicab drivers.
 The disorders were the most seri- ous since the drivers walked out
 Six of the crowd were clubbed into submission and arrested.
 One cab was overturned and an other took fire after it had been damaged.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1930-02-14
INSPECTORS OFF ON
 TRIP TO KETCHIKAN

United States Steamboat Inspec- tors John Newmarket and George w. Morgan of the Juneau office, left for Ketchikan on the Queen to make an examination of the motorship Bellingham, the oil barge Falls of Clyde and the steam tug Akutan.
 They will return to Juneau on the Alaska.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1930-02-14
Wild Hay King" Ships 4,000 Carloads Annually

LAMAR, Mo, Feb. 14.-George w. Schreiner makes enough hay while the sun shines to be called the worlds largest individual pro- ducer of wild prairie hay.
 Although the sun shines about the same now as it did in 1899,
The Daily Alaska empire., 1930-02-14
TUO TraUelers
 Pay $l76,903 in
 Smuggling Fines

NEW YORK, Feb. 1.-Two of the largest customs fines ever lev jed in this port were paid by Louis A. Schwabacher of San Francisco, who paid $72,98613, and Mrs. Frank Vance Storrs of New York City, who paid S103,91716, as duty and fines on clothing and jewelry they
The Daily Alaska empire., 1930-02-14
HOSPITAL NOTES

Jack White, proprietor of the Totem Grocery, entered St. Ann; hospital last night for treatment.
 Ed Johnson, who entered the hos pital January 30 with a slight in jury to his foot, left yesterday.
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1930-10-30

STILLwATER-An Saltwater public schools
banked 100 per cent today except the Lincoln Schulz
enburg and high school, and deposited total Of
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1930-10-30
Stiles

Mr.. and Mrs. Paul Guelsow, Mr..
and Mrs. John Reble, Mr.. and Mrs.
Clarence Schaub, Mr.. Thieschaefer,
Herman Kemper and Joe Weis at
tended the school officers meeting
held at st. Cloud Saturday.
Charles Moley helped Fenton
Parker Saturday.
Mrs. Jim Kane and son, Lewis,
were callers at Earl Eldred's
Thursday.
Mr.. and Mrs. VIM. Miller and
daughters, Elsie and Gerda, and
son, William, were dinner guests
at the J. L. Kiken home Sunday.
Mrs. Carl Jasper spent Saturday
at Fenton Parker's.
Mrs. George Peterson and Mrs.
Earl Eldred spent Wednesday af-
ternoon with Mrs. Miller Hansen.
Adolph Miller left for Marshall
town, Iowa, Wednesday where he
will be employed husking corn.
Mr.. and Mrs. George Wikle and
family left Thursday morning for
Marshalltown, Iowa, where they
will make their future home. Their
many friends and neigbors wish
them luck and prosperity.
William Miller assisted Martin
Peterson Monday.
Earl Eldred and son, Donald, and
Mearl Showalter left Saturday for
Pine River to spend a few days
with relatives.
Charlie Klar called on M. D.
Trattles Thursday.
Mae Wikle was an over night
guest at the William Miller home
Tuesday.
Donald and Robert Carpenter
visited with the Matt Michels chill
dren Sunday.
Miss Lorraine and Ardith Eldred
spent Sunday afternoon with Helen
Schaub.
Mr.. and Mrs. VIM. Miller enter
tanned Mr.. and Mrs. George Wikle
and family at supper Tuesday eve
ming.
Robert and Russell Carpenter
called at Kings and Robertson's
Tuesday evening.
Carl Jaspers called at Martin
Peterson's Tuesday morning.
Mrs. o. B. Woodman and daugh-
ter, Louise, and G. B. Callahan and
A. w. Barry, of Grey Eagle, were
callers at Earl Eldred's Friday af-
ternoon. They were accompanied
home by Joyce and Janette Eldred,
who spent the week end with rel
atives.
Mr.. and Mrs. John Reble spent
Sunday evening at the George
Peterson home.
Mr.. and Mrs. VIM. Miller and
family spent Sunday evening at the
G. Pastian home.
Cleve and Bobby Eldred called at
the Matt Michels home Sunday af-
ternoon.
Mr.. and Mrs. Miller Hansen and
family were dinner guests at the
George Peterson home Sunday.
Mrs. VIM. Miller visited Mrs.
A. D. Carpenter Friday afternoon.
Mr.. and Mrs. George Wikle and
daughters were dinner guests at
the Fred Crippen home Monday.
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1930-10-30

Political Advertisement pre-
pared and ordered Published by
the Brick for Sheriff Club for
which regular Advertising rates
have been paid.
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1930-10-30
Northwest Ashley

Mr.. and Mrs. Simon Marthaler
and family were dinner guests of
Mr.. and Mrs. Joe Weiss Sunday.
Melvin Hintzen, of Sank Centre,
was a caller at Nick Marthaler's
Friday afternoon.
Miss Arvilla Uphus spent Satur-
day afternoon with Loretta Bent
field.
Mr.. and Mrs. Anton Bentfield
and daughter Loretta were supper
guests of Mr.. and Mrs. L. J. Stel-
zig Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Ben Uphus and
family, of st. Cloud, spent the
week end at the John Mcdonald
home.
Mr.. and Mrs. Frank Marthaler
and sons and Miss Arvilla Uphus
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1930-10-30

Mrs. Caroline Paul and son Otto
visited at the G. Passion home Sum
day evening.
Mrs. VIM. frisco called at the
George Peterson home one day
last week.
Mr.. and Mrs. Matt Michels and
children were dinner guests at the
Mrs. Margaret Michels home in
Sank Centre Sunday.
II. Robertson assisted D. w. Car
penter Saturday.
Mr.. and Mrs. John Reble and
family called on Mr.. and Mrs
Alex Paschke Sunday afternoon.
Geo. Thieschaefer called on Her.
man Kemper Saturday morning.
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1930-10-30

spent Wednesday evening at the
Joe Weiss home.
Miss Lilly Walters left for Min
neapolis Sunday, where she will be
employed.
Henry Marx and son, Robert,
called at Fred Rueckert's Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Anton Bentfield,
Glenn Uphus and Nick Marthaler,
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1930-10-30
Page Eleveu

spent Saturday in st. Cloud.
Miss Dorothy Egan and Miss
Loretta Bentfield called on Arvilla
Uphus Tuesday evening.
Miss Helen Kane, Of Sank Cen
tire, spent Sunday at the home Of
her parents, Mr.. and Mrs. Dan
Kane.
Herald Want Ads Bring Results
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1930-10-30

Political Advertisements
ed and ordered Published by John
M. Weis, for which regular adver-
Using rates will be paid.
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1930-10-30

Political Advertising ordered and
paid for at regular advertising
rates by John Jacobs.
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1930-10-30

$21553. Only pupil from Schulenburg and one
from the Lincoln schools failed to put away money,
while the high school IA students failed to deposit
This the best record made in the thrift system this
year.
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1930-10-30

Political Advertisement ordered
and to be paid for at regular adver-
Using rates by Zeno F. Moser, Mel
rose Mimi.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1930-03-20
Audubon Paintings for
American Bird Lovers

One Of the most ambitious publish
ing enterprises of the decade, the re-
production of the almost priceless
paintings Of birds by John James Au-
dubon, in the identical colors that the
great naturalist gave them nearly a
century ago, has been achieved. The
new triumph of color printing is por-
trayed in the Country Home, the
magazine that has grown out of the
half-century-old Farm and Fireside,
hitherto devoted to problems of tilling
the soil in the old-fashioned manner.
The cultivation of friendship with
birds, the magazine holds, is one of
the new phases of rural, small city
and suburban interest, and it has &C.
cordingly brought out Of almOst-for-
gotten archives, the exquisite engrav-
ings of American birds, hand colored
by Audubon himself. The paintings
are valued at $4,000 each and fewer
than 30 sets are owned privately in
all the world.
The paintings Of American birds in
their true sizes and colors, made a
happy climax to Audubon's life Of fail
ure and disappointment. At the age
Of nineteen he came to America from
France, where his father was a sea
captain and undertook to manage a
parental estate in Philadelphia. He
was highly cultivated youth, but his
lack of business ability caused him to
lose his fortune and, although he
failed in repeated efforts at business,
he married, became a father, and was
finally reduced almost to pauperism.
Using the savings of his wife, he
went to Europe with his large collec-
ton Of bird drawings and was COM
missioned to publish them, engraved
and hand colored, within period Of
IL years. Despite hardships while
marketing his product, he finally real
lied fortune sufficient to buy a 30
acre tract on the Hudson river, which
is now Audubon park. In his memory
the Audubon society, with 100000
members, was founded and the inter
est in birds has been increasing
steadily since his death.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1930-03-20
GORMAN.
A. E. F. Club

"A. Es T SIuU
The Boys A. E. F. club held its
regular meeting at the pastors study
in the Presbyterian church Thurs
day evening. Games were played by
the boys.
Spelling Bee
R. C. Day superintendent of schools
Petersburg, West Va, held district
spelling match here Saturday for the
7th and 9Th grade pupils. Several
entrants were on the list of spoilers,
Miss Helen Hanlin, of Streped school,
the winner, is to compete with the
winners from other districts in Peters
burg on April IL.
Wild Life League
The Allegheny branch of the West
Virginia Wild Life League met in
Williams garage. The annual election
of officers resulted as follows: M. F
White, president; H. G. Duling, vice
president; A. E. Elrick, secretary and
treasurer. The branch has member
ship drive in progress until April l.
Many members were present with new
applications. Plans are being dis.
cussed for caring for many more trout
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1930-03-20


to have fine salable crop Of Christ
mas trees every year."
christmas trees for next season.
looking puzzled.
eyes, to sell, you know. Take down
to Boston and other cities. Most every
family with children buys trees"
"O-Oh, see. And you want num-
ber?"
Eyes, 10000, at least. The price
may not seem much, but there are a
lot of expenses in cutting, carrying
and marketing, so 1t will be all we
can Offer"
"Think there are that many, your
size?"
"Ten times that many, for we've
walked through them. I'd like to con-
tract for all, but there are more than
we could handle. I'll pay you for
10000, at least, though, and will want
a supply in years to come. But old
Jack Boiling is down the river with
his boat, looking for trees for next
Christmas. I'll send him up and he'll
likely want to contract for 10000 or
10000 more"
After they were out of sight, John
Balstrom turned to his wife.
Twenty thousand at eleven cents,
and a chance of another customer COM
ing and that not a fifth of our-crop,
did he call it?" he said with a won
dering look in his eyes. "And next
year and the next, right along.
sand Junior goes to college. Yes.
Optimism is best. I'm sorry 1 lost my
grip a little, DEAR"
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1930-03-20
Home Demonstration Agents
Schedule, March Is to %

The following schedule of meetings
has been issued by Miss Elsie Ben
THEN, home demonstration agent, for
the week of March 25 to %, inclu-
sive:
March rs, Grantsville Homemakers
Club, special meeting at 200 p. M,
at the home of Mrs. John Folk.
March &c, Mt. Lake-Loch Lynn
Homemakers Club at 1870 p. m. Prob
lem II.
March 81, Bittinger Homemakers
Club at 1870 p m, at home of Mrs.
C. C. Beachy. Problem II.
March %, Oakland Homemakers
Club at 1870 p. M, at the home of a
club member. Problem II.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1930-03-20

during the coming summer. Ponds
are to be constructed in which to raise
them.
Personals
Ernest Rinker, son of Isaac Rinker,
returned from Hoffman hospital, Key
ser, where he underwent an operation
several weeks ago.
Mr.. and Mrs. ]. T. Miller visited
their daughter, Mrs. Stephen Kitz-
miller, near Elk Garden.
Mr.. and Mrs. M. G. Williams and
j. H. Williams have returned from
Akron, Ohio, where they were called
on account of the death of DIR. William
Warner.
Mrs. C. K. Brown and son Bonnie,
Morgantown, are guests of the form
er's parents, Mr.. and Mrs. B. F. White.
Mr.. and Mrs. F. A. Robinson, Con-
fluence, Pa, visited friends here.
Mr.. and Mrs. M. F. White accom-
panied by Robert Boltz, visited friends
in Morgantown over the weekend.
R. C. Day, of Petersburg, West Va,
visited friends here recently.
H. L. Aronhalt and T. G. Hanlin
visited friends and relatives in Elkins,
West Va.
Mrs. Pearl Dietz, St. George, West
Va, has been the guest of Mr.. and
Mrs. T. G. Hanlin.
Miss Halle Harvey, Deer Park, was
a guest of Miss Ruth Eyer over the
weekend.
Raymond Schwartz, Potomac State
school, Keyser, visited his parents
here, over the weekend.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1930-03-20
NOTICE TO CREDITORS

THIS is TO GIVE NOTICE, That the sub.
scriber hath obtained from the Orphans Court
of Garrett County. Maryland, Letters of Ad-
ministration on the estate of
HENRY JORDAN
late of Garrett County, Maryland, deceased
All persons having claims against the de-
ceased are hereby warned to exhibit the same
with the vouchers thereof duly authenticated
to the subscriber, on or before the 18th day OF
September, 1880, they may otherwise by law
be excluded form all benefit of the said es-
tate. All persons knowing themselves indebted
to said estate are requested to make immediate
payment.
Given under my hand this 18th day OF
March, 1880. CHARLES o. JORDAN,
Administrator,
4-3t. Oakland, Maryland
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1930-03-20
Study of Scents

The most important strides in the
manufacture of artificial scents has
been made within the last quarter Of
century, when Leon Gioaudan, a
student at the University of Zurich,
began some experiments with odors.
Conducting some of his work in his
room he produced results that led the
landlady to request his departure.
He secured a room in a poorer Sec
tion, where he thought his stenches
would be unnoticed. but the result was
the same. He finally accomplished
some wonderful results in the COM
pounding Of delightful scents by arti-
fetal means.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1930-03-20
Gigantic Wheel

The ferris wheel at the Worlds
Columbian exposition, at Chicago In
1893, had a diameter of $50 feet; a
circumference of 1926 feet; width Of
80 feet. The axle of steel was 80
inches in diameter and IS feet long.
The total weight with the full COM
plement of passengers was 1000 tons.
The driving power was applied
through sprocket wheels and driving
chains to cogs on the outer tires,
while system Of clutch brakes kept
the whole machine under control.
There were SO carriages with a seat
ing capacity of 40 passengers each.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1930-03-20
Beautiful Martinique

The lovely touch of France is on
the island of Martinique. 1t is light,
gay touch which is found nowhere
among the Nordics. For this touch
many a northern traveller has made
long journey to this picturesque is
land. Most of the winter cruises to
the West Indies call at Martinique.
Josephine, empress of the French,
was born in little house across the
bay from Fort de France, the capital
Of Martinique. Part of the house is
still to be seen at Trois Ilets and the
whole of the island is as French as
Paris and as beautiful as any island
in the Caribbean.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1930-03-20
FRIENDSVILLE

The P. T. A. held its monthly meet
ing last Tuesday in the school audi
torium. A St. Patrick's program was
furnished which included recitations,
songs and a dance. Mr.. Austin A.
Lamar, principal of Accident High
school, gave a talk on citizenship
for World Community"
Sports
The Friendsville Independent team
and the boys high school team motor
ed to Hooversville, Pa, on Friday,
March IA. The High school boys lost
1929, while the Hooversville indie
pendents were also victorious by the
score 24-13.
The Kitzmiller basketball teams met
in combat with the ,Friendsville teams
at Friendsville on Thursday, March
10. The preliminary game was played
by the girls with a score of 32-14,
favoring Friendsville. The Friends
vile boys also won by the score of
2O-9.
A large crowd attended the round
and square dance given in McCul-
lough's hall, Saturday, March Is. The
Hawaiian boys of Uniontown, Pa,
gave unusual pep to the crowd. There
will be a dance on Saturday evening,
March %, and music will be furnished
by the Yough Ramblers.
Personals
Mr.. Clay Steel is spending a few
days with his sister in Altoona, Pa.
Miss Roselle Bishoff spent the week
end with her parents in Oakland.
DIR. Nedrow purchased new Ford
last week.
Mrs. Gay Teats, who has been visit
ing at her home in Virginia, has re-
turned.
Mrs. Oliver Frazee, of Selbysport,
gave a taffy pull on Wednesday,
March IL, in honor of her sister, Miss
Macy HENDERSON, of Pittsburgh, Pa,
who is visiting here.
Mr.. Roy Shevel motored to Oakland
Monday morning.
A number of Friendsville High
supporters motored to Frostburg on
Monday to witness the inter-county
basketball game between Allegany
High and Friendsville.
Mr.. Emerson Bishoff and Mr.. Cliff
ford Funk spent the weekend in
Frederick and Hagerstown.
A St. Patrick party will be held in
the Friendsville High school audi
forum on March 81. All students
are invited to attend.
Mr.. and Mrs. Wade Schlossnagle
and Mr.. and Mrs. John McCune of
Allison, Pa, were visiting Mrs.
Schlossnagle's parents, Mr.. and Mrs.
w. W. Savage.
Mr.. and Mrs. Lloyd VanSickle and
family spent Sunday visiting friends
in Oakland.
Mr.. Ward Beachy Grantsville, and
son Forrest, of Akron, Ohio, spent
Sunday visiting Miss Mabel Beachy.
Mr.. and Mrs. Byard Liston and
son Billie, of Somerfeld, Pa, spent
the weekend with Mr.. and Mrs. W.
w. Savage.
Mr.. Howard Griffith is spending a
week with his cousin, Mr.. Newton
Griffith.
Mr.. Joe Barron spent Sunday with
his parents in lockwood, Pa.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1930-03-20
NOTICE TO CREDITORS.

THIS IS TO GIVE NOTICE. That the sub
scriber hath obtained from the Orphans Court
of Garrett County, Maryland, Letters of Ad-
ministration on the estate of
ESTHER GLQTFELTY,
late of Garrett County, Maryland, deceased.
All persons having claims against the de-
ceased are hereby warned to exhibit the same,
with the vouchers thereof duly authenticated.
to the subscriber. before the 18th day of
September 1880, they may otherwise by law
be excluded from all benefit of the said es-
tate. All persons knowing themselves in
debted to said estate are requested to make
immediate payment.
Given under my hand this 18th day of
March, 1880. ARCH GLOTFELTY,
Administrator,
st. McHenry, Maryland.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1930-03-20
AN ORDINANCE

AN ORDINANCE of the Mayor and
Town Council of Oakland, Mary
land, to repeal Chapter of the Re-
vised and COdified Ordinances of the
said town of Oakland, passed June
3rd, 1912, relating to licenses and
providing fees and penalties, and
all subsequent amendments thereto,
and to re-enact the same with
amendments.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1930-03-20
PUBLIC SALE
LIVESTOCK

l will offer for sale on my farm
situated between Kings Run anc
Broadford, four miles north of Oak
land, on
THURSDAY, MARCH 81, 1880,
beginning at one o'clock P. NJ, the
following described live stock, to-wit:
Three Milk Cows, one years old
one years old, one years old, latter
being fresh and the others to be fresh
soon; Cows, two years old, to be
fresh soon; 5 yearling Heifers and
yearling Bull, all Jerseys.
TERMS OF SALE-Sums under
$40 each on day of sale. On sums of
$40 and over credit will be given, pur-
chaser to give interest bearing note at
months with approved security. No
property to be removed until terms
are complied with.
WARDEN SMITH,
Deer Park, Maryland.
Advertisement Aft.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1930-03-20
City an Object Lesson

The architectural development Of
the city of Washington has been char
acterized as a "clinic in architecture"
results of Importance to the entire ma
ton being worked out in this "clinic."