Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-02-09
~ RITISH Arbitration Policies"
lie the subject of q hullafir,


Just issued by the Carnegie
- Endowment for International
Peace. The author is DR..
Norman L. Hill, associate professor Of
political science at the University of
Nebraska.
"TIhe modern period Of che movement
for universal peace dates back to the
foundation of the European state sys-
tenn, which was well under way by the
termination of the Thirty Years War in
1913" writes Prof. Hill.
1T was during the middle of the
seventeenth century that the movement
to abolish war started in England, but
for approximately $50 years its follow
ers were few and there was little popu-
lar appreciation of its ideals and pur-
poses. Among the earliest protagonists
of peace In England was the Society
of Friends, which was organized between
1647 and 1866, through the efforts of
George Fox.
Cromwell BIazed Trail.
"Among the events which constituted
the beginning of the British peace
movement must be included the activi-
ties of the government of Cromwell
Lord Protector of England from 1919
to 1858. Several treaties were negoti-
ated by the British government during
his rule, which furnished new i'm
petus to the settlement of disputed
claims by mixed commissions.
"These treaties of the Cromwellian
period were followed by similar agree
ments under subsequent governmental
regimes. Under Charles II. in 1914. a
pact was formed with Holland calling
for the use of machinery of arbitration
The treaty of Ryswick, in 1897, created
two commissions, one to deal with the
rights of the parties to designated areas
in the Hudson Bay region and the Sec
ond to determine whether William III
was entitled to revenues of the Princi-
pality of Orange.
Articles x and XII of the treaty OF
Utrecht, between England and France
signed in 1913, also provided for two
commissions to deal, respectively, with
boundaries in the Hudson Bay territory
and with claims. Treaties of this type
furnish evidence that British diplomacy
became acquainted with the nature and
process of arbitration at an early date
Work Of Limited Group.
"TheSe various expressions which the
movement against war found in Eng
land were the earliest that have beer
recorded for the period of history thai
begins with the modern State system
They were, of course, immature, and, In
some cases, hopeleSsly idealiStic. They
were the work Of limited groups ant
were not representative of an attitud,
which was shared by the public as
whole"
An introduction by the endowment
president, DIR. Nicholas Murray Butler
and an outline of the workings o
Peace Societies in Great Britain" ar,
contained in the document, including I
description of the "Anti-War Efforts o
| the Manchester School of Economics,
which, under the leadership of RicharC
| Golden and John Bright, propoundet
the doctrine that only defensive warfar,
! is justifiable. The school regarded ag
gressive combat as not only contrar.
to religion and morality, but incon
sistent with the economic good of ;
| nation.
| which occurred during the nineteenth
century have been compiled. It is clea
from all of the lists that during tn
nineteenth century Great Britain en-
gagged more frequently in the arbitra
| ton of disputes than any other nation,
Prof. Hill points out. "Mr. Darby
| group arranges the leading nations G
the world in the following order, wit
the number of arbitration cases a
Great Britain, 1866; Germany. 11s
France, los; United States, 90; Turkey
| Sc; Austria Hungary, 48; Italy, As, an
Russia, AZ. In the compilation of N
La Fontaine, Great Britain is credite
with 10 cases, the United States witt
! So, Chile and France, 20 each, an
Peru, Is. Since the opening of tn
| twentieth century England has con
tinued to resort to peaceful methods o
| settling international disputes.
THE United States and England hav
| each been involved in six cases whicl
have come before the Permanent Cour
of Arbitration. Great Britain also ha
been q party since 1900 to several arbi
tration cases which have been referre
to special tribunals. There are fou
] such cases recorded in the British ant
foreign state papers, including dispute
with Brazil. Portugal, Germany ant
Peru, which were settled by arbitra
bodies in 1904, 1904, 1911 and 1922, re
spectively.
British Jurists Often Employed.
1.-THE favorable attitude of Englan,
| toward arbitration as method of deal
ing with international differences ma,
also be seen from the fact that he
juriSts have often been employed as til
| neutral memDeTS Oh Tie dTDlIIdl III
bunals. Among the most significan
disputes of the nineteenth century II
which Great Britain was the arbitrator
were the following:
Dispute between France and Mexic
regarding claims, which was settled Il
1874; controversy between China ant
Japan relative to the murder Of a Japa
nese subject by a Chinese, decided II
1875; boundary question between Ar
+, gentina and Chile in 1896. OF the