davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-04-08
BY MILTON BONNER
NEA Service Writer

LONDON, April 8-The countess
of Carlisle, one of the loveliest peer
esseS in Great Britain and herself
mother of two handsome children,
wants to find the most beautiful
child in England.
And when she finds him or her,
she wants to compare the child
with the most famous chiN statues
sculptured by the Greek masters.
For the countess has q theory
she wishes to prove. 1t always has
been held that in their conception
Of human beings-men, women and
children-the ancient Greek masters
gave to mankind the noblest and
finest specimens of the genus homo
ever portrayed by man.
The countess believes otherwise.
She thinks the actual flesh and
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-04-08
DIES ON GALLONS
Young Briton Executed for
Staying Mother.

BIZ United Press
MAIDSTONE. Kent. England,
April S.-Sydney Harry Fox, 81
year-old confidence man" and
forger, was executed today for the
murder OF his widowed mother.
The pleasant young man. once
known, because Of mis- engaging
smile and cherubic face. as Little
Lord Fauntleroy," went to the gal
lows at 5:l5 a. m.
He protested his innocence Of the
crime, England's first case Of matri-
eide in fifty years. to the end
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-04-08

BIZ United Press
NEW YORK, April S.-Nathan L.
AmSter, elderly and wealthy trac-
ton magnate, pictured himself in
general sessions today as an indul-
gent, generous man, pursued to all
parts of the world by dark-eyed
actress who claims he is the father
of her child.
He went back to the witness stand
for cross eXamination in the trial
of Olga Edwards, "a, on a charge of
attempted extortion. Miss Edwards,
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-04-08
COLLEGE MERGER D6E\
Knox and Lombard Trustees Vote
SoIidI for Consolidation
BIZ Uniied Prcsf

By CHifed Prcss
GALESBURG, Ill, April S.-Mer-
ger of Knox and Lombard colleges,
rivals for nearly seventy-f1ve years.
was in prospect today as commtt-
tees representing the two institu.
tons started work on plan Of con-
solidation.
A statement telling Of the pro-
posed merger was issued Monday by
Albert Britt, president of Knox, and
George G. Davis, president Of Lon1-
bard. after the executive commit
tees Of the boards of trustees Of the
colleges unanimously voted ap-
proval Of the idea.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-04-08
BRITISH TENNIS ACE ILL

Miss NutthaI May Be Kept From
Wightman Cup Trials,
BIZ United Press
LONDON, April S.-Miss Betty
NutthaI, the British tennis star
was in bed with a chill today and
may be eliminated from the Wight
man cup trials, which started Mon
day. The trials will end Wednes-
day.
Miss Nutthall's temperature was
103 degrees Monday.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-04-08
AD CONTEST STARTED
Three Prizes Offered by Leather
Firm for Signature Cuts.

Three prizes ranging from $25 to
IS in merchandise are being offered
by E. J. Gausepohl & Co., leather
goods firm, 38 West Washington
street, to persons who draw the best
new signature cuts OF the company's
came to be used in newspaper ad-
ertiSing.
The contest viii close at midnight
April 80 and can be entered by per-
sons other than professional artists.
Drawings must be in black ink on
white paper or cardboard Cuts that
nave been used by the firm may be
viewed ct the store.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-04-08
DRY ADHERENCE VOICED
G. o. P. Primary Candidates Pledge
Support of ALI Issues.

Rigid adherence to the Repubn-
can platform on prohibition and
other issues was promised by Re
publican primary candidates at the
meeting of the Irvington Repub-
lica1 Club Monday night. Speakers
included Asa J. Smith and Schuyler
Mowrer, who seek the Seventh dis
trict Republican congressional nom
nation.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-04-08
SIumbe1- Party

please go away and let US
Sleep" was. the plea of Ulysses
Tomey, 19, of 1918 Burford
street, and Earl Scott, 10, of
528 South West street, when
they were found feigning
slumber on a pile of tires in
the Benjamin Horvitz junk
shop at 1914 South Meridian
street at this morning.
Police did not approve Of the
slumber party in the junk yard
and arrested the two on
charges Of entering a house to
commit a felony and vagrancy.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-04-08
MOVIES TO BE SHOWN
Technical Societies to Hear Talks al
Spring Meeting.

Four talking motion pictures will
be shown on the entertainment pro-
gram at the spring meeting Of
technical societies Of indianapolis
in the Elks Club ballroom at $50
Wednesday.
A c. Piereault Of General Electric
Company viii present and explain
the following subjects: Radio Ac-
tive RAYS" Constitution and Trans
formation Of the Elements" ''Oh
Film on Water" and The Conquest
Of the Cascades"
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-04-08
Injured Man Loses Suit
Pv Times Special

Pu Times Special
ANDERSON, Ind, April 6.-Four
fractures of the skull suffered by
Joseph H. Neff when his automobile
collided with one driven by James
Hamilton failed to convince jury
that Neff was entitled to recover
damages. The jurors held Neff was
at fault because he failed to take
proper precautions when he drove
of a side road to State Road 81. in
front of the car driven by Hamil-
ton. One ballot decided the case.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-04-08
Injured Man Asks $4,000

BIZ Times Special
PERU. Ind, April S.-Dorse Hol-
comb asks $4,000 in a suit filed here
against the Chesapeake & Ohio
railroad as a result of injuries
suffered while working in the car
department of the railroads shops
here.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-04-08
TWO FIREMEN
ARE INJURED IN
$4,000 BLAZE
Flames at FairWay Coffee
Firm Store Believed
Incendiary'S Work.
GARAGE IS DESTROYED
Two Automobiles. Truck
Burned, in Wilcox
Street Fire.

Rendered unconscious late Mon
day when struck on the heads by
heavy boxes of coffee which fell on
them while they fought a fire Of
aIleeedly tncendiary origin at the
Fairway Coffee Company store. 81
Al South Davidson street, two city
hremen we're recovering from scalp
wounds today.
Comrades carried ths unconscious
men from the blazing building.
Coffee company officials today
estimated the fire damage to build
ing and coffee stocks at from $685.
600 TO $4,000.
The two fremen, Michael Cord
ner, of No. Z company, and Law
renee Bourke of the salvage corps,
were beneath a stack of heavy
boxes when the stack toppled on
them.
$4,000 Pounds Coffee Damaged
Approximately $4,000 pounds Of
raw and roasted coffee in the store
we're damaged by the fire, which
started in the plant at $50 Monday
afternoon. w. B. Gates, vice-pres1-
dent Of the company, and other Of
f1cials we're in the building at 3
o'clock.
Company officials believe the
blaze started in the basement and
that sparks started a fire almost
simultaneously among empty coffee
bags stored on the second floor of
the building. Fire department Of
ficials are investigating theories the
fire NAV have been of incendiary
origin.
Garage Is Destroyed
Gasoline was thrown against the
rear wall of a garage at the home Of
H. S. Wolfe, 2021 Wilcox street,
Monday night and the garage, two
automobiles and a truck were des-
troyed. The f1rse spread to a shed
at the home of Kenneth Chadwick.
2o23 Wilcox street, to a shed at the
home of P. Bates, 2018 West YER
mont street, and to a shed at the
home of E. Balm, 202 West Yer
mont street, causing damage total
ling sos to these structures.
Damage to the Wolfe garage and
TO automobiles totaled 81 500. Police
were told two youths ran from the
garage, Ieaped into an old car and
drove away just before the fire was
detected.
Damage of SIS resulted from fire
of undetermined origin at the home
of Charles Beach, 2716 Shriver
street. Monday night and damage Of
$40 resulted at the home of John
Lucas. 545 East Tenth street, at
this morning.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-04-08

blood children of today not only can
compete with the Greek artists con-
ceptions, but srIrpass them. And she
is going to try to prove it.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-04-08
CITY MAN FOUND DEAD
Natural Causes Resulted In Enc,
Coroner Keever Declares.

John Bradshaw, IS, was found
dead in bed at the home of his son,
Robert Bradshaw, $50 North Ala
bama street, Apartment 8, this
morning. The aged man had suf-
fered from asthma for several
years. Coroner G. H. Keever at
tributed death to natural causes
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-04-08

Wabash District
o 5 a. Bridge. superintendent: Akron.
c S. Miller; Andrews. ]. ". Borders;
Bippus. Ora L. Davis: Churubusco. W. L
Hall: ChuTuhusco circuit. ora c. Bogus;
claypool. ]. s. Denbo; Columbia City. r.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-06-30

have made other lands popular; no
forests, no rich meadows. no prosper
disappearing farms with beautiful
gardens.
I'm spite of adverse conditions, in
spite of earthquakes and volcanoes, and
the absence of luxuries. the Icelanders
cling to their land with fierce pride.
They have a national life which is diff
ferent from that Of any other land In
the world.
They feel strongly their one-time
glory and value highly the culture and
civilization that they built practically
without outside help and in which the
Iceland of today has its roots. Not only
have they long ranked among the most
literate people in the world, but they
possess broad knowledge and excellent
taste in literature.
THE people of Iceland have great
literature of their own in the old sagas,
and many of their modern poets are
especially gifted Their folk songs are
popular throughout the country and
rank with the best of any. nation"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-06-30

of the swimming bladder. Many fishes
yield isinglass, but the best qualities
come from sturgeon. Isinglass is used
to clarity wines and beers, to make
iellies jell to give luSter to silk, to add
to Spanish licorice, lamp black and
water to make an India ink; to make
court plaster and, when dissolved, in
alcohol. to make hard, durable glue
used to cement diamonds and repair
broken glass and pottery.
Although caviar has been a priced
and expensive table delicacy certainly
as far back as the days of Shakespeare,
who made Hamlet say, Twas caviar to
the general wealthy America is not
the chief importer of Astrakhan caviar.
Greece annually SurpaSses the United
States in her importations of the roe.
THE United States itself used to ex-
port caviar, but that was in the days
when sturgeon were still plentiful in
the Great Lakes and were found in
considerable numbers in the rivers of
the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts. Over
fishing has seriously depleted our stur-
geon fishery.
Caviar is but one item in the Soviet's
extensive fisheries, which, although the
nation is short on ice-free seacoastS,
are estimated to be the third most val
liable in the world. Russians used to
consume large quantities. of fish be-
cause Of the numerous church fast
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-06-30

Bouncing bobbers warn the fisherman
that sturgeon swimming up-river 70
spawn has entered his trap.
Having made his catch the fisherman
sails through the dismal reaches of the
lower Volga to Astrakhan, the caviar
capital. Practically all the caviar that
comes to the United States is packed in
this island city 70 feet below sea level.
The Caspian Sea, into which the Volga
drains, is IS feet below sea level.
"Once the catch has been brought
to the wharf the sturgeon is inme-
diately cut open and the roe emptied
into sieve through which the eggs
fall. The sturgeon eggs are submerged
for few minutes in a brine, which
acts as a preservative, and then packed
in barrels for shipment abroad Bulk
shipments are usually put up in small
cans that decorate delicateSsen shelves
after the caviar arrives in New York.
Sturgeon, like sharks, are very old
fish in the history of the world. Their
armored backs and sides make them a
survival in the waters such as the
armored, clumsy rhinoceros is on land.
In place of scales the sturgeon has
cartilaginous plates for a coat, some
plates being capped with spikes. His
mouth, like the sharks, is undressing.
but. unlike the sharks, is toothless.
Another product of the sturgeon is
isinglass, which Is the gelatinous wall
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-06-30
Baccarat Case Recalled.

At the death recently of Sir William
Gordon Gordon Cumming at his home
near Forres, England, his famous bac-
carat case, in 1891, in which the Prince
of wales, late King Edward VII, was
a witness, was recalled. Sir William
brought an unsuccessful action for SLAM
der against Mrs. Wilson and others,
denying an accusation that he had
doubled his stakes when he won and
halved them when he lost at baccarat.
He never played cards after that time.
There was much popular sympathy with
the man, who next day married Miss
Florence Josephine Garner of New York
after giving her an opportunity to end
the engagement. which she refused.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-06-30

says q bulletin Of the National Geo.
graphic Society.
IAN of 1t was sold through the
Amtorg, which is the Soviet govern
ment's trading corporation in New York
City. The caviar trade has been pushed
vigorously because the Soviet govern
ment needs that 100000 and much
more money to pay for the tons of cot
ton, the tractors, the electrical ma
chinery and other commodities which
the government purchases in large
quantities in the United States.
Huge, sluggish sturgeon that are
helping the u. S. S. r. to buy Southern
cotton, inhabit the mouths of the Volga
the Caspian and the Black Seas and
various other rivers running into these
seas. They are the largest of fresh
water fish. Authenticated, true, scienti-
fically accepted fish stories from the
Volga report that sturgeon have been
caught that measure Is feet in length
and weighed 5000 pounds!
only female sturgeon are highly VAL
liable because 1t Is the fish eggs which
fishermen chiefly seek Enormous guam
titles of roe are found in a single fish;
the egg mass may account for one-third
the entire weight.
Fish Egg Capital.
ITO catch the fish the fishermen drive
stakes and set their nets in the form of
large weirs, like eel weirs on big scale.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-06-30
ICELAND Bellies
ITS FR|GID NAME
Country on Threshold oil
Arctic Ocean Is LibeIed
by Maps.

While other countries are celebrating
centennials. Iceland, scorning such
youth, is preparing for the observance
in June Of the 1.000th anniversary of
the organization of its popular assembly
Popular misconceptions of Iceland are
pointed out in a bulletin from the
headquarters of the National Geo.
graphic Society
"Iceland's name naturally suggests to
the prospective visitor that he will find
q frozen waste" says the bulletin And
when his map shows this island to lie
across the very threshold of the Arctic
Ocean, hard by the glacial coast of
Greenland and 300 miles farther north
than bleak Labrador. he is almost pre-
pared to come upon a land of polar
bears and of fur-clsd folk living in
snow igloos.
Maps Libel the Island.
y Iceland is libeled both by nomen-
tlature and maps. On many charts the
most important physical fact in its life
does not appear. Up from the south
flows the warm Gulf stream to enfold
the island and work the magic of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-06-30

days The Baltic is rich IN ash. the
White Sea and the Thurman Coast are
the home Of cod, and many other flsh
in addition to seal herds, which are
hunted annually; the numerous lakes
yield their annual quota, the fishery re-
sources Of the Siberian rivers have been
scarcely tapped, while the salmon
streams Of the Pacific Coast have not
been exploited nearly as effectively nor
as scientifically as the Alaskan salmon
streams"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-06-30
CAVIAR PURCHASES
TRACTORS IN U. S.
Soviet Exports Tons of Deli
cacy, Buying Machinery
With Proceeds.

Caviar for America is one of the most
recent products to be completely SOW
ietized, according to reports from Mos
COW.
Preserved sturgeon eggs, popularity
known as caviar continue to be one of
the most valuable products of the Soviet
fisheries which have now been merged
into one big, national government con-
trolled trust.
of Russian caviar last year, for which
Americans paid more than $500, 000,"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-06-30

whisking IL, In effect. nearly q thousand
miles toward the Equator, so that its
climate Is not that OF the polar regions.
but Of Southern Canada or Northern
United States.
"On Iceland's coasts are thriving
towns with buildings Of stone, gabled
roofs and church steeples, busy streets
and electric lights In the streets are
men and wom6h CARRIED much as are
the inhabitants OF Copenhagen and
Glasgow. Ottawa and Minneapolis.
ones eyes tell him that here is the
same civilization that Europe and
America know
And immaterial factors proclaim the
truth still more Enthusiastically than do
material things. Here, in this far north
ern land. worthy national literature
and stable national institutions were
developed when much of Europe was
floundering in the Dark Ages. Here
the lamp of the Nordic Renaissance
burned and lighted its own region be-
fore the beacon of the Latin Renais-
sance was held aloft to light the way
for the world. This northern light has
never failed. Today the literacy rate is
higher in Iceland than in many coun-
tries Of Europe.
Best Of Country Along Coast.
ut is true that physically Iceland's
best foot is forward It's mort pleasant
aspect is its fringe of coast. Inland it
is in nowise a pretty country. although
the distinction may be made that 1t
much scenery of beauty-a
weird. magnificent beauty coupled with
for, although Iceland Is not
the icy waste that distant popular fancy
would make it, it Jared less fortunately
at the hands of another of Natures
great forces-f1re. The land is actively
and in the interior, on every
hand, are the evidences of great fiery
outbursts of the past To tourists 1t
presents none of those scenes which
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-06-30
Marriage Licenses.

pwight H., williams; IS, this city. and
Rev. Charles r. Warner.
Edward Lloyd. 50. and Irene Shaner, 81;
Rev. J. Harvey Durham.
Frank H. Clark So and Nina 3. Reed, 81;
Rev. Maurice 8. White
Walter Owens, a. and Evelyn L. Brooke,
10; Rev. John z. Briges,
George E. Sammond. %, and Eva NJ
Peckhsm, %; Rev. Z. J. A. Nestor
Walter L. Swartz. 20, and Grace =. Tai
bert. 49, Rev. Irving w. Ketcham.
Bonnie Phsnp. IS, New York City. and
Margaret Bsrkley, %, this city; Rev. H.
W. Tolson.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-06-30

After three years research a party of
German scientists have decided that a
spot near New Plymouth, New Zealand,
Is the most likely to produce oil.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-06-30
On Sale for Limited Time
Denny & Denny
Weekend Packages
One-FOurth the &
Manufacturers List Price ~

BY special arrangement with the manufacturer we
able to make this extraordinary offer. a
Denny & Denny Weekend Package for ST.. ex-
actly one-fourth the manufacturers list price.
This weekend package. "a delightful companion
for home, vacation and travel. is of generous
size. not to be confused with the miniature pack
ages frequently offered. 1t contains Denny
Dennys essential preparations for loveIiness-herbal
cleansing cream, tissue cream, hand cream Jasnnin
flower face powder, herbal skin tonic, and cleansing
tissue. all, in attractive weekend case, ST..
TonERns, AsLEs II, 49, 49, FIRST FLOOR.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-06-30

stakes and set their nets in the form o
large weirs, like eel weirs on big scale
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-06-30

All Tires Without ChgPhone Orders District $780, Filled
M
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1930-06-11
Circle Entertained
At Luncheon

Members Of the West Browns
vile circle of the Methodist mis-
sionary society were guests Monday
Of Mrs. "A. w. Neck at q beautifully
appointed luncheon al her home.
The regular missionary program fol-
lowed III the afternoon. with Mrs.
II. L. Fitch IN charge Of the lesson,
assisted by Mrs. K. It. Yates and
Mrs. j. A. Terral, who gave items OF
interest from the missionary bull
letin.
Twelve members and the follow
ing guests were present: Rev and
Mrs. j. z. Lovett. Miss Catherine
Worley, Mrs. v. w. Colgin, Mrs. j.
K. Bull, Mrs. T. w. Neck. Mrs. F. E.
Morris, and Mrs. Sam Houghston.
The Central circle was entertain
ed by Mrs G.. S. Stell at her home.
Mrs. Lovett led the lesson, assisted
by Mrs. Sterling. Mrs. Morris and
Mrs. Stell. Seven members were
present.
Mrs. Charles Wiech was hostess
to the Young MatronS circle with
Mrs. r. T. Green in charge of the
program, assisted by Mrs. Lyons.
Six members and n visitor were
present.
FL Jardin circle met at the church
with Mrs. c. L. Hunter, hostess.
Mrs. Hughston was leader Of devo-
tionals and Mrs. Hunter and Mrs.
Wilson gave items from the Mission
ary Voice. Five attended.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1930-06-11
National President Defines Clubs Purpose

that 1 am assisting them in provid-
ing for their future" she said. In
making them secure, I feel that I
can contribute something to their
status IN the business world"
Miss McClench maintains her own
office Il Ann Arbor, Mich. as a
branch Of a Detroit insurance COM
pany. and unaSsisted she conducts
a tremendous business which has
made her outstanding in her chosen
work.
she lists school loan funds, IL
brarics. night schools, civic and
Identification campaigns as some Of
the major projects in which she has
seen Business Women's clubs sue
CesSfully engaged.
The national president will leave
Brownsville tonight after the closing
banquet in her honor. going with the
San Antonio delegates back 10 that
city for a luncheon, and flying from
there to Dallas, thence to the Colo
RADIO convention.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1930-06-11

bowl, in lotus ware, and low score,
won by Mrs. N. ID. Monger. a card
tray in black, etched with silver
was her reward. The hOnOree, Miss
Jones, was presented with a hand
sr me necklace.
Personnel. Miss Kathleen Jones,
Mesdames r. j. East, j.. w. Belts,
Jesse Welsh, r. r.. Worth. DR..
Smith, Ed Hinkley, Henry Hinkley,
r. B. Jones, S. j. Wren. @. K. Cook.
c. a Mccall. Edgar Welsh, Maxine
Rruce, Sa-ita Lomax. Dorothy
Booth, Eleanor Mae Smith. Ruth
Brown. Laura Mae Booth. Mesdames
Paul Bruce. z. L. Butts. r. b. Cool
shy, n. ID. Monger, J.. Llewellyn,
W. M. Wunderman. "A. ID. Shapere.
L z. Stanley, f. b. Sublette. j. L.
Bates. c.. A. Demers. j. F. Wede-
eartner. J. Fl. K0ontz. j. G. Buck.
II. Bennett. S. H. Crews. r. Grim
sell, j. NJ. Bowling.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1930-06-11
C~omings, Goings

Miss Frances Blanton of Browns
vile and Miss Bonnie Pace OF Troup
guests of Miss Elizabeth Ruff.
also Of Brownsville, last week at r.
G. u, TT. Worth.
Mr.. and Mrs. Corbett Bryant and
Mr.. and Mrs. Thomas <. Cook Jr.
Of Dallas are guests OF Mrs. Volney
Taylor and her sister, Mrs. Jesse
bennett.
Miss Sarita Conrad has arrived
home from COLUMBUS, Ohio, WHERE
she attended the state university
the past year. She is taking a
Bachelor Of Science degree, major
ing in Spanish.
Mr.. and Mrs. Dave Young and
Dave Jr., and Mrs. j. j. Young are
motoring to Boston 10 attend the
graduating exercises of Miss Bertha
Young at the Boston Conservatory
Of Music.
Miss Tracy Boory Is at home for
the summer after receiving her
degree from the University Of
Oklahoma.