davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
La gaceta., 1930-12-23
asistencia del alcalde Mckay.
La asamblea de por la noche

L G1NClAASLD lNS OAAAO 1oAiAASklIN
ell acto, con la aSistencia de
Comite de Ciudadanos. ell Co
mite Nivelador de los Fabri
cantes, reforzado, ell Comitt
Nivelador de los tabaqueros
con los eXpertoS, ell alcalde NJ
Kay Y representatives dc 10:
cuatro diaries de la localidad
Tampa Tribune, Tampa Times
Ia Traducci6n y La Gaceta.
Abre Ia session ell Sr. James
w. Morris p~residente del Co.
mite de Ciudadanos, con fra.
SEES de salutacion Y hacienda
votos porque de la conference
Sc deriven positivos beneficio,
para la Comunidad.
Martin C~araballo, ell vicepre-
sidente, lee un documento Y Mr..
Norris anuncia que va a presen
ia al mayor Ne Kay.
Ell alcalde elogia a la Conf
sion de Ciudadanos, por ell NOM
brada, por la magnifica labor
que ha venido realizando. Ase-
gura que los Ciudadanos han
actuado dando prueba de sus al
tos sentimientos humanitari0s
y de su amor a la comunidad.
Dice que tiene ante 81 ell infor
me de la comisi6n y que va a
leerlo,
Lo lee ell Mayor y luego Mar
tin Caraballo 10 lee en- espanol.
Del informe de la comision
copiamos los parrafos que 81
guen:
Tampa, Fla, Die. %, 1880.
S D. B. Mckay,
Alca'de de Tampa,
Ciudad.
Muy Ser0r %nuestrO:
Su comite habiendo llevado a
cabo sus indagaciones hasta Ell
punto en- gue Sc considera va en-
posici6n de hacer una memorial
comprensiva de sus actividadeS,
y de p~esentar sus recomendacio
mes basadas en- dicho estudio,
ahora prescntan las mismas a
Vd.
Este comit6 comprendiendo
que la idea de ciertas fabricas
de tabaco y ell prospecto SECURE
V cercano de que Otras tambien
Sc marcharian, 10 que cause que
quedasen sin empleo un gran
ndmero de obreros del tabacO,
era la causa que motiVaba su
nombramiento y realizandO 10
imp0ratnte de su cometido, no
solamente a Ia industrial del ia
baco en- 81, sino tambien a la
Ciudad de Tampa, y no c~onocieH
do nj pretendiendo conocer ell
tecnicismo de la industrial, pues
ninguno de sus miembros estan
identificados con la misma, nos
comprometimos a que hariamos
iun estudio complete de las con-
d~iciones que afectan la industrial
del tabaco, sin tenor o parciali-
dad a una parte Il Otra, y sin o.
pini6n previa, para c%erciorar-
nos, 81 pudiesemos, de las me-
didas que debiesen de tomarse
para asegurar la continuation
de las op~eraciones de todas las
fab?icas que ahora eXisten en- ia
ciudad de Tampa, con una utili-
dad razonable al manufacture
70, Y un aumento en- ell empleo
de obreros del tabaco con To-
jornaIes mas amplios que las CT
cunstancias permitiesen.
Comenzada nuestra faena, e.
comite Sc %cercior6 de que nuevos
m6todos Y condolences que exis-
ten en- la manufacture de tabaco
en- otros lugares, con la result
tante rebaja en- el costo de Ia
production, habian puesto a es-
ia Ciudad de Tampa en- una con
dici6n desventajosa. La intro
ducci6n de maquinaria, y el uso
acrecentado de la misma, ha-
bian tambien producido condi-
clones que no podian ignorarse
81 la manufacture de tabacos q
mano habia de ser preservada,
La gaceta., 1930-12-23

sc al lllNcl up dqutl IltNIlo d Itld
quina. Pero tambien vimos muI
clalamente que habia de encon.
trarSe la manera de que no eXis.
tiese tan gran diferencia entrC
e. coSto de una Y otra forma pa.
"a cue ell pr0ducto a mano pu-
desc sobrevivir. Tambien sc hi.
20 aparente al comite que ell au
mento de precio de vitolas que
habia tenido Tampa en- una epo.
ca de prosperidad V c~a~estia de
la vida no habia sido alterad,
cuando cambio la Situacion, co
mo hq Sucedido en- otros centres
induStriales, pero al mismo item
pc, ell comite reconcile que min
gun feajuste cuyo peso recaye.
Sc en- su totalidad sobre ell obre
ro del producto a mano resolve
ria ell problema en- una manera
que fuese beneficiosa a la comu-
nidad. Ell comite crey6 su debe,
encontrar una seduction que re
sultase en- beneficio del obrero a
la larga. y que debia de acep
tar solamente aquellos reajuste>
que fuesen necesarios para per
mitirle vida a la industrial Y que
a mismo tiempo produjesen a
obrero la mayor possible com
pensaci6n por su trabajo.
Sc lie demost o a este CONT,
de una manera clara y %convin.
c9nte que la escala de jornale
referente al charuto de a cincC
centlvos en- Tampa habia prac
ticamente Tornado esta clase d.
tabaco fuera de production, y
que hasta cie1to punto 10 mism
suctdia con referencia al taba
co de a diez centavoS de trip
larga, para ambas de cuyas Vi
tolas hay tai mercado que 81 s
pudiesen hace~ aqui, st pued
esperar con iustificada razor
que terminaria la falta de EN-
pleo Y quizas requeriria fabri
cas- a~dicionales y mas obreroS.
Este cOmite Sc sinti6 altamen
te contrariado cuando los manu-
factureros determinaron que ia
discussion tenia que concretar.
a la rebaja general del dieZ pc
ciento que ellos habian pedidO,
Y cuya actitud puso un fin a las
negociaciones entire los manufac
ture~os y los obreros que este
comite habfa iniciado.
FL comite habia seguido es-
tas negociaciones con sumo in
teres, pues estaba convencidO
que 81 ell ~reajuste que Sc lleVa-
Sc a cabo no traia consigo la
manufacture del cheruto y ell
tabaco de diez centavos de tri-
pa larga, no podfa esperarse
mas plazas para obreros con
certeza y rapidez. Tambi6n
deplor6 que dos otras Eases de
este problema no iban a ser
discutidas en- connection con
estos requisites. La primera es
que aproximadamente ell Sc
tenta Y cinco por cientO del
despalilladO de tripa Sc hace
en- Cuba, y que solamente apro
ximadamente ell veinte Y cinco
por ciento Sc hace localmente,
Y ell comit6 crey6 que debiera
de encontrarse la manera po"
la cual una mayor proportion
de este trabajo fuese ~trnsferi-
10 a Tampa. FL otro asunto
1ue este comite considero de
importancia era un programa
| yeneral de %anuncio que esti-
| nulase Ell consume de los ia
| oacos de Tampa y asi trajese
onsigo un aumento en- su pro-
lucci6n Y al mismo tempo ell
empleo de mas obreros.
FL comit6 Sc cercior6 de que
la escala de precios del despa-
| iillado en- Cuba era material
mente mas baja que la que aqui
Sc obtiene, pero que no obstan-
tie esta diferencia, solamente
| hacia falta una pequena reba-
| ia en- los precios de aqui para
| darle a Tampa la ventaja, por
La gaceta., 1930-12-23
Dos lnB Sc okraon aver para CN&rd los PObknN de la Industrial TbaGRa

la raz6n de que cuando ell Ia
baco Sc deSpalilla en- Cuba ha,
que Sacarlo. aplicandole Gallo
Il otro proceso, a fin de evita
ell moho en- la transportation
Y que este proceSo depriva a
tabaco de una gran parte d,
su aroma Y que al empaqueta.
la hoja, va sin la protection d,
su palo Y en- Su cOndici6n SEGA
Sufria eSta mucho dano Y has
ia parte Sc c%onvertia en- plea
dura, Y que por eStaS raZoneS
como tamoien las otraS venta
las 0btenidaS al deSpalillal
2erca de la elaboration del la.
oaco, que 81 este comite pudie
"a obtener una pequena modi
icaci0n en- estos precios, reSu
"a la en- aumentar ell empleo en-
ga rama de IA industrial.
Las relomendaciones Que
hacemos son las siguienteS:
CD Una rebaja del diez
por ciento en- todas las vitolas
Y classes en- Ell presente Carta-
bon.
(2) EStablecer las siguien.
es vitolas:
az Para vender a dieZ cen
aVos, en- la parte Habano, una
)anetela de ambas formas, dc
uatro y media pulgadaS por
reinta y siete de anillo de dia
metro, de tripa larga a $1,000
81 millar.
b) Para vender a dieZ cen
aVos, en- la parte de Shade
crown, un tabaco especial, de
lmbas formas, de cuatro y tres
pctavoS de pulgada de largo y
milo cuarenta y dos de dia.
METRO de tripa larga de neil
,abeza, IA $14.00 ell millar.
g Tn cheruto de cuatro y
ledia pulgadas, con anilIo
.uarenta y dos de diametro, de
mbas formas con capote do
nestico y capa Habana o de
hade Grown a $500 ell millar.
CD La rebaja del dieZ
Dor ciento en- los precios del
!espalillado en- todas sus for
mas.
(4) AL comite Sc lie ha asc
yurado que ell noventa por Glen
% de los manufacturers Sc o.
Jiigan, dado el case que este
reajuste Sc lleve a cabo ami
gablemente, que participaran
en- un programa general de a
.nuncio, va sease difigido con
Ell fin de aumentar el consume
de tabaco en- general o dedi-
cado particularmente al pro
ducto e Tampa, para estimu-
lar la industrial.
FL comite cree que estos rea-
justes son esenciales y encare-
cidamente 10 recomienda a an
hos manufacturers y obreros
para su estudio favorable y su
adopci6n.
Respetuosamennte,
James w. Morris, Presiden-
te; Martin Caraballo, Vice
Presidente; II. G. Culbreath
d. Jackson, c. w. Lyons,
Carl d. Brorein, O.. Falk, Geo.
3. Howell, V. V. Sharpe, f. p.
T~aIiaferro, T. w. Ramsey, II.
T. Lykes, J. Edgar Wall y j.
Zendegui, Secretario.
Ell alcalde Mckay eXplica
que TODD este surgi6 hace unos
dos meses, en- un almuerzo del
Club Los Leones en- ell cual Sc
discuti6 Ell presente affective
estado de la industrial.
lnlclO Ell las geStlOneS con 81
fin de procurar trabajo a mu-
chos ciudadanos que no 10 tie
men, nombrando para la conf
sion a hombres de probada in
tegridad.
"Yo me siento s~atisfecho
de la selection que hice y creo
que estos caballeros han llega-
do a una honrada conclusion.
Someto a ustedes este infor-
para que 10 acepten en- be-
neficio de la industrial que tan
to ha ayudado a construir q
Tampa.
La gaceta., 1930-12-23

Quisiera que alguna vez nos
dejaramos de luchas, sobre to-
do en- estos momentos en- que
tan necesaria es la paz y la con-
cordia.
I'm POGO de tito mes vendria
bien.
Aurelio Prado: Ell Sr. Pendas
no ha entendido bien nuestra CO.
m%unicaci6n o informe. FL Conf
t6 Nivelador de ustedes nos hizo
una petici6n para discutir y lue-
go result0 que Sc nos habia lla-
mado para que aceptaramos ell
reajuste.
1o entendia que sc nos guerra
para discutir y que de las OPT
niones de las dos parties saliera
una conveniente a todos.
Hemos dicho que ESQ de las
vitolas ha sido una sorpresa por
que no sabiamos NADIA sobre 81
tamano y precio. aunque con los
senores Ciudadanos estuvimos
reunidos hasta las 3 de la tarde
de hoy.
Creemos que Ell desarrolIo de
la industrial debe ser por ell ia
baco habano hecho a mano y en-
las vitolas inferiores.
Las vitolas de regalia Sc ha-
cen ahOra EN- mayor cantldad
que nunca; las inferiores Sc nos
marchan, arrebatadas por ell
desenyolvimiento mecanico. No
sotros hemos lido mas ALA que
los manufacturers.
Sobre el despalillado cast te-
nemos In conviction de que una
rebaja de 1879 no serviria para
emplear a mayor ndmero de
despalilladoras.
| Ramon Rodriguez: Deseo que
ell Sr. Pendas Il otro fabricante
me conteste la pregunta que voy
a hacer: Quieren un Cheruto de
Az pulgadas a 9 pesos. Con el
de rebaja ell Cheruto de 4H
que queda en- $3.50.
IVA a e pagado ell cheruto
mas chico a un precio superior
al grande?
Joe Perez le contesta No es
l6gico esperar que Ell Chico Sc
siga hacienda. FL problema con-
siste en- que nos hallamos obi
Pados a hacer un tabaco mas
grande. Ustedes van a dar ell ia
mano Y %nosotros daremos ell ma
terial.
Ese 1917 va a emplearse, pro-
babIemente, en- una campana de
anuncios.
Rogelio Miqueli: ITiene al
gun fabricante la impression de
que Sc va a guitar ell Cheruto
chico?
Mr.. Davis, de la Firma de FL
ladelfia, habla en- tono un tanto
imperative, Y dice: No es ITEM
po de hablar sobre ell tamaho
del Cheruto. FL asunto a tratar
es que la industrial sc nos va y
tenemos que salvarla. Debemos
competir, aqui no Sc hace ell Che
rutO y convene que Sc haga. Ha-
&c falfa v%erdader0 espiritu cons
tructivo Y ustedes son los llama
dos a mostrarlo en- estos mo
mentos.
Jose Martinez: Nosotros te-
nemos espiritu constructive.
Los fabricantes nos pidieron
dos o tres dias para reanudar
las negociaciones cor nosotros
Y esos dias todavia no han lie
gado. Estamos dispuestos a ayu-
dar a que la enfermedad sea
curada.
Cuando sedalamos los puntos
donde estaba ell NAL no Sc nos
do oportunidad para construir.
Entiendo que la industrial no
necesita el 1919 en- todas las vi
tolas.
Creiamos que los obreros te-
niamos ell derecho a discutir Y
buscar una reduction hasta lie
gar a los justos limites.
Davis: Ell mercado con csc
1917 todavia no tiene 10 que re
(Pasa a Ia la
La gaceta., 1930-12-23


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que Il" rep'J" no era leceSa-
fi"' "uilque "ei''oS aui''V'oo "a
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e9,@ "'k' "'"'"i "uo,
ES'" = una p1,'cioh 7"luo"'
PIE y hloueIdu@-uiJo'
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1930-03-25

r~everies. She has contrived to cast an aura OF
romance about her. that makes her as alluring
as any belle OF yesteryear, even il she does type
her little messages of love rather than indite
them with q scratchy quill pen.
And do not think that Miss 1880 is indifer-
ent TO all the little souvenirs that Love gathers
into a lovely garland of memories. All Of them
treasures just MS precious, just a. dear 70 her
young.
Love r~eioices at the modern maid. OF
course he knew all the time, that she had not
changed, that she vas ht finding hsrseif. And
so he let all her elders criticize snd even ad-
monish her, and said not a word. For he knew
that self-reliance, that a knowledge OF the battle
Of life would really make Miss Modernity a
greater disciple Of the little God Of Love.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1930-03-25
Tears Of JOY.

The reason for his precaution. I
knew. lay in the chase which the
man IN the black roadster. the man
Mr.. Underwood had said was a
private detective. Ia given US
Harry had eluded the ma with con-
Eummate skill. but he had not given
me a direct negative when / had
asked him IL there was any danger
OF the detectives picking up our
trail again. And his explanation or
the possible reason for the mans
espionage had been as lame as i was
bizarre. Nevertheless / knew that
Harry Underwood would not frighten
anyone unless he thought h a he
must do 80. But who. except Jack
Leslie. whom Alr. Underwood &C
uuitted Of this particular endeavor
could wish 10 spy upon Mary or 70
10 her harm2
I was haziiy conscious n a some
where deep in ono Of the files OF my
brain lay the answer. II | could only
concentrate sufficiently upon the
matter to bring II out But with
both heart and brain so ohsessed by
I,illian's problem. I he'd no mental
energy for anything else With the
pensihie resolution 10 keep watch
over Mary without ~bothering about
the reason for doing 50. | again
knocked at the Cosgrove door.
Mrs. CosSrove came 10 the door.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1930-03-25
vpA| Mrs. Cosgrore Discusses.
AAO - With Nndge. Her Brothers
Reawakening His Wealth 70 Lillian.
BY E GARRISON

land I saw that her ewes were red
With a sudden clutch at ny throat
put NJ my hand.
Robert I whispered. He
hasn't"
no. 70" ahs said hastily. He is
still here, and thanks 10 Lillian we
probably shall have him with us p
little longer even than we had hoped
You see" she explained as she led
the way into tho sitting room and
pulled out p chair for me. The
doesn't suffer much, now, 50 that
every day no stzys with Us IS 50
much happiness for ne 10 remember.
! suppose you see that ] have been
crying. but It's for Joy 20 see the
peace and happiness on his face.
Whatever she said TO him. / don't
know-of curse ne told me nothing.
but it's made him 50 happy
He lying there smiling at her
picture as II II were her living self.
And when I went into the room n
Few minutes ago-he sent FOR me
ne put u his hand and pulled me
down 50 he could whisper to me-he
saves his voice always-you know
the doctor tells him he must. Darling
Ho away has GdA4tu NE
that since we were little children to-
gether-'Darling. you've worried 50,
] want you TO know that I'm per
fecuy happy Heaven can hold moth
ing more for me than what / have.
II doesn't matter whether | 20 an
hour from now or n year. I've had
her divine assurance. shall never
see her living face again. but IL
doesn't matter. I have the most
wonderful memory a man could
have. and this" he pointed 70 the
portrait. From now on, Sister,
Darling. don't let anyone besides
yourself and the nurse come IN here.
You're the only one who can under
stand. the only n I can talk to
about her. I've been q bad brother
TO YOU these last months. but now
you'll see, while / stay I'll make il
UP 70 you"
Mrs. Cosgrove stopped. chokin civ.
and for a few minutes let the tears
have their way. while ! sat. quiet.
knowing that only thus could ! serve
her.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1930-03-25

nNCE again the lamp of romance burns
brightly on the altar Of youth. Femininity
has returned to the soft silken boudoir Of
Beauty bringing with her all the allure, the
charm and starry-eyed loveliness that we thought
had departed from the maiden OF to-day.
She is self-reliant, is our modern miss. She
knows that life il not a garden iE which she
may walk at will with never a thought to stern
necessity and the tasks that await us all. She
knows that life is not all sunshine and butter
flies, that love demands sacrifices and bestows
hurts that are sometimes difficult to bear. All
this she knows, and yet her heart is open to true
love and tender affection as never before. And
the dull cares Of the daily round do not destroy
her dream kingdom, even if the jangle of the
telephone bell does sometimes interrupt her
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1930-03-25
Helpful Hints

Now that urve are replacing the
neutrality-suspicious. boyish figure
many or us viii dare . taste or those
again. To be sure that the realiza-
ton OF this electable adventure An
going TO measure up TO your expec-
tations. place about q third Of q tea
spoonful Of baking powder In the
mealy macs before the milk IN added.
Then when the potatoes are whipped
they will fluff up with all the light
airiness Of whipped cream and taste
ms delicious ms they look.
Out AZ the heel again. The old
silk%tocking story. Write n new
version To- yourself by taking a few
stitches I'm a brand-new pair. and
then Joyfully exclaim: i've never
had a pair last 90 long" Select m
fine needle and a thread hat e.
actly matches the hose. Then take
tiny. tiny stitches IN the heel and
toe, those places that wear thin most
quickly.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1930-03-25
II Can't Take II"

He meant" she said. that since
he md Lillian weren't friends any
more-he has been so moody and
unhappy that he didn't have a pleas
ant word for anybody. II was pretty
trying for me, for I've always wor-
SHIPPED him. but I knew how he was
suffering over Lillian. and I've tried
not to mind him. But / could 70
down on my knees TO her for making
him so happy. II has seemed 10 me
that / couldn't bear for him to 70
out into the darkness with that bit
ter look upon his face. And now it's
all gone. thanks TO her"
She wiped her eyes. and "a up
right.
There's something else which
ought 70 say TO you now you're
here" size said slowly. And yet. !
don't know. Roberts left a letter
for me 10 give you. SO perhaps I'D
better wait"
II have come we 70 talk - you
about that very thing" I said slowly.
Robert told me about the money he
had left to me in trust for Lillian.
But I cannot take It. Don't you see
I can't?'
Continued Tomorrow
oupyrtsht. lssa. Nmisapss Feature sssEks. Inc
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1930-03-25
FlavOrsOme Pot ROasts
For That Change"

Ter. II needed to make the msat
tender.
Remove the meat 70 a hot platter.
surrounded with the vegetables.
Thicker the juice by the addition or
q tablespoon OF flour. and boil up
once. then pour into a hot ~saucehoat
and serve. Carnlsh the meat with
bits OF parsley.
spiced Pot Roast.
pounds round OF beef
) cups boiling water
I cup stuffed olives
Il cup flour
"A teaspoon whole cloves
6 onions
3 tomatoes
/ teaspoon worce stershlre u
l teaspoon salt
II teaspoon pepper
!, u pound suet
Melt the suet in a deep saucepan.
Make ~incisions IN the beef and place
the whole olives IN each one. then
sprinkle thickly with the flour. Place
the meat in ths hot suet and brown
quickly over q hot flame on all sides.
Then add the other ingredients. cover
tightly. and simmer over e low flame
for , or 4 hours. until the meat Ia
tender.
Place meat on hot platter. sur
round with vegetables. and serve the
thickened gravy separately in a hot
sauceboat.
With a spicy pot Gas a number
OF the less tasty, but wholesome veg
etables can be served. All the root
vegetables that haven't n specially
popular flavor OF their own. viii DO
quite acceptable II well Drowned IN
a spicy meat sauce. Turnips. car
rots. potatoes. and even parsnips are
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1930-03-25

demand rlg1C, m~achlne-like serv-
ice which tends to make mans
work equally mechanical. He is
driven into grooves. Human
values become machine values.
The drabness and monotony Of ma
chine power is having its effects
on the general health Of workers,
there Il no doubt.
Very often do we hear that men,
women and children are being ex-
plotted in the industrial world, but
after all they are infinitely better
off than in former times. In the
old days, the industrial worker
was exposed 70 many dangers.
Children. especially, fell under the
deplorable conditions Of the sweat
shop. Today, State and Federal
regulation controls industrial con-
ditions TO a very large extent.
There are many problems vet
70 be solved. Not yet have in
dustrial workers the proper physi-
cal examinations. Illness and
physical disabilities must be de-
tected and treated. Facilities for
healthful living conditions in the
home. and recreation sufficient to
maintain health. r lacking in
many industrial communities.
There should be devised better
methods for placing workers in
Jobs they are able TO carry.
Today the health officer and the
professional health worker are
working side by side 70 bring
! ABOUT better health conditions in
many Of these industrial COM
munities. But there i still room
for the regulation Of health pro-
lection and health promotion in
many states.
Education for the worker in in
dustry il needed badly. He must
, have a proper knowledge Of
healthful living. The individual
must be taught how to live, as
well as how to make q living.
His home environment must be
improved. His recreational facil-
tiles must be made an important
part or his daily life. His health
and mental vigor depend very
much on the proper use of his
leisure hours. He must have sufi-
cient exercise, II he is working in
4 sedentay occupation, and plenty
Of fresh air and sunshine to keep
physically fit
We need further child protec-
ton in labor. Until 1909, there
were no laws made preventing
children from entering dangerous
trades. Since that time so occu-
pations have been closed to
children under sixteen years Of
age.
Children in industry are ex-
posed to all sorts Of contaEion,
and infection in early yCuth takes
a heavy toll in diseases in later
life. These diseases from various
infections Of the body are called
the "degenerative diseased" It is
a tremendous problem to meet
the health hazards Of children In
industry.
Safety measures for the pro-
lection Of workers In industry are
many, and yet we are appalled, at
the great number Of accidents
among factory employees, and
those in other occupations. More
protection for workers. u needed,
more knowledge on the part of
the worker how to maintain good
health. The industrial worker
must learn to protect himself
wherever possible, and know how
to live healthfully.
cspyriEht 1859. Newspaper Feature s.-r.ss. rns.