davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-01-28
PENNY MATCH Box
REPRESENTS FIGHT
Curator at National Mu-
scum Traces Develop
ment of Fire.
BY THOMAS R. HENRY.

An insignificant thing is the penny
box of matches,
But it is the elimination of one of
mans longest and hardest struggles
with nature, according to DR.. Walter
Hough, curator Of anthropology at the
National Museum, who has succeeded
In making fire by practically every
method ever used by the human race.
The National Museum has q wide
variety of firemaking contrivances col
lected among primitive tribes the world
over. DIR. Hough set to work actually
to create fame with all Of them and
his experience left him scant wonder
that fire-making is often a religious
rite, its secret carefully guarded by
special order of priesthood.
Even the crudeSt methods, he con-
cludes, were discovered in the compare
lively recent past when the whole
stretch of human history is considered,
and in some sections of the world came
only after considerable development of
the craft of the carpenter. In the be-
ginning, he says, primitive man was
flreleSS, although no race is known to-
day which has not some method of
creating a flame. Then came the de-
velopment of the use of fire from nat
ural sources, such as lightning or a
volcano, but there was no way of kin
uAAiB ~ again OHCS IL was lOSG.
A Precious Possession.
So the glowing embers became one of
the most precious possessions of early
man, especially during the great print
tive migrationS when great numbers cut
themselves off from the fire source He
probably carried the Goals with him in
his spread over Europe and Asia, DR..
Hough concludes, but some groups may
have been forced to migrate without
fire and some may have lost it in their
wanderingS, so that folk lore has many
tales Of struggles with other tribes to
obtain 1t.
But in the meantime man was de-
veloping tools, especially for working in
wood. He noted that the process of
making holes in wood generated heat,
sometimes even smoke, and set to work
over a long period to improve on these
methods. From this came the system
Of making fire by using one hard stick
as drill and boring into another stick
This, he points out, was a development
rather than an invention, although the
idea of refining the process by cutting q
slot in one of the sticks probably was
an invention.
BOw-DriII Followed.
Then followed the bow-drill, now
commonly used by Boy Scout troops,
which was a very great labor-saving
device. Making fire with the simple
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-01-28
hand drill required time, skill and
patience, as well as blistered hands.

hand drill required time, skill and
patience, as well as blistered hands.
Thought on the origin Of fire," he
says, has tended to vision the human
need and to consider the need supplied
by an inventor, much as wonder-work-
ing inventions are brought out nova
days. Nothing could be farther from
the facts. It Is necessary to vision a
long preliminary period during which
man gained q growing acquaintance
with the properties of various substances
which were Immediately useful to him.
He knew from the first that wood was
the fuel which burned on his primitive
hearth. He may have thought that fire
ate the wood, but the chief lesson was
that wood burned. Other associations
Of wood with fire may have come from
work with this substance. Friction is a
common experience and handling wood
or working in wood may have given to
keen perception an odor suggesting that
there was fire present. Unconsciously
these observations led to more knowl-
edge and gradually to a combination Of
these experiences into something useful.
why the drill is the form the first
fire kinder took Is not difficult to i'm
agine. The drill is an ancient and
primitive. tool supplying the need of
piercing holes in various substances. 1t
is the result of diverse means employed
to pierce holes such as scraping, punch
ing, grinding, cutting and breaking
When the elimination of the protracted
experiments was about to be reached
there was drill which could be adapt
ed to fire making. The Hindu fire origin
myth most practically states that the
carpenter with his drill first elected the
divine fire."
In some other part of the world the
making OF fire by using one stick as a
saw, by dragging rattan thong over
a piece of bamboo, or by the fire plough
blunt stick worked along a groove in
lower stick may have originated about
the same time as the drill. The method
Of striking q FIRE with flint, DIR. Hough
says. probably came later than gener-
ating 1t by wood friction.
The fire drill, he points out, was the
customary tool of the North American
Indians, while the saw and the plough
were common among the primitive
Eastern peoples. All required consider
able skill, so the practice Of fire making
must have been confined to a few in
dividuals.
It was not until early In the last
century that much more efficient means
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-01-28
ADMIRAL SNOWDEN
DIES AT AGE OF IS
Veteran of Two Wars Had
Distinguished Record
Ashore and AfIoat.

A veteran Of two wars, with a dis
tinguished record of service ashore and
afioat stretching over - years, Rear
Admiral Thomas Snowden, U. S. N,
retired, died last night at his home
in the Woodley Apartment, Mintwood
place and Columbia road, after long
illness Rear Admiral Snowden was
20 years old
Funeral services will be held Thurs
day morning at st. Margaret's Church,
Connecticut avenue and Bancroft
place, at 1890. Interment will be at
Arlington Cemetery with military hon.
ors. Admiral Snowden is survived by
his wife and son, Thomas Snowden.
Born in Peekskill, N. Y, August II,
1857, admiral Snowden was graduated
from the Naval Academy in 1879. He
rose through the various grades to rank
of rear admiral in 1917, and was retired
on August II, 1921. He received many
decorations during his career. among
them the Navy Cross for distinguished
service during the World War and the
cross Of Ell Sol de Peru"
Admiral Snowden was in command
of the presidential yacht Mayhower
from 1908 to 1910, and later in COM
mand Of the battleshipS South Carolina
and wyoming DVripR che World War
he was a squadron Commander of the
Atlantic Fleet, and in 1919 became
military governor of Santo Domingo
He served on the general board of the
Navy Department in 1921, when he was
retired, after Ill health had forced him
TO relinquish the post Of military gov
ernor OF Santo Domingo.
Admiral Snowden's service included
stations with the Asiatic Fleet, at the
Naval Observatory here, the Naval War
College, the naval intelligence Office,
the Pacific station and other important
assignments. He served in the Span
ish-American War on the Dolphin. In
1910 he was made a captain and in
1914 was assigned to command of the
navy yard and station at Portsmouth.
N. H., coming to washington in 1916
as photographer Of the Navy Depart
ment.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-01-28

and consequently greater was their re-
nown among posterity."
1t was inevitable, he said, that the
first great civilizations should rise along
fertile river banks where large crops
could be secured to feed growing popu-
lations with the very crude agricultural
methods known to ancient men. This
accounts for Babylon and Egypt, quite
apart from any particular genius OF the
people or greatness of leaders. These
civilizations endured so long as condi-
tons remained the same.
Then came the development of the
art Of navigation, and the seat of the
dominant civilization shifted to Greece,
a maritime country Further develop
ment of commerce placed the advantage
in a more centrally located part of the
known world, and the dominance shifted
to Rome. Rome enjoyed for centuries
an ideal harmony between geographic
and economic factors.
This was lost when, due to the very
expansion of her power, Rome was no
longer the center of the world. Power
shifted to points nearer the center, the
Frankish cities on the banks of the
Rhine. Soon after came the conquest
of the Atlantic, and the discovery of a
new world the seat of the dominant
civilization shifted to the nation geo.
graphically located with the pest sea
routes and with the best development
Of naval efficiency. This was Great
Britain.
Shift Due to Economic Conditions.
The present shift of this dominant
civilization to the United States, he
said, is another example. of changing
economic factors finding a harmonious
geographical environment near the
center of the world population. These
are such as to produce a broader world
dominance, he pointed out.
"At present." DR.. Ferrara said. "the
relations between men have become so
intimate and so intense and men are
bound together 50 closely that many
distinctions would disappear were it
not that tradition has created differ
ences between peoples and has set up
fictitious barriers particularly In the
field of economic life and of law.
THE United States is the best
equipped country so long as the politi-
cal and economic conditions of today
may last. Before the war Germany
revealed unmistakable intentions Of
taking the lead in production on a
great scale, but first the war and later
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-01-28
BOY PATROLS HONORED

Miss M. A. digger, principal of the
Seaton School, gave a luncheon yester-
day in honor of the American Automo-
bile Associations schoolboy traffic pa
trolls from the Seaton, Blake and Gales
Schools.
Besides 80 young patrolmen, the
luncheon was attended by Miss Mary
O'Brien, director Of tahe patrols; Selden
N. Ely, supervising principal OF public
school safety, and Howard N. Startling.
director Of safety for the District Of
Columbia division of the A. A. A.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-01-28

the exclusion Of Russia from interna-
tional trade administered q severe set
back,
Nowhere else in the world do geo.
graphic conditions adapt themselves so
admirably to the present economic sit.
uation as in the United States. AS a
result the factors Of welfare and prog
ress are to be profusely found in the
United States, as well as power in con-
slant increase, to such an extent that
In spite Of her contrary political tradi-
ton she is Obliged TO intervene in the
great political councils of ali nations"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-01-28

Of fire making were evolved. The Ma
tional Museum collection contains the
pioneer Of the match in the match light
box introduced in Austria in 1909. This
great step in advance enable a man to
kindle fire almost instantly by dipping
a splinter of wood tipped with q mix
ture Of potassium chloride and sugar
into bottle Of sulphuric acid. The
phosphorus match, such as was COM
monty used about 20 years ago, was the
next step in mans conquest of fire.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-01-28
Shirts

Madras, Percale, etc. with
collar attached or separate
collars to match styles.
Were s., $3.50 and $1.59
SIS ............. L
5for $3.50
Madras, etc, collar at
tached and separate collars
to match. Also demi-
bosoms. Were S., SO15
$3.50 and $4......
3fOr $500
Broadcloth and Glen
brook; non-shrinkable in
white and plain colors; col
lar attached and $1.89
neckband ......... 1
3fOr $500
Finest Imported Madras,
separate collars and
collar Z attached. $685.
Were S., So and 81 Il
3fOr So so
Finest Southa m p ton
Brosdcloth, in white only;
neckband and collar SC0Q
attached .......... x
3for So. so
Finest of the silks
radium, etc, with separate
collar to match.
W ere $50, $40 $S.69
3fOr $500
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-01-28
DECREE V0IDS MARRIAGE
OF 21-YEAR-0LD ACTRESS
Tereta Fogleman Claims She Con-
scented to Wed Her Former
Manager After Threats.

Justice Wheat has signed an inter-
locutory decree Of annulment in favor
OF Tereta Sheaffer Fogleman, 21-year-
old actress, 705 Fourth street, against
Stewart Fogleman of Salisbury, N. c.,
formerly her manager. The young
woman claimed she was under age when
the ceremony was performed and she
consented through fear of threats said
to have been made by the manager.
The decree permits her to resume her
maiden name, Tereta Sheaffer. She
was represented by Attorneys John
Lewis Smith and John Paul Jones.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-01-28
THIEVES ENTER CHURCH
BUT FAIL TO GET LOOT

Furniture and Locks Damaged
After Robbers Gain Access to
Building Through window.
Entering and ransacking the Fourth
Church Of Christ, Scientist, at Six
tenth street and Meridian place yes
terday, robbers left empty-handed after
damaging several pieces of furniture
and number of locks. The damage
was placed at 500.
Police investigating the case after
Charles Falling. an officer of the church,
discovered that the structure had been
entered, found an. Unattached basement
window through which the robbers EVIL
IDENTIFY entered.
An unlocked window also afforded
thieves access to the Monroe School at
Georgia avenue and Irving street, where
supplies valued at SGT were reported
stolen.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-01-28
Every Suit
Every Overcoat
Every Topcoat

embracing the grades from $40 $50 and including
every garment remaining in stock-except Full Dress
and Getaways. Fashion Park-Charter House-Rch-
ard Austin English overcoats) and Mode makes
Sizes good alterations will be
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-01-28
PET DOG PAYS PENALTY.
Shot by Owner After Scratching
Boy Above Eye.

A masters love for his pet did not
stay Policeman Frank A. Kothman's
hand yesterday after his dog had
scratched Jacque Mozer, years old, of
1850 Tenth street northeast, above the
right eye near the officers home at
1866 Penn street northeast Sunday.
HOFFMAN, who is attached to the
ninth precinct, shot and killed the dog
and turned it over to the District
Health Department for examination
when it showed signs of rabies.
First-aid treatment for the child's in
juries was administered at its home.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-01-28
Get the Haberdashery You Need NOW!
Here prices still deeper for clearance sake

.eper for clearance sake.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-01-28
Baxter to Address Lions Club.

Norman w. Baxter, managing editor
of the washington Post, will deliver an
address on the subject of Newspapers
at luncheon of the Lions Club in the
Maynower Hotel tomorrow afternoon
at 1880 O'Clock.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-10-23
$500 JOBLESS;
NO BREAD LINES
Detroit Families Relying on Saw
ings-City Spends $525,0
Monthly for Charity.
By the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
DETROIT, October 23.-There ere
no bread lines nor soup Kitchens In
this automotive center and yet there
are 80, 500 persons who have registered
with municipal agencies as being idle
The great majority Of these, records
showed yesterday, have so far been
able to support themselves and fam
lilies without appealing to charity. This
has been responsible. in the main, by
falling back on resources laid away
for the proverbial rainy day. When
wages were high the workmen were
able to make regular deposits In savings
banks and invest money In homes and
automobiles.
Now that the weekly pay ron has
become q memory for many, these
workers have converted property into
money with which TO purchase food and
clothing.
Out Of this army Of unemployed the
recognized relief agencies now are sup
porting $4,000 families and 1000 single
men. The dependent persons reached
this number after steady growth from
q low point of $500 In June. Only in
March, 1880, when 1t reached $1,000,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-10-23
CUBA STUDIES PLAN
FOR SUGAR RELIEF
American Experts Proposal
May Be Put Into Law
by Week End.
By the Associated Press.


HAVANA, october 2s.-The Cuban
Senate yesterday began study Of q
measure drawn up by an American
commission Of sugar experts headed by
Thomas L. Chadboufne containing Q
plan for financing hold-over sugar and
designed to relieve the market Of sugar
SURPRISES and to stabilize prices.
In the project Is contained all the
measures necessary for legali1ng the
plan and for government negotiation OF
q loan of $43 100000 through the Is.
suance of treasury bonds to carry out
the Chadbourne proposal.
It is considered probable that Con-
gress will consider the proposed meas
ure today and it may become law before
the end of the week.
An earlier report, announcing that
1926, 900 tons of sugar already had been
contributed for retirement from the Inn
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-10-23
Shocking Display
Of WOrsted Brings
Anti-CO-ed Drive
BY the Associated Press.


OXEORD, England, october %.
"A campaign against having co.
eds at oxford has been renewed
by male students Of this ancient
university.
For a long time many Of the
man students have been strongly
against the coed policy. The
student magazine Isis today pub
lished an editorial against woman
students, inviting them TO make
for home, angels"
One of the complaints Isis has
against the girls Is that they are
indecorous-they ride bicycles In
the street with truly shocking
display Of worsted" and munich
belated breakfasts of chocolate
and biscuits in lecture rooms.
The paper odds: when Mat
thew Arnold knew oxford he
never envisaged 1t as the home
of lost hairpins and impossible
hats"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-10-23

mediate market was erroneous In that II
confused bags" with tons" the CON-
H11ittee has stated.
The total thus far reported contrib
uted Is in the vicinity Of 100000 tons
or about one-third Of the total estimate
ed carryover, which will eYnain when
the 1881 season opens January is, II
was announced.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-10-23

was the number Of dependent families
greater.
While some Of the registered iinerl-
ployed have been idle only few weeks,
thousands Of others have had practi-
cally no work for O year.
The municipal department Of public
welfare Is the only recognized agency In
Detroit for caring Cor families de-
pendent on charity. It Is now spend
ing about $525, 900 o month. Single men
are cared for by the McGregor Institute.
which Is supported In part by the city.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-10-23
Mexican Army Officers to Work.

MEXICO CITY OP.-Pointing out
that Army officers on the inactive list
are being paid for doing nothing, Col.
David Monies de Oca, Senator for the
federal district, proposes that they re-
place civilians IN government Jobs.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-10-23

The League Of Republican
Organizations, under the direc-
ton Of the Republican state
Committee In and for the Dis
trict Of Columbia, Is maintaining
a Voters Information Bureau for
the Congressional campaign,
rooms 208-209, Second National
Bank Building. 1891 q Street
Northwest.
Information and blanks fur
nished. notary service In atten-
dance, hours 800 AM. to 1000
PM, telephone Metropolitan 1911.
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1930-10-03
Daring Aviation Feat
Of Twenty Years Ago

4 Hanging like huge kite 5000 feet
above the Chicago municipal airport,
cabin monopane, with Howard
Stark, airmail pilot, at the stick, re-
Gently remained stationary for al
most an hour. A mile-a-minute gale
was blowing at that altitude, and
by throttling down his motor Stark
kept the speed of his plane equal to
that of the wind so that it lowered
over one spot. The feat recalls the
so-called suicide flight" in 1910 of
the daring French airman, Hubert
Latham. At an air meet at Blackpool.
England, Latham took up his small
plane in an S0-mile gale. The frail
craft reared and plunged. carried by
the force Of the wind, in what early
air enthusiasts still remember as the
most thrilling flight they ever wit
messed. Latham, who had been told
by doctors that he had only a few
months to live and who took up fly
ing to get the most thrills out Of his
last days, landed safely.
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1930-10-03
Odd Insomnia Cure

One of the most amusing cures for
insomnia is that discovered by Per-
cival Boyd. He is a member of the
Society of Genealogists and. finding
that he could not sleep, he embarked
upon the task of compiling a COM
plete index of the marriages that
took place in England between 1888
and 1887.
He has already compiled list of
100000 in 1870 volumes. So good is
the index that the record o. any mar
riage can be found in five minutes.
Boyd calculates that at the pres
ent rate of progress the work will
take 100 years to complete. He can
not go on any faster, because his
task makes him so sleepy. He has
found his cure.-Los Angeles Times.
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1930-10-03
The Einancier

The great furry in Wall Street
did reach deep, all right. Some one
was about to call the operator from
a drug store phone booth in upper
Broadway when the bell rang. A
clerk came from behind the counter
and answered it. "I'll see if | can
get him." he said, and he went out
on the sidewalk and gesticulated.
The traffic cop out in the street nod
ded and came to the phone. "Down
to nine, eh?" said the cop. "What
would you advise me to do? .. Huh?
:. . Put in an order to sell ut mark
ct? . Okay, go ahead and get me
out" He hung up and went back
to his intersection. -Boston Globe.