davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Imperial Valley press., 1930-03-26

as a whole, but also because of the
peculiar conditions existing in the
valley. each farm is more or less
an individual problem as to drain
age.
The 1928 annual district report
states that $2,573. 161 was expended
during the period 1920 to 1929 on
drainage ditch excavation and ac-
cessorv structures such as bridges,
fumes, etc. Including the work
done in bank protection and at the
mouths of New and Alamo Rivers.
the expenditure amounted to So
764 ,574. The funds from the $2,500.-
600 drainage bonds issued have all
been used up except about $4,000.
Money taken from general funds
has made up the balance.
The total mileage of deep drains
constructed TO January l, 1929, is
given as 225.9 miles. These drains
are scattered fairly we'll over the
district. the south end being more
completely covered than the north.
All of them have their outlets in
the Alamo and New Rivers with the
exception of one to the west OF
Westmorland which cmpties direct
" into Salton Sea. There are still
extensive areas without drains. To
provide deep drains serving equally
all parts of the district would re-
quirc perhaps double the mileage of
drains now constructed.
In connection with drainage de-
velopment the district has put in
something over 600 observation
wells. The spacing of the wells av-
erages about one mile. Measure
ments of the depth to water in these
wells are made several times year.
Records of these observations start
at different dates, the longest be.
ginning in 1921 and the shortest
starting in 1928. Copies of these
records have been supplied this
bank. The depth to water in any
test we'll is supposed to indicate
groundwater conditions for the sur.
rounding area. The average depth
to water for any group of wells
should indicate the groundwater
condition in that area included bv
the wells. The groundwater condi.
tions can thus be determined for any
year of record. Thus we should, by
comparing conditions previous to
construction of the drains as shown
by such determination with condi
tions after the drains were in ope
ration. be able to determine theil
effectiveness.
Drainage work was started in
earnest in 1923 and the major part
of the system was completed in
1927. Nearly all existing drains
have been dug since 1922. At the
end of 1928, 63.1 miles of drains
were in operation as against tht
225.9 miles at the end of 1923. The
date each drain was dug is not
known, but it is our impression that
the earliest construction was on the
cast side.
y study of the test we'll data in,
dicates that in six of the subdivis
ions of the valley a rise in the water
table has been shown, while in -four
subdivisions there has been a lower
ing of the water table. 1t would
seem that the drains have not com
pletely arrested the rise of the wat
er plane in most of the area. Ever
Imperial Valley press., 1930-03-26

is used up by plant growth and
evaporation. We know that the ir-
rigation water carries a relatively
high content of salt. 1t is known
also that the soil of much of the dis
trict is already high in salt con-
tent. If adequate subdrainage does
not take place there is added each
year more salt than is being remov-
ed. There is also taking place re-
arrangement of the position of the
salt in the soil, with probable con-
centration at some level. Such n
process cannot continue indefinitely
without serious consequences. How
serious these may be is eonjectural.
1t is generally conceded that cotton
yields have fallen off markedly on
some of these lands in recent years.
Cotton is known to be very sensi
tive to alkali and this falling off
in production may be an indication
of increasing alkalinity. Some
Imperial Valley press., 1930-03-26

at hand definitely showing the eff
fectiveness of the drains. Although
well readings have been regularly
taken, the accuracy of the readings
is somewhat in doubt. The locations
Of the test wells appear to have
been selected more for convenience
than to avoid local influence. MANY
of them being close by drains and
others near irrigation bitches and
latcrals. No intensive study seems
to have been made by the district,
for any particular drain or for the
system as Il whole, with regard to
their effectiveness and their extent
or Influence. Even the amount of
sccpage water developed is known
only approximately; enough is
known, however, to indicate that
the amount is small as compared
with that developed by like drains
in other projects. The well records
show marked inconsistency in the
behavior of the water table.
Frequently wells near "A drain
show a rise since the drain was dug.
while other wells, in the same neigh
borhood but more distant, show Il
lowering. This same variable condi-
tion is shown in all parts of the dis
trict. whether within the possible
influence constructed drains or not.
This leads one to wonder whether
some other factor, such as to the
amount of water applied or absorb
ed by the soils, has not been more
potent in influencing the position
of the water table than the drains
themselves.
1 is contended that the drains
constructed by the district were in
tended to function principally a.
! drainage outlets rather than fer di
rect drainage: that it was intended
! all along that individual farm drains
were to provide the major drainage
| We have no authentic information
| on this point. but it may be stated
that this contention is at varianc,
with the understanding had by ;
number of men with whom our rep
resentatives have talked who ar
familiar with the original purpose
and plans of the drainage project
The layout of the system also seem
in a measure to refute this conten
ton.
Farm drains are being put in b,
many farmers. These are usual,
| open six-foot drains, excavated b.
a specially designed ditch digger
The district furnishes the dredg
and does the work at cost. Thes
drains are usually dug along tn
lower edge of the land. and ar
spaced about one-half mile. The
seem to be very popular at present
Imperial Valley press., 1930-03-26

and the district is kept busy with
its equipment. Not much definite
information is available regarding
the effectiveness of these drains.
As in the ease of the larger drains,
the seepage flow is usually quite
small. The depth being only six
feet. the area influenced must be
limited, especially in the finer
soils. There are doubtless conditions
of soil structure under which such
drains would be effective over con-
siderable area; there are others
where it is questionable whether the
benefit would extend beyond short
distance from the drain.
The soil structure over most of
the district changes so frequently
that even on single farm the prob
lem of drainage may vary greatly.
An instance of this may be found
on a farm near Holtville where the
state is now carrying on expert
ments in reclaiming lands that have
become alkaline. Drains have been
constructed around this property
and attempts have been made to
leach the salt out by flooding it in
checks and percolation through the
soil. After a season of this the
farm was planted to alfalfa, with
the result that stand was obtained
only in spots, indicating that in
some places the land drained while
in others it did not, due doubtless to
the variable soil structure.
Drain Success Questioned
In Il number of instances since
the drains were put in farmers
have attempted the reclamation of
salty lands with mcager success.
One farmer on the more porous soils
on the east side, whose lands were
ruined by high ground-water and
salt. has, it is reported, used mod
crate sized fortune i'll attempting to
bring his land back into its prev
iouSly productive state. His accom-
plishment to date is said to be far
short of the end sought. In some
sections rice growing has been at
tempted in connection with such rec
lamation, the idea being that leach
ing would take place and carry out
the salts. Generally speaking, it i,
our understanding that these at
tempts have proven unsuccessful.
We come now to a question
whether some of these tighter soil:
are adequately subdrained, ever
where the water table is at consid
, cradle distance from the surface
, 1t is known that in such soils tn,
= vertical movement is eXceedingl,
: slow, and penetration of irrigation
: water probably does not get bcyon'
, the root zone of plants before i
Imperial Valley press., 1930-03-26
Wednesday, March 26, 1880

claim that the cause of lowering pro-
duction is due to methods OF cult.
walton and irrigation. One is led
to inquire whether these same
methods have not prevailed all
along, and if not, why the change
to the poor method.
We feel, as regards drainage,
that adequate drainage is . prime
necessity to the permanence of agri-
culture in all parts Of the valley;
that on account of Nhe complex
Continued on page g.
Imperial Valley press., 1930-03-26

in those areas showing a lowering,
the amount has been small.
We realize that such an analysis
does not provide grounds for defin-
ite conclusions regarding the effect
;veness of the system. There are
other factors which must be consid-
cred and much more intimate
knowledge of surrounding conditions
must he had before reliable concluS-
ions can be drawn. Such an exam
ination can be made only by men
trained in this line of work. This
is esreciallv true of Imperial Valley
because of the varied and unsual
conditions existing there. We find,
to begin with, an unusually variable
soil structure both horizontally and
verticallv-some coarse, and some
very fine. We find the present
troublesome groundwater body ap-
parently resting on some of the
more imperviouS layers of soil not
far from the ground surface, and
beneath this it is said there exists
a dry zone of unknown depth.
We do not know how much drain
age is being afforded by water per-
colating through and around these
arresting layers of tighter material.
1t has been asserted that it is too
small to be of consequence. The
records of wells distant from drains
rs also we'll records previous to the
installation of drains. show 4
marked fluctuation between conseC
utive readings and from season tC
season. That water does not ap
pear to have moved out laterallv; il
not, il must have gone on down. Ii
it is going down it must ultimately
| ioin the native water table. as tC
)the position of which very little i
definitely known.
/ Drain Data Meager
Stories are told OF wells bein.
dug to great depths with dry sol
all the way. Crederce of this i
| difficult for the reason that We ar
fairly certain the whole soil form
alton is waterlaid and must hav
been saturated when placed. W,
know that the only place to whicl
this water could possibly drain i
the Salton Sea. Drainage below tn
level of this sea does not lie within
reason, and one is naturally led t
question a statement that the sol
is not saturated at least up to thi
level.
| Because of the prevailing fine te,
ture of the soil formation, we ma
confidently conclude that water wi
move very slowly laterally throug
this soil body. The continuous ad
dition of water to this BODY bv DC,
collation. from above must tend t
build up the natural water tabl'
and if the lateral outward move
ment is less than the rate of replel
ishment the native water plan wi
finally approach the ground surfac,
If and when such a condition arise
drainage of the top soils by dee
percolation will he cut off and la
eral or surface drainage will the
provide the only outlet. Wheth,
the surface drains will take care
this added burden remains to
shown. If not, which areas al
soils would be taken care of an
what additional work would be ne
essary to protect the other areas'
There appears to be very few dat
Imperial Valley press., 1930-03-26

Continued on page 81.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-07-11
MISS LoWMAN TO WED

Treasury Officials Daughter VIII
Marry Jardine's Son.
BIZ United Press
WASHINGTON, July 1.-Two
families prominent in official circles
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-07-11
GOVERNOR RUNS
LAWS HIS WAY
Denies Extradition Papers
Despite Statute.

Although Attorney John F. Rob
bins pointed out the law govern
ing extradition hearings, Governor
Harry G.. Leslie took the stand at
a hearing in his Office Thursday
afternoon that he win continue to
conduct them in his own manner.
Leslie's system is to go into the
evidence, instead of merely ascer-
tanning whether the papers have
been properly executed and extradi-
ton laws obeyed.
Robbins told him this system is
contrary to constitutional provi-
sions. This was not new to the
Governor as he had been told the
same thing by Merle Well, deputy
encouragement. Wall was present,
but kept still Thursday.
The Governor refused to extradite
Rufus Smith and Marshall Smith
of Logansport, who are wanted by
Chicago authorities on a conspiracy
charge growing out Of a real es-
tate deal.
Leslie contended it was a debt
collecting move and recourse could
be had in Indiana civil courts.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-07-11
PRISONER SOON
TO Be FATHER;
Term DEFERRED
Collins Waits in LeWark
Case Because of Wife's
Condition.

Because the convicted mans wife
is an expectant mother, Criminal
Judge James A. Collins today de-
ferred sentencing Of Robert LeWark,
q, 1852 Station street, until July 20.
Lewark was found guilty hy a jury
Of being drunk a year ago when his
car crashed over a curb near his
home, crushing a 9-year-old school
girl to death.
Conviction on an involuntary
manslaughter charge, for which
Lewark was indicted, carries a two
to fourteen-year prison sentence.
Collins today also deferred trial
of the case of Ramstarut Maraj,
Hindu, charged with p~racticing
medicine without a license. An
alien. the Hindu claims to be a
graduate of several large universe
ties from which he holds five med
ical degrees. Prosecution is backed
by the state board of medical regis
tration which has denied Maraj Ii
cense to practice.
Involuntary manslaughter trial of
Charles L. Corum, former Indian
apolis high school football star,
charged with being drunk when his
car struck and fatally injured
Leonard Andrews in December,
1929, at Twenty-sixth street and
Central avenue, was passed by
Collins until Sept. 8. Delay was
granted at the request of prosecu-
tors.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-07-11
HUSTON WRITES
HIS OWN TERMS
OF SURRENDER
G. 0. p. Chief Is Allowed
Slight Leeway by High
Committee.
BY PAUL X. MALLON
United Press star Correspondent

WASHINGTON. July IL. - A
private arrangement professed to
have been made by Republican
party officials whereby Claudius H.
Huston would resign as chairman
of the Republican national COM
mittee as Don as the senate ad-
journs, was expected today TO still
the clamor among the party's rank
and file for Huston's retirement.
Republican leaders permitted the
chairman to write his own terms
Of surrender, according to unof-
fetal statements by those present
at Thursdays secret conclave.
To Call Committee
These terms provided that in
about ten days, or as soon as the
senate concludes it's special treaty
session, Huston will call together
the executive committee of his Or
g~anization to receive his resignation
and then let it select his successor.
Huston was allowed this leeway to
hNNAu NAiE lit VI oEAAdNC dCR6N@
which would be likely to follow If
the resignation were announced
now. according to party leaders who
have been demanding his retirement
before the forthcoming congress
sional election campaign gets under
way.
New Arrangement Pleases
It was the senate lobby commit
tee which made the Muscle Shoals
lobbying funds disclosures, upon
which the demand for Huston's
resignation was predicted, and
members of the senate could be ex-
pected TO make much political cap
ital out of the situation.
The new arrangement is said to
be satisfactory to President Hoover,
although the President. since his
conference with Huston Sunday
night, had expected an unequivocal
announcement of his resignation
Thursday.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-07-11
TRIO GUESTS OF HONOR

Mayor Reginald H. Sullivan, T. E.
Grinslade, indianapolis Real Estate
Board president, and f. w. Miller,
architect, will be guests at the In
dianapolis Home Builders AsSocia-
ton dinner the night of July Is at
the Spink-Arms.
The dinner will precede inspection
of the c%enterpiece for the 1880 home
show which has been rebuilt in
Wynndale addition.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-07-11
WOMEN GIVEN SNUB
Leslie Views Leagues Plea
With DiSfavor.

Request of the Indiana League OF
Women Voters for a commission to
study revision of election laws and
make recommendations to the 1881
legislature will very likely not be
granted, it was indicated today by
Governor Harry G.. Leslie.
The Governor stated that the
present status of the request is that
1t has been received and filed.
He feels that the request comes
from a somewhat unfriendly source,
since the league women became
irate when he vetoed their registra-
ton law at the last legislative ses-
sion.
Present request was based upon
the Marion county grand jury re-
port on primary election fraud and
the disclosures in Lake county.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-07-11
BANDIT REPEATS VISIT
Negro Holds Up Gas Station Sec
Ond Time in Seven Months.

A Negro bandit who robbed E. F..
Doerschel, 25, Of 1929 East Thirty
fourth street, attendant of a Ma
.t.onal Refining Company filling sta
ton, Twenty-ffth and Meridian
streets, seven months ago, dropped
il again Thursday night.
This time he took $50 after ask
ing for a gallon of gasoline and
TRUSTING a revolver in Doerschel's
.face, the attendant told police.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-07-11
II, 1880

Seymour Lowman. assistant secre-
tary Of treasury. formerly in charge
Of prohibition enforcement. Jardine
is the son of william N. Jardine,
former secretary of agriculture.
Date for the wedding has not been
set.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-07-11

during the Coolidge and Hoover
administrations viii be linked by
marriage soon, it was learned to-
day with announcement of the en-
gagement Of Miss Katherine Low
mar and William N. Jardine.
Miss Lownan is the daughter Of
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-07-11
Plan Long Canoe Trip

Blu Times Special
NEWCASTLE, Ind, July IL
Three Newcastle youths, Charles
Wood, William Hlgley and Glenn
Cooper, plan to start on a canoe trip
to New Orleans next week.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-07-11

After dangling for two hours
below an airplane, Merry Fahr-
ney, above, novice parachutist,
finally floated safely TO earth
out not before Bruno Schustek,
wartime flier, was killed when he
fell 600 feet while trying to lower
himself by a rope from another
plane and release her.
The girls chute was attached
to the plane and her weight was
not sufficient to unfaSten it. The
accident happened near Chicago
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-07-11

Rubber Shoes for Police Horses
BIZ United Press
LEEDS, England, July 11.-Rubber
shoes for police horses are being
tested here.
La gaceta., 1930-02-18

pa alguna, en- presencia de los
parientes mas pr6ximos, de la
marquesa de Messidon y de al
gunos amigos in,imos de "a ia
militia.
A los dos dias, los i6venes es-
pesos, impacientes por yer y be-
sar a SUI hijo, Sc hallaban en- Pa
ris. No hicieron mas que pasar,
pues ell vizconde tenia los dias
contados para regresar a Ma
drid.
Provistos de una carta del
doctor Gervais, que no les habia
enterado de la verdadera situa-
cion de Tulsa Verdier, partie-
ron para Jouarre.
FL lector sabe como la pobre
Luisa extraviada, loca, les en-
.treg6 su hijo, en- substitution
La gaceta., 1930-02-18
Al cahn de ocho dias el con

Al cabo de ocho dias ell con-
de Sc llev6 a Matilde a Lucero-
lie.
Ell vizconde Eduardo no ha-
bia podido abandonar SUI puesto
en- la embaiada de Madrid. Ha-
bia pedido un mes de licencia Y
no Sc 10 habian concedido; pero
cuatro meses mas tarde cuando
Sc la concedieron, y tan pronto
como lego a Lucerolle, aunque
ell luto era muy reciente, Eduar-
do rog6 a su padre que Sc ocu-
para Embellishments de los pre-
parativos de la boda, pues no
guerra volver a su puesto sin
llevarse a Matilde, va su mujer.
FL condo hizo publican las a
monestaciones Y Ell matrimonio
Sc celebr6 en- Lucerolle, sin pom
La gaceta., 1930-02-18

blemas que por medic de ella
pueden sOlucionarse.
Por 10 tanto, hay solamel te
dos soluciones en- la question de
guerra en- ell modo como Sc pre-
senta a los Estados Unidos y a
Europa n nuestros dias; SUI
preston 0 limitacion. Pero es e.
vidente en- la actitud de las dos
potencias sajonas cierta indeci-
sion a cerca de cualquiera de es-
as soluciones.
Habiendo declarado que ell
Pacto Kellogg es la fundaci6n
de SUI politica comun, Inglate-
ira y los Estados Unidos apa-
rentan adoptar la seduction radi-
cal: la Suppression de guerra.
Rehusando permitir sanciones
coercitivas al Pacto Kellogg, ha
ciendo por reducir las fuerzas
navales del mundo, lanzando ia
idea del respeto a los comesti-
bles de los beligeran.es de Ia
misma manera que Sc respeta ell
servicio de la Cruz Roja, las dos
potencias anglo-sajonas proca-
ran la limitaci0n de la guerra y
su presentation bajo mas hu-
manas preparedness, como las
que gozaba anteriormente.
Pero limitar la guerra por
un sistema de reglas humanita-
las es admitir su posibilidad y
SUI legalidad, por 10 menos en-
ciertos casos. ST la guerra de-
be ser puesta fuera de la ley es
inUtil limitarla.
(Continuara)
La gaceta., 1930-02-18
GUERRA.-iSUPRESION, e
Por Guqlielmo FERRERO

BESIDE que Sc efectuaron en-
Washington las celebres plati-
cas- entire ell Presidente Hoover
y ell Primer Ministro Britanico,
Mr.. Ramsay Macdonald en- Oc-
tubre de 1929, los peritos que Sc
ocupan de dilucidar la polItica
diaria no han permanecido ocio-
SOS tanto en- ell Viejo como en- ell
Nuevo Mundo.
Ell communicate Official que Sc
public6 al final de esas CONVEX
saciones-conciso y sibilino pof
demas-se ha presentado a las
mas atrevidas inetrpretaciones.
Despues de examinar su ductiI
texto, la prensa de los dos mum
La gaceta., 1930-02-18

del de Ma.ilde, que aquella mis-
ma noche lie habia robado su mi
serable marido.
Cuando la infeliz mu,jer en-
contr6 la lucidez Y pudo reflexio
mar, Sc estremeci6 al pensar er
las constituencies fatales que %
dia tener aquella substitution =;
y Sc arrepinti6 amargamente de
10 que habia hecho.
All cabo de algunos dias. Sc
march0 de Jouarre furtivamen-
te, sin decir NADIA a nadie. V vol
vic a Paris. Pero no tuvo valor
para presentarse ante el doctor
GerVais del cual conocfa, sin
embargo, la benevolencia, Y sa-
bia que era ell unico que en- a
quellas circunstancias4 4 habria
Ipodido aconsejar y socorrer eff.
La gaceta., 1930-02-18

dos finaliz6 con esta conclu-
sion; que los dos estadistas 81
alistaban para estudiar, y resol-
yer, en- un nuevo espiritu, Ia
question de la libertad de los
mares, causa de la division que
han tenido por mas de un siglo
esas dos potencias anglo-sajo-
mas.
Una alusi6n al Pacto Kellogg,
el cual fu6 declarado por ambos
estadistas como la fundaci6n de
su lea comun, pareci6 JUS
tificar las grandes esperanzas
que Sc tenian en- csc sentido.
Finalmente Sc nos anuncio que
Inglaterra y los Estados Uni
dos sentarian la question de la
libertad de los mares hacienda
sanciones efectivas al Pacto Ke-
llogg, es decir, prohibiendo al
agresor ell uso de los mares.
Estos preambulos fueron con
firmados por algdn tempo por
mas o menos creibles indiscre-
clones. iHubo alguna reaction
despu6s de la publication del
comunicado? iCeg6 los ojos de
aquellos que eXaminaron dicho
teX.o ell deseo de encontrar 10
que realmente no estaba ahi?
Hoy, habiendo principiado va la
Conferencia de Londres, vemos
que aquellos Interpreters fueron
demasiado lejos y que debemos
reducir considerablemente la es
peranZa que predomin6 en- noso-
tros durante aquellas primeras
semanas.
Los Estados Unidos no aban-