davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-08-05
ttose guilty Of an unusually barbarOus case o mob

those guIty OF an unuSuaIIy Da1 80 = ~
violence.
The state asserts the young Negro was killed With
out proyocation The defense claims his slayers
merely sought to detain him for officers after ne was
accused of insulting two white women.
Later the home of the murdered Negroes father,
a clergyman, was burned, and an attempt was made
on the life OF one of his cousins Leading white resi-
dents Of Atlanta subscribed funds to replace the
burned home and individuals and organizations de-
plored the murder and the events that followed it.
All too often throughout the south mob violence
of this sort has gone unpublished. Lately. seven Gov
ernors Of southern states aroused by recent outbreaks
of lynch law, issued statements saying it would not
be tolerated, and events in Atlanta indicate they
mean what they say.
The surest way to end lynching atrocities which
have shamed the nation is to make justice swift and
sure for those who take the law into their own hands
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-08-05
by DIR. MORRIS FTsHBEIN

= By Dhs MONGAO r1SnOEAN
Editor, Journal Of the American Medical
Association and of Hygeia, the Health
Magazine.
Until the middle of the nine
- teenth century, the practice Of
medicine was carried on by an in
dividual who was presumed to be
competent in every medical field.
He could take care Of a pain in the
abdomen, a cough, a cold, pneuIno-
mia, tuberculosis, an eruption on the
skin, infantile diarrhea, or typhoid
fever.
He advised for the baby, for the
mother, and for the grandfather. In
an emergency he would take off a
limb, open the abdomen and even
the skull.
Not infrequently he overlooked Sc
rious conditions, for the simple rea-
son that the methods for diagnosing
such conditions had not been per-
fected, nor was there available all of
the machinery of modern medicine
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-08-05

This is the first of new series of
articles by DR.. Morris Fishbein, Ameri-
cas- leading authority on Frontiers Of
Medicine which will describe important
advances in the history of medicine and
problems that face doctors today.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1930-08-05

ITO an American" declares Odette Myrtn, the
actress Everything is either lousy or marvellous To
the American GIRL in particular, everything is simply
awful or cute.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-08-11

Rumania's trade balance is " per
cent greater than year ago.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-08-11
EFFORTS TO STRENGTHEN ALIBI
TRAPS TEXAS WIFE MURDERER
Confession of Payne Obtained by Reporter
Who Made Friend of Woman His Facts
Revealed as Real Motive for Crime.

son. his former secretary, he dismissed
her with a few words. ,,
she worked for me only little
while. She is homely, common, old.
about Is. and has been divorced-no
man would get stuck on her." he said,
and then Jumped to the girl who sue
ceeded her. whom he described as
pretty, red headed. and fun OF pep.
Here was the clue: The need he
felt of strengthening his alibi.
Leaving the Payne home I said to
Mr. Howe:
Lets go straight and see that
Thompson girl. He was too eager to
throw us off her"
We found Verona Thompson rooming
at the Naples. l had said to Mr..
Howe: Don't tell her who I am. Let
her be studying about that, and let
me do all the talking"
AS she came in 1 saw that she had
a worried look, and I said:
Il have daughter of my own.
am disposed to be your friend, if you
will be fair and truthful with me. DO
that. and I will be fair with you all
through the ordeal that is ahead of
you. Try to deceive me and / will be
your enemy, and : i'll be capable of
doing you great harm. Now, tell me
how many times Payne has had you
out to dinner with him."
Many, many times she replied
Tell me about the trips you made
with him to other towns around here"
She told me everything.
Reliance on Friendship.
In an interview afterwards, she said
she thought 1 knew it all anyway and
that she relied upon my fatherly ap-
pearance and promise to treat her fair
ly and that her conscience had been
bothering her and she had better just
accept my proposition and tell me.
Then for two days the local officers
refused to bring her in for questioning.
They had questioned her before and
got nothing, and would not believe she
had confessed to us. We had finally
to call upon the mayor, Earnest Thomp-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-08-11

son. to bring her In. Again she told
it all. Still, the officers refused to ar
rest Payne. The mayor once more came
to our rescue. He had Payne brought
in, confronted with the girl and her
confession. Payne broke down and his
confession soon followed.
Verona was ousted from her respect
able rooming house the morning after
she confessed And also dismissed from
her job. With the aid of the mayor,
we have succeeded in getting her REIN
stated in her position and she is liv-
ing at one of the big hotels owned by
the mayor himself. The mayor and
Gene Howe will see that she is taken
care of, according to my promise to
her.
Copyright, 1880, by North American News
paper AllianceD
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-08-11
RELIGION is BROUGHT
TO OLD GANG HAUNTS
Evangelist breaches at Birger's
Shady Rest Following
Cleanup.
Nv the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
MARION, ILL.,, August 11.-Times
have changed at Shady Rest.
Shady Rest used to be headquarters
for the Charlie Burger gangsters.
Heavily armed guards walked about
the place, and shootings were not in
frequent. Once bomb was dropped
on Shady Rest from an airplane, sup
posedly the work of rival gangsters
After Burger was hanged for the
murder of Joe Adams of West City,
Shady Rest, on the Harrisburg Marion
State Highway, became peaceful
tourist camp.
Yesterday Evangelist E. o. Allen
services there to redeem" the place.
The evangelist's platform is directly in
front of the building that housed
Birger's cock fighting pit.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-08-11

Police Capt. Hugh Mccarthy expressed
belief that another garage two doors
distant was meant since the lateer had
been renting space below the regular
scale.
Police suspected that sale of mer-
chand1se on Sunday was responsible for
the attack on grocery store on the
South Side.
Damage was estimated at from $500
to $1,000 in each case.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-08-11
BY A. b. MCDONALD.
Special Dispatch to The Star.

Special Dispatch to The Star.
AMARILLO, Tex, August IL
tN.ANA0.-I came to Amarillo to
work on the Payne murder mystery as
& result of letter to the Kansas City
Star from Gene Howe, editor and half
owner of the Amarillo News-Globe.
In this letter Mr.. Howe described the
murder as the perfect crime" 1t had
been done five weeks before and all the
officers, both in the city and county, had
worked on the mystery and were utterly
loaff1ed. Mr.. Howe said he did not know
whether to believe that A. d. Payne
the husband of the slain woman, was
innocent or guilty.
1 arrived in this city. after hard
all-day ride through the blazing heat
of the Texas Panhandle, tired out. l
got all the stories that had been printed
about the case in the Globe and News,
went to the hotel and read them to
familiarize myself with the case. Next
morning Sunday Mr.. Howe and 1
spent till noon with Payne in his home.
BY some strange intuition / believed
Payne guilty the moment l saw him
and heard his level-toned, monotoncus
voice droning out the story of how his
wife had been blown up by an ex-
plosive placed in her car, and OF now
devoted he and his wife had been to
each other He talked too much about
his love for her and how kind he was
to her He was too anxious that see
their neighbor friends, who would tes-
tify to his devotion to her.
Woman in the Case.
It did not seem to me that the in
surance he had on his wife and chill
dren gave sufficient motive for him tc
kill her and his little boy. 1 decided
there must be woman in the case, so
I got him to give me list of all the
women who had worked for him. When
he came to the name of Verona Thomp-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-08-11

After five weeks of fruitless investisa-
ton, the Payne murder at Amarillo.
Tex was called the perfect crime"
Then Gene Howe of that city called the
murder to the attention of A. G. Mac
Donald Of the Kansas City Star. who
began a study of this perfect crime"
Among others. Mr.. Macdonald inter-
viewed the husband of the slain woman,
whose alibi seemed complete. And il was,
until the slayer, like the Portsmouth
murderer Daniel Webster convicted, felt
he must strengthen his alibi. And in
so doing proved that murder will out"
Herewith is Mr.. MacDonalds own story
of how the crime was solved.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-08-11
WRONG GARAGE BOMBED
BY CHICAGO TERRORlSTS
Police Suspect Sale of Merchandise
Responsible for Bombing of
Grocery Store.
BY the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press
CHICAGO, August 11-Terrorists
bombed the wrong garage early yester-
day, but police were unable to deter
mine whether the other bomb that
ushered in the new week had wrecked
the right grocery store
The first blast tore a hole in the
roof of garage on the North Side, but
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-08-11
MISS 0'NEIL A BRIDE
Hotel Magnate's Daughter WEEDS

doteI Magnates Daughter Weds
Thomas Farrell, Jr., of Montreal.
NIAGARA FALLS, N. Y, August IL
P1.-Mr. and Mrs. George H. O'Neil
today announced the marriage of then
daughter, Dorothy Fadehla O'Neil, to
Thomas B. Farrell, jr, of Montreal,
Quebec. The brides father is vice
president and general manager of the
United Hotels Co. of America. The
wedding took place Saturday.
The bride was presented at the
Court of st. James, London, in June,
1928
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-08-11
Chief Resumes Duties.

Gen. Charles p. Summerall, chief of
staff, today resumed his duties 1.-THE
War Department, following visits Of in
spection at Army posts IN the South,
including Florida sS u
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-08-11

Prisoners Prefer THE Open Door. ("
TAMPICO, Mexico. August II (Pl.--
Locking the Jail doors, in the belief OF
300 prisoners at the civil Jail here, is
going just little too far. So they have
expressed their diSpleasure by going on
a hunger strike.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-12-26
GOTHAM CITIZENS
|. FIGHT CORRUPTION
Mass Meeting Called to Take
Action on Manual of
Political Scandals.

BY the Associated Press.
NEW YORK, December ga mass
meeting to protest against civic cor
ruption and racketeering" has been
called for January by the City Affairs
Committee, of which John Haynes
Holmes is chairman.
The meeting was announced today in
connection with the issuance of a
manual of facts" listing political scam
dals in 1880.
The Governor. the manual says, de-
clined to order a general inquiry into
the city government even after he was
empowered by the Legislature to make
such an investigation" :. -
Mayor Walker" it continues, sal
though promising cooperation to the
grand jury in the Ewald case, has not
suspended or removed from Office any
of his appointees for refusing to waive
immunity"
The manual says II judges and %
city officials have been involved in 8
rackets and IL irregularities during the
past year.
LAS 1880 draws to a close" it contin-
ueS 1.-The citizens of New York look back
on a years record of political scandals
and debaucheries worse than anything
the city has known since the days OF
Tweed and Croker. What have been re-
vealed are, of course, only few of the
surface facts, which indicate deep
sources of corruption which are as yet
untouched"
The New York American said today
that investigators had received conn
plant that a magistrate, whose name
was not revealed, had accepted a $4,000
bribe to discharge a physician accused
of performing an illegal operation.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-12-26
Rather Befriends
Bullsnake; Ancient
Enlnity Destroyed

ELY, New. (N.A.N.A.) The
enmity existing between bull
snakes and rattlers is as famous
as the Hatfield Mccoy feud OF
West Virginia's long-rifle days,
but two Of the species have kissed
and made up.
These two reptiles seem per-
fectly happy as they bask in the
Christmas splendor of a mer-
camille stores display window.
The snakes were captured by a
mining man and placed in adj
joining pens. But misery loves
company and when the RATHER
discovered a hole in the partition
he slid through it and joined his
companion.
Copyright, 1880, by North American
Newspaper Alliance.)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-12-26
INDUSTRIAL LAWS
ASKED IN N. CAROLINA
Labor Commissioner Says Recent
Unrest Revealed Need of
Statistical System. 49,

RALEIGH, N. G. lH).-More adequate
/ industrial legislation is recommended to
the 1881 General Assembly by the BIZ
ennial report of Frank d. Grist, COM
missioner of labor and printing,
In speaking of recent industrial I'M
rest in North Carolina, Commissioner
Grist says:
During the recent industrial disturb
ances and strikes in the State it has
been very embarrassing TO this depart
ment not to have statistical informa-
ton regarding labor and its relation to
industry, in so far as working hours
wages and other problems surrounding
our economic conditions are concerned
Mr.. Grist urges legislation which will
make possible the gathering of statis-
teal data so that the public may know
just what the facts are with regard to
our industrial conditions"
Additional cooperative employment
bureaus are recommended by the labor
commissioner. He would have Offices
established at Durham, High Point
Salisbury, Rocky Mount and Gastonia
and the offices at Winston-Salem and
Greensboro, which we're closed several
months ago, reopened.
Mrs. Anna Grace Russell of Fareham
England, who is 107, still reads anc
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-12-26
PERSHING AFH0ME
General to Return to Capital From
Nebraska After January 1.

LINCOLN, Nebr., December % (R-
Gen. John j. Pershing arrived here yes
terday from Washington &C, to spend
the Christmas holidays at home with
his sister, Miss May Pershing.
Gen. Pershing said he expected to re-
turn to Washington after New Year
day. His son Warren, a student at
Yale University, was with him.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-12-26
ENDOWED DOG HAS TRIP
Trust Fund Provides Vacation as
Owner Stays Behind.

CHICAGO, December 26 lP).-Danger,
a pet bulldog, whose owner established
a trust fund for him at local bank,
was on his way to Hot Springs, Ark,
for a Winter vacation today on the
profits of some of the securities placed
with the banking institution in his be-
half He went alone in a crate.
His owner, a Chicago business man,
who couldn't arrange his own affairs
for Winter vacation, stayed at home
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-12-26

Mrs. Anna Grace Russell of Fareham.
England, who is LOT, still reads and
walks
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1930-03-31
MASONIC FUNERALIS
HELD FOR ENOCKSON
Former Conductor Of 500 Line
Out Of Bismarck inferred
Yesterday Afternoon

Masonic funeral services were con.
Quoted ct the Masonic Temple a& 2
o'clock yesterday afternoon for
Charles e.. Enockson, 80, conductor
Of the 500 Line out Of Bismarck Who
died last wednesday evening q his
home, COS Tenth street.
Iuterment WAS made In. Eairviow
cemetery. Rev. walter 4. Water, pas.
tor Of the Mc0abe Methodist Epieco.
pal church, read the services.
Mr.. Enockson had been III 1Duy
months before his death. He sleoyeG
his widow, one sister, Mira. Amelia
Mogorder. River Falls, Wis, and Z
brother. j. A. EnockDon, Duluth.
He had resided In Bl1znarck 10
years and had been employed b the
500 Line since 1905. He was chief
conductor In the Order Of Railroad
Conductors, dtvisiou ol6, ct tho time
Of his death and also WAS . charter
member Of the Plaza Masonic Lodge,
No. l04.
M. Euockson WAS Q uative q North
Mauitou Island. Mich. where 10 was
born July 4, 1S72. the same day
former President Coolidge was barn.
He was married to Matilda Eog-
ence Bye. ct Grand Hpeks. July !.
1917.
Pallbearers were @. o. Pickles. W.
II. Demming, Hans Evanson. 4. 4.
Thompson. J. ]. Setser. J. N. Roberts,
s.. Honorary pallbeafers ware James
Rhud. Z. A. Lund, Walter MGddock,
]. b. Porter, Al Barrett. A. ". Mellon.
n. I. GALLAGHER, ]. 3. Barton.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1930-03-31
Marionettes
Appear Here Tonight

Tony 0arg's Marionettes arrived
here this morning from jamestown
and Minot, where they gave perform
ances on Friday and Saturday.
The mArionettes come to Bismarck
under tho asupices Of Minishoshe
chapter, d. A.. r.. and proceeds from
the matinee and the evening per-
Torrance viii be used to help main
tain the Roosevelt cabin on the capi-
toll grounds.
IN the company are the manager,
Charles eearle, and seven pupeteers.
together with the dosen Of little
wooden figures who viii give the
shows, and their properties. valued ct
{ 100. The puppets and settings are
hacked In the demountable trunks
which serve IS stages
This isstte fiEst5appeafAnc4 Of thu
mariouettes In Bismarck In eight
years, and both children and grown
ups are expected to fiji the city audi
torium to capacity for the two per-
fcrmance6.
The popular story Of Rip Van
Wrinkle VIII b depicted this evening
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1930-03-31
MAnONEYYE SHOW
SUBJECT OF TALKS
ATuONSMEETIG
Mrs. A. m. chrlstlanson and
Charles sparis Speakers
Is Club Luncheon

Mn. A. n. 0hrlstlGnsoO, lopeeoeut-
Ing the Bisrnarck y. A. Il, and
Charles Searle, one q those Who NWtl
pull. the strtngss tr Touy oArSi
Narfonettes At the auditorium To-
night. were feature speakers hefcrs
the LIONS club IA their regular week
" luncheon meeting this noon.
Nh. eearie told q the AazionGttea,
the showing Of which = sponooged
here ~ the p. 4. =
sour show u good entertainment
for Ill persons between To aoeg q dx
and g." he told members Ct the club
Tony Sarg'a Marionettes have heeu
shown for ~ years, he eaad. and In
terest seems 20 10 Just - ereat "a
them now - IN The 1irse yeor. @xA0
show u two hours q good. wholesome
entertainment" he oaid.
The show = On IT. Way east, and
viii give presentations ct Ftzgo. MIN
neapolis. and ll1lwaukeo Immediately
after leaving Bismarck.
Urging Lions 10 attend the Sh0w
this evening, Mn. 0hristiauson told
Of the work q the p. A. \. In can.
nection With Roooevelt'e cabin near
the capitol. Funds from the produe-
ton tonight win 10 used In the up-
keep Of the cabin.
That. Roald Amundeon. explorer.
and General Ferdinand Eoch asked
to zee the cabin when they were here
Is evidence Of the great interest IN
the former presidents Had Lands
home, Mira. Chrtstianeon said.
She pointed ent that 600 visited
the site In its first year while oy00o
went through the cabin last year. The
caretaker, she said, must Be- acquains-
ed with the history Of Bismarck and
North Dakota In order 70 answer ~
questions Of visitogs. Furniture IN
the cabin u exact replicas Of Hooee.
vents original furniture.
Visitors Ut the luncheon this noon
were Mr.. Tourlotte, Regain, and q. A.
Clark. assistant milk inspectoe,
Warrington. q. Q.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1930-03-31

elAns foe . county defamation and
mpslo eontese, and : NAY ~. were
formed q . m1tting. g tn pf1pd.
pAls 6 14fllAgh county s6hOols, hsld
at The HIN ophool hee6 saturday, o.
coeline q Nh 1eodc6 Mann. county
sutsGlnten6eut, Who pfe1lded.
Apf1l g Was oet . The date Tor the
defamation ma mutte 0outeot, and
Nay . lor ~ pay Nv. 1okh VIII BE
held IN Di1aaafok. HfincibAls attend
Ing wero 4. 4. xlln9, 0eerlipg: II. :
HermAneon. lfeKenGe;s Maurice Her
un. Driscoll: 0atruda> Ness, 4eno.
len: II. i. HoVotson. 1foffit: =. u.
4lumphrsys. Can1ield: end AGfs. Ruth
lurbaGe. Gibbs. +
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1930-03-31
AIR
IS ALL RIGHT
INITS PLACE..

--bue lis really uasscsssasy -
t9y for H. especially when 20
buy soap; A big airy package e
some sort Of soap bubbles may
be oil very well. but dent IL q
make you think that L coneains
more ss4p than Whiss Kiag's
compact carton:
Foe white King 10 noehing bue
the purest veeseable-oil soap
made. sranulstsd for convs.
nience. Il packs like powdered
sugar, % you can Be sure you're
buying . condensed soap, free
from air and unnecessary mois.
ture. And white King 10 - fne
In qualify that It's saSs for the
shserest lingerie, elective Soe
the heaviest blankets.
The economy Of White King
Granulaeed Soap II surpeisine.
A teaspoonful for the wash basia
or dish-pan, aeupful for the wash.
Ing machine. Sold b. your erocefs
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1930-03-31
JOIN N. JOCH|M, s.,
DIES AFTER ILLNESS
Pioneer Morton County Farmer
euocumha 50 Heart Trouble
II Local Hospital

.A .
So0" -. So0ualas VI q
Marion ana 0uEleigh counties Tor -
years. died IA Z local hoepital shortly
.t&.r > n = aat,,rd.v ne.th ~rae
ouo 70 nosss ssOuue0. S'e as0 va "
the hospital . week before his death.
Funeral services win be conducted
e &c. Mays Catholic church at 3
O'Clock tomorrow morning, with FAITH
er John a. "a. olaG. officiating. Burial
WIN be made @ ct. Mary's cemetery.
- char.e a. FUNERAL services vilI
= ths r.. Anthonv snd 81. Joeenh
sc.,s1s.. - ~ssch :. -. me,rner
psl,heerers Mn IS chneen from mem-
hers a ia iaftsr sncietv.
=. --s---r... !. ......
yos.n e. SvC ~ sAu - s s e
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1930-03-31

Very. Reasonable Charges
Address: Retail Protective
Agency, Ad. No. II, in care Of
The Bismarck Tribune, Bis.
marck, N. Oak.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1930-03-31

Elats ere now complete for the six
discreet conventions e the American
Iegien Auxiliary which WIN be held
during. To week beginning April g,
according to an announcement mAd1
lby lfrs. James Morris. Bismarck, state
pCeddeut Of the Auxiliary.
The meetings win b held accord
Ing to = consecutive schedule with
the respective couamittee-Womeu pee-
oiding h each district. The couyon-
lions viii open with the nth district
meeting ct Minot, NH. Hoeto. llinot
presiding: followed BY the fourth dis
trict, April q ct Harvey, Mys. h =.
Ide. presiding; first district, Apftl 8.
Grand Forks, Mr3. Eugene FeneJon,
Devils Lake, ~preGding; second dis
trict, May !, Fargo. Ars. A. Kjelland,
Hatton, presiding; third district. Nay
2, Valley City. Mrs. Ell. Huschka,
Dawson, presiding; the sixth district
viii have the closing meeting on May
!, ct Dickinson, Mrs. Ellen oyverud.
Mott, presiding.
Mrs. Morris, state president. TO-
gether with Mrs. =. I. Cos, Caring
ton. department rehabilitation CHAIR
man. and Mrs. A. q. Porter, depart
ment child welfare chairman, win be
In attendance and speak ct every
convention. The two major programs
Of service will thus be presented IA
each district. The national commit
tee-woman, Mrs. ]. r. Pence, Minot,
will be . speaker ct several conveu-
lions. Mrs. G.. w. RArdin. vice pred-
dent, Grand Forks: Mrs. r. N. De-
Puy, secretary, jamestown: Mrs. wal
ter Curtis. treasurer, Fargo: and Mira
Gilmore, historian, Wilton, are the
other officers who viii be In attend
ance ct their respective district meet
ings. AL chairman and past depart
ment officers win also attend these
meetings In their respective districts.
Much constructive entertainment
viii be provided in the preliminary
quartette and exhibit contests, when
the various units compete for position
on the convention floor. Unit reports
will be given by each unit chairman,
a w.