davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-03-16
Spelling of Ether Presents Problem
AS Chemists Seek to Remove Peril

Competent chemists should be de-
tailed to stand guard over the ether
supply of hospitals, it Is asserted edi-
torially by Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry, journal of the American
Chemical Society. Chemical vigilance,
the journal declares, should be exercised
not when the ether is purchased, bue
when it is about to be used, Gin order
that impure material may not corr
tribute to the loss of a single life"
Spoilage of ether, it Is pointed out,
presents a problem which the chemist
must attack as a service to humanity.
The belief is expressed that sustained
effort will bring q solution and thus
eliminate danger to those who undergo
operations. The journal continues:
knowing the vigilance exercised gen.
orally by the manufacturers of anes-
thetic ether. it has been something Of
a shock to note from time to time the
seizures made because Of failures to
meet the requirements of the United
States Pharmacopeia, and to learn that
for years patients have developed res
piratory complications, and In some
instances pneumonia, following surgical
operations.
Rely Upon Standard Brands.
Surgeons and anesthetists generally
have relied upon the standard brands
and trademarks of ether because of the
continuous research conducted by
absolute purity of the product, but
also for a better understanding of fac
tors important in its preservation.
"Concurrently, the Federal labora-
tories have kept In the closest touch
with the problem.
I'm one hospital a chemist particu-
larly well fitted to undertake the task
was asked to consider possible causes
of post-operation bronchitis and pneu-
monia. He raised the question of ether
purity and was told that 1t was all
right being standard brand. Never
theless he examined 1t and found con-
siderable quantities of both peroxide
and aldehyde, which are interdicted by
the pharmacopeia and both of which
render ether UNFIT for anesthetic pur-
poses.
Experiments were undertaken Jointly
with pharmacologist using the oyster
as the initial experimental animal, since
1t has the same type of structure as
the respiratory tract lined with ella.
which eject foreign bodies upward from
the tract.
Effect Is Studied.
by using cold light through a quartz
rod 1t was possible to study the effect
OF ether upon the ciliary action in the
oyster. It was found that whereas pure
ether was without effect upon move
ment, 0.00l per cent Of acetaldehyde
would entirely stop ciliary action.
Unfortunately, ether Is not q stable
product. Some oxidation takes place,
IN part, perhaps, as q result Of contact
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-03-16
Humanizing of History Is Traced
To Illustrations i'm Old Psalter

lures a travelling coach for royal ladies,
whose pet dogs and squirrels enliven
the scene. Another important series
portrays sports and games Of every de-
scription, one being fine illustration
showing archery practice on the range.
Hundreds Of Individual Subjects.
AS one would expect, there are hun
dreds of pictures Of individual sub
jects. Among these may be named a
windmill, a water mill, with eel traps
set in the river; grindstone, two men
towing a boat, castle of love besieged
by knights and defended by ladies'
whose weapons of defense are roses,
with which they pelt their assailantS; a
good painting of Constantinople show
ing its medieval falls and even minute
enough so one can read the signs on
several Of the shops and inns.
There Is also one most amusing scene
in which a family are moving in a
covered two-wheeled wagon, looking
like one of the old prairie schooners, at
least as to its ribbed top. The horse
which Is in the shafts, is saddled. On
that and on one shaft the driver bal
ances himself while he whips up his
three horses, which are hitched tandem
Former Opinions Revised.
Lie IOdo leduS up SGln Bldoc' ~
fore essaying it the owners have
wrapped around the wheels over the
tires something that looks like a heavy
but thin wooden cog band, and have
tied it to the six-spoked wheel with six
or seven throws of rope. Behind the
| wagon one man pushes on a tailboard
and the other farther behind has
two-pronged pole set against the frame
Of the top, against which he pushes
with all his might. The horse in the
shafts is backing instead of pulling, the
swing horse is prancing In startled
| amazement and the leader is standing
upright on his hind legs, holding MS
forefeet in more or less prayerful at
titude. 1t is, all in all, a wonderfully
vivid and living picture.
| Not many years ago a book with pic
| lures was derided, called unscientif1c
and all that sort of bosh. Today we
have found that oldsters and young
sters alike read with their eyes as vel
as with their minds, and that tudicia
admixture of pictures with text ha:
made type Of book that has properly
come to stay.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-03-16
Supporter of Toxic
HOnored by Emperor

decent elevation of Marquis Kuni-
Aki Tokugawa to the rank of prince
the result Of the Emperor's personal
-esire to honor man whose family for
Generations worked for the good of the
imperial family, even In the days when
che ruler in Kyoto was a mere figure
head, with the actual power in the
hands OF the shotgun in Toxic. The for
mer marquis family was founded 275
years ago in the city of Mito, rs miles
north Of Toxic, by Mitsukuni Tokugawa
grandson of Iyeyasu Tokugawa, first
shotgun: Although related to the great
feudal lord in Toxic, Mitsukuni and his
descendants held dramatically opposed
views on government. Mitsukuni is
most famous for his work on a history
of Japan, the fundamental argument Of
which was that the Emperor as direct
descendant of the sun goddess should
reign supreme and that the actual DOW
er should not be retained by the sho-
gun 1T. throughout his life ne worked for
prerogatives.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-03-16
BY RALPH v. d. MAGoFFIN.


History for centuries dealt only with
the great, not with the many. If any
one could give the names and dates of
the Roman emperors, of the kings Of
France or of the rulers of England that
was enough. At times famous generals,
clever cardinals, belted knights and
ladies of nobility and court helped with
their minor luminositieS to set of the
ruling luminaries. When John Richard
Green wrote his "Short History of the
English People" the world was amazed,
for it had never supposed that the peo-
pie amounted to anything. But the
idea took.
In Green's book, and in others of the
same sort that soon began to appear,
the text was illustrated by many pic
lures that proved the people were quite
worth while But where did the his
tor1ans find pictures Of people who
lived and worked and played centuries
before the time of the writers who
were bringing the people upon the
stage of natural life.
Public to Purchase Psalter.
A great many of those which were
used in the English histories came from
the margins of the Luttrell Cor Louie
rell) PSalter. This magnificent manu-
script has come much into public notice
of late because, although 1t has been Cor
MANY years on loan in the manuscript
department of the British Museum, 1t
AZ now being purchased by public sub
scription for final and secure lodg-
ment in that museum. In truth, IL
would seem that the campaign Tor SUD-
scription money both for the Luttreil
Psalter and also for the Bedford BOOB
of Hours" might not have been able 70
get an extension of time had 1t moi
been for the generosity of j. P. Morgan
In the early years OF the fourteenth
century several fine psalters were exc
cuted in East Anglia. Every one knows
at least by hearsay, OF the Ormespy
Psalter at oxford, the Arundel and 81
Orner Psalters in the British Museum
and the Douai Psalter destroyed II
the war;. But none of them compare.
With the Luttrell Psalter in marRina
drawings Here is to be found serle'
that illustrates the life of medieva
England. series so important that TN
psalter may we'll be considered ma
Iional monument.
Figures of Historical Importance.
This psalter was made for Sir Geof
rev Louterell of Irnham, IN Lincoln
shire, about 1910 AID: There Is
miniature in the text of the knight OF
AGNES Sutton, and his daughter-in-law
Beatrice Scrope. On the gowns OF tn
ladies are armorial bearings, Which
identify them absolutely.
The pages of the manuscript carr
about IA lines of text in beautifully
written Latin. Illuminated capital let
tiers, nearly all containing figure per
tinent to the text, adorn nearly ever
page. AT the top and bottom and dow
the outside edge of the text runs a mag
nificent border decorated in colors on
gold background. Along the wide mar
painted the series of figures which hav
attained high cultural and histories
importance. One series is that Of ag
ricultural scenes and furnishes materis
enough to make it quite possible to de
scribe the animals, implements an
workmen of that time.
There is on one page painting OF
Kitchen and party at dinner, anothe
Ehows lady at her toilet, another pi
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-03-16
High Lie hts ON Business Today

TO the business OF America the Spring of 1880 marks
period
the stock market.
The collective of the American people
to the
back to normal IeUe of prosperity.
An nder figure the whole picture UouId fall
the 1929, but
bered that 1929 year.
American finance is sound, the
ceSSve imitation OF year
State and municipal bond issues recently
o'oGd the total OF the Just after the guarantee
of abundant dctiUtty shortly
Shpbmdtng advancing and Ui be aided materially by
the opening of a dozen mail routes.
Automobile production is 1boDe the 1928 leDeI
There bad spots TEXTILES leather
tered during the Winter but their plight
standing
with stability progressive economies
that of last year.
Construction in the entire Nation, normally
about eight billion dollars DH mount toc1rd the ten
billion mark in 1880
on the Whole of optimism apparent among
past majority of industries.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-03-16

with the catalytic system OF metal.
water, oxygen and ether. This has led
70 many efforts on the part Of manu-
featured to provide better containers.
Carbon dioxide has been used to
expel the air; appropriated cans and
various other types of containers or
chemical treatment of such containers
nave been introduced In an effort to
improve ether preservation. In i've
European countries the law requires
anesthetic ether to be packed in amber
main IN a state of purity for a long
time.
III 1t can be demonstrated that the
packagng OF ether in this manner will
prevent deterioration for q measurable
length OF time so that dates would
afford reasonable protection, It would
be worth many times the additional
cost and any inconvenience in trans
portation which might be involved.
Manufacturers Cooperate.
1.-THE effort to provide antitoxidants
should 60 forward. and should this
prove the solution our surgeons would
soon become educated to the use Of
permissible preservativeS, although now
they object to color and to the pres
ence Of residual matter when the ether
has evaporated
1T should be emphasized that repu-
table manufacturers are honestly trying
to prevent other than the best ma
terial reaching the operating rooms. It
must also be said that the Federal
laboratories and inspectors are check
ing ether and to the best Of their abil.
ity rounding up ana withdrawing from
the market or from use material whlcn
has deteriorated In storage.
The manufacturers are doing ALI
they can to prevent the spoila0e of
their ether after 1t has left their ins
spectors."
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-03-16
BY THE DUKE OF ALBA.

n n ADRID.-Spain's foreign policy
M is eminently pacific. When
V say that I am simply express
4 i ing the exact realty, so much
so that I am afraid / am re-
peating a commonplace.
know that all nations say the same
and are sincere in affirming it. Never
theless. we cannot ignore the fact that
there are countries with unnatural from
tiers, others with problems of trident
ism, again others which wish to extend
their colonial empire, and finally some
that want to rectify treaties they regard
as unjust.
The result, therefore. is that although
all nations desire peace there are ques-
tions creating an atmosphere which is
not very pacific quite apart from the
aspirations Of the peoples themselves.
Spain Free Of Those Problems.
Fortunately Spain knows none of
these problems. There are few coun-
tries in the world possessing frontiers so
clearly traced by nature as Spain. Fur
thermore, we have no minority ques-
tons, and such of our fellow country
men as live in other countries are among
brothers. We do not aspire to recon-
shutting colonial empire, nor do we
think of breaking treaties. We live and
endeavor to continue to live on the basis
of the status quo, which is the most pa
cif1c position.
And what about Morocco, some will
ask? In the north of Morocco we are
discharging high mission of civiliza-
ton in the interest of all. Without our
intervention it Is probable that that re-
gion which, expressed In square kilo-
meters, is not extensive, but neverthe-
less very important from the point of
formed into a dangerous center OF agl-
tation, not only for the rest of the
Shereef's dominions, but also for coun-
tries which hold special interests in the
Mediterranean.
BY means of great sacrifices we are
discharging in the Spanish zone of
Morocco a specific duty by maintaining
tranquility and introducing Western
civilization.
Apart from the Mediterranean we are
not interested in most of the problems
being discussed in Europe. I do not
mean to say that these problems leave
us indifferent, but merely that we can
judge them with absolute inpartiality
because they are not vital to us.
For the very same reason consider
Spain is rightly discharglng very i'm
portant function in the League OF Ma
tons Not only is Spain first after the
great powers. but she is the most i'm
portant among the powers that can in
tervene as arbitrators or Intermediates
in the majority Of disputes because she
can do so with absolute freedom OF
criticism and all may rely on her i'm
partiality.
From what I have said it follows that
Spain, not only out of dignity, but with
q view to lending her help energett-
cally to the League of Nations, must be
FpUTeSented on its Council
Spain maintains cordial relations with
all civilized countries. We have not
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-03-16

only signed numerous commercial
treaties, but also Is treaties of arbitra-
ton and neutrality, and we desire tc
continue in this direction.
Relations Are Cordial.
I repeat that our relations with al
countries that respect the rights of ma
tons cannot be better. 1t will be easily
understood, however, that they are par
| ticularly cordial with those with whom
we are connected by ties of race, Ian
guage and culture. Apart from the
Spanish American republics, I refer in
| the first place to Portugal, the Latin
countries and our old friend, Great
Britain.
The international policy of states
does not depend upon the number OF
men or their regimes, but it is prac-
tically invariable, because it is deter
mined by geographical position and eco
nomic necessities. Spain is in the
southwestern corner of Europe, between
this continent and Africa on the one
side and on the other between the At
lantic and the Mediterranean, and,
finally, she is on the great maritime
and aerial highways which join Europe
with the United States and South
America.
We are, therefore, an Occidental
country (hence our traditional friend
ship with France and England), and we
are not exclusively European country,
as we are constantly looking toward the
two Americas.
With the democracy of the United
States we wish to maintain the most
cordial relations, and can affirm that
the fraternal sentiments we feel for
Spanish America are by no means an
obstacle in this direction. In fact, our
IaAS I3n
Central and South America are, above
all, of a cultural and economic charac-
ter, and they are capable of harmonic
ing perfectly with the particular inter-
ests of the United States.
I know that in the United States we
have many friends. even propagandistS
of the natural and artistic beauties OF
our country, as well as Of our cultural
life, and we sincerely wish that our
friends would help in bringing our eco
nomic relations more closely together
on the basis of reciprocity, because we
are aware that without solid founda-
lions sentiments usually vanish.
Before closing this article I wish to
say something about the "decadence OF
Europe" so often repeated that 1t has
become banal.
Growing Use of Language Cheers.
There is no doubt that one of the
of the war has been to
transfer the center of gravity of inter
national politics and finance to Amer
lea. Bleeding and Impoverished Eu-
rope does not hold in world politics the
same specific weight it held before and
what it has lost has almost entirely
been gained by America.
This displacement as Europeans we
greatly regret, but as Spaniards we re-
gard the loss of European influence as
compensated by the growth, every day
more pronounced, of the nations born OF
the same stock as ourselves.
Everything which contributes to in
crease the world importance Of the
Spanish American republics is a salts
faction and honor to Spain, the COM
mon mother of these nations destined
to a great future. and one of the signs
of this growth is the preponderance,
constantly increasing, of the Spanish
language as vehicle Of culture and
tCopyrigft. 1e3o)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-03-16

Y ONDON.-Last Thursday the La
Dor government sustained the
first defeat since it took Office on
~ the amendment to the coal bill,
on which the Liberals joined the
Conservatives in an opposition lobby
The amendment, which is on a minor
point, did not affect the bill vitality and
thus there is no need for the govern
ment to take the gleeful shouts of the
Conservatives demanding resignation
seriously.
Nevertheless, the defeat was a pain
full reminder to the Labor party that it
held the reinS of Office only on suffer-
ance and may be put out whenever the
other two parties chose to unite on an
important issue. There are manv OH
servers here that think it will not be
long before this happens. Certainly the
government Is making heavy weather
at present. Week by week the unem-
ployment figures are mounting, Offering
deadly ammunition to the opposition
snipers, who do not fail to make the hest
of their opportunities. Then the coal
bill is having a slow and extremely diff
f1cult passage through the House of
Commons, and even If it achieves a
maven in the third reading, it stands a
strong chance of being sunk in the
House of Lords.
Finally, the Naval Conference. on
which Prime Minister Macdonald is min
ming such hopes, has approached a
deadlock and seems unlikely to achieve
anything of great importance and al
most certainly not all the results that
were advertised. Under the circum-
stances it is only natural that an early
general election should be under discus
sion. 1t is not thought likely. however,
that it will come until after the budget
is introduced toward the end of April.
Ex-Prime Minister Baldwin had the
opportunity to force the issue on Thurs
day last, but he did not choose to
lake 1t.
After the governments defeat on
Tuesday Prime Minister Macdonald in
formed the House that the party would
not resign, but challenged the Con-
servatives to amend the motion of
censure they already had on paper so
as to make it a general vote of no
confidence. Baldwin, however, pre-
ferred to leave the motion as it was
the condemnation of the governments
attitude toward protection. Whatever
the differences between the Laborites
and the Liberals on other issues, on
tariff questions they stand shoulder to
shoulder, and it was foregone con-
clusion that the government would
emerge with handsome majority.
Danger still turks, however, in the
coal bill, which is making slow progress
in the committee. Despite great efforts
TO meet the Liberal objections, that
! party is extremely dissatisfied with a
part of the bill and particularly those
clauses which were inserted in order
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-03-16

ported by majority in the House of
Commons. Every week the temptation
to force a general election and appeal
to the country for a majority grows.
Naturally the Labor party will, if pos
sible, choose its own grounds for the
contest and the best opportunity in
the near future is offered by the budget.
The revenue figures to date for the
current financial year, together with
the estimates for the coming year, make
it clear that Chancellor Snowden will
have to raise more money. How he pro-
poses to do it no one knows, for he is
a good keeper of secrets. 1t would not
surprise, however, If he produces a
popular budget at the expense of
Weather taxpayers, with a view of in
viting defeat. 1t is difficult to fore
cast the result of the general election
brought on in this way. At least it
would offer the Labor party SPORT
ing chance of returning not only to
office but to a position where it
would not be dependent as at present
on Liberal support.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-03-16
Italy Finds Chinese
Market on Increase

Data published by the general Fascist
confederation of industries show the
growing Importance Of the Chinese
market to Italy. The most recent IN
formation available refers to the import
and export trade between the two coun-
Italian exports to China has almost
trebled, rising from 50 ,9Se, 600 in 1928 to
$8,039,000 in 1927. During the same
period Italian imports from China rose
from $7,574, 900 In 1928 to SIC, O3i 600 ia
1926, falling to $685.. 900 In 1927, with
balance of $224.000 in Italy,s favor.
ItalyS leading export is artificial silk.
followed at q distance by paper and
cardboard, f~.t and straw hats, marble.
tans, pigments and paints, foods and
drinks.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-03-16

in the building trades reached 80 per
cent, as compared with 80 last year
and SO in 1928. But there are many
encouraging signs on the horizon. State
and municipal bond issues have recently
mounted toward the total of the years
just after the war-a guarantee of
abundant activity shortly, until cold
weather comes again. Lumber, cement,
brick and the other construction ma
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-03-16

conditions. shows a falling OF Of only
per cent in January from the record
breaking total of that month a year
ago, and gain Of approximately
IL per cent over January, 1928.
In the construction field conditions
are still somewhat disordered, as the
huge programs assured by the White
House conferences last November are
not yet fully under way. At the peak
of the Winter depression unemployment
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-03-16
SPANS FOREIGN POLICY
HELD sEMINENTLY PACIFIC
Secretary Says Nation Is Friendly to
ALI and Defends Moroccan Policy
as Specific Duty.

Note.-Studrt Fits-Jdmes, seventeenth
Duke Of Alba and IL times 0rGndee OF
Spain, NTH the blood OF the Stuart Kings
iDTites here the first article he has pre-
pared since assuming Office as SpaiHS
foreign minister in the BerenoUer poU-
eminent. In it he defends SPANS Mo-
Toccdr policy and dpeIls on the position
OF his country in the t1orld of today.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-03-16

Chairman of the National Business Surve
Conference.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-03-16

ONDON.-Last Thursday the La
Dor government sustained the
first defeat since it took Office on
- the amendment to the coal bill
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-03-16
BY FRANK H. SIMONDS.

b1 rhhNh n SAMONOS'
ONDON-There has been so much
discussion and agitation over the
question of whether the London
Conference foreshadows reduc-