Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1930-06-15

cnapCer OF MS DOCK 10 dennlJton OF
It's purpose, as suggested by its title OF
Pan Americanism and European opin-
ION" Mr. Ferrara, who was himself
born In European country, Italy, and
who has lived among Europeans long
enough to know them and understand
them as well as he knows and under
stands Americans, maintains that the
pan American cause has been miSinter-
preted in Europe and that to this Is due
all the apprehension and hostility which
European writer's and politicians re-
gard it.
There Is so great difference between
old-style European politics and the mod
ern open diplomacy of the New World
nations, in the opinion Of Mr.. Ferrara,
that pan Americanism has not been I'M
derstood In Europe. A purely idealistic
movement with no political purposes
could not have been understood In a re-
gton where all international unions have
been political alliances made for the
purpose Of maintaining continental
equilibrium by force; where there Is no
other diplomacy known than that coun-
seled by the political convenience Of the
moment; and where, traditionaliy, ma
tons have only got together in order to
outweigh or to defy the power Of their
neighbors.
Europe, on account Of justifiable
historical reasons, considers that the
Juridical standing of nations depends
upon the material power which sup
ports 1t. America, on the other hand
and by America we mean the 81 Amer
lean republicS-has always believed that
moral forces have a greater influence
than physical power both in the indi-
vidual and the social life Of men. Hence
comes the opposite points Of view held
on this and on the other side of the
Atlantic as to the pan-American prob
lem, and, consequently, the opposite
views OF Europe and America toward
each other.
European Press Bitter.
For half a century, says Mr.. Ferrara,
Americans have availed themselves of
every opportunity to express their love
and respect for the older European civ
ilization, in which they see q spiritual
and mental guide. The reply has been
one Of sharp criticism and at times Of
aggression. Thus, while In all the Pan
American Conferences which have 90
far met cordial words of regard and
good VIII have been expressed as to the
mother civilization Of Europe, the
European press has been most bitter In
the condemnation of these inter-Amer-
lean assemblies, accusing them of the
furthering Of political and economic
ambitions.
Then the writer goes into what we
might call the real subject of his book,
analyzing one by one the outstanding
points on which the accusations of
Yankee imperialism" and the dis
credit of the pan-American movement
have been based by European and Latin
American politicians. There have been,
in the opinion of Mr.. Ferrara, four
main objections on their part to pan
Americanism; i.e., the intervention of
the United States in some countries Of
the Caribbean region; the economic ex-
pansion of the United States in the
rest of the continent; the so-called
financial, imperialism, and the Monroe
Doctrine.
AS for Intervention. the author won
ders why Europe shculd criticize 1t
when it has practice1 it for centuries.
The whole political SIS n of Europe
Is eminently interve.i, ';.i1 yic. And why
not, asks, Mr. Ferrsra. II we have to
admit that in certain cGscS intervention
is necessary and mos. beneficial. He
mentions in this connection the cases
of Greece in 1927 and of Italy in 1859,
in which the Intervention of foreign
powers saved those countries. In Amer
lea he cites the liberation of Cuba, his
own country, by the intervention Of the
United States, the expulsion of the
French troops from Mexico, the sup
port offered to Chile and Peru against
Spain when this power tried to regain
her lost colonial possessions in the
Western Hemisphere. Theoretically
speaking, and on general principles,
says Mr.. Ferrara, Intervention must be
considered as wrong, for 1t presuppoSes
one state interfering in the affairs OF
another, but sometimes 1t remedies a
wrong, being the only possible solution
of dangerous or very unjust situations
No matter how illiberal 1t may sound
the recourse to Intervention has always
been recognized by the foremost au-
thoritieS on international and legal
matters, and there is no record, as the
Cuban Ambassador states, of any inter
national law digest prescribing it or re-
pudiating it absolutely. Besides, the
interyetnions in the Caribbean region
have always been for the better, not
for the worse; to build up nations, not
to destroy them.
The economic expansion of the
United States in the rest Of the CONT
nent and the so-called financial i'm
perialism have been the leitmotiv of the
tics can speak better, in this regard,
than the soundeSt arguments, and Mr..
Ferrara makes them speak wonderfully.
He shows how the United States buys
more from the Latin American coun-
tries than she sells to them, while Eu-
rope sells to Latin America much more
than she buys from that part Of the
world. In the meantime, the total ex-
port and import trade of the United
states with the nations south of the
Rio Grande only amounts to one-third
OF her total trade with Europe.
These facts alone should be sufficient
evidence, according to the author Of
Pan Americanism and European
Opinion" to prove that there has been
no such thing as an absorbing economic
policy on the part of Uncle Sam and
that the increase Of trade between the
Americas has been one Of normal and
present moment all the big industrial
powers are engaged In an attempt to
win the Latin American market. be-
cause this Is one which does not require
reciprocity OF exchange" saws Mr..
Ferrara, but he demonstrates with fig
ures that the United States is not the
most interested nor the most benefited
IN this race. The European countries
stln control more than so per cent OF
the total import and export trade of
Latin America, while the United States,
In 1928, only provided 80 per cent OF
the imports and received 35 per cent of
the exports Of Latin America.
Same in Field Of Finance.
In the field Of finance the situation
Is the same. The United States has
loaned to Latin America some SIS .0OO.-
100000, which does not amount Ia
much when compared with what ElI-
rope owes this country, about $40, OOO.-
OOO, 1000. Canada alone owes the United
States almost as much as all the Latin
American republics together. The lat
ter have borrowed more money from
europe than they have from the United
States, and today Great Britain iS =
larger creditor of Latin America than
Uncle Sam. This last fact, which Is
hardly ever mentioned by Latin writ
ers and which Mr.. Ferrara sets forth