White Bluffs spokesman. [volume] (White Bluffs, Wash.) 1907-1938, 1930-02-28
MONGOLIA REPUBLIC
GRABS BIG ESTATES
To Be Turned Into Farms
Operated by Peasants.

Operated by Peasants.
Washington.-Where Is Ulan Bator
Hoto, capital of one of the six largest
republics In the world?
The telegraph. and cable may lose
the last of the three terms, so that
In newspaper date lines the city Is
likely to make its infrequent appear
ances as "Ulan Bator." A recent dis
patch from this little-known city re-
lated that the estates Of former princes
and noblemen Of the peoples Repub-
lie Of Mongolia" had been confiscated
by the government and apportloned
among collective farms operated by
peasants. A bulletin from the Wash
tngton ID. CO. headquarters of the
National Geographic society tells OF
this remote capital and the country Of
which It is the seat Of government
Tangled Political Situation.
''Ulan Bator Hoto-'City Of the Red
Heroes'-is merely a new name for
Urga, which the geography textbooks
of few years ago identified as the
administrative seat of Chinese
state" says the bulletin. "The new
name was adopted in 1924, when the
republic was consolidating Its indie
pendence, declared in 1921.
Sew countries have ever had such
a tangled political situation as Mon
gOlia has had since 1911 when the
Chinese empire collapsed" the bulle-
tin continues. "Urga was the residence
of one of the three most important
Living Buddhas' of the fantastic
world. and the government was, In ef-
feet, theocracy under Chinese con-
troll. When the Chinese emperor lost
his throne in 1911, the Mongol princes
and Lamas expelled Chinese officials,
declared their country to be autono-
nous, and set up an arrangement by
which the Living Buddha' became
both king and national god
"The influences of the Russian en-
pire increased in semi-independent
Mongolia for time, but with the
progress of the World war Mongolia
was left without this source OF assist
ance, and In 1919 China again took
possession. Refugee White Russians
assembled in Siberia following the
Bolshevik revolution. and in 1920 and
1927 drove the Chinese from Mongolia
and set up state under Russian In
fuence. BY the end Of 1921 Soviet
armies had driven both White Rus
slams and Chinese from Mongolia and
the Living Buddha' was again the
nominal ruler. In 1924 the Living
Buddha' died, and the Monaghan PEG.
pies Republic was proclaimed.
Has No President.
ut is q republic without presi-
dent, the supreme authority resting In
parliament of 100 elected members.
This parliament, or Great Huruldan,
chooses 30 of it's members to form the
Small Huruldan which normally acts
while the larger body Is in recess. The
Small Huruldan in turn selects FIVE of
its members to form a permanent
persidlum. This government concerns
itself not with the whole of the terri
tory Of the old MongolIan state, but
only with that part of It that was
formerly called Outer Mongolia, lying
north of the middle of the Gobi des-
ert. Inner Mongolia, the strip about
three hundred miles wide, lying next
to China proper, is recognized as an
Integral part Of China.
| "Little comes to the outside world
In regard to the operations Of the
Monaghan government, but 1t is be-
lleved to be coming more and more
under the influences of Soviet Russia
and to be shaping its activities in in.
creasing accordance with Soviet prin
ciples One recent Indication Of such
trend was the report that the es
tates of mobiles, valued at approximate
~ $4,0O0,0O0. had been conf1scated fol
the benefit of collectively operated
peasant farms.
1.-THE trade of the country was ir
the past chiefly with China by means
OF horse-drawn carts and camel cara
vans from Urga. But Ulan Rator Hotc
looks more to the north, and both ex
ports and imports move increasingly,
between Mongolia and Trans Siberian
Railway towns.
"The Republic OF Mongolia has al
area of more than million and +,
quarter square miles. It's population
Is estimated to be less than one mil
lion, made up roughly of three-quar
ters Of million Mongols and iO00tN
foreigners. mostly Russians There ar
said to he fewer than 10000 Chimes,
In the Republic now"