Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-01-20
CONTINUED From First Page. }

llShed papal jurisdiction over the King
OF France and Spain and welded suf
1icient power to force King John o
England. very much against his will
20 accept Stephen Langton as Arch
bishop of Canterbury.
While the following centuries brough
weaker men to the succession of st
Peter, men who, far from being able
too extend the territorial possessions o.
the papacy. had to accept the humilia.
ton of losing state now and then
the church's heritage was retained unit
the middle of last century. The papa
states stretched from Ravenna on the
Adriatic to Naples on the Mediter.
ranean. Their area was almost as great
as that of New Hampshire and Yer.
mont combined. Within this area some
100000 people acknowledged the Pope
as their temporal sovereign. Rome was
OF course, the capital.
Imposing Palaces Built.
In this ancient city of Rome the Pope
mad settled down with a feeling OF
permanence and had done a great deaI
TO make 1t comfortable and interesting
He had not only preserved the heritage
of the Middle Ages. but had embellisheo
1t by building several imposing palaces
and magnificent churches, by digging
up the ruins of various structure built
IN the days Of Rome's imperial great
ness. Among other things, his archi-
tects discovered that some of these old
structures were provided with Shapely
stone columns which could be put to
excellent use in the new churches.
The favorite title of the Pope during
these constructive years was 'Pontifey
Maximus." This title. dating from the
days of pagan Rome, was assumed bv
Augustus and the later Roman EN-
perors. AS their successor, the modern
Pontifex Maximus looked upon Rome
as the capital Of one of the worlds
great monarchs. From it he ruled his
realm in state. 1t was not a large
realm. but 1t compared favorably with
anything else in the italy of those DAYS
and 1t was his.
In the Cos of the last century, how
over, the skies began to darken. Ger
pain Italians of a restless turn of mind
began TO ask why the Italian nation
with all its glorious past should be split
up into a hodge podge Of tiny states
without power or influence, while the
other peoples of Europe were organizing
strong, unified nations AS is usual
with such people, they answered their
own question. They said that Italy
should be united and free. They said it
with such vehemence and sincerity that
they managed to convince some very
powerful persons.
Territory Increased.
Among these was Victor Emmanuel.
ne King OF Sardinia. With the as
Sistance of his prime minister, Cavour,
one OF the greatest of modern Italians,
the King of Sardinia, whose dominions
also included Piedmont and SAVOY,
managed by 1861 to bring enough of
the neighboring states under his sway
4o have himself proclaimed King of
ITALY" Five years later he greatly in
creased the territory of the new state
by taking Venetia from the Austrians.
BY this time the disciples of Mazzini
pad determined that all Of Italy, in
Glud1ng the papal states, must be
wrought into the new kingdom. Not
the least Of these disciples was Giu-
seppe Caribaldi, a man who loved to
night wherever the cry of Liberty
could give him the slightest excuse.
Uhe exploits Of Victor Emmanuel and
EevouT thrilled him to the core. While
they were lighting for Italian unity in
Northern Italy, Garibaldi organized his
famous Thousand" q group of kindred
spirits, WITH whom he boldly set sail
SoF Sicily.
Delivers Army to King.
The "thousand,S in red shirts instead
OF black. carried all before them, and
Gartbaldi set himself I'D as dictator in
Sicily. Not satisfied with this he crossed
over to Naples and drove out King
Francis II. BY the time Victor EN-
manuel reached the southern end of
his new kingdom Garibaldi had cap
tured 1t for him. He handed both his
army and the territories they had con-
quered over to the King.
Gar1baldi made several attempts to
upset the papal power as well. The
French troops which Napoleon III had
sent TO assist the Pope were too much
for him, however, and he failed. But
Napoleon soon found he had need of
all his troops at home, and he left the
Pope to shift for himself. No sooner
was the Franco-PruSSian War under
way than the army of Victor Emmanuel,
under Gen. Cadorna, whose son was
TO be commander-in -chief of the italian
armies during the World War, appeared
Before the walls Of Rome
On September 20. 1870, 18 days after
che final disaster of Napoleon at Sedan,
Cadorna's troops preached the walls of
Rome near the Porta Pia. The italian
troops easily overcame the half-hearted
resistance OF the papel guards, and
since that day Rome has been the capi~
tal OF Italy.
Papal States Absorbed.
Two weeks later the papal states were
absorbed in the new kingdom under
the form Of a plebescite. Thus the
realities OF the temporal power of the
Pope vanished into thin air. But the
hapacy has never renounced an iota of
its claim to the territories thus taken
from 1t. In its eyes the italian gov
eminent, which for so years has occu-
pied the old papal palaces and the
Italian King, who occupied the most
pretentious Of them, the Quirinal. are
rebels and uSurpers. Italy has possess
sion and Italian law on its side, the
papacy has papal law on its side. Out
OF the conflict OF these two arises the
Roman Question"
Pope Plus TX protested to the Catho-
lie princes Of Europe and beseeched
them for aid to recover his lost pos
sessions, but none responded to his call.
NOT even Francis Joseph of Austria,
who might have been expected to help
him, cared to undertake a new war
with the Italians who had already de-
feated him twice in their 10-year
struggle for unity.
The Pope withdrew into the Vatican,
g huge rambling palace adjoining the
BaSilica Of st. Peters. Since that day
no Pope, once he has assumed his high
ONCE, has ever left the confines of this
dlmlnutive domain. The papacy has
considered itself in some sense as at
war with italy, and the Pope is known
@s the Prisoner of the Vatican"
Compensation Law Passed.
The new Italian government, as soor
as it moved down from Turin, made 9
gesture of compensation. 1t passed the
so-called law Of guarantees, which con.
flrmed the Pope in the possession o.
the Vatican and st. Peters, the Laterar
and Castel Gandolfo and provided ar
annuity to be paid by the italian gov
eminent amounting to some $650,000.