davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-02-17

tunnel test been made first, the project
would probably have been carried
through TO completion, since the sug-
gested changes could readily have been
made in the original plans.
The performance of an airplane so
far as speed, climbing rate, ETC., are
concerned can be predicted with arnaz-
Ing accuracy from Wind-tunnel tests by
competent engineer. Certain second
airy corrections need to be applied for
best results Many people are surprised
to learn that after the initial climb,
when the airplane remains nearly at
the same height above the ground, no
power is required directly to stay up.
It is necessary to keep moving forward
to stay up, and this requires power to
overcome the air resistance. The force
required to be exerted Is, however, only
one-eighth the weight lifted, O great
advantage over helicopter, where a
force equal to the weight must be pro-
vided by the propeller. Since moving
forward to get somewhere and not
merely to stay up is usually the main
purpose Of flight, all the power is spent
In the useful task of getting somewhere.
The power required does not compare
at all unfavorably with that required
in an automobile travelling over the
ground at the same speed. In an auto
mobile travelling at about one-half the
speed of an airplane only one-eighth
the power is required, since at high
speeds the automobile also spends nearly
all its power in overcoming air resist
ance, the necessary power varying as
the cube Of the speed.
Recent Developments.
Wind tunnels, as we know them now
are comparatively recent develop
ment, but similar, though less exact,
models were used by Langley and the
Wright brothers and their cotempor-
aries. Sometimes the wind was simply
the natural wind, which is very un-
steady and varies in direction rapidly
Sometimes the wind was an artificial
wind through small pipe, but at any
rate 1t was by experiment on small
scale, checked by experiments on q
larger scale in gliders, that the air was
finally conquered. BY measurements
on small, thin plates the advantages of
curved wings over fiat wings was dis
covered and the problems of balance
and stability were partially solved with
out risk of life. For this reason it Is
believed that the application Of model
measurement was the decisive factor In
expediting the conquest of the air. The
wind tunnel has found application in
many other ways. A person walking,
an automobile or a train must overcome
air resistance. In the case of a person
walking rather fast the force is only a
few ounces, unless in high wind, where
several pounds are readily perceptible.
In the case of the automobile the maxi
| mum speed Is practically fixed by the
, air resistance. and even at 80 miles per
hour some four horsepower is expended
In overcoming air resistance. A few
| Wind-tunnel measurements have been
made on automobiles, and in Europe,
where gasoline is high. some automobiles
are designed to have low air resistance.
They appear very strange in COMPARE
son with our conventional designs. The
| design Of racing automobiles can be
materially improved by wind tunnel ex-
perimentS.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-02-17
MANS VICTORY OVER AIR CAME
SUDDENLY AFTER LONG SIEGE
Deciding Factor in Aviation's Develop
ment Said by Some to Be
Gasoline Engine.

of Standards in a device known as q
wind tunnel, which consists of a long
tube OF fairly large diameter, through
which air may be drawn at high speeds
by means of a fan. The miniature air.
plane Is held fixed in the air stream
by means of wires which are attached
to balances for measuring the forces
produced by the wind Just as when
moving in an automobile wind is felt,
SO in an airplane the pilot and passen-
gers, II unprotected, feel a strong wind
even when the airplane moves in still
air. 1t happens that the forces on an
airplane driven through still air by a
propeller at a certain speed are ex-
actly the same If wind were blown at
the same speed against the airplane
while held at rest. The laws of varia-
ton with size can be determined by
using models OF different scale, so that
the air forces on model at rest in a
high wind can be used to predict the
forces on an airplane moving through
still air at the speed of the wind. BY
suitable arrangement of the support
Ing wires and the balances, both the
lifting force and the resistance which
must be overcome by the propeller can
be measured. Likewise the stability
may be determined; that is, whether
the airplane will tend to remain in
even, steady flight when disturbed by
wind gusts.
Three Tunnels at Bureau.
There are three sucn wind tunnels
at the Bureau of Standards-one 3 feet
in diameter, where winds up to $50 miles
per hour can be produced; one Az feet
IN diameter, where winds up to rs miles
a
feet in diameter, where winds up to 70
miles per hour can be- produced. This
last tunnel Is one of the largest in the
world. A 70-mile-per-hour natural
Iwindstorm causes great property damage
and usually loss of life. This 1O-foot-
diameter artificial stream Is, of course
| controlled, and 1t can be instantly
| stopped and started and its intensity
varied at will.
There are many interesting illustra-
| tons Of the value of these laboratory
tests. During the war a large seven
winged airplane, consisting of three
main wings one above the other, and q
pair of wings in front and a pair be-
hind, was built without model test
by designer who secured funds from
private sources; On its trial flight the
airplane met with an accident, the nose
lifting in the air and the machine fall
ing back on its tail as soon as the full
moter power was turned on. The de.
signer was then persuaded to make 9
model for wind-tunnel tests at q cost
dncluding the tests) of perhaps ont
200th that Of the full-scale machine
The wind-tunnel test showed that thu
air forces were not properly balanced
with relation to the weights carried
and certain changes were suggested. Il
was found impossible to carry these ou
on the actual machine without practi
cally rebuilding the machine. A partia
rebuilding was carried out at great ex
pense, but the second attempt at fiigh
resulted In second wreck. The finan
cial backing was withdrawn and tn,
project was abandoned, with no return
Ion the money spent xzA6 the WAND
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-02-17
BY II. L. DRYDEN,
Uhfe4 .Aerodynamics Section, Bureau of
Standards Department Of Commerce.

U.hfeAs Aerodynamics Section, Bureau of
STANDARDS, Department OF Commerce.
Flight by man is usually listed among
The wonders Of the twentieth century,
but the wonder is gradually disappear
ing as airplanes become more numerous
and commercially organized air services
take their place alongside the railroad
and automobile lines as carriers of mail,
freight and passengers. 1t was not more
than Is years ago that the art of human
fight became an accomplished fact
through the elimination of the work Of
Wilbur and Orville Wright. The VIC
tory over the unknown forces of nature
followed after a long siege, dating back
centuries to men who lived so long ago
that their attempts to fly are remem-
bered only as legends. Bit by bit
knowledge was accumulated, but at the
price of human life The victory came
suddenly, like the collapse of the camel's
back when the famous last straw was
added to the load. What was the last
straw by which the air was conquered?
Some say that the deciding factor was
che development of the gasoline engine
OF large power and small weight, but
the near-success Of Langley with his
steam engine shows quite clearly that
this Is not the real explanation. It is
believed that the deciding factor was
the development of an experimental
procedure, using small models, by Lang
ley, Wright and experiments
which could be made at so much less
expense and so much more quickly and
accurately without risk of human life.
The same factor operated in the rapid
development of other wonders of the
twentieth century. The first automo-
bile was built by adding an engine,
ayNI 81
horSe-oraWn buggy, and in its early
development the effects Of all suggested
improvements were tried on the COM
plete automobile. Today this type of
test is supplemented and in many cases
replaced by laboratory tests of the sepa-
rate parts under conditions designed To
represent those occurring in automobile
driving.
Tested in Two Ways.
Early airplanes were constructed full
size and tests made by pushing them
over the edge of roof or sending them
down an inclined track. Today the
airplane is first tested in two ways
first, all of the parts are tested and
checked for structural strength and the
assembled machine tested by loading
with sand and by dropping it to the
ground from a given height; in the Sec
ond place the loads to be encountered
and the stability and control are meas
ured by the use of small models. Fol
example, when the select committed
of inquiry Of the House Of Representa-
tives conducted its investigation int
the state Of the air services a few year,
ago many questions were settled By
tests of small models of airplanes al
the Bureau of Standards by the Ma.
tional Advisory Committee at Langley
Field, Va, at the Washington Nav
Yord and elsewhere. The results O
these tests were published In separat,
volume accompanying the general testi
G1ony.
Models are now tested ct the Bureau
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-02-17
Use of Cows Urged
To Smooth Airport
By Packing Ground

BANGOR, Me. LP.-The aid
of cows now may be enlisted on
behalf Of aviation.
The simple act Of turning a
large herd of cows into the God
frey Field in Bangor might i'm
prove this airport to a surpris-
ing extent, Mai. William Brooks,
a visiting aviator, has said.
Maj. Brooks declared he had
seen this practice carried out in
a swamp field. After the COWS
had worked around for a while,
he said, they had packed the
turf to such an extent that the
field was greatly benefited.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-02-17
BY COL. CHARLES A. LrNDBERGH

bI OOL. ChAhLES n. L1NDbEhOA
The tremendous progress of aviation
IN the United States during the last
few months was made possible by the
confidence and foresight of the Ameri-
can people Public confidence has
created demand for aircraft and air
transport that is rapidly making the
industry one of the most important in
the field of modern transportation.
With the development of the air.
plane the words unknown" and "inac-
cessible" will be removed from our
Biographies, and the scientific expert
ments of the Wrights will become a
prime necessity of civilization.
There is still much to be done be-
fore the refinementS in aircraft and
their equipment which are available
even today can be combined and of
fered to the operator and the travelling
public.
Planes Tested by Service.
If manufacturers had waited for en-
gineers and designers to perfect the
experiments which were being carried
on with aircraft, we would have very
little activity today.
Yet the experiments showed so much
promise that it was difficult to decide
on production policy which would
embrace only tried and proved methods
of construction.
The operator cannot wait for the
engineer to work out new theories, no
matter how good they may be. He
must have the best product available.
and he must have 1t now. The de-
signer on the other hand, is not so
much interested in the production of a
known machine as in the development
OF a better one. Consequently we find
on our airportS planes which have been
thoroughly tested in service and found
to be the best available equipment after
25 years Of experiment.
Intelligent Air Travel
In our research laboratories and de-
sign rooms we find conceptions that
promise vast improvement over our
present standards. improvements in
design and operation will be carried on
by technical men who have devoted
their lives to specialized study. There
are many places, however. where only
public operation can maintain the lead
erShip OF American aviation. People
must recognize the difference between
commercial air transport and 'other
forms Of activity which are often ex-
tremely hazardous.
1t is just as important to inquire
about the plane you fly in as the ocean
liner you sail on.
The intelligent use Of air travel will
convince the passenger of its safety and
advantages. Indiscriminate flying, with
just any airplane and any pilot, will
promote accidents and hinder progress.
Air Mail Patronage.
We can assist greatly by sending our
letters by the air mail. The cost of an
air mail stamp is now very little more
than that of regular postage, and it
should not be merely question of how
that by patronizing this service as it
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-02-17
GUIDES PLANE BY FIRE.

SAN ANGELO, Tex. LP.-Oranee-
colored flames Of burning gas from his
own oil well, the deepest in the world.
provide a nighttime beacon to guide
Carl G. Cromwell's monoplane.
Three pipes emerge from Cromwell's
well, which is $3.50 feet deep, and Dill
lars Of fire shoot out from them 100
feet into the air.
Cromwells landing field ID beside hia
home not far from tho well
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-02-17
Lynchburg Plans Airport.

The Lynchburg, Va, Chamber of
Commerce has selected tentative site
for a local municipal airport develop
ment. The area in question is mu-
nicipally owned and for that reason
city officials are anxious to utilize it so
that all city funds would then be avail
able for the installation of facilities.
However, careful study is to be made
of the suitability Of the property.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-02-17
HUMPHREYS GIVEN POST.
Appointed Assistant to President OF
Combined Boeing System.

Combined Boeing System.
A. K. HUMPHREYS. former vice press
dent and general manager Of B1cific
Air Transport and former member OF
the American Peace Commission and
the American Relief Commission, has
eeen appointed assistant to the presi-
dent In charge of transportation of the
new combined Boeing System. COM
posed OF Boeing Air Transport and
Pacific Air Transport.
Mr.. Humphries went overseas during
the war in the Third Foreign Detach-
ment OF American aviators, serving In
Italy and France. He has been In
commercial aeronautics in th!a couri:4y
since his return E-s1t tine Balkan States
and Hungary as member OF the relief
commission.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-02-17
SUPPORTS PRESENT SYSTEMAND HELPS PERFECT
ONE WHICH WILL BE BETTER LINDBERGH SAYS
Aircraft Becoming One of
Most important Transit
Industries, He Asserts.
NEW AIRPORTS URGED
Location of Position Called
One of Hardest Parts
of Flying.

This Is the concluding article in Col
LinGberp's series on the present and fu-
fure OF Aviation. From time to time, as
neD questions and observations arise in
Development OF aerial transportation, he
iotu discuss them on the duidtton page
Of The Sunday Star.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1929-08-01
How School Teacher
Gained 10 Pounds
and New Energy

II am a public school instructor"
writes Mr.. Linus L. Clark, land from
my study I was convinced that Iron-
lied Yeast vas exactly what I need
ed to put me In shape. / took only
two bott' and gained 10 lbs. More
than that. Ironized Yeast brought
more energy, greater endurance and
an improved complexion"
You can believe letters like this.
Thousands who were doubtful nc
first write they gained 5 to 20
pounds often In 3 weeks. Skinny"
limbs changed to graceful round
ness. Skin clears. Tired feeling
vaniShes.
Only when Yeast Is IrOnized Is IL
more effective-for Iron Is needed to
bring out the weight building and
strengthening values Of Yeast.
Pleasant tablets In a handy bottle.
Safe for everybody. Never cause gas
or bloating. no harmful drugs.
Go TO any druggist today and get
a full size treatment Of Ironized
Yeast. III after this generous trial
you are not delighted. money back
FROM DRUGGIST OR
MANUFACTURER
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1929-08-01

WASHINGTON. Aug. 1.-CRl-
George Washington's revolution
airy ledger. showing that as COM
Misunderstanding of the new re-
public's forces in its long war OF
independence he spent only
Sl60,074 Of public funds, has just
been removed from the govern
ment's files for the use OF Amer
lean historians.
The ledger covered the eight
year period from Washington's
assumption Of the revolutionary
arms command in June, IT'S. to
the signing OF the peace treaty
at Paris. and for nearly $50 years
has lain thick with dust in the
records of the governments gen.
eral accounting office.
In it, Washington daily record
ed with quill and ink his expenses
and with careful and explicit no
tations accounted every expendi-
ture, noting whether it was for
household expenses" %reconnais-
Sances of the enemy's forces or
for purchase Of equipment and
filling about 100 pages which now
form a priceless manuscript.
The ledger shows that between
IT'S to 1871 he spent $l7.6i7 on
his spy system. listing various
payments TO unnamed persons"
The book presents a chronology
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1929-08-01
GEORGE WASHINGTON SPENT sl6o,O74
OF PUBLIC FUNDS IN REVOLUIlON'
OLD PERSONAL LEDGER REVEALS

ical summary Of Washington's
movements in the revolution and
each Of mis- battles. For the 1rst
two years, he itemized his ex-
penses in terms Of pound sterling,
but after TIT his accounts were
in terms of both dollars and the
English currency, the latter COL
umn being headed lawful
money"
washington evidently did not
attempt TO conceal from the new
American government his re-
verses on the battlefield. In his
TIT accounts he recorded ex-
penditures during the retreat
through the Jersey to Pennsyl-
vania" and later in the same year
a 81 ,037 item for expenses on the
march from Germantown, Pa,
until we hutted at Valley Forge
for the winter"
Frequently entries were made
for "Reminiscences Of the COM
mander-in-chief sometimes with
and sometimes without the army
but generally with only a party OF
horse" The expeditions. these
records shcw, were to scout the
British forces or to lay out the
American army's battle plan or
defensive positions by personal
observation. They constituted a
major item of his accounts
total Of S42.755.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1929-08-01
Mexican Amnesty to
Rebels Is Extended

MEXICO CITY, Aug. 1-tR1-Ths
time limit for the surrender Of re-
bells through Mexico. which expired
Wednesday night, has been extend
ed "a hours to enable insurgents In
the more isolated sections to learn
Of the proposed amnesty. To COM
ply they must turn over their arms
to federal headquarters and be Civ
en- a safe conduct home.
Fully 5000 rebels have surrender
ed since the government announced
its amnesty and it is estimated only
a few bands remain in rebellion.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1929-08-01
EIGHT MILES TO
FINISH HIGHWAY
Work to Cost $175,O0O To
Shorten Route North
By SO Miles

Paving of Willacy county's high
way from Raymondville north 70
the Kennedy county line was author
lied by the state highway commls-
sion Wednesday afternoon, accord
ing to a telegram received mere py
County Judge o. G. Dancy from
Nat Wetzel, chairman OF the Will
acy county good roads committee
Grade and structures for TINS
road. which is about eight miles n
length and which viii complete q
north and south concrete highway
through the county, were completed
more than a year ago. Wlllacy
county officials have repeatedly pc
titioned the highway commission u
order the stretch paved, but this
was refused on the grounds the
highway did not connect with any
road through Kennedy county.
Orders to pave the Willacy coun-
tv road now are believed TO ind
cate that a road through keneuy
comfy soon win be opened. The
state highway commission has been
spending considerable time and eff
fort in trying to get this road OPP
ened.
Building Of the highway north
from Raymondville and construc-
ton OF a road through Kennedy
county would shorten the distance
to all upstate points by about 81
miles, engineers estimate.
Money to pave the Willacy high
way already is available, proceeds
from a bond issue voted two years
ago. II is estimated the paving VIII
cost approximately s175.000. The
county will pay all of this sum but
the state will reimburse the county
SO per cent of the cost at a later
date. The work will be supervised
by the state.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1929-08-01
Paving of Road North of Raymondville Authorized
Fire Destroys Six
Quinlan Buildinga

QUINLAN. Texas. Aug. 1.-CPAA
Six business buildings, two brick
and four wooden structures. we're
destroyed by fire OF undetermined
origin here arly today. Loss was
estimated at $l00,O 900.
The buildings housed three gen.
eral merchandise establishments,
two cafes and a warehouse. Anuth-
er building was damaged. Fire de-
partments from Greenville and
Terrell helped combat the flames.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1929-08-01
EDITOR INDICTED ON
FIGURE

PLYMOUTH. Ind. Aug. CLAY
w. Metsker. editor of the Democrat,
former member Of the Indiana leg
islature and a prominent resident Of
Plymouth, recently was indicted by
a federal grand jury in South Bend
on a charge of perjury. It was al
leced he made false statements in
his report on circulation TO the fed
eral government. He is said 70 have
claimed a circulation of 2,456 daily
whereas it is alleged the circulation
Is 1850.
Metsker. who was arrested by
United States Deputy Marshall VIII
liam Cordier, OF South Bend, posted
n bond and was released.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1929-08-01
Budget For County
Is Being Prepared

County Auditor j. j. Bishop We'd
nesday was working on the budget
for the new fiscal year, which be-
gins August ].
Its not a question Of setting
the budget TO suit our needs, but
one OF keeping our needs within
what we're going to be allowed
bishop said.
The county for the past several
wear he's witnessed ar increase in
Expenditures for carrying or county
business, but only in proportion u
the growth Of the county.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1929-08-01
MISSOURI u. DEAN
MAY ATTEND PICNIC
special TO The Herald)

McALLEN. Aug. 1.-Walter VIII
liams, dean Of the school Of journal
ism at Missouri University, has in
dictated in a letter to Stockton Foun-
tair that he may come to the Valley
egain this year 10 attend the Mis-
souri, picnic, which is to be held in
September.
Dean Williams. recognized as n
of the leading authorities in jour
nalisna instruction. vas guest OF
honor at the Missouri picnic in Nc.
Allen last year ard spent several
DAYS in the Valley.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1929-08-01
Find Body of Man
Robbed Last Week

SPRINGFIELD. Mo- Aug. l.-R)
The body of Charles L. Stanley. 60
retired Frisco railroad engineer,
kidnapped and robbed here last
Thursday, was found near Lynn
Lane, near Tulsa, Okla, according
to word received early today. There
was a bullet wound in the head.
Stanley. with his wife, came here
to visit last week and or Thursday,
while standing by the Frisco gen.
eral offices, was asked the direction
to Joplin. Approaching the ma
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1929-08-01
Hudspeth Attacks
Box Bill At Meet

DEL RIO. Texas, Aug. l.-CP-
San Antonio and Brady were the
foremost contenders for the 1890
convention of the Texas Sheep and
Goat Raisers' association at the
second days session Of this years
meeting today.
Yesterdays program was divided
between business and pleasure. Con-
gresham Claude Hudspeth In an
address renewed his attack on the
Box immigration bill and Dayton
Moses. Fort Worth attorney also put
in a word against it.
Before the convention Is ended.
about 1900 head of choice sheep
and goats will be sold.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1929-08-01

chine, occupied by a man and wom-
en-, Stanley was forced into It when
the man drew q pistol. Stanley
was b~lindfolded and taken into the
country where he was robbed Of ST..
200 cash, q diamond stickpin and q
swatch.
Held prisoner So hours. Stanley
was released and made his way here
Saturday, where he reported to po-
lice. He later returned TO Tulsa.