davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Milford chronicle., 1929-09-27
Blanchards Station

The Ladies' Aid of the Greenwood
M. E. church will meet with the pres
ident, Mrs. G. L. Harmon, on We'd
nesday evening, October 2. There
will be some business of Importance
to transact. 1t is also expected that
the committee on entertainment will
have very nice program prepared.
Mr.. and Mrs. Jordan Kratz enter
tanned guests over the weekend.
Mrs. Gustavas Deerman has been
nursing Mrs. Emma Lowe, who was
quite ill at her home near Wooden
hawk, for 10 days.
Mr.. and Mrs. S. F. Collision visited
their niece and family near Wood
enhawk on Sunday.
William Morris and mother at
tended the burial services of Law
renee Morris, Jr., who was brought
from Centerville, Md, to Harrington
and placed in Hollywood cemetery
last week.
Mr. and Mrs. G. L. Harmon were
Milford visitors Saturday evening.
Lester Adams, son of Mr.. and
Mrs. Isaac Adams and a junior in
high school this year, is added as a
member of the G. H. S. soccer team.
Mr.. and Mrs. ]. H. Edgell and son
were visitors to Hobbs, Md, on Sun
day.
Mrs. Emma Collision Lowe, age 45,
wife of Clarence Lowe, died of tu-
berculosis of the bone on Sunday
night, September %, at her home
near Woodenhawk. Funeral serv-
ices will be held at the home on
Wednesday afternoon at 1880 p. m.
Interment in Bridgeville cemetery.
The family has the sympathy Of this
community.
Milford chronicle., 1929-09-27
Johnson's Corner
(Near Selbyville)

The farmers in this vicinity are al
most through harvesting their toma
to crop which was unusually large
this year.
Misses Flora and Edna Long gave
marshmellow roast" at Bethany
Beach on Wednesday evening
Among those who attended were
Misses Hilda West, Gladys Wilgus
Elsie Evans, Delaphine Evans, Doris
Lynch, Martha McCabe, Mary John
son, Rexal Murray, John Savage
Harold McCabe.
The stork visited the home of Mr..
and Mrs. James Warrington and left
fine baby boy, and the home of Mr..
and Mrs. Holly Lynch and left a fine
baby daughter.
Mr.. and Mrs. Harley Evans and
daughter Cecile and Miss Mary
Johnson also Mr.. and Mrs. William
Cropper and two daughter attended
the Downie Circus given at Berlin,
Md, on Thursday afternoon.
Vernon Hudson is on the sick list
at this writing.
Mr.. and Mrs. Henry G. Johnson,
accompanied by his mother, Mrs.
Charlie Johnson made a business
trip to Milford. On their return they
stopped at Milton to see Mrs. Henry
Johnson's sister, Mrs. Lille Waga-
mon.
Raymond McCabe and mother and
sister, also Henry Johnson, Jr., spent
Friday evening at Ocean City, Md.
Miss Elsie Evans spent the week
end with Miss Edna Long.
This community was shocked when
they heard of Theodore Lynch's
home, occupied by Mr.. and Mrs. Ed.
Beauchamp, was destroyed by fire on
Saturday evening.
Miss Hilda Long entertained on
Saturday afternoon, Miss Mary john
son.
Mr.. and Mrs. Horace Johnson and
Mrs. Ida McCabe called on friends
near Selbyville on Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Emory Murray were
Sunday callers with Mr.. and Mrs.
Harley Evans.
Mr.. and Mrs. A. P. LeKites were
entertained at dinner by their daugh-
ter, Mr.. and Mrs. Warren Wharton
of Ocean View on Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Millard Johnson were
callers on Mr.. and Mrs. Raymond
johnson recently.
Mr.. and Mrs. A. D. Johnson spent
Sunday evening with Mr.. and Mrs.
Holly Lynch.
Milford chronicle., 1929-09-27
Hickory Hill

Audrie Mumford has gone to the
University Of Delaware the past
week. We hope he has success in his
studies.
John F. McCabe and children and
Earl Hall and Will Hudson visited
C. B. McCabe of Selbyville the past
week.
Mr.. and Mrs. Chas. Brittingham
had 20 head to come in and give him
a lift on his fodder, being his son
has been very sick. We are glad to
hear he is much improved.
Mrs. Sallie Hudson spent Sunday
with Mrs. Ella McCabe.
Mr.. and Mrs. Edward Howard
made a short call to Mr.. and Mrs.
John f. McCabe the past week.
Joshua and Clarence McCabe and
Earl Hall visited Miss Marie Hick-
man on Sunday night.
Many from this community visited
the carnival on Saturday evening.
There was a large crowd.
Willie Kollock made short call
to John F.McCabe's on Monday past.
We certainly had some cool wea-
ther the past week. The people were
in fear of frost. .
Mr.. and Mrs. John F. McCabe Wis
tied Mr.. and Mrs. Melvin Parsons OF
Salisbury the past week.
Mrs. Favina Layton is visiting her
children in Philadelphia.
Mr.. and Mrs. Wrensie Mitchell
and children visited his mother, Mrs.
Julia Mitchell of Millsboro the past
Sunday, it being her birthday
Mr.. and Mrs. Will Hudson and Mr..
and Mrs. John F. McCabe and chill
dren visited Mr.. and Mrs. Luster
Long on Sunday evening.
Mrs. Ollie Lowe called on Mr.. and
Mrs. Will Hudson on Saturday eve
ming and then to the carnival after
wards.
John Layton is sick at this writ
ing.
Mr.. and Mrs. Will Ellingsworth
and child visited Mr.. and Mrs. Josh
ua Hamblin on Sunday.
Milford chronicle., 1929-09-27
Careys

The season has began to feel like
fall and the farmers are busy har-
vesting their fall crops.
Mr.. and Mrs. Clarence Wilkins Wis
tied R. e. Wilkins and family Sun
day.
The second quarterly conference
was held at GumbOro last Thursday
evening. Those in attendance from
Careys were Mr.. and Mrs. i. P.
Jones, Mr.. and Mrs. John Conoway
and Messrs. 9. E. wilkins and Roy
Jones.
Owing to the inclement weather on
Sunday the attendance was small.
Mrs. Mary J. Jones returned home
Friday evening after an extended
trip with her daughter, Mrs. George
Ward at Georgetown.
Mr.. and Mrs. Lee Breasure OF
Millsboro, Mr.. and Mrs. Lloyd Nor
ris and children Of Delmar and Mr.:
and Mrs. Washington Hudson and
family of Georgetown visited Mrs.
Hettie ]. Hudson and family Sun
day evening.
Miss Ocilee Pusey who is attend
ing Beacoms College at Wilmington
spent the weekend with her par
ents, Mr.. and Mrs. Isaac Pusey.
Mr.. and Mrs. P. J. Mumford and
Mr.. and Mrs. Herman Brittingham
spent Sunday with relatives near
Laurel.
Services Sunday: Sunday school at
2; preaching at $3.50. Everyone in
vited.
Milford chronicle., 1929-09-27
ChapIain's Chapel

The Ladies Aid will be entertain
ed at the home of Mr.. and Mrs. J. ~
Russell, October 18. Everyone cor
daily invited.
Lawrence Elliott has returned to
Yale College where he will complete
his course.
Mr.. and Mrs. Edward Reynolds OF
FELTON, were circling among friends
Sunday.
Miss Helen Prettyman, student
of the Bridgeville High School, has
returned from Springfield, Mass,
where she represented the All Club.
Mrs. Anna Higgins and daughter,
Elaine Virginia, also Stanton Harris
of New Haven, Conn, are visiting at
the home of Mr.. and Mrs. L. c. Har-
ris.
Miss Elizabeth Conaway has re-
turned to Pratt's College where she
will complete her course.
Miss Frances Dickerson of Bridge
vile, spent the weekend with her
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. J. M. Dicker-
son.
Mr.. and Mrs. Herman Elliott en-
tertained Sunday, Governor Town
send and son of Georgetown.
Ollie Truitt of New Haven, Conn.,,
is visiting his parents for a week.
Mrs. Nellie Vadakin is visiting her
daughter of Wilmington.
Mr.. and Mrs. Charles Mckinley en-
tertained Sunday: Mr.. and Mrs. Will
liam Tull of Greenwood.
Mr.. and Mrs. w. S. O'Day enter
tanned a number of friends Sunday.
Charles Mckinley has purchased a
Ford coach recently.
The Ladies Aid which was enter
tained Friday evening at the home of
John Smith was largely attended.
Sunday school at 2 p. m. Preach
ing 8 p. m. Everyone welcome.
Milford chronicle., 1929-09-27
Ocean View

Capt. Asher Anderson was on a
fishing trip to the Indian River Inlet
and caught three fine drum fish in
one afternoon. The next day he want
again and hooked another drum. He
had several spectators upon his ar
rival home. Everyone congratulated
him.
Mr.. and Mrs. Kirkbridge, parents
of Mrs. Isaac Short, accompanied r.
vim Short from West Philadelphia on
Saturday to Bethany Beach where
they spent the weekend at Mr..
Shorts summer cottage.
Mrs. Washington Woodall and Mrs.
John H. Weist of Millington, Md,
have been visiting Mr.. and Mrs. Sud-
Ter Weist.
Mrs. Ray Pusey is spending this
week with Mr.. Pusey where he is To-
Gated on a steamer.
Mrs. Clarence Holt, Mrs. George
Quillen and Mrs. Samuel Belts mo-
tored to Dover and visited Mr.. and
Mrs. Clifford Morris, whose daugh-
ter, Miss Hermoine, was severely
hurt in an auto accident.
Miss Lillian Hickman of Whining
ton visited her mother, Mrs. Edward
Hickman over the weekend.
Mrs. Lille Belts returned home on
Saturday night from visit to Eliz-
abeth, N. J.
Herman McCabe and son, Harold
McCabe of Elizabeth, N. j., motored
here and visited relatives on Sunday.
Nelson Dolby has returned home
and expects to remain and will en-
gage in the poultry business.
Mr.. and Mrs. Tasker Davidson of
Frankford and son Vaughn, visited
Mr.. and Mrs. Gardner Brasure, Mr..
and Mrs. Ebe Davidson and Mr.. and
Mrs. Andrew Davidson, recently.
Milford chronicle., 1929-09-27
Bethel

Mr.. and Mrs. Paul Hopkins, of
Philadelphia, Pa, is visiting Mr.. and
Mrs. Vernon Hopkins a part of the
week.
Mrs. Blanche Phillips and daugh-
ters, Emogene and Mary Ann, spent
the weekend in Cambridge, Md, with
her sister, Mrs. Ohrum Pritchett.
Mr.. and Mrs. S. J. Furness and
granddaughter, Peggy, spent the
weekend with Mr.. and Mrs. Jack
Furness, in Jenkingtown, Pa.
Mr.. and Mrs. VIM. H. Williams,
Jr., Mrs. VIM. H. Williams, Mrs.
Rewhew Quillin, spent Monday in
Philadelphia, Pa.
Mrs. Ella Spicer has returned home
after spending two weeks at the
home of Mrs. George McCready.
Mrs. Leonard Hatfield, of Atlantic
City, is spending the week with her
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. John Smith.
Mrs. Clara Phillips and daughter,
Mildred, of Wilmington, Del, are Wis
iting her mother, Mrs. Ida Adams.
Mrs. Ella Wright, of near Seaford,
spent last week with Mrs. Carrie
Wright.
Mrs. Anna Hopkins and son, Will
liam, returned home on Friday af-
ter a six weeks visit with relatives
in California.
The new parsonage is completed
and the Rev. J. P. Kelley and family
expects to move in their new home
this week.
NTrc ADoa1ia CbOrt of Taure1 uas
a guest of Mrs. Nolia Phillips over
the weekend.
Miss Lillian Larrimore, of Phila-
delphia, Pa, spent few days last
week with her sister, Mrs. Charlie
Morris.
Mr.. and Mrs. Emory Owens, of
Wilmington, were Sunday guests
with Mr. and Mrs O I, Bell
Milford chronicle., 1929-09-27
IDEAS FOR EARLY
FALL MEAT, DISH
Beef Birds

Beef Birds
Cut round steak into rather small
pieces e in. x in.) and salt anG
pepper it. Mix equal parts of chop
ped onion and beef suet together
Put about tablespoons on each
piece of steak and fold steak into a
small roll. Either sew sides together
or clamp them together by means OF
toothpick. Fry until brown, put in
casserole, add a small amount OF
water and bake until done.
Whole Dinner Dish
lean pork chops
6 tablespoonfuls raw rice
/ large onion
cupfulS hot water
2 tomatoes
1 green pepper
X teaspoonful pepper
8 teaspoonfuls salt
Scar the chops on both sides in a
hot frying pan, then remove to cas-
serole. On each chop place one ta-
blespoonful of rice, a slice Of onion,
slice of tomato (or the equivalent
in stewed tomatoes), and two strips
of green pepper. Sprinkle over all
the salt and pepper. Add the hot wa
ter, cover, and bake from one to one
and one-half hours in a 350' F. oven.
Tongue In Tomato Sauce
fresh beef tongue
1 pint tomatoes
1 can peas
1 onion
cloves
1 teaspoonful cornstarch
1 teaspoonful salt
1s Leaspoonful pepper
Boil tongue in salted water until
tender. Peel and remove the roots.
Combine the tomato, onion sliced,
and cloves. Simmer until soft, strain
and thicken with the cornstarch mix
ed with a little cold water. Add the
salt and pepper. Simmer tongue in
sauce one-half hour. Add peas just
before serving.
Veal Outlets en- Casserole
Salt and pepper veal outlets. Dip
in beaten egg, then in cracker or dry
bread crumbs. Fry in hot fat until
golden brown. Put in casserole, add
enough milk to just come to top Of
meat. Put small piece of butter on
top. Bake slowly until done.
Milford chronicle., 1929-09-27
WISE OR OTHERWISE
%From The PathfnderF.

"I saw you kiss my daughter.
can't stand that sort Of thing"
"But you just try. You have no
idea how nice it is"
visitor-Does the crystal gazer
live here?
Maid-Yes, but she's over at the
palmist's getting her hand read.
Percy-Is this swing strong
enough to hold us?
Maggie-Well, it has held bigger
men than you without breaking.
"I have no more faith in women"
"Why not?"
81 put a matrimonial advertise
ment in the paper and one of the
replies was from my fiancee."
MotherTommy, why are you strik-
ing your little sister?
Tommy-Well, we were playing
paradise and gave her an apple so
she might tempt me and then she
ate it all.
Professor-What have you OBJ
served, If anything, in the way of
evidence that this country is becom-
ing overpopulated?
STUDENT often see eight people
crowded into Chevrolet six.
Milford chronicle., 1929-09-27
HUSBAND SURPRISED

A prominent lady says: II surprised
my husband by getting rid of liver
marks, yellow patches, muddy skin, by
using Hera, the Tonic, for Indigestion,
sluggish bowels, gas after meals. did
not sleep well and tired mornings" Le-
roy H. Johnson's Pharmacy at Milton
sells Hera and says: use it days and
Adv
Milford chronicle., 1929-09-27

vestige of cake batter from the
mixing bowl. This, of course, will
deprive small Mary of the pleas
ure of Ticking" the bowl.
3-Meat with thick layer of fat is
desirable, for the fatter the meat
the smaller the shrinkage due to
loss of water.
4-Small tweezers are handy for re-
moving pinfeathers from chick
ems.
5-The smaller the piece of meat
the greater the percentage of loss
of the various constituents when
cooked. Therefore it is economy
to buy a large piece and use it in
left-overs.
6-In making meat loaf, corn flakes
are very good substitute for
bread crumbs. They may also be
used instead of breading pork
chops.
Unfortunately, to make money we
must spend money.
Milford chronicle., 1929-09-27
DO YOU KNOW3

Meat may be made more tender
by soaking it in vinegar or in
vinegar and water, because it sof-
tens the connective tissue. Toma-
toes cooked with meat will also
make it more tender.
PA rubber plate scraper is an ex-
cellent device to remove the last
Milford chronicle., 1929-09-27

A lot of people are broadminded
until they come up against practi-
cal problem.
Milford chronicle., 1929-09-27
RAYON DRAPERY DAMASK
CSC yard

Many beautiful stripes and
self-toned color combinations in
this lustrous damask for win
dow draperies, portieres, pill
lows, etc.
Milford chronicle., 1929-09-27

The way to preserve the peace of
the church is to preserve the purity
of It.
Milford chronicle., 1929-09-27

Unfortunately, to make money we
must spend money.
Milford chronicle., 1929-09-27
RAYON GLACE
S9c yard

For draperies, pillows and
spreads, in rose, blue, gold,
orchid and green.
Plentywood herald. [volume] (Plentywood, Mont.) 1908-current, 1929-02-21

Association held their meeting Sat
urday evening at the school house
There was a good attendance. The
teachers entertained and a very
pleasant evening was spent by every
one.
Ernest Rude went to Navajo Sat
urday for a visit with friends.
John Grayson retired Saturday
from Shannavon, Canada, to spend a
few days with his family and look
after business matters. The family
will not move to their new location
till spring.
Mrs. W. z. Anderson took one of
her children to Plentywood Monday
for medical treatment.
Plentywood herald. [volume] (Plentywood, Mont.) 1908-current, 1929-02-21

raods quite drifted. After being
stalled north of town Pete decided he
would not use his car soon.
Mrs. Hans Olson returned Monday
from a weeks visit with her daughter
at Dooley.
Henry Smith was down from the
north country last Saturday.
Miss Dorothy RAIN was a Plenty
wood shopper last Saturday.
George LAGRANGE motored to Plen-
tywood on Saturday.
The teachers of the Primary and
Grade school had a joint valentine
party for the pupils.
Miss Jennie Strube went to Outlook
Monday to consult medical aid.
II. r. Blair, Sam Walkden and
daughter Edna were Outlook visitors
Monday.
Katie Kennedy returned Monday
from a two weeks visit n Plenty
wood. She was an overnight guest of
Mrs. Roy Collins.
Mrs Roy Collins vas in shopping
Tuesday.
Art Schnittgen was in from the
mine Saturday.
August Gibson went to P~lentywood
Monday after a truck load of
freight.
The children are having n fine
time sliding and skiing.
Oliver Dubry went after a load
of coal Tuesday morning and left his
team while he went in to get warm.
The team came back home and Oliver
had to walk in.
Plentywood herald. [volume] (Plentywood, Mont.) 1908-current, 1929-02-21
WOLF CREEK

Wolf Creek-A. F.. LOSING, Dar
Campbell, Joy Wigmore and d. M
Machines were helping Art Hagel
take a car of hogs to Redstone fol
shipment to Spokane.
Mrs. Neal Pake was a Redston,
caller Wednesday from where shs
caught the train for Antelope to bt
with her parents for a while.
Mr.. and Mrs. Rollin Phelps visitet
with Mr.. and Mrs. Cy Ulrich Friday
of last week.
Louis Marsh and Lucille Metzler
who are attending high school a
Redstone spent Saturday and Sunday
with home folks.
Mr.. and Mrs. D. M. Machines ant
family visited with Mr. and Mrs
Dan Campbell Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Hugh French ant
family visited at the home of Mr.. and
Mrs. Charles Marsh Sunday.
Chas. Marsh has been in Flaxville
the past week or so where he has
been under the are of DR.. Healy.
l.. E. Metzler was a Redxtone caller
Monday when he took Lucille back tt
school.
Sven Myhre went to Redstont
Monday and from there went to SEQ
hey on the train
Frank Crassen, Mr.. and Mrs. Les
ter Severson and D. M. Machines
we're callers at the Kanning home.
William Cromwell, Neal Pake ant
Dan Campbell were P~lentywood call
ars Tuesday.
Cy Urich, Hugh French, Rollir
Phelps and d. M. Machines were
Redstone business callers Tuesday.
The w~eatherman must have got the
lever on the cold side and it frozt
there.
Plentywood herald. [volume] (Plentywood, Mont.) 1908-current, 1929-02-21
ANTELOPE

Mr.. and Mrs. j. f. GraysOn and
children left on Tuesday for Shan
navon, Sask., where Mr.. Grayson
and his father recently purchased an
implement business.
Mrs. Inga Arneklev and Mrs. R. r.
LELAND were Plentywood visitors
Tuesday
J. j Courtney and Christ Island
were Plentywood visitors Friday.
Edwin Rude was a Bainville visi-
tor from here Thursday.
Mrs. Florence Richardson and Mrs.
Edwin Rude visited in Plentywood
between trains Friday.
A nephew of Alfred Johnson from
the northeast country arrived Fri
day and will visit at the Johnson
home.
Antelope's Parent Teachers
Plentywood herald. [volume] (Plentywood, Mont.) 1908-current, 1929-02-21
RAYMOND

Raymond-Olaf Nordby left Mon
day to attend the Westland Oil con-
~vention at Minot, which vas held
Tuesday and Wednesday.
Mrs. Jack Stewart has been sick
for the past two weeks.
H. P. Nichols Of P~lentywood was
helping the horsebuyer load and
bring in horses which were shipped
to Omaha.
Nick Reuter- found the roads drift
ed last Saturday and quite a lot Of
shoveling had to be done to get the
stage through.
Henry Umback vas in from the
nine Saturday night.
Mrs. H. Holland and Mrs. Joe
Brown were in Saturday to do their
weekly shopping
Henry Hill and August Gibson
we're putting up ice last week.
Jess Adams was a business visitor
n Raymond on Saturday.
John Jorgensrud returned the last
Of the week from a several days
,tay at Plentywood and Antelope.
Ed Hannah entertained Sunday at
dinner Mrs. Bob Porter and children
| and her brother Mr.. Geralds.
Ed Fink was over from Outlook
| asst week to visit his brother.
Bob Beigh of Plentywood, made a
business trip to Raymond Saturday
| and to the Hass Ranch.
Frank Raymond drove to Plenty.
wood Friday after a load Of freight
John Lindbloom was a visitor here
on Saturday.
Tony Melle and August Westpha
rent to the county seat last Friday
returning Saturday.
A. A. Maxwell was a business Wis
tor il town the latter part of last
week.
Bert Heron made a trip TO Plenty
wood last Friday.
VIM. Black and Oliver Moody were
Raymond visitors on Sunday from
Plentywood.
Mrs. Sam Walkden returned Satur-
day from a weeks visit with hel
daughter at Dooley. Sam was in t.
meet her.
Wayne LAGRANGE came in from
the farm Saturday.
Frank Baker was a midweek visit
or in town.
Two young men arrived in Ray
mond from the south Saturday morn
ing on skis and left on the cas-
bound train in the afternoon.
VIM. Syme ad family were il trad
ing on Saturday.
John Stewart had the m~isfortun,
to break the clutch on his ca
Thursday but has all in good repai
again.
Mr.. and Mrs. Joe Becker were il
Saturday doing their trading.
Pete and Carl Fink motored :
Plentywood last week and found tn
Plentywood herald. [volume] (Plentywood, Mont.) 1908-current, 1929-02-21
CHURCH. ANNOUNCEMENT
The First Lutheran Church of


Westby
Divine worship Sunday forenoon
at HOO o'clock:
Sunday school at 1000 a. m.
The Luther League will render q
literary progam on Sunday evening
March 3rd at 500 o'clock.
Our ladies aid meets on the first
Friday of each month.
The Confirmation class will NEE
Saturday at $3.50 p. m.
Zion Congregation of ComertOwn
Services on Sunday afternoon a
2:30 o'clock.
The confirmation class meets Sat
urday morning at 10:45.
The ladies' aid serves supper an
lunch on the first Wednesday o
each month, at the city library hall
We bid you all a hearty welcome
to u services and church doings.
J.. N. Dordal, pastor.
Plentywood herald. [volume] (Plentywood, Mont.) 1908-current, 1929-02-21
PIONEER MONT. MERCHANT
DISPOSES OF INTERESTS

Chinook-Henry j. O'Hanlon, pio-
reer businessman of Chinook, has
disposed of his mercantile establish
ment and will retire from business.
Mr.. O'Hanlon came here in 1900 to
take over the business of his brother
Thomas who died that year. His
brother had established the business
in Belknap just southwest of here in
1871. The retiring merchant expects
first to pay a visit to his old home
in Ireland which he has not seen in
many years.
Plentywood herald. [volume] (Plentywood, Mont.) 1908-current, 1929-02-21
Whitehall Oil
Well Drilling
To Be Resumed

Drilling at the we'll of the White
tail Oil syndicate will be resumed
during the next few days, having been
abandoned during the severe cold
spell.
1he drillerS had reached a depth
of more than 300 feet with a 20-inch
hole and the men report they pene-
trated a deep strata of good coal be-
low the 100-foot level. The compa-
ny has almost 1000 feet of casing on
hand and when the engines start
again soon the work will be kept up
until the field is proven.