davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-09-03
Labor Government Aims Shared
by Conservatives, He Adds
i'm Address to League.
FULL AGREEMENT FORECAST
BEFORE GENEVA SESSION ENDS
OF Twenty Points Under Negotiation
With Washington Only Three Are
Not Settled, Premier States.
By the Associated Press.


British government declines abso
1utey against declared Prime Minister
disarmament speech before the League OF
Nations Assembly today. :. att
is government. think
Conservative government" he added
the AngoAmerican
probably would contain 40 points only OF these points
belief
would before adjournment Of the League
Assembly.
Work Of League Outlined.
atmosphere expectancy pervaded the League Assembly
when leader began his address
will forward and establish the founda
ton peace problem Of the of Nations
the problem Of security, he said.
castle in the air and the work Of the
build foundation for it," said Macdonald.
believed The Hague conference
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-09-03
NONSTOP RACER
ISLOST ON FLIGHT
Air Events, of Triumph and
Tragedy, Fin Labor
Day News.
~ the Associated. Press.

ny the Associated. Press.
Aviation was predominant factor
In Labor day news.
Dispatches from q dozen points
brought details Of triumph and tragedy
in the field. Of the newest sport and
science. Briefly summarized. the days
developments included:
Graf Zeppelin sped homeward after
lodging adverse weather area.
At closing day Of great Cleveland
air meet, Douglas Davis Of Atlanta de-
feated service planes I'm speed race with
average OF 1s4s miles an hour.
Maj. J. r. Wood missing In Los An
geles-Cleveland nonstop race.
Two women burned to death and pilot
seyeeely injured Ia Westerly, r. l.,
crash. - $780,
Leslie CDaredevil) Mackay killed in
fail from plane at Buffalo, n. Y, his
parachute failing to operate.
/. Endurance plane Shuttle continues
criSS-cross country flight.
Lisbon reported recovery Of body
supposed to be that Of one OF Swiss
transatlantic flyers lost in August
J. e. Lytall Of Montreal, en- route to
Toronto races, died of injuries received
in q crash at Oshawa, Ontario.
nrr1CUATs rrAw FOR vvOOn
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-09-03
Bank Statements

Washington clearing house, $4,1sl.-
48l 40.
New York clearing house exchange.
$S56, O00, 900.
New York clearing house balance.
4 treasury balance. sso.is7.siGss.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-09-03
OFFICIALS FEAR FOR WOOD.
Veteran Pilot Once Had Been Turned
Back by Motor Trouble.

Veteran Pilot Once Had Been Turned
Back by Motor Trouble.
CLEVELAND. September 3 (P.-Be-
lief that John e. Wood Of Wasau, Wis,
president of the Northwest Always Co..
and his mechanic. Russell Ward, had
been forced down in an inaccessible
spot or were killed was expressed by
National air race oficials today as they
remained without report Of the missing
pair.
Wood, a veteran pilot, left Los An
geles at 4 am. Eastern standard time)
yesterday morning in q second attempt
ed nonstop flight to Cleveland In con-
nection with the National races.
His route lay over desert, mountain
and plain where storms have been brew
ing recently. Air race ofiicials were
confident that he would have sent some
report had he been able to communicate
with them. In order to have been ell
gible for the $4,000 prize it would have
been necessary for him to have arrived
here before 8 pm. yesterday.
Wood was flying cabin model Lock-
head Vega monoplane, capable or a
speed of 100 miles an hour. The planes
identifica ton number was 1894.
Wood was turned back IN the nfSt
attempt to make the flight Saturday.
A clogeed gasoline line forced him down
1t willard, N. Mex. but he later new
back to Los Angeles for the renewed
attempt yesterday morning. But three
pilots entered in the derby got through.
Henry Brown, Cleveland air mail pi-
lot, won first prize Of 5000, landing
Sunday in IS hours and 10 minutes.
Lee Schoenhair. Los Angeles. completed
the flight q week ago IN Is hours 81
minutes and 10 seconds, ana was
awarded second prize OF 32,50O
Capt. Roscoe Turner Of Hollywood
few the route, but was disqualified for
violating rules establishing landing
headlines for the derbyists. Art Goe-
bel. Honolulu Dole prize flyer, refused
to make the attempt yesterday morning
because his plane was not IN condition
for Aging.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-09-03
RESTAURANT BOMBED.
Chicago Police Say Rivalry Prompt
ed $500 Explosion.

CHICAGO. September 3 (R.-A res
taurant and q Gospel Mission were
damaged by q bomb explosion early to-
day.
The black powder pineapple" ex-
ploded in the front doorway Of a res
taurant at 625 West Madison street.
the force OF the explosion shattering the
plate glass window in the Gospel Mis-
sion across the street.
Restaurant rivalry prompted the
bombing, police said. The damage was
$500.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-09-03

Es,ns batted in--AtyeF. Tate %, Judge 90,
Gesiin. Rothreck t2)s West, Reeves I'd,
Twe.Ssse htts--Judge. Geslin.
ThFeeshase hits--West, Myef.
Meme run--Ju9ge.
.Uerhle pIny--nhyne - kega1 70 Tedt.
T.Ssf a hasesl--yVashtngten 81 1esten, 9.
Base On balls--OH Marberrs' ~ on her'
stsnsk out--By Mulberry. 3, BY Carroll. I.
sstts.~nG Morris, ne IN 6 inninEs, On Mar.
: harry, 10 IN Ia Innings.
ME ~ pifAheF.-By MeRbeYfy NHseveO3 ~
Carroll fGasllnl.
VIVA nffeh-%EEaFKfs.
UmBifes-@AEcssss. Nailin. VanGfHhah ana
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-09-03

Radio Programs Page II
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-09-03

huHinG satteo ieF
Berry battsd for Carroll = ninth.
SCORE BY INNINGS:
s Iaxt ss.s 81 n.
washington , = 100 3 10 Il 10
Boston ....U o. % % % 0 H 3
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-09-03

CONTINUED on Page 2, Column -
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-09-03
Friends Often Confer.

Sinclair and Day see each other fire.
quently. although they are quartered in
separate parts Of the institution. Sin
clair occupies cellroom close to the
dispenSary, in which he performs his
pharmaceutical duties, while Day is In
the mems dormitory wing. The latter
is assigned as q helper in the Jail COM
missary.
The Washington times., 1929-09-23
ROlIpING Az ROUND The
RADIoz DlALs
- ~ BY REN WADE
BY Ben WADE

furnished by Lombardo's Royal
During the Physical Culture
hour. the story Of how Ramsay
Macdonald, British prime minister
keeps physically fit, will be told.
The Coco Couriers, a concert py
the United Stotes Army Band, ana
dance music by the Hotel Para
mount Orchestra will be added
high lights on WMAL's program.
The General Motors Family Party
feature has chosen a program OF
the works Of Richard Strauss, FTitz
Kreisler and Schubert. The entr act
music for the latter's' opera Rosa
munde,' will be the most important
number on the family party pro-
gram.
Radio listeners will be taken over
the Lindbergh trail through the
Caribbean by Floyd Gibbons, noted
war correspondent and author IN
his broadcast talk through WRC
and the National Broadcasting
System at $50 o'clock.
The A and p Gypsies viii play
a program of popular and semi
classical numbers and Amos and
Andy will hold forth in another
of their business adventures.
Horton McLennon will play on
his musical saw at VOL tonight
and Frances Fallon, contralto, will
make her radio bow over the same
station.
woodville Brown, the. Southern
Troubador, will entertain from
WJSV. An Interesting feature from
this station will be a program OF
dance music by Quill CRISIS Half
Moon Rhythm Boys.
The Washington times., 1929-09-23

AMOS ANDY-Ameic feature Tuesday 10 o'clock WRc
The Washington times., 1929-09-23

wMAL will broadcast locally to,
night the inaugural program OBJ
serving the dedication of the new
studios of WKBw, WRG, WMAK
and VIXEN. Buffalo. 1t win be
broadcast over the Columbia chain.
Featured on the program are a
30-piece symphony orchestra under
the direction Of Herbert Straub,
Ivan Ivantzoff, baritone, win sing
number of operate selections IN
cluding the "Toreador Song" from
Garment" "Eri Tu." from Verdi's
bal Masque," and Massenet's
"Vision Fugitif."
As an added attraction to the
program of the Panatela Country
Club tonight, broadcast via WMAL,
etc, Allan Pryor, widely-known
tenor of many Broadway successes,
win sing. Orchestral music win be
The Washington times., 1929-09-23
Homer L. Kit Made
Music Trade Official

Homer L. Kilt, Of the Homer L.
Kilt Company, of the 1900 block
G st. NJ W., has been appointed
vice chairman, representing Wash
ington, of the membership promo
ton committee for the eastern
district of the National Association
of Music Merchants.
The activities Of this committee,
which includes leading members OF
the retail. music industry in every
State, are directed to increasing the
membership of the National Asso.
ciation, which was founded In 1901.
The Washington times., 1929-09-23
~ must be removed
Employ the scientific method dentists urge

First Pepsodent curdles firn, then removes II
with complete safety to the enamel. No purnice,
no harmful grit. No crude abrasive, but 9
creamy paste so gentle that it is recommended
for children's teeth and for tender gums.
Safeguard your teeth by this scientific tooth
paste. Give them the dazzling whiteness Pep
sodent alone can bring. Do not delay. Write
for free Today tube to The Pepsodent Co., 1l04
S. Wabash Ave., Chicago.
Pepsodent
The Special Filns.RemOViNg DentJTics
The Washington times., 1929-09-23

VT7HAT causes decay9 Germs. Germs
Wv with tartar, are held to be chief cause
of pyorrhea and of virtually every common
tooth and gum disorder known.
Germs on the teeth-and there are millions
ARE difficult to reach. A dingy, glue-like film
envelops them and holds them in contact with
the tooth's enamel.
This film. coat gets into crevices and stays.
It clings so stubbornly that only special hlm-
destroying tooth paste can remove it satistac-
torily. That tooth paste is the scientific for
n1ula called Pepsodent. Utterly different from
everv other you have ever known, as you viii
notice instantly when it touches your teeth.
The Washington times., 1929-09-23
Six Are Dead in Mich.
Train and Auto Crash

MONROE, Mich, Sept. % d.N.s.).
Six persons were instantly killed
near here today when their automo-
bile was struck by a fast Michigan
Central passenger train.
They are: Leo colebert. 40; his wife,
Lena. and their three children,
Stufko, 5, Fisco, 8, and Mary, an
The Washington times., 1929-09-23
Peggy Joyce end Kenny
Arrive on Leyiathan

NEW YORK, Sept. 20 u.N.s.1.-
The last batch Of returning tourists
arriving from Europe on the
Leviath today included Peggy
Hopkins Joyce and william F.
Kenny. Of haircut fame. Among the
celebrities aboard.
Five other ships carrying 1000
returning trippers docked over the
weekend.
The Washington times., 1929-09-23

Nancy Carroll's, to see how exquisite this
delicately fragrant white soap keeps the
skin. Small wonder that every one of the
great film studios has made Lux Toilet
Soap the official soapin all dressing roomsl
You'llloveit yourself generous lather
is so caressing, and leaves your skin so
velvety. Use it in your bath, too-and for
the shampoo, as the screen stars do.
The Washington times., 1929-09-23

IDEALLY exquisite skin does win
TX hearts Hollywood knows how
surely it wins them!
eff a girl wants popularity she
must have a lovely smooth skim"
says William K. Howard, Pathe
director. Without rare beauty of
skin a screen star can never hope to
win her public, no matter what else
she may have"
Nine out Of ten screen stars use Lux
Toilet Soap. You have only to look at
Jeanette Lofts skin, or Mary Nolan's, or
The Washington times., 1929-09-23
BEST PROSPECTS
CHAIN PROGRAMS

$3.50 D. m.--FamIly Party, WRC.
Q .. m.-Country Club. WMAL.
CHAIN PROGRAMS
6p. m.-Buck and Wing (N.B.C.).
New York, WEAF, WRC. etc.
Z p. m. - Voice of FirestOne
(N.B.C.l, New York, WEAF. WRC,
WEEI, VITO, WAR, etc.; Grand
Opera Concert (Columbial, WMAL,
etc.
1850 D. ma. q p. Gypsies
(N.B,C.), New York;, WEAF, WRC,
WEEP. VITO, WAR, etc.; Coco
oouFiers (Colunbia), WMAL, etc.
8 p. n.-Physical Culture Maga-
xine Hour (COlumbia), WMAL, etc.
lily Party (N.B.C.), New York,
WEAR, WRC, WEEI, VITO, WAR,
etc.; United States Army Band
(COlumbia), WMAL, etc.
3 p. m.--Burns Panatela COun-
try Club (COlumbial. WALAL, etc.
0;30 p. nn.--FlOyd Gibbons, Head
line Hunter (N.B.C.), New York.
WEAF, WRC, ETC.; Inaugural Pro-
gram (Columbla), WMAL, etc.
10 p. m.-AmOs m Andy (N.B.C.),
New York. WE, WRC. WBZA,
KDJA. etc.
1915 p. m.- slumber Music
(N.B.C), New York, WE, WRC,
KDKA, etc.
1880 D. m. - Hotel Paramount
Orchestra (COlumbial. WMAI, etc.
IL p. m.-Jaclx Albin and His
Hotel BOssert Orchestra tN.B.C.).
New York. WEAF, WRC. etc.
DANCE MUSIC
10 p. m. - Half Moon Rhythm
Boys, WJSV.
IO;SO y. m.--Paramounk Orches-
ira, WRC.
The Washington times., 1929-09-23
RADIO PRO GRAMS

1o.oo--ouill Grista HALF Moon
Rhythm Boys.
11:O0--G0od night
mshington--13lO-210
5:4B-The Town Crier
e;00--public Service Man
e:03-Horton MeLsnnan. musical
saw artist accompanied BY
Mildred NcCiary.
s:20--Fan Mail Beg.
e:3O--DaVid Martin. baritone, accom-
panied BY Esther Balser.
7:00-Frances Fallon. contralto.
7.s0--News FLASHES from the wash
ington Herald.
The Washington times., 1929-09-23

Someone, having found the article
you lost over the weekend, may be
watching The Times and Herald Lost
and Found column for your "lOst" ad.
Phone NOW TO District SEQ. Ask
for an ad-taker.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-09-19

Wage Cut Announced
by British Mill Firm

BRADFORD, England, Sept. 10,
A ten per cent wage cut for tex
tile workers of the John Shaw firm
at Elland is announced by the opera
tors as effective at the end of tho
month. The cut follows the betrayal
of the strike of 100000 Lancashire
textile workers, whose wages were
cut 6A per cent, through the British
labor government and its agents in
the reformist trade union congress.
With the workers already violent
" resentful at the government aided
wage cut policy in Lancashire, the
new notice has intensified the gen.
eral sentiment for revolt. If an ex-
pected strike is called, hundreds will
follow the lead of the militant Min
ority Movement and the Communist
Party, reports say.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-09-19

as bundle of wire wool to rub out
the gunstocks.
On all of these operations you are
told to operate at high speed and
told that they are waiting for the
work.
Two Weeks Slavery at SIS.
You inquire when it is pay day.
You find out you will have to wait
two weeks for it. You slave away
full speed for two weeks. Then
your pay envelope is handed you.
Opening it you find only SIS in it.
You notify Mossberg about it. 81
can't work for such low wages" says
the workers. "All right" says Moss
berg, come upstairs and 1 will pay
you off"
The victim goes into the office
and is given a check for his two
weeks service to be cashed at the
Union and New Haven Trust Co.
bank on Church st. Now Mossberg
has got two weeks production out
Of his victim at SIS a week. Moss
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-09-19
SEDITION TRIAL
IN WILKES-BARRE
Toilers Held on Charge
of Lewis Man

Sedition-the serious charge that
bosses like to hold over the heads
bf workers who want to organize
will be trumped up against Jennie
and David A. German, two workers
of Wilkes-Barre, Pa, who go on
trial Sept. "a at that city in the
heart of the Anthracite.
Jennie German was arrested for
distributing leaflets at the mines to
demonstrate August l against i'm
perialist war and for defense of the
Soviet Union. The leaflets also
warned the workers the bosses are
preparing wage-cuts.
She was arrested when a John L.
Lewis spy of the United Mine
Workers Union pointed her out to
the company detectives. German
was held without bail, incommuni-
cado, for four days.
When her husband, David Cor
man, came to the police station to
inquire concerning her arrest, he
also was thrown into Jail without
charges. Four days both were held
incommunicado, during which time
they went on hunger strike.
The two were released on $1,000
bail, when the International Labor
Defense heard of the arrests. The
police were ready to dismiss the
case if "Gorman will leave town."
The latter refused. Thereupon
the authorities doubled the bail and
held the two under $4,000 bail each,
on the framed charge of sedition.
The anthracite bosses wish to
halt the effective organizational
work being done by the Germans
among the miners. The Interna-
tional Labor Defense will fight the
case for the two workers.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-09-19
A. F. of L. Aids Boss
Protect Huge Profits;
Endorses High Tariff

WASHINGTON, Sept. 1S-Amer-
lean industrial interests, 402 Of
which were declared by Senator
Borah to have increased profits bv
20 per cent between 1923 and 1928,
received further support today when
the American Federation of Labor.
through its legislative committee.
gave formal approval of the dis.
puted flexible provisions act. This
measure enables Hoover to increase
or lower tariff duties by so per
cent at any time his industrial
packers find change advisable
During the first six months OF
This year All representative cor
porations were making 1877 per
cent more than last year, il was
boosted on the floor. The A. F. Of
L. letter pointed to its New Orleans
convention in proof of it's desire to
excel in service to employers thru
endorsement of the high tariff be.
sides its policy of class peace.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-09-19
Car Union
Fakeys Sabotage Aid
for Orleans Strikers

and that a collection be taken up
at each station on the first pay day
after our regular meeting of Aug.
27.
Officials Sabotaged Aid.
Our acting president and secre-
tary Kessler and Arndt passed the
word to board members that you
had gone back to work and did not
need a collection but we are going
to take the collection soon and also
more if necessary and urge you to
continue and don't give up until you
have won.
Watch Carmen Takers!
We carmen in Cleveland also urge
all other militants all over the coun-
try to force their locals to assist
you. Yes, and watch out for the
faker, traitor Mahon, who is ready
to declare your strike an outlaw
strike. We will support you even
if he does declare the strike out
lawed, and also make his visits I'M
welcome to Cleveland.
The Daily Worker is and has
proven to be the friend of union
men and we urge you to read it.
There is where 20" will learn of
what is going on in the labor move
ment. We urge you New Orleans
transit workers to write to the Dali
ly Worker. l will soon write to the
Daily of the conditions Mahon has
helped to put over on US.
CARAVAN.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-09-19
POSTAL CABLE
SPEEDUP CROWS
Automatic Operators
Replace Morse Men
by q Worker Correspondent

by q Worker Correspondent
CHICAGO by MaiD.-I shall tell
of working conditions Of workers of
the Postal Telegraph and Cable Co.
here.
The operating room is criminally
congested, constituting a fire haz-
ard, ventilation is rotten, windows
unwashed. You buy meal tickets
(amount taken from pay) and eat
in leased restaurant where rotten
meals are served, at too-high prices.
Mems locker room is filthy with
'vermin.
Most all Morse operators are re-
placed by automatic operators at a
much lower wage. Morse men, $50,
$40 week, automatic or MUX
clerk, sos to $125 a month.
Recently the company affiliated
with the International Telegraph
and Telephone Co. with the arch ex.
ploiter Mackay at its head. I'M
naturalization became
more active. All wires were speed
ed up to the maximum speed. An
example-New York Chicago were
from 45 to SIS, Seattle from around
80 to 50-this means an increase of
10 to 20 messages an hour. 1 will
tell more of conditions of the Postal
Telegraph workers in my next let
ter.
TELEGRAPH OPERATOR.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-09-19
BRITISH FORMING
WORLD TRUST TO
INVADE AMERICA
Sinclair and Prairie to
Join Shell Group

Oil war on an international scale
between the Standard Oil Co. and
the British owned Royal Dutch
Shell is forecast in reports from
London that Standards principal
enemy is America, Col. Robert w.
Stewart, recently ousted by the
Rockefellers from control of the
Standard Oil of Indiana, was about
to meet with Sir Henri Deterding,
head of the Shell companies, to or
ganize a worldwide oil trust an
agonistic to Standard Oil.
The Royal Dutch Shell and the
Standard have been in state of
armed truce ever since a bargain
was made to divide the Oriental
field. At that time Standard oil
bought in Transcaucasia from the
Soviet Oil Trust, was driving Brit
ish Mosul oil out of the Indian
markets and Deterding was in COLI
sequence raving about the iniquity
of trading with U. S. S. R.
Besides his Shell Oil and Trans
portation Co., which completes in
America with Standard products,
Deterding will attempt through the
medium of Stewart to create a con-
federation of smaller rivals Of the
Rockefellers in America, for death
struggle in this country.
Stewart is accompanied by Rich
ard Aiery, president of the Asiatic
Petroleum Co., and Deterding's spe-
cial representatives in America.
1t is reported from Chicago that
Stewart carries with him the al
legance of the Sinclair Oil Co., the
Prairie Oil and Gas Co. the Con-
tinental Oil Co. and several others.
Move Towards War.
News has been received here that
Deterding is to visit U. S. in few
weeks to demand categorical an
swers from long list of oil COM
Dany heads as to whether they will
lineup with his against Standard
.Oil,
If the oil war materializes, it can
hardly help straining diplomatic re-
lations politically between the two
rival empires, as the Rockefellers
are as powerful in Washington as
is Sir Henri in London, and oil is
one of the most fruitful sources of
international conflict.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-09-19
(By a Worker Correspondent

by a Worker Correspondent
CLEVELAND (By MaiD.-The
Cleveland Railway Company bosses
are still making their promises of
the eight-hour day and better con-
ditions, but they are only causing the
militants to gain strength. We have
to watch our officials as we'll as the
company.
Our officials of Division 268, Car
mems Union are wild about buying
a piece of property while they al
low the company to treat the men
as it wishes. But the militants are
beginning to make some Roadway
and we do not stand for buying any
property.
We have read of the locomotive
engineers and the garment workers
buying property. Our officials use
a few left wing phrases occasionally
but always act the opposite.
Well, we have few words to say
about w. D. Mahon and William
Green, traitors to the labor move
ment, They tried to pull another
slick one on our brothers in New
Orleans.
Solidarity With Orleans Workers.
We carmen of Cleveland wish to
congratulate our New Orleans bro
theirs on their heroic stand and those
who have lost their lives and those
that have been arrested are not 60
ing to be forgotten. We voted 500
to be sent you from our Local 26e
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-09-19
VICTIMS TO "AIR CONSCIOUS.
NESS"

ONECNTA, N. Y, Sept. 10 W.P)
The broken body. of Kenneth
Smith, 81, a former village chauf-
feur who aspired to be parachute
jumper, lay in an undertaking es-
tablishment here today.
Before 1000 persons gathered at
the fair grounds here yesterday,
Smith jumped from an airplane,
$500 feet in the air. After drop
ping 1000 feet he tugged at his
parachute cord but the bag would
not open until he was within so feet
of the ground. He was killed.
FOSTORIA, Ohio, Sept. 10 U.P)-
A home made airplane took the
lives of two youths here.
Melvin Hawkins, II, high school
senior and student flyer, was pilot
ing the plane when it crashed from
a height of about $50 feet. He was
pinned under the wreckage and died
at the Fostoria hospital. Michael
Kimes, 81, his companion. also was
killed.