davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-10-11
ECHO STAFF FOR
YEAR IS NAMED
Shortridge Daily to Have
Corps of Workers.

William N. Otto, head of the
Shortridge high school English de-
Dartment, has announced the edi-
torial STATS of the Shortridge Daily
Echo for this semester. They follow:
Monday-Dorothy Campbell. editor:
james Orr. sports editor: William For
shaw. editorial editor; Marjorie Carr
third page editor: contributors. Eloise
Byrkit. Jean Chenoweth. Charles Cring
Dorothy Dauner Mary Frances DiggS
Emily Doraan. BStty Fathauer. James
Funkhouser. Catherine Frost, Lucia Has
ton Martha Hedrick. Horace Kelley. Mary
Catherine McLain. Frances Morrison. Jane
Saxon, Mary Schwab. Bette Schellschmidt.
Byron Hallett. Charlene Heard, Walter
Cohn.
Tuesday-Harry Taylor. editor: Krystal
Kegerreis. editorials: Jane Howe, third
page: Jack Erdman. sports; John Mat
thews, features: contributors. John En-
kelke William Thompson. Mildred Bacon.
Winifred Jean Louden. Charles Johnson.
joseph Taylor. Margaret Lewis. Dorothea
smock. John Bachelor. Meyer Efroymson,
Carolyn Pinkus. Ebert Gilliom, Herbert
Egbert. Mary Anne Russo. Charlotte
Fletcher.
Wednesday-Fred vedder. editor: Will
liam Hausman. second page editor:
Charles Feioleman third page editor. AS
sstants. Leroy Breunig. William Burich.
Della Dawson. Estelle Gabriel. Dorothy
Goldsmith. Agnes Hinkle. Lyman Hunter.
David Kautz. Alberta Lee. j. Don Miller.
Robert Oberreich. Warman Welliver. War
rem Hunt Susan Hill, Carter Johnson.
Warren Shearer. Charlotte Sudranski.
Richard Thompson. Charlotte Schmidt
Thursday-Robert Deupree. editor; Fred
Engelking. sports: Phyllis Sharpe. third
page: Louise Garrigus. editorials: Latham
Breunig. features. Assistants. Paul Hall.
William Hughes. Roxie Deranian. Barbara
Barrett. Raiinia Funderburg Marjorie
FAINT, Jane Davis. Robert Cavanaugh.
Catharine Bowsher. Howard Young. Jack
Deupree.
Friday-Harvev Trimble. editor. AS
slstants. John Thompson. James Marshall.
Josephine Meloy. Emma Low Thornbourgh.
James Henry Prescott. Helen higgins Ber-
tina Louise Drane. Martha Banta. Julie
Baker. Marx Panghorn, Tom Osborne. Ber-
tina Rubin.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-10-11
P. T. A. Meetings

indianapolis Parent-Teacher or
zanizstions will continue their reg
Mar meetings Wednesday. while the
state convention is in session. Inc
following are scheduled:
The Parent-Teacher Club OF sschool NO
n will install new officers there Wednes-
dav al Sis D. m. violin solo and song
nsdleys are on the program. Virginia
H,vvins and Mrs. GEORGE Higgins viii
five a duet, whispering Hope"
Miss Josephine Evans. school nurse
wtu speak to the P. T. A. Of school NO.
II wednesday. and Miss Angela Moler viii
explain the purpose Of Parent-Teacher
work. Mrs. Ruth Mittendorf. president
vii preside.
Miss Lena swope viii speak on, 1.-The
Meaning o! the P. T. A" at the meet
ing at Mckinley school No. 80. at ..
N. Wednesday. A piano solo will be
ulAyed by MIS- G. W. Rubbish. and MISS
Thelna Rubbish will entertain with
violin solo Miss Martha Harvey. will
give 9 reading.
Tbs P. T. A. OF school No. IS will meet
nt Sis Wednesday in short business
session, at which officers for the new
year will be installed.
The woodrow Wilson School Club will
hold its FIRST meeting in the school audi
forum wednesday with Mrs. Logan @.
HUGHES as the speaker. The school or
chestra and Girls Glee Club, under direc-
ton OF Mrs. Leona B. Knight, will enter
tain.
school No. 81 P. T. A. will hold its
meeting at 3 D. m. wednesday. Mrs Clay
ton Ridge. Indianapolis Federation preSi-
dent, will speak. and the mothers chorus
Of school No IS will furnish special mu-
sic. directed BY Mrs Maude Moudy. Mrs.
James Boyd will preside at the meeting,
which will be followed by tea for new
members.
The nrst general Psrent-Teacher meet
Ing viii be held st 2 .. m. Oct. %. at
school No. IS. Sterling and Twelfth streets.
Lieutenant Frank owens OF the police &C
cident prevention bureau. will speak and
DR.. ". A. Ocker. accident prevention
chairman. will preside.
tea for recognition of new members
is scheduled for the P. T. A. Of schoo
No. IS Wednesday at Sis D. m.
The Parent-Teacher Associations o.
school No. - and school No. so will meet
at $50 and 7:So. respectively. Wednesday
Meredith Nicholson will speak to the grour
at school No 90 and music will be
furnished bv RAYMOND Wagner and Ken
meth Drayear. Eighth grade pupils VII
give q plsylet.
The study circle OF school No. rs viii
meet at 10 q. N. Wednesday. Mrs. A. II
Hinkie will talk on Adolescence" and
Miss Belle Rainey and Mrs. Witt HsdleS
viii bring greetings
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-10-11
STATE PIT. CLUBS
ON MONDAY
Annual Three-Day State
Convention to Be at
SEVERN.

Parent Teacher Association rep
resentativeS from all parts of In
diana will gather at the SEVERN
Monday for three-day sessions of
the annual state convention.
The board of managers will hold
its annual meeting Monday, and
Mrs. Homer J. Miller, South Bend,
state president, will open the con-
vention proper Tuesday at 8 a. m.
Annual reports will be received from
the following state officers: Mrs. w.
j. Hockett, vice-president at large;
Mrs. Bruce Maxwell, recording sec
rotary; Mrs. j. H. Kern, treasurer,
and Mrs. R. A. Acher, historian.
Miss Frances S. Hays, extension
secretary of. the national congress of
parents and teachers, will speak
Tuesday on Nationwide Organiza-
ton in the Interest of Children" A
class of Parent Teacher associations
will be conducted by Mrs. Edna Hat
field Edmondson, Indiana university.
Other speakers who will talk on
subjects related to Child Power"
the theme of the convention, follow:
Mrs. Sarah M. Sturtevant, associa-
ton professor, Columbia university,
New York city; Professor o. F. Hall
of the Purdue university sociology
department, and K. V. zimmerman,
Broad Ripple high school principal.
Wednesday night the annual BAN
quet will be held at the Claypool,
with DR.. Frank B. Stutz, Dayton,
as the principle speaker. Music will
be furnished by the University
Heights Parent Teacher Choral Club
and Miss Jean Davidson, violinist.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-10-11
Technical
BY RYAN HALL

Second program in series of
four, dedicating the new Tech
auditorium, will be given Oct. Is, by
the music department of the school,
Mrs. Elizabeth Kaltz Cochran,
director, has announced appearance
of the school chorus as the feature
attraction. The girls and boys
glee clubs, the orchestra, and COM
bined boy and girl vocal groups are
included on the program.
Officers recently elected by the
Eight-Hour advertising class fol-
low: Raymond Reynolds, manager
Rex Beacher, assistant manager
Mary Elizabeth Ayres, secretary
and John Thurgood, treasurer.
The Girls Glee Club has elected
the following officers: Margaret
Schof1eld, president; Ruth Moore
vice-president; Elizabeth Colburn
secretary; Charlotte Casey, treas
urer; Portia Pittenger, attorney
general; Sara Moore, historian;
Elizabeth Akin, wardrobe mistress
and Harriet Haworth, hostess.
Miss Ella Stengenberger, Arsenal
Cannon sponsor. has announced
delegates from Technical to the
eighth annual Indiana high school
press review. They are Hal Winter
Tom Ochiltree, Frank Newland
Joseph Tones, Ryan Hall, RudarG
Jones, Billy Frosch, Jean Goulding
Estelle Williamson, Dorothea Gott-
lieb, Emily Schubach, and Mary
Frances James.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-10-11
$4,000 STATE
TEACHERS TO
COME To CITY
Prominent Speakers Sched-
uIed on Program of Two
Day ConcIaVe Here.

Indianapolis will be visited by
1900 Indiana school teachers next
Thursday. Friday and Saturday.
who will attend the seventy-sixth
annual session Of the Indiana State
Teachers Association here.
General sessions will begin
Thursday night at Cadle tabernacle.
The all-state high school chorus and
orchestra, directed by Nils Bosom,
Richmond, and John A. Caylor,
Kokomo, will open the meeting
with music. Ralph N. TREY, Bloom
ington, association president, will
deliver his inaugural address.
State convention headquarters
are to be at the Lincoln, where
Charles o. Williams. secretary
treasurer Of the association, has his
Offices. Merle j. Albeit, Bedford,
Is chairman of the executive COM
nittee in charge Of the program.
Private Rooms Assigned
The indianapolis Chamber Of
Commerce is assigning rooms in pri-
vate homes for teachers who desire
them Programs are being mailed
to all county and city school super
intendents in the state for distribu-
ton.
County school superintendent
snd school board members will hold
their annual luncheon at the Lin
coin Thursday and will visit the
new Scottish Rite cathedral. Vari-
Gus section meetings also are sched-
UIed for Thursday.
On Friday, meetings will be held
IN two divisions, in Cadle tasA3rnacle
And in the Armory.
Speakers Are Prominent
Speakers will include DR.. Thomas
n. Briggs and DR.. Paul r. Mort,
both of Teachers college, New York;
Senator James E. Watson, Gov
ernor Harry G.. Leslie, DIR. Otis
Caldwell, New York; Or. Elwood P.
Cubberly, Leland Stanford univer-
city, Palo Alto, Cal, and others.
Special convention features in
elude musical programs by Fedora
ton Junior Contest winners, the
Bloomington high school orchestra
Technical high school music pu-
pills. the Marion high school band
and programs by groups OF Indiana
grade pupils.
General association officers who
will assist President TREY in direct
ing convention activities are Mrs.
Goldie Brown. Peru, vice-president;
Charles Williams, indianapolis, sec
rotary, and the following executive
committee members:
Executive Committee
r. Y. Pruitt, Rockport, First dis
trict; Miss Lillian G.. Carter, Vim
cennes, Second district; Merle Alb
bett, Bedford, Third district; Robert
IIougham, Franklin. Fourth district;
Miss Cora Steele, Terre Haute, Fifth
district; A. A. Brewer, Connersville,
sixth district.
Miss Belle OHair. indianapolis,
Seventh district; Lee o. Baird, Mum
Gle, Eighth district; V. L. Tatlock,
Lebanon, Ninth district; Earl Hin
shaw, Lafayette, Tenth district; Miss
Asa Jane Thomas, Marion, Eleventh
district; Miss Bertha Nelson, Ft.
Wayne, Twelfth district; George w.
Worley, Warsaw, Thirteenth district,
and P. c. Enmons, Mishawaka, and
Harry E Elder, Monticello, commit
tee members at large.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-10-11
FOURTEEN ADDED TO
NIGHT SCHOOL STAFF
More Than 100 Instructors Now
Engaged In Work.

Fourteen more teachers for In
dianapolis public night schools were
appointed this week, making total
of more than one hundred night
school instructors.
Those approved by the school
board this week include: Miss No
ma Vandenbrook and Russell Nc
Clurg, Manual Training night
school; Miss Madeline Chomberg.
School 40; Miss Anna Pritchett
School "a; Miss Ella Croker. school
"a; Miss Frances Nidy, School %;
Miss Gertrude Hicks. Miss Alethea
Byrd, Miss Leona Smith, Miss Fran
ces Bullock and Miss Mary Scholl
School %; Miss Ruth Clinthorne
Flanner House and Miss Anna Daw-
son. School g..
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-10-11
.ENDEAV0R RALLY ENDS
Final Session of Three-Day Event
Held at Perry Township.

Final session of a three-day Chris
tan Endeavor rally was held in the
gymnasium of the Perry township
grade school at University Heights.
today.
Children attended the classes after
school hours. The classes we're con-
Quoted by Miss Elizabeth Breed,
Junior superintendent of White
River conference of the United
Brethren church, assisted by the
Rev. George L. Slime, pastor OF
the University Heights U. B. church
and Mrs. Arthur w. Garvi1.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-10-11
R. 0. T. C. NEWS

Washington high school R. o. T.
g cadets are sponsoring a paper
drive Oct. 20 and 80, the proceeds
of which will be used by the mill
tary department. Five girls will be
chosen as sponsors of the battalion
this week.
Graduation has caused several va
cancies in the officers ranks of the
Technical R. o. T. c., and candi-
dates now are trying out for posi-
tions. The unit is drilling each day
in preparation for the coming Ar
mistice day parade, in which all city
r. o. T. c. units will participate.
John Rance and Albert Metz
former members Of the Tech unit
have been admitted to the United
States Naval academy at Annapolis
with the rank of midshipmen.
Twenty-Five cadets of the Manual
unit served as usherS and assistants
at the Washington foot
ball game last week. Paul Lohss
and Arthur Braun, former cadet
majors at Manual. have enrolled in
the senior R. 0. T. G. unit at the
University Of Illinois.
. q q
The Shortridge unit is planning a
test for all commissioned and non
commissioned officers to serve as a
basis for promotion of cadets.
Arrangements are being made to
reorganiZe the guard" honor unit
which was started at Shortridge
last year by Colonel G. H. Taught
senior city cadet officer.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-10-11
STUDY MODEL
MUSIC LESSON
Tech Glasses RehearSe for
Teachers Convention.

All musical organizations Of Tech
nical high school have been rehears-
ing this week in preparation for the
model high school music lesson.
which they will present before the
music section of the Indiana State
Teachers Association in the new
Tech gymnasium at 2:30 p. m. next
Thursday.
Featuring the program will be ar
organ recital by Cheston L. Heath,
organist of Christ church, indian
apolis. He will play "Toccata con
Fuga," in D minor by Bach; 1.-THE
Londonderry Air" arranged by
Saunders; "Arabesque," by Sicily, and
"The Bells of st. Anne de Beaupre,"
by Russell
Music classes and organizations of
the school that will participate in
the program will be under direction
of Mrs. Elizabeth Kaltz Cochran,
head of the Technical music depart
ment. She will be assisted by Miss
Blanche Harvey, choral conductor;
Frederick A. Barker, band director,
and Henry Herbert, orchestra con-
ductor.
The program:
1. ''Enitte Spiritum 1umm'' .Scheutky
Combined vocal groups
2. atlantis Suit" ........... .Sfarzenck
Concert band
8. List, the Cerubic Host" .........Gaul
Girls Concert Club
4. Morning Hymn" .............H enschel
Grant Us to Do With Zeal'' ..... Bach
Boys Concert Club
5. 1.-The Shepherds Story 49,. Dickinson
Girls and Boys Concert Clubs
6. 'Te Prophetic" ................ Meyerbur
Orchestra
7. Land of Our Hearts Chadwick
Boys choir
q. OHoW ssssss .14SdI
Girls Glee Club
9. "Hallelujah Amen" Judas Macca-
beusJ by ..;.,.;....;.; ...... Handel
Boys Glee Club
10. Gloria Patri, Palestrina
Now Let Every Tongue Adore Thee"
e,ombined Concert and C;iee Clubs
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-10-11
Pupils to GiUe Pageant
of Months for Teachers

The program will include a flag
drill by fifth grade pupils represent
ing independence day and the
month of july; basketball by
seventh grade pupils for the month
of March; a maypole dance by
fourth grade pupils for May; Har-
vesters by seventh grade boys for
September; butterflies for June; a
Halloween playlet for October;
Armistice day for November, landing
Of the pilgrims by fourth grade
pupils; Christmas bells by eighth
grade pupils for December; skaters
by first grade pupils for January;
Valentines by the second grade for
February, April showers by the third
grade for April; and firefiieS by the
seventh grade for August.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-10-11
School No. 81 to Entertain
at CadIe Tabernacle
for Convention.

One of the feature programs to
be given by school children during
the Indiana teachers convention
will be a Festival of the Months
pageant presented by pupils Of
school No. 81 at the Cadle
tabernacle at p. m. Thursday.
Miss Charlotte Carter, principal,
has charge of the program. Months
and important days Of the year will
be represented in playlets. in which
the children viii appear in costumes.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-10-11
Washington
BY ROSS DORSETT

The Girls Glee Club elected the
following officers at the regular
meeting this week; E,una Ross, pres
ident; Pauline Clark, vice-presi-
dent, and Gleeta Graham, secre-
tary-treasurer.
Mrs. E. H. Hightower has a spe-
cial organization for her session
room. The students conduct the
period during the roll call. Pupils
elected to direct the rooms organi-
cation are William Earle, president;
Fleeta Edwards, vice president.
James Doneff, secretary, and Mary
Dooley, treasurer.
S1 n
Attendance in the senior roll
room this year exceeds last semes-
ter's attendance by half.
q y
New members of the Girls Club
will be honored at party next
TuesdaYnight. All mothers of mem
berS are receiving invitations.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-10-11
PRINCIPAL WILL SPEAK
Shortridge Association to Meet
Tuesday Night.

George Buck, Shortridge high
school principal, will address the
Parent-Teacher Association of the
school, Tuesday night. \
A musical program, consisting of
a group of tenor solos by Joseph
Perrine of the Shortridge music de-
partment, accompanied by Mrs.
Laura G. Moag, faculty member, will
be presented. Mrs. ThaddeuS r.
Baker, president-elect, will in
troduce the following officers: Mrs.
William Hanmerstadt, Mrs. Harold
E. Sutherland and Miss Grace
Buchanan, vice-presidents; Miss
Maud Crissman, secretary, and Mrs.
B. S. Goodwin, treasurer.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-10-11
SATURDAY CLASSES TO
BE GIVEN AT MUSEUM
Three Pupils From Each Grade
School to Attend Course.

First of a series of Saturday
morning classes for school children
will open at the Children'S museum
Saturday at $50 a. m. with a talk
on invertebrates"
Subjects of talks for the follow
ing six Saturdays will include: can
cient and Modern Mexico" "The In
diana Pioneer and His Implements"
people Who Live in the Arctic, .
"Curious Homes and Their Tenants, !"
and miss Shimane and her Sisters
in Japan"
School principals will select three
pupils from each grade building to
attend the course, which is one OF
three to be given during the school
year.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-10-11
Grade Teachers to Meet

Indianapolis grade teachers will
hold their annual luncheon at the
Lincoln hotel Oct. II. Charles. F.
Miller, superintendent of schools,
will be the principal speaker. All
persons interested in the activities
of the grade teachers association
are invited to attend.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-10-11
Manual
BY HARRY MGARY

January seniors selected to take
part in the annual class day pro-
gram are Harold Strait, prophet;
Harold Horwitz, will maker; Roger
Miner, giftorian, and Charles Still
wood, senior booster editor. Alex
Burris is class historian.
Twenty-three classes of the high
school had unusual attendance rec
ords for the week of Sept. 80, re-
porting no absences for the entire
week.
The Girl Reserves will honor Miss
Lola Perkins at a dinner meeting at
the central Y. w. C. A. tonight. Ethel
Smith is Girl Reserve president;
Adelaide Woerner, secretary; Thel-
ma Roth, president, and Esther
Thurston, treasurer.
Sixteen scholastic leaders of the
senior class who are enrolled in the
mathematics department inclue:
Alvin Brehob, Kenneth Click, Eu-
gene Eitel, Louis Kossman, Wayne
Mendel1, Robert Minor, Ivan Bran
well, Genevieve Reeder, Charles
Stallwood, Noble Burkhart, Louis
Eshowsky, Fred Frendenburg, VIII
bur Harris, Rudolph Klinge, Paul
and Ida Zimmerman.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-10-11
QUILT PATTERNS SHOWN
Collection Is Teature or OctODer
Art Exhibit at Library.

October art exhibits at the Cen
trail library include a collection o1
old quilt patterns pieced by Miss
Nellie R. Crawford, 1641 Park avenue.
Two exhibits for children are OH
display in the Children's room. One
is a colored plate collection of frogs,
butterflies and other insects, and
the other a representation of Polish
life, loaned by the Ch.ldren'S Mu-
SelIrn
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-10-11
1,1OO IN KINDERGARTENS
Graceland Avenue Center Will Move
to Boulevard Place.

More than 100 pupils are en-
rolled in the twenty EIGHT Indian
apolis free kindergarten centers this
year, according to Miss Grace l..
Brown, superintendent.
The kindergarten at 3847 Grace
land avenue for the last two years,
will close today and will reopen at
4153 Boulevard place Wednesday,
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-10-11
Schools Close

AL indianapolis public
schools VIII be closed next
Friday during the state teach
ers' convention, which will con-
vene in Indianapolis, Charles
r. Miller, city school superin-
tendent, announced today.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-10-11
MOTHERS WILL STUDY
Three Clubs Are Sponsored at
University Heights School.

Three study clubs for mothers
are being sponsored by the Univer-
sity Heights Parent-Teacher Asso-
citation this year under direction Of
Mrs. Hazel Fisher, Parent-Teacher
president.
The choral and dramatic clubs Of
the organization have started re-
hearsals on programs to be given
this semester. Mrs. Hazel Tilson is
president of the Choral Club, which
has q large increase in membership
The association entertained teach
ers of the school at reception last
Friday night.
The Wolf Point herald. (Wolf Point, Mont.) 1913-1940, 1929-10-11
NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION
DEPARTMENT. of the interior

U. S. Land Office, Great Falls
Montana, Sept. 4, 1929.
NOTICE is hereby given thai
Patrick Courtney, of Prairie Elk
Montana, who, on April IT., 1926,
made Homestead Entry Serial No.
066331, for ShSWA Sec. 26,
NhNWA, NEA, Section 35,
Township 23 N, Range As E., Prin.
Meridian, has filed notice of in
tention to make three year Proof,
to establish claim to the land
above described, before o. T.
Stennes, U. S. Commissioner, at
Wolf Point, Montana, on the End
day of November, 1929.
Claimant names as witnesses:
Fred Rittel and Fred Trebas,
both of Prairie Elk, Montana.
Pete Lukin and Conrad Arnston.
both of Weldon, Montana.
M. D. NICHOLSON,
53-ot Register.
The Wolf Point herald. (Wolf Point, Mont.) 1913-1940, 1929-10-11
INVITATIONS ARE LENGTHY
DAWES RECEIVES ONE

London, Oct. Limitations to
a five-power naval arms confer.
ence here starting the third week
in January were sent out Monday
by the British foreign office.
The invitations, which will be
made public Wednesday, were
sent to the American, French, Ital-
ian and Japanese representatives
in London. They were signed by
Arthur Henderson, foreign secre-
tary.
The document received by
American Ambassador Charles G..
Dawes included a covering" let
ter of explanation. 1t is understood
that the texts of the invitation
and letter were lengthy, covering
several pages Of ~foolscap.
The invitation is understood to