davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Bismarck tribune., 1929-03-28

Ten years after the war. q rival to
Sergeant Alvin York, famous hero,
has been discovered. Lewis Poppe
OF New Bremen, Ohio, above. has
been revealed rs the unarmcd, single.
handed captor of II German soldiers
at an outpost In France on Oct. .,
1918. Max Christochowitx, below.
German veteran who headed the cnn.
tured squad. bears out his story, and
IS aiding In an effort to get him 4
medal. Poppe, going for water. came
upon the Germans In q dugout and
bluffed them into surrendering BY
telling them he had so Americans at
his back. Later Poppe and Chris
tochowitz met in , hospital and be-
came iast friends, with the result
that after the war Poppe induced him
to come to this country. Christocho.
witz IS now an accountant In Iima.
Ohio.
The Bismarck tribune., 1929-03-28

FARM RELlEF DISCUSSED
Grand Forks. N. D., March 2s.-(R,
|-p1rectorS Of the North Dakota
wheat Growers association discuss9d.
but took no action. on the McNary-
Haugen farm relief bin.
The Bismarck tribune., 1929-03-28

/ - ssOSss oV9OA ~ 48s0 204ye
three-tenths Of foot below flool
stage.
Having shown its power, the Mis-
souri, river today was content.
For the first time since the sharu
rise Tuesday night the water level Sc
Bismarck fell below the flood staee
and water which had spread over ~
bottom lands for miles began 70 flov
back toward the river.
In the absence Of advices from thu
base OF the Ice gorge which had haerf
impounding the river water for NOR
than . week It was impossible "a teli
accurately what had happened there.
Reports from points along the river.
however. indicated that the drop Al
the water level Is general between
bismarck and the base Of the 9orre.
This was considered Q certain indi.
cation that the river had either
opened . new channel big enough e
accommodate the heavy flow OF Vater
or had taken out the ice in IT. ola
channel.
The most probable solution. accord>
Ing to Officials 1t the federal weather.
bureau. was that the former had oc-r
CURED. or combination Of the two
things had happened.
Water Rises Below
The water downstream from thu
gorge had risen rapidly, IN increase
OF three feet being recorded at ON,
non Ball. and four feet &C Fnrt yatAs ],
Ine gauge here shortly after noon
showed . level Of l4.9 feet, one-tenth
O foot under the flood stage. Rob-
erts expressed the view that the river
now would return to It's course. or at
least 70 some established channel, 81.
tno0eh . tremendous amount AZ
water would pass Bismarck durius
the next five days.
There was considerable floating Ice
IN the river 1t these points, but not
enough to warrant the conclusion
That the gorge had broken.
The theory that the river had tired
OF it, fight with the Ice dams formed
IN its bed and had just gone away and
ielC II was regarded a tenable.
Even IN normal times the Missouri
= 2 meandertng stream which cuts it,
banks. and with the terrific flood of
water now running In the stream tlaia
characteristic Is accentuated.
Engineers Plan Blasting
Army engineers and Q crew az n
men. headed by Major q. r. Young
md John q. Regan, civilian attaohei
p tne army engineering Department.
we're en- route to the west side Of theS
aver ct the base Of the gorge. They|
intended to do some blasting therG
E1tn dynamite. just as was done yas-.
'erday on the east side, when ION
POUNDS were exploded. j
1c was impossible to get In touch.
With this party. which was sloeeine
'ver Undiscovered roads In seven mo-
or cars and trucks. They had with
hem 10000 pounds OF dynamite.
which they expected to use if necesa
'ary. When he left Bismarck thid
morning Regan had auticipated -
.l1ticulty N placing the charges than,
~ experienced on the east bank
'esteroay. when men who were tryine
Q place the dynamite In the ~
WORKED IA constant danger Of death.i
Ellorts to clear the Missouri riveri
Z the ice which is choking it, cur;
ent. causing It to twist and sn,,iY3m'
lke IN agonixed giant, were trans.
eLteo % the west side Of the stream
The flood waters which yesterday
nunoaeeo part Of Mandan and
ovefed the highway between tlaa1
lty ana Btsmarck. had receded sonne-,
mat today and thA hlvhwaw srer ~
The Bismarck tribune., 1929-03-28
HOOVER TO DECIDE
! .SOLDlTY Y0F south,
SOu7nEUNER Says
Operation Of Religious Prsju-
dices Had Little to DO
With Election

Winter Park, Fla. March 2S.-(R)-
Whether or not "the solid south Is
definitely broken depends on the at
titudc Of the Hoover administration
toward patronage outrages" in the
south and the alacrity with which
the Democratic party recognizes the
fact that national election results
last year spelled an emphatic en-
dorsement Of prohibition George
Fort Milton, editor of the Chatta-
nooga Tennessee News told the insti-
tute Of statesmanship today.
Foundatlonal Growth Desircd
Mr.. Milton addressed the gathering
on THE future Of the Democratic
party In the United States" He ex-
pressed the hope that "in each OF the
southern states there will grow from
sound, social and economic founda.
tions, . strong opposition party"
Nothing could contribute more
vitally to the health and strength Of
the Democratic party" he said, .'than
the knowledge that when the Demo-
Gratis nominate . weak, corrupt. or
inept candidate for office, this man
Will have the fight Of his Life to win
the plum he seeks"
Turning to the question Of patron
age In the south, Mr.. Milton traced
the development OF southern griev-
ances against the Republican party
from the days Of reconstruction.
Ever since those days." hc said,
"the Republican party In the south
had been little more than IN empty
office holding SHE'LL The natural re.
suit has IN the patronage eutrages
Of the Rel blican party insthe SOUTH
ern states. There are strong hopes
that this rotten mess viii be cleared
up quickly"
Relisieus Qsestisn False
Concerning the outcome 09 last
years presidential election, Mr.. NIL.
ton declared that by no means ia 1 |
attribute to the operation Of religious
prejudice In the south the most rub.
stantial share Of the determination Of |
the result. The Democratic candidate |
In 1929, although . man Of appealine
was nuturod by j politicSl |
Organization, the very name .ol which |
has bean tor decades . hissing byWced |
n the south, and was committed % /
political views which were anathoma
Q probably . majority Of the poople
d the south 80
"Ihe dry anti Tammauy Demo.
mats Of the south who left the party
'1tlaer than vote for . vet presldeu.
IA cahdidate who was : sachem of
Iommany, can hardly 10 expected to /
'0falrn u ElaA rnnka ~ r1as,,oerers, ~.
The Bismarck tribune., 1929-03-28
GIANT HUFF GORCE'S
WEIGHT ESTIMATED
AT MILLION Tons
Formation Of Many New .Dans
and New Channels Accounts
for Queer Action
BOMBS HAVE NOT ARRIVED
II Efforts to Dislodgs Jam Fall
Flow Of Water May es
Stopped Many Days !!

Having receded below the flood
stage the Missouri river continued
to drop and ~ ESQ o'clock this
afternoon stood 1t 14.7 feet,
three-tenths Of . foot below flool
stage.
The Bismarck tribune., 1929-03-28
The Weather

11rtly cloudy ton1ght And yfl-
day. Not nuch chango.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-02-18
Germania Chapter, Insti-
tuted in 1853, Is Third
Oldest in City.

Germania lodge of Odd Fellows
will celebrate its seventy-sixth an
n~iversary Tuesday night at the
hall, Prospect and East streets.
The third degree will be conferred
on four candidates. Herbert Stu
vel, noble grand, will preside.
The lodge was instituted Feb. "a,
1858, with ten charter members.
1t is the third oldest in Indian
apolis. All the work of the lodge
was conducted in the German
language until 1915.
In the photograph Is shown ".
T. Summers, recording secretary;
Edward j. Koehrn, financial Sec
rotary, and Herman Behrens,
treasurer, who are standing in
front of curtains and Grapes pre-
sented to the lodge by Mrs. Rein
hardt Krebs, in honor of her hus-
band, who was a member of the
lodge.
The rugs were the gift of Mo-
Fart Rebekah lodge for the hall
which recently was redecorated.
The inscription is a bronze
plaque which was placed beside
the stage in the lodge rooms.
Herbert Stuvel, noble grand, is
shown seated at his station behind
the original charter of the organi-
cation.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-02-18
LODGE OFFICIAL
TO Be HONORED
|. o. o. F. Grand Secretary
in Order 40 Years..

George P. Bornwasser, grand Sec
rotary of Odd Fellows of Indiana,
will be honored Friday night at New
Albany, on the fortieth anniversary
of his initiation into the lodge there.
He was initiated Feb. %, 1889, in
Hope lodge No. 1.
James Dunbar, past noble grand,
will be the principal speaker at the
open meeting. Members of all lodges
in Floyd county will attend the
celebration.
Bornwasser, also the grand scribe
of the Patriarchs Militant of Indi-
ana, was one of the speakers last
week at a meeting of Northwestern
encampment of the Patriarchs in
indianapolis.
Yens Anderson Of Hammond,
grand patriarch, was the principal
speaker. Feature Of the session was
comforting of the royal purple de-
gree on seven candidates.
A county meeting of encamp-
mentS was held Saturday night at
Newcastle, with Bornwasser attend
ing. About twenty candidates were
given the degree by the Arlington
team.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-02-18
ORUIDS FORM GROVE
Higher Chapter Is Organ
lied by so Members.

Members of the two local groves
of the United Ancient Order of
Druids met recently to organize a
chapter branch of the order in IN
dianapolis. The chapter is a high
er branch of Druidism, consisting
of past arches in good standing in
a grove.
Fifty members signed a petition
for a charter which was sent to
New Orleans, La, headquarters of
the supreme arch. The chapter
probably will be instituted March
8 by Charles E. Paulsen, deputy
supreme arch, and Adam F. Hid,
past supreme arch, of Dayton, o.
Officers of the chapter are Louis
c. Schwartz, chief druid; j. Henry
Brinkman, chief bard; F. Earl
Geider, secretary; Charles Cum
minis Sr., treasurer; William F. Bon
steel, guide Oliver S. Wait, SEN
tinel; Charles E. Paulsen, chief
druid; w. o. Sacks, chaplain, and
E. E. Noel pianist.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-02-18
Splendid Recipe
To Stop Cough
That ''Eaangs On"

The best cough remedy that money
could buy, a easily be made at home.
1t saves money and gives you the most
reliable, quick-acting medicine you ever
used. The way it takes hold of stub
born coughs and chest colds, giving
immediate relief, is astonishing.
Any druggist can supply you with
21s ounces of Pinex. Pour this into a
pint bottle, and fill up with plain gram
ulated sugar syrup or strained honey.
It's no trouble at all to ink, and when
you once use it you will never be with
out it. Keeps perfectly ard tastes good
children really like it.
1t is surprising how quickly this
homemade remedy loosens the germ
laden phlegm, and soothes and heals
the iniamed membranes. AT the same
time. it is absorbed into the blood,
where it acts directly on the bronchial
tubes, and helps the system throw of
the whole trouble. Even those severe
coughs which usually follow the "hu" ,
are promptly ended.
Pinex is a highly concentrated eon-
pound of genuine Norway Pine, con-
tanning the active agent of c~reosGte, in
a refined, palatable form. Nothing
known in medicine is more helpful in
Eases of severe coughs chest colds and
ronehial troubles.
Do not accept a substitute for Pinex-
guaranteed to give prompt relief
paey refunded.
--Adyertisemenf
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-02-18
EXPECT MANY
At WASHINGTON
DINNER FRIDAY
Masons Plan to Honor First
Presidents Day With
Program.

Reservations will be made for
325 guests at the annual George
Washington's birthday banquet OF
Calvin w. Prather lodge, No. TIT,
r. and A. M. to be held Friday
night at the Masonic temple,
Eorty-second street and College
avenue.
Fred G. Lands, former congress
man from the Ninth district, Will
be the principal speaker. Lands
also conducts the column Reason"
in The Indianapolis Times.
Musical entertainment viii be
directed by 1.-THE Flying Flappers''
orchestra. Many instrumental and
vocal numbers are on the program.
The banquet will be prepared by
Charles A. Mann and served by
members of the Nettie Ransford
chapter Of the Eastern Star.
members of Prather lodge will
pay homage to George Washington
the father of u country-the
man and the Mason The ban
quet is one of the outstanding
social events Of the lodge season.
said Russell r. Hinesley, master.
The Master Mason degree will
be given at 4 p. m. and the ban
quet will be served at $50 p. m.
Officers of the lodge are: Hines
ley, master; Robert M. Thomp-
son, E. Rowland Murray, Albert
S. Johnson, Clarence S. Arm
strong, Earnest A. Piez, Pierce E.
Cummings, George H. Drechsel,
Joseph w. Kaercher, the Rev.
Thomas r. White and Harry w.
Boetcher.
Music committee: Carl Sells,
chairman; Willard Warner, William
Steeg, Stanley Norris and John
Allison.
Speaker committee: Frank Seid-
ensticker, chairman; Alvah Rucker
and Carl A. Ploch.
Entertainment committee: Fred
g. Buskirk, chairman; George Dis
settle and Herbert Linton.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-02-18
KNIGHTS TO Get
REPORTS, PLAN
BUSY PROGRAM
Initiation Is Scheduled for
April 7; Washington
Luncheon Friday.

The lapsation committee Of the
Indianapolis council of the knights
of Columbus will give a two months
report tonight at the council meet
ing in the hall. Thirteenth and
Delaware streets.
The committee was formed in
December by James E. Gavin, grand
knight, at the time of the appoint
ment of the reinstatement staff. A
partial report of the latter commit
tee will be made by George Bischof,
chairman. The work of the COM
m1ttee is slow and a full report will
be made later.
Plans are being made for an 1nltl-
alton in the fourth degree April z,
by the Indianapolis Assembly. DR..
Raymond Bosler, faithful navigator,
has appointed George Hoffman as
chairman of the membership COM
mittee for the rites,
Hoffman will name members of
his committee within a few days, 1t
is said. The attendance committee
already has a large number of ap-
plications ready for the ceremonies
and it is expected 10 be n of the
largest classes in the fourth degree
ever given in indianapolis. In adj
dition to local candidates, many out
of-town applications + being re-
Ceived.
It will be the first opportunity for
local members to enter the fourth
degree in a number of years. Re-
auirements for initiation are two
years membership in the council In
good standing.
Candidates night will be observed
April 6 with a dance and reception
for those to be received in the as
sembly.
A patriots program is scheduled
for the Friday meeting OF the noon
luncheon club at the S~pink-Arms.
The day is designated as ladies day
and members will bring women
guests. Almost one hundred wom-
en- attended the session last year,
and more are expected Friday.
BOYD Gurley, editor of The Indi-
annapolis Times, was the principal
speaker at the last meeting of the
luncheon club. He spoke on
"Italy' following his recent trip to
Europe. The speakers bureau al
ready is working on the March
roster of speakers.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-02-18
N. ". A. PLAN
WEEKS EVENTS
Center Camp to Observe
36th Anniversary.

Several camps of the Modern
Woodmen Of America in Indianap-
oils are planning events for this
week, according to M. T. Wright,
district deputy.
Cedar camp will hold a. Washing
tons Birthday party Wednesday
night in M. w. A. hall, 1922 East New
York street. The celebration also
will be the thirty-sixth anniversary
of the camp. The committee in
charge include Walter Kirsch,
chairman; d. j. Weaver. H. r.
Skaggs, H. H. Harmon, j. G. Hook
~enbraugh, and N. F. Miller. The
affair is free for members, and there
will be cards, dancing and refresh
ments.
Capital City camp will hold a
euchre party Friday night at the
hall, 1925 Prospect street. The COM
mittee in charge is Frank Gruber,
Pat Webb and Henry Sauter.
Called meeting of Ironwood camp
last week was we'll attended. Re
organization of the camp was
started with a membership drive
and several applications were read.
The affair closed with a smoker.
Maple camp will meet at 8 p. m.
Thursday at 322 East New York
street, according to H, j. Senour. A
membership drive is under way,
with M. A. Brown, William Sanders
and Ira Little leading the teams.
A musical program is given each
meeting night by the camp orches-
ira under the direction of George G.
Brown.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-02-18
RATHDONE Bible
RITES TO DRAW
5000 PYTHIANS
ESQ Candidates Will Get
Lodge Work at Session
Friday Night.

More than 5000 members are ex-
pected to attend the Rathbone Bible
page rank class at 8 p. m. Friday
in the grand lodge hall Of the
knights of Pythias, when about $50
candidates will be initiated.
The class draws its name from
the famous Bible used by Justus II.
Rathbone in initiating the charter
members of the knights of Pythias
in 1864 in Washington, D. c. The
Bible has been used in a series of
four classes in Indiana since Feb. l3.
The Indianapolis ceremonial Fri
day will be the ninth and final
class. A page rank class will be held
tonight at Rushville, Salem Tues
day night, Evansville Wednesday
night and Terre Haute Thursday
night.
The Bible was brought TO Indi-
ana by Harry M. Love of Minneap-
oils, supreme keeper of records and
seal. 1t remains in his possession
through all %ceremonials.
indianapolis lodge No. Sc, K. OF
P, will have charge of the event
here. Bruce PARCEL is chairman,
assisted by Dr.. G. V. Dunbar, James
Neller, George Sundling and Harry
South. James Blizzard, chancellor
commander Of Indianapolis lodge,
and Joseph Bell. vice-commander
chancellor, will have leading parts
in the ceremonial. Love will occupy
the prelate's station.
Tuesday is the sixty-fifth ami
verSary of the founding of the ma
tional order. Rathbone class will
be held that night at Salem. The
principal speaker will be the Rev.
j. Willard Yoder, pastor of st.
Pau's Congregational church.
Several entertainment features
will be held for Love in Indian
apolis before he leaves for Mime
apolis with the Rathbone Bible.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-02-18
Red Men Schedule Many
Sessions During Week
Tribes to Meet at Kokomo,
MartinsviIIe and Hunt
ington.

Several important meetings OF
tribes of Red Men are scheduled for
this week in Indiana. according to
Arch H. Hobbs, great chief of rec
ords, who will attend most of the
sessions accompanying Raymond B
Whitton of Knightstown, great
Sachem.
More than 500 are expected to
attend the tri-county meeting al
Martinsville Saturday night from
thirty tribes in the eleventh dis
trict composed of Marion, Hendricks
and Morgan counties. Ben Breed
love of indianapolis, deputy great
sachem, will be in charge of the
group meeting. He will be assisted
by Harry Tincher of Martinsville,
Hobbs Whitton will speak.
Frank McConaughy of Franklin,
past great sachem, has been invited
to make the principal speech. John
E. Sedwick of Martinsvnle, past
great incohonee, will be one of the
guests of honor.
Another tri-county meeting will
be held Tuesday night at Hunting
ton when ten tribes of Allen, Hunt
ington and Wells counties gather.
More than three hundred are ex-
pected to attend, and the degree
work will be given by the local team.
j. E. Chamberlin, deputy great sa-
chem, will be in charge. Hobbs and
Wilton will speak.
An open meeting will be held the
same night at Charlottesville for
tribes in Montgomery county. Bryan
Sanford OF Charlottesville, chief OF
records, will be in charge.
Hobbs and Whitton will attend a
group meeting Friday at Kokomo,
which will be in the nature of q
Washington's birthday party. Co
manche tribe OF indianapolis will
give the work in the adoption de-
gree.
An open meeting was held Satur-
dag night at Mishawaka, attended
BY Hobbs and Whitton. Tribes in
st. Joseph county attended, and III
w. VanBuskirk. deputy great sa-
chem. was in charge.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-02-18
DRUID WOMEN
FETE OFFICERS
Eight Candidates Initiated
at Ceremony.

Indianapolis circle of the United
Ancient Order of Druids, the wom-
ems auxiliary, entertained grand Of
ficers at the last meeting. The oc-
casion was the eleventh anniversary
Of the circle.
AS a feature Of the evening, a
class of eight candidates was init
ated by the circle degree team of
eighteen members.
Grand officers present were Mary
Crumbo, Beulah Breeding, Mary
Geider, Wilhelmine j. Resener, Mar
tina Truash, Mollie Clifton, Marie
Hoffman and Lille Fraul.
More than one hundred members
were present. Albert Crumbo, grand
arch of the grand grove of Indiana,
was the principal speaker.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-02-18
NAOMI HONORS
O. E. S.. MATRON
Auxiliary Presents Flag to
Chapter in Cere-
mony.

Naomi chapter No. 131, o. e. S..
celebrated the official visit of the
worthy grand matron, Mrs. Susie
Masters, Friday night, with a George
Washington dinner.
Mrs. Josephine Wishmier, worthy
matron, and G. G. Heller, worthy
patron, dressed in colonial fashion,
greeted the guests and members as
they entered the dining room, which
was decorated with miniature cherry
trees and ferns. Favors for the eve
ming were artificial cherries.
When the guests were seated the
officers of the chapter sang a well
come song to "Our SUSIE" and dur
ing the dinner Mrs. Bertha Meyer
also in colonial costume, came in
carrying an American flag while the
members stood and sang "Tht
Star-Spangled Banner"
Give Flag Ceremony
On behalf of the auxiliary Mrs
| Mabel Fuller presented the chap
ter with an American flag, which
was graciously accepted by the
worthy matron. Mrs. Lena Winans
Mrs. Elsie Gill and Miss June Hefnel
escorted the flag to the east, ane
during the ceremony Miss Alice L
P, Otto sang ITO You Alone"
Mrs. Olive Boyd, grand organist
gave q solo, "The Nightingale" as
Mrs. Masters was escorted to the
east.
The chapter gift to the grand ma
tron was presented by. Mrs. Kathryn
Bortsf1eld, who was in a Martha
Washington costume.
Many Out-of- Town Guests
The titled guests were: Mrs. Susie
Masters, worthy grand matron, Indi.
annapolis; DR.. Herbert Seers, associ'
ate grand patron, Danvllle; Urs
| Seeger, grand chaplain, West Leb-
anon; Mrs. Abbie Hanson, associate
grand conductress, Hammond; Mrs
Blanche Roget, grand secretary, In.
dianapolis; Mrs. Olive Boyd, grand
organist, Franklin; Mrs. Leola La
Monte, grand Ruth, Anderson; Mrs
Daisy Crist, grand Esther, CraW'
louisville; Mrs. Grace Phillips, grand
Martha, Hobart; Mrs. Mabel Garth
ers, grand Electa, Princeton; Mrs
Carrie Lee Jones, grand warder
| West Newton; Mrs. Florence Carr
grand sentinel, Indianapolis; Mrs
Martha zoercher, past worthy grand
matron, indianapolis; Mrs. Lettie
Ferguson, past grand matron, Fit
| Wayne; Edward Barrows, past
worthy grand patron, Indianapolis
Other guests included Fletcher Boyd
superintendent of the Masonic home
at Franklin; Heber LaMonte, Ander-
son; Walter B. Masters, Indianapo-
lis; Mrs. Herbert Sears, Danville;
Mrs. IRA Seeger, West Lebanon
The visiting grand deputies were
Mrs. Louise Hamilton, Muncie, and
Mrs. Hazel Coats, Veedersburg.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1929-02-18
GROTTO PLANS
MEMBER DANCE
Lodge Inaugurates Pro-
gram of Entertainments.

Sahara Grotto will start the 1929
entertainment season Wednesday
night with a membership dance at
the Columbia Club, according to
Walter ~Beauchamp, chairman of
the entertainment committee.
The ballroom will be decorated in
a George Washington effect. The
dance is informal, and admission is
by membership card only.
The committee assisting Beau
champ is composed of
Sam Johnson, Charles Mcdowell, Rob-
ert w. Cook. Howard Deputy, Frank Dietz.
Peter M. Grant, Chic jackson, Robert Kel-
ley. Charles Kern, Elmer Leuke, Jesse NC
Clure. William Roepke. Carl Stauffer. Jack
E. Stone. Louis Sweeney. Raymond Valid
and Charles o. Bucksot.