davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-05-26
PROBE SHORT-WAVE.
!. :. ''SK|P DISTANCE"
So-CaIIed Kennedy Heaviside
Layer Blamed for
Phenomena.

SOUTH DARTMOUTH, Mass. P)-
The mysteries Of skip distance" in
short-wave radio transmission are be-
ing investigated by research workers
at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech
nology field station WlxV, at Round
Hill.
From the experiments some data
have been compiled as to the cause
Of the troubles which short-wave opera
tors have experienced in communicat-
ing with other stations comparatively
close at hand, while at the same time
they have had no difficulty in speaking
to other stations much farther away. 1t
is hoped through cooperation among
stations scattered throughout the
world to work out solution.
At WIKI the skip distance" effect
Is shown in the fact that while trans
hitting on 40 meters at night 1t is
impossible to communicate with Bos-
ton or New York, although Chicago,
San Francisco and even Australia can
be picked up with ease.
Blame Kennedy Heaviside
The so-called Kennedy Heaviside
layer is blamed for the phenomena
This layer, which is possibly IS to
SO miles above the earth and from 80
to 100 miles thick, is ioniZed to va
rious degrees. depending upon condi-
tions, and has the property OF refract-
ing radio ray. The angle at which
q ray from one station hits the layer
is believed to determine the point at
which it is reflected back to the earth
If q series of rays is sent out from
the local station the range varies with
the sharpness of the angle. For in
stance, ray, "a" leaving the trans
hitting antenna in q horizontal direc-
ton, tangent to the earth'S surface,
travels In a straight line until it enters
the lower edge of the refracting layer.
It then is slowly bent and turned
back to the earth, possibly at San
Francisco. ,.-.
From increasing angles of trans
mission the range is decreased, so that
ray "B" may return to earth at Den
yer, ray &c" at Chicago and ID" at
Buffalo. The range decreases rapidly
at first as the angle is increased and
then more slowly until the minimum
Is reached.
Higher Angles Increase Range
II higher angles of transmission are
considered, the range increases as these
rays travel a great distance before they
are curved sufficiently to return to
earth and at high angles may travel
around the earth. For angles near the
vertical, rays are bent little and pass
through the layer and into space.
Conditions in the refracting layer
may affect the return of the rays to
the earth. The height, thickness, Joni
cation density and other characteristics
are believed to vary and as they change
the point at which the ray strikes the
earth moves Thus station may sud-
denly lose communication with another
as the ray shifts and by a change in
the wave of the transmitter, with
resulting change in the angle Of the
ray, bring back the lost station.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-05-26
Here are a few examples to be
found i'm today's classified col
umns advertised with an OK
that Counts" by the dealers
listed below.

CHEVROLET COUPE, $325. Car
in perfect condition. Will accept
terms or trade on smaller car.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
CHEVROLET SEDAN, 1927. Very
good condition throughout. Terms
or trade.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
CHEVROLET COACH, 1923. Looks
and runs like new. Good tires.
Terms or trade.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
FORD TUDOR, 1926. Very good
condition throughout and priced
right. Terms or trade.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
CHEVROLET ROADSTER, 1927.
In excellent condition throughout.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
HUPMOBILE SEDAN, 1925. $450
In very good condition throughout.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
STUDEBAKER COACH, 1925.
1915. In excellent condition.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
CHEVROLET COACH, 1927. $335
Tires, paint and motor in good con-
dition.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
CHEVROLET COUPE, 1923. Good
condition. Good rubber, $3o5.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
CHEVROLET COUPES, two 1925,
both in Al condition. Only $500
each Terms
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
CHEVROLET 1927 IN P ERIAL
LANDAU AL condition. Good
rubber, 1915. Terms.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
ESSEX COACH, 1926. Only $50
and we'll worth the money.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
DODGE ROADSTER, snappy job
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
CHEVROLET COACH, 1923. Looks
like new, $425.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
FORD 1927 COUPE. Wire wheels,
new tires and in excellent mechanical
condition.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
CHEVROLET 1928 COACH. Excel
lent condition. fully equipped. A
bargain at $445.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
CHEVROLET ROADSTER, 1928
This car is equal to new, including
tires and finish. A ride will convince
you.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
1928 CHEVROLET ROADSTER. In
excellent condition in every detail;
see it today. $685..
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-05-26

1927 CHEVROLET TOURING. Elk
cellent condition throughout; just the
Car for Spring; $240
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
1928 CHEVROLET COUPE NateJ.
One of the few being offered i'll SINH
lar condition; has bumpers, spare
tire and other extras. Priced special
at $500, and guaranteed.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
FORD TUDOR, 1927. Beautiful
dark blue Duco finish. Wire wheels,
lock wheel and many other extras.
5 balloon tires.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
CHEVROLET COUPE, 1926. New
Duco finish. 5 balloon tires, shock
absorbers, and other extras. Me
chanically AL. A real bargain.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
CHEVROLET COUPE, 1923. A very
late one, driven by a careful owner,
finish and tires like new. We sim
vite your inspection.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
CHEVROLET LANDAU SEDAN,
1926. Fully equipped. Motor in per-
feet condition. Our price only $285.
Liberal terms arranged. ~
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS.
CHEVROLET LANDAU SEDAN,
1926. Motor completely overhauled
in our shop; paint, tires and up.
holstery far above average; 500.
Liberal terms arranged. 80.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS u
CHEVROLET TOURING, 1925. In
dandy mechanical condition; REIN
ished in new Duco; $l25. Terms ar,
ranged. -. .1''tH
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
CHEVROLET TOURING, 1927. In
wonderful condition. Two nearly
new tires; full equipment; $780,, Lib,
eral terms. vi,
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS I.
1928 CHEVROLET CABRTOLET.
Convertible top, rumble seat, fully
equipped, including Balcrank bump
ers, looks like new and mechanically
perfect. Priced right.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
1923 CHEVROLET IMPERIAL Sc
DAN. Latest color, fully equipped;
Balcrank bumpers, this car is equal
to new and priced for immediate SALE
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
1923 CHEVROLET (red) CABRIO-
LET. Convertible top, rumble seat
and numerous extras. Original paint
and tires like new. See this one
today.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS
1927 CHEVROLET COACH. Paint,
tires and mechanical condition OK.
Slip covers and other extras. Low
price.
WITH AN OK THAT COUNTS,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-05-26
POLITICAL FEATURE
TERMINATES JUNE q
But "Voters' Service" Broadcast
Probably Will Be Resumed
Early in Winter. .s....,...

The second series Of the 'voters SER
vice." a weekly political educational
feature broadcast under the auspices
of the National League of Women Vot-
ers, will terminate June 4. The service
probably will be resumed in the. early
Winter months. So
Thousands Of letters coming from
all parts of the country have convinced
league leaders of the value of 11on-par-
tisan presentation Of important issues
to the radio listeners, says Miss Kathe-
rine Ludington, radio chairman.
With the exception of two months,
the program designed ito present all
sides, to promote none has been on the
air every Tuesday since January, 1928
There have been 50 programs and ;47
speakers. y rs
"The experiment indicated two
things" said Miss Ludington, first
that technique of presentation, program
making and accompanying educational
methods are in their infancy and re-
quire the most intelligent thought and
inquiry; second, that the scientific de-
velopment of education by radio Is con-
ditional on a far more accurate knowl-
edge of the radio audience itself. It's
needs, habits, preferences and make
up.'
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-05-26
McNan1ee
Speaking

, chine age has ever staged, and ind
plenty Of excitement in these great
meets It seems to me that the main
difference between this and horse rae
ing is that this is an overwhelming
spectacle of the moment, while horse
racing touches off long chain Of men,
cries and associations, rooted in senti-
ment and grounded perhaps in early
experiences and desires The two forms
of sport represent widely separated
fields of American interest. I love
them both, and am happy to see them
both prospecting.
Adolph Weissman, 232 Keap street,
Brooklyn, writes me, raising some QueS-
tons as to how candidates for Office can
make the best use of the radio.
do you regard it as more beneficial
for the candidate to make personal
speeches to the country and let his sup
porterS use the radio?" asks Mr.. Weiss
man: "or should he use the radio him
self, and thus reach the unseen audi
ence'?"
have met persons who insisted that
both President Hoover and ex-Gov.
Smith made mistake by personal
broadcasting during the presidential
campaign, but these DIRECTORS are rare
The overwhelming verdict seemed to
be that the last campaign marked the
leading candidates campaigning by ra-
dio, and that this custom has come to
stay.
Holds Same View.
This also is my personal view. Nat
urally the leading candidate can obtain
much larger radio audience and much
greater interest than any of his sup
porters or subordinate candidates. 1t
seems to me that the possibility of
millions of perSons-in fact, virtually
the entire acknowledging able to hear
presidential candidates on the radio is
one of the most important political
events of the last century, particularly
in its bearing on political education.
Educators have told me they believe
the radio campaign of last Fall was of
tremendous educational value. Many
persons are of auditory rather than Wis
ual memory, and their attention and
interest is caught through the air. Ger
tainly, as reflected in the vote and in
public discussion generally, there was
some kind of subSoiling of the national
mind going on last year. believe that
this was due to radio, and that it would
not have been half so effective had not
the two leading candidates engaged in
what really amounted to radio debate.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-05-26
EMIGRATION TIDE
INVOLVES BRAZIL
Trend Changes From U. S.,
With South America Now
Holding Lure.
BY the Associated Press.

BY the Associated PfeSs.
RIO DE JANEIRO, May 25.-The
tide of emigration which for decades
flowed westward across the Atlantic to
New York and other American ports
has definitely set In southwesterly d.
rection.
European steamship companies are
operating larger and faster steamers to
South America than were the pre-war
emigrant carriers of the North Atlantic,
with much better accommodations.
Under these conditions, Brazilians be-
lieve that their country is on the verge
of great increase in population, with
consequent agricultural development.
Brazil Offers Lure.
Brazilian officials argue that by its
climate, its nearness to European mar
kets and its vast undeveloped resources
Brazil today offers to the immigrant the
promise offered by the United States
half century ago. During the century
1920 to 1920 there were $685. 1892 imn1i-
grants received in Brazil, of whom Ital-
ians numbered 1888 Portuguese l.
055,154, Spaniards 510514 and Germans
I3l,441. Since 1900 the largest immi-
grafton year was 1913, when 1922
newcomers entered Brazil.
The southern states, especially Sac
Paulo, Minas Geraes, Parana, Santa
Catharina and Rio Grande do Sui, offer
to the European climatic conditions
similar to his own country.
The federal government does not as
sist immigration at present, but there
q
Rio-Ilha das Flores-where the new
conner is held until his final destination
is decided.
Men of able bodies and with set de-
sires to become successful farmers are
especially desired by Brazil. The i'm
migrants Of this type are welcome
whether they be 16 or go years of age.
Eomcsteads Are Made Available.
They will find inducements offered by
| the states of Rio Grande do Sui and Sac
Paulo for settlement on unoccupied ag-
ricultural lands in those sections. Both
state governments have set aside large
tracts for demonstrating. The price per
acre Is low and the states are willing to
! sell on long-term payments.
| Another factor in the general move
ment is the absence of literacy test.
Brazil is less concerned with the fact
4 tAidb 4IlAlAlASA lAAeAy AASo Nv SAHAN W
read or write than with the fact that
their muscles are we'll developed. that
they are free from disabling or conta-
gious disease and that they have the
will to work.
This willingness to receive unedu-
Gated persons has, however, no applica-
ton to Portuguese, the second most nu-
merous nationality among newcomers
The government Of Portugal itself is re-
sponsible for this state of affairs, il
having recently decreed that no illit-
crates may leave the home shores.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-05-26
FRATERNTTIES
tcontinued From Twentieth page.)

son, guard captain; M. v. Hedgepeth,
guard lieutenant; Stanley Selby, junior
deputy. e. J. Newcomb was appointed
deputy supreme minister of records.
Masters Perry Morton and John MUIR
ply were appointed committee to
arrange for an entertainment to be
given Saturday evening.
Az the last meeting Of Syracusians
Lodge the knight rank was conferred,
the degree team being in charge of
Past Grand Chancellor George E.
Heisley.
Calanthe Lodge will meet tomorrow
evening, Webster and Capitol Lodges,
Tuesday evening; Mount Vernon Lodge,
wednesday evening; Syracusians Lodge,
Friday evening, and the ways and
means committee, Saturday evening
cuse, will meet in the temple every
Saturday evening at 8 o'clock. The
board of directors of the knights of
Pythias Hall Association will meet
June 10.
The grand chancellor, accompanied
by the other officers of the Grand
Lodge, paid a fraternal visit to
Friendship Temple, Pythian Sisters,
met May Is, Mrs. G. Banks, most ex-
cellent chief, presiding. Mrs. Helen
Murphy, Mrs. Grayce Martin and Mrs.
Anna Parsons were initiated. A Moth
er's day program was rendered by Mrs.
Del Sale, Prof. Suthard and members
of the temple. The next meeting of
the drill staff will be held at the home
of Mrs. G.. Wilson, 1921 street north
east, June 4. Friendship Temple meets
every Wednesday evening at Pythian
Temple.
Rathbone Temple, Pythian Sisters,
held its thirty-eighth birthday party
May II, also the grand chief, Mrs.
Danneheil, and her. associate officers
paid her official visit and Grand Chan
cellor Woody and his associate officers
paid fraternal visit. A rainbow sketch
was given by Mrs. Hooper, Mrs. Baum,
Mrs. Marks, Mrs. Etting, Mrs. Kraemer,
Mrs. Simmons, Mrs Trunnell Mrs.
Kirby, Mrs Motyka, and Miss Marks.
Gifts were presented as follows: silver
steak set for the grand chief and COB
lets and sherbets for the grand chan
cellor. Mrs. Motyka, Mrs. Marks and
, Mrs. Hooper also received gifts. Songs
were sung in behalf of the grand chief
and grand chancellor. Little Doris
Kirby recited a poem. Prof Southland
rendered a piano selection. Mrs. SIM
mons, Mrs. Trunnell, Mrs. Berg and
MISS Marks sang welcome song. MoSC
excellent chief of Friendship Temple,
Mrs. Banks, presented the most excel
| lent chief of Rathbone Temple. Mrs.
Berg, birthday present for the temple
Mrs. Berg presented Mrs. Marks and
Miss Marks gold pieces as gifts of ap-
probation. Many out-of-town members
were present.
| The Mothers day celebration was
| held May 10. Mrs. Thornton repre-
| sented the mother; Mrs Hooper re-
cited a poem entitled Mother" and
Mrs. Laura Trunnell sang. Mrs. Schip-
pei was initiated into the order.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-05-26
Music in the Ant Hill,

Perhaps it requires stretch of the
to picture an ant playing
the violin. Yet certain varieties of the
tiny creatures come close to doing that
very thing. Nor do they have to manu-
facture the music producing instru-
a finely-edged lutte fastened to the
abdomen and a plectrum, or sounding
board, so conveniently placed that by
rasping the surface the ants can pro-
duce exceedingly delicate and high
pitched musical notes.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-05-26
Modern Turks Ask
That Old Music Be
Replaced by Jazz

ANGORA, Turkey up. The
effect of radio on Turkeys repu-
tation is getting much space IN
the newspapers here. Modern
turks are demanding that Turk
ish music. which forms the major
part of the Turkish radio COM
pany's programs, be replaced with
iazz and European music.
The plaintive. primitive native
airs are all right, it is argued,
when kept at home. But it is
contended that a foreign listener,
tuning in on STEAMBOAT or An
CORA and hearing nothing but
weird sobbing sounds, gets a
wrong impression.
The ghazi himself has repeat
edly urged his people to re-
nounce "uncivilized" music OF the
old days.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-05-26
ONE TERM TO PRESIDENT.

BEIRUT, Syria LP).-The term of the
president of the Republic of Lebanon
has been fixed at six years and the
incumbent will not be re-eligible under
q recent revision of the constitution.
The right to dissolve the legislature,
provided a majority of the council of
ministers favors the measure, was also
added to the prerogatives of the presi-
dent.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-05-26

(Copyright, l929.l
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-05-26

Auto Races Breath Taking,
or course, this rush and roar of rae
ing automobiles is about the most
breathtaking spectacle which our ma
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-05-26

Northern Ireland now has nearly 49,
600 unemployed.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-13
Negro Problems Will
Be Taught at Workers
School Friday Night

The course in History and Prob
lens of the American Negro" will
begin this Friday evening at $50
P. M. at the Workers School, 1928
Union So. Otto Huiswood, in
structor, is head of the Negro Dept.
Of the Communist Party of the U. S.
A., and has long been identified as
a leader in the workingclass move
ment and in the struggles of the
Negro workers.
The Workers School offers free
scholarships for this course to Me-
gro workers. Already over 30
scholarships have been given to Ne
gro workers who participated in the
recent dressmakers strike. In addi-
ton many members of the Brother
hood of Pullman Porters and of the
American Negro Labor Congress
will have been given scholarships
The Workers School urges black and
v hite workers to take this course to
learn more about the Negro prob
lem in this country; it's significance
for the working class movement;
the struggle for racial emancipa-
ton, class divisions among the me-
groes and the policy of the revolu-
tionary working class movement on
the Negro Question.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-13
Negro, White Workers
to Unite at Champion
'Obrera' Benefit Dance

Another opportunity for white and
black workers to get together soci-
ally will be given Friday evening,
March %, at the Imperial Audito-
rum, 100 w. 10th st. at the benefit
dance for the Negro Champion, Of
fetal organ of the American Negro
Labor Congress, and Vida Obrera,
the Spanish labor paper.
Leaflets for the affair call upon
the workers of all races to show
their working class solidarity by
coming together at the dance and
help break down capitalism stilled
prejudices and race hatreds and to
help build the Negro and Spanish
labor press. "For United Working
Class! For Militant Negro Press!"
are some of the slogans thrown out.
Tickets are now on sale at the
Negro Champion, 1859 w. 1880 St.,
the Spanish Workers Club, SIS w.
113th ST., and the Workers Book
Shop, 26 Union Square. John G..
Smiths Negro Orchestra has been
engaged for the occasion.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-13
Spanish Chorus Sings
SANDING March Here

Latin American workers and peas
ants, together with the workers of
the United States, will be the joint
force which will shatter the power
of Yankee imperialism. And repre-.
sentatives of all countries in the two
Americas will unite next Saturday
evening at the "Sandino Ball" in the
chorus which will sing the new
musical composition, "The SANDING
March,"
Not only men, but Spanish-Amer.
lean women will appear among the
singers Of the popular marching
song, which has been printed on the
circulars Distribute among the La.
tin workers in Harlem.
The ball and entertainment, Of
which the singing is only a small
part as there will be many special
Spanish dances in costumes, will be
held at Lexington Hall, 1O9-111 E
10th ST., and tickets can be OBJ.
tanned in advance from the Worker:
Book Shop, 26 Union Square, the
Spanish Workers Center, 81 w. III
St., at 1900 Seventh Ave. and at the
Negro Champion, 165 w. 1880 St.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-13
10000 Demonstrate Against Primo De Rivera and Catholic authorities MQd
PHONE COMPANY
Gets BIG GIFT
Federal Master Grants
It $4,000 900 More

The New York Telephone Com
pany is invited to raise its rates to
an amount that will bring it $751;
100000 more profit per year NJ the
official statement yesterday of the
special master appointed to report
to the federal court
The master, Isaac R. Oeland, sup
ports the company in all Of its allie
cations, claiming for it that the in
crease will give it only an ; per
cent profit, and that it is now get
ting IL per cent. 1t is generous
to the company in this respect, that
the telephone trust asked only fol
a 100000 increase at this time
and got over three times as much.
A court will have to pass Oh the
report before it is effective.
In all the litigation involved in
successive demands for rate increase
during the last several years, the
company has been uniformly vic
torious. The courts know that mon
ey is always right and the company
is worth S693,312,992
On May 26, 1924, a statutory
court affirmed the action of Fed
eral Judge Knox IN permitting the
company 10 per cent increase in
exchange rates in this city On May
27, 1926, the Public Service Commits
sion allowed the company to raise
its rates so as to produce an addi-
tional S9,111,3 1878, including approx
mately 100000 which was yielded
by the 10 per cent surcharge.
In its 1926 decision the majority
members of the commission fixed
the company's property at S427 069,-
375 in the entire state and its value
in this city at 5000, 233,977, and per-
mitted the increase, which it was
said would yield return of Z per
cent. The minority members of the
commission favored an increase in
rates in the city sufficient to in
crease the net return of the COM
pany by $14,842,683, instead of the
S9,111,378 that was allowed. 1t was
believed that it was the difference
between these two amounts, S5,731,-
sos, that the company was fighting
for.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-13
FLOG RHODESIA SLAVES
Government Act Calls for Youth Torture

JOHANNESBURG, S. Africa (By
Mai).-The Native Juvenile En-
ployment Act in Southern Rhodesia
permits the indentured labor of
children of both sexes under Ia
years Of age. 1t also provides for
such penalties as the flogging of
young boys.
The whips used are of rhinocerous
hide, and there are intervals be-
tween the strokes, "to let the pain
sink in as the white overseers say.
Fifteen strokes and more are usu-
ally inflicted on the young boys. No
medical examinations given before
or after the floggings; hundreds of
the child slaves die under the ordeal
Starvation wages are paid, but
even this is never received by the
indentured slaves, for they are
forced into permanent debt by the
purchase of necessities from the
stores of the companies, which
charge whatever prices they please.
IL this way, the natives are often