Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-09-19

the scholars, then the agriculturists and
stock raisers, and lowest of all in social
caste we're the money-grubbers, the
merchants and the soldiery.
The scholars gave them the motto.
ITO understand is difficult, but to
seek learning, rather than accomplish
ments of practical nature, although
history shows that they were first to
produce some of the greatest inven-
tiens of civiliZation-the mariners COM
pass, guEpowder, porcelain, suspension
bridges, etc.
North of China lies Manchuria. which
was formerly independent of Monaghan
China, peopled by race rude In COM
parison with the people of the Celestial
Empire. China oppressed the Man.
churian neighbor5 until, in 1917, Man
churia, like the proverbial worm"
turned upon her opprsssor and con-
quered the Chinese. For three cen-
turtles the native Chinese were obliged
to shave their heads and wear "pigtails"
in token of their subordination to their
Manchu conqueroTs. This situation be-
gan In the very year that the Mayflower
brought our Pilgrim Fathers to their
first landing on Plymouth Rock, and
through these three centuries, during
ressed, the Chinese Celestial Empire has
been ruled by its conquerors, the alien
Manchus; 1927 marked the end Of the
Ming dynasty-the last Of the native
Chinese and the beginning Of Manchu
rule.
In 1851 came the first Russian envoy
to China. but as he refused to kotow
to the Manchurian Emperor on the
Chinese throne, he was sent back with
out recognition.
The power of the Manchurian En-
peror over his own native Manchuria
gradually weakened. and almost stimuli
taneously there came q clash thrre be-
tween invading Russia, which built
fort on the Amur, and the Manchurian-
Chinese. The first treaty between China
and a European nation was the one
which recognized Russia north of the
Anaur River N689). Throughout the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
Russia maintained claims over all Of
Marehuria, disputed by China.
Protests against Russian pFetenses in
1902 by both Great Britain and the
United States, with the apparent re-
suit that Russia agreed to withdraw her
troops from Manchuria within 10
months. But after that agreement she
professed to remember that in 1896
Russia had received a concession from
China for the Russian Chinese Bank
to build villages and establish garrisons
along the Chinese Eastern Railway, and
when China proved too weak to enforce
her rights against Russia, Japan opened
negotiations directly with Moscow. hop
ing to drive out her Russian neighbors,
but when the negotiations failed, then
came the Japanese Russian War, and
victory for Japan. This added to Japan's
prestige and gave her shadow OF
claim for nFotectorate over Man
ehuria-now about to be asserted. ac-
eording to news from the seat of the
nized by China nor by the powers, in
eluding the United States.
century q spirit Of rebellion against
the Manchurian regime began to grow,
led by the late Sun Vat Sen. Thit
resulted In revolution and the downfall
Of the Manchurian- Chinese Empire IN
1911.
sun Vat Sen felt the inauence of
the same sort of Socialism as became
dominant In the Russian Soyiets. He
reversed the ideal of the ancient classics
and made it express itself In, "To
understand Is diAieult; to achieve Is
Easy u4AN 4AO ksOA11CA 10 tA1S PfooANS
of Western civilization in prosperity and
power, appealing to sleeping China to
adopt q similar spirit Of aiertHess to
the practical things of development.
He denied the ancient fatalisna which
prevented Chinese effort. AS far back
as 1904 he publicly announced his
intent to overthrow the Manehurian
regime and establish q Chinese democ-
racy. Several revolutions have filied the
years since the fall of the Manehus in
1911. reaching climax in the Chinese
labor movement in Hongkong In 1922
against capitalism and in line with the
theories Of Russian Sovietism.
y y y \
In manifesto issued by Sun Vat Sen
in 1924 he declared that "the revolu-
ton OF 1911 was not directed against
the Manchu dynasty as such, but that
its object was the establishment Of .
strong and efficient government which
would liberate the Chinese people from
the deninatinG nfiuenee pt the West