davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Daily Alaska empire., 1929-09-24
AT THE HOTELS

Gastineau
 O. P. Brown; F. L. Hutchins, A. T. Jackson. George Wood, Seattle. John F. Flagg, Hoonah; E. E. Mead, Point Retreat; Harry c. Will lis. Vancouver. B. O.; MT. and Mrs. V. F. Williams.
 Members of the American Legion, from Ketchikali-Artl7ur Thompson yerl J. Groves, Mrs. J. s. Ream, Mrs. c. P. Williams, MT and Mrs. J. F. Talbot, Mrs. J. H. Russell, Mrs. A. Bartholomew, Harriet Rossiter, Mrs. H. L. Hudson, Mrs. c. A. Mor- gan, MT and Mrs. R. A. Bartholo- new, MT. and Mrs. c. L. McGillway, Bart c. LaRue; from Petersburg Mrs. Andrew Johnson, Frederick Nelson, Harold F. Dawes; from An chorage Maurice L. Shoup; frcm Fairbanks-Bill Breslin. Alaskan Dave Foster, Dan Macdonald, Winnipeg; A. s. Schill, Mrs. Olene I Olson, Sam J. Waltz, T. Abamliie Seattle; James H. Johnson, Thomas Matthews, T. N Haines, J. c i Walker, Juneau; D. Rose, Ketchl- kan; Pete Erig, A. A. Fraser, HawR Inlet; c. A. Nelson, Strawberry Point; Cars Beckman; Vernos Kunl Vern Gustafeson. John Campbell B. Angelo, Cordova; A. Schroller Fairbanks.
 Zynda
 Louis J. Walther, EngleWood, N U.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1929-09-24
MARTHA SOCIETY SALE

The Martha Society will hold their annual bazaar November 2lst in the Presbyterian Church. A hot lunch will be served between 12 and D. m. and tea, sandwiches and cake for the remainder of the afternoon. -auV
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1929-06-06

"a flight entirely over
entral and South Ameri-
San An.0nian thinks the air
between Laredo and Mexico
fly wiz be restored sometime in
the near future.
NESTS and the young of black
CONTINUED on page nine.l
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1929-06-06

She vas well known 10 the south
end Of Cameron county from
Santa Maria to Brownsville, and
was noted for her charity and
friendly disposition which earned
for her a host of friends. The &C.
tive pail bearers, selected from
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1929-06-06

neral were handled by Htnkley
Mortuary and the funeral was
attended by persons from all over
the Valley,
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1929-06-06
7i:,y.lille

ranch cah.
known place
Mrs. CavaZh
- IL -
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18
DISTRICT OFFICER
VIII BE SPEAKER
CLUB CONVENTION

Club women of the valley are ur-
gently requested by Mrs. John kay-
anaugh, president Of the county Fed
Grafton Of Women 5 clubs, to keep
March 50 an open date in their 50.
ciai calendars
On this day the county convention
Of women : clubs Will take place in
Cahpatria. beginning at 10 O clock
in the American Legion club house.
Mrs. Earle Davis. county vice
president. who will have charge of
the program, has received word that
Miss Josephine Seaman. newly elect
ed president Of the southern District
Federation and one Of the outstand-
ing club women III the state. will be
present and will bring with her 9th
rr prominent club officials from the
coast.
In view of the presence Of these
distin guishcd visitors ii is important
that as large number as possible
of the local club members attend the
affair.
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18
NOTED JAPANESE
ACRICULTU'RIST
VISITING HERE

Prof. Masayo Pamcechi, instruc
tor in agricultural engineering and
a member of the faculty of the Kyu-
shu Imperial University at Kyusha
Japan, spent Saturday in FL Centre,
in company with officials of the I'm.
perial Valley Irrigation District.
Treasurer r. II. Maddux conduct
ed the distinguished visitor to vari.
Gus interesting points adjacent to
the city in tho morning, In company
with other officials Prof. Pamcechi
inspected the heading at Andrade
and other points along the river, in
the afternoon. He went to Yuma
Sunday to inspect the irrigation in
that section.
Prof. Pamccchi is making tour
of California in the interests of the
university studying irrigation condi-
tions in this country to be applied
later in Japan.
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18
NATIONAL HEAD OF REAL
ESTATE MEN TO BE HERE

Harry II. Culver. of Culver City
and Los Angeles, California, presi-
dent of the National Association of
Real Estate Boards, will be the
guest of the FL Centre Real Estate
Eoard tomorrow night.
The visit is part of year long
speaking tour undertaken to bring
into the closest possible cooperation
local and national action in the
present notable movement within
the business of real estate for
mastery of the economic principles
governing real estate use and cStab.
lishment of sound standards of rCa!
estate practice. Direct contact be-
tween the local board and the Ma.
tional Association is expected to aid
in bringing together the viewpoints
cf various states and communities for
unified advance in legislation Of
vital Importance to real estate.
The national Realtor president is
emphasizing the need for complete
union of strength between Realtors
and property owners looking to.
ward simplification of the laws
governing real estate transfer, the
more equitable taxation for real
estate, and establishment of fun1a-
mental facts upon which to base
stable real estate use.
Uses Airplane
Culver s circuit of visits to mem
bcr boards is being made by air
plane under what is believed to be
the most compact schedule of meet.
ings ever to be arranged by bust
ness group. In the circuit. which has
been grouped into five tolrS,
criss-crossing the country from cast
to west coasts "A number of times
and dipping into Canada and McA-
leo, he expects, through group meet
ings, to confer with PRACTICAL"
every one of the Associations 63S
member boards.
In order to conserve time ana
make his schedule as efficient as
possible, Culver has established his
office in the Stinson- -Detroiter six
passenger cabin monoplane which re
has purchased. for the years under.
taking.
The plane is equipped with J6
Wrighl whirlwind 500 horse-powsr
engine. Its average speed is from
l25 to $50 miles an hour. Culver
during the six months preceding his
taking office as president Of .hc
materials. For open road tests and
at the General Motors Proving
Ground, transmissions were installed
in ears in use for brake and clutch
tests. with the ears stopping and
starting necessarily, so that tl,r
transmission would get the most
severe use. sRA
before production for the new
models WAS begun, tests of the trans
mission had climbed to an cquiva!
cnt of one million ear miles. and be
fore any of them were in the hands
of owners, the total had been raised
TO more than a million and half.
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18
SILENT SHIFT
FEATURED BY
new CADlLLACS

Among all the new features OF
1929 Cadillac and LaSalle ears the
svncro mesh, Elent- -shift transmits
sion is outstanding because of it.
direct and immediate effect on
driving ease. Cadillac engineers say
it ranks in Importance with the
self starter, introduced by the cort-
pany in 1912, and the inherently
balanced crankshaft, produced ii
1928.
Back of its almost uncanny sim
plicity in operation is the story of
a Young man from Oregon who spent
several years in developing an idea,
others in convincing the industry
that the idea was right. and then
more years with Cadillac and Gcu-
eral Motors engineers in making hi,
dream practical manufacturing
possibility.
Another Story Also
There is another story also: that
eff a million and half ear miles
of test for the new transmission at
the General Motors Proving Ground
before it was adopted for use in Il
Cadillac or LaSallc car.
To Earl \. Thompson, until 1872;
4 consulting engineer of Portland,
Oregon, is given the credit fnr
originating the new transmission.
Back in the days when automo-
biles were not the casy-riding.
casily-controllcd vehicles they are
today, Thompson did his bit uf
thinking as to how much better It
would be to have gears a driver
could shift easily and silently with
cut course in higher mechanics.
Consultations with Ernest W. Ssa
holm, Cadillac chief engineer, who
has fathcred many of Cadillac 5
most brilliant pioneering accom-
plishmcnts of recent years, resulted
in the transmission development
to point where it was acceptable
to the company. That is, in diplo-
matte language, it was acceptable
in principle.
Anything so fundamentally inn
portart in motor ear operation muSt
prove itself beyond peradvcnture,
From Cadillac 5 viewpoint, there
was the long and brilliant record of
engineering achievement to be sup
ported and enlarged. While the CONF
pany has pioneered some of the most
basic and radical contributions to
automobile progress, it has never
accepted anything new without the
most severe and cXacting tests and
proofs.
So oXhaustively was the laboga-
tory and test work conducted that
it developed into a threeand-onr-
half ears job. In the mechanical
laboratories transmissions were ST
up and shifted by machinery hun
dreds of thousands of times. Re-
search engineers engaged in metal
lurgic;l tests. Many set-ups were
made varying the composition of
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18
EIGHTH BIRTHDAY
IS GALA OCCASION

Little Miss Geraldine Lamp};ins
celebrated her eighth birthday Sat
urdav afternoon with a 81. Pat
rick : day luncheon. rendered her
10y Mrs. }. Frohley Of South Eight
stree.
The luncheon table was heau..-
fully decorated ii green and gold
with a generous display Of shau-
rocks in evidence.
During the afternoon that follow
"a the children were pleasantly ~
tertained with games and stories
planned by the hostess.
Helping Geraldine to enjcy h'c
birthday were Mildred Lur frohlr.-
Virginia Crosby, Lorah PlcmoAs,
Jacqucliuc Wcigand, Barbara Ruth
Hanson, Stella May johnson, shirley
Harrison Of San Diego, Eohs W.
SON and Gerald Lampkins Jr.
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18
OPERA PROGRAM
rs FEATURED AT
A. A. r. ". MEETING

Imperial Valley College Club, 4
branch of the \. 4. L. W, me
Saturday in HoltvilIc at the high
school. with the Holtviilc club rs
hostcSscs
Luncheon tables were decked in
green and white ir nhS>rVaac" NJ
St. Patrick : day, blending with 4
profusion Of spring flowers.
During the program Arnr ,'.a'
followed n group of Ho!tvillc ma 81
clans gave an interesting opera re-
cital Each soloist selected an opera,
told The plot Of il and either san.
or PLAYED selections from it.
Mrs. Walter RcyroluS sang ''0na
Fine Day from prccini's "Mad-
anne Buttcrfly.' - Mrs. Nola Fen
nitt was heard in a piano solo, 20,
Thou sublime Sweet Evening Star
from :" Tanuhauser tWaguer =.
My Heart at Thy Sweet Voice =
from Saint Sacns' Samson and
Dclilah' was sung by Miss Dorothy
Drchct The Flower Duct fro,a
" Madam Huttcrflv' WAS rendered
by MISS Martha Rycrson and MIS-.
Sue Miller. Closing the program
Wallace Rohlcc PLAYED selections
from III Trovatorc.' arranged fox
piano.
Vt Il business session following
the program, officers for the com,
ing year were elected unanimously
as follows: Miss Regina OMAHA,
Imperial, president; Mrs. Lee Nu,-
fer, Fl Centre. vice-presidcnt; Miss
Sylvia Singleton, Brawley, treasurer;
Miss Lucille Bathrick, Imperial. cor
responding secretary; Mrs. Arthur
Hale, CaleXico, recording secretary
Mrs. John D. Keye, Holtvillc, mem
bcrship chairman.
Vice presidents who viii act IS
heads Of the club branch in each
valley town are: FL Centre, Mrs.
Clarence Smith; Brawlcy, Mrs. Louis
Head; Caloxico. Miss Louise Speiss;
Ioltvlllc, Mrs. L. ]. Smith; Imp
rial, Mrs. #. j. Mccall Jr
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18
LOCAL COUPLE IN
SURPRISE WEDDING

Surprising friends and relatives
here Mrs. Reasic Page and Dunbar
G. Carey slipped away last Friday
and motorcd to Yuma, where they
were married. They returned to the
coast where they spent the week end
in San Diego.
For going away the bride wore a
smart Sports outfit in one of the
new shades Of green. with hat and
accessories i'll harmonizing shades.
Mr.. and Mrs. Carey are at home
in Fl Centre, having deferred their
wedding journey until the summer
vacation.
The bride is the daughter of Mr..
and Mrs Geo. 0. Young of this city
and has wide circle Of friends
among the younger set who will wish
her well.
Mr.. Garcv, who is the son of Mr..
and Mrs. Walter Carey. is 4 sales
man in the employ Of Roy Womaek,
Chevrolet agent. Ec has lived here
from bovhood and Is :; graduate of
the Local high school and Junior col
lCgc.
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18
SOCIETY AND CLUB NEWS
GRAND OFFICER TO
VISIT LOCAL LODGE

Special preparations are being
made hy members Of Oasis shrine Of
the White shrine of Jerusalem. to
receive Mrs. Genevra Little of Pasa-
drna tomorrow night on the occasion
of their regular meeting in Masonic
temple. Mrs. Little is supreme third
handmaiden, a grand officer, depu-
tized by the supreme high priestess
of the order to visit the valley in
her stead. There will also be a
group of visitors from San Diego
shrine.
4 delicious dinner is being plan,
ned to be served at 6:30, following
which 4 large class of candidates
will he initiated. This will be the
last appearance of the present corps
of officers as the annual initiation
will take place at the next meeting.
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18
BRIDGE DINNER AT
b. NJ. GRUWELL HOME

Entertaining with dinner and
bridgc. Mr.. and Mrs B. NJ. Gruwell
were hosts to a group of friends last
saturday evening At their FL Centre
avenue home.
AT tables gaily deeked with 81,
Patrick's day green and aglow with
green candles covers were laid for
Mr.. and Mrs. u. 4. Roberts. DIR. and
Mrs. Z. 0. Carter, Mr.. and Mrs.
Mont J. Reid, NJ. and Mrs. f. II.
Addison. DR.. and Mrs. ". W. Apple.
Mr.. and Mrs. ". ". McEuen, Judge
and Mrs. 4. G. Finnev and Mr.. and
Mrs. Gruwen.
Bridge scores were combined, with
the result that high prize went to
Mr.. and Mrs. Reid. second to DR.. and
Mrs. Garter and low to Judge and
Mrs. FinnCy. ~
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18
RADIO PROGRAM
TO BE GIVEN BY
ALL CHAMBERS

All the chambers of commerce of
Imperial Valley are cooperating t.
make a success of the Associated
Chambers radio program to b."
broadcast over kNO from 6 70 :
Q clock Tuesday evening, March -.
Each chamber has been allotted L
minutes and has arranged to have 4
speaker and a musical contribution
to take up that time. The musical
numbers are to lc varied and prom
Use splendid entertainments The
speakers comprise the best lmperia,
Nallcr talent and each talk will he
4 brief discourse on the city brood
casting.
Jasper l.. Travcrs, president of
the Associated Chambers of Com
mcrcc will talk for few minutes
on the aims and accomplishments Of
the Associated body and Harry
Culver. president of the National
Real Estate Association, has been
obtained for a short address on the
future of Imperial Valley, from It
state and national viewpoint. Culver
is well known for his keen insigh:
and undoubtedly his talk will be
one Of optimistic encouragement.
The entire program. which is be-
ing given through the courtesy OF
the Southern Sicrras Power Com
pany and the Imperial Ice and Pc
velopment Company in their regular
Sunshine Hour, is as follows:
FL Centre, to G:l0: speaker. Leo
Hetzcl president chamber OF com
mercc; vocal solos, Madam"
Kupelian.
Hcber. 6:Io to G:20: speaker,
George d. Thompson, president
chamber Of commerce; musical selcc-
tions
Sccley. 6:20 to $50; speaker, Rev.
J, f. Berry; whistling solo, Jac.;
Berry; violin solo, Helen Rogers.
HoltvilIc, 6:3O to 6:40: speaker,
Mayor ". y. Mccain; vocal SELF
tion>, Russell Bennett.
Imperial, $40 to 600: speaker.
Mayo ". ). Dunn; musical muu
Der, Mrs. b. Anderson.
Calipatria, $50 to :: speaker t.
be announced; vocal solos.
inland, to 40: speaker Thonas
l.. Jones, president chamber of com
mercc' musical numbers.
Rrawley 7:l0 to 7:20: speaker,
Roland Nerboyig; Old Timcrs Male
Quartcttc.
Calcxico. 7:9o to 80: speaker.
Randall Henderson, president chan
Der of commerce.; CaleXico In
imitablc Trio, composed of Mrs. ".
II. Lorcnz, vocal; Mrs. II. +. Zur-
cher, violin and Mrs. H. y. Jarvis,
piano.
Westmorland, $50 to 40: speak.
cr, Walter Collins; vocal solo W. ).
Cummings; original song composed
aud sung by Wcstmorland school
children.
40 to s, Jasper L. Travcrs oud
Harry Culver will give their talks
and the program will close with
the singing Of an Imperial VALLEY
son-.
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18

Association, made four continental
air flights in his own private air
plane which likewise carried office
equipment.
Lieutenant James b. Dickson, who
will be Culver s pilot on the five
tours, was formerly an army avia
tor. He received his training ut
Kelly and Langley Fields.
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18
CLUB SECTION
NEXT THURSDAY

Woman 5 Ten Thousand club viii
hold election Thursday on the orca-
sion of. the regular monthly business
meeting preceding the program to he
presented by the Twice Told Tales
section of rhc club.
Mrs. X. !. Watson will be story
teller for the Twice Told Tales see
tion and other members of the SER
tion viii be hostesscs al tea. follow
ing the program, and for which
elaborate preparations arr being
made.
The Arizona legislature recen.'E
refused TO pass 4 bill allowing Wo-
mon 10 serve on juries.
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18
Social Brevities

Methodist Ladies aid society viii
meet tomorrow afternoon AZ 1.%u
II tn. home Of Mrs. II. c. Jon, :,
693 WcnSley. Mrs. y. \. ContoS viii
have barge Of the program. Nj
members are urged to be present,
San Souci club viii be the gusts
this evening OF Mrs. k. B. Perkins,
6i7 Orange avenue.
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18
Brawley Store
Goes Bankrupt

The entire stock of the Brawlcy
Dry Goods Store, which recent, )
went into bankruptcy, has been
moved to the premises of B. Salomon
4 Company in this city.
The Brawley store was assigned
for the benefit of the creditors and
the stock has been merged with the
stock in the B. Salomon & Company
store by the Bankrupt STOCK
Liquidation, for gigantic close out
sale.
Louis +. Martin has been appoint
ed adjustcr of both stocks and has
been placed in charge of them. The
close out sale of both stocks starts
Thursday. Full information on
prices etc. will be carried in II
double page advertisement in tie
Press Wednesday.
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18

Salmon fishing in tidewatcr clos
cd March and will reopen May !
Stcclhcad salmon have been common
this season at river mouths in Ven
tura and Santa Barbara counties.
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18
Farm Bureaus Of
Counties To Meet

a regional conference of the farm
bureau federations of San Diego.
Orange, San Bernardino and lmpe-
rial counties will take place in Fl
Centre Saturday, March 23, with
delegates from all these counties IN
attendance, according to Scott Is.
Foulds, secretary of'thc Imperial
county bureau.
j. 4. Smiley, director of this re-
gion and member of the state board,
is expected to be present
Programs will take place in the
county court house, luncheon anc
dinner to be served at the Samoyar
tea room The attendance of all
county directors is expected and
there will be about 20 present from
the ncighboring counties.
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18

Owing to shortncss of effective
season, pear orchardists in the Ante
lope Valley, Los Angeles county
will mount highPowcrcd lights or
spray rigs and spray at night.
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18

During January, five cows in
Colorado, under test, produced more
than 90 pounds of butterfat each.
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18
CAR KILLS WOMAN

NIITTTIEE, IaIIf., MHrch J.
UP Katherine Cameron, -,
of Pasadena, was killed and two
Whittier men were severely injured
here last night, when an automobile
driven by Miss Charlotte Swcariu-
gen, lG, ran out of control into Il
Salvation ARMY street meeting. The
injured mon are e. +. Bccbc and
". ". kira patrick.
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18

Hero is a picture Of
our Taylor Road Test
Brake Indicator. The
only real brake tester in
Imperial Valley. Know
your brakes. We have
just recently secured
the services of what we
think is the best brake
man in the valley. Con-
vince Il. otherwise.
Emsco Brake Lining
used exclusively.
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18

Now that the Woman's Ten Thousand Club paid
off their last note - and celebrated the occasion
in fitting manner - it's about time men
got back of FL Centre, and prepared for our
coming expansion.
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18

as 7 OIce yoU S7O and you 0ire me S7O WeH cdH
it squGye.''
SOUNDS like one of these long trade
Especial discount "deaers-price" boys SELL
ing a tire Every tire dealer knows the true
value of the tire he sells = and most of them
know Just what your worn tires are worth
when you're offered more than your worn tires
are worth trade in you can bet the dealer
who makes the offer is getting the difference
SOMEWHERE and its pretty sure that he Is
only one price and that price stands whether
it's cash trade in.
The new GOODRICH DELUXE SILVERTOWN
tire will stand the gaff, = frankly it will last
as long as you will probably drive your
When you buy the car put Deluxe Silver
towns on it you can make satisfactory ar
rangements with your car dealer or direct with
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18

The Pima Farms project near
Tucson, Arizona, has been sold to
Los Angeles capitalists for $1,000
600
Imperial Valley press., 1929-03-18
Hello Folks"
Here We Are Again
BRAIN TESTS

BhAIN IESIS
"Listen! Lend me $50 but only girc me $40. Then
as Olce you $40 and you o,re me $40, we'U call
it sQHGfe.'
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-03-17

Ruler Matthew WE'LL, Judge Leon r.
Yourtee, Hagerstown, Md; Samuel H.
De Hoff, Towson, Md. A. L. Kardester,
Crisfield, Md; Rev. Father Abbott, Oak
land, Calf, and r. H. Rutman, Ash
land, KY. The new members are
Joseph Sandoff, Phillip Martin. William
P. Lockwood and John T. Howard. En-
PERTAINING were George Warthen. ST..
Arthur Pheiffer, Rev Father Abbott,
Jack O'Connell. Arthur A. Riemer, Icy
Cohen, Joseph Crowley, Robert Hoy and
John Lenard Reh.
Maj. G. Eugene Edwards, in command
Of the drill team, calls for six more men
to fill out this unit of the lodge. The
team will be the personal escort of the
newly elected officers on installation
night, April 3. Committee assignment
chairmen for the new lodge year will be
read by Exalted Ruler Fitzgerald. Judge
Robert E. Mattingly, Judge William
Blackman, Fred Whitehead and William
S. Shelby will render the vocal music.
Preparations are being made by the
members to attend the State convention
which will be held in Hagerstown. Md,
in August. A band of 100 pieces will
lead Washington Lodge.
KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS.
Hermione Lodge will celebrate its
sixty-fourth anniversary April 10. The
lodge will confer the Knight rank and
also give musical entertainment.
Among the entertainers will be a duet
by the vice chancellor and keeper Of
records and seal of the lodge.
Rathbone- Superior Lodge will give a
homecoming and welcoming to the SUI
preme representative-elect, Edgar c..
Snyder
The assembly in council, consisting
Of all the Grand Lodge officers, will
meet Thursday evening at the temple
to receive suggestions from the grand
chancellor for the advancement of the
order In this grand domain.
Friendship Temple, Pythian Sisters,
met Wednesday, Mrs. c. Banks, most
excellent chief, presiding, the occasion
being the nineteenth birthday ami
versary OF the temple. Grand Chan
cellor Herman A. Woody made his Of
f1cial visit, accompanied by his officers
The grand chief of Virginia, Mrs. Addie
Dannehle, aAaO made her official visit
Remarks weEe' made by the grand
Representative Edgar Snyder, Su-
Baker, most excellent chief of the
Fredericksburg Temple; Mrs. Berg, most
excellent chief of Rathbone Temple;
Mrs. Turner, j. M. Kline, one of the
originators Of the Pythian Sisters in
the District of Columbia, and Mrs. Cur
tbs, daughter of one of the organizers
Of the knights og Pythias.
Presentations Of gifts were made by