davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-01-10
Iu Mrtttnrtattt.


HARRIS. BEATRICE VIRGINIA. IN 81
Is 0vi HaRR fg0ry n. Of Resrsd rso
sfs TO- i isss. O"' year "'' ''0"''
is no death An , sn s.r to. .rs.a
AND FEARS e our 1n best rIo loved s'H ones away
And then we call them dead.
He leaves our hearts all desolate.
He plucks our fairsss' : sweetest novms'
A00'" Immortal 00"sSTHE FAMILY.
HORTON; NJ: q. In m n,d%.I,T Of n ssr:.
years ago today, January 10, 1875.
The one we loved has some to rest
The hands that always gave us help
Now lie in deaths cold chill.
How sad today our troubled hearts.
How dim our eyes with tears,
For death has robbed US OF the one
HER DEVOTED DAUGHTER AND sIs-
MILLS. JULIA 4; In loyinE rsmsmsrsncs
departed this life two years ago today
January 10. 1927.
A mother dear has gone before.
In safety reached the better shore,
No more to pain or sorrow bear
19 DaHaHrE RHuq shIz sc6 oF ASb bA Es-
MONTGOMERY. MARY AGNES. In sad but
% SsRs sGsps e Who
uary 10. 1919
When I am alone and silent
I breathe deep regret.
If all the world forsets.
1t matters not which road take.
know that God viii some time Join
HER e. DE PEEeEED DAUGHTER ooRISsr
SHEPPARD. JOHN b. In loving rsmem.
HS Of gEF dss %So e es s one yar
ago today, January 10. 1928.
What happy days we once enjoyed,
When we we're all together,
But. oh, how changed 1t all Is now,
Since you have gone forever.
Some may think We are not lonely
When they see US smile.
Little do they know the heartache
That we suffer all the while
HIS LOVING WIFE, KATE, AND DAJGH-
TER. HATTIE
SHORTER. PRISCILLA. A tribute Of love
and devotion o 70 tse meH1Ez q Nso
entered into rest January 10. 1901.
Oh. sweetest word that LANGUAGE ever knew,
Which love and peace and duty whisper
oh. magic name that wakes to life again.
In many lonely heart an olden strain
Slips over lips bereft and pale with care;
Oh. joyful rame that little children shout!
On, fragrant name, IKE roses IOunu 6ooust
All, beauty smiles and music echoes through
This sweetest word that language ever
A"'"' Mother"
HER DEVOTED DAUGHTERS. ALICE ".
AND MARY E. SHORTER.
sPARRoUGH. LOREN MELVILLE. In sad
but loving remembrance Of my dear hus-
band, LOREN MELVILLE SPARROUGH,
who departed one year ago today, January
10, 1923.
Some may think am not lonely.
When at times they see me smile;
Little do they know the heartacheS
That suffer all the while.
LOVING WIFE. MARY NJ. SPARROUGH.
loving father, so good and kind.
No friend on earth like him We ind.
Sad was the hour of that unhappy day
When God called our dear father away:
LOVING SONS, RICHARD AND Ed
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-01-10
JAIL IMPROVEMENT
FUND IS DISCLOSED
Arlington County Has $11, 900
Raised by Special Levy Two
Years Ago, Reports Treasurer.
Special Dispatch to The Star.

Special Dispatch to The Star.
CLARENDON, Va, January 10
There is fund of approximately $11 900
in the county treasury for Jail improve
ments. E. Wade Ball, county treasurer,
disclosed today, following recent criti-
cism of conditions at the Jail by Mrs.
Pearl E. Loude, who spent brief time
therein on contempt of court charge.
The fund was raised by special levy
about two years ago, it was learned,
It's disposition being left to the discre-
ton OF the board of supervisors. The
money cannot be used for any other
purpose and how the board proposes
to spend it could not be ascertaired.
commemorative Attorney William C.
Cloth, Sheriff Howard B. Fields and
Tailor Harry woodward, have agreed
that conditions at the Jail are deplor-
able, and are of the opinion that erec-
ton of an entire new structure. costing
approximately 100000, is the best way
to solve the problem. To raise such a
sum. they say, bond issue would be
necessary
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-01-10
HIT Mrntnriattt.

BAKER, FANNIE. BROCK. MARTHA. In
sad bSt 9ynx e. ro
parted this life ten years ago today; jan
uary 10. 1919. and my dear sister. MARTHA
saocs ago T ebay deRa1ssa ' s
TER, FANNIE SCARBOROUGH.
my dear mother. ' VIoiET r. LUCAS &c ' Brent
who departed this life one year ago today
January 10, 1928.
NY life is lonesome,
My heart is filled with pain.
! feel like ! will never know
oh, mother; smile on me from s heaven.
That I may meet you. mother,
Some sweet foN Sfy; b b ga PEi MARY (.
BRENT. VIOLET LUCAS. In sad but low
VIOLET LUCAS BRENT, who departed
1928. O
When We are alone and silent
We breathe deep regret,
For you were ours, and We remember
If all the world forgets.
Dear mother. it matters not which road
How dark or lonely it may be.
We know that God will somewhere join
The road that leads to thee.
HER FFzz L3yINd DAUoHrERs ANNIE AND
son, JAMES EMBREY. who left us 10 years
ago today. January 10. 1919.
Dear SON. it matters not which road We
take,
How dark or lonely 1t may be.
We know that God will somewhere join
The road that leads to thee.
MOTHER AND BROTHER.
HAGEMAN. LAWRENCE LEE. In sad but
loving remembrance of our dear nephew.
LAWRENCE LEE, who departed this life
suddenly one year ago today. January 10,
1923.
Though his life is ended.
Memories will forever lineer on.
AUNT RITA AND UNCLE FRANK q
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-01-10
Uarns uf TlrankH.

KENNER, DOLA A. wish to extend my
sincere thanks for the beautiful floral
the school, relatives and friends and
public in general in my sad bereavement
at the death Of my daughter. DOLA A.
KENNER HER MOTHER.
LYDIA T. We wish TO ex-
press our thanks and appreciation to
friends and relatives fer the kind sym
pathy and beautiful floral tributes at the
death of our beloved mother. LYDIA L.
SAtALLWOOD. TIE CHILDREN. .
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-01-10
PARIS TO BAR TRAINS.

PARIS R.-Removal of all street
cars and most autobusses from the
Paris streets and creation of a vast
system of fast electric rail lines radi-
ating for Is miles into the country Is
the official plan Of the city.
This is q 30-year program, 70 cost
$100,000.000, prepared by the city's
transportation director, Jayot. and APP
perts and city authorities.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-01-10
HEAVY TROUBLE!

Argument Between Colored Pair
Over Weight Lands One to Jail.
Because he only weighs 1875 pounds,
while his friend" weighs 215, Wash
ington Renson. colored, today found
himself convicted Of disorderly conduct
and faced with the alternative of pay
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-01-10
ARLINGTON DRIVERS
HEARING DELAYED
Two Auto Victims in Hospital Es-
sential Witnesses in Case of Youth
&.
Whose Auto Killed One.

Wnose AUTO KII1eQ One.
Special Dispatch to The star.
CLARENDON, Va. January TO-
Preliminary hearing Of Norwood Estes.
10 years old, of Ballston, held on a
tentative charge Of manslaughter, as a
result of the death of Mrs. Frances
Bowbeer, II, of this place, who was
struck by his automobile Tuesday eve
ming, was postponed today until Janu-
airy 81 by Judge Harry r. Thomas.
Estes was released under $4,000 bond.
PoStponement was ordered because
Miss Pauline Newton and James L.
Searles. who were also struck by tho
machine, and are at Georgetown Uha-
versity Hospital are essential witnesses.
1t is said they are improving today.
B. II. Swain, county coroner, said today
he would hold an inquest January 81.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-01-10
BLAST INJURIES MAN.
Heat From Kerosene Torch Blamed
for Explosion.

Explosion yesterday afternoon of a
steam cylinder at the Hawk Welding
Co., 1914 Wisconsin avenue, when the
heat from kerosene torch ignited cum
ulative gases, was responsible for slight
injuries to George Burgess, SO, of 1928
Massachusetts, avenue southeast, who
was working on job nearby.
The explosion sent a rain Of iron
fragments over the shop, from which
Burgess and companion narrowly eS-
capped serious injury, according to the
foreman. Burgess was removed to
Georgetown Hospital.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-01-10

JOHNSON. ETHEL A. Departed this life
january 8, 1929, at her residence. 637 Q
st. NV. ETHEL A. JOHNSON Remains
resting at the funeral parlors OF ADAMS
Morrow & Harris. New Jersey ave. ana n
st. NV Notice of funeral later.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-01-10
Dratha.

BEAVERS. SAMUEL RICHARD. On We'd
nesday, January 9. 1929. at his residence,
Sill M st. ne. SAMUEL RICHARD. be-
loved son of the late Joseph and Carrie
Beavers. Funeral from the chapel of
Frank Geiers Sons Co., ll13 7th st. NV,
on Saturday. January IL, at $3.50 am.
9 O'Clock. Relatives and friends invited.
Interment Congressional Cemetery. IL
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-01-10
ing a IS fine or serving five days in

jail.
Renson and his friend" started an
argument as to which weighed the most
yesterday at the fish wharf. When the
fish scales showed Renson to be the
lighter of the two men, the argument
was expanded to include the accuracy
of the scales.
During the debate loud and profane
language was employed, which attract
ed Policeman N. j. Nealon to the wharf
and led to Renson's arrest.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-01-10

day. January 8. ls2s. at Providence Hos
pital. MARGARET CECILIA WOOD (nee
Funeral will be held from her late resi-
dence. SIS 18th st. ne: on SATURDAY. jan
uary IL. at $50 an; thence to Holy Com.
forter Church, where mass will be said at
am. for the repose Of her soul. inter-
ment in Mount Olivet Cemetery. IL
WOOD, WILLIAM p. On Thursday. January
10. 1929, at Providence Hospital, DR.. WILL
LIAM P. WOOD, beloved husband OF Amy
MCGEE Wood. Remains resting at the
chapel of j. william Lees Sons 332 Penn
sylvania ave. NV. Notice of funeral later.
YANCY, OLIVE. On Monday. January 2:
1929, OLIVE YANCY, devoted brother OF
Yancy. Funeral Friday. January II. at
Norella, Va Remains resting at the w;
Ernest Jarvis Co. funeral parlors, 222z
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-01-10
Rirth.

BURKE, ROBERT r., Jr. On Wednesday.
January Q. 1929. to Robert 3. and Marion
Richards Burke, a son, ROBERT B.
BURKE, Jr.
Seward daily gateway., 1929-10-21
PRESIDENT J0INS IN PAYING TRIBUTE
 TB0S. 4. EDISON
WOOD BURNING LOCOMOTIVE TAKES PARTY TO HISTOR
 ICAL VILLAGE

DETROIT, Oct, 21, P)-Com- ing to join in paying tribute to Thos. A. Edison, President Hoover arrived at Dearborn at 9:28 in a drizzle of rain which began be- fore dawn and continued thru out the day.
 The Presidential party was transferred from the Capital special train to a train of the style of 1879 drown by a wood- burning locomotive.
 Aboard this train the President was taken to the historical vil- lage to be greeted at the quaint old station by MT. Edison and Henry Ford and their parties.
Seward daily gateway., 1929-10-21
REVOLVER DUEL
 BETWEEN BANDITS
 AND SEATTLE NAN
DAUGHTER SAID FATHERS LIFE HAD BEEN THREAT
 FINED

SEATTLE, Oct, 21, Fatally wounded in a revolver duel with two armed bandits, August Cir olins died last night in the City hospital two hours after the shooting affray
 Gilbert Showalter, 38, bandit suspect, was critically wounded Before he died Cirolins said two men held him up near a parked automobile and told him to get into it. When he refused one shot him but he grabbed the re- yolver and shot in return.
 Showalter was found a block and one-half from the scene. An element of mystery entered the case when two revolverS were found at the place. The mans daughter said her father carried pistol as the result of death threat by an enemy.
Seward daily gateway., 1929-10-21
FATHER AND SIX
 CHILDREN FOUND
 DEAD. APARTMENT
BOILING WATER EXTINGUISH- ED GAS FLAME DURING
 THE NIGHT

NEW YORK, Oct, 21, (P)-A pan of water over an extinquished gas jet on a kitchen stove caus- ed the deaths of father and six children; three daughters and three sons, as they slept in their apartment.
 Walter Cavanaugh, 42, a private chauffer, failed to report for work at the garage kept by his employer and car called at the apartment house to see if he had over-slept.
 A neighbor investigated and found Cavanaugh and the child dren dead. The children were Ethen, IT; Catherine Is; Rose 13: Thomas II; George g; Walter Jr. 8. Their mother died seven years ago. The only surviving member of the family is a daughter, Mary, 20, who lived away from home.
Seward daily gateway., 1929-10-21
PANTAGEs MIGHT
 TAKE STAND TODAY
 MOST VITAL LINK
SEVERAL OTHER DEFENSE WITNESSES TO APPEAR
 AT REBUTTAL

LOS ANGELES, Oct, q, (P)- That Alexander Pantages might take the witness stand late to- day was indicated by the defense attorneys following a conference at which it was decided to short en the case as much as possible
 The several other witnesses re- maining to be heard will be brief in their testimony. Pantages is expected to be the last witness for the defense after which the state will put a number of rebuttal witnesses on the stand
 The case is expected to reach the jury by Thursday night.
 The Fridays testimony for the theater man was said to be the most vital link in their chain of evidence in combating the alleged attack story of Miss Prin- gle. Pantages is expected to con- tradict her testimony in every detail to build up the defense contention of a 'frame-up" and conspiracy.
Seward daily gateway., 1929-10-21
WOUNDED BROWN BEAR TURNS AND
 KILLS FORESTER
TWO MEN WERE CRUISING TIM BIER WHEN SUDDENLY CAME
 UPON BIG BEAR

JUNEAU, Oct, 21, (P-Jack Thayer, with the U. s. Forest Ser vice since 1925, died at Eliza liar Dor from wounds inflicted by an enormous brown bear which att tacked him near the beach We'd nesday afternoon dying that night. The body reached here, accompan- led by his assistant, Fred Herring.
 Thayer and Herring were tim Der cruising when they came sud- denly on the bear. Herring was unarmed and climbed a tree but Jack wounded the bear with rifle shot.
 Herring later found Jack with his left side, head and neck torn, the stomach open and the flesh on the hack of his legs stripped. The arms and hands were pierced by the bears teeth
 Thayer was B years of age and his parents reside at Rainier, Ore. He was a World War veteran
Seward daily gateway., 1929-10-21
SENATORS ACCEPT
 DELEGATION POSTS
 AT ARMS FARLEY
SELECTION OF OTHER MEM BERS DEFERRED ITEM
 PORARILY

WASHINGTON, Oct, 21, (P- Secretary Stimson announced, in behalf of President Hoover, that Senators Reed Of Pennsylvania, and Robinson, have accepted posts as members of the American del- egation to the London arms par ley in January
 The Secretary said that Borah had been asked to serve but he found it impossible to accept
 It is possible, the Secretary added, that the selection of the other five or six members of the American delegation will be de- ferred until the compromise sit uation is more general known.
Seward daily gateway., 1929-10-21
ITALY WILL CELEBRATE
 GOLDEN LIGHT JUBILEE

WASHINGTON, Oct, q, R)- Italy will join America in paying tribute to Thomas A. Edison on the 5Oth anniversary of the invention of incandescent lamp when Milan begins a celebration October 21.
 There will be a week of feting, ending on October 28 with the ob- servance of the seventh anniver- sary of the advent of the fascist party, known as the march on Rome"
Seward daily gateway., 1929-10-21
FINAL ARGUMENT IN BRIBERY TRIAL
 NOW UNDER NAY
FALL WALKS UNAIDED TO HIS SEAT IN COURT ROOM:
 IS STRONGER

WASHINGTON, Oct, 21, R)- Final arguments in the bribery trial of Fall started when Pom irene. special government coun- sel, told the jury they must de- rermine whether the $10O,OOO obtained by Fall from Doheny, Was a loan or not.
 Fall who arrived a few minutes before court opened, walked into The room to his chair. For the last week he had been wheeled ro his place in an invalid chair. He was supported by attendants out appeared stronger that at the start of the trial
Seward daily gateway., 1929-10-21

Hunters returning from the Ke- mai peninsula country claim they saw numerous eviden es of wolves.
Seward daily gateway., 1929-10-21
SOVIET PLANE AT
 OAKLAND: GREETED BY GREAT RECEPTION

OAKLAND, Oct, 21, (P-The Russian plane Land of Soviet" spiralded down to perfect landing at BIO Saturday af- ternoon from Vancouver, Wash. 500 miles away
 The plane landed amid the cheers of thousands and hyms of Russian choirs, and shouts in Russian Long live the Soviet fliers" Crowds rushed the plane and attendants said they had seen nothing like it since Lind bergh's first visit following the Paris flight.
Seward daily gateway., 1929-10-21
LONGEST DEATH FALL

NEW YORK, Oct, 21, (P)-The body of man, crushed lifeless, crashed to the pavement on Wall Street in front of 61 story bank building, 725 feet high. Pol lice believed the man fell from the top of the building and if this is true it is the longest death fall ever recorded here.
Seward daily gateway., 1929-10-21
CAPT. H. ). H|NCKLEY
 DIVISION COMMANDER
 COAST GUARD, SEATTLE
MOBILE, Alabama, Oct, 21, (H

MOBILE, Alabama, Oct, 21, (P) Captain H. D. Hinckley, com mander of the coast guard cut ter Ponchartrain, with Mobile as his base, has been appointed division commander for the coast guard at Seattle. Addison, now stationed in Alas ka, will succeed him. Comman- der Addison began his naval service in 1900 as a cadet en- sign; in 1903 he was promoted to the grade of Junior Lieut. enant; in 1904, lieutenant; in 1909 lieut.. comdr.;; and in 1920, commander.
Seward daily gateway., 1929-10-21

The s. s. Alaska is off the Alaska run until February 15.
Seward daily gateway., 1929-10-21

Arrivals from the Kenai pen insula country report that the snow is unusually deep through out the entire region, in some places being IS inches deep while in the hills there are drifts as deep as four or five feet.
Seward daily gateway., 1929-10-21
FAILED OPEN PARACHUTE

BELLINGHAM, Oct, 21, (P- Ed Mills was killed when he be- came frightened as he started 9 parachute jump and failed to open the chute as he plunged to death.
Seward daily gateway., 1929-10-21

The Seward City Council will meet this evening at 8 o'clock in the council chambers, in it's sec ond regular meeting of the month.
The Washington times., 1929-09-16
Lehigh Team Shows
Favorable Progress

BETHLEHEM, Pa, Sept. 16.-
Football matters began to shape more
definitely at Lehigh University yes.
terday when In the closing part of
the practice session Coach Tate Sc
lected ayeteran aggregation with Art
Davidowitz. star back for two sea-
sons, being groomed. ait quarterback
Bob Harris, punter, and Bob Ben
nett. the haIfback, and Van BIa.
room. fullback. The latter was in.
iured in blocking practice and it is
feared may be suffering with a
fractured shoulder blade.
Another formidable quartet som.
posed of Allen Ware, fSS.pound
South Jersey athlete. quarterbacls:
,cueehler and Piokney,, lhaIfbaclxs'
and 1utehi1Eon. f1llback.
The Washington times., 1929-09-16
-ONG, LINGERING WORLD SERIES FEAREI
Football Camps

CAMBRIDGE, Mass, Sept. H.
Harvard win today begin football
work in preparation for the 1929 sea.
son. Seven players who started the
game against Yale last fan will be
in Coach Arnold Horween's squad,
In addition to three OF the first sub.
stitutes and two letter men from
1927.
NEW HAVEN, Conn, Sept. 16.--
Seventy-five stalwarts were SEIZED.
uled to report to Coach Nal Stevens
on Thompson Field today as Yale
launched preseason football. Stevens
chief task viii be to develop a back
field, five stars having graduated.
PRINCETON, N. j., Sept 16.-
Five first.string men will be in the
squad o. football hopefuls scheduled
to report today to Coach Bill Roper.
Prominent candidates for Princeton's
1929 edition are Trix Bennett, Dave
Lowry and Doug Levick.
FARMINGDALE. N. Y, Sept. Is.
New York University's squad faces
its most severe week of training.
Coach Meehan's plans calling for
scrimmages on Tuesday, THURSDAY
and Saturday.
WEST POINT. N. z, Sept. 1s.-
Coach Biff Jones will send his ARMY
squad through its first scrimmage
Tuesday.
The Washington times., 1929-09-16

Bluege submitted to this operation
several weeks ago, going under the
knife after a lay-off occasioned by a
swelling in the injured member. He
is now we'll on his way to recovery
and already is looking forward TO
1889.
Il figure I'll be off my crutches
within "a week but. OF course, III
play no more this year, Bluege de-
elared today ITS sure thing Ill
be back on the job. in 1880, however,
and better than ever"
Ossie. was dismissed from
Emergency Hospital recently at
ter being pronounced Okay. Time
alone. ID needed to bring him
into fatfle again and he Is wait.
ing patiently for his knee to
mend. 50
1.-THE club physician tells me that
my knee will be better than ever
after this operation" he continued.
This means that / can go to my.
left or right without fear.
1T will be a great relief to cover
my territory with the knowledge
that / can take chances without
hurting myself. When fellow
has to watch himself on every
play, his work naturally suffers.
From time to time I've caught
myself favoring my trick knee ON
difficult tries. And believe me
that doesn't help bit when you're
hustling after ball."
Ossie first twisted his knee In
the fall of 1928. Though it was
put into. cast at the time it has
never been right since and given
him plenty of trouble Internationally.
Not until this year, however,
has II kept him inactive to any
degree. Two times prior to his
recent operation he was forced
to the sideIines for an indefinite
period When he twisted IL for
the third time In Chicago some !.
time, ago he returned To the
Capital and the operation WIS
planned. M
Waiting for the fluid to subside.
he rested his knee for five.week
stretch. And when he went under
the knife this precaution reacted
in his favor.
1t is the opinion OF the club
physician and Mrs. BIuege,. "a med
.ical student herself. that Ossie win
Improve greatly as a result of this
move and will come into his own
when another season rolls around.
Since the studious hot corner
guardian is one around whom the
1890 combination will be built,
Washington fans Rsa. whole are
roofing for q thcrcuRh recovery.
The Washington times., 1929-09-16
LOUGHRAN GAINS
BOXING AWARD

HARYEY's LAKE, Pa, Sept. 1s.
Tommy Loughran, Philadelphia
heavyweight, is today the most
popular and valuable boxer in the
ring.
Yesterday the handsome Tommy,
with his family looking on, was
presented the big silver belt EN-.
blematic Of value and popularity.
The choice. is made annually by
jury of rs of the country's leading
boxing officials, Of which Mayor
James ]. Walker, Of New York, Is
chairman.
This year Loughran won with 20
out Of "a votes, exceeding the vote
given Gene Tunney last year by
two votes.
The Washington times., 1929-09-16

Paul PI'ehn, of Champaign, ILL.,.
president -of the association board
and former chairman of the Illinois
commission, made the official at.
tack in giving his annual report
this morning.
Prehn's recommendations regard
ing the two champions in question
declared, that unless the convention
decided to recognize Bat Bat
tallno, of Connecticut, as an ac-
ceptable featherweight contender in
MS sheduled bout with Routis Sep
TENDER %, he asked that Routis be
refused further recognition as cham.
pion,
In the case Of Sammy Man.
9eIl, Rockford Qll.) lightweight
KING. Prehn moved that Man.
delFs manager, Eddie Kane, be
permitted to state his case be-
fore the convention. However,
ne asserted, 1t Is his belief that
unless name can produce bOnI
Ilde contracts for q titular fight
the N. b. A. Is justified in ceas-
ing TO recognize MandeIl as
lightweight champion.
Routis- and Manden are in dis
favor, according to Prehn's report,
because Of their alleged failure TO
aplue -oy the associations ruling
requiring champions to defend their