davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-09-29
Model Italian School at Milan Develops
Progressive System of Teaching Children

harvesting and sale of the product.
The cash accounting provides lessons
in arithmetic while other processes
teach chemistry and other sciences.
The first five grades O. crate "class
gardens" for which they keep books and
handle the proceeds collectively. Be-
ginning with the sixth grade each pupil
has his own garden plot and everything
Is handled by him, under supervision OF
the teacher, from choice of vegetables to
be planted to sale Of the produce.
Many of the class meet out-cf-
doors-near the gardens and wheat
fields, the beehives, chicken yards, pig
pen or in the room where thousands OF
silkworms are feeding. The relationship
between teacher and pupil Is Of q COM
radely sort rarely found In the conven-
tional italian school.
Girls Care for Babies.
Perhaps the most novel class is that
of the upper grade girls, who have full
responsibility for the care of q dozen
babies whose mothers are unable to
nurse them and are employed in near
by factories.
Parents of these babies pay for the
care given by the school. The honey,
cccoons, butter, eggs and garden prod
uce, as well As the dresses, statuary,
iron and woodwork made by other
classes are sold and books kept Of ex-
penditures and receipts. At the end OF
the year each pupil le.- rs how much he
has earned. The proceeds are not dis
tributed in cash, however. The upper
grades 60 on fortnight's excursion to
some interesting part Of Italy which
they have been studying.
Story Of PizzigOni.
Nothing less than genius was re.
quired to create such school In Italy.
And craftsmanship of high or6.rr alone
permitted this original undertaking to
flourish under the political vicissitudes
of the last 20 years. After 40 years OF
teaching, Signora Pizzigoni Is a vivacl-
Gus, dynamic personality beloved by her
teachers and pupils and honored by the
community.
IT wanted to 60 on the stage" Sig
nora Pizzigoni told me. MY mother
wouldn't let me and I was forced to
become o teacher. At first hated
the schools. They were SO drab. so
prisonlike. so hopeless. I rebelled.
Since had to be in them, ! determined
to make them places Of Joy and adven-
ture. BY 1907 ]. bad outlined the school
wanted to conduct. Nowhere in the
world was there one like it and my
friends thought was cracked. But by
1911 persuaded an amiable supervisor
ID let me experiment with the first two
-Exades. I had to fight to carry those
pupils through the higher grades, but I
love fighting. Finally I got an eight
grade school and two years ago We
moved into this splendid plant. Now
can turn It over to another and write
the books I have long planned"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-09-29
BY DIR. LEONID sTRAKH0vsKY.

TT WAS one morning In the pic
turesque city of Tiflin, former cap
ital Of the Georgian Kingdom and
Il at that time the main town Of
the Russian Caucasus and the
residence Of, the viceroy.. personally
named by the Gear. The Evivanj
Square was full of color and noise, as
1t was market day and Georgians. Ar
menlanS, Turks, Ossetins, Tcherkess
and half dozen of other Caucasian
tribes came to the city from the plains
OF the River Kura or the mountains
that surrounded Tifiis like q solid stone
ring, in order to sell the product of
their farming, cattle raising or home
industry and to make purchases In the
town.
The merciless sun already was get
ting high and its beams heated the
air, the stone walls of the houses. the
macadam Of the pavement. Sheep
were bfeating, oxen moved lazily and
the sound Of bells hanging from their
necks was drowned in the chaos Of
languages that filled the large square.
In the only shady corner Of the mar
ket handsome tall Georgians were SELL
Ing beautiful daggers and sabers, elab-
orately decorated with silver and gold
In this group stood q solid-looking
man, whose thick black mustache
spread over the upper lip and nearly
covered the whole mouth. He was
talking to an old Tcherkess, who had
participated In the Caucasian wars
defending the independence of the
mountain tribes against the invasion
Of the Russian armies under the COM
mand Of the fiery and resolute Gen.
Ezmolov. A few steps away from this
group a blond man, looking foreign to
this southern crowd, sat silently at the
entrance Of little Turkish cafe. The
time was nearly 10 am, and the
heat became more intense every minute.
Procession Appears.
Then from the sunny corner Of the
square o procession appeared. Sur
rounded by q mounted guard, vehicle
driven by two horses made Its way
through the market. It was q wagon,
painted dark green, with small, barred
windows. 1t had the imperial crest
painted on its sides. and 1t was trans
porting millions in banknotes from the
railway stations to the state bank. But
the Erivanj Square and was ready to
engage itself into the narrow street
that led up the mountain slope to the
great white building of the state bank,
suddenly, one after another, four ex-
plosions shook the lazy, hot air Of that
morning, and In q second the wagon and
the whole corner Of the market was
enveloped in heavy fumes from smoke
bombs. Panic-stricken. the mounted
guard blindly opened fire in all direc-
tions, women screaming, men shouting,
sheep bleating and the cracking of rife
and pistol shots. Then the smoke
screen faded away, and the stupefied
guards beheld an open and empty
wagon, one of the men that were within
1t killed, the other wounded. the whole
market place stirred up and fleeing as
on the day Of the great Tifiis earth
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-09-29

pating in the conference having previ-
ously pledged themselves to make nc
increase in their protective duties over
three years and not to Impose new
protective duties or create new. i'm
pediments to trade" over the same
period.
It is seen how the above resolution
mesheS In with the idea OF an economic
United States of Europe and how reali-
cation of its proposals might furnish
gauge of the practicability OF the latter.
OF the development ION the side" dur
ing the period Of the Assembly's session,
of Brands project of a European as
ISOLATION, chiefly If not entirely eco.
nomic. have discussed sufficiently in
q previous issue. It is o matter OF
which we are destined to hear much
in the coming year.
6. The Assembly adopted q resolution
calling for the convoking by the Council
Of another international economic con-
ference. tOf this am not so Sure).
z. The Assembly voted acceptance Of
the proposed amendment to the World
Court statue, which embodies the res
ervations attached to our Senate's reso-
luton of adhesion TO the statute.
8. The Assembly appointed COM
mittee to frame q convention proposing
financial aid by member states OF the
League to q member state which should
be q victim of aggression: report to be
made to next years Assembly.
8. Not the less certainly for lack OF
precise action, the Assembly promoted
the cause Of genuine disarmament AND
smoothed the path for the So-long de-
layed disarmament commission. The
disarmament committee of the Assembly
wisely forbore to submit instructions
for the preparatory disarmament com
mission, or rather, Lord Cecil wisely
Withdrew his resolution proposing In
structions to that committee, including
the Injunction to consider, In the
framing of q draft disarmament con-
Vention, the question of trained land
reserves and that of war Cand) stocks
He had gained his main point by max
ing 1t quite clear that the British Labor
government considers itself unshackled
in respect of disarmament questions by
the declared policies of its Conservative
predecessor. This manifesto was one
Of the most important developments OF
the Assembly sessions and ] repeat that
there is nothing to prevent raising the
questions of trained land reserves and
war stocks In the preparatory disarma.
ment commission or the disarmament,
conference. They will. be raised, with
wanion."
10. In his speech at the opening Of
the Assembly Mr.. Macdonald declared
that his government was ready to take
great risks for peace" ] think 1t may
properly be said that the Assembly In
general showed q responsive readiness
and that the claim that the late As
sembly was the most productive and
constructive" of the 10 Assemblies Is
well founded.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-09-29

TT 10 the age -eId question,
asked at the side Of every
bier.
And what can one say in
answer to It?
Every one Of US 10 taught in
childhood to believe in God and
an after life.
I remember, when ! was be.
ginning to read and think a
little, il occurred to me that,
though ! had been told there 10
q future life. nobody had ever
given me any proof.
So industriously ! set to work
in the public library to read the
works Of the greatest men who
ever lived and find proofs for
myself. r.
And I remember how, slowly
at first, then faster and faster,
I turned through one wise mans
book after another. "Surely this
one will know" ! said to myself;
cor this one; or this"
And suddenly the bitter truth
flashed over me. They did not
know, any more than did. All
their proofs were not proofs at
all. In all history there had
never lived a man wise enough
to prove Immortality. Almost
everybody believed; nobody really
knew.
II was q discovery that left
me helpless at first; then slowly
out Of my hsiplsssnsss ! began
to evolve q little system Of my
own.
"Ths world just happened"
say some men. "It created itself
through the operation Of natural
laws"
But who or what established
the natural laws and set them to
operating?
When you can dump load Of
bricks on q corner lot, and let me
watch them arrange themselves
into q houss-when you can
empty q handful Of springs and
wheels and screws on my desk,
and let me see them gather
themselves together into a watch
1T will be easier for me to be-
iieve that all these thousands
Of worlds could have been
created, balanced, and set TO
moving in their separate orbits,
all without any directing in
tslIissnes at all.
(Copyri
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-09-29
BY CARROLL BINDER.

A dun-colored COW, a dozen babies
aged from 6 months to years, some
beehives, a wheat field and a room full
Of mulberry leaf-chewing silkworms are
important teaching materials in the
best elementary school in italy at Milan,
which is also one of the outstanding ed
ucational undertakings of the present
day.
Alert European educators 60 to the
United States to study the schools of
Winnetka, Gary, Detroit and other pro-
gressive American communities. Far
from content with the results thus far
obtained, the Americans tour Europe
In quest Of new ideas and new methods.
scouts include Italy in their investiga-
lions. But in Milan is a school and an
educator as progressive" as anything
to be found in America or England.
Signora GiuSeppina PizZigoni has been
doing, in this bustling italian industrial
and commercial city, education pioneer
ing in no way inferior to that of Will
liam Writ and other disciples of John
Dewey at Gary and In other American
communities. Doing 1t for 19 years, too.
visited the "Scuola Rinnovata" In
the Ghisolfa quarter Of Milan-a work.
ers' district on the outskirts of the
scity-before I interviewed the creator
Of this school. The creation was as
fascinating AS the creator. One was
seiected in the other.
- Platoon System Used.
I thought was back in the United
States when I beheld the handsome red
brick buildings constituting the "Scuola
Rinnovata." Their like is to be seen
in Ravinia and other northshore towns.
The interior of the buildings was remi-
niscent of progressive American schools
wide corridors through which trooped
children going from one class to- an
other (the much discussed platoon sys-
tenn, brightly colored pictures, repro
auctions of famous bits Of sculpture.
benches or (where there were desks)
desks designed to save the eysight and
aid the posture of the pupils. The cur
riculum, too bore many resemblances to
a progressive American, school.
There were the machine and carpen-
ter shops, the printing plant, the foun-
dry, the kitchen and sewing room, the
dining room where the teachers are
served by pupils for practice lessons.
the gymnasium and music rooms. And
here was something which probably
exists in no other public school in this
part of European indoor swimming
pool with swimming lessons as part OF
the curriculum.
The mild Italian climate enables
Signora PiZzigoni to offer her 400 pu-
piis education by experience" which
I have never seen in any other public
school. The children raise fields OF
wheat as an educational project. They
are responsible for the entire process
from preparation and rotation Of the
srops and fighting Of plant pests to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-09-29
Galway Still Enforces
Mixed Bathing Rules

In many irish seaside places mixed
bathing is countenanced, and especially
in the neighborhood of Dublin it is the
rule rathe.' -;Mn the exception, but in
Galway the regulations strictly prevent
it-and Galway is a great bathing resort.
The Galway County Council was be-
sought to relax the rule in order to
satisfy members Of families wishing to
battle together, but the attempt failed,
the council explaining that such q pro-
posal was too advanced for Galway.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-09-29
BY HENRY w. BUM.

THE following Is brief summary
/ Of the Anost important news OF
the world for the seven days
Il ended September %:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1929-09-29

CONTINUED on Eighth Page
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-12
SOVIET STATE
FARMS GROWING
Act as Education
Centers

MOSCOW, (By MaiI)-On the oc-
casion of the tenth anniversary of
the publication of the decress pro-
viding for the organisation of State
farms, the press publishes the fol-
lowing data:
In 1928 there was in the USSR 2,
AGO States farms with total area
of 2,293,0O0 hectars in 1885. The
sown area of the Soviet farms am
ounted to 1,057,0OO hectars in 1928,
against $4,000 hectars inn 1926. In
1928 the State farms had 236,000
heads of big horned cattle against
in 1926. The number of sheep in
creased during these two years from
10000 to 941,000.
At the present time the State
farms control over thousand en-
terprises working on raw mater
ials produced by the farm. They re-
nder considerable aid to the sur
them with breeding cattle improved
seeds, etc.
The number Of workers employed
in the State farms has also been
growing, having increased from 210,-
900 in 1926 to 100000 in 1928.
This year the Government appro
priated SO million rubbles for the
further extension and development
Of the State farms.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-12
RECOGNITION OF
USSR UP AGAIN
U.S. British Rivalry Is
Seen Forcing Issue

WASHINGTON, March 11.-That
the question of recognition of the
Union of Socialist Soviet Republics
will have to come before the Senate
soon, is the opinion of Senator VIM.
E. Borah, stated today to certain
acquaintance.
Borah, as chairman of the foreign
relations committee of the Senate,
and an administration man, now
chief protagonist of the Kellogg
pacts, has considerable knowledge of
the intentions Of the administra-
ton. He has for years been in
favor of recognition, and now points
out that the U. S. S. R. is this year
the second largest customer of the
U. S., but that England is making
great efforts to take over the trade
now going to American firms.
The struggle between England
and U. S. for the excellent light
petroleums of the U. S. S. r. is made
more severe by the agreement just
signed by the British owned Royal
Dutch Shell combine with the Soviet
Union oil trust. 1t is Borah's opin-
ion that recognition is forced by
these circumstances. Hoover has al
ways been an antagonist of the u.
S. S. R., and has freely circulated
the most absurd scandals against
the workers republic.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-12
SUPPORT SUMMIT
TEXTILE STRIKE
N.T.W. Speakers Talk
at Newark Meet

Demonstrating their solidarity
with the striking Summit silk strik-
ers, $50 workers met under the aus
pieces of the National Textile Work
ers Union and the International La
Dor Defense at the Workers Progress
sive Center, SO Mercer ST., Friday
night. Martin Russak, of the Ma
tional Textile Workers Union, and
George Hamway, recently released
from jail, were the chief speakers
and Irving FREEMAN, of the Newark
branch of the International Labor
Defense, presided.
Outlining the history of the Sum-
nit strike, Russak stated that it
was called in connection with the
Paterson general strike of October,
1928. Although many of the strik-
ers had never been connected with
a trade union previously, he de-
clared, there was a splendid spirit
of militant struggle against en-
croachment of the textile masters.
A meeting called by the discredit-
ed Associated Silk Workers Union
at Summit yesterday proved COM
plete failure due to the counter
meeting called by the National Tex
tile Workers Union. John Pippan,
Italian organizer, announced pick
ct demonstration at Summit for this
morning. The Summit Strike Com
mittee of the National Textile
Union is planning series of picket
ing demonstrations throughout the
week.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-12
DEFY POLICE To
TAKE BACK SHOP:
DEMANDS ISSUED
Want 3 Cents More Per
Hour; Fight Overtime

PARIS, March 11.-Three thou
sand workers in the airplane motor
factory, Gnome ct Rhone, in Paris,
have been locked out as result of
dispute over wages and hours of
work.
The workers demanded wage in
crease of 70 confines (about 8
cents) an hour. The directors of
the factory categorically rejected
the demand and demanded instead
that the workers work overtime.
The workers refused to accept the
terms. insisting on their own de-
mands and when the employers de-
clared a lockout they refused TO
leave the plant. Despite the fact
that police were called in by the
employers, the workers remained in
the factory until the end of the day.
They have turned the lockout into
a strike and refuse to come back
until their demands are met.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-12
Indian Workers Affiliate to
League Against Imperialism

Protests against imperialism and
resolutions against speed-up and
the use of the police and military
against strikers marked the pro-
ceedings of the All-India Trade
Union Congress at its convention in
Jheriah last December.
The total membership of the
unions affiliated to the Congress
was placed at over 100000, and the
more intensive organization activity
of the preceding year was reviewed
at the convention. Of the unions
affiliated to the Congress 10 unions
were railway unions, 7 in the tex
tile industry, 3 seamen, 6 clerical
and press employees and transport
other than railwaymen and seamen
Mining, engineering, iron and steel
and telegraph had one each and
general labor ten.
The Congress voted to affiliate
with the League Against Imperial
ism and protested the arrest by the
police of Jack tombstone, American
labor leader and representative OF
the League Against Imperialism
who was fraternal delegate to
the convention.
Among the most important resolu-
tons passed by the convention was
a resolution protesting the use of
the military and the police against
strikers, a resolution condemning
the trades dispute bill, and resolu-
ton against affiliation with the re-
formist international Federation of
Trade Unions with its center al
Amsterdam. The convention decided
that should the trades dispute bill
which would create government ar
bitration machinery for the settle,
ment of strikes, go into effect a gen.
eral strike would Immediately be
called by the Congress.
When the matter of affiliation to
the reformist Amsterdam interna-
Secretariat to participate in its con-
vention it was decided to defer affi-
liation. The invitation of the rev.
dictionary Pan-Pacific Trade Union
Secretariat tparticipate in it's con-
ference in Vladivostok next April
was also rejected owing to the re-
dictionary officialdom's power, but
it was decided to call an Asiatic
Labor Conference in Bombay in
April.
Other resolutions passed by the
convention were: protesting speed
up and low wages, demanding adult
franchise, an eight hour day and
forty-four hour week, minimum
wage, sickness and unemployment
insurance, old age pensions and
weekly payment of wages.
Jawaharal Nehru, leader of the
cleft wing" nationalists, was elected
as president of the Congress and
Secretary JOSH was reelected.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-12
UNIQUE LAKE IN USSR
NeV Discovery of Great Scientific Value

of salt water in which live many
varieties of sea life. From the elev-
enth meter to the bottom of the
lake there is dead zone contami-
mated by the extremely putrid gas,
sulfurated hydrogen, a by-product
of dead organic matter, which bub-
bles out of the lake bed and is dis
solved by the water.
In this very curious lake, the low
est forms of animal life, bacteria,
seem to have constituted them
selves as guardians of the world of
the living. Between the second and
third layer there is living blanket
Of scarlet bacteria, whose function it
is to destroy the sulfurated hydro
gen from the dead zone, and pro-
tect the living above.
Owing to its great scientific
value the Soviet Government has de.
clared the region of this lake pro-
hibited territory and has forbidden
all fishing there
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-12
VATICAN PACT
TIES WORKERS
Concordat Makes State
Religion Catholic
(By "Inprecorr")

From the Italian Frontier, (By
MaiD The reports of the agree
n1ent between the Vatican and Mus
soiiri have placed most stress upon
the formation of the so-called "Vati-
can State" whereas the most i'm
portant feature of the agreement
was the conclusion of the Concor-
dat. This Concordat which contains
45 articles, regulates the relations
of the church and state upon all the
most important fields of public life
and strengthens in every respect
the influence of the church in Italy.
Mussolini has promised to fight
against anything which might con-
tradict the holy character of Rome"
This declaration can of course cas-
lily offer a new excuse for new per-
secutions of the proletariat should
the latter not respect this "holy
character" Further, the Catholic
religion is expressly recognized as
the state religion in Italy.
The Catholic church is entrusted
with the work of soul-saving in the
army.
Especially significant is the fact
that this Concordat recognizes the
Canonical Law as supreme in mat
tiers of divorce, etc. The Italian
state recognizes the civil validity of
church marriages and recognizes all
the decisions of the clerical courts
In marital affairs, such as the in
validating of marriages, etc. The
result of this will probably be the
abolition of civil marriage and the
introduction of the compulsory
church ceremony.
Religious instruction has now been
extended from the elementary to the
higher schools in order to bring the
whole of the youth in Italy under
the influence of the church. The
confessional schools and the Cath
ole universities are recognized as
equal to the state universities. There
are already signs that this Con-
cordat which makes such sweeping
concessions to the priesthood, will
meet with resistance within the fas-
cist ranks.