davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-18

"When we contemplate such trans
formations we must always distin-
guish: on the one hand, between the
material changes in the economic
conditions of production, changes
which can be watched and recorded
with all the precision proper to nat
ural science; and, on the other, the
legal, political, religious, artistic, or
philosophical forms lin word, the
theological forms) in which human
beings become aware of this con-
f1ict and fight it to an iscae.
"Just as little as we form an
opinion of an individual in accord
ance with what he thinks of him
self, just so little can we appraise
a revolutionary epoch in accordance
with its own consciousness of itself;
for we have to exp in this con-
seriousness as the outcome of the
contradictions of material life, of the
extant conflict between social pro-
ductive forces and productive rela-
tionships. No type of social struc-
ture ever perishes, until there have
been developed all the productive
forces for which it has room; and
new and higher forces of production
never appear upon the scene, until
the material conditions of existence
requisite for their development have
matured within the womb of the old
society.
"That is why mankind never sets
itself any tasks which it is not able
to perform; for when we look closely
into the matter, we shall always
find that the demand for the new
enterprise only arises when the ma
terial conditions of existence are
ripe for its successful performance
- or at any rate have sbegun to
ripen.
"In broad outline we can describe
the Asiatic, the classical, the feudal,
and the modern (capitalist) forms
Of production, as progressive epochs
in the economic development of So
ciety. Bourgeois relationships of
production are the last of the antag-
onistic forms of the social process
of production"
The materialist conception of his
tory, or Ito put the matter more
precisely the extension of material
ism to the domain of social phenom-
ena, filled the two chief gaps in earl
Ter historical theories.
For, in the first place, even the
best of such theories attended only
to the theological motives of the his
torical activity of human beings;
they made no attempt to discover
the origin of these theological mo-
tives, or to grasp the objective con-
formity to law in the development
of the system of social relationships,
or to discern the roots of these So
cial relationships in the degree of
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-18

ings that determines their existence,
but, conversely, 1t is their social CO.
istence that determines their con-
seriousness. At certain stage of
development, the material productive
forces of society come into conflict
with the existing productive rela-
tionships, or Ito express the matter
in legal terminology) with the prop
erty relationships within which they
have hitherto moved.
"1hese relationships, which have
previously been developmental forms
of the productive forces, now be-
come metamorphosed into letters
upon production. A period of social
revolutions then begins. Concomit-
antly with the change in the econo-
mic foundation, the whole gigantic
superstructure is more or less rapid
ly transformed.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-18

COW until the spring of 1924. Semyo-
nov tells that Buzheninov worked all
this time with heat thai resembled
delirium. He actually starved. He
said that once he slept in a tomb
in the Don Cemetery. Women, of
course, he avoided. And on his bony,
rounded shoulders he still wore the
same Red Army coat, bullet-riddled
and covered with brown stains, in
which he had once been found in
the steppes of the Pugachov district.
In the beginning of April Buzhe-
ninov had nervous breakdown.
Semyonov made room for him on
couch. At that time Buzheninov
received letter from home, and
read it very often, as if it were writ
ten in a language which he could
understand but little. The letter
excited him very much. Several
times he said that he must go home
for a while, otherwise he would
never forgive himself. 1t was ap-
parent that his imagination was
overweight.
Semyonov collected money among
their friends and bought Buzheninov
a railroad ticket. Two days or so
before his leaving a party was ar
ranged to celebrate the spring, at
that party Buzheninov somewhat
drunk and in extreme excitement,
told his friends a remarkable story.
His story is told here exactly as
it was heard by his friends who had
completely filled Semyonov's room,
on that evening when beyond the
open window, over the roofs of Mos
cow, over the narrow streets striped
with advertisements, over the anci
ent towers, over the transparent
branches of the bouleva- d lindens,
flowed blush twilight, and the spring
moon, disdained by the poets of the
entire Union, stood, a narrow and
icy sickle in the evening desert.
Ito Be Continued.)
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-18
T. Wewashed IN 1aS Death But Witness Sticks to Story Told to DaE
COSSACk BILL
PASSES Ohio
STATE SENATE
Special Police to Be
Used in Strikes

A bill to establish a state con-
stabulary in Ohio has passed the
Senate of the Ohio legislature with
only six dissenting votes and is now
pending before the House Commit
tee on Highways. The American
Civil Liberties Union has called upon
it's Ohio friends to fight the meas
ure. Particular exception is taken to
the provision which makes it pos
sible upon order of the governor to
use state troopers in industrial con-
flicts.
"This is intended to meet the op-
position to the state police as strike
breakers" the Union points out.
"But in fact it does not. Our ex-
perience has shown that such a
restriction, which appears in use =:
the police in strikes with the in
evitable invasion of the civil rights
of the strikers.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-18
Govt HIRELINC
wins BY FRAUD
IN FREE STATE
Arrests, Intim idation
Elect O'Higgins

DUBLIN, March 17.-Thomas
O'Higgins brother of the assassin
ated Kelvin O'Higgins, won the
North Dublin bye-election today and
thereby removed probability that
the Government might fall imme-
diately.
The vote was very close, 24,445 to
1924, and charges of government
fraud and intimidation of voters are
freely made. Only 81 per cent of the
electorate dared to vote.
In O'Higgins' election the govern
ment sought support in its campaign
against the alleged gunman menace
of juries which try to convict Re-
publican rebels.
The government has revived the
"cat and mouse" tactics reminiscent
of the British suffragette days, ar
resting scores of suspects without
charges, holding them while, and
then releasing them.
The government had launched sew
eral attacks against De Valera Re-
publicans. The latter group denied
knowledge Of any gunman conspir-
acY
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-18

development of material production.
In the second place, the earlier
historical theories ignored the work
ing masses of the population, and
historical materialism first made it
possible to study with scientific ac-
curacy the social conditions of the
life of the masses and to trace the
changes in these conditions. In the
best event, pre- Marxist. sociology"
and historiography gave an accumu-
lation of dry facts, collected in frag-
ments; and supplied a description of
isolated aspects of the historical pro-
cess.
Marx pointed out the way to- a
comprehensive, an all-embracing
study of the process of the genesis,
the development, and the decay of
social and economic structures;
showing how all opposing tendencies
could be combined, and could be
brought into relationship with pre-
else determining conditions in the
mode of life and the method of pro-
Continued on Page FiUe)
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-18
POLICE
JAIL MANY IN
RED SPY RAIDS
Cloaks Terror Against
Communists
(Rcd Aid Press Service)

NtCH [1uL TCSS DGI UtCS/
BFkLIN (By Mail. At the pres
ent time the Latvian police are d.
voting the greater part of their
time to a widespread campaign
Against the Communists under the
CLOAK of an anti-spy action.
The spirit which is being propa-
gated is similar to the occurrences
in the hel,igerent countries at the
beginning Of the war. In this case
the enemy is the Soviet Union arI
the "spies" are Communists and
evolutionary workers in general.
The Latvian newspapers report
daily new arrests and searches. The
spy" organization is supposed to
have its central committee in Riga
end branch organizations in Libau
and other towns in Latvia. The
leader of this organization is said
to be P. Chrutzki, who has been ar
rested and is alleged to be the rep
lesentative of the Communist Inter
rational. Chrutzki is said to have
maintained connections with British
regiments and with the naval har-
Dor in Libau. Two young men, the
I9-year-old Anton Krilovitch and
Ivan Trofimovitch,. have been ar
rested on the Lettish frontier. They
arc said to have maintained rela-
tions with Soviet Russian authori-
ties.
The usual forged passes" and
"large sums of money" together
with instructions, ETC., have all
been found" by the police, as is
Usual in such cases. New arrests
have been made in Riga, Neuhoff
and other towns.
It is quite clear that the whole
affair is nothing but mass attack
Upon the Communists, similar to
ether attacks in other countries, and
that the spy" scare has been raised
in order to make the work of the
police easier and to incite public
opinion against the Communists.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-18
WULF INSISTS
He SAW DICKS
HIT SCHNEIDER
Hint at Trial Suicide"
Might Be Murder

A concerted effort was made at
the grand jury hearing. which abb
solved the I. r. T. from RESPONSE
bility in the death of Herman
SCHNEIDER, Bronx tailor. to make
Frank Wulf, principal witness
against the I. r. T. and the city
police, deny that the company de-
tectives had beaten SCHNEIDER, as a
result of which he was found hang
ing in his cell in Morrisana Jail.
The grand jury proceedings,
which snacked much of maneuver-
ing by the I. r. T., resulted in the
complete withdrawing of the COM
pany and its system of thuggery
and the city police force which was
implicated.
WuLc told the same story to the
Daily Worker reporter after the
hearing as he first told Immediately
after the incident which resulted in
the death of SCHNEIDER and which he
repeated again before the grand
jury. He related the facts of the
heating, told how one of the COM
pany thugs hit SCHNEIDER over the
head with his fists and how later
they beat him in the change booth
with the telephone. The grand jury
completely absolved the thugs of
the beating and officially buried the
case.
Startling evidence was given by
the prison keeper, Wulf declared.
The prison keeper said he cut the
belt on which SCHNEIDER was hang
ing in the cell. When he cut the
belt, the body fell on the bench di-
rectly under it and the question
arises whether the bench was far
enough removed from the bars from
which he was said to have hung
himself to have actually led to his
death.
Wulf was drilled for one hour
and % minutes by the grand jury
and an effort was made to have him
say that he believed SCHNEIDER had
committed suicide. Wulf, however.
stuck TO his theory that SCHNEIDER
had either died as a result of the
injuries from the beating, or had
hung himself, having lost his mind
as a result of the mishandling and
threats.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-18
EN- ERGENCY FUND

CONTINUED from Page Onc)
Friend, 50; NJ. Wrtso, SOC;
H. Borenstein, Soc; ]. Cor
don. soc; Berenstein, 25c;
S. Moslen, soc; Mrs. Green,
25c; M. Filtzman, 81;
Horowitz, 81; NJ. Shapiro, 81;
A. Adler, So; Davidson &
Raskin, 50; S. Smeliansky,
SOC; NJ. Storkin, 81; I. Levin,
81; I. Rosenthal, 81; S. So
wa, Csc; L. Bookman, 81;
Clara Horowitz, SOC; r. Hin
german, SOC; Mrs. Summerd,
SOC; A. Elcom, 25c; M. Levy,
Soc; Mrs. Furst, 25c; H.
Gold, 81; S. Komer, 81; E.
Nasatir, 81; S. Loober, SOC;
M. Naidetch, SOC; M. Shultz,
81; ]. H. Clayman, 25c; Co.
gan, 25c; A Friend, 25c;
Becker, Csc; J. Relin, 35c;
Turtchinsky, soc; Abel, So. 47.6
Sent in by G. O'Hanrahan,
Seattle, Wash. .......... %,
Dist. Is, San Jose, Calf. -. 200
Collected by Lyrus Chorus
Banquet, Kenosha, Wise
NJ. Vepreansakas, 81; A. Bu-
bel, soc; A. Dicios, 81; F.
Dement'S, 81; W. Matazin-
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-18

Pugachov district, a Red Army
transport crawled through miles of
mud. Around it the brown steppe
overhung by wet clouds; in the dis
lance as dim as the three hundred
year-old sadness of Russia, a slit of
light over the edge of the steppe-
and propped telegraph posts on the
side of the road. 1t was the autumn
of 1910.
The mounted vanguard accom-
panying the transport ran into the
signs of fresh battle in this windy
desert: several dead horses, an over
;urned wagon, half-score of human
corpses without coats or boots. The
Vanguard, casting side-glances, would
lave passed by, but the commander
suddenly turned in his saddle, and
pointed his wei mitten at a tele-
graph post. The vanguard stopped.
Propped against the post sat a
man with scarlet face, immobile,
staring at the arrivals. From his
shaver skull hung a bloody rag. His
baked lips moved as if he whispered
to himself. Apparently he was
making terrific exertions to rise,
but he remained sitting as if he
were made of lead. A red star was
sewn to his sleeve.
When two horsemen leaped heav-
lily from their mounts and walked
toward him, slipping in the mud, he
began to move his lips rapidly, his
moustachless face wrinkIed, his
eyes widened, white with horror and
anger.
II don't want to, I don't want to-"
this man murmured hurriedly. go
away, don't hide it. You don't
let me see it. To the devil with
you. We have destroyed you
long ago. ;. Don't stamp before my
eyes, don't bother me. There,
again. . From that mound over
the river. :. Look, you white guard
dogs, turn around. You see-the
bridge in the centre of the city-the
arch--the distance between-three
kilometers. Made of air? No,
no, that is aluminium. And the Ian
terms in an arc on the thinnest of
posts, like needles. :"
The man was in delirium from
spotted typhus and seemed to mis-
take his own for enemies. They
could not find out from him to what
detachment the ten men who lay
by the roadside belonged. He him
self had remained alive only because
during the engagement he had lain
wounded in the wagon which they
row saw turned upside down.
THEY placed him in a wagon
filled with oats. in the evening
they bandaged his wounds at the
Bezenchuk station, and sent him on
to Moscow with the nearest sanitary
train. His documents were in the
name Of Vassili Alexeievich Buzhe-
ninoy, born in the province of Smo-
lensk, twenty-one years of age.
This man remained alive. To-
wards spring he recovered, and in
the summer he was sent to the front
again. With hundreds of others
like him, Buzheninov entered and
left the ruined cities of the
Ukraine; Id in rut groves and
.lcyry orchards in Sal 'otinC forays
against tae Whites and the Creeas;
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-18

sat on starry nights near campfires
above the Don; pushed through the
mud in the steppes under the au.
tumn wind that howled dismally be-
tween the ears of his horse and
along the telegraph wires; struggled
in fever in the white-hot sands of
Turkestan; marched under Perekop
and into Poland.
He remembered all this after
wards as if it had been dream:
the hand-to-hand fights, the songs
of the hungry belly frightened with
the Red Army belt, the half-ruined
freight cars rushing across the
plains, the roofs of villages aflame
ON the horizon, his comrades, now
singing and carefree, now insanely
angry in battle, now quiet with ia
tigue and hunger. His comrades
like the posts and trees that run by
a train, disappeared from his mem
ory, from his sight, went "home"
into the earth. There were no in
dividuals in those days, there were
only brothers. There is that little
brother who has wrapped his feet
in pieces of carpeting in place of
shoes, dragging porridge from the
pot in such a way that the muscles
roll in your jaw, and in the eve
ming, see, he lies with his face down,
his cold fingers stuck into the earth.
That is why those years came to
the memory like a dream.
hNY information about the life OF
"A Vassili Alexeievich dissolves in
the mist of those years. He was
not i'll, he was not wounded, he re-
ceived no leaves of absence. Once
Semyonov met him in a frontier
town, in tavern, and spent sew
eral hours in hot discussion over q
bottle of moonshine. Later Semyo-
nov said the following about that
meeting:
81 graduated from the same school
with Vassili Buzheninov. He was
one year ahead of me. He entered
the school of architecture in sixteen
and the engineering school in sew
enteen.
"In the tavern we began to re-
call the past. Suddenly Buzheninoy
sprang up and grimaced. why
should we turn over the past? Let's
speak Of something else. A hundred
years have passed since then. I re.
member how my grandmother back
home in the province split each
match into four for the sake of eco
nomy,-made four boxes out of one
Look at that economy now. Two
and half thousand locomotives lie
useless on the scrap-heap. l ask
the war IS ended,-does that mean
that we have to split matches in four
again? There is no return. Throw
all that is old on the scrap-heap.
Either we will 60 to the devil or we
will build on those places where our
brothers are rotting, build wonder
full cities and powerful factories,
plant blooming orchards It's for
ourselves we are building now \.
And if for ourselves, then it must
be in real way, in big way y
.
AFTER the dcn'o5li2at.cn Vassili
- Alcxsicvich entered Ike achool Of
architecture c-a.n and was in MOI
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-18

skas, soc; j.. Uskansas, 81;
G. Seleikis, SOC; j. Uzusie-
mis-, zoe; B. Blisky, 81; A.
Salads, soc; C. Kiselis,
Soc; A. Lirnik, SOC; A. Va
balinslSis, 81; j. Rack, SOC;
F. Ratskanskas, SOC; G. ST.
mananskos, SOC; H. Straut-
man, ST; V. Marusivicus, 81;
]. U2usienis, soc; P. Sprin-
dis, SOC; collection, $2.10.. 1916
Fl u n 6 ari a n Workingmen's
Home, Cleveland, Ohio. 100
international Branch, Bayonne,
n. j. ................. 100
Collected by Bertha B. Fish
man, Bronx Samuels, 81;
M. Schwartzman, 81; M. P.
Marks, 81; Natkowitz, 81;
j. C. Castartz, 81; Spector,
81: B. Roller, 81; r. Miller,
81; E. Eisman, 81; Faber,
81 NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS.. 100
Hung arian Workmen's
Home, Newark, N. J....... 100
Workingwomen's Educational
Club, East Chicago, Ind. 100
Workingwomen's Club, Nash
wauk, MINI. ............ 9.4
Branch 6, Sec. S, Bronx. ..... N
Section l, II, City .......... SO
Sent If by a group of progress
sive and revolutionary wom-
en- to celebrate International
Women's Day, Canton, o.. so
j. Kicula, Youngstown, Ohio. so
Muline, Unit Z, S. S. "a, City so
Max w. Todd, San Francisco. 40
Collected by John Gera, Rose
dale, Md.-Mr. and Mrs. J.
Gera, $1.40; O'Heimke, Csc;
G. DorA, SOC; H. Boeckmann,
25c; C. Wihig, 25c; R. ST.
billie, 25c; G. Godwyn, 25c;
P. Leidtar, 25c; E. Walker,
Csc; F. Eichhof, 25c ...... 40
ST, 2B, City--S. Levitt, SOC;
F. Poiasky, soc; I. Cohen,
Csc; S. Newick, Csc; J. Med
mix, Csc; E. Resenkranz, 25c. 40
Unit CT, Section "a, City. -. 40
Collected by J. Hurenchik,
BronS-Jacob Hurenchik, 81;
P. Mordar, Soc; A. Hab-
ransoff, 25c; E. Martinink,
81; B. Kltvich, Soc; N. Hell
rick, 25c -. 3.5
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-18

Section 1, OF, City ..........
K. Matus, City .............
Branch 8, Section 5, City,.
Branch 8, Section 5, Bronx.
Collected by S. P. Hamburges,
S. Dartmouth, Mass. IF.
Torres, soc; +. Perry, SOC;
A. Sores, 15c; M. Medeiras,
SOC; A. Contino, 25c; ]. Sill
va, Csc; ]. F. Radoza, Csc;
V. Silva, SOC; S. P. Ham,
burgess, 25c. .............
Workmen's Sick B. & Educa-
tional Federation, Local 81,
Cincinnati, Ohio-J. Stock
Ell, 81; M. Merrich, Csc; S.
klemann, Csc; G. Nicholyi,
Csc; A. Kovach, Csc. ......
F. N. Heck, Grand Rapids.
Sent in by Paul C. Reiss, Los
Angeles, Calif.-W. E. Car
penter, 81; A. Newman, 81
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-18
AZURE CITIES A STORY OF LIFE IN THE UssR
FROM "AZURE CITES nns2~~ By ALEXEY TOLSTOY

<NOTE:--Aiexey Nicoiaievich
Tolstoy (born 1882 is member
oi. a collateral branch of the re-
EowRcd ToIstoy family. His mother
was z Turgencv. During the Civil
War, 1'olstOy was with the whites,
together with them eniigrated to
Europe and settled in France.
Torn from his native soil, Tolstoy
felt artisticaliy inpotent. With
the beginning of the Smenovek-
hovtsi (the Changing Landmarks
literary group, he declared him
self non-political, accepted the new
regime and returned to Soviet
Russia.
As writer of poetry, as well
rs prose. Alexey Tolstoy had wen
recognition as far back as 1909.
The stories that he has written
since his return to the Soviet
Union deal sympathetically with
various aspects of the new life.
They are excellently told-vivid
language, graceful humor, strik-
ing description, moving plots.
Azure Cities" is one of his best
A Word or Two of Introduction.
ONE OF the witnesses, a student of
v the engineering school, Semyo-
nov, was giving unexpected testi-
mony in the more obscure, but as it
later turned out, the real point of
the whole investigation. What
seemed to the Investigator when he
first became acquainted with the
events of the tragic night between
the third and fourth of JULY to be
a strange and crazy act or perhaps
a clever stimulation of insanity, now
became the key to the solution of
the entire case.
1t became necessary to rebuild
the order of the investigation, and
to conduct it from the end of the
tragedy-from that piece of canvas
(three yards by one and one-half)
which had been nailed to the tele-
graph post on the square of the
country seat at dawn at the fourth
of July.
The crime was not committed by
an insane man-this had been estab-
lished by the examination and by ex-
pert testimony. Most probably the
criminal was in a state of extreme
delirium. Mailing the canvas to the
post, he had jumped down awk-
wardly, sprained his leg and lost
consciousness. This saved his life
the crowd would have torn him to
pieces. When questioned at the pre-
liminary investigation he had been
tremendously excited, but now the
Court Investigator found him quieter
and able to give an account of what
had happened.
Still, it was impossible to recon
struct clear picture of the crime
from his answers-the picture still
fell to pieces. And it was only Sem
yonov's story that united all these
pieces into one whole. Before the
Investigator there unfolded a pas
sionate story of tormenting, i'm
patient and feverish imagination.
First News Of vassili Alexeicvich
Buzheninov.
A LITTLE tc The side OF TIE y
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-18

Anarchism was often kind of
punishment for the opportunist sins
of. the working class movement.
Anarcbism and OppOrtunism are two
deformities, one Complementary to
, he other.-V. 1. Lcnin ("Left" COM
muniSm).
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-18
Advertiser wants connection

with upstate workers who sell
w-priced land for developing
new colony. Must be in farming
district or thereabout. Describe
surroundings in first letter. 7.
FABER, $50 Bowery, N. Y. C.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-18

AFTER the dcmo5,li2at.cn Vassili
"A Alcxsievich ent3ecd Ike achool Of
architecture c-a.n and was in Mos
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1929-03-18

A LITTLE tc The side OF tie y
"a chuk station. u what is now tie