Evening star., 1928-04-26
BACKGROUND OF EVENTS
BY PAUL y. COLLINS.

/ III the Chief Justice of the United
| States Supreme Court he's never an
alyzed the Constitution; II President
| Jefferson and every President since
! washington Except. perhaps, Buchan-
am has been a usurper OF power whlcn
| was not intended by the Constitution
| for the Executive; If President Rooseveit
| was wrong in protecting American invest
| ments in Panama and President Wlison
| wrong In sending Marines to Haitl, ano
| in ordering Gen. Pershing into Mexico
/ and President Harding was as Wfons
| az had been President TAFT IN senolng
| Marines into Nicaragua, then President
| Coolidge is open to impeachment for
] usurping the constitutional prercgatlves
| Of CONGRESS. Besides. not only the Cnie1
| Justice, but all other Justices OF the
| supreme Court, need further instructor
| from eloouent politicians in Congress IN
! this. the year of election, 1928. How
! ever. the Senate yesterday, by Votf
/ Of 4 to /, refused to take that stand.
Congress shall have power to declars
war" SUI the United States Marines
! uitbout direction from Congress, arr
| ;hootlnc down brave outlaws and pa
/ ,rfotic revolutioniS.s" in Nicaragua
! therefore. demanded the opposition. le'
/ us eypose the abuse of the Constltu'
! .ion' bv President Coolidge. in invading
nicaragua without the advice and con
sent of Congress That Is the sun
/ stance Of orations by certain statesmen
/ who viii look with favor upon the ps-
ginning of the whiting era OF the
present President.
Absolutely nobody who can read d!s-
oItes the words Of the Constitution, ohi
F., what is WARP Would 1t be likely tha'
| The Coolidge State Department wouio o.
reaping the admiration OF the Woric
| now for its brilliant efforts TO OUTLAW
var IL the Chief Executive did not rec
ognize tho iniquity Of war, and was VIC
/ lating his powers h3 MAKING WaE
| without even constitutional authority!
What is the definition OF war. as en-
nrrssed in all standard books on inter-
i rational law. and also. what are tbs
duties of the President in protecting
American lives and property. in which
/ CONGRESS- has no constitutional author
/ ity 20 interfere?
/ When President Cleveland warned
| Great Britain that she must cease her
boundary raids on Venezuela. under
threat of war with the United States,
according to our Monroe Doctrine, he
! did so through message To Congress,
but that was because that warning
vas potentially an act Of war-net Of
mere intervention in the affairs of Ven-
sxuela In defense of American citizens
In the century between 1871 and 1911.
we intervened without war As times.
Between 1898 and 1911, there were .
7uch interventions--all for the protec-
ton Of AmericanS-~and OF that g. In
stances of Intervention were in Mica
raRua.
Ons OF the highest authorities In
America on international law Is Amos
S. Hershey PHI. D.. professor Of political
science and international law. Indiana
state University. Hershey defines war
In his volume, The Essentials of Inter-
national Law" He says:
War, in material sense, Is 4
struggle or contention between states
and helligerent or inSurgent communt-
ties, by means of armed forces. :
War is a political fact recognized and.
10 certain extent. regulated by the
law of nations. Like intervention
for example, war is an exercise OF SOW
sreign or high political power~-~a quality
assumed To be inherent In sovereignty
itself" Tile differentiateS between 'in-
tervention" and 'war"l
~
Nicaragua has one sovereignty recog-
nigcd by the governments OF ali civllia-
atoms, the United States Marines are
not opposing but supporting that SOW
ereign government by its own request
therefore we are not at war with Me
aragua; but are cooperating with the
legal powers af the Niearaguan state,
Sanoino is numbering American ctti-
senS and stealing their property, SAM
dino Is an outlaw under ths goverNs
ment ot Nicaragua and Is not reecg
niEed otherwise by any government IN
the world. Not only has the United
States. as a country invested several
rights. but many American citisenS
have legally invested their money In
mines and other property therein, SAN
dino has captured several OF those
mines and DESTROYED other property.
and murdered civilian Americans under
no pretense OF organized government.
but as hrigand and outlaw
The recognized and legal government
nf Nicaragua IA technically responsible
tor peace and the protection OF foreign
property nut II Is unable To accord that
HlNAFtitNAt AtlA NJ IL NHiNtA&A NpftENkA
tn the United States for aid, our force
Is the ally OF President niaz. the legally
recognised president the president de
faete. supported by tie NieaTaguan
Congress Gle lure and de fActo
Hershey. continuing his dennition of
war and OF Intervention without war.
says Like war, Il tinterventionl Is
really an exercise OF sovereign az high
political pOwef~'~a right Inherent IN soy
ereignty Itself The government which
intervenes performs political act II
Is high and summary procedure
which may sometimes snatch 4 remedy
beyond the reach OF law, bat which Il
usually either tnstitahle exception 60
the ordinary, everyday rule OF nonsln-
terventien ar an act based upon mere
power Of physical tarce,"
Is our intervention IN Nicaragua che
latter eASee Westlake, another familiar
and high authority on International Law,