Evening star., 1928-06-17
CHANC'S DEATH STIFFENS
BATTLE FOR MANCHURIA
Russia, Japan and China in Big Diplo-
matte Struggle for Rich Area.
u. S. Asks Open Door
BY WILLIAM RUFUS SCOTT.

restlessly toward the Pacifi
IL through the northern part O
Manchuria that area has been
battle-ground. while today great diplo
matte struggle involving China, Japa
and Russia is going on over the $4,000
square miles of territory, with tn
United States and other powers watch
fully ready to take part to safeguar
their trade interests. The death O
Chang Tso-lin, dictator of the province
marks the end of an epoch
The Russian goal all along has beel
Pacific port that would not freeze u
during most of the Winter How sh
won such port and then lost ii is
story covering more than two centurie
and including as ruthless action as ma
be found anywhere in history. Toda.
the Soviet in its own way is seekinI
the objective of the Cars and the mod
ern methods are not less forceful /
outwardly different
China up to the present has beer
helpless and consequently suffered Sc
we're military and diplomatic defeats
Japan, emerging into a world powe'
after Russia was we'll established IL
Manchuria, saw her safety threatened
bv Russia's advances and proceeded Il
challenge the Bear that walks like I
man"
How Japan Views Korea.
Across the narrow straits from Japar
b Korea. The japanese statesmen o.
the eos viewed Korea as a dagger
pointed at the heart of Japan" and {
glance at map Of the Pacific will SHOW
how this comparison does have some
geographical justification. So Japan
could not contemplate mighty Russia
penetrating not only Manchuria. but
Korea as well. without the gravest con-
Germ for her own existence.
Added to this was the need Of terri.
tbry in which the surplus japanese
population could expand and the neec
Of new food sources for Japan. Man.
churia offered both. Korea was mill.
tarily important but economically ha:
been great asset because its own pop
ulation Is dense (about $4,000, 900 In
84.42I square miles, and the country
Is too mountainous to be agriculturalls
coveted.
In 1894 the clashing interests of
Japan and China resulted in a war in
which Japan signalized her advent into
the ranks Of firSt-class powers by sound
~ whipping China. But Japan was
cheated out OF the fruits of this VIC
tory by Russia. Japan retained foot
hold In Korea and was given some
rights in Manchuria, but the much de-
sired Liaotung peninsula, with Dajren
and Port Arthur at its tip end, was lost
In the treaty Of peace with China In
1895.
Strategy Of Russia.
The strategy Of Russia was not long
~ being revealed; for IN 1888 Russia
obtained from China fbelieved TO have
been the pfIce Of siding with China
against Japan lease on Port Arthur
and with the privilege OF building q
railroad down TO that city from the Chi
nese Eastern Railroad at Harbin. The
Chinese Eastern connected with Russia's
TranEsfberian Railroad and thus in
Port Arthur the long dream of Russia
Of an ice-free port would be realized
II became concsusively apparent TO
Japan that war with Russia was In
evftable One Of the most important
preparations for this war was the Anglo
was pledged to help Japan IL she was at
war and should be attacked by any
third power. The effect OF this treaty
was TO notify Germany or any other
power that il Japan was fighting Russia
they must be left TO fight II out alone,
for II Germany or any other power
should go 10 Russiais aid land In those
days Germany was siding with Russia
in Far Eastern diplomacy England
would 60 TO Japaflg aid.
After Maneuvering japan out Of
Fort Arthur In 1s95-98, Russia, taking
advantage Of the Boxer revolution In
over Manchuria. BY some inner poll
tics Of certain other powers this Rus
sian aim was thwarted and Russia
promised TO retire from Manchuria
About this time the United States be-
gan taking a hand In Far Eastern af-
fairs With steady pressure for the open
60or" policy, meaning the aduaI rights
Of all nations TO trade In China regard
less of spheres OF influence" and other
claims of either Russia or Japan. Man
ctursa was included In the scope Of this
policy.
japan in 1902 and thereafter tried to
reach an understanding with Russia
which would avoid war by recognizing
EusSia's special influence In Mancfluria
II Russia would recognize Japapg po-
si;ion IN Korea and II Russia would
maintain the open door" In Man
Gilaria for trade. Russia refused 10
make any concessions and the Russo
japanese War of 1904 resulted
The world was profoundly impressed
BY the whipping Japan gave Russia In
that war. II was the first time All
Oriental nation had defeated an Euro
pean nation. The n0deFnlzatiOfl Of the
japanese army and navy was shown
10 be complete and the celebrated siege
Of Port Arthur and It's capture by
Japan. as well ss the defeat OF the Rus
sian feet sent from Europe, caused the
remainder Of the weird 70 accept Japan
thereafter among the great powers.
President Roosevelt inDEryened and the
war was ended In the Treaty Of Ports
mouth IN 1905.
Japan In this treaty obtained Port
Arthur, the warm water port Russia
had WORKED Tor centuries W win. Japan,
however developed the port of Dairen
few miles sway from Port Arthur and
to-day Daffen Is the principal outlet for
Manci1IraAn commerce and next W
Shanghai the largest commercial port
On the mainland III China. DaiTen has
been made into sanitary city, with
f1rie streets and business houses and
With excellent tl2TtSCf facilities
Japan further gained control ~ the
Eouth MancbaFiSn Railroad which
runs from DAiren nortb through Muk-
den 10 ti1e city III CbaHgchun. where
ii connects with st1e Chinese Eastern
Railroad Russia retained the Chinese
Eastern from Ehangcbun W Harbin
sne the main line running across Man.
ckaIrfa W connect with yiadiyostgk On
the east and with tile Trsn$siberiaf
Railroad on the west,
Korea Annexed BY Japan.
In 1910 Japan annexed Korea as 4
peTt N the japanese Empire aDG tn
country nov is called CfoSen Russia
Wa left with the Pacific port NJ ylsdi,
yDstl,k bat this IL - fsF north tflat feI
ejx months 10 tile year ttle i,aTi,of I
frt,zen 40 and tts shipping Ii idie, Tt'
troubles of Russia did not end there
however, for la the WorId War, In 1917
fIae Reds took cilaTge ~ Russia an
withdrew Russia from the side NJ M
AiIles, China was on the side ~ IN
Allies and Russia thereafter lDst ai
concessions, eztFavterritoftaj pFiyilege