davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-09-25

is not member of the League of Nations
it had to rely upon representatives of
other nations to fight for its policies. The
individual who carried out the policy of Wall
Street was Bernsdorff
The fact, however, that Bernsdorffs &C
lions were advantageous to the imperiaEist
plans Of the United States does not preclude
the possibility of his also serving the in
terests of the German imperialists German
industry has revived, thanks to the aid of
American banking capital, and Germany is
once more taking its place among the preda-
tory powers of the world. Since German in
duStry and finance is dependent upon the
United States the German statesmen now
play the game of Uncle Shylock in interna-
tional politics. This revival affects directly
the interests of France and Britain and i'm
pels them toward an alliance-at least tenn
porarily--although there are powerful
groups in French political life who favor an
alliance with the United States rather than
with Britain. Another turn of the political
wheel in France may bring these to the fore,
in which case Britain would be at distinct
disadvantage, to say the least.
At the present moment the duplicity of
the Wall Street government at Washington
has placed the League apostles in an unfav-
orable position. Probably England and
France will now concoct some new treaty
proposals, draw up other and more elaborate
documents purporting to outlaw war; in
order to counteract this latest phase of the
American offensive and try to keep some
semblance of life in the League, which has
served them thus far as an instrument of
aggression.
Beginning with Versailles the world has
been "surfeited with treaties, all of them pro-
claimed by their sponsors as the final word
in the diplomacy of peace. Such treaties
themselves only emphasize the rapidity with
which new alliances are being created and
the momentum with which the great powers
are plunging toward another world war
In this political campaign in the United
States every party with the exception of
the Workers (Communist) Party, deliberate
ly ignores the fact that the pivotal question
of our times is the danger of another i'm
perialist war. All the capitalist powers con-
spire against the Soviet Union, the father
land of the world proetariat. At the same
time the conflicts between themselves be-
come ever sharper. In a dozen places of the
earth are veritable powder magazines that
may explode at the slightest spark.
Only the Communists have genuine solu-
ton of the question of war-that is the
abolition of imperialism That end cannot be
achieved by pacifist measures or by preach
ing sermons to the jackal pack of war
mongers, but by organizing a revolutionary
fighting machine that will utilize the politi-
cal and economic crisis growing out of the
war for the overthrow of the imperialist
powers of the whole. world.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-09-25
The Hand of American Imperialism
at Geneva

Count Won Bernsdorff, who, in 1917 as
ambassador from the government of the
kaiser to the United States, was stigmatized
as the personification Of enmity to the i'm
perialist policy of the Wall Street govern
ment of Woodrow Wilson, has now become
one of the chief agents of that identical i'm
perialism under the Mellon-Coolidge regime.
The fact that one man, in the course of a
trifle more than decade can play such APP
parently divergent roles, is indicative of the
rapid changes, the realignments, that have
taken place and are taking place in the arena
of world conflicts.
While speaking as the representative of
the government of Germany at the Geneva
meeting of the League of Nations assem-
blys third commission on the subject of call
ing the next meeting of the preparatory dis
armament commission, Won Bernsdorff also
spoke unofficially in behalf of the imperialist
policy of the United States when he defianty
rejected the text of the committees resou-
ton on the Franco-British naval accord,
thereby blocking the proposed ornaments
conference.
The action of Count Won Bernsdorff is the
latest of series of maneuvers in the peace"
offensive of the United States against Bri-
tain. There is a certain very definite and
obvious continuity in the pacifist game that
is being played by the war-mongers.
The Kellogg peace" pact was directed
against Great Britain's political domination
of Europe which it exercizes through the
machinery of the League of Nations The
ever-increasing export of American capital
makes it imperative that the imperialist gov
eminent of the United States challenge any
power that presumes to utilize the machin-'
cry of the League against it. Neither the
tory government of Britain, nor the rene
gade socialist premier of France, Aristide
BRAND, were under any illusions regarding
the nature of the Kellogg move. The form
of the document was SUCH however, that a
nation refusing to accept it would have been
placed in the position of approving war as a
national policy.
But in order to show their contempt for
the authors of the pact they concluded
naval accord, some of the details of which
of the signing of the pact. This. SO enraged
the imperialist bandits of Wall Street that
they instructed their messenger boy, "Ner-
vous Nelly" Kellogg to avoid visit to Eng
land by way of registering indignation.
Britain and France followed up the coun-
ter-bast against the Kellogg peace" often
sive by utilizing the League assembly ma
chinery in an effort to lay the foundation
for another naval arms conference under The
auspices of the League, thereby ignoring the
United States pact. Since the United States
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-09-25

essential to mention the thoroughly
corrupt bureaucracy at the head of
the New York State Federation of
Labor and the New York Central
Trades and Labor Council, who work
hand in hand with Tammany. Also
involved in this combine are the yell
low socialist takers and union
wreckers who form close alliances
with the thugs and gunner pro-
tected by Tammany in order to fight
the leftward movement of the rank
and file of the needle trades.
No intelligent worker who lives
in New York City can be fooled by
the cheap, lying propaganda of the
democratic party to the effect that
the Tammany of today is less vile
less the CRATER, swindler and pro-
tector of organized crime than in its
very worst days. The only differ
ence between the Tammany of Al
Smith and Judge Olvany and the
Tammany of BOSS" Tweed is that
the modern political crooks have de-
vised a smoother working machine
Every sort of privilege is for sale
BY the Tammany gang-from Ii
cense to operate an auto, to pro
lection in campaigns of organized
murder. Tammany is the prototype
of planned corruption in city politics
It's methods have been adopted by
many republican city administra-
tions-Chicago, Detroit, Philadel-
phia. Essentially Tammanyism is an
alliance of the big capitalists at the
very top of the social scale with the
lowest strata of rotten society
the very scum of the earth, the off
scourings of all classes generally
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-09-25
The Enemies of Working Class

characterized as the lumpen prole-
tariat; the criminals of all varieties
who exist as parasites upon para
sites and in periods of class conflicts
are, for the most part, the most
frightful assassins of the working
class.
But in spite of the fact that the
workers in local, isolated struggles
have to fight directly against the
state politicians, the working class,
particularly at this time and in this
campaign, must come to understand
that state politics cannot be separ-
ated from national politics. The
basic problems facing the working
class today have to do with national
policy. The pivotal question of today
extends far beyond the bounds of
state or nation and embraces the
whole world. Both old parties de-
liberately avoid the one burning
issue of the day-the question of the
danger of another world war4-The
republicans, the democrats and the
socialists all serve the interests of
the imperialist war-mongers by talk
ing loud and long about issues that
compared to the war danger are
comparatively trivial. None of these
parties dares discuss the central
problem. None of them mentions the
fact that American capitalism is re-
lentlessly driving forward to another
world war-only the Workers Com
munist) Party unfurls a warning to
the whole working class and brands
the imperialist conspiracies to hurl
millions of the manhood and youth
of the land into the slaughter house
of another world war in an attempt
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-09-25

The campaign in New York state
cannot be regarded as something in
itself; something separate from the
general national campaign. There
are, of course, certain problems
peculiar to New York, because the
industries of New York do not ex-
actly duplicate those of any other
one state. But in New York as else
where in the United States the
problems facing the working class
are practically identical. Whether a
strike involves needle trades work
ers, harvest hands or steel workers.
the alignment of forces are the
same. On the side of the strikers
are the awakened sections of the
working class. On the side of the
employers are the special organs
of state power-the bureaucratic
machinery of the government, the
courts, the police, the other armed
forces including private armies of
gunmen-usually administered by
republicans and democrats. In adj
dition to the official machinery of
suppression there are also semi-of-
ficial agents of the bosses-the
yellow socialists and the reactionary
officialdom who place themselves at
the head of the labor movement only
in order to betray it.
The campaign has special signific-
ance for New York this year be-
cause one of the presidential candi-
dates, Governor Al Smith, has also
served his apprenticeship as a
strikebreaker. His first experience
as union-wrecker and scab-herder
was when he sent the state troops
into Lackawanna during the steel
strike of 1919-while he was serv-
ing his first term as governor. The
last strikebreaking service was his
attempt to smash the needle trades
unions of New York City. In view
of this record Mr.. Raskob of the
Morgan owned open-shop concern of
General Motors can enthusiastically
endorse Smith. Likewise Owen D.
Young, head of the labor-hating
General Electric Company can fully
approve the candidacy of Tammany
AL.
In connection with the strike
breaking activities of Smith, it is
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-09-25

the seat OF IL
nancial and gov
ernmental pow
er. Where the
dollar reig n S
there sits the
Cover n m e n :.
Wall Street and
not Washington
is the capital Of
t h e U n i ! e d
S t a I e s. T h e
House of Nor
gan is the real
w hite House.
Because OF the
44.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-09-25

its unchallenged domination in the
needle trade unions. The Workers
Party and its press have from the
very first day of its existence cham
pioned the interests of the rank and
file in all their struggles against
graft, corruption and union bureau
cratism. 1t has led the fight against
Imprisonment of workers, against
company unionism, and for rank
and file control of the unions. The
Workers Party does not only limit
itself to the immediate issues of
the workers but is leading them in
the struggle for their final emanci-
patton from capitalism. 1t was the
first to give it's support in the
movement for building, new militant
unions where the workers alone will
be the rulers.
A Working Class Duty.
1t is therefore the duty of every
class-conscious worker, to give his
support to the candidates of the
Workers Party which is the only
party to-day that has the right to
speak in the name of the working
classl
Needle Trade Workers! Vote
against union bureaucratism,
against corruption, against injunc-
tions, against expulsions. Vote for
the party which stands for real
militant unions that will rest on the
support of the workers. Vote for
the party of the working class that
is leading the workers of this coun-
try in the struggles against CAPT
talism. Vote Communist
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-09-25
Told You So

NEW YORK is not called the EN-
+" pire State" for nothing. it is
the wealthiest state in the union,
Evening star., 1928-12-16

luctantly entered upon the scientific
side of the matter. There began
period of countless measurements. ex-
perimentS and coming over results.
They tested wings of every possible style
and the effect of wind pressure upon
each of them at every conceivable
angle.
They struggled with formulae and
tables all through the Winter, Spring
and early Summer of 1902 and then,
building a new machine to fit their
new discoveries, in September and
October, 1902, they made nearly 1000
gliding flights, several of which cover
ed distances of more than 500 feet.
Some, made against winds of as high a
velocity as 36 miles per hour, effective
ly tested the control devices. With the
same machine, in the Autumn of 1908.
they made number of flights in which
they remained in the air for more than
minute, often soaring for consider
able time in one spot without any
descent at all.
With accurate data for making cal
culationS and a system CT balance ef-
fective in winds as we'll as in calmS,
they wrote, I'VE are now in a position
we thought, to build successful power
flyer. The first designs provided for a
total weight of 500 pounds. including
the operator and an eight-horsepoWer
motor. But, upon completion, the
motor gave more power than had been
estimated and this allowed $50 pounds
to be added for strengthening the wings
and other parts"
Then began the battling problem of
designing an air propeller, in the total
absence of any data along this line,
What had at first seemed simple mat
ter became more complex the longer
they studied it. With the machine
moving forward, the air flying back
ward, the propellers turning sidewise
and nothing standing still, it seemed
impossible to find starting point
from which to trace the various stimuli
taneouS reactions.
Contemplation of it was confusing, -
they confessed After long arguments
we often found ourselves in the ludi-
crouS position of each having been con-
Verted to the others side, with no more
agreement than when the discussion
began.
1T was not till several months had
passed and every phase of the prob
lem had been thrashed over and over
that the various reactions began to un-
tangle themselves. When once a clear
understanding had been obtained there
was no difficulty in designing suitable
propellerS with proper diameter, pitch
and area of blade to meet the require
ments of the flyer"
They found that there was no such
thing as a best" propeller, but that
each had to be designed to meet the
particular conditions of the machine
to which it was to be applied. Their
Evening star., 1928-12-16

first propellers, built entirely from cal
culation, gave in useful work the splen-
did total of 66 per cent of the power
expended. about one-third more than
any others had realized up to the time.
With the motor, also, they expert
enced the most discouraging dincultieS.
They wrote to a number of automobile
and motor builders. explaining their
plan and asking for a motor which
would develop eight horsepower and not
weigh more than 200 pounds complete.
Their search was fruitless and they
undertook to build the motor them
selves and completed 1t within six
weeks. When completed, the motor ex-
ceeded their expectations. giving Is
horsepower for a few seconds and then
dwindling to IL horsepower.
They decided to use two propellsrs,
to give greater power and to permit
the propellerS, revolving in opposite di-
rections, to neutralize the gyroscopic
action of each other. These were to
be driven by chains and the motor c':ss
placed beside the pilot so that IN case
OF a plunge the motor would not fall
on him.
Further disappointments awaited
them. The propeller shafts broke re-
peatedly under the shocks of the motor
WIN It's HgnC HyWneel. Thelr hangar,
they found, had been blown down and
terrific storm came up. Three weeks
were spent in assembling the machine
and there were heartbreaking delays
because of the breaking of the shafts,
the failure of sprockets to remain
locked on the shafts and bad weather.
A first attempt was made to fly the
machine on December Ia but the ma
chine twisted in leaving the rails,
stalled and settled to the ground, break
ing several parts which required two
days to repair. Then came December
II and lasting fame. ~.
Evening star., 1928-12-16

two schools The first, represented by
such men as Prof. Langley and Sir
Hiram Maxim, gave chief attention to
power flight; the second, represented
by Lilienthal, &1ouillard and Chanute.
to soaring flight. Our sympathieS were
with the latter school, partly from inn
patience at the wasteful extravagance
of mounting delicate and costly MAJ
chinery on wings which no one knew
how to manage, and partly, no doubt,
from the extraordinary charm and en-
thusiasm with which the apostles OF
soaring flight set forth the beauties of
sailing through the air on fixed wings,
deriving the motive power from the
wind itself"
They then explained the tremendous
difficulties which they faced in de-
signing a glider which would balance
and which could be- controlled both in
calm weather and in wind. They
considered and rejected all of the meth
ods which had been adopted by others
and designed the arched type of wing
which characterized their craft They
also discarded the plan of Lilienthal
and Chanute of balancing and steering
their gliders by shifting the weight Of
the operators body. and devised
method of warping the wings and using
rudders.
The period from 1885 to 1900 was one
of great activity in aeronauticS. Maxim,
however, after spending 100000 aban-
doned the work he had undertaken; ;
the Adler machine, built at the expense
of the French government, was fall
ure Lilienthal and Pitcher were killed
in experiments, and Chanute and many
others had relaxed their efforts.
Though it became @snown that Langley
vas at work secretly. the public was
discouraged by the failures and dis
missed flying as beyond the reach of
man.
At the close of this gloomy period
for the air enthusiast the Wright
brothers began their experiments In
October, 1900, at Kitty Hawk. Their
first machine was designed to be flown
as kite, with a man on board, in
winds of from Is to 20 miles an hour.
On trial it was found that much
stronger winds we're required to lift it,
and such winds not being plentiful they
found 1t necessary in order to test their
new balancing system to fly the ma
chine as a kite without a man aboard,
operating the controls by means OF
cords from the ground. They gained
confidence by this means in the cor
rectness of their theories.
During the following Summer the
WrightS became personally acquainted
with Chanute, who gave them much
announcement and who spent several
weeks with them at Kill Devil Hill dur
ing their experiment that year and the
two succeeding years.
Their second machine, of 1901, also
fell far short of their calculations and
Evening star., 1928-12-16

led them to the discovery that the then
known tables of air pressures were in
correct.
I'VE then turned to gliding -coasting
down hill on the air-as the only
method of getting the desired practice
in balancing a machine" the Wrights
said in their Century Magazine article
of 1908. After few minutes prac-
tice we we're able to make glides of over
800 feet, and in few days were safely
operating in 27-mile winds In these
experiments we met with several unex-
pected phenomena. We found that,
contrary to the teachings of the books,
the center of pressure on a curved sur
face travelled backward when the sur
face was inclined, at small angles, more
and more edgewise to the wind We
also discovered that in free flight. when
the wing on one side of the machine
was presented to the wind at greater
angle than the one on the other side,
the wing with the greater angle de-
Scended, and the machine turned in
direction just the reverse of what we
were led to expect when flying the ma
chine as kite The larger angle gave
more resistance to forward motion, and
reduced the speed of the wing on that
side. The decrease in speed more than
counterbalanced the effect of the larg-
er angle. The addition of a fixed ver-
tical vane in the rear increased the
trouble, and made the machine abso-
lutely dangerous. 1t was some time
before a remedy was discovered. This
consisted of movable rudders working
in conjunction with the twisting of the
wings.
THE experiments of 1901 were far
from encouraging Although Mr.
Chanute assured us that, both in con-
troll and in weight carried per horse
power, the results obtained were bet
ter than those of any Of our predeces-
sorS. yet we saw that the calculations
upon which all flying machines had
been based were unreliable. and that
all were simply cropping in the dark.
Having set out with absolute faith in
the existing scientific data, we were
driven to doubt one thing after an
other, till finally, after two years of ex-
pertinent. we cast it all aside, and de-
clded to rely entirely upon our own in
vestigations. Truth and error were
everywhere so intimately mixed as to be
undistinguiShable Nevertheless, the
time expended in preliminary study of
books was not misspent, for they gave
us a good general understanding of the
subject. and enabled us at the outset to
avoid effort in many directions in which
results would have been hopeless"
Take Up Scientific Side.
They plunged into the maze of prob
lens opened to them, and the young
men who had taken up aeronautics
merely as sport found themselves re-