davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1928-06-10

great gap which still exists between
"the diplomatic protection of citizen;
abroad and "the judicial settlement oi
international disputes"
Out last general arbitration with
Mexico was under treaty signed ir
1863 The arbitrational proceedings
under that treaty we're extended from
time to time, but they came to a f1nal
end In 1876.
our present arbitration with Mexico
both general and special-was
started by treaties signed in 1923.
In the whole period from 1876 to 1928
there was no provision between the two
countries for any general judicial tri-
bunal to which all claims for alleged
wrongs could be of right referred
Throughout that period we relied vir-
tually totally on diplomatic protec-
ton"
But what does that mean?
A United States citizen In Mexico is
in some way rnaltreated. He writes an
indignant letter TO our State Depart
ment The State Department sends
him copies of indignant notes which
1t has already sent to the Mexican
Government saying that United States
citizens In Mexico must never be mall
treated The indignant citizen writes
back to the indignant State Depart
ment to say that he nevertheless Is in
actual course of being maltreated. The
State Department thereupon perhaps
fills a new bottle out of all the old
ink wells of indignation which have
been used by our Secretaries of State
in writing to Mexico for almost a
century and mails the new bottle 10
Mexico City. The Mexican Govern
ment thereupon addresses itself to its
corresponding set of ink wells-equally
ancient and equally copious and rather
more eloquent--and mails us back
pretty nearly all the words in the die
tionary meaning anything like equal
ity OF nations sovereignty" "inde-
pendence.' "self-respect" and ''re-
sistance to death "
This intercourse Of ink Is for most
claimants all that there is to diplo-
matte protection.
But One Outright War.
There is a theory that diplomatic
protection in Mexico leads to war
What is the truth?
Our one outright real war with
Mexico. In 1646, grew out of the revolt
of Texas from Mexico and out OF the
annexation of Texas TO the United
States. 1t was not the result of dip
lomatic protection or of claims for
outrages.
Our almost unbroken policy regard
ing "outrages" is simply as follows:
First we tell Mexico "outrages must
not happen"
Then. when they have in fact hap
Continued on Fifth Page.)
Evening star., 1928-06-10
The Story the Week Has Told

be practically to insure Italian eco
nomic predominance along the Dalma-
tian coast. with the still more hideous
threat In the background OF Italian po-
liticai domination to ensue.
Therefore, the Belgrade government
Is advising Parliament to ratify popular
protests, demonstrations, anti-Italian
outrages (violation OF italian consul
lates, rough handling Of Italians, In
cluding consuls, sacking OF Italian
shops etc.. OF course, reprisals
against Jugosiavs In the scattered par
GELS of Dalmatia under the Italian
flag.
The anti-Ttalian demonstrations and
Olitrages originate, as one should ex-
pect. In Dalmatia. They spread to
Croatia, where for well known histori-
cal reasons anti-1talian feeling is es-
pecially rampant int least equally re-
ciprocated by Italian hatred), and
finally Belgrade is afiame The govern
ment forbids the least anti-Itallan
manifestation. institutes vigorous meas
ures TO forestall and punish In Bel
grade students clash with police and
gendarmes, they erect barricades
Clubs and cold steel are furiousiy at
work, the police and gendarmes use
pistols now and then. The streets are
strewn with battered and wounded. The
hospitals overflow tcuriOusly, however,
no deaths reported.
Truly a Balkanic situation. Subpose
Parliament ratifies. How will the
country react, Suppose II refuses 10
ratify. How will Italy react, (The Pas
cist press has ferociously demanded
ratification), And suppose non~ratifi-
cation and against the probabilities.
one is inclined 10 say FASCIST Italy not
10 explode. The Belgrade government
resigns You say, Another government,
and everything 'hnnky dory.' Not So
The government has no liking for the
hettlno conventions. least Of all for the
one particularly IN question. But for
eign loan IL greatly needed. for stabili-
zation and other purposes. An Anglo.
American banking group has agreed 10
arrange such loan tof the desired size
ON. satisfactory terms on condition Of
prior ratification OF the NetLllno con-
ventions by the Bkipshtina, no ratifica-
tions no loan, adequate guarantee OF the
peace being lacking, And new gov
frnnent would be faced with the same
dilemma, Truly a BalkaniC situation,
WIN somewhat more than the usual
baikhnie possibilities II may clear up
without some dreadful howdye do, and
u may not. Beat not mount the tripod;
best not play Apollo where The Balkans
are concerned
The very latest dispatches indicate
complete subsistence of the hullabaloa
That the reports Of the disorders we're
greatly eKagAeratiye, and that they
were due aa much IA false reports
emanating from Budapest OF anti
Jug0slay 0utragas In Italy as In 0pposi-
ti0n IN the Nettun0 conventions, But
one suspects some government inApiras
tinn for the corrective reports, Anyway.
lei ths above stand A development
! eysn wofss than thbt described above
Evening star., 1928-06-10

Some of them seem to imag-
Inc that they are advocating something
that has not occurred to our State De-
partment.
1t may not be amiss. accordingly, to
notice the results and the lessons of the
actual arbitrationai proceedings which
now for several years have been going
quietly-very quietly-forward between
us and Mexico.
Those proceedings are extremely spa
cious. They arc designed TO cover and
to settle all unrequited wrongs commit
ted upon citizens of the United States
In Mexico, or upon citizens of Mexico
in the United States, since 1868.
They are designed. in other words, to
be a complete cleanup OF all claims,
both ways. for wrongful arrests, wrong
full imprisonments, denials of justice,
robberies, murders. conflscation of prop
critics and all other "outrages."
Outrages have been the primary sta
pie OF our diplomatic correspondence
with Mexico ever since Mexico became
an independent country.
Many Treaties Signed.
Treaties for arbitrating outrages have
been signed by us with Mexico in 1899.
in l843. In 1868, in 1871, In 1872. in
1873. in 1874, In 1876. In 1897. In 1902.
n 1923 and in 1927.
President Andrew Jackson in 1887
wanted to go to war with Mexico be-
cause of outrages. Congress refused to
allow him TO do so.
1t is All instructive fact that our worst
frictions with Mexico have been under
Presidents having no conceivable con-
nection with Wall Street.
Andrew Jackson, who wanted to fight
Mexico In order, TO avenge outrages and
in order 10 collect Claims" was our
greatest historical idol of "the plain
people" and our greatest historical foe
Of "the money power
James K. Polk, who incited and con-
Quoted our one outright war with Mex
leo in i846. was elected President on a
platform Jacksonianly denouncing the
concentrated money power" and specifl-
cally promising new annexations of
fresh lands in Texas and In Oregon for
Southern and Western planters and
farmers.
Woodrow Wilson, who invaded Mexico
punitiveiy twice for a total combined
elapsed period of more than one year
and nine months, hated Wall Street as
much as Wall Street hated him.
Our relations with Mexico have rested
on deeper and subtler forces than any
contest between "plutocracy" and de
mocracy."
The Harding Coolidge administration
Evening star., 1928-06-10

has organized with Mexico the most ex-
tensive arbitration in all Mexican
American history.
Claims Commissions.
This arbitration falls into two parts.
Each part goes to commission Of three
Judges. In each commission one judge
Is chosen by Mexico one Is chosen by
the United States and one Is chosen by
Mexico and the United States together.
The first of these commissions Is
called the Special Claims Commission
and has sat In Mexico City. The sec
ond is called the General Claims Com
mission and has sat in Washington.
The record of each commission Is
abundantly full of road signs to future
thought and action.
The Special Claims Commission has
jurisdiction over all wrongs alleged to
have been committed upon citizens of
the United States in Mexico during the
Mexican revolutionary period" from
November 20. 1910, to May 81 1920.
II has jurisdiction, that Is, over the
wrongs which have most enraged the
United States In our times.
The commission began sitting In 1924.
1t has received complaints embodying
3,i48 cases. II has handed down one
decision.
The one decision in question was re-
garding the Santa Isabel massacre.
That massacre was the reason why
President Wilson sent Gen. Pershing
into Mexico 10 get Villa" 1t happened
on January TO- 1915. Some 10 Ameri-
can mining men were proceeding on a
train from Chihuahua to Cusihuiriachic.
They had been promised safety by Gen.
Ohrenon the chief military rpuregenta- a =
tive of the Carranza de facto govern
ment OF Mexico. At Santa Isabel they
were taken from the train by Villistas
and were stabbed and shot until they
were dead.
Their families filed with the Special
Claims Commission total OF II claims
for damages aggregating sl,225,000.
Position of United States.
On their behalf we pointed to the
treaty under which the commission was
organized. We pointed TO the fact that
under that treaty Mexico agreed 10 give
us compensation for all acts of bandits
or mobs II the Mexican government left
them unpursued and unsurpassed or
treated them with lenity" We thought
that the Mexican government had
treated villa leniently indeed. We
pointed to the fact that the Mexican
governments ultimate stroke against
Villa was To give him a handsome
ranch, called the Canutillo Hacienda,
In the State of Durango together with
other ranches for his followers and to-
gether with an escort of so men paid
by the Mexican war and navy depart
ments to guard his personal safety and
TO serve his personal needs"
The United States Judge In the COM
Evening star., 1928-06-10

Continued from First Page.)
unfayorsbly on air forces. After all,
the real significance Of aviation Is that
II Is means Of transportation. and
it's future will depend on whether or
not air travel can be made both safe
and cheap. To stafVe the research
work 1ecefssry 20 secure these two
conditions because of the greater de-
n1snd for n4chines With exceptional
performance would be a siortsighted
policy.
Balance Not Yet Struck.
In modern Europe a just balance
between military and commercial avia-
ton has not been struck In any single
state. Great Britain. France and Italy
maintain their aircraft industries with
orders for their air forces: the require
ments Of commercial aviation would
not keep q quarter Of their factories
open Germany, On the other hand,
being prohibited from having any air
force whatsoever, has devoted all her
energies ~ the manufacture Of COM
nlerclai aircraft. with the result that
she supplies. not only her own needs.
bit also those of other states
In the development Of commercial
the development Of the Air Mall Sery-
ice and the growth Of private flying. IL
may be anticipated that before long
the continent of North America will
possess the most extensive system 0f
air communication I'm the world. Nor
VIII this be due entirely W American
eYaterpfi@e and hustle. vide land
spaces and present immunity from air
attack are even ul0ft important fac
toye IN the Development Of civil ayia-
tim.
France however maintains the
largest air force IN the world, with
1850 fifet-iine machines Italy comes
second, unless Russia can lay claim 10
that position lSoide authorities declare
that the Russian air force comprises
$50 military airplanegj Great Britain
has over 751 machines in various parts
Of the world. and tbe numerical
strength 0f Ine air fofee IN the United
E.AtNs is approximately the same.
NufGber6 are not the sole criterion,
however ground organization and re-
serves i3aye aISo ~ be considered Al.
though Germany has no air force at all
che possesses 4 iafgf and efficiently or
panized ali transport sgaten which con
EtitutAS 4 national reserve
Why Air Forces Are Kept,
Speaking generally the size 0f an air
force Is determined by the functions II
has " perform. Those functions are
n0n3iaaily defensive, nut since the only
defense against aif attack III counter
aslsek, tile problem becomes extremely
complicated liz Us simplest terms II
may ~ expressed ~ follows. Nations
maintain siF forces which. in the opin'
lOll ~ COMPETENT advisers, afe adequate
10 serve 81 deterrent W sny hostile
sctlon IN b)e part NJ Il stats within
striking dsstapef by slF,
Needless ~ sag flptFt opinion % s0et
point a. this IS kGidoD4 II ever tInsni.
nous But in spite ~ the vsQtlepess ~
illg term deteTfeni repfi@aIss even b5
numerically inferior sir force, 8re ~
crfsded that the Bgst powerful states
would hesitaie before provoking them.
with the cultivation of AIR sense'
sHoDg eiyiiiHed people spd slider com
DFStAa6a9a of tlas xsss Sld CDEgl tllailseL
Evening star., 1928-06-10
BY HENRY w. BUM.
TIME following Is brief summary
of the most important news OF
the world for the seven days
ended June Q.

i ended June Q:
Germany.--It is thought that the bill
calling for clerical control of the state
schools, bitter contest over which was
largely responsible for the premature
demise Of the late Reichstag, will not
be taken up by the new Reichstag.
About rs per cent Of the electorate
voted at the general elections OF May
20. The Communists pollcd the aston
ishing total OF 100000 votes, more by
500 600 than their total In the general
elections OF December, 1924 One
fourth of all the votes cast In Berlin
went 10 Red candidates. go per cent
better Red showing In the capital than
that Of 1924. All Of the 81 new Com
mlinist Deputies are StaliniSts, whereas
Is OF The Is Communists In the late
Reichstag were TrotskWtes.
The Socialists polled about g.i0O, 900
votes. more by i.250,0O0 than they
p0Iled four years ago. says the so.
eialist organ VorWaerts. THE election
Of May 20 proved that the conquest Of
the state by the working classes through
democratic means rs possibility well
within reach"
Marshall Foch In reported 10 have
Marshal Won Htndenburg II a gentIe-
man Of absolute loyalty"
Il
Italy and Jug0slavia. ~~ II ig very
proper that the current Itaio -Jligoslav
crisis should perturb the chancellories
II is indeed nenacing 10 the peace,
There's a mighty huilabaloo In process
IN Jngoslavia, the immediate occasion
being the proposal Of tho Belgrade gov
ernment that the JuRoslav Parliament
fEknpshtina) shall fatify the Hettuno
conventions. These conventions were
drawn up some three years ago and
| signed. for Italy by MusEolini, for the
Kingdom Of the Serbs, CrOats and
Hloyenes by It's then foreign minister.
| They were framed 10 regulate Itaio-
Jng0slay economic relations one of
them fabout which controversy has
mainly raged) would allow Italians 10
own property In .Iigoalay Dalmatia
| within 80 miles Of The c0aat Il say
| Jue0giay Dalmatia because there are
some towns and parcels ri territory In
| Dalmalia under The Italian fiag) II
! H. pOpuiafly objected In Jug0slavia that
/ w give effect w that convention would
Evening star., 1928-06-10

might any moment project itself from
the present Italo-Jugoslav situation.
india.--After a two months pre-
liminary inquiry In India the statutory
commission" headed by Sir John Simon.
appointed by the Westminster Parlia-
ment TO examine into the workings of
the dyarchy system, report and recon-
mend, returned to England several
weeks ago. II will go back to India
later and complete It's work. That work
was desperately hampered by the fact
that they were almost completely boy
cotted by most OF the Hindns whose CO.
operation was important, including not
only inveterate intfansigents. but also
those previously regarded as moderates.
However. of late, native sentiment,
which had been vitiated by propaganda,
has been somewhat Veering toward
reason and compromise. The legislatures
OF three mot the most populous. To be
sufe) Of the nine provinces In which
the dyarchy system Is installed, have
notified their willingness 10 cooperate
with the commission In the preparation
of It's report for the information and
guidance Of the Westminster parlia-
ment. IT II intransigence of the most
fantastic that rejects Sir Johns pro-
posal that india committees should
work with us uhe Westminster COM
mtssiun) on equal terms IN Joint con-
ference" an arrangement which affords
the opportunity for responsible Indian
statesmen 10 Join In the work of con-
structing the future constitution of
India"
China. The following sketch IL far
from satisfactory, owing 10 the frar
mentary and conflicting character OF
the dispatches.
At O'Clock on the morning of June
. Chang Tso-Lin left Peking by train
for Mukden, accompanied by the per-
aonnel or his government. His train
was followed at once by troop trains
conveying his Manchurians home, The
dispatches state that the evacuation
Of the city was conducted In a remark
ably orderly manner. without looting
or outrages of any sort The fate Of the
other two groups OF forces included In
the Ankuoehun-~those with a good
reputation for diseipline) under sun
Chuan- -Feng. and those ian undisei-
nlined horde) under Chang Tsnng
Chang has yet TO be determined. There
is talk of their incorporation In the VIC
torious armies, Their total Is given as
about 10000.
Apparently the retreat of the Man
Ghuflans was nnmoleated, Whether
this WAS due 90 skillfnl dispositions by
0en Yang Ynting, Chang's very able
chief OF staff, and Gen Chang Hsueh~
Liang, his able son. whether to an ,lns
derstanding with the enemy or whether
10 the calculated forbearance of the lat
ter Is not apparent What the true ex-
PLANTATION Is we ean0t say
The dispatches leave us quite 10 seek
As to The military situation on lhe eve
OF CbAngs evacuation. Apparently the
Evening star., 1928-06-10

Of aviation. 1t may be hoped that It's
abuse viii come TO be regarded as an
international crime.
Subsidies Are Paid.
The idea that commercial aviation
should fly by itself" was, and still is,
unreasonable. and has been proved
everywhere 70 be impractical. During
1927 the regular air transport systems
IN All countries received government
subsidies. The highest paid was In Ger
many. II amounted to approximately
SIS 1894, $50, and this sum does not in
clude contributions from local authori-
ties In the principal German cities.
France came second with $3,67t ,370
and the United States third with s2.-
O57.6 500, for the mail service only. The
Italian subsidy amounted TO nearly ST.
S75,000, the Polish government allotted
$225,000 10 the maintenance of I.22S
miles Of air routes and the other states
assisted commercial aviation with
smaller sums
Here IT. is very difficult TO institute
companions With the British Empire.
problem. In 1927 Imperial Alrwayg
earned roughly $i,f30.0 900 in subsidies
On It's European and Eastern air serv~
ices. There is every prospect that this
sum Will be increased 10 81, ,250, 900 dur
ing 1923, The only dominion which
paid direct subsidy was Australia. the
amount being $4,000. The Australian
government. however, realizes the inn
pofiance NJ commercial aviation and
proposes to add another $500 900 10 the
SUBSIDY for the current year. Follow
ing the example of the mother country.
Australia, Canada and Singapore are
encouraging light sirpIane routes with
money grants, most practical form of
hQDsloy. Nevertheless, making full ST.
DNanEe Tor prospective payments In
1923, the fact remains that the British
Empire viii be bad fifth among great
powers In regard 10 subsidies .Or civil
aviation
Takes Lead In Airahips.
On the other hand, Great Britain has
taken the Lead IN the development Of
hHthlps' ana these should play an im~
poFtaht part IN future air conmuniea- =
/ IONS. During ttls last four years, exuef.
lmEnts have been carried out with
/ lighter ~than-air vessels, and two large
British aifehiDg should be completed by
the end Of 1929 or early 1929.
Italy and the United States are also
! interested tn this type Of aircraft. II ID
] unfortunate that Germany should be-
/ prohibited by the peace treaties from
making more Of contribution 10 thif
/ branch u aviation
/ The function 0f siTsllipg and airplanes
are complementary. The chief province
of the former win be over ocean spaces
too wide for aifpianes 10 cross with pas
sengefs ~ freight In these eiFcum.
stances, whereas The airpisne c0mpeies
for speed With trains and motor cars
/ the aifship VIII compete with 0eean
liners, whose maximum speed Is under
~ Knots, 0ncf the aiFWGfthiness NJ air
ships has been established, they viii bt
sble tG maintain All average speed ol
90 miles an hour snd t1eh employ
nent ~ means 0t transportation vii
De f0fcfd upon great shipping com
psnies
A long series of disasters ~ z1ppelini
sna 6thef types built f0r war purposes
eDd IN whose design performance Wsi
the fifst consideration has caused
doubts ~ " tas mfastleM utillty VI s1'
Evening star., 1928-06-10

/ drive on Peking was made by Yen Hsi-
Shan, governor of Shansi, using only
Shansi troops, and apparently Yen was
not far from the capital. Apparently
the drive on Tientsin was made by
Feng- -Hsiang. using only his own army.
the Kuominchun. Apparently he had
not advanced far enough to molest the
Manchurian withdrawal via the rail-
road through T'ientsln. Apparently
Chang Kai-Shek forces (those of the
Nanking government proper were, for
reasons. connected with the Tientsin
affair. still some distance south. though
II is probable that Chang was near the
front exercising general direction and
coordination. The above account
however, give only Professionally. II
may be far out. A plausible conception
is that -molestation was due to In
sistence to that effect by the admirable
and moderate Yen Shi-Shan. Possibly
tas some dispatches hint he gave an
engagement OF -molcstation to
Chang Tso-Lin.
Chang Tso-Lin transferred his au-
thority In Peking to committee 0f
distinguished burghers, and one report
has II that the committee getting In
touch with Yen Ssi-Shan, the latter
gave assurance that the city would be
treated with the greatest consideration
sufficiently plausible report has IT
that considerable part OF the Man
churians are constrained tn hike 1t
home. II Is vaguely reported that the
victorious triumvirate (Cnang Kai-Shek
Feng Yu-Hsiang and Yen Hsi-Shanl
contemplate committee form OF ma
tional government. composed of repre-
sentatives from all China. including
Manehuria. One could wish for assur-
ance that the Manchurian problem does
not persist huge and menacing.
The movement looking To q complete
anti-Japanese boycott throughout China
grows or subsidies. as this or that re-
port may be correct.
As Chang Tso-I,ins train approached
Mhikden. II was bombed by persons un-
identified, A number OF his encourage
we're killed or wounded. and he himself
was injured: but as TO, how severely,
reports widely differ.
Advance patrols of the Shansi cavalry
reached the Summer palace on the eve-
ming OF June B, and on the eighth q de-
tachment OF 500 encamped on the
grounds OF the temple OF Heaven, that
most beautiful of human constructions,
As they entered one gate, a ietach-
ment OF the Ankuoehun, left behind to
maintain order "a duty admirably per-
formed, left by another
Not without reason II Ia feared that
friction will soon develop between the
admirable Ven Asi~Shan and the
Christian general" Feng Yu-Hsiang,
whose name Is a synonym for rankest
treaehery
The Southern ErOSs,~nut so ahso-
lutelY foolish would he the claim of
Evening star., 1928-06-10
SPEEDIER JUSTICE SEEN
in ENCLAND'S SYSTEM
Elective Judiciary of America Compared
to That of Great Britain-Other
Comparisons Made.

Note--The following article. one OF
series, is by one of Euglands foremost
editors, who recently travelled over the
United States that he might study ~ in
all its aspects. Mr. Spencer has been
editor OF the Westminster Gazette for the
past 2S years. and his study of America
and us institutions Is extremely inter-
estinE.
Evening star., 1928-06-10

ships, Although these doubts have not
as yet been sci at rest, there is reason
10 believe that, as the result NJ recent
experimental work, they VIII be, In the
meantime no progressive country can
afford IN overlook the jmmeDse POSSIBLE
iNes presented by lighter-thsnsa yes"
AVs IN the tield OF commercial trans"
w1gh ......t........... Ill. IL IL ...... i. .As.aA