davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1928-03-11
BY WILL DURANT, Ph. d.,
Author of
The Story of Philosophy"
The Story of Civilization =,

which. because OF the Latin lectures.
came to be called the Latin Quarter.
There. in that lively Paris. weaving
logic with love, Abelard began the most
romantic career in all the history Of
philosophy. What are all the tales Of
the troubadors by the side Of his?
Abelard.
His real name was Pierre or Peter
du Pallet; no one knows how he came
or Abeillard, or Esbaillart. or Beylard: {:
names were but wise mems counters
In the medieval age, and one might
spell them as one would. He had a
passion for the new discovered sport of
iialectic, which defined as the science
OF reasoning the art OF distinguishing
right Judgment from wrong: he pre-
ferred argument to war. and for a
while to love, and when other youths
went crusading he joined instead the
tournament Of thought and cast lance
at William.
For to him this matter Of realism
and "nominalism" and "universals'
vas Of transcendent interest. and to his
of the church--above all the Trinity
we're involved In dispute Even the
| existence OF God hung In the balance,
some thought: for had not the theolo-
gians described all things as belonging
| to some species, all species as belonging
to genus. all genra as belonging to some
! still larger class. and all classes as
being parts OF God? And II the univer-
sal. or class name or species name. was
only. as Abelard held. a conception oi
the mind. what became OF the great
est universal Of all--the Supreme
| Being? Was He. too. but thought
in the brain OF man. having no rea
or objective existence apart from the
particulars Of the world? Yes. 1t wa:
becoming very serious matter. thi,
game OF logic, and those who pursued
| 1t knew that the last syllogism might
conclude with the stake. No wonder
all the students OF Europe in thu
| twelfth century puzzled over 1t: "Ont
never gets away from the question.
wrote John Of Salisbury: from what.
! ever point discussion starts, Ii Is al.
wavs led back and attached to that. i
| Is the madness of Rufus about Naeyia
He thinks OF nothing else: talks o
nothing else. and II Naevia did moi
exist. Rufus would be dumb"
Roscellin had begun the fury toware
the end OF the preceding century il
some lectures at Besancon. The class
he said. has no existence apart from
the several items that compose It: ths
universal or class word Is only a breath
of the mouth: only individual thing
exist. and everything else is nam,
! thence this theory was called nominal
ISM. At once he was accused o.
Continued on Fifth Page.l
Evening star., 1928-03-11
RENEWAL OF CHINESE
TROUBLE IS FORECAST
NatiOnalists Plan to Renew Drive on
Peking With Coming of Spring.
u. S. Ships to Leave.

| physicians. nurses and officials Of va
rious rankS--has been materially re.
duced, but the number is still conSid.
cradle.
Nationalist China. as far as South and
Central China is concerned. has shaken
down" since the 1927 upheaval 1t has
at least four different bases. or semi
capitals-Shanghai Canton. Hankow
and Honan--with as many different
military leaders welding more or less
autocratic authority. The soldiers have
during the past few months of quies-
cence. succeeded in showing the political
leaders into the background That cir
cumstarce has made for tranquility.
Fear Force Of Powers.
1t was the anti-foreign agitation of
the Nationalist politicians that mainly
led TO popular excitement and to such
excesseS as caused the near massacre at
Marking. The military chieftains have
healthy respect for the force the
powers are ready to throw against them
the moment there were evidence of
anything savoring of an organized drive
against the foreign devils"
What in the interval has principally
saved Peking from the clutch of Ma
tlOiLdlASk SliLila IL tiS CUIllulueQ IN
ability of the South China war lords
10 come TO any agreement among them
selves. The result has been content
ment on their part to rest on their re-
spective laurels and hold the sway they
acquired last year without any attempt
TO extend it, The Manchurian war
lcrd. Chang-Tso-Lin. is still boss at
Feking. but he leads an existence that
is imposed upon a powder barrel and
with 10 one knowing when 1t will eX-
plode beneath him.
The attitude of the United States re-
mains unchanged. The Coolidge ad-
ministration will sanction nothing in
the nature OF an allied internationa,
exhibition Of force toward the Chinese
Nationalist or otherwise Secretary
Kellogg Is ready. as he always has been
to negotiate new treaties with China
the moment there is a China with
which he can negotiate America rec
ognizes the inequality" of many con-
ditions to which the Chinese object and
Is PREF AIRED. singly or with other pow
ers, to bring about their amelioration
when somebody can be dealt with quail
fed and authorized to speak for a Chi
nese government or nation worthy OF
The name. At the moment Washington
cannot discern such a regime on the
endlcssiy chaotic Chinese horizon.
tCopvright 1898,
Evening star., 1928-03-11

versity The professors were not al
lowed to join. and when they protested
that they were the university the stu
dents brought them to terms by de-
sertlng first to Arezzo and then to
Padua. So great was the power OF the
students at Bologna that they chose
their own teachers. regulated the time
and mode OF lecturing and paid the
professors salaries.
The universities grew as II Europe
had long awaited them. BY 1900 there
were 80 on the continent. BY 1900
Bologna had 10000 students. the Uni
versity Of Paris and the University Of
oxford founded about ll85b, 10000
each Paris was then a small provin-
cial town and oxford was a trading
center at fordable place on the
Thames tox-ford). One might have
said of them. with variations. what a
wit said OF ''Weimar in Goethes day.
that 1t was inhabited by 10000 poets
and few citizens" The students
gave the townspeople a wild life: II
was not unusual for them to go rioting
and end in murder or two: one was
waged for several days between the
student body and citizenry. with casual
ties that ran into the hundreds. There
were no university buildings - the
teachers taught where they might. at
first in the cloisters. then In the straw
strewn rooms In that section of Paris In
which the students had settled. and
Evening star., 1928-03-11

Upon the conclusion OF these observa- =
tions. the deputies rose as one man and
sang "GiovincZZa."
Poland.-~Elections for a new Seim
dover house OF the Polish Diet) took
place on Sunday, March 4. Altogether
"a parties were in the field.
The new Pilsudski party c'non-
politieal'J won about $50 seats. great
many more than any other party or
bloc 'the Nationalist bloc. headed by
Witos. won only about 20 seats. as
against $40 In the previous Sejm; the
Socialists won about 65. the Radical
Peasants party about so. and the Com
munistS about 49,, but as seen from the
above. far less than a ma atority, so that
the government. identified with the
Pilsudski party. must maneuver for
support In addition to that party. No
doubt the old marshal. IL he cannot
conciliate such support. will by one
means or another procure II. The
Pilsudsh party's achievement was al
most entirely at the expense OF the
Nationalist group. the Socialists making
so per cent gain. the Radical Peasants
and Communists also gaining
Arabia.--A tremendous howdy do In
the Middle East seems In prospect. We
are told that Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud
Sultan OF Neid. is at the point OF pro-
claiming jihad. or holy war, against
lrak. Transjordania and Palestine. all
three Of which countries are under Brit
ish mandate, Nejd marching with Irak
and Transjordania.
Why should Ibn Saud act thus? He
has been on friendly terms with the
British government since 1914. when
that very able and attractive officer
Capt. w. II. l. Shakespear. British rep
resentative at Riyadh. Ibn Saud's capi-
tai. procured his adhesion TO the allied
cause. From then about until 1924
he received an annual subsidy from
the British government OF GO, 900 .00O
pounds The subsidy was continued
after the war. In order. take IL, "a
confirm his loyalty 10 a treaty engage.
ment not TO moleSt territory under
British mandate or protection. Unde,
| commitments OF sorts To King HuSain
OF the Hejaz. the British government,
temporarily checked 1bn Saud's de.
signs upon that kingdom. but ultimate
Evening star., 1928-03-11
ARELARD AND MEDIEVAL
PHILOSOPHY
The Resurrection Of the Schools


;:::: :,.$ ( , $::;;; IS: s. e.
liam of ChampeauX secured
permission of the Bishop of Paris to
lecture on logic. engaged modest
classroom. and slowly gathered students
about him. They were attracted by the
scent of heresy: for William had Just
come from England. where he had
studied under the famous "nominalist,"
Roscellin: and the students hoped that
William would favor. however carefully
and subtly. the radical views for which
his master had been condemned. They
were disappointed: for William was a
timid and modest SOUL who reverenced
the authority of the church far more
than that Of his own reason: and
though he spoke brilliantly tfor
logician). he could not quite win the
love OF his pupils. who longed for an
intellectual war to stir up the embers
Of medieval thought
But one day-perhaps in the year
1100--a bold and bright-eyed youth
from Brittany joined the class. and
began to ask troublesome questions.
The students soon learned that he had
been born at Pallet lear Poitou, some
81 years before: that he had inherited
considerable land, but had become so
disguised with the climate of Brittany
and the mentality of the Bretons that
he had sacrificed his property to his
brothers. and come to Paris seeking
intellectual adventure He was not tall,
but he car led himself with the pride
of a gnndarme: and he went about his
business with such passion and ability
that the world soon took him seriously.
He was strong and stocky. with the
broad brow and the flashing eyes of
the mental athlete.
II *
For many days he listened In silence.
until he absorbed his masters teaching.
Then he broke forth with query after
query that drove poor William of Cham
peaux from one reductio ad absurdum
to another. from ridiculous conclusions
to conclusions still more ridiculous. un-
til tho whole structure of William:
realism toppled and crashed; and the
Young victor, followed by a hundred
students, set up his own class in the
cloisters Of Eotre Dame. and began the
most famous series Of lectures since
Socrates had corrupted the youth OF
Athens with the religion of intelligence
Henceforth 1t was to be the century
Evening star., 1928-03-11

not only Of the great cathedrals, but
also of Abelard.
And the century of universities. For
In the meeting of William and Abelard
the spark was struck which ignitcd
again the fire OF European thought,
and In the rival and hostile classes
which they drew about them lay the
beginning of the University Of Paris.
When these great combatants were
dead the schools which they founded
in Notre Dame. In ST." Genevieve and
in st. Victor we're carried on by other
teachers. who called themselves mas
ters" tmagistriD. and in ITS these
and other teachers formed themselves
into a guild. distributed and co-ordi-
mated their courses and became a uni
versity
The name had come from Bologna
There. a little later than Champeaux
and Abelard. Gratian and others had
lectured on law and medicine and
drawn to them students from every
part OF Europe. Here 1t was the STU
dents who organized. at first into four
''nationes." according to their origins.
and then into two corporations. one
made up OF those students who had
come from beyond the Alps. the other
OF students from Italy-a "Universitas
Ultramontanorum" and "Universitas
Citramontanorum These two corpora
tions Of students constituted the uni
Evening star., 1928-03-11
By FREDERIC WILLIAM VILE.

~HINA. which year ago wa:
gripping the worlds attention
may mount into the limeligh'
~ again with the coming III
Spring. Washington'S advices
are to the effect that South China OF
Nationalist China as it is otherwise
called. will renew its drive on Peking in
another desperate effort to become the
master of the whole republic, The
prospect of another expedition against
Fekin9 Is based on the assumption thiN
Gen. Chang Kai-Shek. Nationalist auto
crat iii the Shanghai region. may be
able 10 effect long planned union Of
forces with Feng Yu-Hsiang. the So
called christian General" who occu-
pies strategic positions in the Honsn
country on the yellow River Hitherto
Feng's power has constituted an inn
penetrable barrier to South China s
ambition to sweep northward and
dominate the country from Peking
Meantime. the powers are on guard.
as they have been now for more than
year. Three American light cruisers.
the Richmond. Cincinnati and Marble
head. comprising the Sd Division of the
Asiatic feet. Rear Admiral John r.
RlaSely, commanding. have Just been
detached from Admiral Mark L. Bris-
tolls force in Chinese waters.
Ordered to Hawaii.
The cruisers have been ordered to re-
port for Spring maneuterS i'll Hawaiian
waters and the Navy Deartment has
not yet determined whether they Will
return TO China next Summer or not
That depends on the course of events
there. But Admiral Bristol and Brig.
Gen. Smedlev D. Butler have the same
1000 or 5000 Marines at their disposal
that we're on the ground in the early
months of 1927 These American forces
are distributed among Shanghai. Tien-
tsin and Peking. Other powers have
troops at these points as we'll
Danger TO foreign lives and property
has materially subsided. especially in
and adjacent 10 the ports. where inter-
national forces are assembled. l.. the
interior. peril is more or less chronic
As far ~ Americans are concerned. the
United States Government has steadily
been c''acuating our own nationals from
ttA tiah7er zones in the hinterland, but
many have insisted, at their own risk
In remaining there At the outbreak Of
trouble last year there were some $4,000
Americans in China That number
missionaries, businessmen, teachers.
Evening star., 1928-03-11
Tall Buildings
BY BRUCE BARTON.

People pass that tall building
today and eseialm, "Hs had the
idea OF selling things for live and
ten cents. What a simple idea!
Why didn't somebody think Of il
bsfore;"
Somebody did think OF II,
many people thought Of il. u
WAS an old idea~-so old that
three out ot h,s frat five stores
were failures.
What built that taiisst build.
ING was not the idea. Bad luck
had 90 tounhened the fhsr OF
that man that three failures
meant nothing to him.
Beethoven. born IN an attic.
was harassed through lite by
sickness and poverty. ~ am do.
termined." he said. 80 TO live
that the unhappy being may he
eonsoled in finding another a.
unfortunate a. himself. who in
face OF all obstacles has done
everything possibts 10 become
worthy al ths name Man" -,
Out OF his STRUGGLES was bern
the musie that has hsArtsnsd
millions.
Mature has some hard things
IN every generation that ahs
wants to oct dans, Knowing that
men ssek naturally the easiest
way, she attaches large priass TO
these things.
Moat at W pasa by on the
other sids. But we can. eem'
plain that we tailsd because wa
did not knaw the ruiss,
The rules are old and plain.
They are written IN all great hi
aoraphlss. ell ursst music. nearly
all iaeus fortunes and almest all
tall buildings.
Evening star., 1928-03-11

Note--In the twenty seventh install.
ment Of his STORY of Civiliyatinn' DIR.
Durant will tell OF Thomas Auuiuas
and Roger Bacon"
Evening star., 1928-03-11
IN my journeyinas I came
| across . sign. which read;
| THE NEW I'M p r VEp
SCHOOL or LAW
NO TEXT HOOkS-~NO
BLACKBOARD
NO HOME STUDY

The home Of this school 10 the
third floor OF an unkcmpt build
ING. In spite Of its fair prom
isss. Il does not prosper. IN.
quired whether any Chief Justice
had come from II. any eminent
Judge or prominent corporation
attorney. The answer wAs mo"
The same city has a school
which has deliberately foatered
n reputation for making ts stu.
dsnts work very hard. Il 10
thronasd with the sons Of the
rich.
For tho rich knsw where their
money came from. 1t came from
hardship. They know how il m.
t'mateiy will bs lost, through
so'tnsss. The sasy school makes
no appeal to them,
The tslisst building in Nsw
York bears the nams of a man
worked iva years Tor sts dollars
4 waak. "Nsvsr encs," he sa,d,
"d,d ! receive one word OF en-.
eo"raosmsn. tram = single soui."
A. the end et two years he left
10 take another Job at ten dollars
= wssk and tsIt rich enough 10
marry. Two months later his
salary ~ss reduced 10 eight dol.
iara Work and worry wore
him dawn and resulted In . slok
ness which nearly ended his
lie,
Evening star., 1928-03-11

That MAS aM and sysNscAsN PNinSaF~
ian, No magic sorm0laA NJ Fvyal mad
To a SarEente ACCOMPLISHMENT, No xesNst
cuts to 4 a,etatcrSngp 81 eae mh,l over
other minds In the Fseaeh pE~Miesx
own WosSsS. simply hard wexk,~ II y
iassSSsSthSe tM any eae wha knawS NJ
pesneAse to tvieet bis pgSSeFtpsiaa BE-
eaN>e he lives that prescription eveFv,
aAy Of hts ltte Hard woGk ha> given
hum even mSNe than a mATNessaIs assxN
,tNsat1aosd "a se0ytA easel
Evening star., 1928-03-11

Challenged by Few.
! Average men cannot play With fire IN
the cerchelhm any more than children
can play with flre on the hearth, They
get badly burned, SO do all thcSe who
attempt To match figures velocity ~
thought and memory With NJ, ruincare,
That is why the man who VAS ~ au-
daeiouS as to make parlor hy~play cf \
ls,e,eSS work 30 years aso iS Tor ths
fourth time and At the age et 6S. pre-
mler ot France today, To-day, however,
few dare challenge what this bullet
headed parliaMentarianS mind may
hoid,
Historians and hiographerS vii, never
hemnan lack nf material With which a.
liyen the Stolid. undramatie march ct
Raymond poineare'S career, Nor vii,
they portray his greatness IN It's true
tight II they fail to reserve chapter
tor the man who never tofsets~ They
need only chat With cotenlAIarN
French or to.eisn journalists 10 secure
ample data,
seek. for instance, any NJ the Scose
or more newspaper men who were
called ta the Sorhonne one day twn
wears Ago to hear IsAM FNAincAtS, then
out og once, what he intended ta SAY
IN his hcak on THE origins d Wars"
They had received advance sheets vi
part Vt this heok, $some et them sal
Ia front ot the author With theNe eapteS
IN their hands They were selag e. tol.
low him and compare noteS Perhaps
he wnuld destats ur make changes,
As for fnincale, he had nothing on
his desk, Not siusse scrap M nAIer
Hut In his manot,uoas Vutce gM 1t N
monotonons save When u goseVnnseNtal
crisis or unjust attacks sgNlast him
atSe his French tevrisR wrathN ne ME
senieA hlA outline RNAetlN the sAMA
Evening star., 1928-03-11

Notes, 1t Is expected that the French
Parliament viii adieam on March Ii,
General elections will he held Oh April
~. and necessary seeond hailottMg viii.
take place on Apiil 10,
statistics show aa,ail marriages In
Moscow IN iaai and ia,Aal divorVes,
The fnrtN ninth session OF The Cnune
cil of the League et Nations opened On
Manda> Its transactions Win be re-
viewed neat week,
Evening star., 1928-03-11
POINCARE'S WONDER MIND
STILL DOMINATES AT 68
Four Times Premier of France, He Has
Well Earned Title of ''The Man
Who Never Forgets.''
BY LELAND STOWE.

~ ERHAPS he should be called "the
- Frenchman who never drinks
wine" Or. perhaps, "the man
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-09-19
BALLOON ASCENSION
RECORD IS CLAIMED
Spain Maintains Flight Resulting
in Molas' Death Sets New
Figure.
BY the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
MADRID, September 10. - Spain
claims new world altitude record as
the result of the balloon ascension in
which Maj. Benito Molas sacrificed his
life. Official readings of the Paragraph
he carried showed that the balloon
twice reached height of II 900 meters
which was claimed to be 400 meters in
excess of the previous record.
Maj Molas' body was found N the
basket of his balloon Sunday night near
the village of Caravaca in the province
of Murcla.
Mai. Benito Molas. who had par
ticipated in the Bennett cup races in
the United States in 1927 and who used
the same balloon in his last ascension,
died in almost exactly the same cir
cumstances as the American balloonist,
Capt. Hawthorne G. Gray.
Capt. Gray was unofficially credited
with reaching height of between a.
coo and $4,000 feet, as shown on his two
paragraphs. His body was found near
Sparta, Tenn. in November, 1927. The
official finding was that he had died at
high altitude.
The Federation Aeronautique Interna-
tionale declined to recognize Capt
Gray's record in that he was not in
personal possession of his instruments"
The height of 1000 meters now claimed
fer Mai Molas is equal to 5000 feet
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-09-19
UNOFFICIAL MINT
PUZZLES BOROUGH
PottsviIIe's Legal Tender
PIunges Treasury Into
Z
Financial Riddle.
By the Associated Press.

POTTSvILLE. Pa, September TO-
After causing a warrant to be issued
for the arrest of Stephen Allsop, treas
urer of the borough of Gilbertson, on
charges of malfeasance in Office, taxpay-
ers of that place today awaited de-
velopments in financial riddle.
Attorney George H. Kaercher, repre-
senting members of the taxpayers as
ISOLATION, said the borough had been is
suing a form of currency that at the
present time, at least, is worthless.
What the attorney described as an
''unoficial mint" came into being some
time ago, when the borough lacked
funds in its treasury to pay current
bills.
were drawn on the empty treasury ana
these soon became legal tender In the
borough. Storekeepers cashed them ana
eventually some of them were sent back
to the treasury in payment of taxes,
only to be reissued, and, the attorney
declared, without official record OF their
receipt on the towns books.
How long this form OF paper cur
rency has been used and the total
amount represented in the orders is not
known. In obtaining the warrant for
Allsops arrest, however. five orders
were submitted as evidence. It was
alleged the orders had been used to
nav taxes last year, put back into cir
culation and used again In paying taxes
this year.
Giibertson has population of $500.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-09-19
CITY NEWS IN BRIEF.
TODAY


The Washington Dietetic Association
will meet at the Grace Dodge Hotel,
pm.
The Curiey Club athletic committee
will give a card party at ST. Martins
Hall, $3.50 pm.
The Dahlgren Terrace Citizens As
Isociation will meet at the Social Oyster
House, 8 pm.
Trinity Lodge, Shepherds of Bethle-
hem, will give card party and lunch
con at the home of Mrs. Woodcheck,
$500 Broad Branch road, 1880 am.
The Gen. M. E. Urell Auxiliary.
United Spanish War Veterans, will give
"a 500 card party at Pythian Temple,
$50 pm.
The Optimist Club will hold lunch
con at the Hamilton Hotel, 1880 pm.
The Insurance Adjusters will hold
luncheon at the Hamilton Hotel
1880 pm.
The High Noon Club will hold a
luncheon at the Hamilton Hotel,
1880 pm.
FUTURE.
A card party for the benefit Of the
Christian and Elenora Rupert Home
will be held tomorrow night at the
Chestnut Farms Auditorium, 8 o'clock.
The Woman's Benefit Association will
hold card party tomorrow afternoon
at 1850 Massachusetts, avenue. 1880
o'clock.
The Association for a Home for
widows and Orphans Of Veterans OF
All Wars will meet tomorrow night
at G. A. r. Hall, o'clock.
The enlisted men at Boiling Field
wiz give their first dance of the sea-
son Friday night at the Ohicers' Club
house, 9 o'clock.
The Washington Highlands Citizens
Association viii meet tomorrow night
at the Congress Heights School,
O'Clock.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-09-19
Healthy During Trip.

Their hunting with rifles, they said,
was confined to lions and antelope.
None had been sick during the trip,
although the voyage over the Red Sea
in a small steamer was the most diff
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-09-19
Cumberland Man Dies.
Special Dispatch to The Star.

Special Dispatch to The Star.
CUMBERLAND, Md, September 10.
Thomas F. Smouse, retired lumber OPP
orator and former member of the Cum
berland city council. died last night
after a lingering illness. Mr.. Smouse
was one of the founders of the Smouse
Association of North America, a FAM
lily tracing it's origin back as far as
the twelfth century. His wife, one son
and one daughter survive.