davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington times., 1928-04-28

experience
The season Of '27 and % Mr..
Ridges was with the Astaires in
Funny Face" seen here at Polls
prior to its opening in New York.
The play is still running through
Mr.. Ridges withdrew to- join the
National Players.
In 1913 and IA he was in stock
in San Francisco and in 1915
varied his inventive talents by
appearing in stock in Utica, n.
Y. in the musical comedy, The
Road to Mandalay" at the Park
Theater. New York, now known
as the Cosmopolitan. His first
leading role in New York was in
support OF Minna Gombel in
six Months Option" at the
Princess Theater in 1915. The fol-
lowing year found him with
Victor Herbert's Irish opera,
Eileen"
Follows here a lapse of nearly
three years from the stage, the
reason being that he was in the
Royal Flying Corps of the Brit
ish Expeditionary forces in Eng
land and France.
The following years found
him with some Of the pronounced
hits Of all times, including
sally" for two years; "Oh Boy :;
Elsie" musical comedy; with
Lila Lee in THE Bride Retires :;
with mo, No Nanette" and
with Funny Face"
Mr.. Ridges is of a wiry slend"
erness, medium height and fair.
The Washington times., 1928-04-28
TINY GIRLS IN
DEMAND FOR
FILMS

Are you only five feet tall?
Do you weigh only 100 pounds?
Then your chances Of getting
into moving pictures are better
for the popularity Of the small
girl is great.
Vera Reynolds is perhaps the
tiniest star in films, being five
feet tall and weighing 1O1 pounds.
Barbara Kent and Marion Nixon
are 5 feet and / inch tail. Gloria
Swanson, Mary Pickford and
Norma Talmadge are all short,
none of them being over feet )
inches. Janet Gaynor and the Day
girls are quite petite, and Pauline
Garon is very short. Sally O'Neil
and Alice White are small. Dol
ores Del Rio is S feet inches in
height.
OF course Greta Carlo. Mar
garet Livingston, Jacqueline Lo-
gan, Dorothy Dwan and Anna @.
Nilsson are exceptions, being 5
feet 4 or inches in height.
Gertrude Astor and Marie Provost
are far from little girls.
The Washington times., 1928-04-28
just
Ahead in
TheaterS

One of the busiest diplomats
imaginable is the central figure
of the farce-comedy, Take My
Advice, /" which the National
Players will offer for the second
week OF their season, beginning
May Z.
University professor, wrote Take
My Advice and Ralph Morgan
and Vivian Tobin had the leads
during its run at the Belmont
Theater in New York last sea-
son. The play has not hereto
fore been seen in Washington.
Jane Cowl in Robert Emmett
Sherwood's brilliant dramatic now
city, THE Road to Rome" which
opened in Washington nearly
year and half ago, will play q
weeks return engagement at
Polls Theater, commencing Mon
day evening, May z. AS the
lovely Lady Anaytis. who con-
vinces Hannibal the great Car
thaginian general Of the futitity
of destroying Rome. Miss Cowles
has her greatest modern role. Her
characterization is a def and sub.
tie portrait OF the modern woman.
For the play. though ancient in
setting and dress. Is sheer TWEEN
tieth century in viewpoint and
speech.
william A. Brady, jr.. and
Dwight Wiman, the producers
present in support of Miss Cowl,
a large and distinguished COM
many which includes Sir Guy
Standing, Richie Ling, Miss Jes.
sic Ralph, Barry Jones. Miss
Joyce Carey. Hale Norcross and
20 others.
Dorothy Mackaill and Jack Null.
hall are the featured stars OF
Ladies Night in Turkish Bath
the screen feature of the bill TO De
presented at the Earle theater Tor
the week beginning Saturday. May
5. The stage presentation will
be a new Harry w. Crull pro-
duction "Sky Blues" featuring
Jack Pepper and a host of Broad
way Stars.
The Fox theater program next
week will have as its screen
feature a comedy reported to be
the greatest laugh producers OF
recent years, why Sailors Go
Wrong" It is one OF the specials
being produced this season by the
William Fox studios. The TEA
ture stage act will consist OF
Benny Davis, popular composer
with many, many hits to his credit
and his revue consisting OF stage
band and some rs Broadway en-
tertainers.
Next week the screen attrac-
ton at I.oew's Palace will be
William Haines in THE Smart
Set" On the stage will be a new
presentation "Camios."
Lon CLANCY in Laugh Clown,
Laugh" follows Drums OF Love"
as the screen attraction at Loew's
Columbia next week.
Zane Grey, probably one OF the
most widely.known names IN
American fiction. is lie author OF
open hange," the new Paramount
picture which comes to the Rialto
for the week of Ma. 5.
Betty Bronson, Lane Chandler
and Fred Kohler are featured in
a cast that includes Bernard Sic
gel. G,'r Oliver, AL st. John. Jim
Corey and George Connors.
The Washington times., 1928-04-28
(LOSE:()PS

Two weeks after Fox's -Four
Sons" came to New York, it was
Joined by the same company's
other special, Mother Machree.
These two. pictures were the max
Ing Of the strangest Cinderella in
all filmdom, the 60-year-old Mar.
garet. Mann, who stepped from
extra to star through the mother
role in -Four Sons"
Miss Mann's work as an extra
in Mother Machree" so impressed
the director, John Ford, that he
picked her for the big Spotlight
position. (which she uses so effec-
lively in -Four Sons But when.
you see Mother Machree," you
won't see a trace of the actress.
or of her fine work which stood
her in such good stead. Cutting
was the reason. In the process OF
pruning and editing the film, the
bit which so impressed the director
was thrown into the discard.
However. it served its purpose
for Miss Mann.
Doris Dawson, petite brunette
ingenue OF the First National, who
recently completed her cinema
education under the Christie and
Sennett banners. has been cast
in Harry Louder's current special
production.
Anita Stewart makes her debut
as a Columbia player in the lead
ing feminine role of 1.-THE Way Of
the Strong" one OF the few re-
naming productions on the COM
pany's 1929 program. THE
Way OF the Strong" is a tense
mystery drama built around an
unsolved murder.
Some of the stars who have
been signed to appear in next
years Tiffany-Stahl productions
include Belle Bennett, Sally
O'Neill, George Jessel, Ricardo
Cortez, Eve Southern, Buster Col
Her, Malcolm McGregor, Roy
DARCY, Montagu Love, Patsy
Ruth Miller. Claire Windsor, John
Harron, Barbara Leonard, Shirley
Palmer, Georgia Hale, and others.
Dorothy Knapp, billed as THE
Most Beautiful Girl in the World"
Ia modest" assertion that might
readily be believed by those who
saw her in Earl Carols ''Vani-
ties"-will make her screen debut
in the Fox picture, None but the
Brave" She will be seen in a
bathing beauty sequence, to be
done In Technicolor. Charles Nor.
ton and Earle Foxe will have the
leading male roles in the film.
The Washington times., 1928-04-28
A Little Bit About
Stanley Ridges

Both in experience and appearance the leading man
of the National Players Stanley Ridges fills the brogan of
his predecessors probably little snugy There no
department of the theaer he not grounded and thus
includes motion picture work He has done stock musical
comedy farce and drama He has worked steadily since
1913 for three years during the filler with
the British air corps when, if the truth must be told, ne
worked harder than ever Below is brief digest of his
The Washington times., 1928-04-28
Ex-SoIdiers Extras

Most of the extras used in the
sweeping cavalry charge in
Drums of Love-" now playing
its second week at Loew's ColuIn.
bia, were exservice men. Griffith
simply told them that he wanted
q certain hill taken. He asked
the men to act naturally and with.
out further instructions ordered
the scene to be taken.
The Washington times., 1928-04-28
Griffith Busy

It is sometimes said: IF you
want something done, ask a busy
man." Despite the strenuous life
he leads. David Wark Griffith,
director of Drums OF Love"
now playing the second week at
Loew's Columbia, finds time to
keep UP his. social contacts, at.
tend all important theater per-
formances and keep up with his
reading
The Washington times., 1928-04-28
Sloane Directed

Paul Sloane, the director whose
name invariably is attached to
great box.office hits, directed THE
Blue Danube" which is being
shown at the Rialto this week.
The Washington times., 1928-11-17

H. G, FLEMING MOTOR Co. Hyattsvle, Md.
FRYE MOTOR CO.; sdToR LsssRurs' "a; HARDWARE CO
LEONARDTOWN MOioK q HAND" aNH W
LUsBY MOTOR CO.. Prince Frederick, Md
The Washington times., 1928-11-17
DINNER DANCE
AT ARMY WAR
COLL EGE

At the dinner dance given last
evening at the Officers Club Of
the Army War College. many Of
the officers attached to the post
entertained guests, Brig Gen. and
Mrs. George P. Silmonds. had Major
Gen. Charles r. SumrneralI. chief
Of staff. u. s. AL, and Mrs. sum.
meran as the ranking guests.
Another distinguished group was
entertained by Lieut.. II. III Will
liams and Miss Marie williams.
The Minister of Siam, Lieut..
Gen. Phya Vijitavongs. was the
guest Of honor at Colonel Williams
dinner.
The guests also included Mai.
Cen. and Mrs. H. O. williams.
the Argentine Military Attache
Lieut.. Col. ZuIcaga and Senora
de zuloaga, the French Military
Attache Major Thenault and Nine.
Ti1enault, the Chilean Military
Attache Major GalenO and Senora
de Galeno, the Cuban Military
Attache Captain Prieto and Sonora
de Prieto. Mr.. and Mrs. Stokeiev
Morgan. Col. and Mrs. Osnlun La
trobe, Mr.. and Mrs. walker Smith,
Continued on Page 81
The Washington times., 1928-11-17
PRINCE WILL
CO NJ E TO
CAPITAL
prince Gustavus Adolphus. heir

Prince Gustavus Adolphus, heir
presumptive to the Swedish
throne, will come to washington
from New York on December 8
to pay his respects to the Presi-
dent. He will leave late that eve
ming for Niagara Falls, ". Y.
While here the Prince will be
entertained at luncheon at the
White House by the President and
Mrs. Coolidge. And that evening
he and the members of his party
will be guests at dinner of the
swedish Minister and Nine. Bos.
from, who will have as other
guests only the members Of the
legation staff.
Prince Gustavus Adolphus will
come to this country to attend the
wedding on December / OF Miss
Estelle Manville to Count Fotke
Bernadotte, Of Sweden, which will
take place at P1easantville, N. Y.
\ i
Dimitri Dem Dimancesco. for.
merly secretary of the Runaniarl
Legation in Washington. has ar.
rived In this country from Bu.
cnarest for b visit. He is al
present In Chicago, but will come
to washington later.
The Washington times., 1928-11-17
NEWS AND GOSSIP OF SOCIETY IN THE CAPITAL
Dinner Host

The japanese Ambassador and
Nine. Debuchi entertained at din
ner last evening when their
vuests were the Undersecretary
Of state and Mrs. j.. Reuben
clark jr., Assistant Secretary of
State and Mrs. Wilbur ]. Carr,
Assistant Secretary of State and
Mrs. Francis White. Nelson T.
Johnson, Of the State Department,
ana his sister, Miss Johnson:
Mr.. and Mrs. WHY'S RuggIes
Peck. Mr.. and Mrs. John X. Cald-
we'll. DR.. Stanley K. Hornbeck,
Mr.. and Mrs. Joseph w. Ballan-
tvne. the Counselor of the Japa-
nese embassy and Nine. Sawada,
the First Secretary Of the Em-
bassy and Nine. Togo. Mr.. Tsur-
uni and Mr.. Tani, of the embassy
staff.
Miss Frances Larner Gore will
entertain informally at luncheon
on Wednesday in compliment to
Miss Faith Phillips. debutante
daughter of the Rev. DR.. and
Mrs. ZeBarney Phillips Other
guests will include debutantes Of
this season.
u
The Washington Alumnae As
sociation of Kappa Kappa Gamma
will be entertained at dinner on
Tuesday evening at the home Of
Mrs. Edward G.. Stone at 3111 N
st. Mrs. Stone and Mrs, Skip
worth CoaIe will be hostesses.
Miss Cora Rigby will speak on
the Political situation.
The Washington times., 1928-11-17
MISS HELEN galley TO
WE'D EDWIN M. MARTIN

The wedding of Miss Helen
Hermann Galley. daughter Of Mr..
and Mrs. Howard Prescott Galley,
and Edwin Manton Martin, son
Of Mrs. Charles e. Martin, is TAX.
ing place at o'clock this after
noon In All Saints Episcopal
Church in Chevy Chase with the
rector, the Rev. Henry Teller
Cooke, officiating. Following the
ceremony there will be a recep.
tion for the bridal party and mers1-
bers of the two families at the
home Of the brides parents in
Chevy Chase.
Old Lace
The brides father will escort
her to the altar and give her in
marriage. She is wearing
gown of ivory satin made on bout.
FAINT lines with skirt longer in
the back and with a close fitting
bodice having long, tight sleeves
mat fall in points over the hand,
and a v-shaped neckline trimmed
with old lace. Her veil of tuIle
is arranged under cap of lace.
And her flowers are a shower
bouquet Of roses and lilies of the
valley.
Miss Harriet Whitford is serv.
ing as maid of honor. She is
wearing yellow tulle fashioned on
bouffant lines with ruffled skirt
and with yellow velvet bows used
as trimming. Carrying out fur
ther the yellow note are a picture
hat and slippers in velvet. Her
flowers are yellow roses.
The bridesmaids are Miss Helen
The Washington times., 1928-11-17

Clifford, Miss Katharine Martin,
Miss Frances Llarner Gore, Miss
Ruth Dickinson, Miss Mabelita
Mead, Miss Mary Martin, Miss
Edwina Morrow, Miss Florence
Wetherill, Miss Fannie Dial and
Miss Sara Worthington. They
are wearing frocks OF tulle in
green, peach, orchid, blue and
rose. fashioned ike that of the
maid Of honor and trimmed with
velvet bows to match. Their
hats and shoes are also in velvet
to harmonize.
The bridegroom has as best
man his brother, Benjamin Yam
cey Martin. And the ushers are
Edward Farrar, Fred !Farrar, Ro-
bert Latimer, Brashear Avis, Paul
Iutes, Richard sSchulze, Royce
Hough, Douglas clephane, Charles
Robert Morrow and Jack Hayes.
Decorations used at the church
are ferns, palms, yellow and
white chrysanthemums and au-
tunn leaves. And the same
floral scheme is being followed
throughout the house save in the
dining room, where white roses
are the prevailing note.
Receiving with the bridal couple
will be her mother, who will be
gowned in grey velvet with hat
and shoes to match, and the
bridegroom mother. who is wear
ing a costume of black velvet
with accessories to match.
Later in the afternoon Mr.. Mar
tin and his bride will leave on a
honeymoon, after which they will
make their home at South Cathe.
dral Mansions.
The Washington times., 1928-11-17
Fancy Ball Planned
In Early December
As Kenmore Benefit

Mrs. Thomas H. Taliaferro an
nounces the acceptance by Mrs.
Edward A. Hartman of the vice
chairmanship of the committee in
charge OF the ball to be given at
the Willard Hotel, December 8,
under the auspices of the Wash
ington branch of the Kenmore
Association, and the proceeds will
be used to refurnish the home of
Betty Lewis, only sister of George
Washington. This home has been
saved by the efforts of women
throughout the country and is
now the property Of the Ken
more Association, which is pre-
serving it as national shrine.
The ball will be a costume event
but no particular period will be
emphasized and fancy dress repre-
senting the Colonial days OF the
country's history; the attire of
the women of 1850; or of various
Old World nationalities will all
be in evidence. Mrs. Rose Gou~
verneur Hoes Is in charge of
reservations which may be made
at the Willard Hotel Social Blu.
reau.
Mr.. and Mrs. Carmi Thompson,
of Cleveland, are at the Willard
en- route to White Sulphur
Springs, w. Va.
Mr.. and Mrs. Leslie Anderson,
of Burghead, Scotland at the
Grace Dodge Hotel while visiting
in Washington.
Mrs. John Allan Dougherty
went to Charlottesville, Va, to-
day to pass the weekend with
Mrs. Charles w. Wetmore.
The Washington times., 1928-11-17
Secretary Mellon Guest
At Chinese Legation
Dinner for Visitor

The Secretary of the Treasury,
Mr.. Mellon, attended the dinner
given last evening by the Chinese
Minister and Nine, SEE in conpli.
ment I'd Mrs. Edward v. Babcock.
wife OF the mayor of Pittsburgh.
Other guests were the Minister
ot Egypt and Nine. Samy Pasha.
Representative Stephen G. Por-
ter, Representative and Mrs. Fred
Britten, DIR. Rupert Blue, Nine.
Sanchez Latour. Mr.. and Mrs. Ed.
ward +. Erik, Mr.. and Mrs. George
BoWle Chapman, Mr.. and Mrs.
John s. Patterson and Mrs. Dan.
lei M. Clemson, of Pittsburgh:
Mr.. and Mrs. w. r. Willoughby,
DR.. w. w. WiIioughby and j. M.
Blankenship.
The Washington times., 1928-11-17
Middies and Cadets

Mrs. s. s. Robson, wife of the
Commandant of the United states
Naval Academy. and Mrs. w. w.
Willard. wife Of tho Comnandant
Of the Navy Yard, have been
added to the list Of patronesses
for the First Annual MidshipmaTi
and Cadet Ball to be given at the
MayfIower Hotel on Christmas
Eve.
The Washington times., 1928-11-17

lContlnued oi1 Page 81
The Washington times., 1928-11-17
American Opera

In the group of patrons for
the American Opera. which will
appear at Keith's Theater on
Monday, Tuesday and Wednes.
day of next week are the British
Ambassador and Lady Isabella
Howard the Canadian Minister
and Mrs. Vincent Massey, Mrs.
Hamilton Fish, 1r.. Mrs. Charles
J, Bell Mrs. Tracy Dows, Mrs.
James F. Curtis, Mrs. Clarence
Wilson, Mrs. Walter Bruce Howe,
Mrs. Adolph Caspar Miller. Mrs
William Livingston Crounse, Mrs.
Duncan Cameron and Cleveland
Perkins. Carmen" will be pre.
sented Monday night. Martha"
on Tuesday and Faust" on We'd
nesday.
Mrs. Roy Ellis, wife of the
president of the Missouri State
Teachers College, who, with her
small son, David Owen. has been
visiting her parents, DIR. Gilbert
Q. Nations and Mrs. Nations. of
this city. has left for her home in
Springfield, Mo.
4
Rev. and Mrs. w. n. Speer nf
New York, are making an ex.
tended stay at the Grace Dodge
Hotel.
The Washington times., 1928-11-17

Smashing Sale
Of Fine
,ix.Cylinder Cars
Standard Skies and Victory Skies every Dodge
Brothers Passenger Car Of either Of these types
in our stock must be sold
They are all Of the latest current models. They
all rooy, comfortable cars, beautiful in color,
rich in upholstery. They carry the name Of being
the finest performers in their respective classes;
and they back it up the road.
AT their former prices they were outstanding
values at their present prices they are bargains
extraordinary in motor car history.
STANDARD SIX
y. Nsg : Sas. Ds..
De Luxe Sedan '7o5 IT'S
Sedan '7o5 los
Coupe IT'S $50
VICTORY SIX
Nss I:s Sts:' s.:s. saGas
Br0ugham '945 'zz5
Four.PasSenger Coupe '945 '725
Sport Sedan '4O45 ESQ
De Luxe Sedan 'o45 IFS
Sport Roadster 1875 $50
Se0an '0S5 AUV
Coupe 'S45 ZOO
Roadster '795 zUO
Convenient these lou prices'
sENn1Es MOTOR COMPANY, Inc
r. c., RAPHAEL sENNtEs President =, s.nw
Ma" os.e ss@~s: ;ssss, ?a" s%S M.ss sss ''''
ASSOCIATE EDEALERs
$5 $SS; .o"sr [ a$ e. $::. e.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1928-08-08

Wade. Gladys Brockwell, Robert
Edeson, Vera Lewis, John MILAN,
and others. Young Foy proposes
to utilize for the first time d new
invention by which a travelling
camera shot Ii made available
for talking pictures.
s'Nighfstick. which the Ma
fionaf Players do next week, has
also been acquired by the talkies.
United Artists will make the pic
ture with Roland West directing.
Joseph p Kennedy, who is head
of the Keith-Albee-o rpheum Cir
cult, has just returned to New
York after q two months business
trip to Hollywood. Kennedy is ad-
visory head Of First National
Pictures, owns F.B.O. and super.
vises Pathe Pictures. He has in
stituted q policy Of Coolidge
economy that has the West Coast
gasping. Kennedy was the de-
SPAR Of interyiewers. He abso-
Iutely declined to discuss affairs
of the industry while he was busy
looping off the heads of SIC. 900 to
$4,000 year studio executives.
Just before he started back to
New York he was cornered by
Edwin Schallert of the Los An.
geles Times and here's what he
said in q snappy five-minute talk:
Dissatisfaction permeates this
business, and 1t is the most harm
full thing in its effect" he said.
The gtars don't feel that they get
the right kind Of stories; the pro-
Queer thinks that all the other
people are getting the money and
that he isn't getting anything; the
distributor feels that he Ii not re-
ceiying the right kind Of pictures
J to sell from the producer, and that
he is not getting the money that he
should from the exhibitor; the ex-
hibitor doesn't feel that he receives
the right treatment either in pic.
lures or in prices; legislators are
introducing bills that are aimed at
pictures, and foreign countries are
throwing up barriers to American
film importations.
FunQamentally, 1t Is a psyche
logical condition-too mary grum-
blers, too many GROWERS, too many
people listening to every idle bit
Of comment; too many making
mountains cut of molehills. What
the business needs is the get.
together spirit from top to bottom.
Conditions were serious enough
without any additional complica.
tions. but they are complicated a
hundred.fold byNtl1e advent of the
sound films. These threw the
whole thing into new form of
chaos.
Why the production of talking
films in most studios hasn't even
started, and we are making plans
for them as it. they were, and
could be shown over an unlimited
territory. Those companies that
have the jump on the gun are
making a great success in the
theaters In which they can ex-
hibit, but how many of these
stheaters are equipped for this
sort of exhibition?
The reports about installations
Ill seem rather exaggerated. When
left New York only $50 theaters
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1928-08-08
REAL SHOTS OF
NEWSPAPE
MAKING

Few people outside of newspaper
work know anything about the
intricate and exciting processes
that are called into operation IN
publishing q daily newspaper.
But those who see the remark.
able film THE Making Of q News.
paper coming to Loew,s Colum.
bia Theater, Saturday. are taken
behind the scenes and shown
every step of gathering of j biz
news story, printing ii and getting
Ii quickly into the hands Of read.
ers almost before echoes Of the
disaster or event have died.
Some of the most remarkable
news pictures ever taken are In.
cluded IN this film. Thrill after
thrill of actual happenings photo
graphed at the imminent risk Of
the camera mans life contribute
their part to make this film more
absorbingIy dramatic than any
deliberately planned pict.-o could
be.
Taken In the plants of Hearst
newspapers and basing the main
action OF the scenario on tie
heroic rescue OF the steamship
Antinoe BY the crew of the steam.
ship Roosevelt, the film moves
with increasingly dramatic speed
and intensity Of interest. The
utilization of radio, telegraph.
cable and telephone are graphic.
ally depleted. Wireless trans.
mission of phot0graphs--tla
amazing new inventit lis also
included as part Of the work 81
the Hearst newspapers in placing
the news Of theS world IN the
hands Of the millions Of readers
IL the shortest possible time.
The human dran.a that Ii
packed into q newspapermants
life keeps the interest of the
spectator in every foot of this
decidedly novel film.
The fight against time Iii every
process Of newspapermaking the
utilization of every labOr-saving
device that could save d second
for seconds are more important
in newspaper work than In the
work of ordinary business are
graphically revealed doing their
parts IN carrying the news accu.
rate1y, quickly id first to the
millions OF readers OF the ~
Hearst newspapers In is key
cities covering America from the
Atlantic to the Pacific.
Everyone who will see The
Making nf a. Newspaper Will
never again he able to pick
newspaper mp without d deeper
realization OF the romance, danger,
initiative and science, an part
/Of the gathering, printing, and
distribution OF even the least
of the stories on q newspapers
page.
Added interest Is given the film
by the intimate and Informal pic
lures that flash on the screen
the famous men and women who
have made the Hearst service
celebrated.
MIR. Hearst is shown at his
beautiful ranch IN California,
Colonel Knox, general manager
Of the Hearst newspapers
Arthur Brisbane, the worlds
most famous editorial writer;
Jiggs and Maggie, Nell
Brinkley. Hershfield, Russ West
over, Jimmy Murphy and others
are shown at their daily tasks
of entertaining millions.