davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-02-13
Auto LiThts the Way

He returned to the plane, slowed
his luggage and a. few sandwiches
aboard and TAXED to the far end of
the, field at the opposite end from
the hangers. Ambassador Judah
and Mrs. Judah followed him in an
automobile, lighting the way.
He started from the Polo Field
and, as the plane sped over the
bumpy ground, it passed. close to
one Of the goal posts. Half way
down the field he was in the air
and, rushing along, just raised the
plane to clear the hangers. The
spectators and large number Of
tho Cuban flying corps cheered and
threw their hats into the air.
For Is minutes the sound Of his
motor was heard as he circled
around, apparently seeking his bear
ings. Lindbergh made a final circle
over the field and gave three flashes
Of. his signal lights in farewell to
Ambassador Judah and Mrs. Judah.
Immediately after the take-off,
Captain Labo-de, Lindbergh's Gu
ban aide, announced that he wor-
ried as q strange rustling sound
came from the plane and he thought
the motor might not be functioning
properly. The lights Of the escort
ing automobile were Unanswered to
provide the best illumination posi-
bic in event Of a landing.
Fears were soon dispelled, how
ever, when a steady whir indicated
that the motor was functioning
properly.
After assurance Of Lindbergh's
safety was signaled to spectators,
the crowd started to melt away. The
field was .darkened. Another chap
{. had been added to the history Of
aviation and a new one begun.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-02-13
LEFT HAVANA
FOR ST. LOUIS
BEFORE DAWN

Continued from page one)
and San Diego to st. Louis, 1850
miles.
Cheers rose from the spectators
on the field as the flyer swept over
them, leaving behind a message Of
good will. Miniature flags Of IL
countries visited on his tour painted
on the fuselage of the Spirit of St.
Louis attested the affection Of Latin
America for. I'VE" These repre-
sented Mexico, Guatemala, British
Honduras, Nicaragua, Honduras,
Salvador, Costa Ricay Panama, Col
ombias venezuela.. the Dominican
Republic, Haiti aht. Cuba. Lind.
bergh also made stops at two Unit
ed States possessions, Porto Rico
and the Virgin Islands.
Lindbergh, fit and smiling, ar
rived at the field, accompanied by
Ambassador Nobel Brandon Judah
and Mrs. Judah, 1t 1850 q. m. The
Cubahd band struck up a lively
march and the Spirit Of st. Louis
was wheeled. from the hangar,
while the flyer. walked about the
field hunting suitable place for
a take4off.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-02-13
Garrison Five Trims
Underwood Quint, 1877

Garrison, N. D., Feb. 13.-The
Garrison high school boys basket
ball team defeated Underwood at
Underwood Friday night by score
of 10 to z. Underwood scored only
two field goals during the game.
This is Garrison's tenth victory of
the season.
Score by quarters:
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-02-13

Cairo, ILL.,, Feb. 13.-4R)-The
drone Of an airplane motor was
heard over Cairo at 2:29 p. M, to-
day. The plane was not seen be-
cause Of fog but as this city was on
the expected route Of Col. Charles
A. Lindbergh it was believed it
might be his.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-02-13

In a preliminary game the. I'm
derwood girls defeated the Garri-
son girls, 27-14. NJ. Engler was
the high. scorer for Underwood and
Helen Martin for Garrison. ~ q
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-02-13

It'll Heaven ! performances
u T:1S r. II, and 900 r.. ii.
sharp. Capitol Theatre. !.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-02-13

the route which Lindbergh should
pass on his way to st. Louis. None
had reported any sight Of the spirit
of st. Louis.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-02-13

o.
Of
S f to
Of
BY
@
M Athu Pat, Fargo
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-12-20
Mussolini Becomes
Ten Beast of
the Italian Fascist

ROME, Dec. 19.-Mussolini has
made sure that he holds all strings
of government in his hands. Be-
sides being the actual dictator he
has also taken all important posts
in his cabinet. The cabinet means
Mussolini, for he holds seven posts
and thus has the majority, in addi-
ton to three other government
posts. Perhaps he could not trust
the minister Of colonies any longer
in his limited activities so he has
taken that post too.
Dictator of Italy, minister of for
eign affairs, internal affairs, army.
navy, aeronautics, corporations and
colonies, president of the cabinet
council and supreme head of the
fascist party. Mussolini has pinned
all these badges on his fascist
breast and now when he speaks he
speaks in the name of 10 govern
ment offices.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-12-20
At YEARS or HARD
LABOR FOR FIVE !
ITALIAN WORKERS
Charged With Inciting
to Armed Uprising
(Red Aid Press SerUice)

BERLIN (By MaiD Special
Tribunal in Rome tried six workers
who were described in the indict-
ment as dangerous anarchists"
They were charged with having
formed an organization for the pur-
pose of "inciting the population of
the Italian kingdom to carry out an
armed rising against the state"
According to the evidence of the
police, the accused had planned to
seize the barracks in Verona, to
seize all motor lorries and aero
FLAMES and to arrest the authorities
of Verona and hold them as hos
tages. The weapons in the hands
Of the accused for the carrying out
OF their daring plan consisted of a
number of leaflets which provided
the only real evidence against them.
Five of the accused were found
guilty and sentenced to long terms
Of hard labor: Achille Marinoni re-
ceived II years, Giovanni Dornachi
received Is years, Umberto Bonetti
and Giovanni Barcelli received 10
years each and Giovanni Braido re-
ccived five years.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-12-20
jIM-CR0W RULE
IN DETROIT STORE
Negroes Must Eat in
Corner of Cafeteria

DETROIT, Mich by MaiD.-
Not content with handing out the
dirtiest and worst paid jobs to the
Negroes, and with driving them for
long hours, under miserable condi-
tions, the ]. L. Hudson Company,
Detroit's largest department store
became the latest to employ discrim-
mating tactics against Negroes, by
innovating the Jim-Crow system last
week.
A week acc an order went the
rounds in the Hudson Company
store, that if the Negro employees
cared to continue to purchase lunch
il the company's cafetaria, they
would have to sit in a far-off cor
ner of the dining room by them
selves. The order was received with
great resentment by the Negro en-
ployees, AID on that day all Negro
employees went outside to lunch
rather than be Jim-Crowed in the
store. 1t was further ordered that
the Negro maids, elevator girls and
other female employees could not
occupy the rest rooms as the white
girls, but must all go to the fourth
basement.
This move has caused bitter feel
ing among the Negroes, vino are nov
boycottinG the establishment.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-12-20
new WARRANT is
OUT FOR TOOHEY;
ARREST TROOPER
Sheriff Goes Bail for
Slugger, Onko
Continued from Page One
Ike him seven months to find these

Continued from Page One
take him seven months to find these
men had not rioted?
"If this is to be countenanced,"
Hays said, "any police official can
prevent lawful assembly and express
SIGN of opinion. In this section the
police do it continually. The police
instruct speakers as to what they
shall say, and on what subjects they
shall speak, and, when speakers re-
fuse to comply, they are then in
Inundated and beaten and arrested.
"Then if these men are properly
defended. the prosecution with
draws. Thus the meetings are pro-
hibited and there is never any real
case on the constitutional rights Of
the people for free speech and as
serblv getting into the courts"
Toohey and Brophy were arrested
March 6, when troopers broke up a
meeting of coal miners called under
the auspices of Local Gil of the U.
". W. A. before the formation of
The N. NJ. W, when Toohey. who
had been speaking for an hour and
= half, condemned marine rule in
Nicaragua and Cossack rule in
Pennsylvania.
After 4he riot case was dismissed,
Toohey issued statement, saying,
in merit:
"This can be considered defeat
for reaction and victory for the
workers and their right to meet and
organ re ard speak. In my opinion,
the only effective method of combat
ting the baTditry and fascism of the
Cos Gclis, the employers and the au-
thorities is for the workers to or
ranize the whole way down the line,
economically and politically, and to
Eight their depredat ons to finish,
and, as for the National Miners
Union, this issexactly what we pro-
pose to do"
When the case charging Toohey
and John Brcphy came up before
Judges Reid ard Cohen yesterday
The defense ives we'll prepared tc
grove that all the rioting was done
by state troopers. Attorneys Clar-
ance Darrow and Arthur Garfield
Hays were present representing the
National Civil Liberties; L. X. Por.
ter and William Hildorfer, for the
local Civil Liberties, end ]. Henry
Egllanhogen representing the Ma
tioral Miners Union and the Inter
national Labor Defense, with Attor
Fnev Walter S2mart, were assoc atet
With them as counsel for the de
/ Tense.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-12-20

MANY NEGROES
jAMONC VICTIMS
IN DEATH TRAPS
Hundreds of Workers
Left Homeless

Tenement fires in Harlem and the
lower East Side of the city took
toll of three workers lives and
seriously injured four others. The
two blazes took place in the most
crowded sections of the city, where
the workers are forced to live in
congested areas and crowded tene-
ments unequipped with modern
safety devices.
Three are dead, another is be-
lieved to be dying, and three others
are very seriously inju ed. II e
flames destroyed two buildings max
ing almost fifty workers and chill
rem homeless, and forced almost 200
ther workers living in adjoining
buildings to abandon their homes.
Most of the dead and injured are
Negro workers. The victims are:
James TONNES, rs, Negro, of 352 st.
Nicholas Ave; Margaret Towues,
25, his wife; and an unid untitled
body, which was found, badly
SHdIlSuS III GlS IlUuSIOH OI. lire, ne
injured are: an unidentified woman,
found at the Houston st. fire at 283
E. Houston ST., a five-story old brick
tenement. She was burned and I'M
conscious from the smoke, and is
dying at Gouverneur Hospital. Mrs.
Dickerson, Negro woman, was
badly burned and taken to the Har-
lem Hospital, and two fircmen were
overcome and cut by flying glass.
Nine We're rescued at the Houston
st. fire, which was discovere By
Isidore Mink, milkman, living in
flhe Bronx.
Hundreds of Negro workers, liv-
fng in tie vicinity of the re tn
burned the tenement at 352 st.
Nicholas Ave, were driven into the
street by the smoke and flames, and
many were left homeless.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-12-20
Actors Strike Leader
Elected New President
Federated Press)

John Emerson, president of Ac-
tors Equity Union since 1920, forced
to resign because of bad health
prevents him from staying in New
York, has been elected honorary
president, and Frank Gilmore
named president. Gilmore has been
the unions secretary since 1918.
Emerson, with a good record as an
actor, playwright, producer and
cinema director, placed his services
at Equity's command during the
1919 strike. He became president
next year.
Gilmore, the new actors union
chief, 'e1 the 1918 strike which en-
ded in victory ard practically 100
per cent unionization for actors on
the legitimate stage. Paul Dullzell,
new secretary, was leading serate-
gist in the 1919 strike. He invented
the term Equity shop" to denote
union lob control.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-12-20
RIDICULE SILK
union TAKERS
IN PATERSON
The New Local Issues
Statement
Continued from Page One


leaders. This step was taken by the
officials as a method of deceiving
the workers. One can only laugh at
the ridiculous position Of these of
ficials. By trying to suspend work
ers who are no longer members of
the organization, the bureaucrats of
the Associated Silk Workers wish
to cover up their strikebreaking tao
tics during the strike.
"The A. S. W. officials, in record
ing themselves for suspension, wish
to show the reactionary United Tex
tile Workers Union, with whom they
are seeking affiliation, that they
have learned all the tricks of the
trade union Observation-Disclosures
ism in breaking up meetings where
the majority was obviously against
them, railroading through endorse
ments of their strikebreaking poll
cies in typical A. F. of L. manner.
Now they want to show off one
more trick they have learned from
the labor fakers-although the trick
comes a little too late to be effec-
tive-they charge the militants with
being disrupters, when they them
selves were the strikebreakers, when
they betrayed the strike and sold
out the interests of the workers.
"The workers who know these of
ficials viii not be fooled By such
trickery. The officials refuse to
recognize the fact that the Broad
Silk Department has left the A. s.
w. and are resorting to this trick
cry in order to deceive the workers
as to the meaning of this vote of
the Broad Silk Department. Let the
officials do their little tricks learned
from the bosses and the A. F. of L..
bureaucracy. The workers of Pat
erson are now firmly with the Ma
tional Textile Workers Union.
"The N. T. w. U. is setting itself
the task of organizing all the work.
ers in the small shops and particu-
larly the big shops, with the object
Of winning union conditions in the
shops and building a powerful in
dustrial union Of all the silk work
ers in Paterson, linked up with all
the textile workers of the country
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-12-20
COMMISSION
AIDS BOSSES
Interstate Board Helps
Trusts

WASHINGTON, Dec. 19.-The
Federal Trade Commission dis
missed today monopoly complaints
against the General Electric Com
pany, Radio Corporation of Amer
lea, American Telephone and Tele-
graph Co., Western Electric Co.,
Westinghouse Electric Co., Interna-
tional Radio Telegraph Co., United
Fruit Company, and the Wireless
Specialties Apparatus Co.
The companies were charged with
monopolizing manufacture and sale
of radio and other electrical equip
ment.
The commission did not state its
reasons for dismissing the COM
plant, but it is we'll known that
monopolies of this sort are never
dissolved by the commission.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-12-20

meeting will be at Lexington Hall,
1o9 E. 116th st.
Unit "a, IF.
Unit "a, 2F will hold special
industrial meeting today at 101 W,
eth St, at p. m. All comrades will
report, their industrial activity in the
industrial field and in the Party as
whole The Daily's 5th anniver-
sary will also be taken up. roll
call will be taken.
Unit ST, 2B.
Unit ST, 2B meets today at p. m.
at &c Union Square.
Section Ont for !. l.. ID. Tag Day.
All members of Section 5, Bronx,
are to be modified for Saturday and
Sunday, Dec % and 20, for ]. l.. D.
Tag Days. Headquarters. at 1880
Wilkins Ave, Will be open Saturday
from ~ noon to 10 ,, m, and Sunday,
10 a. m. to . D. IN. Those still with
out boxes and stamp books can get
them there. Br. l and 6 have their
own headquarters.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-12-20
6 Badly Hurt, Others
Bruised in Elevator
UNITED Press J

Eighteen persons were saved from
death by powerful shock absorbers
at the bottom of the shaft, when
an elevator fell six floors to the
basement when the cable broke, in
the Art Color building yesterday.
Six of the passengers were SER
iously injured. The others suffered
from bruises and shock.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-12-20
BIRMINGHAM PROHIBITS FILM.

BIRMINGHAM. Ala, Zee. 19.-
This city, in a state which has hun
dreds Of Ku Klux Khan lynchings
and whippings to its credit, so many
tict last year, "a were reccr, ed in
che county alone, has barred the
sh WING Of "Uncle TENS Cabin" in
r.ovie form The ruling class of bust
ness men and white planters fear
that it W ,ncourage r,sc}lions on
the part of the Negroes. at might
excite hatred" is the excuse of Mrs.
Myrtel w. Smell, city amusement in
epector, who prohibited the show
ing.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-12-20
Lenin Memorial Meet.


A Lenin Memorial Meeting will be
held in Madison Square Garden Sat
urday evening, January 10. All Party
and sympathetic organizations please
take note.
You are requested not to arrange
any conflicting dates. The Lenin
Memorial Meeting this year will be
the imperialist war and for the de-
tense of the Soviet Union.
District Executive Committee. New
York District.
Party Units Attention!
The Spanish Fraction Will hold its
first ball this Saturday evening
at Harlem Casino, 116th st. and
Lenox Ave. Proceeds will go for the
organization of Spanish speaking
workers and for the support Of the
OF gan OF the Spanish Bureau vida
Ohrera." Please, keep this date open
and give this affair your greatest
support.
Italian Red Hall.
A grand annual ball will be given
by the New York Italian fraction OF
the Workers (Communist) Party for
the benefit of II Lavatore. the Italian
Communist paper, on Saturday, Dec
90, p. m. at Workers Cooperative
Hall, 642 Hudson Ave, West N. Y.
Bronx Y. w. l.. Dance.
The Bronx section of the YOUNG
Workers tCommunisD League will
hold Section Dance on Saturday
at the Rose Gardens, 1S47 Boston
Road. There will be entertainment
and an excellent jazz band.
Section Dance.
Section of the Workers Com
munist) Party will celebrate the es-
tablishing of the Bronx Workers
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-12-20
Chicago T.U.E.L. Plans
New Years Eve Ball

CHICAGO, ILL.,, Dec. 19.-The
ninth annual ball of the Trade
Union Educational League will be
held New Years Eve, at Mirror
Hall, 1886 Northwestern Ave-, near
Division st.
A snappy jazz band has been en-
gagged by the arrangements commit
tee, and contest between the vari-
Gus trade groups of the city will be
one of the features of the evening.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-12-20
Dancing Instructions
DANCING NEWEST STEPS

poise, balance, lead. follow In conf
dence, quickly, finest teachers, guar
anteed to teach you correctly waltz,
fox trot, collegiate, Peabody AR
gentine tango, given In separate
rooms. without appointments; indi-
II p. NJ; also Sundays; special course
for beginners. VALENCIA DANCING
STUDIOS, los w. 74th Street. -
SUSquehanna 0629.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-12-20
Parasite Pest Grows

The useless piece of protopIaSm
occupying space in the above picture
is q Grand Duchess qOho lost her
JOB of exploiting end numbering the
Russian workers and peasants aohen
they made the Soviet Revolution. Her
dad tried to stop it by fighting IN
the armed white guard counter-reUo-
luton, bat got his finish on, January
80, 1919. This remains of CzGrism
is the guest of Mrs. William Ran
dolpk Hearst, q0hoSe husband e1-
ploits directly and indirectly thou
sands of American 10orkers. The
U. S. government refuses to recog-
nize Soviet Russia and refuses Gd-
mission to Russian Vorkers, bat lets
IN freely such nlonarchist parasites.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-12-20
Me- chime Will Mean
Unemployment to
Many Steel Slaves

CAMBRIDGE. Mass. by Ma'D +.
The prospect of unemployment for
more thousands of steel workers was
indicated when Prof. p w. Bridge
man of the Harvard department of
physics announced that he had in
vented machine canable of 100000
nou7ds pressure per square inch on
steel.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-12-20

DIES OF TRAIN INJURIES.
Mrs. Eliose Travers, who fell or
jumped in front of B. MT. SUBJ
way train here Sunday, died at the
Bellevue Hospital yesterday.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-12-20

The Spanish fraction of the Anti
1mperialist League and the Harlem
section Of the Party will hold a joint
protest meeting against U. S. i'm
perialism's new offensive in Latin
America Sunday. at 2 p. m. Promi-
nent speakers will discuss the Bolt
WAN Paraguayan war situation. The
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-12-20

Labor Temple Poetry Forum.
The Labor Temple Poetry Forum
will be held tomorrow at 242
Br. ], L, 2. will be held todays
Freiheit sport Club.
The Freiheit Sport Club has ar
ranged a dance for Sunday, Dec. 80,
at its club rooms, 2So e. 9Th st.
Dancing will start at p. m.
scandinavian Workers Club.
The Scandinavian Workers Clubs
of Manhattan and Brooklyn are ar
ranging an old-time "Midwinter
BALI for Dec. % and 20 in vasa
Castle Hail. 10th ST. and Castle
Ave. the Bronx. Music will be fur
nished by two bands, one playing
American and the other Scandinavian
music. Half of the profit of the af-
fair will go to the Swedish Commu-
mist weekly. Ny It'd.
Brownsville Concert, Dance.
concert and dance viii be given
Dec. "a at 1854 Watkins st. Many
well-known entertainers will appear.
Unity Coop. Ball.
concert and ball has been ar
ranged by the Unity Arbeiter Coz
operative for Saturday, s p. M, at
the Laurel Garden, rs E. 1l6th St.
Brownsville 1. l.. ID. Meet.
A mass meeting of Brownsville
Br. l. l.. d. will be held today at
8 p. m, at 1874 Watkins St. Brook
lyn. Tallentyre will address the
meeting.
Cleaners and Dyers.
The cleaners and dyers will have
a special distribution of today's
issue of the Daily Worker, and call
on all Party units who have shops
or factories in their territory to help
in the distribution. Representatives
Of these units should report to the
Daily Worker business office this
morning (Workers Center, End floor
Bronx Coop Lecture.
N. Minkov will lecture on Wal
purgis Nacht" at the Cooperative
auditorium. 27oo Bronx Park Fest.
tonight.
Lecture by b. Liber.
DR.. B. Liber will talk on "True
and False Prevention" (in Germany
to the Workers Tourists Society
Mature Friends" today at $40 p. m.
at the uptown Labor Temple, 243 e.
saith st.
dance will be given by the Will
liamsburg True Friends of the Red
Star. affiliated with the Labor Sports
Union, Saturday evening at Millers
Grand Assembly, 31S-93O Grand St,
Brooklyn, N. "
YOrkvilIe Open Forum.
Albert Weisbord will speak at the
Labor Temple, 243 e. saith St, to-
day at 5 p. m. The subject will
be THE New Unionism."
]. l.. ID. Tag Days.
The. I. l.. d. Tag Day stations for
the city are: so st. Marks Pl; 101
w. 27th ST.; BAT e. 72nd st. (Czecho-
garian Workers Home); 143 E. 1881
ST. Unity Co-op); 1880 wilkins Ave.
All members are urged to call at
these stations for the house to- house
collection on Saturday and Sunday.
Harlem Progressive Youth,
debate will be held at the Har-
lem Progressive Youth Club, 1892
Madison Ave. this Sunday night on
the topic Can War Be Abolished
Under the Present System of Society"
Discussions In English.
Ferrer school Festival.
The Ferrer Modern School will hold
it's January Festival on Jan. 10, 1929
at the ~ Y. Labor Temple. 243 &c.
saith St Dancing. The affair starts
S:15 p. nj.
Council II Lecture.
Ray Ragozin will speak on "Trot-
skyism" Monday at $3.50 p. m. at the
auditorium of the United Workers
Cooperative House, 200 Bronx Park
East All are invited to attend. The
l.. L.. L.. a l..
Gil IL of the United Councils OF
Working Glass Women.
Freiheit Sport Club.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-12-20
WORKER DROWNED.

APPLETON, Wis, (By MaiD-
The body of Arthur Gesling, So
year old worker, was found in
ditch a..r here.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-12-20

The Communist Party is the par
~ Of the liberation of the Negro
race from NIL white oppression.
wars.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-12-20
Notice To All Harlem Workers.

There will be r'ass meeting Sun
day at Lexington Hall. 100 E. 10th
St. at p. m, to take up the New
Offensives of American Imperialism"
and the Bolivian and Paraguavan
war situation. There will be promi-
nent speakers and discussion from
the floor