davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1928-03-09
IS THE WHITE
KITCHEN BECOMING
PASSE?
Prominent Manufacturer OF
Kitchen Cabinets Says
Modern Women De-
mand More Color

Those who recall the old time
kitchen with the glaring oak wood
work, wooden sink, sickly gas light,
and red table cloth, remember also
what wonderful relief it was when
the glistening white kitchen, so
spick and span, was introduced. 1t
seemed then that the very limit in
kitchen beauty had been reached.
Has this immaculate kitchen serv-
ed its time?
According to a nationally known
maker of kitchen cabinets, it has.
This manufacturer says that the mod
ern woman is doing away with it.
She has found that the sameness
of cold, bleak white room and
severely plain kitchen equipment is
monotonous and often depressing.
She knows that colored paints and
enamels are just as sanitary as white
and much more CHEEKY.
She insists upon much color,
warmth, beauty and style in her
kitchen and also in the equipment she
uses.
In line with Such modern thought.
this enterprising and alert manufac-
turer has produced a new type of
kitchen cabinet.
1t is done in beautiful period de-
signs-for the first time in the his
tory of the kitchen cabinet industry.
Instead of being merely another
piece of kitchen equipment, this man
ufacturer has elevated the kitchen
cabinet into the realm of fine furni-
utre. Among the new, stylish models
are the gay, colorful Spanish-the
daintily tinted Colonial, and a smart,
Modern-American (Klearfront).
1t is an entirely new style. And
it certainly has the virtue of adding
color and beauty to the kitchen.
These new style cabinets are being
shown by one of the local houses
They are well worth visit. Un-
questionably the trend is in this di-
rection. 1t seems to be a logical
forward step. And every woman
| wants to keep up with the fashion.
Who knows? Before long with this
new and beautiful equipment and with
the many charming effects of colo,
in walls, modern drapes, flooring, ETC.
we may again, and soon, return to
the practice of "eating in the kitchen
not all the meals of day but after,
noon tea-a buffet supper and the
| like.
Certainly, with the new kitchen
sets and new honey effects, it viii
be quite plausible. If you would like
to know the name of the local mer
chant handling the merchandise, yot
may obtain it by calling the adver
tising office Of the publisher of thi!
paper.
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1928-03-09
ELECTRICAL
WORKERS BANQUET

Local Union No. 648, Electrical
Workers of this city, held their an
nual banquet in the labor temple
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1928-03-09
Here are the s. extras

The beautiful 31ieee Royal Ivory DnarS WIKI - Szaas
full Auting. and Indian Lo~e Tree design eonss of SIX
saucers, dinner plaes sx 1ch salad pilates. h f dhas
vegetable dish ad platter he table fr II. In
largest Of the Eve Crysa Caass Mixing Bowb ineAss
diameter The saallese inres- The twelve eunnhas
eryseal sias The Reeer.eor Get eoos Of tss s
st>eking bowls with for ths enp bowl 1hs aSB
Shaker has n alunaina.m top viA straneA
12piecs glassware regular Sellers KeasfsuaE
ncnded n ~ ddnn tho -
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1928-03-09

sum of $250,OOO. At the end Of 1927,
this sum had increased to approx
mately half million dollars. This
was done despite the fact that 1927
is, in general, considered to have been
a comparatively quiet year.
"In the investing of this vast sum
of money commissions ranging from
8 per cent to 5 per cent have been
realized. These earnings are in ex-
cess of the per cent paid to us by
the mortgages. Even last year, our
second year, the portion of earnings
set apart for dividends was per
cent-paid in two per cent install
ments. All running accounts were
credited with per cent interest for
the year. And, this is not your total
earning as part of it has been re-
invested, thus adding to the value of
your stock.
"At the beginning of this, our third
year, 1 am more than ever convinced
that we acted both wisely and profit
ably in charting our course on the
sea of real estate first mortgages
When the pilots keep steady hands
and hold true to their course, the voy-
age is most safe and the reward is
rich.
1--WE are enabling the small inves-
tor, who is part Of the great union
labor organization, to secure higher
return from his modest savings with
every possible element of safety pro.
vided for.
More important than that is the
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1928-03-09

auditorium last Saturday night. Long
tables were decorated with all kinds
Of eatables, and from reports of the
members who attended it was some
swell affair. The banquet was at
tended by seventy-five members, and
many speeches were heard.
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1928-03-09

August at Chester Park an atmos-
phere to be likened to that of the
frozen North in it's coldest period.
Under Mr.. Lewis management Ches-
ter Park is to be ''it," with a big /,
this summer, with all respectable peo-
pie welcome-and they only.
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1928-03-09
STATE COMPENSATION
FAVORED BY UNIONISTS

Boston. - Private insurance COM
panies and allied interests oppose
bill that would establish a state
monopoly in workmen's compensation.
Trade unionists urge this plan, that
has proven so successful in Ohio. The
organized workers show that such Leg
islation will save employers $1,000,000
annually.
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1928-03-09
CLOTHES CLEANERS
Strike in War on Cut Rate
Shops

New York City. U L. N. So
Something out of the ordinary in
strikes is the walkout which has tied
up the clothes cleaning and pressing
shops of New York city.
1t is not strike for higher wages.
The strikers include not only work
men but thousands of the proprietors
of small tailoring shops. The aim is
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1928-03-09

cleaning work was accepted. Later
the strike was extended to close down,
the retail shops also, both union and
non-union, until it is estimated that
some $4,000 workers and small pro-
prietors are out.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1928-02-09
AUTHORITY ON
THE ORIENT TO
LECTURE HERE
Upton Close Is Booked at
KirShbaum Community
Center Sunday.

1.-THE End of White Dominance i'll
China" will be the subject of the
Open Forum lecture at Kirshbaum
Community Center at 8:15 p. M,
Sunday by Upton Close, author and
authority on oriental affairs.
Close, whose real name is Josef
washington Hall, has carved out an
intensely unique career as explorer,
adventurer and author. His book,
1.-The Revolt of ASIA" forecasts the
end of white dominance, and was
written from a profound personal
experience.
He now is settled as a member Of
the University of Washington fac
ulty, but until taking this post in
his native State, Close had long
career in the Orient.
He first went to China as staff
member of Chinese magazine.
During the World War he joined the
American diplomatic service as
secret Investigator and it was
through an error in Geographic
communication that he came to get
the name Upton Close.
Japan offered him money to dis
cover this Upton Close who was
carefully reporting their attempts
to appropriate the province of Shan
tung. Later he was counsellor to a
Chinese student group during the
revolution of 1919. Then he was
editor Of Peking Chinese daily
newspaper, published since 875 B. c..
Active in relief work during the
Chinese famine of 1922, he repre-
sented the International Relief
Committee in the Kansu earthquake.
He explored Tibet and other remote
provinces and is a member of the
Explorers Club.
AS chief-of-foreign-a affairs on the
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1928-02-09

United Building Supply Com
pany closed its offices in the
Board of Trade Bldg. and have
opened permanent offices at Fiji
tenth st. and the Monon Rail
road, according to an announce
ment today by Sherman H. Tomp-
kins, newly elected president.
Tompkins came to Indianapolis
from Buffalo, N. Y, twelve years
ago and has been actively engaged
in the building business. William
j. Ryran is vice president and
with L. B. Stokesberry will be &C
tive in the business with Tomp-
kins. Burrell Wright of White
&~White, attorneys, is secretary
treasurer.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1928-02-09
SETTLE CHAPLIN TAX
Governments Income Claim
Is Compromised.
En- United Press

RV United Press
WASHINGTON, Feb. 9. - The
Governments claim against Charles
Chaplin, famous. film comedian, for
more than $1,OOO,OOO back taxes has
been settled out of court
The Internal Revenue Bureau of
the Treasury announced today that
the movie star and Government at
torneys had compromised the
amount involved.
Internal Revenue Commissioner
Blair has approved the settlement,
it was stated.
Chaplin became entangled with
the Governments tax collection
officials last year, just as he was
having difficulties with his wife,
Lita Gray Chaplin. The Govern
ment attached his bank account to
assure payment.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1928-02-09

staff of General WI Pei-fu, he made
a secret investigation tour of the
territory of the bandit, Chang Tso-
lin. Finally invalided home he ac-
copied the university position, where
he lectures on oriental life, Ian
guageS and history.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1928-02-09

Lesson No. IL
Question: How does emul-
sifed cod-liUer oil increase
the efficiency Of milk as a
protection against ricketts,?
AnSwer: Milk is deficient
in rickets-preventing vitamin.
A little emulsi6ed cod-liver
oiladded to or taken withmilk
makes it a more perfect Uita-
n1in-food. Give it as
SCOTS EMULSION
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1928-09-26
StvIiSt WIZ Tell
Hon., to Dress on
.S2O-a- Week Pay

what color hose should I wear
with dark blue georgette dress?
How long should my skirt be?
What color should wear if I have
blue eyes? Why shouldn't I wear
red if my hair is hennaed?"
These and some others are ques-
lions that Nine. Bikoff, StyliSt for
L. S. Ayres & Co., will answer and
discuss at the first of the Thursday
discussion luncheons at the south
side branch Of the Young Women's
Christian Association.
"But more important than any
Of these questions, declares Nine.
Bikoff, sis the question Of how can
l wear what I want to on a salary
Of $50 a week?"
Mime. Bikoff will display on a
model costumes from the Ayres
basement store that meet require
ments of good taste, desire for
pretty things and still within the
means of the small salaried girl.
This, she explains, is almost a hob
by. because when she first landed
in this country from Russia soon
after the war, she found herself
forced to live on $40 a week, and
she knows that it can be done.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1928-09-26

A new one-sided affair with I'M
even hemline created by loose hang
ing ends of swathed girdle that
assures distinction. The diagonal
line of bodice emphasized by clever
embroidery in simple stitch adds
length to the silhouette. The
shirred inset at left side front of
skirt adds a lovely fiut5ering full
ness. Printed sheer crepe is exquisite
for formal wear. Flat silk crepe,
crepe satin, canton-faille crepe,
printed silk crepe and sheer wool
ems are smart and extremely service
able. Style No. 1929 is designed in
sizes Is, 10 years, 36, 38, 40 and AZ
inches bust, and only takes 37s yards
of 40-inch material for the 36-inch
size. Pattern price, IS cents in
stamps or coin (coin preferreO
Emb. pattern No. 729 (blue and
Yellow Is cents extra.
Every day The Times prints on
this page pictures of the latest
fashions, a practical service for
readers who wish to make their
own clothes.
Obtain this pattern by filling out
the above coupon, including is
cents (coin preferred), and mailing
it to the Pattern Department of
The Times. Delivery is made in
about a week.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1928-09-26
National officer
to Be Guest of
Voters League

Board members Of the Indian
apolis League of Women Voters will
have as their guest at a luncheon
Thursday at the Woodstock Club,
Miss Marguerite Owens, Washing
ton, D. c., legislative chairman Of
the National League Of Women
Voters.
At a board meeting Tuesday at
the home of Mrs. Neil Campbell, 321
Blue Ridge Rd., plans were made
for the general meeting of the local
group to be held at 1926, Oct. 9, at
the Columbia Club, when Miss
Florence. Fast, executive secretary
of the international relations COM
mittee of the national league will
speak. The meeting will be in
charge of Mrs. David Lurvey, as
sisted by Mesdames L. M. Dunning,
Ralph Garter, Warren K. Mannon,
John S. Mccullough, william
Stephens and Frank j. English.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1928-09-26
YOUR CHILD
Thermometer
a Real Need
BY OLIVE ROBERTS BARTON

I think every mother should have
clinical thermometer and learn
how to use it.
A clinical thermometer costs
about $3.50 or So at drug stores.
However, it is very easily broken
and should be carefully handled.
After being used it should be
washed in an antiseptic solution
such as boric acid, strong salt water
or alcohol, dried on a clean towel,
aired for short time, replaced in
its case and kept where it can be
found easily and quickly when need
ed. Also it should be kept out of
reach of the children.
All this sounds rather ominous
for such an innocent and helpful
little instrument. But care is ne
cessary for several reasons.
The disease germs of one men,
Der of the family can be transmit
ted to others if the thermometer
is taken out of the sick person
mouth and put into the mouth of
another without the necessary
cleansing.
If children are allowed to play
with the thermometer they are like
ly to break the thin glass in their
mouths. Not only would that be
dangerous, but the mercury would
be none too good for them.
In many ways a clinical Their
mometer is like any other other
mometer except that the little
thread-like line of mercury in the
tube, contrary to the adage that
what goes up must come down.
doesn't! 1t will go up itself to the
figure registering the patients tenn
perature, but it will not go down
until you shake it down.
The normal temperature OF a well
person is ninety-eight and three
hfths. 1t is plainly marked on the
thermometer with a tiny arrow.
When the thermometer is put into
the mouth of a we'll child under the
tongue, lips closed, and allowed 10
remain for one minute, the mercury
should stand pat right at the mark
A baby's temperature should be
taken in the groin.
Before using, it should be seer
that the mercury is shaken down to
a point below normal or no resul,
will be obtained.
If the mercury goes up above
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1928-09-26

Skating at the Young Women's
Christian Association rink will be-
gin Oct. 2. The floor has been en-
tirely renovated and every pair of
skates has been repaired, Miss Lou
Use E. Noble, health education di-
rector, announces.
Several parties have been ar
ranged for the first part of the
month, among them one under the
auspices of the Woodside Methodist
Church Epworth League party which
is being arranged by Miss Lucille
Merrifield.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1928-09-26
AZbrecht-SMOEe

Mrs. Mary Edna Smoke, 4140 Car
rollton Ave, announces the marriage
of her daughter, Miss Esther Smoke,
to Nelson E. Albrecht, son of Mr..
and Mrs. Ernest F. Albrecht, 1880
Koehne st. The ceremony was per-
formed by the Rev. D. H. Winders
Tuesday evenin, with Miss Maryalice
Sinner as the only attendant. Mr.
and Mrs. Albrecht will be at home
after Oct. 9 at 1343 Congress Ave.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1928-09-26

Henry SEVERN was best man and
uSherS we're Perry E. O'Neal, Addi-
son j. Parry, Edward S. Norvell,
Frank G. Fishback, LaurenS L. Hen
derson and John E. Russell.
Attended by Sister
Miss Frances Baker, sister of the
Bridegroom, Chicago, was maid Of
honor. She wore gown of yellow
chiffon made with a fitted basque
and long lowered skirt, shorter in
front than in back. Her hat was
autumn brown velvet and she wor
brown satin slippers to match. She
carried a bouquet of zinnias and
marigolds in the autumn shades,
tied with yellow chiffon.
Miss Elizabeth Lockard, brides
maid, wore a gown fashioned SIM
liar to Miss Bakers, in Grange chif-
fon. Her hat and shoes were a
slightly darker shade and she car
ried a bouquet of zenias and mari
gold with the shades of orange pre-
dominating. k
Miss Henderson, who was given.
In marriage by her father, wore a
gown of white transparent velvet
made with tight basque and full
circular skirt sweeping into a train
in the back. Her veil was Of dotted
net edged with rose point lace. The
cap, made fan shape in the back,
was held in place with wreath of
orange blossoms. She carried a
shower bouquet of white roses and
valley lilies.
Following the ceremony a recep-
ton was held at Woodstock Club.
In the receiving line with Mr.. and
Mrs. Baker and Mr.. Henderson were
Miss Elizabeth Lockard, Mrs. Don
aid Defrees of Chicago, sister of
the bridegroom, and Miss Frances
Baker.
The bridal table, where covers
were laid for members of the bridal
party and wives of ushers, was CEN
tered with TERED wedding cake on
a mound festooned with yellow roses.
A tea table at either end of the
room held a silver service and a
centerpiece of yellow and white
roses.
On Trip to Canada
Mr.. and Mrs. Baker left for a
motor trip through Canada and the
Eastern States, the bride travelling
in an ensemble of light brown tweed
with dark brown accessories. They
will be at home after Nov. IS at the
West Tower Apis, Sheridan Rd.,
Evanston, Ill.
Among the out-of-town guests
were:
Mrs j. M. Baughman, Evansville; r A.
Henderson, Miss nellie Henderson, Mr.. and
Mrs. W. I. Cavins, Mr.. end Mrs. Frank L.
Cavins, Mr.. and Mrs. Alden TORI. Miss
Grace Fields, DR.. and Mrs. Harry R. Isen-
hover, Mr.. and Mrs. Wayne Miles. Mr..
and Mrs. Chester P. Harrah, Mrs. O. F..
Herold, Mrs. L. P. Marshall, Mrs. Frank L.
Burke. all of Bloomfield; Mrs Walker
Schell, Terre Haute; Miss Mary Defress,
Mr.. and Mrs. Donald Defrees, Chicago;
Mr.. and Mrs. George A. Riley, Mr.. and
Mrs. Nils frederick Larson. Hanover, N.
H.. and Mr.. and Mrs. L. B. Henderson, La
fayette.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1928-09-26
ShO10er HOnOrS
Florence Fox,
November Bride

Miss Florence Fox, whose mar
riage to John Heidenrich will take
place in November, was the honor
guest at a miscellaneous shower
given by Mrs. Edward Kenninger,
Bluff Rd., Tuesday evening.
A color scheme of coral and green
was used in decorations and ap-
points. Gifts were presented to the
bride-elect by Dorothy Jean Ken
ringer, who was dressed in a cupid
outfit. The table was centered with
miniature bridal party under an
archway if smilaX.
Guests with Miss Fox were Mes
damse George Fox, Louis East, John
Heidenreich, Arthur Heidenreich
Mildred Schebler and Helen Holmes;
Misses Martha, Mildred and Alma
Beihob, Marie Schlensker, Lucille
Molte, Bertha Niemeyer, Marcella
Kerbox, Lillian Undertake, Claire
and Louisa Kenninger.
The hostess was assisted by her
mother, Mrs. Harry Bollinger.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1928-09-26
Council to Meet

The Indiana Council on Interna-
tional Relations will entertain with
a luncheon Oct. Q in the Lincoln
room, Hotel Lincoln, in honor OF
the following members, who have
spent the summer in Europe: Mes
danes Janet Payne Bowles, Joseph
inc Stearns, Doranda Morgan,
Dornida Morgan, Thomas Howe, Mr..
and Mrs. A. T. De Groot; Miss
Caroline Rowland; Messrs. Louis
Rowland and Harold Bredell. Mem
bers may bring guests. Reserva-
lions may be called to Riley 9795.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1928-09-26
Miss Lash Is
Bride Today
in Cathedral

Miss Tarnetis Beatrice Lash,
daughter of Mr.. and Mrs. William
G. Lash, 2412 N. New Jersey ST.,
became the bride of DR.. Joseph
Pierre Lo Selle, Detroit, son of Mr..
and Mrs. George 10 Selle, Wyan-
dotte, Mich, at nuptial high mass,
sung by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Joseph
Chartrand at the SIS. Peter and
Paul Cathedral at this morning.
The bishop was assisted by the Rev.
Mr. Ritter.
The altar was decorated with
palms and lighted with cathedral
candles.
Miss Helen Shepherd played mu-
sic for the mass and the cathedral
choir sang. During the marriage
ceremony the choir sang "At Dawn
ing"
Maid of Honor Wears Velvet
The bridal party entered to THE
Bridal Chorus" from "Lohengrin.
Miss Mary Alice Clendenning, maid
of honor, wore a gown of pale green
chiffon velvet, with tight bodice and
skirt with uneven hemline, formed
by a short drape in front, caught
with a rhinestone buckle, and long
panel in the back. Her large pic
ture hat was green chiffon velvet
with silver band and bow, and heiD
slippers and hose were tinted 20
match the gown. She carried an
arm bouquet of Ophelia roses tied
with pink tulle. She wore crystal
earrings and pin, the gifts Of the
bride.
Bridesmaids we're Misses Eileen
Mariarty, Rosemary Lawlor and AL
berta Seifert. Miss Mariarty wore
a gown of heliotrope blue georgette
fashioned with tight bodice and
full skirt, made longer in the back
than in front.
! than in front. Miss Seifert wore
pink georgette made similarly to
Miss Mariarty's gown,
Little Mary Jean Petit was flower
girl. Billy McClellen, in white
satin suit, carried the ring in a lily
DR.. John Graves was best man
and ushers we're DR.. j. T. Waldo
and DR.. Clarence Obery.
Bride in Satin Gown
The bride, who was given in mar
rage by her father, wore a gown
Of white duchess satin with tight
basque and full skirt. A full length
panel of duchess lace, embroidered
with pearls and rhinestones hung
down the front of the gown, and
V-shaped insertion of the en-
broidered lace was used in the back.
Her veil was tulle, with duchess
lace cap and the entire train edged
in the lace. The cap was held in
place with a wreath of orange bios
SONS. She wore a crystal pendant
circled with small diamonds, the
gift of the bridegroom. She car
ried a shower bouquet of brides
roses and lilies of the valley.
A wedding breakfast was served
to seventy guests at the home of
the brides parents after the cere-
mony.
Mrs. Lash received in a gown of
brown satin, with a corsage of roses
and Mrs. 10 Selle wore blue satin
with a similar corsage.
DR.. and Mrs. 10 Selle have gone
on motor trip to Cleveland, Ohia
from where they will go by boat -
Detroit They will be at home after
Nov. l at Newcastle.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1928-09-26
Openinq Meetinq

The first meeting of the year Of
the Indianapolis Council of Women
will be held Tuesday when Presi-
dents day viii lbe observed with a
luncheon at Hotel Lincoln. Talks
will be given by Mayor L. Ert Slack
and Dick Miller of the Chamber Of
Commerce. Reservations may be
made with Mrs. Fred Bretthauer,
Hemlock 4549, or Mrs. Carl r. Day,
Irvington 3439.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1928-09-26
Hold Reception

DR.. and Mrs. r. E. Mitchell, 1927
E. Sixteenth St., entertained Tues
day evening with an informal re-
ception in honor of DR.. and Mrs
Mrs. Frank G. Hughes. One hun
dred guests were present. Assisting
DR.. and Mrs. Mitchell were Mr.. and
Mrs. Edward Green, DR.. and Mrs,
Guy Rubbish, Mr.. and Mrs. Albert
Bertels and Miss( Dorothy Allen
Mrs. Arthur Oberholtzer, harpist
played throughout the evening.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1928-09-26
Hold Pledqe Services

Alpha chapter, Theta Sigma Delta
Sorority, held pledge services Mon
day at the home of Misses Bessie
Blake and Marta Shore, 232 Eastern
Ave. Pledges we're Misses Rosemary
Cougill, Donna Faucet, Bobby
Gwin, Kathryn Housted, Eleanor
Keller, Sara Quigley, Marie Thor
man, Mildred Van Horn and Mil
bred Young.