davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-09-16
D. c. AUTO DENSITY
GREATEST IN i. S.
Survey Shows District Has
184.5 Vehicles for Each
Mile of Roads.

The District of Columbia leads all
States for the density of automobiles
per mile on its highways, according to
the results Of survey just completed
by the American Motorists Association
The figures show that the District OF
Columbia has sos miles of improved
streets and highways, and based on its
registration of III, $50 automobiles has
1ef5 vehicles on each mile OF streets
and highways.
Kansas. with 1892 automobiles regis
tered per mile. is second, followed by
Oklahoma, 1892: Rhode Island, 1906;
Nebraska. OIL and New Jersey. 86.8.
During the fiscal year of 1923 total
Of $4,000 500 will be expended on the
highway system of the District which
will mean an average expenditure of
ST. for each vehicle registered this year.
Fewest in Alabama.
The State of Alabama. with 1871 au-
tcriobiles per mile. has the fewest num-
ber of vehicles on its highways, followed
by Nevada. with lat: Idaho. Isl:
South Carolina, 15.2, and North Caro-
lima. with l5.5.
The survey was made to show the
strides being made by the States in the
construction of their highway building
programs. Indiana. 1t is pointed out
by Thomas j. Keefe. general manager
Of the association leads all ether States
In this respect. having total of 1858
miles of improved highways, and is ex-
pending this year for further highway
improvements an average of S51 for
each automobile registered in the State.
Other leading States from a highway
construction standpoint are: Ohio. with
AZ Sos miles: Minnesota, 10000: North
Carolina, 27,646. and New York, 27,3oG
milss.
one of the most interesting facts
brought out by the survey is the amount
Of State and Federal expenditure for
highway construction in 1923 for each
motor vehicle registered. The figures
show that Arkansas with 1852 per We
hicle. will lead all other States in high
way construction during 1923. based on
automobile registrations Florida ranks
second with S126 followed by New
Hampshire. S123: New Mexico, S109,
and Tennessee. with $1oS.
Results of Survey.
Following are the full results of the
survey. showing the total improved
mileage in each State, the number of
automobiles registered per mile and the
amount each State will spend In 1923
for each automobile registered:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-09-16

Resolved by the Senate and the
House of Representatives of the United
States of America, in Congress assem-
bled:
That the Government of the United
States of America should manifest the
utmost interest and purposes of the
aforesaid resolution signed by the Pam
American Congress, and that in order
to promote and stimulate the speedy
realization of these purposes and OBJ
jects. the President of these United
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-09-16
States of America is requested /

States of America is requested
rect the several agencies of this 60.
eminent. and they are hereby au,lci
lied to lend such cooperation and as
sistance as may be feasible and appro-
pirate. with view to having the mat
ter thoroughly considered at the next
n-American conference on highways;
and he is further requested to advise
Congress of any conclusions reached
and any action which may be suggest
ed bv the conference"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-09-16

and in better mutual comprehension. !"
incidentally. shortly after the con-
clusion of the Pan-American Confer
ence Congress declared its favorable
attitude relative to the American
motor highway project. In response
to resolution drawn up at the con-
ference. urging Official Endorsement and
cooperation by the United States in
the promotion of the American
motor highway plans. Congress, in a
Joint resolution. declared:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-09-16
Inspect Battery Regularly.

Don't forget to have water level In
battery checked while touring. Long
drives on hot days with generator con-
tinuously charging causes more than
battery solution. There Is battery in
spection station in every town.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-09-16

Gasoline production figures for Jure
show that the motorists of the United
States used an average of 43,43o.0 900
gallons of gas a day.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-07-29
cN:X94

that direction Some tides move east.
erly, some northerly, and some south
erly.
y &&
If the earth Is slowing down and our
days are getting progressively
longer how long were the days in early
earth history, and how fast did ouI
planet Whiri then9 In the last century
Sir George Darwin eSSayed To answer
these questions by computing that ST.
900 900 years ago otlr day was hours
and ~ minutes long and each month
only about one and one-half days long
Sir George also reekoned that our pres
ent month Is increasing at the rate OF
, hours and 20 minutes every 100 900 600
years According TO Sir George. our
day and night were each about three
hours long during the time he con-
sielered
With such short days. our earth was
humming through space at terrific
speed, so great said Sir George. that
she got fat around the equator and
threw off the satellite We call our moon
AT this stage the earth and moon were
not 100000 miles distant just after
birth of the moon the distance between
Mother Earth and her offspring was
Ahhut D,Uuu HllfCNs AAGAA& 80 A4Nt"s y
powerful interaction obtained between
them, At 100000 miles the earth's
baby causes an awful eommotlon on the
ocean. but think how grand II must
have been To have sailed the ocean blue
when the moon was near and tides rose
to the heaven
Sir George drew picture of noun
famous tides that Is completely dis
counted by later school OF coSmolo-
gists led by DR. Chamherlin,
Said Or Chamberlin in his theory,
the a,O0O~mile relationship never OBJ
tanned between earth and moon, simply
because the earth did not give birth 70
the moon They were always about as
distant as they are now. His hypothesis
states,
Before the beginning Of the earth
this planet was part of great star,
our sun. The close approach Of some
other star tore fragments away from
ours and they In their primitive state,
assumed the form Of spiral nebtlla.
now commonly observed by large Micro
scopes The great majority OF heavenly
nehulae are of this spiral type, With
arms that curve coneentrically away
from a common center called the
nucleus. The minor particles, moving
In elliptical orbits. also have their
nuclei. and each is held sternly In Its
path by the supreme grayitatlon OF the
central body,
As these knots, or planetesimals,
Whlried around their orbits they collidea
one with the other and formed unions
which soon attracted all the lesser
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-07-29

/ fundamental divisions Of the earth, at
/ mosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere,
are affected by the attraction of the
moon and sum In everyday vernacular.
the ocean, air and land bodies are in
| fiuenceo by solar and lunar attractions,
The atmosphere is fluent. elastic
| body The water bodies arc highly
mobile, too, vet almost incompressible
And the earth itself is solid, at least ex-
tenally, and probably rigid as whole,
There is abundant evidence at hand
To prove that the crust of the earth is
yielding and there can be little doubt
about the existence of earth tides. The
| vital questions are their magnitude and
| specific form.
The most convincing proof Of earth
| tides came 10 light in recent eXperi~
ment by DR.. A. A. Nicholson, physicist
and Nobel prize winner. Of the Univef-
sity of Chicago. He buried two iron
water pipes. each 500 feet long, one
| along the exact line of north south
and ,the other along the line of east
west over an extended period of time.
he measured tides produced In the water
level Of these sealed pipes. Such
| changes were measured by an inter-
| ferometer whose accuracy il almost
| the nth degree, Michelsun's work In
| Dictated that the rigldlty Of the earth or
| It's resistance to change OF shape Is one
| third greater than the rigidity OF steel
1t Is assumed that the earth tide Is
| only an elastic strain that Is relieved
! almost instantly OH removal OF the
| force that causes, and II involves rela-
| lively little friction.
| According to this view 1t Is not prob
| able, however, that The body tides of the
earth are efficient In reducing Its mo-
! ton But even II there be no direct
| effect on rotation, the earth tides may
give rise to pulsations which are COM
municated 10 the oceans and give rise to
water tides. II the period of earth tides
, comedies with that of water tides, one
might add to the power OF the other
by sympathetic action,
Practically the whole tidal effect on
rotation Ii IN water tides. Part Of these
are due to the immediate action Of the
sun and moon, and part To the mediate
action OF the earths crust, Thus earth
tides are supposed 10 contribute to THE
volume and effect of water tides.
The ocean tides have no systematic or
symmetrical arrangement. II we con-
slider tides as the westward drag of
waters by the sun and moon, then there
are reverse tides aS we'll as forward
tides, Frequently the direction OF a
tidal current Ia Off the western drag,
There are no continuous tides being
dragged around the earth. No single
! tide moves westerly 80 much as one-half
the eafth's circumference, and most
! tides have q muoh less movement IN
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-07-29
Many Centuries Required to Show
Change IN Velocity, but Mathema-
ticians Have Been Able to
Establish Fact-Earthquake
Movements Important.
Movements Important.

hlza 70 conclude that the earth was Git
q step
a. t.nes the earth must have been
rrtatlng nsora slowly. causing the sun,
moon and planets 10 appear ahead Of
SHEER appolLted places. At other times
q rotated mere rapidly and made the
planets appear behind ti1clr appointed
places. These anomalies have changed
tL1se oy more than minute in the last
l5g years.
A GAIN while working on a catalogue
a. containing tho positions and mo-
sj1es Of 10000 stars, Prof. Boss found
i necessary - account for a YlV6-
5TlGl5 annual change in star posi-
l5grs. ~ FIRST nc thought he had
erred ln his observations Atmospheric
conditions we're blamed for the dis
erepanc5. But ali these presuppositlops
gesEe abandoned when Il was found
tnat tl3e observed changes we're tho
same whether obtained either I'm the
northern Of southern hemispheres
where seasons ate reversed Changes
~ observatory clocks were discounted
for fac same reason.
Hence another explanation was
sought, COMPARING the annual changes
So ~ @d# fEGt i4tfls lb4 81
3Ga1 these cgrTfspJuded With changes
30 a4e moons position and secondly
fs1a- about 1850. vi men the earth
changed from fast To- SLOW rotation, the
1a@ Do ife stars was reversed
Astronomers are dflycu 10 conclude
therefore fDat the yearly swing of tho
Stars. mysterious Enlltlngs ~ the
ptanf.E moon and Sun ere due solely
Ey changes iu earth rotation
yearly change IN rotation suggests
tf5e possibility oi monthly and daily
variations bab fhe existence OF these
i1a ie1 Docu proved Daily changes
H tl9e were noted in clocks on the
$50 AaFt pGEre9 southern and north
e5t one Clock WAS sealed 30 an air
case fD insure consistency of pre-.
ard placed ia z gauit Is uniform
3sgesai3te Both tIlls clock and aH-
other ezpc@ed - the open air recorded
FL. same irregularities
prof Bgss found an excellent aQree-
ueLt between tbs variation in time
throughout tGe day aud the occurrence
ol earthquake iii Japan In other
words. every time the earth takes a
u1ElCu - change her rotation some
unseen naud pulls q trigger for an
earthquake d3aturbanGe Here IL must be
Understood tfiat Japan n the victim 81
more earthquakes than NC read about
~ fle ueHa papers Some Of these
bakers aya 80 weak and localized that
t5tEit presence ii detected Gulg by deli
cate Instruments On some Days the
'ala EngdpH Is focked nv 10 feNet
] iHar IU0 aaoH quakes
II these relaitGus are true, and not
accidental ~ theoretical. tiaen changes
/ 59 flue are oile TO the eafths varying
rotation And ii further study strength.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-07-29

place, was born our moon. In one IN
stance rupturing of q ring gave rise
not 70 single large planet, but to q
swarm of smaller planetoids which re-
volve around the sun and are called as
ter0idS
Our gaseous planet cooled to a liquid
body. then a solid crust formed on the
/ surface, while the interior remained
liquid And while the earth was hot
the oceans hung above il as heavy
mistS. When the earth crust had
cooled sufficiently the heavy atmosphere
condensed and oceans Of water rained
| into the natural basins which form the
ocean bottoms, After everything had
cooled down life came upon the earth.
I,aplace viewed the moon as q dead.
dormant mass, All its yaporS and gases
had been drawn into its body. making II
incapable OF supporting life.
While weighty objections have been
voiced against Iapiace'S hypothesis,
there still are many scientists who ad-
here 10 It's tenetS 1t is az least partly
true, they argue, because there Is reason
/ 10 believe that the moon was once very
close.
But both theories for the origin O.
| the earth viii have Il that her circunl.
ference, or her equatorial belt. have re-
duced considerably with the ages. Be-
tween the time the earth'S daily rota-
ton was accomplished in 1883 hours
and the present day her circumference
has shortened 10 miles. and from the
1917 period to the present the eQua-
torial shortening was Is miles. Since
the beginning of life the shortening
probably was more than zoo miles, and
since the birth of the planet Il was
something like 1900 miles,
This reduction Of her belt line has
had an important effect ON the rats OF
the earthS rotation. The larHsr
sphere the faster viii II move tn pugn
space at given rate OF rotation,
About 1880 Adams concluded that tne
earth was losing - seconds q century.
Later Newcofah reduced this to eight
seconds, And after Newcomb great
host Of scientists have had their ding
at making new reckoningS
One astronomer. Moulton, agrees that
our mouth mas always been increasing,
although II never could have been less
than 4,pS Of our present hours, this
being the period OF revolution when
the distance from the earth's eenter
Continued on Sixth Pagel
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-07-29

ens this proof, Prof Boss believes 1t
might be possible for seismologiSts,
astronomers and cosmographers to hold
a convention and perfect method for
forecasting major earthquakes. Thus
far, however. no way has been devised
d foretelling changes in the earth's ro-
tati0n.
Extended observations may show that
variable rotation is a rhythmic force: :
/ that Is, 1t recurs with scheduled fire.
auency, such as many things in nature
! The surge Of the tide is rhythmical.
the coming Of the locust horde Is
scheduled every eleventh year. there is
rhythm IN the seasons, in waterfalls
and IN the deposition OF rock on the
ocean bottom, every so many million
years the oceans drown continental land
masses then retreat. Then, too, there
| b. steady recurrence of volcanic
activity The regular, recurring changes
Ia our earth have made such deep inn
prints on It's crust that in geology they
have served TO divide the vast gap of
time into more or less regular inter-
walls known as periods
H
NOW, some of the worlds leading
scientists have thrown the weights
3f their intelligence on these problems.
/ Cosmology The science Of the universe,
Is too large field for even score of
geuiiseS and much awaits TO be done
But what light has been thrown ON the
dark secrets of Mother Earth is of such
briiiiance that pioneering spirits such as
Sir George Darwin, son of the famous
Charles Darwin. Lord Kelvin, HALEY.
Chamberlin and Moulton the last two
SIN living In Chicago. viii have their
names engraved on the records Of time
First HALEY. discoverer Of the comet
that bears his name, focused his In
HnlsitivencaS on wy motions Of the
moon varied from mathematical cal
citations Was The moon disobcying
the inVariable laws Of the one exact
science and making a law Of It's own?
Or Was the earth out Of step with the
maon2 Blame soon centered on the
earth and the moon freed from the
charge.
Sir George Darwin p0stuIated that
friction Of the ocean tides caused slow
nag down in the earth's rotation Daily,
IN rhylhmical fashion, these tides pile
ip on thousands Of miles of Jagged
eoastiine on drag the bottoms of shall
low seas This tidal friction applies
an effective brake to the Whirling mo-
tt0h " our planet
Df. r. q. Lhamberlln of the UniVer~
| sity NJ Chicago preached the Idea that
the earth Is affected, more or less, by
three kinds of tides, earth, water and
air. Water tides alone account for
about two-thifds Of the slowing down
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-07-29
BY noN GLASS nAN-

TN The gear 3eo09ig28 AID. long
after the 1ToS13b4e ian 1ss7Ia Wili have
lest its favor tle genotai.Eslnlea
4 of polite ail} nail solid plaTEs
In platforms grounded "a = e.
hour day.
One presidential nominee Will CRATE
on toe necessity cf 0s.1E The extra
hour foT the peoples recreation, &n55e
another W.I oelEeg haFarE1cs isT9gine
Use u tj1e extra I1oHE fox sleep We
Of tl2e twentieth century DaY laugh
J0t a. that forthcoming campaign The
25-hoar Gay VIII Or burning issue
BoUnaful nature. ogt 81 her gzs.
1ea il9sS. VIII have DaoJaa REC as 50
minutes - time Il fact, fge Eilg @aI
b thrust upon AS Every jg1 b19 SEARS
one secgnC is added n the length -
GU oa", astronomers say
sons neg conceptions Ct our u2gZhef.g
earth lIaFe cg.stssllzed recently ara rs
the frGDt lank % scientists inpGstt~
eating tG2e olc HoopslDg planet la Df
Benjamin Boss director department 81
meridian asErcn0nH Carnegie Inss.la-
tion 81 Warrington.
Oar notable discovers b. Dg Boss &
fnat os4Y minute changes 3u cu1 aoss-
Iute y3me cCl5lcIae H}ta earthquake
movements. 3eaclra h.u ~ believe sf.a
bosh these phenomena are olgac3 re
suits 81 daily pee1@s1 #D and slgl 4.a
ooHn 0f Tie earfbs ggar.9l
Dynamo +Cgce6 $50 H.sH tise Fasza
Earthquakes and volcanoes Furnish q
feW clues 70 bsse prod gJas a..alga
stored below single eruption Ea5
tnrow sefersl rI12c fnl.Ea q Hs1et5aB
into me 81 aao scatter 81 ~ TIE ENDS
Of tGe planet s. Toe earth Elg4a1 o8
agen sctl9u2 Is sDe aGCn q pegsae-
sf1oek abs0EDer laag mighty -g9Ee
ct f9acGf.re from 5laE engines 0oaa s3sl
ysg3e tggF statei2Gfst o.. .t&s q rubber
bal Goes a1e swallow tae .9!I aud
forget .t2
Recent stuGg Il t.e earins s.6Gg
shows size j. gagaa.e 81 lss% tItzta1
8he IS not psTieeIy elastic oaly IeaI}Y
e. Eef resistance - change .a Qus7
oUe-fn3r6 greater tuaa Toe Ilg.al.y q
steel
or. Boss mas proved 80 nls Gatlaiae-
SOB what has beeH known l9r almost
$40 centuries namely, That me eaf5b
has a variable rotation. Tie sum total
a. al these variations gs general
slowing down To tnis Knowledge Dr.
Boss ACIDS Fnat TIE rate u rotation
lnoergCeS yearly changes sac peEb@g@
even oai}g changes
Prot T. ". Brown 9f Ya.e Unlger-
sifH compared tbe positions u aus
moon and planets So recorded CAUlA& q
century NJ C43@eFfat@90 With t3ei ca@'a3~
la1ed positions aHG toHnG tfat 3H en9.
tain sears iheY eaa ahead ~ Hie places
they should have occupied aI4 faE1
Lenind Ia other Gears Ihe taet tfsal
&. these changes #e3e gln3lEaHsJ45 4e1
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-07-29

In the rate Of rotation, earth and afr
tides may account for The rest
Another observer holds that the earth
has variable rotation from four causes.
First. contraction of It's mass. second,
the influx of meteortos third, tidal
friction, and fourth, shiftings in earth
materials. as by glaciers. streams and
volcanoes
Contraction Of the earth, he adds,
tends To shorten the day, and this fac
tor alone accounts for as much as
per cent reduction in the earth's speed.
Meteoritic dust and particles tend
to lengthen the day, and at the pres
/ ent rate OF influx 10000 900 meteorites
per day this will amount To one-qlar-
ter Of second in less than million
million years.
Shifting Of earth materials. he con-
cIudes, is the most important Of all
these agents in slowing down the earth.
Present shifttnps may modify the length
Of our day by an amount which In a
few centuries might seriously disturb
astronomical reckoning
Prof Brown explains the anomaly
with the argument that the earth is
alternately expanding and contracting
An expanded earth retards rotation,
while "A contrasting earth accclerates
rotation. He suggests also that chem
ical action within the earth might
cause expansions and contractons, but
no explanation has been advanced to
account for such chemical oscillations,
-
4 MOTHER scientist reasons that the
variations may be due to two
causes. simple expansions and contrac~
lions Of the earth coupled with varying
tidal friction
Theories and experiments now serve
Ia prove the existence Of tides IN the
atmosphere and earth, as we'll as III
large water bodies.
Weather foreeasting and meteorology
have expanded In scope and practice
recently, but atmospheric tides play no
part in their systems, although such Il
theory was advanced long time ago.
IL Is thought that our highly compress
aihle and fluid atmosphere may take
the form Of an elastic wave, Semi
daily there Is a wave OF atmospheric
pressure which has It's maximum about
10 am and 10 pm, Lord Kelvin in~
tefpreted this as an increase Of mass
corresponding To an increase OF press
sure and computed that 1t would ae~
CELEBRATE the rate of rotation ~ seconds
per century. If. however, this atnoa~
would have no effect OH the earth'a f0@
iati0n, We are almost wholly without
evidence Of an atmospheric tide.
There can be no fefutatinn of the
general statement that each OF three
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-07-29

bodies within their gravitational range
Thus grew our planets and their respec-
tive satellites So the great expanSe of
space was cleared of almost all frag-
mentary matter. save, here and there, a
few asteroids or wanderers
While our earth was still small and
being built up by the ingathering of
loose planeteSimalS 1t was unable TO
hold water vapor and other gases.
which passed of into space. But with
increasing size, the attractive force
became sufficient at first TO hold the
heavier vapors, such as water and car
bon dioXide and later the llghtex gases
found in our present atmosphere.
The moon then. was never part of
the earth, but originated from a Sepa-
rate nucleus III similar manner to the
earth, and always had essentially the
same position with reference To the
earth. The moon being smaller. il at
tracted less matter, and so never
reached the size of the earth II lost
its gases and vapors because il was UNI
able 10 hold them Hence the moon
represents an earlier stage In the de-
relopment OF planet such as our
.earth, instead of being the dead, burned
out planet other coSmographcrS would
have us believe.
A1hAH an bttAtSNEs VI AFAAAhinCAhA y HAS
gained considerable preference over the
one advanced by the FrenChman, La
place and used by Sir George in
grounding his theories on earth rota-
ton,
Iaplace postulated the birth OF our
universe ont OF luminous gaseous
cloud of elements called a nehula There
are no less than 100000 such nebulae
known in the heavens. and probably
countless more beyond the reach of
telescopes,
Our mother nehuia probably covered
an area OF S,0o0,00o.00n square miles.
1t was In such n highly heated state
that all was turned to gas, This world
III gas revolved about common center,
the present sun, IN diSklise form.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-07-29

Carnegie Institutions 100
inch telescope at Mount Wilson,
the most powerful telescope yet
constructed.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-07-29

IN the course Of time condensation
= and cooling brought about Separa-
ton of series OF rings like the rings az
Saturn, These rings. rllpturfng and
condensing about nucleus formed the
various planets The planets too, gave
Off rings, aud thus gave birth TO their
respective satellites, Thus. said La