davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1928-11-25

The high-wing ship is inherently
more stable in flight. due to it's weight
being suspended below the wing. In
order to counteract this, the low-wing
monoplane is constructed with greater
angle of dihedral or, in other words,
with the wings shaping upward from
the fuselage to the tips This cuts
down the efficiency to some extent. The
monoplane IS generally used today for
passenger-carrying planes of the cabin
type, although a number of manufac-
turers are producing biplanes for the
same purpose, and 1t is doubtful which
will eventually gain supremacy.
BipIane Maneuverability.
The biplane is much more maneu-
verable than the average monoplane
and has come into general use for
training and for the individual owner
who pilots his own plane and prefers
high performance, quick control and
open air to the comfort and compan-
ionship Of an inclosed cabin.
The ordinary small biplane in use to-
day Is two-cockpit machine ranging
from 80 to 200 horsepower, with TOP
speed from 95 to 135 M. p. H. The
front cockpit is usually designed to
carry two passengers. Owing to the
lighter weight and slower landing speed,
this type Is able to operate from q
smaller area than the cabin plane.
There are many light planes of less
than 80 horsepower, most of which will
carry only one passenger in addition to
the pilot. These planes, If constructed
by reliable manufacturer, are as safe
as the larger machines and entirely
practical for certain kinds of flying.
1t Is probable that the future primary
training plane will be low horsepower in
order to lower the cost of flying train
Evening star., 1928-11-25

ing. Also, the private owner of moder-
ate means who uses his plane for pleas
ure rather than for fast transportation
will require machine of reasonable
original cost and low maintenance.
Single and Muffin -Motored Planes.
Modern passenger lines are using
multi-motored air transports along their
main routes and number have been
sold to corporations for the rapid trans
portation of their executives.
This brings up the much-discussed
question Of multi-motored reliability.
Is high degree of safety obtained BY
using more than one engine?
There is no doubt that multi -motored
planes have much greater degree of
safety when they are properly designed
and operated. If they are not so de-
signed and operated, then they not
only lose their advantage over the
single-motored machine, but they have
only a fraction of its reliability.
To begin WITH a multi-motored trans
port, to insure the maximum degree CT
safety, must be able to continue with
out losing altitude after any one motor
has stopped. If 1t has two engines
then 1t must be able to fly on one or on
so per cent of its power; II tri-motor-
ed ship, it must be able to maintain al
titude on two engines or on 66 2-3 per
cent Of its total horsepower.
Motor Failure Very Rare.
A reliable manufacturer will deter
mine the load his ship can carry with
one engine out and rate its carrying
capacity accordingly. After the plane
has been turned over to the operator it
is the duty of the operating organiza-
ton to keep the gross load within the
limits specified by the manufacturer. If
Evening star., 1928-11-25
SOCIETY TO PROMOTE
AVIATION AS "SPORT"
Attention Also Centered on Provid-
ing Air Equipment for Use in
National Emergen cies.

The efforts of the American Society
for Promotion of Aviation to develop
flying as a sport and, through organiza-
ton Of civilian clubs, to train pilots for
national emergency, has gained the
support of such organizations as the
American Legion and Veterans of For
eign Wars and is attracting widespread
attention IN aviation circles in this
country and abroad.
The society was organized by former
Army and Navy pilots in 1925 and now
has a membership of approximately 40,-
600 scattered throughout the country.
During the past six months, the society
reports, its members have organized
more than 500 aeronautic clubs, SO of
which have purchased planes, in which
members are taking flying instruction.
Officers Of the society hope to have
1000 clubs in operation in this country
by next Spring.
Officers of the organization will seek
this Winter to have Congress provide
airplanes for the training of pilots, as Is
done by the Canadian government for
similar clubs in that country, IS of
which now are in active operation.
Evening star., 1928-11-25

this limit is exceeded, then the reliabil-
ity of multi-engineS Is lost, and the
ship is as subject to forced landings as
a single-engined plane times the NUM-
ber of engines it carries, as the failure
of any one of these will necessitate a
landing, even though the others will
prolong the glide and allow a field to
be chosen from larger area.
Modern engine reliability makes a
motor failure very rare and the impress
sion should not be obtained that flying
in single-engined planes is hazardous.
I have not had motor failure with a
commercial engine in the last 100000
miles I have flown.
Multi-motored transports will prob
ably be used exclusively over the more
important passenger routes and where
passenger travel is large enough to
warrant big ships: but the private own
er and small operator will use single
engined equipment and find 1t not only
reliable but in many cases preferable
for his use.
Signs Of Good Engineering.
Only careful investigation by an en-
gineer can determine definitely whether
or not a plane Is we'll designed. There
are q NUMBER OI lIlQlCdClOHS, however,
which may be observed by any one who
has had little experience around air
craft.
A well engineered plane is almost In
variably we'll finished throughout. The
engineer is not content to allow the
machine out of his supervision until the
last detail is complete.
If the instruments and controls are
well and neatly arranged, If every ap-
pliance is in the most convenient place,
if passenger cockpit or cabin is well
finished yet with a minimum of addi-
Evening star., 1928-11-25

tional weight, u not one ounce Is added
that does not fulfill purpose, these
are signs Of good engineering.
One Of the best indications OF the
aerodynamic qualities Of plane Is its
abality to fly and maneuver without
the use Of any one control.
Tests for Stability.
The throttle should be set at the
cruising r. P. M. TO the motor and the
Stabilizer adjusted so that the plane
will maintain normal fight without the
pilot touching any control. II the ma
chine will not maintain normal flight
under these conditions then it Is not in
herently stable.
Next, the stick should be pushed for
ward. forcing the plane into glide.
When released the plane should again
resume normal flying position after
several decreasing oscillations and the
pilot should not have touched the stick
of the throttle during the test.
through again. pulling the stick back
and placing the plane in stall instead
of glide
After testing for longitudinal stability
the stick should be pushed to one side
and the wing dropped at least 40 de-
gress. In this test 1t will probably be
necessary for the pilot to use the rud--
der, but the plane should resume normal
flying position without his touching
stick or throttle.
Next, the pilot should release the rud-
der completely and by using the stick
only be able to bank and turn the plane
in either direction without skidding
badly. If the plane has tendency to
turn left when the stick is moved right,
OV Nripa tyorSo ite stability Is moor.
Finally, the pilot should release the
stick and be able to bank and turn the
plane with the rudder only.
During this entire time the throttle
should not have been touched.
1t is entirely possible for plane 70
meet these requirements and at the
same time be very maneuverable.
Copyright. 1921
An article by Col. Lindbergh on the pres
ent and future of aviation will appear each
week. exclusively in Washington In The
Sunday Star.
Evening star., 1928-11-25
BRITAIN PREPARING
FOR DEFENSE OF CUP
our Pilots Already Training for
Schneider Trophy Race
Next Year.

SOUTHAMPTON, England R.-
Great Britain is preparing for sturdy
defense of the Schneider international
speed trophy, which will be contested
in England next year.
Already four pilots have been select
ed and have begun training, and designs
have been completed for new machines
which are to be even faster than was
the successful Supernatural Napier craft
Of last year.
The pilots chosen include Flight
Lieut.. Darcy Grieg. who plans an at
tempt for a new world speed record.
All the selected officers are practicing
at Calshot, on Southampton water, with
Fairey "fly-catcher" planes. Later they
will use Gloster- -NapierS, which are ca
pable of speed of about 275 miles an
hour.
It is stated that the British machines
to be built especially for the Schneider
Cup race will be capable of maximum
speed of at least miles a minute. No
date has yet been fixed for the contest,
in which it is expected France, Italy
and America will be represented. The
race will take place over the Solent,
probably late next Summer.
Evening star., 1928-11-25
new RULING GOVERNS
EXHIBITION FLIGHTS
Regulations for Army Airplanes
Revised Due to Increasing De-
mands for Special Service.

Regulations governing exhibition
flights by Army airplanes have been
revised because Of the increasing num-
Der OF requests for such flights In con-
nection with airport dedications and
similar events, the War Department has
announced.
Under the new regulations the War
Department will continue its policy of
encouraging the establishment of air.
ports and landing fields, but will limit
the participation of Army airplanes in
the dedication ceremonies to such air
ports as are rated at least DIX in ac-
cordance with the airport regulations
of the aeronautics branch of the De-
partment of Commerce. An exception
to this rule is made In the case Of
dedications which may have features Of
military significance.
The new regulations also require the
sponsors of the celebrations in which
Army planes participate to defray the
expenses of the flying personnel, to
furnish gasoline and oil for the flying
engaged in at the celebration and serv-
icing the planes for their return flights
and not to permit exhibitions of wing
walking, trapeze work, changing from
plane to plane and other purely sensa-
tional performances by other partici-
pants.
It also is provided that when the Air
Corps already has participated in the
dedication of an airport which is salts
factory for military and commercial
purposes Army aircraft will not be au-
thorized to participate in the dedica-
ton of airports subsequently established
in the same city unless the first Is
abandoned or is found unsatisfactory.
The provisions of existing regula-
tions, which require an indemnity bond
for damages to persons or property,
approval of the War Department, and
days and Armistice day, are continued
in the new regulations.
Evening star., 1928-11-25
Effect of Wing Structure on
Visibility Is Held as
Big Factor.
TYPES ARE EXPLAINED
Multi Motored Ships Are
Seen as Well Suited for
Transport Work.
BY COL. CHARLES A. L1NDBERGH.

What are the advantages Of the mono
plane over the biplane? Should buy
a cabin or an open type? How much
additional safety is obtained by using
plane with more than one motor? How
can one distinguish between a we'll and
a poorly designed airplane? Every pilot
hears these questions almost daily.
To answer them in detail here would
be impractical, but there are certain
generalities which can be given.
The monoplane is more efficient be-
cause 1t haSe no interference between
wings, whereas on a biplane the posi-
tive pressure from the bottom surface
of the top wing interfereS with the
negative pressure from the top surface
of the bottom wing. In biplane con-
strllction this effect is minimized by
increasing the gap or distance between
the two wings.
The visibility from monoplane Is,
in most cases, better than from the
same type of biplane, since there is
only one wing to obstruct vision. The
high-wing cabin monoplane leaves
almost perfect passenger vision, but Is
extremely blind for the pilot in making
turn, since the wing blocks off his
view of ships which might be on the
side toward which he is turning.
High and Low Wings Compared.
A 1ow-wing monoplane has excellent
visibility for the pilot in turning and
in taking off, as there is nothing to
obstruct his view above or behind. In
this type, however, the wing blocks off
a large part of the passengers view.
Away from airports the high-wing
type is able to land on low brush, If
necessary, without damaging the wing.
quicker and land slower, due to the
ground effect of the low wing. Also,
since the center of gravity is lower, 1t
has not so much tendency to nose over
in soft ground.
Evening star., 1928-11-25

AIRPORT BUILDING RACE
COSTLY TO ARMY CORPS
Flyers Sent to Dedications During
Nine Months Spent
$416,O74.

The rivalry of municipalities all over
the United States in the establishment
of airports is costing the Army Air
Corps small fortune.
While the Army, of course, has no
direct connection, financial or other
wise, with municipal airports, one of
the non-military activities of the corps
airport dedication ceremonies.
During the period from January to
September 80 the Army sent airplanes
to take part in the opening Of 201 air.
ports in various parts of the country.
At many of these dedications the Army
planes merely flew overhead, while at
others they landed and the pilots took
part in the ceremonies
In attending these functions during
the first nine months of this year Army
planes few a total of 1922 hours, at
cost of $416,074, including gasoline, oil,
labor, supplies, expenses, spare parts,
and depreciation.
Evening star., 1928-11-25
18 LEAVE AIR SCHOOL.
Army Officers to Be Assigend
Within Few Days.

One first lieutenant and seventeen
second lieutenants of the Regular Army,
representing the various branches, last
week completed the course of instruc-
ton at the Air Corps Advanced Flying
School. They will be permanently as
signed in few days to the Air Corps
and sent to various Air Corps stations.
They are First Lieut.. Joseph Smith,
Cavalry, and Second Lieuts. Marvin M.
Burnside, Cavalry; John G. Crostwaite,
Cavalry; James D. Curtis, Cavalry;
Maurice F. DAILY, Field Artillery; Robert
L. Easton, Infantry; Julius Flock, Signal
Corps; Orrin L. Grover, Cavalry; David
M. Hackman, Infantry; Neil B, Hard
ing, Infantry; Charles A. Harrington,
c. E.; Marion Higgins, Infantry; Wall
ter S. Lee, Infantry; George w. Nc
Gregor, Field Artillery; Bernard G.
Rose, Infantry; Ernest G. Schmidt, In
fantry; Milton M. Towner, Field Ar
tillery, and Fay r. Upthegrove, 1nfan-
f,sxS
Evening star., 1928-11-25
1,1OO WORK ON PLANES.

Production of new line Of Glenn L.
Martin commercial airplanes is expect
ed to follow the purchase by a large
controlling interest in the Great Lakes
Aircraft Corporation, which recently ac-
ouired the Martin plant at Cleveland.
Ohio. The company will produce planes
designed for mail, express and pas
senger service in addition to the mill
tary type for which the Martin plant
was chiefly known.
The Martin establishment includes a
hangar and airport, located on a 10
acre tract. The manufacturing equip
ment is being redesigned for straight
line quantity production and pontoon
machinery has been installed Tor pro-
duction of seaplanes More than 1,l00
persons are employed in the plant.
Evening star., 1928-11-25
Protect Your Gears
The Correct Lubrication

The Correct Lubrication
for the Gears.
Ebonite is a scientific gear lubri.
cant in two grades.
EBONITE-T for the transmits
sion gears, makes gear shifting
amazingly easy, in all seasons, and
at all speeds.
EBONTTE-R for "rear axles"
cushions these important gears, and
saves repair bills.
Evening star., 1928-11-25
MuItuns pro pGrU0

Faeton, $845; Roadster
EspGnoI, $845; Sedan
Coche, $845; Cupe Busi-
ness, $845; Sedan $685.;
CuPe de LujO, $685.;
Sedan de Lujo, 1855.
All prices at factory.
Evening star., 1928-11-25
Low.Priced Plane in Germany.

A new German small airplane for
private use, which is expected to be the
Teutonic counterpart of the highly suc-
cessful British Moth" is being placed
on the market at cost Of from $500
to s1,750. depending upon the equip
ment. Detailed specifications Of the
motor and plane are not known In this
country, according to the Department
Of Commerce.
Evening star., 1928-11-25
Australia Has 80 Airports.

Australia has 80 established airports
and the government has approved plans
for % more. In addition 81 emergency
landing fields have been established.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-07-08
MANY ID. C.. MINES TO PLAY
ON FIELDS In MARYLAND

v OCAL independent sandlot mines
will invade Maryland towns to-
day in numbers. Eleven OF the
IL major contests carded among
unlimited teams will be staged
on diamonds in nearby Old Line
territory.
One of the feature contests will be
waged at Wheaton. where Brook
Grubb's Silver Spring team. claiming
the Montgomery County title, will en-
gage Henry Hiser's All-Stars of Hyatts-
vile, who claim the Prince Georges
County championship. In previous
meetings. Grubb's team has grabbed
the spoils of battle.
Bill Flester's Hartfords will be the
attraction at Mount Rainier in another
attractive fray, Stadiums and Allied
Roofers will meet Rockville teams at
the latter place. and Northeast Hilltops
will be seen in action at Seat Pleasant
as guests of the town firemen.
BerWyn A. c. will entertain Bonds
Clothers, Kennedy A. c. will journey
to Galesville, and Edmonds Art Stone
nine is slated for action at Upper
Marlboro.
Willie Andrews will take his National
Circles to Hagerstown to meet the Ath-
letics whom they previously doWned this
season. Red Sox are to make a stand
at BryantoWn.
Liberty A. c., Brodt's Inc. and Isher-
wood A. c. mines will visit Virginia
towns, sherwood players will gather
at Rosedale Fairgrounds at 1870 o'clock
today to make the trip to Alexandria.
and Brodt's players will meet at 100 c
street southeast at the same hour to
start for Potomac, Va.
Today's program:
Silver Spring VS.. Hiser's All Stars,
Wheaton. Md, : o'clock.
Modern WOodmen VS.. Mechanicsvllle,
Mcchanicsville. Md. 3 o'clock.
Hartfords va. Mount Rainiers, Mount
Rainier. Md. 3 o'clock.
Stadium A. c. VS.. Rockville, Rock
vile, Md, 3 o'clock
Liberty A. G. VS.. Hume Springs, Hume
Springs. Va. 3 o'clock.
Red SOx VS.. Bryantown, Bryantown,
Md, 3 o'clock.
Edmonds Art Stone Co. VS.. Marlboro
A. C., Upper Marlboro, Md. o'clock.
Brodt's, Inc. VS.. Potomac Firemen,
Potomac, Va, 3 o'clock.
sherwood A. c. VS.. No. Firemen,
Alexandria High field, $3.50 o'clock.
National Circles VS.. HagerstOwn
Athletics. Hagerstown. Md. Il games
2 o'clock.
Allied Roofers VS.. Rockville Independ-
ents. Rockville. Md. 3 o'clock.
Berwyn A. c. VS.. Bonds Cl0thiers,
Berwyn. Md. ; o'clock.
Kennedy A. c. VS.. Galesville. Gales
vile. Md. 3 O'Clock.
Kentmores VS.. Saks Kroydens. East
Ellirse. IL o'clock.
Northeast HilItops W.. Seat Pleasant
Firemen. Seat Pleasant. Md, e gamesl
1:S0 o'clock.
Herndon Fairlons vs. st. Msry's Gel
tics Cnrhett field. Alexandra, 3 o'clock.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-07-08
OLD DOMINION CLUB
GETS NEW MEMBERS

ALEXANDRIA. Va, July six &C
tive members and one junior member
were admitted to membership in the
Old Dominion Boat Club at the July
business meeting and FIVE persons who
previously held active membership
were reinStated.
Newly elected active members are
John M HudginS. Randolph FairfaX
Davis. James Wilson Coffey, Raymond
Mckinley Wells, Theoderic Ross and
Armistead Lloyd Boothe. Thomas
Searle Jackson is the new junior men,
Der
Those reinstated to active member
ship are DR.. Edward A. German. DR.
Nevelle J. Roberts. John Edmund Rob-
ertS. Louis Hoy and Marshall NJ, Shu-
man.
Columbia Engine Company and Seat
Pleasant Triangles will play here to-
morrow afternoon on Hayden Field at
3 o'clock.
Alexandria Post Office nine wants
games with leading teams. Phone Alex
andria 1881
st. Mary's Boys Club and Junior
Citizens have booked game for to-
morrow afternoon on South Royal
street diamond at 3 o'clock.
Sam DeVaughan's Cardinal A. c.
nine will play the second game of a
series with Simpsons Dairy tomorrow
on the Cardinal Park diamond at 8
o'clock. Dairymen won the first con-
test earlier this season.
Sarepta tosSers will play Red Tops
of Washington tomorrow on Guckert's
Field at o'clock.
No. 5 Motor Co. will play Washington
Terminal Ice Co. tomorrow on Carter 5
Field at o'clock.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-07-08

Base Ball League have adopted
unique method OF deciding
~ the winner of the first series
championship Although the
f,rst half schedule has been disposed
of. Bureau of Engraving and Supply.
the leading team, has not been awarded
the title. due to the fact that two i'm
portant games are to be replayed
AS the second series is under way,
officials have decided to make the
Treasury Aggie and Bureau Aggie
games of the second half series also
count in the standing of the first half.
Aggies have chance to dispace
Bureaus for the tirSt half flag by down
ing both Treasury and Bureau. Should
Aggies lose to Treasury when they meet
tomorrow. the Bureau nine will be de-
clared winner of the first series. Should
ACRES win they will face Bureau on
July II, the winner of this game to be
awarded the title.
In the second series to date, Aggles
and Treasury have each downed Gov
eminent Printers, and Bureaus downed
Aegies In the only other game played,
The same situation exists in Mer-
chants League. Barber g. Ross, Berg
mans Laundry and Chestnut Farms
mines each have a chance to win the
first series flag. Barber Il Ross and
Chestnut Farms each have one game
to be played and Bergmann's nine has
three These will be played as second
half games, but they will also count as
first series games.
Barber a. Ross will meet Chestnut
Farms in one of these two-Way games
tomorrow and BergmannS will meet
Thompson's Dairy nine In similar
contest Friday. Bergmann's nine Will
meet Thompson's Dairy and Chevy
Chase Dairy mines later In the second
half schedule.
In the second series to date, Berg
mann's Laundry leads with two wins
in as MANY games: Chestnut Farms
has three wins and one loss; Barber
g. Ross has two wins and one loss
Thompson's Dairy has one win and
three losses, and Chevy Chase Diary has
three losses and no wins.
Loffier Provision Co. nine Is making
a walk away with things in Industrial
League. After taking the first series
by winning Is games without loss. the
Sausagemen have run their string OF
wins to 3 games in the second series
and still have not tasted defeat.
Judd g. Detweiler tossers, better
known as the Big Print Boys, trail IN
second place with three wins and one
loss, while Holmes Bakers are perched
in third place with 500 percentage
for two games Washington Gas Light
Co. is fourth with one win in three
starts. and Western Electric rests in last
place with four losses in as many games
played.
PulImans and Expressmen are to meet
Tuesday in an important Terminal Y
League contest at S o'clock on Terminal
diamond Expressmen. who took the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-07-08
First Half of Season Is Over,
But Winner Not Yet Decided

first series flag. are at present trail
ing Pullmans, who defeated the first
series winner In their only meeting In
the second half race.
Pullmans are undefeated in three
starts. Express has won two and lost
one game. while Terminals have taken
one victory in four starts and Southerns
hGve suffered the same fate.
Terminal All-Stars are to meet Hart
fords Wednesday at o'clock on Ter
minal diamond.
Navy Yard. only indicated team in
Government League, having played but
one game. will meet Union PrinterA
who have bagged three wins In four
starts. Wednesday at Sis o'clock on
West Ellipse diamonds The winner will
assume the league lead
General Accounts has taken to wins
in three starts in the second series,
while @, P. o. has gained one win in
three starts Interstates have been un-
able to win in four starts.