davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The American issue. [volume] (Westerville, Ohio) 1912-19??, 1928-12-01
GENERAL SUPT. MCBRIDE ANALYZES ELECTION RESULTS
Prohbion
Maoties Both Houses of Congress; Wet Leaders Go Down
Defeat; Mandate Officials Enforce Law

Governor Smiths nomination made
prohibition the chief issue of the cam
paign. In his acceptance address and
throughout the campaign Governor Smith
appealed for support with the promise
that he would. if elected, advocate the
modification of the Volstead Act and the
eventual repeal of the Eighteenth Amend
ment to permit government sale of al
coholic liquors.
The drys accepted the referendum ON
prohibition eagerly sought by the vets in
the candidacy of Smith, and the result
was the election of Hoover by IA cleo
toral votes Smith, with only 81 cleo
toral votes was the worst defeated preSi-
dental candidate in history in two
presidential contest and the first one to
lose a part of the South. No other second
place candidate of any party was ever so
badly defeated.
Public sentiment on prohibition was
reflected not only in the presidential
election, but in the result of congress
Sional elections. Twenty-Five OF the
thirty-fiVe United States Senators elected
this year are dry. Included among the
vets defeated were Senator Bruce, of
Maryland, Senator Edwards of New Jer-
Sey, Senator Gerry, of Rhode Island, and
Senator Bayard, of DaleWare.
No outstanding dry leader in the
United States Senate failed to be re-
elected In Illinois, Anton Cermak, the
state leader of the vets for many years,
who ran on a beer and wine platform was
decisively defeated for the United States
Senate Likewise in Ohio, Mr.. Graham
P. Hunt, the wet candidate was defeated.
Five of the six vets who were re-
elected this time have ahown some friend
illness to the dry cause, being on record
with various votes favorable to enforce
ment legislation .-.-
The American issue. [volume] (Westerville, Ohio) 1912-19??, 1928-12-01

AS a result of the recent elections 329
of the members of the House of Repre-
sentatives will be dry, and only log will
be wet. This represents net gain of II
votes for the drys
Further indication of dry sentiment is
seen in the fact that a number of dry
Democratic candidates for the House and
Senate who campaigned aggreSsively for
Smith were defeated by dry Republican
candidates.
In both Cleveland and Chicago dry
candidates were elected for the Office of
prosecuting attorney and other enforce
ment Offices, and in a number Of other
large cities dry candidates for various en-
forcement Offices we're elected.
Only five of the forty-eight Governors
can now be classed as vets Dry MAORI
ties were maintained or strengthened in
the legislatures of the various states. Re-
CARELESS of section or party lines the
people expressed themselves Enthusiastically
in support of the Eighteenth Amendment,
with prohibition the outstanding issue of
the campaign; and with all the power and
influence of the wet interests exerted in
support of Governor Smith and other wet
candidates, the result was an oVerWhelrn-
ing Endorsement. of the dry laws.
The result obligates all officials to
use their very best efforts towards ad-
vancing the prohibition enforcement
cause 1t is a challenge to all dry or
CARNATIONS and every friend of the dry
cause to support and uphold every effort
looking toward the success of prohibition.
It is an invitation to the minority who
voted in opposition to dry candidates to
join in the great work of suppressing the
evils of alcoholism by the method estab-
lished in the Constitution, and once more
Enthusiastically Endorsed by the people.
The American issue. [volume] (Westerville, Ohio) 1912-19??, 1928-12-01
COLORADO
CA. ]. FINCH, Supt.)

The election on November sixth resulted
in an overwhelming Prohibition victory in
Colorado. We are sending four dry Con-
gressmen to Washington. S. Harrison
White, who was elected to Congress from
the Denver district one year ago at
special election on wet platform was
literally showed under. His dry oppo-
nent received a majority of more than
10000 votes in DenveI.
The State Legislature is the dryest in
our history. It will practically be unan-
imous for the dry regime. Throughout
the state the drys were uniformly success
full The District Attorneys elected in
every district in the state had the en-
dorsement of the Anti-Saloon League
with one exception.
While the Hoover-Smith vote is not yet
available, Hoover'S majority is just about
one hundred and twenty thousand.
Such victory is bound to help law en-
forcement in the nation However the
prohibition forces must not be too ex-
ultant minority of fifteen million is
not to be ignored. Every agency fighting
for prohibition should take courage and
get ready for the next battle. Eternal
Vigilance must be our watchword.
The American issue. [volume] (Westerville, Ohio) 1912-19??, 1928-12-01
Congressrnen

standing dry Democratic Congressman
suffered defeat principally because the
average voter did not wish to take
chance on voting a split ticket. II is my
opinion that the vote of November 6 is a
very fair expression of the wet and dry
sentiment in Kentucky and that the cam
paign of education and publicity leading
up to the election has greatly increased
public sentiment favorable to Prohibition.
Without doubt, the principle of Prohibi-
ton as a settled permanent policy of the
government has been greatly strengthened
and stabilized as result of the campaign
and the overwhelming majority in favor
of the dry candidate for President and
already we have evidence that the officials
and enforcing officers and even politicians
are recognizing the results of the election
as an unmistakable mandate from the
people in behalf of respect for observance
to and enforcement of Prohibition laws.
All dry organizations of men and
women. pastors and church membership
generally were reached with the truth
from platform, pulpit, radio and printed
page and joined in the grand patriotic
march on November 6, with such crafty
ing results, proving again that the con-
science and ideals of the average cit'-
ZEN are on the right side of a great
moral question.
The American issue. [volume] (Westerville, Ohio) 1912-19??, 1928-12-01
MARYLAND
&c. w. CRABBE, Supt)

Maryland makes two very important
changes.
First, William Cabell Bruce, notorious
wet, is succeeded by Phillips Lee Colds
borough dry man, former Governor,
and a man of marked ability. The dele
cation in Congress remains the same with
but one very important exception, Will
liam P. Cole wet, is succeeded by Lin
wood L. Clark, a Republican, and as dry
as they make them. This gives l: one
dry Senator and one wet one, Mr.. Tydings.
We will have three dry congressmcl from
Maryland this time-Linwood L. Clark, T.
Alan Goldsborough and Frederick N.
Zihlman.
In Delaware, we have defeated the wet
Tom Bayard and elected in his place,
former Governor, John C. Townsend, one
of the best friends the drys ever h,-l.
Maryland did not elect Legislature
this year.
The Hoover vote in both Maryland and
Delaware states has brought determina-
ton and encouragement TO the dry forces
to go on and finish up the job. Naturally
the vets are somewhat depressed. The
total vote of Hoover in Maryland was
6,502; Smith 222, $40 One of the great
est difficulties we are now up against is
that there are some people who seem to
feel as they did When the Eighteenth
Amendment was adopted that CO rything
is through now and the flgils finished and
the time is here to quit Naturally people
who have followed the fight do not think
that way but just the same many do. One
of my very good lawyer friends said the
other day that it is all over, the Anti-Sa-
loon League can diSband now for no party
will take the wet end of a fight in the
future.
The American issue. [volume] (Westerville, Ohio) 1912-19??, 1928-12-01
KENTUCKY
"a. c. GRAHAM, SuptO

Briefly stated the election results IN
Kentucky are as follows: Both our United
States Senators are holdovers and have
dry voting records in Washington.
Our eleven Congressional districts were
represented in the last Congress by eight
Democrats and three Republicans. They
were all listed as favorable to the Eight
zenith Amendment and the dry law en-
forcement. The eleven Congressional dis
tricts on November 6 elected two Demo-
Gratis and nine Republicans, all of whom
are committed to or recorded for dry law
enforcement.
Our state legislature and county officers
will be elected next year so that local con-
ditions and issues did not enter into the
national campaign SO that in Kentucky
the issues were clean cut, the outstanding
one of which was Prohibition. The re-
suit is not SO much a victory for the Re
publican party as SUCH as it is denun-
citation of a wet candidate running on
wet platform after having repudiated the
platform of his party. 1t was more of
campaign between candidates and what
they represented than between political
parties 1t was accepted in Kentucky as
q referendum on the wet and dry ques-
ton.
The total complete unofficial returns are
as follows:
Hoover ............ 549,731
Smith ......... 371 ,491
Majority .......... ltoo4o
It is regretted that some of the out
The American issue. [volume] (Westerville, Ohio) 1912-19??, 1928-12-01
THE AMERICANISSUE

either ticket In our opinion. these are
dry citizens and could be counted upon TO
vote against the ratification of wet
amendment to our state or Federal con-
stitution. West Virginia is still dry by
about 10000 on plain wet and dry fight.
The fact that around 80 per cent of the
possible vote of West Virginia was cast
In the recent election indicates to me that
America is still safe here when a great
moral issue is up for settlement. The
mandate is plain TO the incoming admin
istration to maintain and enforce pro-
hibition On the other hand, the hope of
the Association Against the Prohibition
Amendment, for notification or immedi-
atete repeal, has gone glimmering for the
present.
The American issue. [volume] (Westerville, Ohio) 1912-19??, 1928-12-01

For the past two years We nave had live
Republicans and one Democrat in the
Lower House at Washington. That ratio
continues as to Republicans in the new
delegation though the district repre-
sented by the Democrat has changed from
the Third TO the Sixth. The Democrat
who had represented the Third District
was displaced by q Republican, a former
member. The Fifth and Sixth Districts
will have new faces the former will be
represented by Mr.. H. I. Shot, of Blue
field. Republican, and latter by Mayor
Joe L. Smith. of Beckley. Democrat.
(This last District is being recounted)
Governor Smith, who ran for President
on the Democratic ticket, was considered
a bolter had wet record and hence gave
great encouragement everywhere to the
wide open forces who wanted Office. He
was defeated by the unheard of majority
of 1885, 900, unofficial count Two unsatis-
factory candidates ran for Congress in
this state, both Democrats, one in the
Fourth District and the other in the
Fifth. Both were defeated by subStan
tial majorities
STATE OFFICERS DRY
Our state officers elected are Republi
cans and dry The "a Judges elected in
charge of our circuit courts for eight-year
terms are considered dry, With possibly
one or two exceptions. The II State Sem
ators elected g to fill vacancies-there
were fifteen holdovers). are dry or have
dry records of one kind or another. The
figures as to the election of Sheriffs and
Prosecuting Attorneys are not yet avail
able but there were very few running who
were not satisfactory to the League and
some of these have been reported as de-
feated. The House of Delegates is over
whelmingly dry though AZ will require the
official count to give us the exact person
mel.
REFERENDUM ON PROHIBITION
In my opinion, this election was an in
direct referendum on Prohibition and an
overwhelming victory for the dry cause.
Mr.. Hoover was elected by more than
100000 majority but the combined vote of
the two candidates for United States Sen
ate is $4,000 more than the combined
votes of the two candidates for President.
This indicates that there were still $4,000
of our citizens who voted for Senator but
because of the political aspect of the ref
erendum did not vote for the head of
The American issue. [volume] (Westerville, Ohio) 1912-19??, 1928-12-01
WEST VIRGINIA
20. NJ. PULLEN, Supt.)

The election of Tuesday, November 6,
was a great victory for Prohibition in
West Virginia. A solid dry delegation was
elected to Congress. The United States
Senator elected, Ex-Governor Henry d.
Hatfield. is Republican who replaced our
senior Senator NJ NJ Neelv a Democrat
Milford chronicle. [volume] (Milford, Del.) 1878-1974, 1928-09-28
.Ravs.fl...IE.ll. VYindsnr...nastdn .ofsti1e.

Rev Windsor, pastqx of-tne
M, E, Church in Seafords and a for
,mer pastor OF, Bethel NJ, E. Church,
of this town, viii preach here in the
church nexti fsslpHn Sunday afternoon at
$40 o'iloek,o9ar go} staad sdt
hi Rev, 2. HI tDashiell, lsuperintende
.ent Of Salisbury a.a District will
/, preach 9yinn9dthe inoevening at 1870
O'clock and hold the third quarterly
conference, for the charge on Mon
day night at 1880 O'clock DR.. DASH
iell aWin also preach next Sunday
moTAing in the St. Georges M E.
IGhlEchd ssy0iqms 1nemH19YOg 20 q
.iylNlFs. bGooperlOfnFlorida is visiting
her sister, Mrs. L. e. Thomas 10 ~
in5The storko made ] his appearance
the past week and left a baby boy
with Mr. and Mrs. Clarence Thor
Mr.. and MRS s&4nAthOny Barber Of
Philadelphia spent the weekend at
their home here. [ maiIilW .s1M
rM Misses Alma Breasure andb Edna
Brittinghamnllof fBeacoms College
spent the weekend with their paro
eifnltS mere. ssvitsls1 div ROTARY
Milford chronicle. [volume] (Milford, Del.) 1878-1974, 1928-09-28

nfF1 ~ ll WGII02INI Jun yNIllt Door
SIN, Hudson, VACATED the dwell
ing sold, by him sometime ago., Tues
day Of the past Gweek, 9 Henry Park
ger of Georgetown will occupy the
same. rsdarei
"a gReWiaCaW. Bradford n ofooocean
View preached ian interesting ser
mon I'M theI M E.bGhurchoSu saf-
ternoOnso Hiss theme being Holding
the old Lords Marks s5Y~ 3
iaRev. Gordon ATTENDED othe N.Y. p.
Conferences In iVirgfniaIid 1o0g s s.
z Mrs. WIN. wilkins and children
have returned to- their home fihNiil1
ford after spending the summer
With their mother, o Mrs! Mary e.
l9alfAalQmO9 @ sGW alfQuQ -smTo1 e.
NH. and Mrs. J. F.'1aEaytona and
Mrs. iBeVerIyi Baker were on aish6p1
Ipfng trip III Salisbury, Md, recent
~ 3 91DdiTJn09 dose 1BdJ gnita9a
INF. ana Mrs. C,,ne Howard called
on ME- How ard S mot hef3, Mrs! aBadly
at Miit6R Saturday gTeRihg.?e1 Of
Is MISS Helen. 1aAfeafs fG1ahd s1R5Bert
Godwin Of Wifmfhgtohsd speht1 dfhe
weekae19d here with Relatives Ia
Mfs. Frank Baker and ehfIdfehi of
Philadelphia Spent 2 Sunday GheFe.7
'1oJ IT.. Layton has Ifetufheds from
business trip in northern oeitie3Ys
hSNlr. sand Mrs. 9Delbeft Daisey are.
enjoying "a new oHelectffe oAtWaters
Rent eaddfoloTGa 9d1 tent JoGi eds O
q Mrs. otis stdTgiso and dadgRterq
Marvin 'of9 Gfbbst6Wff, q Meg, SPENT
theJ past9 WEEK. With Mr. .edand sMrss
fjii1af7 dSfXfgiss1G9s wsN .meldoTq 81
slffdmanha f5ampbell 1efejsuhday5fo
100 ana-n--nn 30 nL mig OF llLon.
Milford chronicle. [volume] (Milford, Del.) 1878-1974, 1928-09-28

a course at Pennington at=Renning-
ton, M ]. n 9
spent the weekend with his pars
ents,- Mr., and Mrs. William Baker. =
bnrAIrs. john DaiseNof Ra8aTdss call
ed ,enleher daughterRiyMgs. 2 Harry
Dukes, Thursday a N sTM bHG p
T MRS! J.sN Hudson and som Virgil
We're s1nldb eek 9S1sitorss in HPhiladel-
Fohfas, ace0mb Rhieddh0mep o byqo1he err
Cdadghter Nff! and Mrsli Ed. aEargang
iforna Two wee kss eationgM u Il I,
'doNfr.d and Mrs. Joseph West s1iand
ldaAghter III Ien 9aad Mr.. Hahdb Mrs,
Parent VieKefsl and daughter jean
iettg! faIso WIN. nEl Hudson swere Call
Iers in Salisbury Saturday 2udU4
HOThe fstork stopped at thei .homei Of
Mr. and Mrs. Alton Timmons Thurs
day 9fiofiing and iHadeh thenpit the
proud parents Of ahbaby1 gifRs9Tq
IlTMf. ahdd Mrs. hnEdwafd q Hickman
and VIM. E. Hudson were Sunday
callers of Mr.. and Mrs. Daniel Wag-
anon. NO&Eld0d II&&lI
Mr.. and Mrs.S tArmel West and
children Spent Sunday with their
parentss sNffe and oNfTs! nIsaac West,
Mr. and Mrs.t4Iaf4eyi Nfckers and
children Spent Sunday with their
sister;5iMf. and Mfs9 Farley Baker.
Mrs. Maf5HJ. Bfittihgham had the
misfortune Monday morning to fall,
Cutting ,he4J Head sand breaking her
arm above the elbow! She sRas taken
to the 9MiRf6fdW Hos ieaE where She
TeeeiVed treatment. soooW s'dmeI q
Mrs. Deiph4aa West qand
children of 9PKflad eIbhiT spent the
Jweeklehd with shtReiroa sisteis 0Mrs.
Josebh 'Buntihg ddfanfy. sni 4
Milford chronicle. [volume] (Milford, Del.) 1878-1974, 1928-09-28
Adams Cross + Roads

Misc Riancbe Stetler and Miss
ss3ais S Deyors IF PSEiadelnSia Visited
'Rsr sister, Mrs. FFsds Fountain over
sa Miga R9 S2d 6 sSR9S9 spent the
weekend with, MISS Bernice Adams.
Mr. And Mrs. 5fHf aarIr riison Tricce of
near FederaIsburg spent s. Sunday
with Mr. and Mrs. Earle Adams AND
family, lsgs-eih9U -aiqIgaM !
Mr. and me MIS- 81 Clarence RaEker snq
Milford chronicle. [volume] (Milford, Del.) 1878-1974, 1928-09-28

and Christ was .eFueifed- by, the rul-
ers of the. people +, because be de-
nounced their Sin, = It would be- un-
thinkable reputation Of the person.
al responsibility, of the n Christian
ministry, first, as Christian citizens,
and, secondly it would be IA base.
betrayal Of our people who have a
right to look to us for moral lead
iership should we retire from the
Held, and fold our hands at this crit
ical juncture in the warfare with
the age-long enemy Of mankind %
Milford chronicle. [volume] (Milford, Del.) 1878-1974, 1928-09-28

"The facts" he said, must De
car4fiffig and 5consci entiou conss
sidered What are The greatest Isl
sues which confront rs asgChristian
ciFizafs IN the present caTapaignH Is
nrofobition the Outstanding ISSUE
from the viewpoint of those OF us
who have labored to secure adop-
tion of the eighteenth amendment!
what are the prohibition planks IN
tbe platforms of the two great poll
tical parties? What are the personal
habits the Official utterances. acts
and records ofvthe two opposing
candidates. What is the declared att
ltude Of each Of the candidates TO-
ward the Underlying principles ana
nurpose of the eighteenth amend
ment? What proposals do they make
as to the future handling of the
problem Will the proposal by one
of the candidates to increase the al
coholic content of beverage liquors
he helpful or hurtful? Will it make
prohibition law enforcement more
effective or more difficult, if not I'M
nossible? Will the demand-that the
eighteenth amendment be itself
amended SO that uniform nation
wide prohibitory laws be substi-.
tuted for forty-eight varieties Of
state prohibition make prohibition
greater success, or a failure, indeed
a miserable farce? Would the pro-
nosal to substitute a system of state
manufacture. sale, and distr1butlosn
of intoxicants abolish the possibility
of bottlegging and graft and drunk
enness with all it's attendant evils,
or would it shatnefully degrade the
state by making it the official bar
tender for the slaves Of appetite?
NOT PARTISAN DECISION % '@
"These. questions aresihotl asked
from a partisan; standpoint, They,
are the questions which Christian
men women must fairly 9andi
honestly face and decide 20 for the
determination of this great issue is,
I believe, with the Christian citikens
of our country, men and women.
eff our great effort to promote
the general welfare By Ythbges selfTgdle75
NAL of the, Individual should eyer
fail, it viii, be. BECAUSE Christian cit
liens do ofiot respond to the appeal
of the great apost1e:e ''We then that
are strong ought to bear the infirm-
tiles of the weak.'1S - Sss5eS 3.ss:&;3s
At the outset Of his address, .Bish.z
Op Cannon declared that although
he is not an old man the outstand7
ing events in the light on the liquor
traffic san have occurred within his
life time.
"The one and only purpose Of the
eighteenth amendment" he said, lis
to promote the general welfare by
prohibiting the traffic in that which
experience has demonstrated causes
hundreds of thousands Of citizens to
lose control Of themselves and to
become, therefore, not only untitled
to perform properly the duties
which they owe to the state but to
society at large. 81 ~ ri 81
PROMOTE GENERAL WELFARE Y
"In this brief survey, therefore,
the fundamental issue is whether
the eighteenth amendment and the
enforcement act, commonly called
the Volstead law, have promoted
and do promote the general welfare
Milford chronicle. [volume] (Milford, Del.) 1878-1974, 1928-09-28
Insists Preachers Have Same AS Others To Fight
1921 5CsE-5 Dry Law 'Fnepies W5n ~

Summing up his address with the
declaration that "it is not possible
for this presidential election to be
held without the result being de-
clared as indicative. of the attitude
of the nation as a whole on prohlbl-
tion. whether wet or dry,% Bishop
lanes M. Cannon of the Methodist
Episcopal Church, South, speaking
before the hundredth annual CONFER
eneea Of the Maryland conference OF
tbe Methodist Protestant, Church
concluded. surely this is a. pnle
when Christian citizens must indeed
render. .toEGeasar the things when
are I,easafs as well as to COG tne
things winch. are Gods EE&.E
Having as his subject, Why Fro Z.
hibftion NRepeal Is gnth14k9ple'
Bishop Cannon, who spoke before
canacity< audience made, up largely
offdelesates to tie 6onferenee but
Including also many, members eof the
NTatT0dfst Protestant Church IN
1SSic6 - was held and a sprinkling
Of ofherytcitizens 1ffonnN ~ Lyme burg,
and ffe1a. SsurtolndiAg counties,
painted a0black ,pictureO9f tne go oSs9I
old davs OF the saloon" He tolloweu
tbis-witf1 a description -ofSvastl5 i'm
nroved conditions uhder}prDhiPttlops
giving personal testimony and e1t-
ing from surveys and Statements by
nrominent men to uphold bis epn7'
tentions. Then he asked me 5qaesF
tion "What of the future?" and IN
this connection nadeohis first sdtrece
reference g tor the pFesentq pehtIeal
campaign which had, however, been
the subject of several indirect ref
ereneenearlier I'M the address, uiG119
- ORIGIN OF WET ISSUE Eaa.as
I'VE did not force the prohibition
Issue into this political ealppalgn.5,l
said Bishop Cannon. 1T was oellD-
erateiy, ostentatiously thrust IN oV-
or our protest, with 1.-THE tdehnltes eX5
nactation on the part of the foes Of
nrohibition that they could weaken,
and possibly DESTROY qthe9o influence
of christian ministers by attempting
n BraHsi fiArn as political pa sons
DIT kkfe and nov notify the de
tenders and the advocates OF the llq-7
nor traffic that the Christian MINIS
+rSs NfiFis not besdriVep from the ffeta
NV ~ athf1t Oh re bt1nglng
+to church into politics because they
or ore onnosiI n & e4ettleh to the
nresideHog of any mans hose pek-z
sonal and ofie record bfsfd pm
as thsSoutstandipg speflg 81 nation
al pEohibftion . - -, ga.,-'3 y, 8
Milford chronicle. [volume] (Milford, Del.) 1878-1974, 1928-09-28

Arguing ltba t ipreachers1 have the
come right as any other, class OF
citizens to ." use 'their 1nnuence
agiihstmopponents of prohibition the
sneaker asked why members Oh
others professions wh0 Bolted' issue,
either one way or the other, are not
similarly den0unced by the secular
Milford chronicle. [volume] (Milford, Del.) 1878-1974, 1928-09-28
N STATE Of 'DbtAiWARE. .

bssg Isl 9gs County OF SUSSEX. 10s'
Before me. a Notary Public in and for the
state and county aforesaid. personally Appeared
Chronicle Publishing Co.. who. having been duly.
sworn according tolaW.-depOses and says that'he.
10 Secretary of the MILFORD CHRONICLE, and
that the following is to the best of his knoWl-i
edge and belief. true statement of the owner,
ship, management ete.sof the aforesaid puhli-,
cation for the date shown IN the above caption,
required by the Act of August "a. 1912, embodied.
in section 44S, Postal Laws and Regulations
to wit: AE.1aR
ENThat. the Aar8es. and iaddfesses. " tlisl 1ub-
9shef. sditeS hafaetbS seditDF ] and aBusihess,
managers are.
Publisher Milford Chronicle Publishing Com
oany, Milford, Delaware, 59RN
b. Editor. lEheOdOrsA townsend, Milford. Della
ware.
Managing Editor George Marshall Townsend.
Business Manager, Thomas C. ReYnolds and
q. MAfsIial Io@nsend. Niford DelaWare-