davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02
Jones and Webb Have
New Grocery Location

Jones and Webb, pioneer Bis
marck grocery merchants, move to-
day from their old location at 318
Main avenue to 107 Fourth street in
the building formerly occupied by
the Holt Clothing company.
Transferral of stock and fixtures
is being made today and the COM
pany will be open for business in the
new location Thursday, P. r. Webb,
one Of the proprietors, said today.
No change in ownership or brands
of goods carried are being made.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02

While this plane. bearing seven
passengers. was tearing along
through the ozone, the propeller
fell off and the vibration unseated
the motor, which fell right out.
Vance Breese, San Francisco avn
ator and airplane manufacturer,
was ut the wheel when the craft
lurched and side-slipped. Though
burned BY hot oil, he told the pas
sengers to crowd forward in the
cabin. bringing ! better balance
and keeping the plane right side
up. volplaning from . height 1900
feet above San Francisco, he
brought the machine to q safe
landing. just missing, several high
tension power lines. Breess Is pic
tured below. The plane, with it,
engine missing above.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02
Billy Petr0lle Will
Fight Again; Meets
DWyer at WatcrtOWn

Watertown, May 2.-(AP)-Billy
Petrolle of Fargo, and Eddie Dryer
of Chicago, will meet at Watertown
May % in a ten-round bout as the
main 60 of 3O-round card TO be
staged by the American Legion post.
The card will be staged at large
roller skating pavilion at Stony
Point, Lake Kampeska, enlarged
this spring to accommodate 5000
spectators.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02
Club Members Meet
at Breakfast Today

Miss Lillian Reimestad was hos
tess to members Of @. E. G. at a
two-course breakfast this morning
at her home.
Spring flowers conferred the table,
and the appointments were carried
out in corresponding colors.
The ladies Of the Methodist Aid
society will meet Thursday after
noon with the following hostesses:
Circle No. / with Mrs. F. H. Regis
ter at 622 Fifth street; No. 2 with
Mrs: B. F. Flanagan and Mrs. A.
w. Snow at the home of Mrs. Snow.
oil Eighth street; No. 3 with Mrs.
w. E. Water at 4O7 Sixth street: No.
4 with Mrs. F. E. Titus at 2l2 West
Thayer.
Mrs. A. J. Arnot, Mrs. J. A. Lar
son, Mrs. F. M. Davis, Mrs. J. P.
French, Mrs. w. j. Targart. Mrs. G.
E. Wingreene. and Mrs. G. 3. Har-
ris are attending the state Music
Festival at Valley City this week
as representatives Of the Thursday
Musical club Of this city.
The General Aid Of the Presbv-
terrain church will meet in the
church parlors Thursday afternoon
at 3 o'clock. All members are urged
to be present as the new circles will
be organized. The Missionary So
ciety members will be hostesses to
the Aid at this meeting.
A daughter was born Sunday at
st. Alexius hospital to Mr.. and Mrs.
Michael Sleek of Thinner.
Mr.. and Mrs. F. E. Gustafson and
children OF Thinner are spending q
few days in Bismarck.
A daughter was born Tuesday at
st. Alexius hospital to Mr.. and Mrs.
A. Jaques Of Steele.
Mrs. E. H. Brant and Mrs. J. o.
Meier of Linton transacted bust
ness here Tuesday.
Miss Frances Simmons of Elrin
attended the district music contest
nele this week.
Mr.. and Mrs. Fred ]. Argast Of
Moffit were business callers in this
'ity Monday.
Miss Lillian Christianson of Gibbs
spent the weekend in Bismarck
With friends.
Mrs. E. G.. Sailer of Stanton is |
pending q few days in this city
With friends.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02
u. S. Vice Consul at
Shanghai Disappears

Shanghai. China, May 2.-(AP)-
Walter B. Wilson, Jr., Of Greenville.
North Carolina, American vice coun-
sui at Shanghai since 1920, disap-
peared yesterday morning after
leaving his residence, presumably to
play golf. He had not returned up
to late hour last night and search
for him has been unavailing.
Mr.. Wilson, after a vacation in
the United States, returned to
Shanghai on March Is. He is a
member Of . prominent family and
several Of his brothers are West
Point graduates.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02
Many Natives Killed
BY Great Tidal Wave

Paris, May 2.-(F-Official ad-
vices reaching Paris today said
that numbers of natives were killed
and great damage done by a tidal
wave which swept the east coast of
Madagascar from Tamatave to Fort
Dauphin on April 20.
The European population escaped.
Telegraph and teller hone lines were
destroyed, buildings were swept
away and many acres of crops
ruined.
Prompt measures were taken to
avoid famine in the flooded districts.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02
GETS PRISON SENTENCE

GETS PRISON SENTENCE
Johnnie Springs, colored, pleaded
guilty to grand larceny charge
when arraigned before Judge Fred
Jansonius in district court this
morning and was sentenced to a
term Of from one to three years
in the state penitentiary. Springs
waived examination when arraigned
before Justice Of the Peace Anton
Beer and indicated his desire TO
plead guilty to the charge imme-
diately. Springs was arrested at
Braddock upon request of the local
police department and was brought
back to Bismarck yesterday by
Sheriff Rollin WEIGH.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02
Justice Court

Mrs. Johnnie Mae Perkins, colored,
of the South side was bound over to
the district court by Justice Beer
yesterday following . preliminary
hearing on a charge Of immortality.
Her bond was fixed at $3.50, which
she has not furnished. She also
waived examination on a charge of
keeping and maintaining q common
nuisance and was also bound over on
that count, with bond fixed at an
additional $3.50.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02

Minneapolis, May 2.-R-Rana
Of carlot grain sales: Wheat No,
dark northern 1924 @1.75%; No.
dark northern 1.77A; No. 8 dar
northern 1864 @1.70h; No. har
winter 1855; No. 2 durum 1874; Nc
2 mixed wheat 1853.
Barley No. 2, So.
Corn-None.
Oats-No. 4 white 59h@60h.
Rye-No. /, 1904.
Flax-None.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02
TO DECIDE CASE LATER

MEMBERS OF The state railroad
board today had taken u,.der -
visement the cas- in which w. NJ.
Dolan, Bismarck, acting for the
Brotherhood Of Railway Trainmen,
asked the commission to order the
500 line railroad to place a weed
burner used on the Misso:ri river
division in charge Of q tra..a crew.
The bu. Ter now Is operate by sec-
tion hands and the trainmen con-
tend that It should be manned the
same ~ = flight" engine. Each sias
presented about 10 witnesses 1t the
two-day hearing which closed last
night.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02

FOR sALE-Furniture. Cali ct
TIT Thayer Ave. "
FOR SALE OR TRADE-For
chickens. . 30-foot windmill. Ad-
dress 2022 Rosser. rhone 604-LM.
WORK WANTED-Odd Jobs after
school and Saturdays BY Boy
Scouts wishi--, t. earn enough
money to by r-'->-ms. Phone
706-R Of see w. =. Sherwin.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02
CHICAGO CASH GRAIN

Chicago, May 2.-lR-Wheat No.
2 hard 100; No. / northern spring
l.66.
Corn No. 3 mixed 1.07@h; No.
2 yellow 1.1Oh@%.
Oats No. 2 while 67h70; No. 5
white 62h @6S%c.
Rye No. I, 1861.
Barley 06c@1.O7.
Timothy seed 3.75@4.5O.
Clover seed 19.50@26.50. ~
Lard 1905.
Ribs 1900.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02
BUYS BRAINERD HOTEL

BUYS BRAINERD HOTEL
Fargo, May 2.-{R-Sale of the
Ransford Hotel and agreements and
two business blocks in Brainerd,
Mimi, to j. Herschel Hardy, Chi
cago, by r. r. Wise, was announced
here today by Mr.. Hardy, who is
visiting in Fargo. Mr.. Wise also
owns the Waldorf Hotel, Fargo.
Mr.. Hardy and his wife are owners
Of seven hotels in Kansas, Illinois,
Michigan, Iowa and Minnesota.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02
HOPES TO BREAK RECORD

HOPES TO BREAK RECORD
Roosevelt Field, N. Y, May a.
(AP)-After an exciting false start
earlier in the day Royal v. Thomas,
former army flyer, took the air un-
accompanied at 12:3O:O1, eastern
daylight time, this afternoon in an
effort to beat the endurance flight
record Of So hours, SO minutes and
Al seconds.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02
PARENTS FOJJND DEAD

PARENTS FOUND DEAD
Bemidji, May 2.-(R-Three
children, the oldest five years of
age, today rose to find their par
ents, Mr.. and Mrs. August Luedtke,
Jr., dead in their farm home none
miles southwest of here, apparently
victims of murder and suicide.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02

FORDS SAIL FOR HOME
Southampton, Eng. May 2.-(AP)
Henry Ford and Mrs. Ford sailed
for home today on the Majestic, end
ing their prolonged visit in England.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02
DOING GOOD BUSINESS

The cooperative creamery which
opened for business at Harvey,
March ~ II operating on = scale
which will enable it to produce 800.
600 pounds Of butter this year, 10
cording to information received ct
the office Of the state dairy CON-
missioner here.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02
GOLD MINES DESTROYED

Blucfeilds, Nicaragua, May Q.
American owned gold
miners. La Luz and Bonanza, in north
ern Nicaraguan, have been blown up
and destroyed by raiders, according
to reports received today.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02
CENSUS BILL APPROVED

CENSUS BILL APPROVED
Washington, May 2.--tR-The
1880 decennial census would be tax.
en- on May and would combine an
enumeration Of both population and
agriculture under the Fem bill ap-
proved today by the house census
committee.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02

FOR JAMESTOWN OFFICE
Washington. May 2.-A9-Post-
masters nominated by President
Coolidge today included jamestown,
N. D., Redmond A. Cotton.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02

WRECK OF SHIP REvE- LED
Glace Bay, N. S., May 2.-(AP)-
Wreckage picked up around Scatari
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02

Island and the body Of a man
washed Ashore in Flukc's Head Cove
today told mute story of the wreck
OF a ship in a graveyard Of the
North Atlantic. Her crew of 80 was
believed lost.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02

Flowing gardens. Phone 81
Wachter Transfer.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02
Bernice L. Speaks
and Harry Babcock
Are Married Here

Miss Bernice L. Speaks, daughter
Of Mr.. and Mrs. L. H. Speaks of
this city, became the bride Of Harry
Babcock Tuesday evening at
o'clock at the parsonage of the Nc
Cabe Methodist church. Rev. Wal
ter E. Water read the marriage
service.
The brides gown was of two
tones Of tan and she wore a corsage
of roses and sweet peas. Mrs. E. E.
Boepple, who attended her sister,
wore rose and tan. veral Speaks
attended the groom.
Roses and ferns decorated the
table for the wedding supper which
was served at the home Of the
brides parents. Table appoint
ments were in pink.
Mr.. and NJ Babcock will be at
home in this city at the Patterson
hotel.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02
Land Sales Expected
to Increase in Fall

Sales of land by the Bank Of
North Dakota. which have slowed
down appreciably since spring work
began on farms, are expected to in
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02
Mrs. O. A. SOrsdahl
Is Guest of Honor
at Surprise Party

A surprise party was given Tues
day evening ct the o. A. Sorsdahl
home in honor of the birthday an
niversary Of Mrs. Sorsdahl.
Progressive whist was the diver
sion Of the evening and high scores
were won by Mrs. P. G.. Kebsgard,
Mrs. George Hugelman and Mrs.
Matte Erstrom.
After the games a course lunch
con was served and Mrs. Sorsdahl
was presented with a lovely gift.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02

Ruth snd Ash hauling
Phone 62. Waehter Transfer.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02
Additional Society
Regular Meeting of
Fortnightly Club Is
Held with Mrs. Young

The Fortnightly club met Tuesday
afternoon at the home Of Mrs. c. L.
Young.
Mrs. George Bird read an inter-
esting paper on Pan-Americanism,
while Mrs. P. f. Byrne's paper dis
closed many facts about Mexico
Today"
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02

A daughter was born Sunday at
st. Alexius hospital to Mr.. and Mrs.
Michael Sleek Of Thinner.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02

Mr.. and Mrs. F. E. Gustafson and
children of Thinner are spending a
few days in Bismarck.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-05-02

A daughter was born Tuesday at
st. Alexius hospital to Mr.. and Mrs.
A. Jaques Of Steele.
White Bluffs spokesman. [volume] (White Bluffs, Wash.) 1907-1938, 1928-10-05
YEARS. WORK OUTLINED
BY WOMAN'S CLUB

The Woman's club will resume its
years activities on Wednesday, Oc-
tober 10, at 2:30 p. m. in the Lu-
dial invitation is given to the ladies
of the community to attend any or
all of the meetings.
The Club aims to help in the bet
terment of the community and meets
every last Wednesday of the month
for business. Every second We'd
nesdty in the month, interesting
studies are given of topics that
broaden ones outlook on life in gen.
eral
This years program has been care
fully chosen to provide afternoons of
interest and enjoyment and we hope
to have many new members during
the year.
October
Jury Duty and County Taxation.
November
International Relations and Ar
chaeological Research in Mexico.
December
Contemporary Poetry.
January
Washington Artists.
February
The Garden.
March
Rugs, Ancient and Modern.
April
Talks on Welfare Work.
May
Guest Day (MusicaD.
Every Club member who is free is
urged to attend the first meeting next
Wednesday at 2:30 p. m. sharp.
Presidents Greetings: Mrs. +. E.
Taylor.
Civic Problems: jury Duty, Mrs.
w. A. Joyce; County Taxation, Mrs.
w. ]. Kincaid.
Hostesses: Mrs. M. S. Meeks and
Mrs. E. Anderson.
MRS. F. E. TAYLOR,
President.
White Bluffs spokesman. [volume] (White Bluffs, Wash.) 1907-1938, 1928-10-05
FINE CIDER FROM PEARS

Some delicious cider made from
pears was brought into town this
week by Edmund Anderson. While
Of course the flavor was a little diff
ferent from the cider made from ap-
ples, it was nevertheless very palat-
able.
When one considers the enormous
amount of Gull fruit that goes 10
waste in these districts every year,
he is tempted to wonder why some
concern does not evolve plan for
converting at least part of it into
marketable products. There is more
in the phrase "Jellies, Jams and
Juices" than just jingle of words
and some day some one will come
along with plan to make them first
cousins to cash dividends.
White Bluffs spokesman. [volume] (White Bluffs, Wash.) 1907-1938, 1928-10-05
BOY SCOUT NOTES
(Ry tie Scout Scribel

a very exciting relay race was run
last Sunday by members Of the local
Boy Scout troop, the opposing teams
being selected by the two captains,
Dudley Wilkinson and Donald Whee-
Ter. The race was both close and in
teresting to the few spectators who
watched it.
The race started at the corner be-
tween the Shaw and O'Leary ranches.
The two starting runners on each
side were each given message and
they ran to where the next man on
their side waited, and this perform
arce was repeated to the end OF tn,
race. At the Hcidemsnn corner
where the road branches to Wahluke,
Dudley's side was little in the lead
The two last runners gave their mes
cages to two boatmen who showed
off and raced down the river to the
White Bluffs ferry landing. 1t was
very doubtful race until nearly the
end, when Dudley's boat came out
several lengths ahead. The mes
ssges we're then opened by the cap
tains and Donald learned the sad
news that his side would have to
rustic dinner for the winners. How
ever, the messages said nothing about
what the meal was to consist Of so
the losers are not so sad as they
might be.
The reason that the race was not
mere widely advertised was due to
the fact that it YVES conducted more
as an experiment than anything else
Every one is anxious to make the
relay race an annual affair now that
the first one was such success.
There were horses and boats in this
one and next year the Scouts would
like to introduce bicycles, also, and
perhaps some signalling.
The race took 81 minutes, which
in good time. as it was estimated that
an hour and half would be neces-
sary.
White Bluffs spokesman. [volume] (White Bluffs, Wash.) 1907-1938, 1928-10-05
BANKERS HELP AGENTS

by County Ageut e. c.. Durdle)
The Key Bankers of the Agricul-
tural committee, of the State Bank
ers Association, with the County Ag-
ents, from eastern Washington, met
at the Davenport Hotel, at 10 o'clock,
Tuesday morning, of last week, for a
discussion of agricultural problems.
The key banker for Benton county
is Mr.. E. C. Tweedt of the First Ma
tional Bank, of Kennewick, who at
tended this meeting.
This meeting was by far the larg-
est attended of any of the meetings
held to date, and bankers and county
agents present were quite enthusiastic
ever the program of the key bankers,
and the possibility of securing greater
cooperation on programs for these
two groups.
One of the principal matters Of
business brought up at this meeting
was a bankers short course to be
held ct the State College during the
latter part of January. The purpose of
this meeting is to enable bankers to
ESt duNlcHIlC information Oh dSTlCul-
tural situations which can be of con-
siderable help to them, in their bust
ness as bankers. Many of the bank
ers felt that they very often did not
have definite information on farming
enterprises, and the proper relation of
ore enterprise to another, and the or
ganization of the various enterprises,
and that through short course Of
this nature, they could get much in
formation that would be of inesti-
mable value to them.
The bankers strongly supported the
county agent work, emphasizing the
fact that it should be looked upon
as an investment rather than in any
other way. They also passed strong
resolution in regard to boys and
girls All club work, as means of
bringing about better conditions in
rural communities. Boys and girls
All club activities are receiving the
support Of nearly every organization,
studying the agricultural situations
today.
White Bluffs spokesman. [volume] (White Bluffs, Wash.) 1907-1938, 1928-10-05
ATTEND ROAD MEETING

Fred Gilhuly, D. S. Wilkinson,
w. j. Kincaid ard Henry CLAM
man were in Yakima Thursday
evening attending a meeting Of
good road delegations from Ellens-
burg to Kennewick The meeting
was for the purpose of agreeing
upon some definite program and
was preliminary to the state road
meeting to be held in Wsua Wa'la
this month. The local delegation
was interested in having the north
and south highway through this
valley included in the program.
White Bluffs spokesman. [volume] (White Bluffs, Wash.) 1907-1938, 1928-10-05
THE THEATRES
Coming This Saturday
"The Wrong
Mr., Wright

This is funnier than any
before! All persons by
the name Of Wright, and
their sweethearts, are in
vited to this show, free.
A prize will be given to
the lady who finds the
right Mr.. Wright
We will also show Os-
wald, in "Ozzie of tire
Mounted" and "Oh, Ma
BEL"
White Bluffs spokesman. [volume] (White Bluffs, Wash.) 1907-1938, 1928-10-05
NOTICE OF CLOSING OF REG
ISTRATICN BOOKS

NOTICE is HEREBY GIVEN
that the registration books of Benton
County, Washington, will close
against registrations On Tuesday ev-
e7ing. ctober 10th, 1923, and remain
closed until after the General Elec-
ton, November 9th, 1928.
Dated this 1st day of October.
1923.
f. o. KEENE,
Auditor of Benton County,
Washington.
White Bluffs spokesman. [volume] (White Bluffs, Wash.) 1907-1938, 1928-10-05
Give HOOVER a
Republican Congress

A vote for Hoover is wasted un-
less you elect Congress ofhis own
political faith that will support him.
Elect KENNETH MACKINTOSH
to the u. S. SENATE and the
Republican Congressman from
your district.
White Bluffs spokesman. [volume] (White Bluffs, Wash.) 1907-1938, 1928-10-05

Earl Soden drove over to Yakima
last Saturday afternoon to get ac-
ouainted with his new son, Earl So
den, Jr., who made his appearance
that morning in the Yakima Nurs-
ing Home. Mrs. M. E. Houls ac-
companied Mr.. Soden to Yakima to
extend grandmother's welcome to
the newcomer
White Bluffs spokesman. [volume] (White Bluffs, Wash.) 1907-1938, 1928-10-05

Mrs. A. S. NOVEL;, accompanied
by her sister, Mrs. Eta Gilhaugh,
drove over Thursday from Olympia
for d short visit.
Evening star., 1928-12-12
SENATE LAYS ASIDE
BOULDER DAM BILL
Measure Sidetracked Pending Ac-
tion on Appropriation
Proposals.
BY the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
The Senate decided today to give
Boulder Dam the slip by the simple
expedient of laying it aside temporarily
while the Treasury-Post Office appro-
priation bill was being considered
There are nine appropriation bills to
be passed at this short session. The
House has already passed the Treas
ury-Post Office supply measure and is
we'll on its way to getting rid of an
other, the Interior Department bill, and
the Senate is well aware that time is
passing.
Perhaps the Senate has been en-
couraged by the fact that for the first
time some real action has been taken
on Boulder Dam. The controversy is
still a full-fledged controversy, but a
compromise offered by Senator Bratton
Democrat, New Mexico, yesterday on
California's share of acre feet from the
waters of the proposed structure was
accepted It fixed the figure at 4,400,-
600 acre feet. California wanted 4,600,-
600, while Arizona wanted California
to have 100000.
The Senate also voted down a pro-
posal by Senator Hayden of Arizona
that the ratification of seven States
would be necessary before the water
could be apportioned. But Arizona won
one battle, getting the Gila River ex-
empted from provision of the measure
which would prevent the Federal Water
Power Commission from leasing water
power rights on the Colorado and its
| tributaries until the Swing johnson
measure becomes effective.
Evening star., 1928-12-12
DISTRICT DRY BILL
HEARING TOMORROW
Gibson Subcommittee Will Get
Data on Liquor Arrest
From Hesse.

The Gibson subcommittee, which is
preparing to introduce bill for sepa-
rate prohibition enforcement law for
the District of Columbia based on sue
cessful State laws, in order to develop
better cooperation between the local
police force and the Federal enforce
ment officers, is to hold a hearing
tomorrow morning at 10:30 o'clock.
Maj. Edwin B. Hesse, superintendent
of the metropolitan police force, will
be asked for the record regarding
arrests and convictions.
Sergts. Little and Letterman, who are
in charge of the liquor and vice squacs,
are also to appear as witnesses to advise
the committee regarding how co-opera-
tion can be had to better advantage
with the Federal enforcement officials.