davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
, 1928-08-08

even with the proposed reduction in 10.
ca! taxes the companies will! be abe to
reduce freight transport rates sufficiently
to help the rehabilitation of the coal and
iron and other heavy industries.
London, Aug 6th.-A Naval court mar
tial held at Portsmouth found the charge
proved against Lieut. Commander E.R.
Beatty Of giving a wrong course for the
when entering Halifax, Ms. harbour on
July End. After fifteen minutes OF deIib-
Grafton. the court sentenced Beatty to
be dismissed from his ship and severely
reprimanded. The prosecution alleged the
accused officer had failed to take reasona-
BILE care in checking his chart, considering
the weather conditions, for entering Hal
flax harbour and not in keeping the usu-
al track laid down or aIternatively il. not
informing Captain Macpherson that the
course being followed would take the
ship towards Thrum Cap shOal. Captain
MACPHERSON commander of the Dauntless
expressed a high opinion Of the accused
as a navigating officer with skill above
the average.
London. Aug eth.-Mr. Baldwin, on
Saturday, pledged his party not to intro
duce protection as an issue in the coming
general elections. The Prime Minister
made this promise in a letter which he
sent to the chief Commander BoIten NJ.
Eyres-MOnseiI. Chef Government Whip
in the House of Commons. The letter
explained itself as having been written
because Of some confusion arising from
condensed reports Of certain speeches.
MARKET QUOTATIONS.
New York, Aug. 9Th.
Flour standard export grades Sc. SO.
Corn meal yellow kin dried per bag of
1876 lbs. So 60.
Pork heavy mess Old per barrel $500
Pork short Gear medium quality per
barrel $3.50
Sugar %centrif. basis SO deg. test per
100 lbs. 81 81
EXCHANGE sight 81 85B.
Exchange 60 days S4.82.
, 1928-08-08
Us. NAVAL RADIO STATION.
CHRISGIANSTED, ST. CROIX.
AUGUST 6. 1923,
Courtesy OF tte Associated PreSS.)

NO00V' V0'9 y 7VV 4-000VV"V0" 00"'I
St. Louis. The International Life In
surance Company, with ITS head quarters
al st. Louis, Is short apparently four
million five hundred Thousand dollars in
securities, Commissioners Charles Fred
erlcks announced in a statement tonight.
Fredericks is a California Life Insurance
Commissioned and ne was sent TO st.
LOUIS at the request of the State officials
tor a special investigation of the Life
Insurance C~ompany's books.
AUGUST 7TH 1923.
Olympic Stadium, Holland. Forty
Thousand persons. the largest crowd that
ever witnessed a La Crosse game; watch
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-02-12
SEARCH BY POLICE
LIMITED IN RULING
Judqe Mcmahon Holds That
Address in Warrant De-
termines Rights.

Police officers may not enter and
search a dwelling house on a warrant
for the arrest Of a man Of another ad-
dress for felony unless they have more
s. reasonable grounds for believing him
there than mere hearsay evidence. Judge
John T. McMahon ruled yesterday in
the test case which was presented 10
him Friday by Assistant United States
Attorney Ralph Given, to establish
precedent for the treatment Of all such
cases by Police Court prosecutors IN
the future.
Seeking Another Person.
Four colorcd persons charged with
statutory offenses who were tried were
ACQUITTED. Officers r. Mcneil and G. A.
F7cll of the third precinct entered the
premises Of ais Stevens court FRIDAY
morning i'll search Of Ollie Allen for
whom they had warrant charging
assault with a dangerous weapon. Upon
searching the house they found the
fo1- attendants The warrant gave
Aliens address as 2o24 Greens court.
They had previously gone TO the Greens
court address and not finding Allcn
there. had visited another house where
they were informed that he might
be al the house OF his sister at 2ll5
Stevens court
The question whether an officer. hay
Ing lawfully entered a house with
warrant for an arrest. may search the
house and arrest another person fot
some other offense of which he learned
in the course of his search. was not de-
cided, as the Judge declared that 1t
CID not appear in the case.
Nj. Given told the court the United
States Attorneys Office had recently
undergone much criticism for allowing
cases 10 be postponed or dropped, but
that the fault was with the police VINO
often made illegal arrests and so handl-
capped the prosecutor.
Quotes From Authorities.
,J,sgc Mcmahon in handing down
his opinion. quoted from authorities
which declared the rule in the making
Of arrests TO be as follows:
Whenever the officer has reasonable
cause to believe that a person named
In a warrant in his possession. or
pors3n whom he seeks to arrest on
charge of felony. is in the dWelilng
house Of a stranger. he has rient,
after demand for adniittance and notice
Of his purpose TO break open outer
doors in order to search the house ana
arrest the offender.
THE officer must have reasonable
cause 10 believe that such person is
sctually in the dwelling house to which
h seeks a6nittance, and when re-
ouested. should notify the. person IN
charge OF the house Is to the name OF
the offender whom he seeks to arrest.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-02-12
FARM MEETING PLANNED.


ksSS9Si - ~eaffh ~ tbt sisf
{ ftfJck VILE. he. FsBrasry IL
THE ffty-tlxth BnGDsl cp9.yen'!rn u
tise farmers III NoStgDHlery Cpunty
VIII Ne heif Ia ihE high scilCol b0i!c-
;Dg 81 Esndy Epnng cn February ~,
Secretary MijNE Bancroft nsk al
I4o4B1Ar
Noft.ag sEid sftkfnoon SEASONS will
~ heic Among tiaJbe Dhedoled
~ spear besng III, JOY H. MoigsB ~
.lAe gtiud states Department ~ Ed
ucai!sn on "MoYenAntA In gd0cs q
ton. Dr T. & AuchtT al tns Uni
,efs3fy o. Maryland. Oh "AcaptiDg
0fcha5c Fruit Production " tie Msi r.
bet IvJi,eft KILLER Of Sandy spring
os4 "H1w Adapt Our Crops 70 IEDnk
Ing AsfEet CpndItionE" CemgF Cisnd
II O!rsy. on "t.c. 70 Hsibe h Ton la
tsf ~ $ies" There will slGo u. gen
s4ai discussions - wshf supply f1i
fte p4ofectlon and o'tD! matters 1'
p{hi.e Interest
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-02-12
THREE COAST GUARDSMEN
FREED AT MURDER TRIAL
Face Court in Death Of Man on Boat
OF Florida Coast-Victim
Statement Read.

n the Associated Press-
MIAMI. Fla, February Ia FED
eral court jury today acquitted three
Coast Guardsmen. charged with tne
murder of Z. H. Jones. who Was snot
the night of March II. 1897. IN chase
OF Tahiti Beach. The guardsmen. H.
p. Parry. NJ. T. Lowery and Joseph
Easlon.. were ordered back 10 their
duties, pstroII;ng the Florida coast ior
rum runners.
Testimony that Jones had exoner-
s.ed the guardsmen from blame after
b. had been fatally injured by gunfire
from the Coast Guard boat was in
troduced by the defense.
The prosecution contended that Jones
and his companions had no knowledge
tsaai the boat pursuing them vas Gov
ernrnen. vessel. Parry and Lowery. tes-
flying in their own defense, declared
that they ordered the boat TO halt after
throwing a searchiights ray on their
ensign: then fired three shots against
tire aeeing boats bow before aiming al
II direct
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-02-12
COAL MINERS AGREE
TO NEW WAGE SCALE
Southwest Operators and Workers
Reach Settlement After
Pafiey IN Iowa.
b. Ire kss,~ aIte pee.

f. ire bsssts Hie6 fisss
CENT EEVILLE, LAVA, February Ii
A. new wage scale 70 60 into effect April
] vas agscec us2n here last night ~ D
r,ii. committee acting for the Eputn-
west Coa! OperztDfs E1s/,ciation ard
t;le United EfottlerhoDG III Miners.
Slight Increases over tne 1917 sGaif
nav .I effect were granted IL GJsnt
c3sSseA ~ tsf agreement. which mem
hrs II t.4e committee sa!c @ss designed
~ ,lt3ng about equalization between tie
different classes ~ labor
Tgef'y-pt.e mines znc $50 miners IN
tppanDoze CfJUniy are parties W the
sgreemfj'
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-02-12
TRANSPORTATION MEN
MEET HERE WEDNESDAY
Firm Representatives to Gather fol
Twenty-Second Annual Ban
ouet Of Club.

Representatives Of transportation
companies IN Washington and from all
parts VI the country VIII gather here
Wednesday evening for the twenty-sec-
o,lc annual banquet OF the Washington
Transportation Club. 70 BE- held al 80
O'clock IT the Raleigh Hotel.
The principal speakers Will be K. II.
Ashton. president Of the American
Railway Association: Bird n. Robin
son. president Of the American Short
Line Railroad Association; Lieut.. Col.
L 8. Grant. 3.c., director OF public
building and parks OF the District o.
C1i4nDla and Hon, Philip p. Camp
bi! o. Kansas
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-02-12

People Yno try 10 I've within ihe'i
tnooms hsy y IL sn esetting game, syi
4f4e jewell Republican.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-10
PROHIBITION LEADER
URGES STRONGER LAW
Varney Would Change Statutes TO
Make Amendment More
Effective.
By the Associated Press

By She Associated Press.
ROCKVILLE CENTER. N. Y. An
gust 1O.-William F. Varney. prohibit
ton candidate for the presidency. has
put tho party on record as fsvoring
some changes in the dry laws to make
the eighteenth amendment more
effective
THE eighteenth amendment must be
maintained. upheld and enforced he
said last r.~ht in formally accepting
the nomination. The vote as passed
by Congress was but the beginning of
the laws relative to the enforcement of
the eighteenth amendment and 1t has
been demonstrated that some changes
are necessary TO make it more
effective"
The last two Republican administra-
tions at Washington have betrayed the
eighteenth amendment, he charged
The Republican party's 1928 enforce
ment plank is no stronger than its
plank in 1924. and the Democratic can
didate for the presidency. by his adj
pocacy IF modification. offers no hope
for any improvement along enforcement
lines. he said.
Prosperity. coincident with several
years of prohibition. Mr.. Varney be-
iieved. has been due in part to the di-
version of billions of dollars wasted
IN alcoholic drink into legitimate chan
nels of industry"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-10
BAPTISTS TO SUPPORT
"DRYEST" CANDIDATE
Resolution on Campaign Adopted
at Clarendon Meeting of Pc.
tomac Association.

Special Dispatch to The Star.
CLARENDON, Va. August l0.-~Adop-
ton yesterday afternoon of a resolu-
ton pledging> its members to exert every
influence for the election of the dryest
candidate for the presidency of the
United States. was the concluding fea-
ture Of two-das session of the Poto-
mac Baptist Association held in the
Clarendon Baptist Church
The resolution which was offered by
Rev. P. L. Vernon, pastor of the First
Baptist Church of Alexandria, and
roundly applauded, follows:
We. as members of the Potomac
Baptist Association, assembled In an
nual session. pledge our support TO use
all our influence to elect as President
Of the United States in November that
candidate who gives promise of best
fulfilling the ideals of the friends OF
prohibition" The associations action
represents the Endorsement of 81 Bap-
I list churches.
Rev u. S. Knox of Falls Church
the newly elected moderator. announced
the selection of the following members
Of the board of advisors: Ashton c.
Jones, Howard Fletcher, c. T. Herndon
Mrs. j. C. Rodgers, u. S. jenkins. p
L. Vernon, c. w. Popkins j L. Ruda :
sell. H. D. Anderson Robert Skinner
r. c. Cline. s. w Cole. T. S. Knox and
G. Writ Trainham. Committee appoint
ments were announced as follows. J. r,
Strong, r. II James. H. Stewart Potter
foreign missions: Rev Elmer Lucas. r.
p Hough. w r. Ross. home missions
William c. Shaver George K Bender
o B. Campbell, State missions; M. C.
Frazer. w. r. Woodson c. II. Lane
education; Mrs Jennifer Broaddus
George w Popkins C. N. Brown, tenn
perance. C. H. Cline, c. T. Herndon
! L. Lehman Virginia Baptist Orphan
/ age; J. S. Sewers, Edward r. Fenwick
/ J, II. Roliings, Baptist brotherhood.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-10
vROOMAN OPPOSES
SMITH CANDIDACY
Democratic Farm Leader No.
titles G. 0. p. Headquarters
of His Alignment.
BY the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
CHICAGO. August l0.-Carl Vroo-
man Of Bloomington. Ill, a former
Assistant Secretary OF Agriculture. yes
terday announced hiS opposition To the
candidacy OF Gov Alfred Il. Smith for
the presidency. at the offices of the
Western Republican campaign head
quarters.
Vrooman'S statement, sent to james
W. Good. Western campaign manager.
said: The Tammany Hall campaign
idea seems to be based on It's theory that
1t can sell political gold brick promises
TO bunch of hayseeds out West
An Assistant Secretary of Agriculture
under both administrations of President
Wilson. Vrooman has been active in be-
half Of the dirt farmers" in the Demo-
cratic party.
His letter TO Good charges Tammanv
with being Democratic in name only.
1T is essentially mercenary and para.
site" he wrote.
One of Tammany's first acts was of
double dealing. The agricultural plank
in the Houston platform was a MASTER
piece of ambiguity. so framed as to ad-
NIT OF one Interpretation in the East
and another in the West and South.
A few days after a conference with
Peek George N. Peek OF Moline. ILL.,. }
Gov Smith Endorsed the equalization
fee principle, but the next day he put
out statement fatty repudiating the
equalization fee itself"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-10
SEES HEAVY VOTE
|. BY D. c. RESIDENTS
ColIaday Says G. O. P. Office
to Aid Absentee BaIIotinq
Is Much in Use.

Edward p Colladay, Republican
national committeeman for the District
of Columbia, pledged that the largest
absentee vote In history will be sent
from the National Capital when he
was In conference at national head
quarters late yesterday with Earle S.
kinSley, national committeeman from
New York. who is in charge during the
absence Of National Chairman Work.
The local Republican organizat ion
has established downtown HEADQUARTERS
for election information, where assist
ance is being given to voters IN register
ing Tor the election, Mr. Coliaday re-
ported to the national organization He
announced that William Il. Gallihar
president of the Federal
National Bank has been appointed
finance chairman to raise campaign
funds IN Washington FOR the national
committee. Mr.. Galliher has served in
similar capacity for the last three
campaigns.
There can be no doubt" said Mr.
Colladay, "that the absentee vote in
the District will be greater this election
than ever before. / base this state
ment on the large number of voters
who come to our bureau for informa-
ton and advice. There is an unusual
amount OF interest and activity on the
part OF the absentee voters this early
IN the campaign"
ME Coilauay viii leave WASHINGTON
august 10 as member OF the Subcom-
mittee on arrangements To attend the
Curtis notification ceremonies To be
held III Topeka, kans., August I8.
MIR, Colladay is now serving his
fourth term az national committeeman
for the District He is a native of
Hutchinson. Kans. and was admitted
10 the bar there in 1896. The same
year ne campaigned for President Will
nam Mckinley when he ran against
the late William Jennings BRYAN He
has campaigned for Senator Curtis in
all OF his senatorial contests.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-10
RICHIE AND BRUCE
URGE SMITH VICTORY
Religious federation and LocaI
Self-Government Plea Of Speak
ers at K. of C. Session.
speelaI D.spa.eh . The 80.

Special Dispatch 70 The Star.
PEE-MAR T August Appealing
n the people of the United States to
demonstrate their loyalty 10 the princi-
pies Of religious liberation and local
sef-goyernment By voting for Coy
Smith for President. Gov Albert c.
Richie and Senator william Cabell
Bruce ~ Maryland addressed more
than 900 member Of the knights Of
Columbus OF Maryland District OF Co
hIn1bia nearby States here yester-
CAV q. the X. Of G. eighteenth annual
Summer reunion.
At present there Is before the Ameri-
ran people the greatest opportunity 70
Tededicate themselves 10 the principles
Of religious liberation which the Cal
seyts first gave 70 America, Gov Richie
said
Senator Bruce paid tribute ~ Cath
olics who have played prominent roles
in American history and declared that
Bny man Aho "endeag0Ts TO stir uE
snti-Catholic feeling against Gov Smith
Is false 70 history and tradition and u
the present pest interests Of the South
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-10
ASKS HOOVER TO DUST
MOSES AS LEADER
Boston Candidate Holds Senator
Presence Is AfFront to
Massachusetts,
BY the Associated Press.


SPRINGFIELD Mass. AUGUST 10 -~
Charles l.. Dufrill OF Boston candidate
Tor the Republican nomination for
lieutenant governor, IN a letter to Her
bert Hoover made public here last
night, asked the latter to dismiss Sepa-
tor George II. Moses of New Hamp-
shire as head of his presidential cam
paign IN the East He declares that
| the presence Of Senator Moses in
your campaign is an affront to the
voters of Massachusetts.
Among the charges he makes against
Senator Moses are that three times
from his headquarters in New York
he has propheSied the loss of a Re-
publican Senator from Massachusetts"
that he has sought to appoint as
nominee his personal and social ia
vorite, who never won political office
In his life" and that he lis hostile
to the Volstead act"
May / respectfully urge" the letter
concludes, that Senator Moses be in
vited to confine mis- activities to the
State of New Hampshire where his
idiosyncrasies are enjoyed where I'M
derstood His curious alterations. the
source of many witticisms in the smok
ing room, do not appeal 10 the sober
citiZenry of Massachusetts,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-10
'SM|TH-ROB|NSON
RALLY PROPOSED
District Democrats to Hold
Big Ratification DemonStra-
ton in September.

Decision 10 arrange for big ratifica
ton demonstration in September in
honor of the Smith Robinson ticket. in
which all Of the Democratic and Smith
clubs in the District will be asked to
cooperate. was made by the Al Smith
Democratic Club at It's first public
meeting last night. Speakers empha-
sized that this has been a custom with
the Democrats Of the Capital and that
one of the most notable OF such gath
erings was in celebration of the WILSON,
Marshall ticket
Charles w Darr. president of the
club, was directed to take charge of
the arrangements and to consult with
officers of other clubs regarding their
participation in the big demonstration
Merritt O. Chance, former Washing
ton postmaster was elected an hon
orary member of the club. Three new
committees were appointed as follows:
Membership committee. f. Grier.
chairman, Joseph A. Daily, Alice l..
Bickslef Mrs. l.. S. Heelan and Ray
mond Hardy. Auditing committee
John b. Cochran chairman Charles
A. Douglas and Walter Balderson. Ra-
dio entertainment committee 49, James
J. Slattery. chairman; William F.
Franklin. Mrs. Anne O'Neil James F
Du Hamcl and l.. f. Grlcr
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-10
HOOVER NOTIFICATION
COMMITTEE NAMED
Headquarters Gives Out Virtually
Complete List of Those
on Body.

BY the Associated Press
SAN FRANCISCO. August 10.--The
notification committee that will be ures-
ent when Herbert Hoover is formally
offered the Republican presidential
nomination at Stanford University Sta
dunn tomorrow is practically complete.
Republican headquarters here yester-
DAY announced list of committeeman
as follows:
Joseph C. Swami. Mobile Ala. Ralph
w BllDy. Tucson. Ariz; George l.. NAL
iofy' Little Rock, Ark. John White, Ar
kansas Gov &. G. Young. Sacramento
Calf; Hubert Work. Pueblo Colo .
John Noah c. Banium. Daytona Beach.
ria: 4. S. Richardson MarShalvilIe.
Ga, John McMurray, Oakley. Idaho
william Wrigley, Chicago: Mrs. H. II.
Garter, Croydon. Iowa, and w. S. Fitz-
patrick, independence. Kans.
Also Percival p. Baxter. Portland Me
Thomas B. r, Mudd, La Plata. Md
Carl bennett, Boston. Mass. +. j. plym
Niles. Mich: c. II. Klein. Chaska. Mimi.
john Schmail. st. Louis. Mo-: John Sur
want Malta. Mont. Gould DietZ, Oma-
ma, Nebr.; Gov. Fred b. Balzer, Carson
CITY. Nep.; John II. Todd Summit. NJ
- LII. r. N. Carrier of Berkeley, Calf. !;
proxy from New Mexico. II, r. Biddle
Athens, Ohio; j. c. Denton. Tulsa
Okla. Gov. John S. Fisher. Harrisburg,
"a. Mrs. Henry d. Sharpe, Providence,
Z. l.. ;. ii. Elrof, Clark, S. OAK: Mrs,
Luuls 5. Gates, Salt Lake City. Utah
william II. Wills, Bennington, VT: YER
nor +. Johnson. Berkeley Springs. w
va: Olga ii. Lundgren, Marinette. Wis.
ana M. j. Goldberg, Kemmerer, Wyo.
--av-~ss-.~-~-
Shanghai, China, is to have new
notei and history apartment house
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-10
MRS. ROSS BEGINS
FIGHT FOR SMITH
Assumes Charge of Work
Among Women in Behalf of
Presidential Nominee.
BY The Associated Press.

BY The Associated Press
NEW YORK. August l0.~-Mrs. Nellie
Tayloe Ross, former Governor of wy
oming, q vice chairman of the Demo
cratic national committee, yesterday as
sumed charge of the campaign to be
waged among the Nations women for
the election of Gov Alfred f. Smith
Democratic presidential nominee.
She conferred with John j. RaSkob
chairman of the national committee
with Mrs Franklin ID. Roosevelt leader
of this State Democratic women, and
with other party officials
The women OF the West may be
counted upon. she said They know
Smiths practicability and they under
stand his attitude toward the prohibit
ton laws.
But l am convinced that prohibition
is not an issue in this campaign and
that it will not be an issue never was
SO sanguine about a political situation
Mrs. Ross expects to be here several
days, completing plans for her part oil
the work When the preliminary con-
ferences have been disposed Of and her
schedule outlined. she said, she will
begin a speaking tour that will take het
to strategic points" throughout the
country
She laughed at the prospect of hear
ing Gov. Smith and the Rev John
Roach Straton, when the latter meets
the candidate in Calvary Baptist Church
To repeat his assertion that Gov. Smith
is The deadlieSt foe in America Of the
forces of moral progress and true politi-
cal wisdom"
That's going to be lots of fun" she
said. 'and II ] go I'll want to get there
early and not miss any part OF it."
So far as Mrs Ross knows the part 10
be played In the campaign by Mrs
Florence Farley, Kansas national COM
mitteewoman has not been determined
Mrs. Farley was named vice chairman
of the national committee Jointly with
Mrs. Ross, but later withdrew.
Mrs. Farley is working on her own
plans. so far as / know Mrs, Ross said
and l really don't know just what she
is to do"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-10
officer Is Retired.

Col Girard Sturtevant. u s. Infan-
try, on leave of absence at Herkimer
N Y, was placed on the retired list
of the Army today on his own appH-
cation, after more than 81 years SER
vice native of New York. he was
graduated from the Military Academy
In June 1895. and assigned TO the in
fantry. During the World War he was
colonel OF infantry, National Army
and was promoted to that grade in the
Regular Army in July, 1920.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-10
Canberra Rents Too High.

Government employees 81 Canberra.
the new capital Of Australia, are pro-
testing that rents have been boosted be
w0n6 reason Statistics submitted 10 the
public accounting committee showed
that re-. for certain classes Of houses
IN CAMBRIA we're almost twice those ~
Melbourne, Which Is much larger in
tSoguIsti0n
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-10
Speculation Hits Tin.

After an exhaustive study, economists
Of Malaga state that the present low
prices Of tin are due mainly TO specula-
ton resulting from the activities OF op-
orators on the London market. Market
manipulation Ia easy because control Is
In the hands of few London dealers,