davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1928-06-02

It was shortly after Mr.. Hop
per was well started IN the
Theater that somebody gave him
the idea that he was destined for
Z grand opera basso. This re-
suited in d year devoted to the
cultivation OF his voice ana his
becoming one OF the principal
comedians with the McCau1I
Opera Company, appearing here
in all Of the McCauII produc-
lions at the Broad. During his
five years association with this
organization Mr.. Hopper was seen
in many roles 50 familiar to the
public that It is not necessary
to recall them in detail.
Following the run Of TEL
Captain" Mr.. Hopper was seen
in London at the Comedy Thea
ter in 1.-THE Mystical Miss before
he returned to New York to join
forces with Weber and Fields, in
the conglomeration OF nonsense
at the Weber and Fields Music
Hall, Following two years
delightful association with these
fun-makers Mr.. Hopper toured
in a revival OF Wang" starred
for three seasons in Happy
land" which in turn was fol-
lowed by "A Matinee Idol" Next
came the Gilbert and Sullivan
Operas, a period in Mr.. Hopper's
brilliant career which he holds
most dear.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1928-06-02

one 81 the big Five figures il The motion picture
industry Washington visitor yesterday Carl Laemmle
H6 Is owner and active head of Universal corporation
which operates among other theaters tie RaltO Ninth
Street also produces and sell annually To exhibitors
hundreds 81 made that West coast bee
hive 81 activity, Universal City.
~ Laemmle IS busy little big man. he comes down
every couple o years 10 consult Washington specialist
the spare before this professional
that he consented this bou Interview About
tive feet tall With kindly eyes and infectious smile the
head Of Universal submits pleasantly nterrogaons
81 tic necessary essentials Of his PROSPEROUS enteIprses
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1928-06-02
Clara Can Swim,

Swimming scenes in "Red
Hair required no particular
practice for Clare Bow as she
was q good swimmer and well
acquainted with the water. But
the star of "Red Hair now
playing at LoeW's Columbia, re-
members with disgust the pain.
ful practice required to master
the hula dance in Hula" Al
though a good dancer she had to
practice two hours each day for
two months.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1928-06-02
Hopper Made His BoU
November 4, 1878

DeWof Hopper who Is appearing at Polls IN series
cf light opera classics made his first professional
bow November Al 1873 at New Haven Conn, Talbot
Champneys in tour Boys with the Criterion Comedy
Company followed BY engagement with Ada Gilman IA
Zone Hundred Wives. This succeeded By season
ii snnnort of Edward Harrigan IN 1.-THE BIaekbrd.n
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1928-06-02
Good Combination

The same combination which
brought Clara Bow fame in IT
are working in Red Han, -
namely E1inor Glyn and Cara
Bow.
The Washington times., 1928-05-29
Fair Tennis Tourney
VIII Open Tomorrow

The annual District WOmen's
Tennis League tournament viii
open t0nOrrUw at 3 O'Clock on the
Henry Park Courts, Sixth and b
Street Northwest, with singles on
the program CLOSING time for the
doubles has been extended to 8
o'clock tomorrow night. Doubles
entries can be filed with Miss
Phoebe Moorhead, 2O01 sixteenth
ST.. NJ W., or by phoning North
.2ags
T04a0rF0W's single pairine8 follow:
m-1lrAs Ge0K6e Vest va-
Helen Sinclair FLORENCE Seward w
Maud saward. Margaret Ryan ". Mrs.
s:9s 1. .na.-1lariOn PheIps "a
Dorothy KIngsbury, Mrs Ford We.
Katherine. Potter. 49,
10:I6 a m--Ivy Jane Wynaore VS.
Clara AIdert0n, JOsephine DuMham W.
Mrs. Marines. Betty KrftS W. Mary
ii a. m--Ilnfs Jansen ~ Ms. GuiI-
fond, Mary Duffy VS. Vera Coldong,
Lillian Dinowftzer VS.. Betty Pyle
11:45 a. m.--Phoebe Mo0rheao ~
winner 0f WymOre- AIdoEt0n match.
z b. m.--Ffances Krucoff vs. winner
of EIngsbury- Phelps match Corinne
Frazier VS. winner % FCrd-Eutter
match. Marion Wells va Edith Nc
3. n.-Francss wallsr VI. winner
of Dinowftzer-PyFe match.
The Washington times., 1928-05-29
Reign Count viii Start
In Belmont Stake,
Despite Report

NEW YORK. May 29.-There
seems little ground for report
sent out from Churchill Downs
yesterday that Reign Count, win
ner OF the recent Kentucky Derby,
would be unable to keep his en-
gagement In the SIS, O00 Belmont
o. 4 mile and a half to be run
At Belmont Park on Saturday.
JuFie 81 This report said Reign
Count had developed an infection
&c the leg after having been kicked
whine &c the post for the Derby.
This run1or was circulated the
uigIak after the Derby was run,
but was discredited in face Of the
vigorous denials of Trainer Nit.
chell and all associated with the
Mertz stable,
ID was announced officially at
Refnont Park that Reign Count
would be shipped Thursday from
Chnrclaill Downs to Belmont Park
along with Anita Peabody. his
1900 ff1ree.year-old fiIly stable
companion. and three head be-
Ionxing Ia John Oliver Keere. s
The Washington times., 1928-05-29
S0ndIOt Baseball Games
Scheduled For
Tomorrow

Phoenix vs.. Hiser's stars, at River
dale (Md,) field, 2 o'clock.
Silver sprfug- Kensington Va Herndon
Fair-Ious. at ASllburn Va, o'clock.
Oriental Tigers VS.. Black S0x, Union
League Park, $50 o'clock.
Mt. Rainier VS.. PASSPORT A. H., at
Eastport, Nd, 1880 o'clock.
washington Red sox W.. La Plata at
Plata, Nd, O'clock.
Petworth VS.. Fredericksburg EIlks, at
Fredericksburg. Va, 2 O'Clock.
Collegians vs. BFooItland Boys Club,
at BrookIand field. o'clock.
Bonds vs.. TalSoma Tigers, at silver
Spring, Nd, o'clock
Kennedys VS.. Scaggsville, at Seaggs-
Modern woodmsn va silver Hill. at
Silver Hill. Md.
Hess A. C. VS.. TriangIes, at Largo,
Md, o'clock.
Clovers VS. Bowie Motor Co.. at
Bowie, Md, O'Clock.
Monroe VS.. Holy Rosary, Diamond
No. 4. Monument Grounds, 1880
O'Clock. 3&
D. j. Kaufman's VS.. Southern Rail-
day, West E1lipse Field, o'clock.
Allied Roofers VS.. Maryland A. c.,
at Maryland Park T'ield, o'clock
The Washington times., 1928-05-29
HIGH WINS
TRACK MEET

ALEXANDRIA. Va, May 2s.
Alexandra High scored s51s points
against III for George Mason, of
Potomac. ana IL for Washington
and Lee, OF Ballst0n, to win the
triangular track meet on Hayden
Field and the northern Virginia
title. Charley Violet led the win
ners by scoring 13 points with firsts
III the mile and $50 and q second
In the 40.
Marshall Beverly defeated Robert
BtterbaeiE, in the 22ayard dash by
the narrowest of margins. His
time was "a as seconds
The athletic committee in charge
OF the field day at Dreadnaught
Park tomorrow has named Tom
Moncure, referee; Herbert knight,
starter; J. II. Wilson, clerk OF
course, and Paul Morton and Fire
Chief James M. Duncan. ir., judges.
Lawrence Padgett, Leo Deeton,
Billy Padgett and Jack TuIIOcFf.
The Washington times., 1928-05-29
~
FODDER

Roasting a lead Of two full
games over the Chicago Cubs,
the Cincinnati, Or natty Cincy
Reds " are eoasting along in
first place in the National
League today with apparently
every intention of staying.
there,
Tie PorkyiIIe boys got Il tough
break on Sunday when Red Lucas,
their star tWirIer, was hit on the
wrfs4 during batting practice and
laid UP for nearly month. But
this loss We nuIlified yesterday
wllen Pete HuddTe held the Cubs TO
five hits and cf1aIked up a 2-to-1
victory. DCnahue, always a good
hitter. drove In the winning. run.
An even better pitching per.
Torrance was flashed BY Walter
Beck, former Tulsa tWiFier now
: sporting tire livery OF the st.
Louis Browns. He limited the
White SOx to pair Of hits and
won a 2-tO.1 verdict. Lu Blue
got a homer.
The business Of stopping the
Yankees degenerated from a joke
into a farce when the world cham
piona ewamped the battered Ath.
letIcs, ii to 4, for the fifth time in
the six-&-3 series. or the second
time in a week the Yanks van.
quished Lefty. Grove, once their
Nemesis. Dugan and Lazzeri each
collected their third homer of the
series.
The AS now trail the Yanlss by
eight games and Connie Mack is
getting desperate. He has shipped
considerable cash and two pitchers
--Jing Johnson, q veteran, and Bill
Shores, a promising rookie-to Bal
timoFe in exchange for George Earn
shaw. mound ace of the Orioles.
The Washington times., 1928-05-29
ScnTT LACROSSE LEApER

HAMILTON, N. Y, May 3d.
Frederick T. Scott. Of Scranton, Pa,
has been elected captain Of the.
Colgate lacrosse team Tor next sea-
SON,
The Washington times., 1928-05-29
SPORTING AN

Queens University has advanced
plan Ia have III members OfI
the Canadian intercollegiate Attn
Leslie Union pool their football
receipts.
The Washington times., 1928-05-29
EASY FOR O'DOUE

lefty O'Doul, now with the
Giants. has three times equalIed
the feat of waIloping six hits on
six trips to the plate in a game.
The Washington times., 1928-05-29
Armour Tells Hon. Pilot
Gets Distance n Golf
BY Tommy ATIIl0ur

One Of the primary for short driving the Inability
az most golfers to twist the body The majority Of golfers
when they start play the game, fail to cultivate the art
az twisting Or pvotng the hips with the result that
although they get fairly satisfactory results they limit them
selves
The Washington times., 1928-05-29
Il I()IEEllIIV|
l lII'TERS

Americas 1eaDue
PIayer ana Club Seasons Total
Dugan. LaMkees (11......... IS
Blu9 Browns I'D s.,...s.sa
I,a1zerl, Yankees I'd ...s...
elnmons, Athletics IL -.
The Leaders
Ruth. rs; Hack Wilson, 8: Gehrig, 8 !;
Hanser Bissonette. 81: Bottoralegs Al
I.easus Totals
Nationaa .s...... $500. 80. $1,000. 138
American .sss.. ..,.s... .---... 137
The Washington times., 1928-05-29
IANEs GINGR PEIlINBN1
IN RECORD TINE
SAYS WALSH
~ j Vi ].

u.
@ NEW YORK May 29.-For lack Of convincing in
formation to the contrary We win that the gentle
Ian who first admonished the world To take nothing Tor
RIanted il baseball had more thar u mere idea.
The Washington times., 1928-05-29
CANES
DRAW zoo

Approximately 20 individual en-
trants. includfns the ranking .ieid
and track atllates in this country,
viii participate ID the third annual
national ccfored field and track
championships tomorrow afternoon
at 1 o'clock ut the Howard Uni.
Versity Stadium.
Louis watson, athletic director
AZ Howard. who IL directing the
games plans to have two or three
OF the runners who finished the
&c. G. Rylets continental foot race,
to give an exhibiti0n.
go yards, 40 yards, $50 yards, one
mile, two mile, 100 yards high 1iur-
dies, lie yards low hurdles, broad
jump, hammer throw, high Jump.
JaveIin, discus, pole vault, 16~pOund
shot and 0nen1iIe relay.
The scholastic events earded
are 100 yards, 20 yards, 40
yards, $50 yards, 12-p0und shot
put, Ito yards low hurdles, high
jump, bread jump and One-miie
relay.
PHI Edwards, william Butler,
Ken Wibecan, Gus Moore, e. =.
Utterbaek, Tom Anderson, and R0-
land Richardson, all stars Of the
first water, are to compete. Ed
wards, the New York u. half miller,
who won the I. C. A. A. A. Al. $50
last Saturday, is to appear in a
special haIf.n1fIe race. Butler, of
Geneva College, will start in the
spFfnts
WIbecan, Moore and Utterback
are Representing Pittsburgh Uuiver-.
stty. Wibecan win race in the hum
dred ana furiong events; Moore in
the mile and two mile and Utter
beck in the quarter-mile, pole vault
and high Jump. Moore was at St.
Bonaventure's College before trans-
ferrfng to Pitt.
Anderson and Richardson are for
rner Bison trackmen. The former,
q candidate for the Olympic team,
WIN heave the discus while Ricn-
ardson viii be seen In the dashes.
The colleges and clubs entered
I'm the open events are Lincoln,
howard, Hampton, Virginia
Union. Morgan College, StOrer
OOMcBOs WnhCHCSIcE n N.1 OOHM@
munity A. G., Holy Cross A. c.,
of Pittsburgh and Salem Ores.
cents Of New York.
High schools entered are Dunbar,
Armstrong, Shaw Junior, Phelps,
Douglas Of Baltimore, Bowie (Md.D
High and Manassas (Va,) Industrial
institute.
The officials are Haley Douglas,
referee; L. u. Gibson. starter; e. b.
Henderson, scorer and John Burr,
clerk Of course.
The Washington times., 1928-05-29

NANN4m ~ Alsps
didn't even mean chase. The
Arnericun League To-Day iy SPONSOR
1ns az endurance contest. meaning
that the public will need lot Of
stamina Us stay with the situatioA
much Iongef no all intents. the
New York Yankees have won 1ll9
p4nnanf in the first six weeks &c the
season ard. n you think this Is
haing frffI9 pfemakure. can
only commend your attention TO
the following
IRE YaHsi9ees, having paSed
thr0en tia first six weeks ct an
SIG pace, need only show an aver.
aen 0f about 635 for the re11la EfiEl
e weeks ok the season to be reason
ally corEafn 0f winning with Their
hands III their pockets So nael9
the mere mathematics Of the
situation Logic and reasonim.
however, aoacaes that no set u
figures can al stice to the PLIGHT
81 the 09l seven clubs. Tor roth.
ing except victony Tor the Athletics
III the series just concluded could
have kept the American League
pTob1 within focus Tire col
Iapsa ef that club simply meant
that fI1e bOtgoI1I had fallen out Of the
81 mss ana thak the opposition.
actala en0ue while the AtIa ie9
Ner losing only four games be.
tween ApriE 40 and May "A had
become only d nImsy pretense.
Oddly enough the YanIxs are not
the fool-preof outfit they were iii
1927 and don't mean that the
contention ii more lat headed,
either. The Browns, Rad H0n.
Indians and Athletiea appear 60 be
stFongr this year, potentially and
~ some cases. actuaIly The Tigern
should be better. too. or at least
- good as they were. The fart
II tI matter + that tfse conten-
tisn can't hope to- get anywhe1e1
with club that wins, not only bV
tie law of Respective values but by
ondi atom
The Yanlts are getting the
hreaIs am aware Of the fact
that all winning ball clubs break
aIolit seventy thirty on the whimsf
ca1itfes 81 competitive fortune. i
also take due eognizance Of the
feet that this outfit hits as no
THAT tt therefore, II entitled TO
Mt1AItA u WHAT ~ lhppcuS 70 SSSS
Let as concede the Yankees all
tIIat is coming to them and, tI1en
Just to strike q fair average. let's
not "a forget to concede them their
1uek.
Personally. don't see how you
can Do less with q club that hits
hofne runs with the bases flIIed
some eight or 10 times in 38 games.
ell It good pinch hitting. by an
means. but II you don'f call Il good
lmek. too, you are neglecting part
0f your story. Those I1onae runs
not the defense. which Is far from
,gaat II might be--are sending e.
topieavy club SO far ont in front
that no one will be able to catch Il
with q long distance telephone calL.
The Washington times., 1928-05-29

This. 81 course, 81 entirely wrong.
The pivot should - made on the
Inner patrt o. the LETT loot, The 1alI
of the foot, and when the leg bends,
as IL n1gat bend when the club is
brought hack properly. II will be fir
ward ana toward the right. This
bend aids the upswing, IN fact. the
upswfng cannot be- done property
without It, and It aids the body in
making the proper twist.
There is one point that / wish
to make at this iuneture We are
always cautioned 10 90 back slowly
and come down on the ball quickly.
j believe, however. that there is an
absolute dangeg q going back too
slowly. There IS one thing that
must be guarded against and that
is any tendency toward jerkiness.
The. entire movement must be one
OF evenness ana srnooEhness through
out
(Copyright. 1898. King Features
Syndicate, Incsl
The Washington times., 1928-05-29

Once yen acquire the l1naclE OF
twisting well around on q definite
axis. at the same time keeping the
head In approximately the same pOs
sition, and not sWaying, you Will
soon discover that y0u have added
yards 10 your drive and that lEn0Wls
edge. plus the exIailaEatfom Of being
able to hit with freedam, win be-
worth an the time and troubIe you.
have gone TO In order to bring it
about.
The Washington times., 1928-05-29
INSECTS WILLING

The Auth's insects have a few
0pen dates which they wish to I'M.
phone Franklin 1871.
The Washington times., 1928-05-29

Having proceeded along tlie
restricted Lines for such . long
tinae, y6lIr EluEeies de- mt ~.
spond tho way they should But
enso ana eOmaiIexoD win soon
eenae - result u deteEn1ined
praetIe0 and you win Soon b.
aeuuiRimg tI1g DEes that
e0lIse froI1 i weIkIAlt hall.
The Washington times., 1928-05-29

Let us devote n IlI0amemt or 30
"a consideration 81 the part that
the left Ieg plays in the upward
part o. the swine. Practically
MI the men who play Wath the
stiff haiIY do whatsoever uiu01fiiR
they do On the left tae and turn
tie hit knee outward.
The Washington times., 1928-05-29

4 4
see done i dOna with the arms alone,
ana OF course you can never expect
to get long drives using Just the
arms.
In order to hit the ball any dis
lance the body mnst turn in it, mid.
dIs ana upward poEtions while the
club il being brouEnt w to the top.
II thin Ii not done the swing be-
comes entirely 100 upright ana the
entire movement Ii entirely too.
.cranped.
The chief ok5sck Of the pivot y TO
follow free sweep of the club while
the swing II being made. 1t 49, me
sans as the object I'm standing away
from the ball instead Of On TOP Of Il.
If you have been driving cor years
with the arms doing al the work or
practically All Of the work. It must
be difficult nlatter fer you TO at
feet the change, but II must BE- done
II You ever hope 70 acquire length.
The Washington times., 1928-05-29

The scholastic events earled
are loo yards, 20 yards, 40
yards, $50 yards, 12-pOund shot.
put, Ito yards low hurdles, high
jump, broad jump, and One-nnile
relay
The Washington times., 1928-05-29

isoston. ........ 0000O0 90 Q Go
The Washington times., 1928-05-29

Those i've ct 81 six games
ia which the Yankees knocked
the Ath1etics for 3 series Of
Ke0I iozl8. eM0klE in Phil
ielpl1in yesterday, have inst
nbOU closed tie book on the
American League race. Races
HaNGam ~ Lisp.
The Washington times., 1928-05-29

(Copyright. 1873. King Features
Symdicate. 1nc.l
The Enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 192?-1930, 1928-03-16

William Pickens in Jail

there because she served little
wine to her boarders. She had not
long been in the country and in
Spain, where she had come from,
such an act would be hospitality
and a virtue.
1t was interesting to note-per-
haps II was mere coincidence OF
the day-that the white women were
generally older than the colored, and
that while the white women were
there mostly for bootlegging OIL
shoplifting. the colored women were
there mostly for some street charge
for waywardness as girls or prosti-
tutes as young women. Two differ
ent turns against the economic handi-
cap: stealing or prostitution.
The officer said that the "clean-
est women there, physically, were
the colored girls; that they wash
their clothes or their bodies--except
enc portly middle-aged colored sister
who had been induced and almost
forced to take bath once in a long
while, declaring that IL she washed .
and kept still she would catch
cold" Being in jail, with no chance
to roam around in the sun after
bathing, she had decided not to
bathe again until she got out. But
as her term is sixty days the olfac-
tories OF the other inmates violently
objected and the good policewoman
had to use pressure on "auntie" in
defense of the rest of the colony.
The Enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 192?-1930, 1928-03-16
Her Race Discovered;
Nurse Loses Job

WASHINGTON. - Mrs. Charles
Johnson, 1920 18th st, N. W., after
holding a position as government
nurse two months, was dismissed on
account of her color.
Mrs. Johnson is light of complex
ion and could easily pass as a men,
Der Of either race. When she first
went to work her employer was
charmed with her culture and eff
cheney. Eventually the discovery
was made that she was colored. Her
dismissal followed.
Navel Thomas, head OF the local
branch of N. A. A. C. p, who took
the matter up with the bureaus
chief, reports that he forced the
admission that Miss Johnson's dis
missal was on account OF her color
He reports the bureau chief as
declaring: why don't you worry
the other bureaus. Some of them
have no Negroes in them and /
have some"
The Enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 192?-1930, 1928-03-16
by WILLIAM PICKENs

have never had much personal
use for jails and have not very
wide experience for our compari-
sons, but of all the iails we ever
looked into this Georgia Street jail
is the most human-about as home
like as any Jail may be.
The women's quarters, in the care
Of a colored policewoman, Mrs.
Morgan Robinson, was as neat and
clean and orderly and odorless as a
well kept home. Take note: COL
ored American women is in charge
and white, colored and Mexican
women live in peace and equality,
without the slightest segregation, in
this Jail. In other words, the folks
in jail could teach good lesson to
the people in the First Methodist
Church.
The young white man who is the
head jailer is a human being and
he and this colored "matron" treat
the men and women who come into
their power like human beings and
they say that they have no trouble.
But there are some women in this
Jail who have no more business in
Jail than has President Coolidge.
One elderly Spanish woman was
The Enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 192?-1930, 1928-03-16
Baltimore Has More
Women Than Men

BALTIMORE, Md.-According to
the city health report for the month
of January, there were 2,493 more
women in the city than men. The
population was given as males 5a,-
875, females 63,350 or total esti-
mate OF 122,207 colored people in the
city of Baltimore.
The white population was esti-
mated at 702,957, with 10000 more
women than men in the city. There
is no reason given for the larger
percentage of females than males.
However, Baltimore city is a bit
more fortunate than Washington,
where it was estimated that the fe-
male population was between co.
600 and $4,000 greater than the male
last year. The total population Of
the nation shows a few thousand
more males than females in 1927.
There were 122 deaths and 29S
births among the colored people in
the city last month. or the 222
deaths, pneumonia led with az, heart
disease 26, chronic bright desease %,
apoplexy 1S, syphilis IL, and tuber-
culosis all forms, 10. The colored
death rate was 21:43 per 900 popu-
lation, while that of the white was
14:59 per 1000 population.
In the month of January, ITO girls
were born and 1873 boys.
The Enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 192?-1930, 1928-03-16
American Jim Crow Causes Filipino
Representative To Resign Post

WASHINGTON, d. C.-American
jim crow, the extension of the color
line to include Filipinos as well as
Negroes, has caused Honorable Isa-
uro Gabaldon, resident Philippine
commissioner to resign his post effec-
tive in June and determines to sail
for home.
In scorching hot farewell speech
delivered to the House of Represen-
tatives on Monday, Mr.. Gabaldon de-
clares he will go home to devote his
full energies to work for Filipino in
dependence.
Can't Shake Hands
ut wouldn't be so bad" he said,
ito be governed by people Of my own
but to be governed over my protest
by people who consider themselves
superior, and people who can't shake
hands with me on the basis of polit-
ical and social equsiity, creates an
atmosphere that is intolerable and
against which | protest with all the
power of my being.
"Filipinos are modest, but have
pride and self-respect," he said.
They can never be completely hap
py because Americans will never treat
them on the basis Of social, racial
and political equality.
Even now Filipinos graduated
from the United Staten Naval Acad-
emy at Annapolis, are not permitted
to serve aboard American vessels, but
can only be transferred to the army
to command Filipino troops in tho
Philippines.
West Point Jim Grow
"Filipinos graduated from the mill
tary academy at West Point are like.
wise restricted to the command Of
Filipino troops
Mr.. Gabaldon recited how Filipinos
although colored people, had risen
to be prime minister IN Spain and
generals in the Spanish army.