davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1928-03-29
i. {. PAY BOARD
R|I|C|ZED BY
COMM | TEE

Members or the Personnel Classic
,fication Board were severely criti-
cized by the House Civil Service
COMMITTEES today for their failure
TO apply provisions of the classified
ton act to Federal employees in the
field services.
The merits of the WEIGH bill to
increase all salaries in the Federal
classified service were discussed
only casually In the executive hear
ing today.
# was learned, however, that
members Of the committee have
about decided to report out some
kind or minimum wage bill for the
Federal service. The committee
sprObahIy win recommend that the
lowest salary grade in the Federal
5ervice be abolished.
Congress Wishes Ignored
Failure of the classification board
10 reclassify field employees was
the source OF much comment dur
ing the hearings on the bill. Mem
bers of the committee showed con-
siderable evaporation over the fact
that the wishes of Congress, as ex-
pressed in the classification act,
have not been carried out.
Among those who were scheduled
10 appear before the committee to-
day were Herbert u. Brown, chief
~ the Bureau OF Efficiency; Ethel
bert Stewart, chief Of the bureau of
labor statistics, Department of
Labor, and heads of the Civil Serv-
les Commission and Personnel
Board.
VIII Cite Injusiices
Brown was expected TO tell the
committee some Of the inequalities
existing in the present salary rates
and injUstices which would result
from the proposed law. He was
also expected to submit estima ties
iof what the WEIGH bill would cost
the Government.
Stewart was called to give the
committee expert data on the cost
of living. He was also expected tn
give the committee the results of
studies by his bureau of the retire
.rlent question.
The meeting today was originally
scheduled for tomorrow, but was
advanced because Chairman Fred
erick r. Lehlbach OF New Jersey
has to leave the city.
Confer With Coolidge
Yesterday, LehIbach and Senator
Charles Curtis Of Kansas, Republi.
can leader in the Senate, conferred
with President Coolidge in regard
10 the WEIGH bill and various bills
to lIberalize retirement.
They would not reveal the Presi.
dents attitude toward either project
Init Lehlbach announced that the
president was satisfied with the
manner in which the committee il
handling the WEIGH bill. Lehlbach
Y1romised that the committee would
rive bona fide consideration to the
measure as soon as 1t has all the
facts.
I.ehlbach also revealed that the
reason he has been holding mp the
Formal report TO the House on the
civil Service Committees report or
the bill to IiberaIize retirement ii
because he is waiting for a report
n the cost Of the bill from Govern
ment actuaries.
Cost Estimates
He said this cost estimate is beins
made in . new way. The actuarie:
are taking into account, for the
1grst time, he said. the saving to thu
1nnd when clerks serve past thu
retirement age.
This new study may alter the
cost ejtuation IN such way as q
,oake It possible to Iiberalize retire
.rAs,f without costing the Govern
v,eelA any more than it was though1
the present retirement system ,.gosAt
roSf. l.slasila - N -
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1928-03-29
Senate Backs D. c. In
War On House

The Senate fight to break down the 50 100000 ump
fiscal settlement from being saddle the backs of District
TAXPAYERS for another year out into the open TODAY
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-08-23

Our very best grades Of fine
mcrccrizcd Isle hose with good
elastic top and strongly rein
forced foot. Here is a stock
ing with a good appearance
that will stand the rough wear
of general use. Black, brown
and white only. Values Or
to Csc. Now ......... Zoe
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-08-23

who have beer guests Of DR.. and
Mrs. r. w. Henderson, left Tuesday
for their homes. Mrs. T. r. Hender-
son, mother of DIR. Henderson. will
remain here for longer visit.
II, X. Peterson left Tuesday for
Ortonvillc, Minn., where he will join
Mrs. Pcder. on and family where
they will =, the guests of relatives
and friends for about 10 days.
Mrs. c. NJ. Hansen and children,
Harriet and Cullen, returned We'd
ncsday from six weeks visit with
relatives and friends in Fargo and
in Minnesota points.
Miss Leila Diescm spent Wcdncs-
day in jamestown with friends and
on business.
Gilbert Flynn Of jamestown is Wis
ting in Bismarck this week as the
guest of Ward Hill.
Mr.. and Mrs. George Aurit Of
Steele are the parents of daughter
born here Tucaday.
Mrs. H. B. Carlson of Drisco'l was
the guest of friends in Bismarck
Tuesday.
Mr.. and Mrs. A. l.. Daily of Minot
arrived here Tuesday to spend few
days.
Mrs. Jesse Harvey o. Dodge was
admitted to st. Alexius hospital
Tuesday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Il. 4. Spraguc Of
Northwood arc spending few day S
here on business.
Mrs. NJ. c. Gcrving Of Glen Ullin
has been admitted to st. Alcxius
hospital for treatment.
Judge Thomas Pugh Of Dickinson
is guest in Bismarck this week.
Mr.. and Mrs. J. Ralier of Hebron
are spending few days in Bismarck
on business and with friends.
i
Miss Ellen ester of krem has en-
tered St. Alexius hospital for treat
ment.
Mr.. and Mrs. c. A. Breen Of
jamestown spent Tuesday in Bis
marck on business.
Martin Gullickson of Bismarck is
a patient at St. AleXius hospital.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-08-23
C.. M. T. C.. Concert
Broadcast Wednesday
Greatly Appreci a t e d

An appreciative audience tuned in
Wednesday evening for the program
from radio station KFYR when stu
dent soldiers from the Citizens MILL
tary Training camp were on the ar
The 34-piece band, under the d1rec-
ton Of Technical Sergeant q. Fer
retti. played almost dozen num-
hcrs and encores. Telephone calls
and kilograms received at the radio
station praised every selection.
"Sonrs North Dakota" by the
male chorus proved to be one OF the
most popular numbers OF the eve
ming.
Vocal solos were sung by Major
Fairbanks, Lieut.. Leonard McManon,
Maynard Hart, Herbert Lees, Joe
Morris and Clay Smith.
Sergeant Ferretti played Two de-
l;ghtful clarinet solos, Fantasia
Alicante" by LeTherc, and "Sercn-
ade." by Mvszkowski. Other instru-
mental music included q saxaphonc
duet by Maynard Hart and Rex
Waldo. Sgt. Ferretti was accom-
PANIED by Emerson Hill. while Miss
Carter accompanied all other pro-
gram numbers.
()nc of the features Of the evening
was the talk "Sense and Nonsense
about the Army" by Capt. A. W.
shutter. Many radio fans responded
IL this number with hearty applause
via wire or telephone.
"Citizcns Military Training Camp
Night" proved to be one Of the best
programs ever broadcast from the
local radio station.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-08-23
Personal and
Social News of
Mandan Vicinity

Misses Josephine and Mary Ed
mundson have returned from Fargo
where they spent the last month
with relatives.
Mr.. and Mrs. Fred Brodl returned
Monday from Seattle. Wash, where
they have been visiting since their
wedding on August &. Mrs. Rrodl
was formerly Miss Bculah Sawtcllc.
Mr.. and Mrs. N. T.. Walker have
as their guests, Mr.. and Mrs. Fred
Bolkc and family of Hebron.
4 daughter was born Wednesday
at the Deaconess hos rital to Mr.. and
Mrs. Matt Barnhardt of Center.
Trudy Fredcricks has returned
from trip to Salt Lake City, Los
Angeles and San Francisco. Calf.
Adolph Paulson Of Irwin, Iowa,
has accepted position in Green
CARDS store.
William Bannistcr left recently for
his home in Seattle, Wash, after
visiting here as guest at the +. W.
McKendry home.
Mr.. ard Mrs. J. J. Erglehart, who
have been residents Of Mandan Tor
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-08-23
Miss Betty Fleck
and Mrs. j. p. Fleck
Entertain at Cards

Miss Betty Flcck Of Bismarck and
Mrs. j. P. Fleck Of Mandan enter
tanned Tuesday evening at the Bis.
marck Country club.
There were guests for 10 tables OF
bridge. Mrs. Roy Kennedy of Bis.
marck, Miss Helen Taylor and Mrs.
Gaia Lee Of Mandan won score
prizes in the games.
At the conclusion Of the gan,ts, a
two course luncheon was served.
Garden flowers decorated tho lunch.
con tables.
Mrs. Harry Mckee Of Long Beach
Calf, was an out-of-town guest.
W. ]. Rigg Of the Westinghouse
farm lighting plants, Max Kupitz
of Bismarck and Charles kupitz OF
Bellingham, WASH, returned to Bis.
marck Tn. day from a business trip
to the southern part of the state
Charles Kupitz will leave Friday fol-
his home in Washington.
Mrs. NJ. L. Dollar and son, James
Miss Eunice Adair Dollar and James
Stegar of Princeton, KY, and Mrs. ]
E. Hillyard Of Fredonia. KY, who
have been guests at the home Of MIR
and Mrs. G. H. Dollar this week, left
Tuesday for their homes by way Of
the Black Hills.
Mrs. A. C. Machines Of Minneap 20.
lis, who has spent the last week
here as house guest Of Miss Peggy
Bertsch. left Tuesday for her home
Mr.. and Mrs. F. Fairchild Of Dris.
coll announce the birth Of daughter
Tuesday at St. Alexius hospital.
Miss Carol Lilly Ross Of James
town is the house guest of Mr.. ane
Mrs. A. T. Faber this week.
Lars Siljan and DR.. w. A. Kerr
left recently for Grand Forks whcr,
they will spend several days on bus
mess.
A son was born Tuesday, at st
Alexius hospital to Mr.. and Mrs
William Kiley of Bismarck.
T. r. Henderson and Mr.. and Mrs
Frank Henderson Of Plover, Iowa
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-08-23
Social and Personal
Bismarck Students Again Favor State
University For 1928-29 School Year

1t is time to pack up and 60 aw
ay to school again. Where and
when to 30 caused some worry for
. while, but those questions are de-
cidcd for most Of the Bismarck stu
dents by this time. Now they can
open trunks, slammed shut in June,
and proceed to pack for the first
semester. One never thinks of the
ccond semester in August.
The University of North Dakot
a is again claiming the large per-
centage of students from Bismarck.
Among those who have announced
their intentions of attending the st
ate university are Harry Lobach,
Paul Cook, James Olson, Willis She
gard, Duane Diehl, Shirley Penner,
Donald Jones, Clifford Jansonius,
!::ail York, Robert Nuessle, Elmer
and Ernest Benser, Duane Davis, f
arl Bigler, Sidney Hoffman, John
Birdzell, Dana Shearn, Edith Whit
emorc, Arnold Hegelson, Lydia
Bcrtsch, Marcia Bowman, Barbara K
cgister and John dollhouse.
Clarice Belk and Gweldolyn Jones
will return to the University of Wis
consin, while Dorothy Birdzell will
leave soon for Ann Arbor, Mich,
where she will attend the University
Of Michigan. George Knowles will
continue his studies in the medical
school of the University Of Iowa.
Clarice Relk and Gwendolyn Jones
sity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, this
year will include John Moses, Mar
celle LaRose, Genevievc Rue, Jeanne
Setter, Lewis Miller, and Harry
Rubin. Peggy Bertsch, who is an
instructor in the language depart
n,ent of the University Of Minnesota,
will also study for her Masters de-
gree.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-08-23

Marlys Lair and Vera Person will
return to Manchester college in st.
Paul.
The North Dakota State college
at Fargo is the choice Of Anthony
Faber, William Lenhart, Marion Fol.
som. and Edgar Crewe. The only
Bismarck boy to 60 far east to
school is William Byrne, who at.
tends Dartmouth college at Hanover,
N. H.
Jane Stackhouse, valedictorian Of
the 1928 cla.. of Bismarck high
school, will attend Hollins college in
Roanoke, Va.
Pauline Fritz, also a member Of
the 1928 graduating class Of the To-
cal high school, has chosen to attend
st. Olaf's college at Mortified,
MINI. Mabel Aaberg will continue
her work in music at MacPhail's
School Of Music, Minneapolis. Char.
lotte Reimestad, who left here in
June to make her home in st. Paul,
will also study music at MacPhails
this year. Lillian Reimestad will
attend the Minneapolis Art Insti-
tute.
Marian and Arthur Whittemore
will return to jamestown college,
jamestown. William Lair, who was
graduated from Shattuck Military
school in June, will probably attend
Chicago University or Northwestern
at Evanston, Ill. Milford Dresbach
is deciding between the state uni
versity and a college in Minnesota.
Another two weeks and those who
have not rs yet selected colleges will
have made their choice. When Au-
tumn gets into the air, there is q
thrill to going back to school.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-08-23

Special sale Of Hosiery, 81
Scarfs, Handkerchief, q q
Artificial flowers, on Frida
August oath. Here you WI
find hosiery in all the wante
shades and sizes, silk scarfs
a big variety to choose froI
lovely linen and Ge0rget1
handkerchiefs and artificiI
flowers, all at greatly reduce
prices. Come early.
Rose Shop
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-08-23

NOnpartisan Club No. will
hold 4 picnic at ex-senator
Whitmer's home at Yucca Sun.
day. August Is. Cars meet at
? o'clock sharp at 400 Seventh
Street. Menu: Corn on cob,
wciners. buns. cabbage or po-
tatO salad. butter, coffee, pick
les. marshmallows. Bring your
choice. Call Mrs. Jennie U.s.
rude on transportation.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-08-23
l,otarianS Visit
C. NJ. I. Camp for
Weekly Meeting

Members of the Bismarck Rotary
club were guests at the Citizens Mill
tary Training camp at Fort Lincoln
Wednesday noon.
Lieut.. Col. T.. M. Norton conducted
his guests through the camp and
later gave a short tai: on camp &C
tivitics.
w. J. Mclean, Roy Baird, John
Larson and George Stephenson were
quests of the Rotarians.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-08-23

Special sale Of Hosiery. Silk
Scarfs. Handkerchief. and
Artificial flowers. on Friday.
August oath. Here YOU will
find hosiery in all the wanted
shades and sizes, silk scarfs in
Il big variety TO choose from.
lovely linen and GcOrgettc
handkcrchicfS and artificial
flowers, all at greatly reduced
prices. Come early.
Rose Shop
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-08-23
Rachel Shepard of
Braddock Will Marry
Gordon MacLachlan

Mrs. Mary F. Shepard of Braddock
announces the engagement of her
daughter, Rachel j. Gertrude, to
Gordon Mac Lachlan Of Braddock.
The wedding will be an event Of
early September.
Miss Shepard is a sister of Dan f..
Shepard Of Bismarck. She has at
tended the Valley City State Teach
ers college, and for the last two
years she has been teaching near her
home.
Mr.. MacLachlan is a brother Of
Jack MacLachlan of TIE Annex no.
tel, Bismarck. He is elevator man.
ager at Braddock where they will
make their home.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-08-23
Country Club House
Will Be Scene of
Tournament Games

Garden flowers will decorate the
living room Of the Bismarck Country
club house friday afternoon when
cards will be played In the third Of
the bridge tournament series.
During the afternoon. tea will be
served. Mrs. Myron Atkinson will
be chairman Of the day.
F. 1. Fairchild Of nriscoll trans
acted business here Tuesday and
Wednesday.
Mrs. Ben Lichtenstein OF Mott is
in Bismarck this week with friends
and on business.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-08-23

\ good investment for
Hughes Electric customers
United Public Utilities Prefer.
rcd shares TO yield over 6 pc.
cent. Ask when you pay your
light bill or write Hughes Elec.
trio Co.. Bismarck. N. ID.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-08-23

Miss Clcmcntinc Writ. who has
been doing post graduate work in
music this summer at the University
Of California. Berkeley. returned to
Mandan Tuesday.
tho last year. left Tuesday for
Texas where they will make their
home.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1928-08-23

Have you registered at Bcr-
gcson's new clothing store?
We pay YOU to register.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-07-31
'CORM|CK BOLTS
SMITH NOMINATION
Democratic Editor at Harris
burg Says Governor RepudI-
ated His Party Platform.

BY the Associated Press.
HARRISBURG. Pa. July 3l,--Oppo-
Sition of Vance c. Mccormick, former
Democratic national chairman. to Gov.
Smith as the Dem pcratic presidential
nominee. is cYystallized in an editorial
carried in today's editions Of the Harris
burg Patriot, which Mccormick pub
fishes.
The editorial repudiates Smith for
his anti-6rv views as Governor OF New
York End his recent declaration TO the
Houston convention for modification OF
the prohibition laws. and asserts Gov.
Smiths "belated telegram to his partys
convention at Houston was a contradlc-
ton and reputation OF his party's plat
form"
Mr.. Mccormick as chairman of the
Democratic national committee in 1916,
directed President Wilson'S campaign
for reelection. Subsequently he was
appointed chairman of the War Trade
Board and a member Of the peace ccm-
mission Four years ago he supported
William Gibbs McAdoo in his fight
against Smith at the New York conVen-
ton
The Patriot supported anti-Smith
delegates to the Houston convention at
the last primaries
Asserting that the newspaper always
has been Democratic in principle and
pledged to the best traditions OF the
party. the editorial says. in part:
In asking newspaper loyal TO such
a pledge and further committed to the
sound American doctrine of obedience
TO the Constitution and the law TO urge
the people to support for President. a
candidate widely heralded as the hope
of the nulliflcationSsts and who him.
self is on record for program of State
Interpretation which amounts To nulll-
fication and inspiration for Law breakers
is asking too much
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-07-31
SMITH WILL LEAVE
RESORT TOMORROW
Nominee to Spend Three
Days in New York Con-
ferring With Chiefs.

81 the Associated Press.
HAMPTON BAYS. n. J.. July ST.
Colf snd swimming were getting the
hsst Of politics with Gov, Smith to-
0a~ as ne made the most Of the clos
Ing hours of vacation at the shore.
The Democratic presidential nomi-
nee will end his stay here tomorrow
and will motor 10 New York for a
th-ee-dav visit before returning 10
Albany
In New York he Vii confer With his
chief politicsl lieutensnts as 70 cam
raixn strategy When he returns 10
Albany he will face the necessity Of
turning oat without much delay the
final draft Of his acceptance speech.
"a be delivered three weeks from to-
morrow night
Refreshed hv resi- here on the south
shors Of Long Island since his arrival
SATURDAY,, the governor held today Ia
his vacation policy Of keeping political
cares in the background.
For a moment yesterday The nominee
let down the bars in response to ap-
pealS OF newspaper mer to declare
emphatically that he was not worried
about the situation i'll the South, but
he put them up again and refused 10
be drawn out on any political subject
Even word that the Patriot pub
lsshed at Harrisburg, Pa, by Vance
Mccormick. who directed Wilson 5
campaign for reelection in 1915, had
taken q stand against his candidacy
failed to evoke response.
Smith remarked that he had moth
inr to say at this time" the same
comment he has given while here to
renewals Of attacks on him by William
Alien White OF Kansas and Robert
L. owen. former Democratic Senator
Of Oklahoma
McCormick's stand. however did not
take the nominee by surprise. Through
out the re-convention campaign the
Pennsylvania and his political allies
were active in their opposition to
Smith.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-07-31

Nomination Of Hay will imperil the
entire ticket" Senator Reed declared.
1T will place the Democratic party
before the public IN the position of
espousing two candidates Of dia-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-07-31
,trically opposite views regarding

metrically opposite views regarding
prohibition.
"Adherents of Hay upon this ques-
ton will be aiding and abetting the
defeat of Gov. Smith.
Il protest against Hefiinizing OF Mis-
souri," the Senator said. Il know Tom
Hefiin and l know Charlie Hay. l say
to you they are as much alike as two
slices of beef off the same carcass,
only Hay comes little nearer the
horns"
The address was the first Of three
to. be delivered In the State this week
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-07-31
SEEKS CONTROL AGAIN.
Pickett will Attempt to Regain
Hold on Georgia G. 0. p.

ATLANTA. Ga, July 81 0Pl.--With
the question of which faction will
name the States presidential electors
for the November election the chief
point of contention. the row between
Roscoe Pickett. white, and Ben J.
Davis. negro, for control of the Re
publican party IN Georgia broke out
afresh yesterday.
Picking up the gage of battle thrown
By Davis last week, when he an
nounced that at p meeting of the
State central committee the ncgroS
supporters had succeeded in ousting
Pickett from the COMMITTEES chairman
shin. Pickett yesterday called meet
inc Of the committee in Macon for
August II for the purpose of selecting
electors and naming sn executive com
mittee.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-07-31
Floods Inundate Siberian Towns.

MOSCOW. July 81 (4o).--More than
80 villages in the Amur province OF ST.
IBERIA have been inundated as result of
the disastrous floods of the last few
days Blagoyveschensk, capital Of the
province, is partly flooded. Railwas
lines have been washed out and much
material damage has been done. The
number Of casualties is not reported:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-07-31
NON PARTlSANS IN RACE.
North Dakota League to Nominate
Three State Candidates.

Three State Candidates.
JAMESTOWN. N. Oak. July 81 (P).
Decision to place candidates in the field
for the positions Of governor, attorney
general and commissioner OF agricul-
ture was the principal result of the
Non-psrtisan League convention yes
terday.
Whether the candidates run as Demo-
Gratis, in the Independent Republican
column or on stickers as Republicans
was left to the candidates themselves
and the Non-Partisan executive COM
mittee.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-07-31
REED BACKS SMITH
IN HIS HOME STATE
Missouri Senator Says Dem
ocratic Nominees Must Up
held National Platform.

BY the Associated Press,
KANSAS CITY, July 3i.Back in
his hcme town and State Senator
james A. Reed has plunged into the
State political campaign with the dec
laration that Democratic state NOM
inees must be in harmony with the
ideas of Gov Alfred f. Smith on
prohibition
Stating the nomination of Gov Smith
committed the party TO policy OF re-
vision or repeal of the eighteenth
amendment. the Missouri Senator last
night said the state must nominate
candidates who will adhere to the ma
tional platform, else the party will
be engaged i'll Joint debate with
itself"
Attacks DRY" Candidate.
Speaking in behalf Of his friend,
James A. Collet, candidate for the
nomination to succeed Reed. Mr.. Reed
launched an attack on Collects OPP
ponent Charles NJ Hay of st. Louis.
dry, who has declared he stands for
prohibition enforcement.
THE Houston convention declared
simply for enforcement OF the laws.
he said If 1t had stopped there IL
could we'll be said there was no issue
with reference to modification of the
Volstead act But, 10 remove all ques-
tons the convention was held In ses-
sion for the express purpose OF receiv-
inc message from Gov. Smith, and
when 1t came it uueouivocally declared
for modification.
The situation is as though the Ian
euage of Gov. Smiths telegram had
been incorporated in the platform.
That was the intent of majority Of
the delegates.
Says Hay 1mperils Ticket.
Nomination Of Hay will imperil the
entire ticket" Senator Reed declared,
1T will place the Democratic party
before the public N the position Of
eSpousing two candidates Of dia-