davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1928-04-22
Honey.Making Ants.

DROBABLY there are no more re-
narkable insects known to science
than the honey-making ants found
throughout the West, from Colorado
and Utah down to Mexico. They are
small in sire. and light yellow In color,
covered with minute yellow hairs
Their homes are IN or under small
mounds Of sand and gravel. ThetI
hills" are distinguishable from those
of the agricultural ants Of Texas and
the occident ants Of the plains hy the
fact that the opening for going IN and
out is on the top, while In the case
OF the two other species the opening
is on one side Of the mound. and near
the bottom
Every colony OF honey-u.akers con-
tainS a queen. a numerous company Of
workers. and large number Of no
funds" The rotundS are nothing more
nor less than living storehouses for
honey, containing the winters food
supply Of the entire colony.
The colonies are always located In
the neighborhood of thicketS Of scrub
oak. From the gals on the scrub oaks
the honey makers obtain their supply
Of honey This is taken and fed 70
the rotundS. which are known by their
enormously extended abdomens. II has
been found that when filed to their
capacity each OF these contains honey
weighing eight times as much as It's
own body
The refunds never leave their cham
berS. but remain suspended from the
ceiling. resembling cluster Of cur
rants or small amber-colored grapes.
In case they happen 20 lose their hold.
they are so helpless that the workers
must assist them back 10 their places.
In the Winter months, the workers So
regularly to the rotundS 10 be fed. plac-
ing their mandihleS 10 those Of the 10
funds. and receiving q tiny drop o.
honey.
Indians. MexicanS and even Amer
leans dig up colonies OF the honey
makers. collect the rotundS, and eat
the living insects for the sake Of the
honey they contain. II is said that the
honey is superior in flavor 70 that made
by bees. and Is much reltShed by those
who are not too ScuearllSh IL their
tastes or oyerdelicate IN their table
manners.
Evening star., 1928-04-22
Miss MILDRED EARNEST, PSycHoL oG/sT
and K1nderqarteY chi1dYeyv

placed with the Slow-moving group Of
her grade. The gentleman misunder-
stood the situation, and complained
that his daughter had been classified
with the "abnormalS."
He want away feeling much better
after DIR. Ballou had explained Just
what these clasSificationS meant. PreSi-
dent Cleveland Won Hindenburg or
u. S Grant might very well have gone
into the same classification, had they
been little boys In the same class. They
all were individuals whose minds
worked. generally speaking. in some
what the same way,
Intelligence tests don't measure the
intelligence. Instead, they measure GER
tain factors OF the intelligence whicp
are of Importance In classroom work.
and, combined with other measuring
Instruments. they do this fairly accu-
rately. Nobody knows how many
factors so to make up the thing that Is
generally characterized as intelligence, :"
There may be hundred. million or
ten million.
The tests are Ike mental Spectro-
scopes The SpectroScope. YOU know,
Is that remarkable instrument tho
astronomers have devised. which Will
tell very accurately a few things about
"A star a thousand light years away In
space by splitting up the light Of that
star So that II can be analysed
by studying the spectra, astronomers
can tell approximately what the star
Is made of, what II weighs and how
rapidly 1t Is moving. This isn't much
but 1t is better than nothing, The
spectroscope never viii tell whether
there are any planets circling Alpha
Centauri with intelligent life upon
them.
Even so with these astronomers of
the classroom. the school teachers, With
their intelligence tests. These spectre
scopes catch little Of the light from
the mental mminary. split It up into Its
constituents and enable them Ia make
a rough classification, And the human
probably ia further removed from direct
observation than the farthest of the
spiral nehulae II Is \ notable achieve
ment,
George Washington II he were a
schoolhoy IN the District OF Columbia
IN the year 1927. might very well be
classified with the medium group III his
grade, Abraham Lincoln might 40 into
the slow group, Benedict Arnold most
certainly would go into the rapid group,
and probably skip grade, They
seemed to tit into these general cate
Evening star., 1928-04-22
MISS BEULAA SKULL BA RNES, PSYc4OLOC/ST
Studies Mechanical Aptitude.

time. Newspapers printed hundreds of
them. All sorts OF individuals started
testing themselves. One set was ap-
piled TO a large part Of the personnel
Of the wartime Army. in an effort. IL
was reported, 10 find out which men
had the best qualifications for leader
ship.
SO far as know. the results never
actually we're applied In this way. The
war ended too soon Hard-boiled
coIonels used language not customarily
spoken In polite society when they were
informed that they rated below their
orderlies by the cold, mathematical
showing.
Emminent psychologists ever since
have been proving all sorts OF curious
things by these records. The Nordic
psychologists proved quite conclusively
that Nordics were superior race. The
nom -Eordic psychologists proved Just
as conclusiyely that they were not. One
scientist was able 10 show In black and
white that illiterate draftees really were
brilliant fellows.
A few years later various public
schools began applying tests con-
structed on similar principles as a
guide for grading pupils. Up TO this
lime the examinations had been ac-
cfpted largely on Ihlth Inc pubic Hhu
assumed that the psychologists knew
what they were talking about and that
their examinations actually constituted
A means Of determining degree Of in~
teiiigence" But the practical appiica-
ton 10 little Lucy and mischievous
Christopher turned the tide. great
protest was raised IN many quarters.
Parents went 10 the public libraries
to read up on the subject, They still
are doing 50. The District Of Columbia
Public Library lists approximately 40
books on the general subject Of mental
tests. They are "out" nearly all the
time, IL didn't take the parents and
others long 10 discover that there was
no agreement among the psychologists
themselves as to the value Of the tests
or as 10 the interpretations 10 be placed
on the results.
This seemed interesting 10 those par
ents Who considered that their children
had been treated unjustly They went
home and wrote letters 10 the news
papers about II, School 0fficials
Throughout the country were confronted
With the necessity 0f explaining away
very natural misunderstanding which
had arisen They had not found n
cure all, but they were confident that
psychology had presented them with
soInsthing OF distinct value which would
Evening star., 1928-04-22

enable them to place pedagogy on a
more scientific basis than 1t ever had
been before. They were loath to let
loose OF IT..
PSYCHOLOGICAL tests now are ap-
piled to every child In the elemen-
tary schools OF the District Of Column
bia. They furnish one instrument for
differentiating the mind Of James who
needs a spanking, from the mind of
Joseph, who needs pat on the back:
the mind Of Mary. who needs easier
lessons. from the mind OF Matilda. who
needs harder lessons
But 1t must be kept In mind. says
DIR. Frank w. Ballou. superintendent OF
schools. that they constitute only one
OF the instruments used In making such
differentiationS. The supervising prin-
cipal would not diagnose child on the
basis Of intelligence tests alone, any
more than a doctor would determine
what was the matter with his patient
by only blood count. The blood
count would tell quite definitely certain
things 10 he added 10 a great many
other observations In making the nm
ished diagnosis. Just SO the intelligence
tests tell certain things. They must be
co-ordinated with numerous other OBJ
servations before basis IL provided
upon which definite action Is taken.
OF course. they don't answer ques-
tiOns entirely TO the satisfaction of
anybody. The human mind Is the most
complicated thing In the world. and
science has hardly begun To study Its
actions and reactions But II has been
found, for certainty. that the best
method Of regulating 1t Is not IN the
majority OF cases, by n hot application
at the opposite extreme Of the anat-
omy. Unless the diagnosis has been
correct, this old-fashioned procedure Is
more likely TO make matters worse Than
10 effect a cure,
Flogging nf course. still has Its sin
cere advocates. As l write, an es~
teemed contemporary glances over the
sheets which have fallen from my type~
writer He Is a gentleman OF Virginia.
of old and distinguished lineage, and
long tradition ot Chiyalry behind him.
Yet he says saVagely.
''Thsy can't tell me. The only thing
to do for the i5-yeaf-old girls who go
out 10 allsnight dances and hootch
parties is for their mothers 10 take
The hGfseWhip tn them and lay II on
good and strong. Persuasion ~pshaw,"
Possibly he is right~but school offi~
cials who have devoted deep study 10
Alruiiar problems cay thai II all dfpends
Evening star., 1928-04-22

gorieS. Who would want 10 debate the
question of the all-around intelligence
of these three mens The Superfictally
brilliant member Of the trio didn't turn
out very we'll in the end With a diff
ferent environment and under different
circumstances, he might have. Nobody
knows.
Doubtless methods Of arriving at the
much discussed I. @. as the end result
of the tests is known, can be improved.
Careful experiments have been made
to determine what sort OF responses
children OF average mental speed make
to certain set Of tests,
Suppose i2-year -old girl makes
approximately the same responses that
are average for lS-year-old children
Then she belongs with the thirteen
group, Her group number is multiplied
by 100 and the result divided by her
actual age. Thus her !, Q. or intelh-
gence Quotient is approximately 1870
Children who fall below 100 are placed
with the slow group Those who range
close To 100 with the average group.
and those above 100 with the rapid
group,
Suppose all these groups thrown to-
gether, aS has been the case In the
schools Of Washington ny 10 the last
t@N years. l tie SSNOltN atN NiaNc 10
tit the average, Progress Is too fast for
the child who belongs in the slow group.
This individual either overwcrkS or be-
comes discouraged and falls behind
The result Is that there Is no promo
ticn and year of school life Is lost
There really was no need for the child
to SO over all the work OF that grade
twice, or only tu accomplish in TWO
wears what others accomplished In one.
He might have done it IN year and
one month. Hut there was no alterna-
tive except to keep him back before the
classification system was put into
effect,
~
FAILURE of promotion almost always
had a bad effect ON the mental out
look Of the individual II meant, very
likely, that the feet had been set rather
definitely in the read 10 failure
through no fault Of the child. but be-
cause the teachers had not undeES TODD
They had no I, G. 20 guide them,
When nr Rallou ftrSt came into the
public school syStem the number of
failures 10 win promotion was alarming
This gradually has been cut down, but
even In laaa II was 1872 per cent Of all
the school children. For the school
Evening star., 1928-04-22
Queer Eyes.
THERE is a mos, astonishing diverSir,

THERE is a most astonishing diversity
among animals in respect 70 the
number and location Of their eyes. III
mammals, birds, reptiles and fishes they
are limited 70 two and are invariably
placed i'll the head, but others OF the
animal Kingdom may nave anywhsre
from ; 10 10000, and they seem 70
have been placed anywhere that seemed
handy The dragon ny possesses eyes
composed Of an aggregation ef aeous
$4,000 smaller eyes, and the common
house fiy has about 10000, which may
be seen by the aid oi a magnifytng glass
Of even small power,
In spiders and scorpions there arr
usually s or 10 eyes in one or more
clusters on the dorSal ASPECT ON that
part Of the body which is formed ey
the union ot the mead and thcrax. The
StartiSh has am eye ON the ttp cf each
Of his five rays cr arms, and in the
Sea-urchin. which is scientifically Moth
ms eut a StarstSh With the ends cf stS
rays dgaWS close together. the Ave eyes
are gathered IN = circle around wha.
is considered the hind portion ~ rs
body,
The $callop has numerous ewes on
the ledge Of his mantle. extending nom
one end " the animal 20 the other and
forming a Semictrcle, Some marine
WORMS have eyes III clusters not only
ON the head but also along each side
Of the body, even 70 the tip of the sau,
and they are connected individually
and directly With the meItan nervous
cord, In the lowest forms cs hfe We
NAV md many tnhlSorla which have
neither ewes nor nerves but are never
theleSS sensitive to light, either SeeklnS
or avoiding It,
Evening star., 1928-04-22

on the individual girl. A whipping
night cure one and sermon might
work a miracle with another,
But TO get back 10 the psychological
tests The grades in the larger ele-
mentary schools OF the District have
been divided into three Sections~~X. Y
and z. These represent three broad
groups of pupils, distinguished by three
types OF mental processes One Is Tor
those who accumulate knowledge slow
ly~~such type. for instance as Grover
Cleveland Another is for the type
which reacts To environment at an aver
age rate--such type AS was represent
ed by the late President Harding The
third is for the rapidly working mind,
possibly represented by Woodrow
Wilson.
These three types of mind are funda-
mental. and 1t has been found that they
can be sorted out roughly by ''intellt-
gence tests" achievement tests or
regular classroom examinations, and
personal observation by trained OBJ
server. continued over considerable
period. All three methods are valuable
and coordination OF them Is essential
In making the classification.
or course. there are scores perhaps
even hundreds or thousands, OF vari-
ations within the three classes. and the
science of pedagogy may get around
to them all about the time OF the
millennium,
Now, still speaking generally, these
three types OF mind require three differ
ent types of teaching. The kind of in-
structlon fitted 10 the rapidly moving
mind Is not at all suited To the slow
moving mind~~iike the late MIR. Cleve-
lands.
The purpose OF the tests Is to sort
out the minds, The whole trouble
now we get down Ia it's In that
word intelligence, II Is not ques-
ton Of intelligence at all~~in the gem
orally accepted meaning Of the word.
THE tests do measure something
Is e"l CAN It 1Ts The ena0S tnree typss wns' Of
mind represent three different KS"
That Is about all anybody can say at
present The tests measure something
which governs the rate af reaponse %
the program of the classroom They
enable school offlcials to get the rate
OF teaching into rhythm with this rate
OF response,
A few days ago. Hupt Ballou re-
ceived a visit from A greatly aggrieved
father. whose little gHl had just been
Evening star., 1928-04-22

ing best by some spur TO his ambition
for instance, the possibility OF skipping
grade.
There was, Of course. no sharp divid-
ing line between the new system
and the old. Good teachers for thou
sands Of years had studied the in
diyidual pupil and sometimes encour-
aged instead Of fiogged. II they were
si1rewd judges of human nature. they
often met with astonishing success.
But these instructive teachers were
cropping in the dark. At the turn OF
the century. the science OF child psy-
choIogy still was In its infancy. The
research workers had not learned how
10 translate a jumble OF observed iaetg
into orderly equations.
Each mind was made up differently
but how? Individuals might carry
certain outstanding traits on the sur
face, so that even the amateur observer
could note them. But there was no
effective means 10 plumb the depths.
The best conlectures were just that
shrewd gueSSes
Take a look at one Of the human
brains on exhibit In the cases at the
National Museum or at the Army Medi~
cal Museum II might be compared.
roughly. 70 bas-relief map Of the Ant
arctic c0ntinent~~a mouutainous, utter
ly barren country. whose peaks and
depths are impenetTablc for explorers.
How could expeditions be sent In 10
locate the gold and diamonds under
those hills? Somewhere there were
valleys benanted by angels. Somewhere
great primitive beasts Waiiowed and
TOafed
The psychologists, especially I'm the
United States and Germany. worked
hard To answer this question. IL Is far
fFon being answered yet, but, most
| sdicators agree. a good start has been
made.
AT about the time Of the World
War the general public beeame
aware of the existence Of E0-cailed in
teiilRenee tests" Psychologists, Of
course, had known Of them for long
/ time
Subjects were confronted with various
| simple questions, told ~ stick marks
/ in squares and tFisngieE, and given 1T
tie problems IN arithmetic and logic
| which required at least q minimum of
reasoning Zach question had been
constructed W test some speeiflc mental
quality, such aA observation, inlagira"
| ton reasoning power, susceptibility "a
| suggestion st csteTa.
These tss4 became tia TaEs fog 4
Evening star., 1928-04-22
Statesmen FACING Intelligence Tests Would Differ Gre

year of 1927 1t was IT'S per cent-stm
far too high
Tn my judgment" says DR.. Ballou,
amy plan OF school organization which
dooms II per cent of our pupils 10 fall
ure and repetition Is working untold
harm in its moral effect on such pupils.
The constant repetition Of failure IS
unjustifable, and ought not to be tol-
Grated where conditions make possible
a better organization"
How about the child with the rapid"
mind in the mixed class? He also IS
losing ground The lessons calculated
to keep the average" student busy re-
uuire comparatively little of his time.
Hours which he might be devoting TO
real progress in learning he wastes IN
thinking up mischief. School life soon
becomes drab and monotonous for him
and he is apt TO quit as soon as pos
siblc for some field that makes more
of a demand upon his activities. He Is
in as bad a fix as the "slow-minded"
boy.
There are of course al sorts Of
problems still to be solved. Some chill
dren are "slow-rninded" in some SUBJ
jects and "fast-minded' in others.
Such probably is more or less the case
with the majority Of persons. This has
been particularly recognized IN reor-
ganizing the curriculums OF the District
High Schools Only one year Of mathe-
matics now is required for a diploma,
and a student may graduate without q
single hour Of instruction in foreign
language.
This Is clear recognition. says Dr..
Ballou. of the fact that it is virtually
impossible for some persons. probably
brilliant in other lines. TO master either
a language or mathematics. Once they
must pass in them to get diploma and
were subjected TO the consequent dis
| couragement and sense of failure. II
| was unjust, and injustices are rooted
| well as elsewhere.
THE psychological tests and the grad
| L ing system which is partly depend
ent on them constitute only one station
/ on the long road which the science OF
/ pedagogy has traversed from the fog
/ ging system which was in full sway a
! century ago. The progress Of this SCI
ence has been as notable, in its way. as
/ the progress of physics or astronomy
during the same tinle-bearing IN mind
/ that the school teacher has been obliged
/ to experiment with more difficult ma
/ terial
The whole general theory Of educa-
ton has been set on its head. The old
idea was TO fit the pupil to the lessons
with a horsewhip or otherwise. If the
boots didn't fit, said the schoolmasters
of grandfathers day, pare down the feet
until they did. 1t has not been easy
for the mind to see the logic Of making
the shoes to measure. so that they will
| fit comfortably without any necessity
of carving the feet TO the appropriate
size
Just so with education. First measure
the brain. then make the education to
( fit. SAYS the new school oficial.
+ It's a long call from the time when
the gentle Cotton Mather protested
against fogging girls.
Evening star., 1928-04-22

Daring the firSt six days operation
M the new Londcn-CanneS. France. air
service the only passenger carried Was =
woman and the next person % use the
plane was q doctor who had been called
from London 10 attend q patient at
Mia
Evening star., 1928-04-22
By THOMAS r. HENRY.

~ EDAGOGrC science In days not
- beyond the memory OF some
gray gentlemen who are still
i with us. knew but one method
Of rnrnceiilrn In dealing With
Evening star., 1928-04-22

THE succeeding system Was in the
process u evolution and required
for lis administration d staff Of teach
efss ceScr3bec recently 10 the writer
by az official " the National Education
Association, aS persons Considerably
better educated in "a more involved pro-
fessAonal tecnlque tgsn gas the average
physician 70 years ago"
The days ~ the girl who taught
school for q few years while On The
lockout for & desirable husband. and Of
the BOY VINO ofhciatsd beilino the desk
- earn money " continue bis college
AouTs3, neither d them very seriously
concerned with the success ~ tielI
pedagoglc efforts. were gone forever.
The fundamental principle u the
new science was Know each child,
The teacher hencsfOfth was " deal
with pupils ag human souls, each pre-
sentlng b different problem. and not ~
chunks VI metal
The proper answer " the problem of
James might, indeed he hoggiDg os
punishment a. nearly commensurate IA
fne law allowed On the other hand
fne correct solution ~ the problem oi
Joseph might be iaetfuiiy given
word of prsibe Easier lessons n1ig1l
E3 the effective prescription IN Mary's
sase. Ersktus mlnd might be set work
New Britain herald., 1928-02-10

 tsspeyuteist aa1 seaestaxy C the 0ntthoooian InGelue3oa.
 TAs sun ' te1ueiAs tn lnesa bat scieatis0 sstinats tat 1t wli1 take that teas taf t te be deatrsysd. TAs Drseset bsaas3, hs szplainA is that the sua cd Dtass tufuish thety tss- msn1ous aasssnt Of energy through actual aanthilatioa of tho atoms of which they aee oompssed.
 Recent rasaasea. hs aid, Aas dis ctased tha& the sun seads cut an amount ef sassay whieh would equal k traAaate1' tate mechanical work. eos hosss-pewse . equase yard oveR the surfaes ef . sQhars having . saaius ef e3.eeO.eoo aaiies, its dis tancs from ths earth.
New Britain herald., 1928-02-10

Ase nigAt whe re3use1 te permit any enc to eates. q stats0ent issued fron the homs aai1 the young wo. mas was resting thsFs and added that for the time bsing che would not talk to newspaper men.
 'tehs dsejeas ne publicity at thss tims." aaid the statement she Is tired and 6 resting hers and does net oare to b. disturbed"
 The crippled woman who stewards on the sAip described ~ seemingly net quits aware of what was gong on about here." was protected from the attentions of reporters by her aurse and two men who said they represented her sponsors in thIs country. Niss Asnss Gallagher. tns
New Britain herald., 1928-02-10
JAPANESE BUYING
 AMERICAN RAISINS
US 0sItB Gun Hih Not
 Yd fkn Up

Tokio, Feb. 10 (UP)-Chtcago eASving gum and California raisins have sainsd . flrm foothold in Ja- pan.
 4 UnitsA Pro- correspondent who walked around tAs Ixu Peninsula was susDsissA ts sse chewing sum Of the same variety supposed to be faversd by all American telephone cDsfators and stenographers. and boxed California ratsins, in pracu- cally every remote village. Gay packages of the American products were displayed in practically every remote hshins village. even in the tiny hanlsts far o6 the railways and motee rea0A
 JapAaese. e . whole. have not taken up the chewing yum habit but seem increasingly inclined to do % in line with the general tendency to adopt American customs. Raisins this year proved . popular New Year confection.
 American toilet products such as tooth paste, talcum powder and soaps Were much les in evidence in the small towns this New Year, probably because of tho increas- ing number of satisfactory Japan ess brands on the market. Prac- tically all manufactured products particularly in the notions and va- riety lines were Japanese made. although imported articles might b. obtained in larger shops in the small cities.
 The whole Of the Isu peninsula famous for its hot springs resorts- has undergone . great development during the past year and many new bridges and motor roads have been opened. Foreign style hotels are operating in . number of the resort towns. with especially good accom- modations in Atami and Funabara.