davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-06-22
Growth of Soviet Trade Unions

ton XIV of the Labor Code of 1922.
This section designated the place the
unions still occupy in the economic
life of the country.
The Code declares, in the first
place, that the unions may appear
before the various authorities in the
name of the wage earners as parties
to collective agreements; they are
not liable to registration by the state,
but only with the central inter-union
declarations already in existence 1t
provides that the unions shall have
certain services furnished chem by the
state, such as Labor Palaces and spe-
CITED postal, telephone and transport
facilities. Other instructions in the
Code concern the organization of shop
committees, which we shall touch on
later in discussing trade union struc-
ture. Still other provisions deal with
the unions relation to collective agree
ments, work contracts, rules of EN-
ployment, standards of output, hours
of work, rest periods, apprenticeship,
remuneration, settlement of disputes
and other matters some of which will
be dealt with in later chapters.
In general this Labor Code defined
the position and rights of the unions
under the NEP and laid the basis for
the steady development in their power
and influence that has been evidenced
since 1922.
IN considering the transition from
war communism to, the NEP we should
mention the controversy that arose in
government, party, and trade union
concerning the role Of the unions UNI
der the new regime. Trotsky and
certain element in the unions fought
to keep them part of the govern
ment apparatus. Trotsky himself,
while president of the War Council,
had issued oroers to the First Revo-
lutionary Labor Army, as it was called
in January, 1920. He saw no reason
why the unions should not continue to
be at the beck and call of the govern
ment. Lenin, on the other hand see
ing the conflicts implicit in the eco
nomic regime about to be introduced.
advocated the management of the in
dustries by the technical men
appointed by the state trusts. The
unions, he argued, would have their
hands full for a while, at least, de-
Tending the interests of the workers
both against bureaucracy in the trusts
and exploitation by the private "Nep-
men," He contended that the social
list state would not be built overnight,
that even the "Red Director" under
the new economic plan would natur-
ally give his first thought to maxim
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-06-22

a success of his particular enterprise.
The unions should therefore be in
dependent of governmental machinery
and devote their primary attention to
guarding the workers interests as
workers. This position was set forth
clearly in December, 1921, in state
ment prepared by commission of
which Lenin was member 1t said:
ION the Trade Union, in relation
to socialized concerns, rests the alb
solute duty to safeguard the in
terests of the workers, to assist
in every way possible the improve
ment of the material conditions,
and constantly to rectify the faults
and eXaggerations of economic bod
les in SO far as they proceed from
bureaucratic perversion of the
machinery of the state"
Expressed in another way:
"The chief task of the trade
unions is, from now onward, to
safeguard at all times in every
possible way the class interests of
the proletariat in its struggle with
capitalism. This task should be
openly given prominence. Trade
union machinery must be cores
pondingly reconstructed, reshaped
and made complete-there should
be organized conflict commissions,
strike funds, mutual aid funds, and
so on"
This was the policy at the beginning
of the NEP, and it is still the essen
tial policy of the Russian unions. The
remarkable economic development Of
the country since that date, and the
growth in the unions, has not ma
terially modified it,
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-06-22
DECLARE MARTIAL
LAW IN BELGRADE
AFTER SHOOTING
Outbreaks Reported in
Zagreb

VIENNA, June PA state of vir-
tual martial law prevailed in Bel
grade yesterday as the result of the
assassination Of Deputy Paul Rad
itsch and Deputy George Basaritch
by Montenegrin Deputy Punica
Ratchnitch in the Skuptehina Parlia-
ment.
Advices from Belgrade said that
troops were patrolling the streets.
Violent anti-government outbreaks
were reported from Zagreb, the
stronghold Of the Croatian Peasant
Party.
A Belgrade telegraph said that the
democratic members Of the cabinet
had decided to resign. Their resigna-
tons probably would result in the
downfall Of the whole ministry.
The shooting resulted from intense
feeling that had been engendered by
debate over the -Slavian treaty
(Nettuno Treaty.. This pact was be-
fore the chamber for ratification at
the time of the assassinations.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-06-22
Communist Organizer
Tours Three States
(Contiuued from Page One)

Continued from Page One)
Wednesday, June 81. Norwood Mass.
Thursday. June %, Council in Boston.
Friday June %, Quincy, Mass
saturday. June 80 Newton Upper
Sunday, July !. Finnish District
Picnic.
Monday, July 2 Lynn, Mass.
Tuesday, July 3, Peabody, Mass
Wednesday, July 4, Boston Daily
Thursday, July S, Boston. Council
Meeting,
Friday, July 6, GAINESVILLE, Mass.
Saturday July T. Haverhill, Mass
Sunday, July 8, Lawrence, Mass.
Monday, July 9, Lowell, Mass.
Tuesday, July 10, Nashua, N. H.
Wednesday, July II, Wilton and Mil
Thursday. July -. West Concord,
N H.
Friday. July 10. Lebanon, N. H. en-
feld.)
Saturday, July IA, Newport, N. H
Sunday, July 10, Keene, N II.
Monday, July 16, Gardner and Hub
bardston.
Tuesday, July II. Fitchberg and Ash
burnham.
Wednesday, July IS, Maynard, Mass
Dates for Maine and Vermont will be
announced later
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-06-22

dustry. the trade unions altered their
functions considerably. They turned
themselves from virtual managers of
industry into defenders and protect
ors of the workers rights as against
those of private employers, as we'll as
against bureaucratic tendencies in the
state industries. Some of the changes
that took place as a result of the NEP
were the following: The unions be-
came economic collaborators and adj
visers but without any direct RESPONSE
bility in the management of industry.
They We're represented, however, on
committees for drafting the pro-
grams of the economic organizations
the designation of undertakings
to form part Of trust /. OF to be
leased, foreign business relations, the
de. ermination Of branches of industry
in which private capital may be adj
mitted to Russian industry" In other
words the unions were to maintain the
same general interest in economic
matters while giving up the very
broad powers they had possessed be-
fore in this domain.
With the decrease in their economic
functions and their growing impor-
tance as independent protective or
CARNATIONS, the unions as we have
noted, put themselves on a voluntary
membership basis and union dues were
paid Individually At the same time
they instituted the present system of
voluntary collective bargaining where
by collective agreements are made
after period Of negotiation between
The union ard the employing state
trust or private enterprise. There
was, also, at least when the Trade
Union Congress met in February,
1922, a considerable shifting of weight
TO the lower branches of the unions
and tendency away from the extra
ordinary Capitalization of the period
of war communism.
The introduction of the NEP also
resulted in the transfer of other func-
tions previously performed by the
unions. The Commissariat of Labor,
for example, took over the legislative
powers Of labor protection as well as
the administration of labor legisla-
tion. 1t also assumed the role of chief
arbitrator in labor disputes. Like
wise the unions, from then on, acted
only in consultative capacity to the
Commissariat Of Education. In gem
eral it may be sa that the unions
We're denationalized and no longer
formed part of the machinery of the
state. Being thus declared free, in
dependent and autonomous bodies,
their legal status was rede.>iad in sec
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-06-22
FIRE NEGRO WORKERS.

PENSACOLA, Fla, June 21.-Ne-
gro workers employed by the city of
Pensacola are rapidly being removed
from their positions by the mayor.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-06-22
PICKET DIGGINGS
DESPITE POLICE
And Mine OWNERS
Thousands Sleep in Pub
lie Buildings

CAPETOWN, South Africa, June
81 Twenty-Five thousand native
workers went on strike yesterday as
result of dissatisfaction with the
policies of the owners Of the diamond
diggings at Lichtenburg, according to
a report from that town.
Lichtenburg resembled huge ref
uge camp yesterday with thousands
Of the strikers camping in churches
and other public buildings, The men
have come in from the diamond fields
which are outside of the town. In
many cases they have brought their
entire families with them.
Picketing of the diamond diggings
is going on in spite of the conpanys
effort to dispense the picket lines.
Hundreds of natives have braved the
growing squads Of police to picket
the fields.
Persistent efforts of the Industrial
and Commercial Workers Union of
South Africa, the native labor organ
ization, to join the South African
Trades Union Congress have been re-
peatedly disregarded or repudiated by
that body. The native union is re-
ported to number more than 100000
members.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-06-22
DEMONSTRATING Tension.

SHANGHAI, June Following
the confirmation of the death of
Chang Tso Lin, northern warlord, by
his son, the report that the Marking
armies are preparing to march north
for a campaign against Manchuria is
creating fresh tension between the
Marking regime and the Japanese
government which declares that it will
not tolerate interference with its oc-
cupation Of Manchuria
Call It a protectorate or what you
will" one Japanese statesman is
quoted as saying, Japan intends to
maintain her special position in tho
northern province"
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-06-22
Ex- Trooper Gets Life
Term for killing Wife

Walter McFall, former member of
the State Troopers at Genesee, n. Y.
the same righteous and patriotic or
ganization used in clubbing striking
workers all over the United States.
was sentenced in the Hudson County
Court of Oyer and Terminer last
night to life Imprisonment after a
jury, having deliberated for less than
two hours, found McFall guilty OF
first degree murder.
McFall shot and killed his wife.
Florence Hersey McFall, in West
New York last January.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-06-22
(The following is from "Souiet
Trade Unions" by Robert Dunn, pab-
lished By the Vanguard PfSesS.)
(Continued.)


(ContiRued.)
In addition to their important role
as aids to the Commissariat of War
during this period, the unions exer-
cised other political and economic
functions. They were represented di-
rectly in the Central Executive Com
ml,tee Of the government. They took
the lead in organizing the Supreme
Council of National Economy fire
quently called the Supreme Economic
CounciD which operated most Of the
nationalized industries. They organ
lied the central board set up to man
age various industries during that
period, and they had majority of
the members on these boards. they
were practically supreme in the man
agement of individual factories, hav-
ing one of their men either as man
ager or at least as assistant manager
to share responsibility with the tech
nician in charge Of the plant. They
also organized the Commissariat of
Labor and put one Of their leaders at
the head of it. In fact this depart
ment was completely under their con-
troll, at least at it's central headquar-
tiers in Moscow. One of the duties Of
this comnissariat was to enforce de-
cisions of the Central Council of
Trade Unions. Through il the unions
drew up wage scales, drafted all labor
legislation and direl ted the extensive
system of social insurance. Further
more, the union acquired great ia
ence in the Commissariat of Workers
and Peasants Inspection, a suDervis-
DRY organization having extensive
powers, used chiefly to resist bureau
cratic tendencies in the government
and in state industries.
This identity with the machinery Of
government was accompanied by COM
pulsory membership in the unions,
while union dues were deducted from
the workers wages The unions nat
urally received subsidies from the gov
eminent during this period, and were
not compelled, as they are at present.
to rely solely on membership dues and
contributions to sustain their regular
budget.
Under the Nov Ecorop,ic Policy.
With the adoption of the New Eco
nomic Policy (NEP) in 1921, the re-
turn Of private trade, and the reor-
ganization Of the governmental in
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-06-22
Southern Floods Destroy
Big Amount of Cotton

MEMPHIS, June Thousands
Of acres of cotton have been destroyed
by the recent floods Of the White and
st. Francis Rivers. Nearly 100000
ceres of land have been flooded by
the rising rivers.
Thousands of other acres are
threatened if the leyees which are
now near the breaking point are de-
stroyed
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-06-22
Correction

Stefan Radio was yesterday re-
ferred to in the columns of THE
DAILY WORKER as premier of
Jugo Slavia. This is an error. Stefan
Radic is a leader of the Parliamen-
tary opposition and one of the leaders
OF the Croatian Peasant Party.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-06-22
Arabian Cigar Workers
i'm Palestine Strike

JERUSALEM (By MaiD.-Arab
workers went on strike in Haifa when
the cigar factory "Mavroko attempted
to increase the number of hours from
ten to twelve hours a day.
The strikers are receiving the solid
support of Jewish workers in the city.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1928-06-22
SON CONFIRMS
CHANCES DEATH

TOXIC, June 21.-Chang Hsueh
LANG, son of Chang Tso Lin north
ern warlord, announced that his father
died at 2 o'clock yesterday morning
from wounds received when his train
was bombed near Mukden on June 4,
said dispatch from Mukden
The Washington times., 1928-09-06

marriage however, ana do not
believe ii win appeal to you. Your
desire to protect. care tor and sup
port your wife win forbid. Ana
the girl you marry win III ali
obability. De most unhappy m
less she can devote herself to her
husband and home.
Nor can advise YOU 10 aban-
don your eg1iicat ton. That OppOf
tunity for higher education Is, Il
YOU make the most or II call to-
the very best success on which
you are capable and viii mean
everything to you and your wife
later III life.
An engagement Or four years Isl
d constant worry and strain. IT
demands too much Of girl And
You will fret because you eannet
give her the good times for which
every girl longs.
The alternative II To release
each other from definite en-
gagement. Remain good friends
but do not bind each other To
pledges.
If it is true as you feel, That
3 You ana she are meant Tor each
other, you will wait for each
other and wait Loyalty and cheer
fully. BY all means encourage
your friend to so about with
others iE she wishes. See her
when you cam but devote your
self to Your work
Many Il couple who are happily,
successfully married have had the
experience Of waiting for each
other the length or i colleges
course. How you win appreciate
each other when at last your
patience and love are rewardeds
But with q four year wait
ahead. on which so much depends.
do not bind each other with I'm
necessary chains in the form of
obligations. Remain free, than 4
believe you will both find the
years will fly more quickly and
will lead just as surely to each
other.
Won't you task this plan over
with your fiaHcee. Mr.. and see
whether il appeals to her as wise
and worthy OF your mutual love
The Washington times., 1928-09-06
BY Maria Jeritza

Does your chin lead d double
life? II 70. why not reform It
and induce, it to try single bless
edness! n.
The best time TO reform = dou-
BILE chin IL before II makes its
appearance. In other words In
the matter of double chins. as in.
all beauty problems, prevention
Is better than cure.
In my opinion, double chins will
become more and more rare, now
that women are going in for ath.
letics and health, and we'll
set.up body Is as important
to q girl as character.
Chin muscles kept firm and sup
pie by fitting the head to keep
track Of a tennis bali in m.d.air,
by swimming with the breast
stroke, are not likely to grow
flabby and weak. The women who
need to be warned against a dom.
BILE chin are those who are great
readers, bending constantly over
a book, those who work doubled
over a desk or sewing table, and
last, the woman with an inferior
ity complex who hangs her head
shyly in apology for her very ex-
istence.
Train yourself to read only IN a
clear light preferably over your
left shoulder. Hold your book at
an angle that makes 1t possible to
follow the print without bending
your chin. Do you type ali day?
Then keep your chin well up and
look at your work with Ilightly
sidewise glances.
The Washington times., 1928-09-06
Dr.. CaldweRs 3 Rules
Keep You Healthy

DR.. Caldwell watched the results
OF constipation for AZ years. and be-
lieved that no matter how careful
people are Of their health, diet and
exercise, constipation will occur
from time to time regardless of how
much one tries to avoid IL. OF next
importance, then, is how to treat
1t when ii comes. DIR. Caldwell al
ways was in favor OF getting as close
TO nature as possible, hence his rem.
edy for constipation, known as DR..
Caldwell's Syrup Pepsin. Is mild
vegetable compound. 1t can not
harm the. most delicate system and
Is not a habit form -; preparation.
Syrup Pe2sin IL Iaeasant-tasting,
and youngsters love Ii. 1t does not
grippe. Thousands OF mothers have
written us to that effect.
DR.. Caldwell did not approve Of
drastic physics and purges. He did
not bNiiege they We're good for hui
man beings to put into their sys-
TENS. In practice OF AZ years he
never saw any reason for their use
when a medicine like syrup Pepsin
.yill empty the bowels just as
promptly, more cleanly and gently,
without gripping and harm to the
system.
Keep free from constipation! II
rol1s your strength, hardens your
arteries and brings on premature
old age. Do not LET day go by
without a bowel movement. Do not
sle and hope. but go to a druggist
and get one Of the generous bottles
81 syrup Pepsin. Take the proper
dose THAI nisht and by morning you
viii feel ike a different person. Use
for conservation biiiousfiess sour
ana crannpy stomach. bad breath. No
y rSnpfffe he6danlnee. and to 3feak ~
The Washington times., 1928-09-06
Exercise viii Danish Double Chin

|, water. Here n an astringent that
Is excellent for the purpose:
Rose water3 ounces.
EIderfIower water ounce.
Tincture Of benzoin X ounce.
Tannic acid grains.
Every night apply cold cream
thiekIy to your undercnin and
throat. Next double your fists.
place them on Your cheek bones,
with your thumbs meeting under
your chin, and stroke firmly, up
ward. After one minute OF this
massage, remove excess cold
cream.
IN case your problem Il q crepey
throat and chin. run ! lump Office
over the skin. with upward strokes
from your chest to the tip Of your
chin, ana dry ii gently. A double,
chin requires the measures I have
described. then in addition q chin
band. s
Dip firm white muslin band
age two inches wide into the as
tringent, strap 1t under your chin
and about your head, fastening II
on top with q safetypin. and retire.
\ knowing that while you sleep your
chin muscles viii grow more
shapely and firm.
"A double chin should be starved.
so substitute green salads, fresh
= vegetables and uflSWeetened fruig
for sweets, cream and starchy
foods. Il
While You are Waging war on
yoIir double chin and awaiting re-
suits. It may comfort you to know
thatsa tall, rather wide and fluffy
hat renders 4 double chin less no.
ticeable, and also wee bit OF
rouge on the tip OF q prominent
chin makes it little less proni-
SneIit. ~
The Washington times., 1928-09-06
FASHIONS
FANCIES

Time and tide wait for no man,
but she who possesses one of those
new cigarette lighters with 4 tiny
watch encrusted in its side, reed
have no fear either Of Mr.. Time
or Mr.. Tide.
Look for the printed lining!
Whether the purse You carry with
your sports ensemble Is Of linen,
pique or flannel. 1t should display
4 gay coiored print for a l.nlngs
A. remark can have M edge
a. u, 50 also sa gold lame evening
cape lined with heavy pink satin.
has. a striking edge OF narrow
1 dyed squirrel on its scarf collar.
Button up Your gfrdIe Is a new
dictate of fashion. Fine silk jer-
sey. covered with cream lace, and
opening at the side, has tiny pearl
buttons. "a bandeau matches the
girdle ana makes a charming set
for the slender miss.
Not Only Gods ChilIun Got Wings,
but also 4 very cute little tan felt
turban with its feathery trimming
which Is notified with gold specks.
The Washington times., 1928-09-06
BY Beatrice Fairfax
An Authority on the Problems u
Love and Marriage

Love ana MaEriage
one Of the battling love prob
lens that young folks have To-
meet, is that OF deferring mar
rage for the sake Of an educa.
ton.
The entire future depends n
many cases, on q sound education
including preparation for the
chosen profession. But does not
the future depend, also on happy
successful matingg Love may
knock mistakenly at the door Of
the heart and refuse to wait the
long years.
Possibly you will tell me what
to do, as YOU have advised count
less other young men" writes
Mr. *. II am an Intimate friend
Of very nice young lady.
when we first hogan going
about together, | was employed.
After period OF a year left my
position to complete my studies
IS that / could enter college. 1t
win be four years before finish
my education. I find it necessary
to work every spare moment in
order to earn my expenses. There
fore, you really see 4 was un-
able to take her about evenings
as other fellows do their girl
friends.
II feel am doing her an in
Z Justice and have asked her to so
out with other young men OF
good character. She seems per-
fectly satisfied at times. then
friends butt In and she takes the
reverse attitude We have our
ups and downs and break UP. bur
we always come together again.
TO me it seems as ii we were
ment for each other.
II do not take any interest In
other girls. Once, she started
going about with another young
man, but only a couple Of times,
then we were back again. This Is
my vacation and / am able to see
her a great deal But | have. only
q few days left, then / will be ,
obliged to go back to the same
school and returning to work, so
The Washington times., 1928-09-06

Quite the most charming char
acteristic to be found in any hui
man, it seems to me. il natural
ness.
Being yourself; recognizing your
limitations and not attempting the
embarrassed or boastful word OF
the watchfulIy misleading action
to cover them IN: Willingness
to meet your friends and ac-
0uafntances honestly--to have
them know you as YOU are--this,
believe Ii one OF the most de-
Iightfui as we'll as the rarest
traits ever to be found in person
aIity. ~
This sort OF honesty, OF course,
means certain amount of self
apDroval-and by this do not
mean Standardization This last
is the sort OF egotism which
argues Mat everything within the
insliyiduaINis exactly right for no
better reason than because he Is
whom he is.
But the first--self..approval-iHl
plies 4 general inner harmony;