davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-26
Aviation Simpliied
Hon Much Does 1t Cost to Operate
an A3rplGne?

THE cost Of operating an airplane
and the rate OF depreciation, Ike
the automobile. depends upon the size
and type of machine
But general idea Of the considera-
con 10 be given after the fist cost"
Is obtained from an estimate prepared
after thorough study by a flying club
which has submitted its findings TO the
aeronauticS branch Of the Department
OF Commerce.
Placing the cost of the plane at
$4,000, which amount of money will
buy small, comparatively light craft,
the estimated hourly cost OF operation
has been worked out as follows:
Gasoline. on the basis of 10 gallons
used per hour al 81 cents a gallon,
s27o; oil, one-half gallon per hour at
s. per gallon, so cents: labor. Is
minutes for each. hour Of flying at SIPS
per hour, 80 cents: overhead, so cents.
The actual cost. therefore, is 81 per
flying hour. Added To this are interest
charges, amortization. insurance and
extraordinary maintenance, amounting
70 81 per hour. bringing the total eSti-
mated cost for 81 500 plane at SIS
per hour
The depreciation is figured out in
four 6-month periods, placing the life
Of the plane at two years by this
method. II Is estimated that the de-
probation viii be so per cent for the
first six months. Is per cent for the
second six months, IS per cent for the
third six months and 10 per cent for
the fourth six months, total Of s2.500
depreciation
In the foregoing figures il will be
noted that the cost for gasoline makes
II possible TO use any fuel of a good
grade on the commercial market which
IS being used by the automobile. The
same applies also TO oil. The planes
Of the s2-500 type and others even
larger, With bigger engines, also use the
automobile gasoline Of the So allied
"hign-test" grade
Special fuels for airplane en- es are
considered only in the power ants Of
large horsepower and where ne COM
preston ratio is high. Tn. fuels are
expensive and usually are' mixed for
the particular engine to he used
Engines with compression ratios of
10 70 and even higher encounter much
difficulty with aviation fuels, and only
recently has :~;ture been worked
Out that viii serve satisfactorily.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-26

machine guns and hand grenades. The
planes were met with heavy rife and
machine gun fire, but the enemy was
completely routed. The casualties In
f11cted are not known, but the strong
hold was promptly abandoned and a
large proportion of the outlaws are
known to have deserted. The loss of
this stronghold was severe blow to the
prestige of SANDING and since that en-
gagement he has never occupied posi-
ton OF any sort.
About two months after the Ell Chi
pote fight, an air patrol discovered
Sandinos column in a wooded ravine
near a place called Murra. Four sue
cessive attacks were made on him in
one day and there Is no doubt but that
severe casualties were again inflicted
THESE three engagements are the only
| ones where the "air forces" has been
able to strike the main forces of San
dino In an offensive action and thew
nave all been in the nature Of indie
pendent air operations. In all three
fights the planes were struck repeatedly
by hostile fire. but no plane was brought
down no pilot was hit and ONLY one
observer was wounded
Following the abandonment of Fl
CIlpotet OH dH paITOl discovered San
dino and his main column consisting
of $50 armed men, in the town of San
Rafael del Norte. AS the horses were
picketed and the bandits gathered In
houses about the plaza, the opportunity
to strike most effective blow was
very great. The planes flew within a
few feet of the ground where the pilots
and observers looked into the muzzles
of the enemy rifles, but not shot was
fired from above.
In passing up the "easy job" which
night have put an end to Sandinos per-
sistent tactics, the Marine flyers had up
permost in mind the policy of the COM
manding general which Is to avoid the
possibility of injury to the lives and
property of innocent persons by re-
framing from attacks on towns. This
Is only one Of numerous cases where
outlaws have been permitted to escape
in the interest Of an humane
doctrine.
The first known case where an air
attack was directed by ground troops
occurred in the mountains where the
late Lieut. Earl Thomas had q forced
landing. A ground patrol was sent to
assist the pilot and his mechanic, but
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-26

meet the aircraft needs with the
fleet,
The O-2-U holds four world
records for speed and altitude. all
made by naval aviators. and with
load Of 1,102 pounds $500 kilogramsl.
One Is for altitude, 22,178 feet, made
here on April IA, 1927, by Lieut..
George r. Henderson; one Is for
speed for 100 kilometers over a
closed course of 1873 miles per
hour, made at Hampton Roads April
10. 1927 by Lieut.. S. W. Galloway.
the third is for speed for 500
kilometers at 1876 miles per hour,
made at Hampton Roads by Lieut..
James D. Barner on April 80, 1927.
and the fourth Is for speed over a
1,000-kilometer closed course at 1870
miles per hour, made May 81, 1927,
by Lieut.. Rutledge Irving also at
Hampton Roads. All these records
exceed former marks by high mar
gins.
The Corsair is manufactured by
the Chance Vought Corporation at
Long Island City, N. Y, which firm
has specialized in the design and
construction of two-seater fleet OBJ
servations for many years.
The single main pontoon and the
wing-tip floats may be removed in
a short space of time and wheels
installed for use on carriers as
scouting planes. The Corsair as a
land plane is used extensively In
Nicaragua by the Marine flyers and
1t was with this type of plane that
Lieut.. Frank Schilt carried out 10
wounded Marines from a narrow
street In Quilali in 10 flights, for
which he was awarded the Congress
sional Medal of Honor.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-26
AWATORS PRAISED
BY MACCRACKEN
Lieuts. Bowes and De Baum
Lauded for Flight With
French Mission.

Lieut.. r. r. (Dick) Bowes and Lieut..
George r. de Baum, naval aviators at
tached to the Naval Air Station at
Anacostia. have been formally and Of
ficially commended by William p Mac
Cracker, jr, Assistant Secretary of
Commerce for Aeronautics, for their
Judgment and ability" displayed dur
ing the period they plotted the mem
bers of the French aeronautical mission
to this country on tour from the At
lantic to the Pacific and back again.
The commentator takes the form of
a letter from Mr.. MacCracken to Ed
ward F. Warner, Assistant Secretary
Of the Navy for AeronauticS, and copies
of this letter have been filed with the
official records of the two pilots. The
letter follows:
In addition to my verbal apprecia-
ton, l want to take this opportunity
to tell you of the praise which the va
ricus members of the French aeronau-
teal mission and Mr. Rogers OF this
department, who accompanied the mis-
sion on its tour of the United States,
expressed for the judgment and ability
Of Lieut.. H. r. Bowes and Lieut.. q. r.
de Baum, who piloted the Navy trans
port on its trip across the country and
back Mr. Rogers tells me that they
fitted in perfectly with the mission
and that 1t was real pleasure to have
them as representatives Of the Navy
at the many dinners and functions
which were extended to the visitors
Personally feel that the plotting
OF a ship of that size over $500 miles
of varied terrain and climate, without
even a minor accident or mechanical
difficulty. was feat of which the Navy
may we'll be proud"
The mission, composed of a dozen
French aeronautical experts. was flown
In a three engined Ford transport de-
tailed to the air station.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-26
PLANE WAR ON GROUND TROOPS
CARRIED OUT SUCCESSFULLY
Marine Flyers in Nicaragua Contribute
Much Help to This Newly Organized
Method of Aerial Tactics.

Aircraft in organized warfare against
group troopsa situation where there
are two parties to the quarrel, the air
plane overhead and the man on the
grOund--haS been SO effectively demon
strated by the Marine flyers in Nicara-
qua that. as far as the SANDING bandits
are concerned, they probably will never
square away for another match of that
sort. Beyond satisfying the Sandinistas
that few airplanes, carrying pilots
and gunners who can shoot straight
are to be avoided, this type of aerial
warfare has echoed around the worlt
as one to be considered in the next
major conflict.
The Marine flyers in Nicaragua have
had two matches with the bandits ou
III the open, and both were such over.
whelming victories for the airplane
that since those occasions. visual re.
connaissanCe. which was discussed ir
this section last Sunday, has becom
extremely difficult.
The Ocotal fight gave the Marine air
men their first opportunity to demon
strate their effectiveness, and this en-
gagement still continues to stand ou
as the most spectacular one of the cam
paign On that occasion, the small Ma
rine and Nicaragua National Guart
garrison. barricaded in two houses nea
the center of the town of Ocotal, wa
besieged by Sandinos forces numbering
more than 600. This serious situation
was discovered by an air patrol.
An organized attack by five planes
and these planes we're Of the old D.
Haviland type of World War days, bu
since replaced by modern craft---wa!
made on the besieging force. The planes
carried machine guns and fragmenta-
ton bombs. The action lasted only 4;
minutes and resulted not only in driving
the bandits from the field with sever,
casualties and raising the siege, but Il
shattered their morale to such an ex'
tent that they never returned to the
vicinity Of Ocotal.
Several months later SANDING gath
cred force about him and intrenchec
and organized a very strong position
on distant mountain known as E
Chipote About 1000 were estimated
in that stronghold Insufficient ground
troops were available to undertake the
assault Of this mountain. Four air.
planes, unsupported by any other force
attacked the outlaw position using frag.
mentation bombs, demolition bombs
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-26

The Corsair Is highly maneuver-
able, high-speed two-seater, which
can outperform single-seater pur-
suit ships at high attitudes. 1t has
top speed as seaplane of close
to 1909 miles an hour. can operate
effectively at $1,000 feet and can
climb to $4,000 feet in 10 minutes.
It's cruising range is more than 500
miles without .refueling. The span
OF the wings is "a feet 6 inches, the
height II feet inches and the
length % feet inches. Fully loaded
for war" 1t weighs about $500
pounds.
The Corsair was designed to take
cooled radial engine of 420 horse
power. The top wing, like the Army
Curtiss Falcon" AS attack planes,
are of the sweep-back type. Three
guns are carried for defensive pur-
poses only, two mounted on
tourelle and operated by the OBJ
server in the rear seat and one
mounted on the top wing, which Is
fired by the pilot. The electricity
for the radio set is generated by
wind-driven generator mounted on
the top wing.
A feature of the planes construc-
ton is its conpactness. The small
fuselage enables more planes of that
type TO be stored aboard cruisers
and battleships when not In use.
This is requirement which the
Navy must insist upon in order to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-26

Thousands Of dollars monthly are
saved by firms who use air mail to
forward bills of lading on cargoes like
silk, Oil and rubber landed at seaboard
points. An Oklahoma oil company ex-
porting through Texas sends all bills OF
lading to New York by air. These car
goes are sold I. O. b. Texas City and
the revenue therefrom begins to draw
interest as soon as bills Of lading reach
New York. Each cargo Is valued at
about quarter of million dollars and
figuring the interest rate at per cent
the company makes $50 in interest on
the two days saving In time to New
York. It costs only cents to send the
bills OF lading by air mail.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-26
NAVY o-2-U FLEET SPoTTER.

Designed and built primarily to
operate from catapults on battle
ships and cruisers. the O-2-U feet
Spotter. also known as the Vought
"Corsair." Is the high and extended
observation post of the fleet.
Fired off the catapults, the o.
Us fly far ahead of the warships
and, taking post near the enemy"
report back by radio the progress of
engagement, noting particularly the
effect Of the shells Of their own feet
on the target. making corrections
and sending back information as to
the movements of sections of the
opposing forces which are out of
vision range of the feet commander.
The messages are received at the
radio station and those pertaining
TO range corrections are rushed to
the fire control station while those
dealing with the movements of the
lighter surface craft on both sides
are rushed to the commanding Of
flcer Of the engagement, all within
the lapse of few moments from
the time of observation by the per-
sonnet of the planes.
Thus battleship or cruiser, with
out seeing its target, is brought
right up to 1t within comparatively
short distance and at the same time
is free from the enemy's guns
provided his fleet spoilers" are kept
out OF the air by opposing pursuit
forces from the carriers.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-26

more than 1900 miles travelled since
the first Of the year and Gen. Fechet
has covered more than u 900 miles.
The flying time of the two officials
was boosted considerably by two long
cross country trips. Both Mr.. Dawson
AND Gen. Fechet few from Washington
to Panama and back earlier in the
year and then Gen. Fechet few up to
Gleenley Island to assist the stranded
transatlantic monoplane Bremen. Mr.
Dawson several weeks ago made an air
trip out TO the Northwest which added
large number Of hours to the log
book
Mr.. Dawson, who was pilot during
the war, frequently flies from WASH
tngton 10 his home in New York State,
taking the plane of at Boiling Field
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-26

were surrounded by the bandits and
were found by an air patrol to be in a
state of siege. Provisions and water
were dropped to the Marines on the
ground by the Marines above. The
ground patrol laid out panels indicating
that the enemy was concealed In the
thick underbrush where they could be
seen neither by the ground nor air pa
trolls, and requested an air attack.
Receiving the message which gave
the location Of the enemy, the planes
bombed and strafed the area indicated
and the situation was relieved. Since
that successful maneuver planes have
been directed by ground troops with
effective results.
From tactical point of view, the
aircraft in Nicaragua have not only
proved to be of valuable support to the
troops In action. but have formed a
powerful, mobile reserve for either the
support Of combat troops or for in.
dependent missions.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-26

and landing II a.
Mitchell Field, Long
islam d. G e n
Fechet is a pilot OF
many years expe-
rience and also
handles his ships
alone.
Both Mr.. Davi-
son and Gen
Fechet have made
1t a practice to
fly ali new type
airplanes developed
and as a result of
this they not only
are abreast Of the
time, but in many
cases obtain more
knowledge a b o u /
the newer craft be-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-26
0PEN-AIR FREIGHT LINE,
Munich and Milan Are Connected
by Aerial Carriers.

Air passenger and freight service be.
tVfeen Munich, Germany, and Milan.
HAY, has been opened, the Department
81 Commerce Is advised by Vice Consul
{. I. IaWadzki at Munich The line
Is operated by the German Luft Hansa
snd the Italian AYlon Lines Italiane.
Inc German company uses three
sng,ned Rohrbach Roland airDianes
while The Italian company employs
three-englned FOkkers. One trip daily
sach way Is made. plane leaves
Munich al $50 m. and arrives at
Milan al 1915, while the Milan craft
leaves ~ 80 and arrives at Munich
81 ! IS m Untll the new airline il
perfected an Intermediate stop Is made
At Trieste, Italy.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-26

son. Assistant Sec
retary of War for
Aviation. and Mai,
Gen. James E.
Fechet, chief Of the
Army Air Corps.
have spent a total
of 3S3 hours in the
air so far this year.
The flying expe-
rience Of the two
officials is divided
as follows: Mr.. Da-
viSon. 10 hours
and "a minutes
and 70 flights; Gen.
Fechet. Gil hours
and Is minutes,
and lat flights.
Mr.. Davison's fly
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-26

fore the Official test pilots have had an
opportunity TO fly them
The reaction OF the flying by the
civil and military heads of Army avia-
ton among the pilots Of the Air Corps
is one Of increased morale. as it is felt
by the "day-in-and-day-out" flyers that
. greater appreciation of their prob
lens is obtained by those who occupy
the seats of highest authority.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-26
AIR CHIEFS SPEND
! MUCH TIME AFL0AT
Dawson and FeChet Have
/ Total of 383 Flying Hours
So Far This Year.

Although required to stay close to
their Official duties in Washington by
the volume of work that is constantly
pressing for attention. F. Trubee Davi-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-26
France Limits Flying Height.

Under the provisions of new air traf-
fic rules in France a single-engined air.
plane cannot fly lower than 5000 feet
over cities of 1907 900 population or more
and multi-engined plane must stay
above 1000 feet,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1928-08-26

ne WcnT1cTn century!
Net Accomplishment
i'm Motor Cars
Rich in the finest qualities of Twentieth Century crafts
manshp.
product crammed with value without single
promise.
Motors which make high compression and tremendous
power practical for the average and driver
Axles which have twenty of experience O
antee their duty to quick and powerful motors
Chassis assembly which achieves consolidation
9th separate qualities of all its parts
Body design with the arch and buttress strength
century's finest bridges
Finished in tailored metal, in all details, throughout.
Value far above and beyond it's price.
This is the Twentieth Centurys accomplishment In
motor
This is what you actually possess i'm the Six Eight
the Century
~ body equipment combinations, standard and Gus
Century Eight, $1825 to $2125. Anprcesf. BID
Watauga Democrat. [volume] (Boone, Watauga County, N.C.) 1888-current, 1928-11-29
BEDTIME STORIES

Br'er Rabbit was seated under a
hickory tree summing himself one
afternoon when something dropped
near him.
"That's hickory nut" he said to
himself. 81 wish Mrs. Squirrel were
here"
"Blimpw Another hickory nut
dropped near Br'er Rabbit and he
looked up to see where it came
from and he saw Mister Jay Bird
sitting on limb
"Hey, you, l wish you would
throw some of those nuts down
when Mrs. Squirrel comes this way.
She knows where there are some
carrots l need and you will help me
a lot by throwing down some nuts
wait, here she comes"
Sure enough, Mrs. Squirrel was
coming down the path, her tail wav-
ing in the breeze.
Good morning, my dear, dear,
Mrs. Squirrel. l am so delighted to
see you," said Br'er Rabbit, bowling
very low.
"Glad to see you, too," said Mrs.
Squirrel.
Just at that moment a hickory nut
banged on Br'er Rabbits head and
he jumped up with an "Ouchw
isn't that just lovely?" said Mrs.
Squirrel. 81 will not have to climb
the tree now, but can stay here and
talk to you"
81 asked Mister Jay Bird to
throw down some nuts for you, but
l didn't tell him to bump me on the
head" whined Br'er Rabbit.
"Well, you see, what is one rab-
bits discomfort is a blessing to me
it often happens that way" re-
piled the lady with the bushy tail.
Watauga Democrat. [volume] (Boone, Watauga County, N.C.) 1888-current, 1928-11-29
Will Lay Cornerstone of
Lutheran Church Today

DR.. H. Brent Schaeffer, president
of Lenoir-Rhyne College, has accept
ed an invitation to preach the SER
mon in connection with the laying
of the cornerstone of the new Lu-
theran church in Boone, which is
rapidly nearing completion. The
service is to be held today at 10
O'Clock in the Episcopal chapel, i'm
mediately following which all will
go to the new church for the laying
of the cornerstone. This is indeed
a fitting way to give thanks, and the
local Lutheran organization is to be
congratulated upon the splendid edi-
flee which they have constructed.
The public is cordially invited to
be present at the service and also
the exercises at the new building.
Watauga Democrat. [volume] (Boone, Watauga County, N.C.) 1888-current, 1928-11-29
DOUBLE Staying IN
CALDWELL MONDAY

The Lenoir News-Topic Monday
says Clyde Crisp, age about Is, and
his brother Charley, aged about 25,
sons of Jasper Crisp of Johns River,
are dead as an aftermath OF bloody
fight which is alleged to have taken
place at the home Of Pink Crisp
near Setzer's Gap late Sunday. The
two Crisp brothers were shot Mon
day morning, it is said, by Otia and
Joel Crisp, their cousins. Clyde Crisp
was killed outright and Charley was
carried to Lenoir hospital, where
he died Monday afternoon.
Otia Crisp and Joel Crisp, sons of
Sh' rman Crisp, have not yet been
The tragedy is claimed to
be the elimination of a fight in
which Pink Crisp and Joel Crisp, has
brother, were worsted The fight
took place late Sunday. Monday,
when the fracas was renewed with
the result that two are dead and two
others are being sought on a charge
of murder
Watauga Democrat. [volume] (Boone, Watauga County, N.C.) 1888-current, 1928-11-29
NORMAL NOTES

Prof. and Mrs. l. G. Greer gave a
folk lore concert at the central
school building a few nights ago.
DR.. B. B. Dougherty has returned
to the Normal after being away for
quite while engaged in the work
of the board of equalization.
Rev. C. H. Myers of Mooresville,
former student here, was at the
Normal last week and conducted de-
votional services and made splen-
did talk to the student body. Rev.
P. A. Hicks was with him.
The Normal has just finished reg
istration for the winter term, and
the number entering at this time
runs the enrolment considerably be-
yond the $50 mark. There were
seven who graduated at the close Of
the fall term. Glass work is getting
well started for this term.
Prof. l. Greer and Mrs. Greer
gave a folklore program before the
ladies' clubs Of Shelby recently.
They were greatly pleased at their
fine appreciative audience and the
splendid attitude of the ladies.
DR.. B. B. Dougherty, member of
the state equalizing board, hands in
the following important facts about
counties receiving some of the equal
izing fund: Teachers salaries,
1928 (for 80 counties, S9,601, 900;
20 per cent for operating expenses,
1881, 200. Total, $11,521, 200.
State valuation go counties) ST.
849,S97,464, at 4Oc, $7,399,5S9.
Normal increase, estimated 5.21 per
cent, 100000. Total equalizing
fund for 1929-3O, $4,721,611.
Equalizing fund required for 1880
81, ($60O,OOO added, $5,321, ,611.
Mr.. Edwin Dougherty, son of Prof.
D. D. Dougherty, is displaying a fine
selection of 26 varieties of county
grown apples in a glass covered case
at the Normal. He secured the Sc
lection from Mr.. George Hayes,
who lives west of town. Mr.. Hayes
says he has rs varieties, nine of
which are on one tree.
Through the kindness of Prof. D.
D. Dougherty, the faculty of the
Normal enjoyed a trip to the rock at
Blowing Rock to see mountain sun
set. This is a privilege not every
one can enjoy. The faculty greatly
appreciates this kind consideration
of Prof. Dougherty.