davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1927-02-18
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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1927-02-18

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The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1927-02-19
Legal Foundations of Capitalism" ;

action and of value and economy as a relation of
man to man."
His definitions of value, property and liberty are
made in the light of bourgeois democratic class
collaboration. Property means anything that can
be bought sold and since ones liberty can be
bought and sold, liberty is assets, and therefore
liberty is property" Commons by defining labor
power property, does away in one blow with the
propertyless class in the United States and makes
everyone property holder including children of the
tender age of five six. Everybody has labor
power to sell and the good capitalist is there to
buy it.
"Vaue lies not in the visible things person but
in the will to acquire to USE to control, to enjoy
and so to get expected benefit of profit out of
things or persons. What we buy and sell is not
things but good will over things, and when we
say that liberty is valuable and liberty is therefore
property, what mean is that the free and bene-
fetal exercise of the will in dealings with nature
and other people is economically valuable and there
fore is property" Thus the exchange value of the
labor power of the worker depends on the good
will of the boss who pays for it because he wants
to control it or use it and is based on the en-
ployers anticipation for the present value not of
physical things but of the hopes of the future
aroused through confidence in the invisible but
expected transactions of the future"
In attempting to bring out the stability of the
captastic order, he points out that whereas under
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1927-02-19

JIMMY WILLIAMS was figuratively crushed
His head was in terrible whirl Of figures, facts
theories and beliefs. The pet platitudes and Amer
icanisms that he had been taught in his high school
had been pinned to earth and dissected-even as a
cat in his biology class has been anatomical. He
cherished these illusions tenaciously these illusions
which had been carefully instilled in him by
patriotic faculty. He, Of old stock Americans
most of whom had never had the opportunity to
acquire some schooling-was most ardent in his ac-
ceptance of the patriotism that had been served
him in ever so many forms in school, Among
group of Indifferent and commonplace students, he
had been outstanding scholar and zealot in
everything that smacked of the military the
least bit coored with red, white and blue. He was
the pride of his mother and the joy of his principal
old bigot of the Andrew Jackson type, without
any of Jacksons pretensons of democracy, kluxer
and an American Legionary
But something was decidedly wrong. He had
stepped into local forum of working and
women, and had listened with dropping jaw, to a
young travelling lecturer tell some Fundamental
facts of the country in which he, Jimmy Williams,
Diamond H. S. 1926, lived. Now he was walking
home, wondering whether it true, what the
speaker had said concerning America, his America,
an America of forespacious lands a gem of the
ocean, and home of brave and free He pondered
worriedly whether the lecturers explanation of
hatred and the use of the church in a community
were worthy of second thought; hTt these
hereses came penetrating into his consciousness Ii c
morning through dirty glasses. He recalled ton
easily the various picturesque epithets that his fatl
er applied to the "Hunkies and Polacks" with whon
he worked side by side in the company-owned coal
mining town of Diamond. He could too wildly
member the chuckling, abysmal, rather con-
tempt with which his father held the diggers, whom
he helped fleece in his position checker in the mne
He thought furiously, and strove manfully to bring
some order into the chaos which had been his con-
tented mental life; but the crumbling Of his pastv
illusions could no more be withheld than the
in its daily journey. Poor Jimmy! Even his quiet
home did not look the he entered the dim
hallway. And surely, with certain precision the
Herculean axeman, Truth, was demolishing his
false gods.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1927-02-19
By JOHN r. COMMONS

the feudal system differences between the king and
the barons were settled by war; in bourgeois demo-
cracy the subject person is not permitted to choose
any alternative when once the superior person has
decided when the decision of the competent
official whether executive legislative or judicial is
once made, the subject or official must obey of
course" Professor Commons seems to forget the
American revolution or the Civil War when in spta
OF the decision of King George in one case and the
ballot box in another case the Subjects" resorted
to arms to settle existing differences on the econ
omic field. Just as the physiocrats based their
economic theory on the divine order, so does the
author in this base his theory on the democratic
state
The state is what the officials do, and what
they do Is to proportion the behavior of citizens bv
offering inducements in the directions which they
consider important and away from directions which
they reprobate" The question is, where do these
OFFICIALS come from, who puts them into power
how come they approve high tariffs to protect the
steel trust the sugar trust, and other trusts and
that they reprobate measures to protect the farm
ers who constitute large portion Of the IT, S. popu-
lation.
The state, according to Commons, is tool in the
hands of each citizen "To the extent that the
individual is clothed with the sovereign power of
the state does he rise from the nakedness of slave
into the armament of citizen, and his going
concern rises from a conspiracy into corporation
1t is these substantive powers and remedial powers
that modern capitalism its power of expan-
sion, for it is they that enable the businessman
who is citizen of great enduring nation to extend
his sway from the arctic to the amarillo from occi-
dent to orient"
There you are-imperialism in a nutshell
merely due, according to Commons to the estate"
which is GROUP of officials" that give every
citizen chance to exploit the rest of the world
To sum up, the capitalistic system is stable and
permanent, the supreme court balances the rela-
tons between the social forces of society that ex-
change value is nothing definite but based on the
speculative anticipation of the businessman and
that everybody in u s. is property holder because
every individual has labor-power to SELL
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1927-02-19
Reviewed By ]. Shafer.

This book deserves a review for two reasons:
First because Commons is known as liberal labor
economist; second, 1T is a treatise on economic
theory written from the point of view of a class
colaboratonist who wants to perpetuate present
capitalistc system Unionsts and students of labor
problems have a high regard for the author because
of his relations to the mems clothing industry
and his book, "The History of American
Labor" Hence it becomes important to explain the
authors attempt justify and glorify the present
capitalistic system under the cloak OF economic
science.
He arrived at his theory through experience with
the u S. courts in his attempts to draft bills on
labor legislation and protective measures for the
small businessman against the trusts. AS he put it,
"This led to testing of economic and legal theories
in the drafting of bills assistant to legisla-
tive committees in Wisconsin. 1t this
perence that led directly to the theoretical problems
of this book We had to study the decisions of the
courts, if the laws to be made constitu-
tional and that study into the central questions
what do the courts mean by reasonable value?"
Thus the science Of economics expounded by
Commons is not the study of the system of pro-
duction and distribution of wealth in given society
arrived at through historical analysis of the
means of production and economic forces resulting
from them and their change, but study of u S.
Supreme Court decisions. The decisions of the big
corporation lawyers who usually sit on the Supreme
Court and who decide legal questions in favor Of
the big interests the sources of his economic
theory.
Then what is economics according to Commons
at is science Of probabilities of official and pri
vate transactions in utilizing both human and
tural resources for ethical, economic, and public
purposes" In other words it becomes branch of
business psychology, purely speculative; the actions
of social economic forces controlled by the de-
cisions of the Supreme Court expectations of
such decisions in the light Of previous experience
His theory is the so-called political theory. It
starts not with commodities but with purposes of
the future rules of conduct that give rise to rights
and duties, liberties private property, governments
and associations" . Theory of human will in
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1927-02-19
By SIMMONS GUINNE

a few herded, bovine "Polaeks" whose life on this
earth a sordid hell
Reflecting thus, he made his way to the church,
found his way up the pine stairs to the belfry
and laboriously clambered through the trap-door
to the roof, which sloped upward sharply to the
steeple. He arranged his basket" with deliberate
care, so that it might face the purple mountains
instead of the smudgy district in which most of
Diamond toiled, and set to work.
Morning frightened into an acute whteness
sharply intensified by the rolling grayness of the
mines and its environs; and still Jimmy swung
gently in his basket plying his brush with the alb
sent air of who is thinking. With the coming
cf mid-afternoon came abating in his efforts
akin to the diminishing of the strength of a pendu-
um of a grandfather clock that has not been wound
for many days Now he merely sat with the brush
IN his lap. staring dreamily at purple and green
hills osciating gently in the light autumn breeze
his basket making the least bit of musical creak
it swayed back and forth. swayed max
sleepy. and this gentle swaying nice
so nice.
Suddenly he jerked to full consciousness by
the music of picks and shovels Steeples were dane
ing, flord men in black frocks brandished little
black books. and ever the miners were digging,
digging, digging with the relentless fury of men
possessed, their picks and drills beating a strange
tattoo which kept remarkable time with the de-
n'oniac humping that threatening to pound
his breast-bone to pieces.
"Ah, those godamn fool Polacks going to that
church. Don't they know it's all false false the
whole rotten thing. .
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1927-02-19

He was still bordering one warm Monday in
September, month later. (Now, however he
proudly confessed to reading Ingersoll and some
guy "Bookherin," he called him. His former teach
ers and his preacher had already learned to cover
their ears when he started on his bland, sincere
hereses; they sure that it was only passing
stage to be suffered along with the other little
idosyncrasies of YOUTH. Today, he reflected, he
was going to paint the steeple of the company
church wherein, every Sunday, a company-paid
preacher held forth the blessings of heaven to
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1927-02-19
ODE TO CHINA
BY ADOLF WOLFF

China
You have arisen
From the slumber of centuries.
You stand up straight
Stretching your mighty limbs
Like an awakened giant.
China
''ou are emerging
From the slough of feudalism
Won are breaking the chains of traditio
Il are shaking off
"aa alien vultures
no have been feeding
Upon your PROSTATE body
China
Your towering form
Rising against the sky
Of the red dawn
Casts a long shadow
Warming of doom
To all despoilers.
China
Won are sounding the death-knell
Cf Imperalism's sway
Your Victory
Is the promise of liberation
OF all oppressed peoples.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1927-02-19

It is the next Sunday. The preacher has just
completed terrifying on retribution as
exemplified by the death Of Jimmy Williams A
few men listen and dimly doubt; others do not
listen and do not care. But everywhere among
the rough-skinned, dull-eyed audience there is
sort of powerful restlessness, like the nodding of
tall grasses in the breeze, the motion of cattle
herd when the clouds become a stormy black
New Britain herald., 1927-01-12
ZION CHURCH UPSET;
 PASTOR UNDER FIRE
Presiding Elder and Committee of Ministers To Meet Here This
 Eyening-Charges Secret

A hearing will be held in the A. M. E. Zion church tonight on seer { charges, said to have been ti<d against the pastor, Rev. L. F. Aston according to reports. H. w. Brew CT of this city, president of the offi- cial board, admitted that charges had been filed. When told what the charges were said to be, MT. Brewer neither affirmed nor denied them.
 Rev. s. w. Weller of Middletown, presiding elder, admitted that a committee would meet here tonight 10 hear certain charges but flatly refused to make any further con- mcnt.
 q have not been informed what the charges are, neither have I been told whether or not there will be a meeting" said the local min ister. this afternoon.
 There are two factions In the Zion church, which have been op- posing each other for some time, and the hearing here tonight is said to be move on the part of one faction to oust the minister.
New Britain herald., 1927-01-12
MEDIUM IN !.
 WORLDS HISTORY
Harry C. White Speaker at
 Woman'S Club Meeting

An address of exceptional interest on the Wonders of Electricity" was presented before the Woman's club yesterday by Harry c. White of the educational department of the Gen. era. Electric Co.
 The speakers apparatus and H. illustrative material were of excep- tional reality and worth. In consid- ering the marvels of electricity in lighting, there were exhibited a rare lamp, used in ancient pagan times, one of the early Christian era, an iron lamp of the middle ages. a whale oil lamp of colonial times. the first incandescent lamp. spoken of by Edison, it's inventor as the greatest lamp ever made" the most power full lamp in existence, the master lamp of 125,0 900 candle power, and the smallest lamp, so invaluable in surgery, though but one millionth of tn power of the master lamp"
 Continuing, the speaker discussed the x-ray and it's services: the ultra violet ray of such marvellous value in medicine, termed sunshine man. ufactured by mem" the cathode ray, that disintegrating, tissue breaking force; and other phases and uses of electricity
 Demonstrations of the character of forked lightning were given from a powerful generator. formerly the possession of the great Dr. Stein- metz. Other interesting experiments showing the presence of electricity in bodies in the vicinity of the gen. orator were made.
 Accompanying Mir. Whites discus sion of electricity were fascinating "reminiscences of his famous associ- ates, Steinmetz and Edison, and in- terspersed throughout were broad deductions on the life of a thinker and philosopher.
 MT. Whites attitude towards his subject was that of an artist, fas- cinated with his work and enamored with the possibilities of it's future. It is his belief that in the near future will be mastered the great fundamental principles upon which the service of electricity to mankind depends, and that the potentialities in harnessed electricity will eventu- ally eliminate the possibilities of war.
 A social hour followed the ad- dress.
New Britain herald., 1927-01-12
FINDS NO PLACE
 FOR 'SNObS' HERE
Community Spirit Needed, Min
 iSter Tells KiWanianS

l "The service club is a modern
 realization of higher social ideals, '' said Rev. Samuel A. Fiske of Berlin in an address to the members of the Kiwanis club at the Burritt hotel today.
 Mir. Fiske stated that the club Is organized for service to the com munity and not for selfish motives of bringing distinction or advantage to the individual.
 T want to protest against any man joining a service club who eX- poets to get profit from he club. who lets it end with what he gets out of it.
 "We are here for better pur- pose than simply fellowship and in- dividual help. Every man should learn to get in order that he may give, he should learn to be in order that he might do; he should learn to become in order that he may serve.
 Many people get for their own satisfaction. Getting for purely sel- fish purposes cannot advance the in- dividual life of any citizen. The man who gets and seeks to get only, gets today and gets tomorrow until his life becomes a morgue into which all the grist of his life is poured and he never gets any satisfaction.
 The life of the pure getter is like a grist mill, everything is grist for his own selfshness. All he gets in the end is a plot of ground six feet deep and he can't take that with him. If he did it might melt.
 "The man who doesn't know how to share with others is the man who doesn't know how to live. He is a man who is entitled to sympathy. A man cannot do much unless he has q background of character and social responsibility. The man who doesn't conceive that his heart, intellect and will are powers to be developed is missing the mark. We have intel lectual faculties, moral tendencies and the will to do, which must be developed. We should use them to foster everything which tends to raise the moral tone of the com- munity.
 Without a certain humiliation that comes with a feeling of intel lectual need, there comes a tenden- cy to snobbishness. There is no place in New Britain for the snob. We must be the best that men may be- come.
 we must become in order that We might serve. Through the develop ment of all these things we arrive at the point from which we serve. We become-throuSh sympathy, self de- matchmaking the most of ourselves, we become something men shall rec ognize with credit and honor.
 Social clubs will become what they ought to be when the individuals who compose them will fit them- selves in order that they may be of service to the community"
 Attorney Donald Gaffney was elected a delegate to accompany District Trustee Arthur Berg to Memphis. Tenn, next June to the convention. r. w. Pape and H. NJ. Martin were elected alter mates.
New Britain herald., 1927-01-12
No Interest Shown in
 Street Oiling Program

Despite the fact that the hearing for property owners who would be assessed for the street oiling pro- gram now before the board of pub lie works had been advertised by City Engineer Joseph Williams. no owners of property on the streets appeared last evening at the regu- lar weekly meeting of the board. It was voted by the body to authorize the city engineer to appear before the common council with a list of property owners to be assessed and in some cases to request 3 reduction in assessment
 Three light permits were granted by the board, one for Crowells drug store, one for Church street bowling alley and one located on Arch tsreet.
 A petition for the installation of sidewalks on both sides of Hay street was heard by the board and it was voted to grant the property owners on that street hearing aft CT the budget had been approved.
 The next meeting of the board will be held on Tuesday evening, January IS and the budget will be up for discussion by the body.
New Britain herald., 1927-01-12
SCOTS ID OBSERVE
 BURNS BIRTHDAY
Banquet and Concert at Burritt
 Hotel on January 20

Invitations have been mailed by the Burns club for the 18th annual dinner, concert and dance. in honor of the birthday of Scotland's poet, Robert Burns, to be held in the Bur ritt hotel, Thursday evening, January 20 at o'clock.
 The Rev. Samuel Sutcliffe will de- liver an address on The Wealth of Burns"
 The artists for the concert will be Mrs. Ruth Goodrich Horton, so- prona: Mrs. Jane Sartori Futile, con- tralto, Charles H. J. Stuhlmann, tenor; Arthur E. Howard. bass.
 A special feature of the occasion will be professional highland danc- ing in costume by q wee lady of about eight summers. H. M. Pipe Major. Jimmie Tait will play the bag pipes for this special number. Jimmie" has an enviable world war record, but will not admit it.
 Real Scotch lassies will wait on table. Owing to the limitations of the hotel dining room. attendance is by invitation only, much to the regret of the club committee. After expenses are paid the bal anco is given to local charities.
New Britain herald., 1927-01-12
HIGHER BUDGET
 FOR PARK BOARD
Expansion in Service to Require
 Larger Appropriation

A slightly higher budget will probably be asked by the park board for the fiscal year 1927-192S, and at meeting tonight the com- missioners will give consideration to the park needs and attempt to ar rive at figure. The increase is oc- casioned by expansion in the park services. necessitating larger appro- priations.
 Public amusement enterprises now handled by special commits sion will not be transferred to the park board this year as had been contemplated, the charter revision committee having adjourned it's meeting without making any pro- vision therefor. City officials have looked upon such a plan as practi- cable since many of the functions now supervised by the public amusements commission take place in city parks. It had been suggest ed that the park board be enlarged by addition of the commissioners now serving on the other board.
New Britain herald., 1927-01-12
NO DEPUTY CHIEFS IN FIRE DEPT,
Defective Wording Found in Or.
 dinanCe to Be Corrected

Legally the city of New Britain is without either first or second dep- uty fire Chief. it was learned at a meeting of the fire board last night when Chief William c. Noble read an ordinance recommended by the ordinance committee and passed by the common council and mayor which provided for a permanent fire chief and an acting assistant chief.
 On investigation it was found that the amendments passed by the or dinance committee at recent meet ing and sent to corporation counsel Judge John H. Kirkham. were added to an old ordiance which was in eff feet in 1919.
 The ordinance was referred to the common council which passed it. It was approved by Mayor Weld and became a law. When they learned of this error. Chairman David L. Nair of the ordinance committee and Corporation Counsel Kirkham went into conference today and de- cided to recommend the repeal of the law at the meeting of the coun- cil next Wednesday evening.
 In the meantime, First Deputy Chief Eugene F. Barnes and Second Deputy Chief Michael Souney are holding their positions Illegally, according to strict interpretations.
 The incorrect ordinance reads as follows:
 The Fire Department of said city shall consist of permanent chief. 6 permanent captain and acting assist ant chief engineer, not more than nine permanent captains, and not more than nine permanent lieuten- ants, one permanent third year hose man and acting mechanic and not less than twenty -nine,~ ,~nor more than thirty mine hQsemen. There shall be not less than sixty, nor more than scventy-tive privates.