davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1927-02-06
THE WAY THE WORLD IS GOING
What Is Fascism? Whittier Is 1t Taking Italy!

Is Fascism the invention and weapon OF
Mussolini or is Mussolini the creature OF
Fascism?
Is Fascism something that would die if
he died or is it something that would have
played its part in the world if that eminently
theatrical figure had never been born?
No doubt that under its present nano and
as an organization Fascism from its very be
ginning has been most intimately associated
with Mussolini. But, though it has kept its
name and it's leader, it has changed its nature
very completely since it's appearance seven
years ago. Beginning as something of a nov
city its has abandoned every novel pretenslon
it ever made. This reality that has taken
the name and organization of Fascism
fully vocal in Italy before the war, and its
spiritual father is d'Annunzio. 1t active
and armed for the Fiume raid. while Musson
was still encout9g1ng crowds to loot shops
men and land for the peasants
Spirit Expressed in Poetry of 1912
This spirit in Italy, which Mussolini did not
create but which he has studied. adopted and
used to Chamber to his present fantastic posi-
ton of italian tyrant had already found lit
erary expression in the "futurist" poetry OF
Marinetu early 1912 and 1913. j can
remember that rich voice in London at some
dinner of the Poetry Society long before the
war, reciting, shouting, the limitations or
violence, of an Italy that would stand no
nonsense, that abjured the past and claimed
the future, that exulted in the thought ana
tumult of war, that was aEstocIatc. intoler.
ant, proud, pitiless and above all 'futurlst
In those days Mussolini was just the sort or
fellow that present-time Fascist would spend
a happy evening in waylaying and beating to
death. He was pactfist, Soclailst OF inc
extreme left, and he had made himself con-
spicuous by leading agrarian revolt the red
week, in Ronagna.
Even in 1919 Mussonf had not found the
real soul and substance of his party, and the
youthful violence of Italy had still to discover
it's organizer and god. The early Fascist pro
gram read over again now, seven years latel,
s almost incredibly contradictory of all that
Fascism now procaims. 1t was republican,
pacifist; it demanded the abolition OF tlles,
freedom of the press, freedom of ASSOCIATION
freedom of propaganda, census OF wealth,
confiscation of unproductive capital. suppress
sion of banks and stock exchanges, grants Oh
land to peasant soviets and so forth. 1t was
in fact a new organization of Socialist eN
tremists, outside the trade union and peasant
classes. - >,
But it's strength lay not in its ideas, but i'll
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1927-02-06
BY I'll. G.. WELLS.

the ability with which it was organized. 1t
set about its work from the beginning with a
melodramatic picturesqueness that seized upon
adolescent imagtnations. 1t aggressive,
adventurous, quarrelsome and impacable after
the heart of youth. 1t was, in a word, great
lark. But 1t put the rampant Italian futurtstS
into uniform and taught them a Roman
salute. 1t veloped a feud with the Socialists
and the Populfst party. 1t glasped an i'm
mense opportunity at the municipal elections
of 1920, when it supported, and in return had
the connivance of. the Golitti ministry. 1t
supplied convenient bands of young roughs to
intimldate electors. 1t got arms In some secret
but effective fashion, and q properly instructed
police dealt with 1t in a spirit Of friendly la&ity.
And when next year it had become actual
party represented in the Chamber it turned
against it's foster father. Giolitti, which served
that venerable statesman right.
The early program had dropped out of sight
by that time-it would be forgotten altogether
were 1t not for the obstinate memories of
antagonists like Sturzo and Nitti-and Musso-
lini was feeling his way steadily toward the
poses and professions that would most fully
satisfy the cravings of the more energetic and
adventurous sections of Italian youth. lie mas
emerged at last in a role that d'Annunzo could
have written for him Is years ago, the role of
the INSCRIPTIONS, magnificent Savior and Re
maker of a Hairy, Heroic Italy.
Guided by Instinct of Actor.
AS late as 1919 he had still been flirting with
extreme Sociastc ideas; it was only with the
fall of Giotti that he moved definitely over to
patriotism, nationasm, religious orthodoxy
and conservatism. ] would not charge him
with cunning ana calculated SelI-Seekliis III
this change of front. He seems to have been
guided by the quick instinct of the born actor
and demagogue for what would take" rather
than by any Ineligible reasoning to throw
himself and all his resources into the forms
demanded by romantic reaction.
The forces of romantic reaction had been in
capable of producing organization, but they
were prepared for melodramatic devotion. They
had no great leader except an elderly poet of
literary habits, unhappily lacking in hair and
a little exhausted by aviation and Fiume, and
they cried out for hero in the full vigor of
life The Fascist organization, with the very
little modification needed to scrap all the origi-
nal principles, gave them the first, and Musso.
lini was only too ready to take his cue and
come forward into the limelight the second.
One need only study few of the innumerable
photographs of Mussoni with which the world
is now despatched to realize that he is
resultant and no original. That round forcible-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1927-02-06

feeble face is the popular actors face in per
lection. 1t stares. usually out of some pseuuo'
heroic costume under helmet for choice, with
eyes devoid of thought or intelligence and an
expression of vacuous challenge. "Wen, what
have YOU got against me? l deny it.
1T is the face of man monstrouslY vain ana
at the mere first rustic of a hiss-afraid Not
physically afraid, not of the assassin who turks
i'm the shadows, but afraid, in deadly fear, OF
the truth which walks by day. The murders
and outrages against opponents and critics that
lie like trail of blood upon his record are the
natural concomitants of leadership by man
too afraid of Self-reallZation to endure the Idce
of antagonist.
Away with them. Nitt Amendola F'orni,
Misuri. Matteotti Salvemini, Sturzo. Turatl;
Away with all these men who watch ana
criticize and wait. What they waiting for?
Not of these names of men beaten, eXlied
or fouliy done to death which is not the name
of a better man than this posturing Inquire
which holds the stage in Italy. And the
supreme sin of each one of them has been the
Notwithstanding comment, the chill and pene'
trating eye.
In truth Mussoini has made nothing in Italy.
He is a product of Italy. morbid product.
Italians ask: What should we have done
without Mussolini?" And the answer is: You
would have got another" What is drilled
and disciplined Fascism existed before him
and will go on after him. If he were to die,
FasciSm would not have the least difficulty IN
finding among the rich resources OF Italy a
successor as dramatic and rhetorical; it's diff
Guilty would be that it would probably find too
many successors.
Fascism Aims Are Open.
What then, is this reality of Fascism. which
initiates this strange being and allows him for
a little while to do much violence the
tyrant of Italy? What complex of forces
sustains him?
One power of Fascsm is that it is the first
entrance of an organized brotherhood upon the
drama of Italian politics.
1t is only apparently oneman tyranny.
There IS considerable reason to suppose that
organized brotherhoods maintaining a certain
uniformity of thought and action over large
areas and eXacting a quasreligious devotion
within their membership, going to play
increasingly important part in human affairs.
Secret societies there have always been in Italy,
but Fascism is not secret society; il is an
association with open and declared aims. 1t
discusses its activities in big meetings and
regulates them through a press.
Continued on Eleventh Page
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1927-02-06
TARIFF AUTONOMY FOR CHINA
FAVORED In U. S., SAYS BURTON
Ohio Representative Declares Vast Ma jorty Also Ap.
prove Abolition of Exiraterritorial Tribunals,
If Safeguards Are Provided.

toms districts to protect against graft
and inefficiency.
In every proposition that has been
made for tariff autonomy the aboli
ton of these annoying likin imposts
has been agreed upon by Chinese as
well as foreigners. but the ability OF
any existing government to do away
with them is questionable.
AS regards extraterritorial jurisdic
ton, there has been a marked tenden
cy toward abolition of this right by
the more civilized powers in other
countries, and it is only natural that
this exemption should be extended tC
China. Again, there are serious diff
ficulties in the way. The Chinese
have no established code of laws. save
in few categories. Such laws as are
enforced in courts are the results OF
mandates from the President, or regu
lations adopted by the department
of justice, and these are subject to
constant changes.
Rule of Force Vital Feature.
The leading feature of the situation
is the rule of force in China. The
courts and administration functions
are dominated by military leaders
Wide areas are under the domination
of some dozen military despots who
are bitterly antagonlstic toward each
other, though probably favoring Chi.
nese independence.
Several points should be emphasized
First, the Government of the United
States is by no means to blame for the
delay in meeting the demands of the
Chinese. AS soon as the treaty relat.
ing to China was ratified by all the
powers who met at the Washington
conference our Secretary of State took
immediate steps for the converting of
the commissions provided for. There
was favorable progress, including sub.
stantial agreement that additional du.
ties should be levied at once and that
absolute tariff autonomy be effective
January /, 1929, but, under a change
in control at Picking, the Chinese
withdrew from the conference
But the most important of all is the
difficulty of dealing with any govern
ment or agency in China which can
act for the whole country. The most
aggressive and the most powerful fac
ton is no doubt that which is known
as the Cantonese movement They
are the disciples of Sun Vat Sen, whose
three principles may be expressed as
nationality, democracy and the eco.
nomic improvement of China. In a
conversation of the writer with Sun
Vat Sen in the latter part of 1919 he
was asked If there was any possibility
of the northern and southern portions
Of China uniting. He replied: Yes. If
they agree to my terms" and soon
after that he gave out a statement
that it would be better to have war
than to submit to the rule of Picking.
1t is well for those of our citizens
who are prone to criticize their own
country that they should have an APP.
probation of the very serious diff.
culties which stand in the way of
granting to China that which our
people would most willingly grant
them.
(Copyright 1927
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1927-02-06

But the two general types Off
reformers remain what they
have always been-the small,
quiet, conscientious group of
those who back up their words
by their works; and the noisy,
unpleasant and selfish group
who criticize conditions as they
are, but do nothing by their lives
to make conditions better.
Before accept any mans
criticism at face value, want to
know Of him:
Is he supporting a wife and
children? Is he as good hus-
band and father, on the whole, as
the men he is denouncing?
Does he pay taxes and vote?
Is he as good citizen as those
whom he assails?
Does he meet his pay roll reg
uIarly and treat his employees
we'll? Is he as good an employer
as those whom he would over
throw?
II he does not meet these tests,
then though he speak with the
tongues of angels, he does not
interest me, and | will not leave
my book at night to go out to a
hall and listen to him.
Why was il that with all his
faults we loved Theodore Roose-
Welt so we'll? He preached at US
disturbineIy, but he practiced
what he preached.
In his zeal to make US better,
he did not neglect the duty of
being a good father and good
citizen out at Oyster Bay.
This truth was written many
years ago:
"If any man say u love God
and hateth his brother he is a
liar; for he that loveth not his
brother whom he hath seen, how
can he love God whom he hath
not SEEM
That's the real acid test of
reformers to me. Before they
tell me how much they love God
and the race, I'd like a chance
to ask them, please: First, how
do you stand at homer"
, 1927
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1927-02-06

HUNDRED and fifty
" years ago there lived a
Il man who wrote splen-
< \ did book.
The title was 1.-THE Friend of
Men,; and the progressive ele-
ments in France and England
hailed it as an important con-
tribution to their cause.
What sort of man was the
author, the Marquis of Mira
beau?
He did his best to ruin the
career of his son, the great
Mrabeau.
He kept his wife locked up in
an asylum the greater part of
her life, while he lived with an
other woman.
He prosecuted his daughter
and reviled his second son.
In his study, locked away from
the world, he could dream fine
dreams Of universal kindness
and friendship, but in actual life
the "Friend of Men," as Carlyle
said, "was the enemy of almost
every man he had to do with.
have known a good many
reformers in my life, and have
found them an interesting study.
OF course, as class, they are
not as interesting as reformers
were two hundred or three hun
dred years ago, and for the
simple reason that there is now
no danger nor Inconvenience at
tached to the profession.
When a man ran the risk Of
being burned at the stake or
losing his head on the block for
the sake of corrections, he COM
PEELED certain admiration
whether one agreed with him or
not.
But the modern reformer runs
no such risks. He may denounce
the rich until he is out of breath
and the penalty is only applause.
He may thunder away at the
church or the state, and instead
Of mourning any sacrifice he
wakes up to find his picture in
the Sunday papers.
fconvri,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1927-02-06
IN ono NILES OF FEDERAL-AID
ROADS FINISHED OR UNDER WAY
Tenth Year of Systems Operation Finds More
Than $1,000, 100000 Spent TO
Improve Highways.

the Nation, as may easily be realized
when it is borne in mind that the
Federal.aid system includes less than
200 900 miles of the total 100000
miles of roads existing throughout the
United States
"All have been selected" says Di-
rector Macdonald, "by the constituted
State and Federal highway officials as
essential links of a system adequate
for the accommodation of interstate
traffic.
Thus there are definite signs that
the Federal-aid system is making
notable additions to the country's
highway mileage in sections where
good roads are needed most and least
likely to be built without extra assist
ance.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1927-02-06
BY THEODORE e. BURTON,


The overwhelming majority of the
American people believe in granting
the demands of the Chinese for tariff
autonomy and the abolition of extra
territorial tribunals, if safeguards be
afforded and there be a responsible
government with which to deal.
AS regards tariff, no one can deny
that a country should have control
of rates of duties imposed upon i'm.
ports or upon exports. China has been
restrained from exercising an I'M
doubted right by treaties and regula-
tons dating back to the 40s.
Obstacles to Agreement.
The obstacles to an agreement are:
First, the adoption I'm China of nu-
merous vexatious regulations which
hamper commerce, such as the likin
or transportation dues levied by va
rious provinces, consumption duties
on imports and production imposts on
exports established by the Cantonese
government; second, the fact that by
specific agreements loans to China are
tosbe repaid from customs collections.
There can be no assurance that these
loans Will be paid until there is a
responsible Chinese government and
thus foreign commissioners have
been assigned in the respective Gus.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1927-02-06

Lowly scale insects and species of
moth are aiding farmers of Australia
in saving $4,000, 900 acres of land from
the prickly pear blight. After five
years of experimenting, in which $40,
900 was spent, the farmers now see
chance for victory. After many
tests three strains of the insect and
the moth have been liberated to de-
stroy the prickly pear, which, for 25
years, has been spreading at the rate
of l 600 900 acres a year.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1927-02-06
Hungary Has Plans
For Electrified Line

Hungary's finances are in excellent
shape and about $50 miles of railroad
are in prospect of being electrified. 1t
is hoped first to electrify the line
from Budapest to the Burgenland.
over which run the Vienna trains, and
which has probably more traffic than
any other line In this section of .Eu-
rope. 1t is planned to build large
modern station at Kelenfeold B. sub
urb of Budapest. The government
also is enabled to render financial aid
to the small farmers who have ac-
quired plots under the land purchase
plan put through by the government
to satisfy the demand of many Hun
garians 70 ON the land which they
worked. Il
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1927-02-06
WESTERN HOLD ON CHINA
+ SEEN AT BREAKING POINT
Britain Chief Loser in Uprising, But U. 5.
and Other Powers May Be Hit by
Wave of NatiOnalism.
BY FRANK III. SIMONDS.

THE events which are now at
tracing the attention Of the
world to China must fairly be
4 comnared with the circum-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1927-02-06
First Dry Amendment.

The first amendment proposing pro-
hibition was offered in Congress in
1876 by Blair of New Hampshire. For
30 years there was little indication
of sentiment in favor of the proposed
amendment and few resolutions We're
introduced for it. From 1896 until
1908, there was no effort in the Con-
eress to obtain such a constitutional
amendment But after 1912, many
resolutions were proposed to dry up
the nation consthutionally. and they
multiplied until r1nally the matter was
submitted to the States by Congress.
The proposal for constitutional
amendment for woman suffrage ran
long course befove it finally became
part of the basic law. Mr.. Blair of
New Hampshire, who sponsored the
prohibition amendment. was also a
sponsor of the suffrage proposal in
early days.
The proposal to limit the service of
any man as President of the United
States to one term has taken many
forms. In some resolutions tho limi-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1927-02-06
The Acid Test. for Reformers
BY BRUCE BARTON

HUNDRED and fifty
years ago there lived a
man who wrote a splen-
did hook.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1927-02-06

Continued on Eleventh Page.)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1927-02-06

Europe Watching Z. ;.
And, as a consequence, all Europe
is watching us carefully and Britain
most closely. If we withdraw our ma
tionals, refrain from any forcible ac-
ton. then our course will be put down
to the sei1sn desire to p3t-ee. oar
future and to play a lone hand in the
East. IT. on the other hand, we should
DE led or brought to share in any mill
tary operation, even TO defend our
nationals. European policy would be
modified.
For nearly a generation, and par
ticularly during the last decade. the
Continued on Fourth kage.l
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1927-02-04

ket values of Nickel Plate, Chesa-
peake and Ohio and Pcre Marquette
railroad shares.
Grand Forks--Amcrican Turkey
Breeders association, first national
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1927-02-04
STATE AFFAIRS
COMMITTEE IS
SPLIT ON BILL
Will Present Report to Senate
on Governors Flour
Label Bill

The North Dakota senate will re-
ceive two reports on Governor Sor-
lies flour label bill.
Late Thursday afternoon the state
affairs committee, which has had the
bill under consideration for the last
two weeks, split hopelessly over the
bill and decided on a divided report
One report will recommend the bill
for passage as further amended al
the suggestion Of Senator Whit.
man, Grand Forks county, who intro.
duced the bill. The other will rec
ommend "indefinite postponement.'
AS few members Of the committee
were absent Thursday, leaders were
unable to state which report would be
the majority report. However, it is
believed the recommendation fOl
passage will be the majority report.
Whitman's Amendment
Whitman's amendment eliminates
the provision that the label on all
flour offered for sale in the state
must show the state in which the
wheat was produced. The measure
had already been amended to leave
out the requirement that the percen.
tage of protein in the wheat must be
stated.
The amendments were adopted owe,
the strong objections of Senators p
J. Murphy, Walsh county; S. j. At.
kins, Towner county; and w. II
Porter, Cavalier county, all Independ.
ents.
Murphy asserted that Whitman.
amendments took the "mcat" from
the bill. "The bill doesn't mean any.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1927-02-04
Civilian InSular
Officer Proposed
For Territories

Washington, Feb. 4-tP)-C Creation
of a new civilian insular office, to ad-
minister the territorial governments
Of the Philippines, Porto Rico, the
Virgin Islands, Guam and Samoa is
proposed in bill prepared by Chair
man Willis of the senate territories
committee, as an outgrowth of the
Carmi Thompson investigation in the
Philippines.
Porto Rico and the Philippine Is
lands now arc under the administra-
ton Of the war department and the
other three territories are under the
navy department. The Willis bill
would leave Hawaii and Alaska in
their present status, under the inter
ior department.
Under the measure the insular Of
flee would be presided over by a
director, who would be outside all
the present executive departments
and would report directly to the presi-
dent.
In his annual message to congress
last fall President Coolidge said the
time apparently was approaching
when the Philippines would have to
be transferred from military to civil
ian control
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1927-02-04
TOO MANY LAND
OWNERS AREN'T
REAL FARMERS
Those Who Know the Game
Are Prosperous, Says SEN
atOr Ole Ettestad

Senator Ole Ettestad, McHenry
county. is one farmer who doesn't be-
lieve that his troubles can be rene
died by legislation.
The recent debate on the bill to
furnish feed and seed to farmers
whose crops have been hit by drouth
revealed the McHenry county SEN
ator's views on the troubles of the
farmer,
u He went back to the beginning of
settlement of North Dakota in his
attack on the measure. 1t was then
that the whole trouble began, he said
The fault was that there was no
regulation of the class Of settlers
who claimed the farm lands, he told
the senate. The farm lands Of the
state were taken mostly by school
teachers, newspaper men, white
collar workers. and others, Ettestad
asserted. He said that but few real
farmers first came to the state, but
those that did are now prospecting.
The others who tried to farm only
got their lands heavily mortgaged for
the next newcomers, Ettestad assert
ed, and added that the load was too
heavy for inexperienced farmers who
didn't know which end of the COW
got up first in the morning."
All Classes But Farmers
The senator said that he settled
where he fcrried many people across
nearby river. He kept careful
check of them, and the majority were
kof all classes but farmers, he said.
Ettestad concluded his arguments
with the statement that there ought
to be a state farm board to Supervise
farming, as other state regulated &C.
equations are. He pointed out that
standards were set for hairdrcssers
and cosmetologists, and many other
professions, but there are none which
the farmer must meet.
He declared that he didn't believe
in legislation for farm relief. If the
farmers are given seed and feed by
the county, the next thing will be
that the state will be asked to fur
nish horses and machinery, he said
and averred that this time is not far
off