davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1927-10-02
new BUILDING
Continued from page one.)
vii represent an investment Of near
" $4,000 when complete.
nuSIlf-~ s~f.S

\ t@cutluueu 1Eom page onc.J
tEill represent an investment Of near
~ $4,000 when comYlete.
= Building Listed
Following are the building permits
issued here during the past month:
Pedro Gomez, frame residence on
Harrison street, Antonio Gomez, con-
tractor, cost $500; Lano Salinas
frame residence on Fillmore street
own contractor, cost $l,700; Concep'
tiono Ramirez, frame residence or
Tyler street, Marcello Cara, con.
ractor, cost $3.50; Elton Alcala
frame residence on Ringgold street
doing own contracting, cost $1,000;
Antonio Drive, frame residence or
Jackson street. F. G. Fernandez, con-
tractor, cost $1,000; Pedro Zavaleta
frame residence or Jefferson street
Elipido Gomez, contractor, cost 81.
500; j. s. Ford. frame residence or
West Thirteenth street, Z. G. Holli-
day contractor, cost $4,000; Francisco
Lerma, frame residence on Fifteenth
street, doing W contracting work
cost $500; W. 3. Sellers. frame resi-.
denee on St. Francis street, F. NJ
Howard, contractor, cost $4,000.
j. W. Griffin two-room frame ad'
dition TO residence N Seventeenth
street, j. W. McCarty, contractor, cos,
$500; W. B. Sellers. stucco residence
on st. Charles street, +. w. HOWARD
contractor, cost $500; billiard
Smith, Jr.. two-story stucco residence
in Los Ebanos, Guadalupe Saenz
contractor, cost $4,000.
Alberto Hill, frame garage on Levee
street, F. G.. Fernandez contractor
cost S400; DR.. j. A. Costello hollow
tile garage on Adams street, doing
own contracting work, cost $500;
Butz and Sons, frame drive-in filling
station on Fourteenth street, 7. W
Dougherty contractor, cost $500:
n. Gonzales, frame store building or
Eighth street between Polk and Tay-
Tor. doing own contracting work, cost
$3.50.
j. W. Nix theater on Eleventh and
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1927-10-02
Letter from Only
True Wife Causes
Pastor to Collapse

CHARLOTTE, N. c., Oct. l..
-R-The Rev. Willis T. Jor-
dan, brought here yesterday
from Grand Rapids, Mich. 70
face q charge Of bigany. col
lapsed in the county jail today.
The collapse occurred when
he received a letter from Mrs.
W. ", who says she is his" only
w. W., who sys she is his only
true wife" also saying she was
coming here to defend him when
he is placed on trial, probably
next week.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1927-10-02
LEHMAN LEAVES

Ray Leeman. manager OF the
South Texas Chamber Of Commerce
who has been in Brownsville for
the past several days working out
plans for the annual convention OF
that organization here Nov. II and
Is, left Saturday for his home in
San Antonio. He will return here
Oct. 10 to establish the central Of
flee Of his organization until after
the convention is owe
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1927-10-02
RACE DRIVER HURT

louisville, Pa, Oct. 1T
Julian Slim" Everett, Of Willimin-
ton, was injured today in the annual
hundred mile automobile race on the
speed way. The vace was won BY
Ben Shaw Of Westville, ". j., who
clipped off the hundred miles in 9s
minutes flat.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1927-10-02

desolate appearance than the tor
nado torn section Of st. Louis.
They packed what goods they
could retrieve on some Of the sew
enty-five moving vans provided
through the Red Cross and started
a sad exodus. following the vans on
foot. carrying some particularly
precious possession. Many Of them
were headed out into st. Louis
county 70 find new homes, or tenn
porary stopping places.
A relief fund Of a half a million
dollars is needed immediately it was
announced by Alfred F~airbank, vice.
chairman Of the Citizens Disaster
Relief Committee. Contributions
later today totalled Sl65, 900.
They had comprehensive services
Of the tornado area for guidance,
from which they drew the conclusion
that a large percentage of the $500
sufferers would not accept help
from the Red Cross. The problem
was comparatively simple. Today
the number Of dead from the storm
stood at SO. OF that number rs were
in st. Louis and eight in three Illi-
nois suburbs across the river. A
survey tonight showed 229 injured
persons were still receiving treat
ment in t~wenty-fou! hospitals and
approximately 900 Others had re-
ceived treatment and gone home.
z. Z. Christopher. building COM
missioner. had TO his earlier esti-
mate that the total loss would reach
and possibly exceed $4,000, 900.
WASHINGTON, d. c.. Oct. 1.-CPl
A contribution Of $4,000 toward
the 100000 fund being raised in
st. Lolis for relief Of its tornado
victims was made today by the
American Red Corss. All expendi.
lures for relief will be handled by
the Red Cross at the request OF
Mayor Miller.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1927-10-02
NINEMJURED,

Continued from page one.)
far as Brady, Sweetwater, Sonora
c1d Rankin.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1927-10-02

r. .. Crsager. local attorney and
republican national Committeeman
for this district, is in Mexico CITY
ON business. III was said at his III
flee here Saturday. He will remain
in the Mexican capital seversy days.
Il was said.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1927-08-23
Private and Public Lands in China

eestor worhip Many also provided that proportion
of the income be used to purchase additional land
thus providing for automatic enlargement These areas
also grew thru the of descendants demonstrating
their pety by themselves adding to the ancestral land
Practically all of this ancestral land is rented out
rnostlysto landess peasants middemen who sub
let it to the poor cutvator The rents amount to huge
sums which are the disposal of the elders of the
family by of this control these elders form the
principal portion of the rulng-caste in the villages
wherever the ancestral lands exist. They large
part of that class called gentry term which in the
Chinese peasant movement has become of deepest
contempt and hatred.
Village Domain.
The village public lands, those which have been
aside to provide for special village needs, such as
upkeep of the village school, road building, maintenance
ancestral lands the principal difference being merely
that instead of being administered by the elders of
single clan family, they in the hands of village
elders" comprising several families.
The scholar fields lands of which the incomes have
been assigned to certain Learned persons sort of
reward for culture These lands either assigned by
elders of the family from ancestral land, to
Der who has made the clan famous by becoming
Scholar by min Yum Tang" (society of earning)
which often have great esateso funds procured from
the government. These min Yum Tang" sort of
trade union of the terate sections of the village ruling
class All these lands are cultivated by propertyless
tenants.
So far as the of peasantry concerned, they
get benefits from public lands The principal effect
of this form of andownershp, which in Kwantung
prizes 80 to 406 of all fields is to weld together into
cosey-knt body, the village ruling class, the gentry
who the masters of the village its funds its works
road building irrigation etc, who levy taxes
troll local militia and administer Justice to the peas
antry
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1927-08-23

But British imperialism itself does
not want to put much capital into
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1927-08-23
On War and Danger Of War

3. Although in the course of the
last few years capitalism had at
tanned certain. sterilization, this
sterilization was of an extremely re-
lative nature. The proletarian revo-
luton in Russia dealt heavy blow
to world capitalism. The national
revolutionary movements in the col
onies make new breach in the capi-
talist system. These two factors.
alone combined with the resistance of
the international working class to the
capitalist offensive exclude any posi-
bility for lasting sterilization of
the capitalist order.
The years which have elapsed since
the conclusion of the world war were
years of an especially marked "de-
terioration" of capitalism. The
cyclical character of world economy
has lost its pre-war periodicity; crises
in world economy arise now here and
now there, very brief and feverish
booms are followed by prolonged de-
preston. The redistribution of the
world brought about by the imperial
list robbers as a result of the world
war has created new sources of fierce
competition and the danger of fresh
conflicts between imperialist powers.
A stubborn struggle is going on for
regions which are either sources of
raw material or places to which
foreign capital can be exported. The
capitalist States have cut themselves
off from each other with new customs
barriers, restricting thereby former
trading facilities. Diminished con-
sumption by the masses in the big
gest capitalist States, the establish
ment of national industries in the
colonies and overseas countries, which
were formerly markets for foreign
manufactured goods, confront world
capitalism with the extremely acute
problem of markets. The struggle
for markets is assuming acute forms
unprecedented in pre-war capitalist
economy. This economic struggle is
leading to armed collisions.
(To be Continued)
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1927-08-23
By EARL BROWDER.
ARTICLE II.

There quite controversy among slnologlsts about
the question whether feudalism persists still in China.
Ny own observations and study in China convinced me
that unquestionaby ifeuda relationships and
toms do persist, and play prominent role in China S
present struggles But it must be made clear once,
in dealing with the land tenure system, that the doi
nant the determining factor is the right of private
ershp and not the relationship of feuda lord holding
title to nation province and parcelling it his
political lieutenants.
An Old System.
According to the Russian sinologist, Zakharov, pri-
vate ownership of land became the dominant system
turnout China during the Han Dynasty, 206 B. c. to
23O A. d. Alongside the dominant form, there has per-
sisted thru the centuries of the old forms of
tribal ownership, today in the so-called public"
lands. But however ancient modern, private owner
ship may be- it is clearly established in Chinese law and
custom today. (See article Contemporary Civil Code
in China in "The China Weekly Review Shanghai,
July 1920
The so-caed public lands are in effect tho not for
maly absorbed into the system of private ownership.
The following details culled from unpublished
investigation made under the direction of Michael Bor-
odin which will appear later in two volumes under the
title "The Peasant Movement in Kwantung." What is
of Kwantung holds good generally for South China
in the North the public lands" play much smaller
role.
Public Land.
There three main forms of public lands ancestral
lands, village lands and scholar fields The most i'm
portant is the ancestral land which in Kwantung comz
prises about $3.50 of all cultivated fields Originally
these lands connected with ancestor worship Rich
landholders many generations set aside portions of
their holdings to be preserved from division SALE the
produce of which to be devoted to the rites of
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1927-08-23

DELHI, Aug. %. - There are in
India $1,000 cooperatives of various
kinds with a membership Of 100000.
Of these, only 5,432 are other than
agricultural cooperatives. The work.
ing capital of the non-agricultural
cooperatives, most of which are
credit cooperatives.
A few data on the social compost
ton of the Indian peasant population
will throw light on the Importance of
these agricultural credit cooperatives.
The peasant population of India is
over $50 million strong and embraces
about So million families. Of these
SO million, II million are well-todo
peasants (Malik NRayets), IL million
middle peasants, (Rhodkashts), 25
million poor peasants (Thani), and 10
million pauperized peasants Chap
perband). The well-to-do peasants
are on an average poorer than the
European middle peasants. However,
there are among them millions of
families who can be designed as
kulaks, and who have accumulated
some savings. Apart from these B.
100000 families, the entire peasantry
groans under the burden of debt on
which they have to pay exhorbitant
interest. According to statistics,
agrarian debts in India, amount to 10
milliard rupees. The annual burden
of interest for these debts amounts to
1915 per cent.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1927-08-23

this. Government credits do not
amount on an average to more than
per cent of the total working CAPT
tai of the agricultural credit cooper
atives. According to Samaldas, the
funds of these credit cooperatives are
dominated and administered by $50
provincial and central cooperative
banks with a working capital of 500
million rupees in round figures 1884
million). This was in 1926. In 1919,
the capital was only IT'S million
which means 200 per cent increase
in eight years.
For the same purpose, an agrarian
mortgage bank is to be established in
accordance with the decision of the
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1927-08-23

All-Indian Cooperative Congress in
Bombay at the end of 1926. The bust
ness of this bank and its branches
shall be: re-purchase of peasant land
and houses, land amelioration, build
ing dwellings for the peasantry, liqui-
dstion of the old debts, in special
cases new purchases of land. Where
ever, no legal obstacles exist, mort
gage credits are to be granted with
right of transference" SO that the
mortgage debtor is converted into q
tenant farmer.
This development of the system OF
credit cooperatives is no doubt q
great stride forward as compared
with feudal monopolist economy anc
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1927-08-23

the methods of exploitation practiced
hitherto by big landowners and mon
ey-lenders. But at the same time,
this development is fraught with a
counter-revolutionary elements as far
as the future is concerned. Although
the revolutionary movement of India
must aim at an aalliance between
workers and peasants, for a bour-
geois-democratic revolution with a
program of land naturalization,
there is in the unification of big fin
ance and the kulaks the tendency to
establish bloc against that devel-
opment in order to isolate thereby
the labor movement with the ultimate
intent of crushing it.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1927-08-23
INDIAN COOPERATTVES STRIVE TO BUILD BANKS;
BRITISH REFUSE THEIR CAPITAL

According to the Indian coopera-
tive leaders, agricultural credit CO.
operatives We're established to free
the peasants from the grip of the
usurers. It is in this spirit that one
of the most prominent cooperators of
India, the founder of the district CO.
operative bank in Bombay, Lalubhai,
Samaldas, writes in the "Asiatic Re
view" the periodical of the East India
Co., which has imperialist tendencies:
In fact, it is also the policy of the
British government to set limit to
the exploitation of the peasantry
with the help of credit cooperatives
in order to increase the savings of
the aforementioned three million ku-
laks and also in order to improve the
financial position of the other peas
ants. The government hopes to eff
feet thereby, another accumulation of
capital, and to amalgamate it with
usurious capital, creating thereby a
system of agrarian credits which
would finance agriculture at the rate
of ten per cent interest at the utmost.
1t is in this manner that British i'm
perialism wants to bring Indian agri-
culture and raw material production
into the channel of circulation and to
place it under THE direct influence OF
finance capital.
British Withhold Credits.
But British imperialism itself does
not want to put much capital into
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1927-08-23

and was first organized in Paris in
1919. 1t recognizes the fact that in
world largely dominated by
group-conscious white men there is
color problem" for the colored peo-
pie of the world, and especially fer
the descendants of Africa.
Perhaps nobody dreams that the
problem of the Negro or of the
Ckinaman can ever be solved s;raply
by the cooperation OF Negroes OF of
Chinese with Chinese. The National
Association for the Advancement of
Colored People began with the ,,on-
ference and cooperation of group of
colored men styling themselves "The
Niagara Movement" and also headed
by w. E. Burghardt Dubois. This
movement became real national
power when by protest and publicity
it brought some of the more socially
minded white people to see that they
had common interest in the claims
and aims of the movement of the
colored men. Racial organization is
simply local fermentation first
stage in the evolution of world organ
ization and cooperation along eco
nomic lines. Economic lines are
societally more fundamental than ra-
cial lines. The effective agent is not
the theorist and his theory nor the
doctrinaire and his doctrine, but hui
man science is the miner and sapper
which is laying seige to the whole
works of nationalism and racialism.
In the end human sciences, rather
than religion, will bring to pass, not
by persuasion but thru necessity, a
condition of universal brotherhood.
Congress of Oppressed Peoples.
IT is interesting that the first worlds
= conference of the oppressed has
met in Bruss is, Belgium, in
February, 1927, eight years after the
founding of the Pan-African Congress
in Paris. This conference represents
the first grouping together of the sub
merged masses thru the barb-wire
barriers of racial and national con-
seriousness. This congress of the
oppressed was so new that nearly
every group which came to it, had a
different name for it. 1t was vari-
ously called "The Anti-Imperialist
Conference" "The League for the
Suppression of Colonial Violence"
the congress of Oppressed Peoples
and the Working Class" etc.
When the representatives of In
donesia, or the Dutch Indies, pre-
scented their resolution 10 the meet
ing, they addressed the assembled
delegates as "the Cong ress against
Colonial Oppression and Imperial
ism" When the Persian delegation
got the floor, it addressed the as
sembly as ''the International Congress
of Oppressed Peoples" The South
Africans addressed it as "the first
International Conference of Workers
and Oppressed Peoples in all I'M
perialist countries and Colonies" The
Chinese said "the Congress Against
Colonial Oppression and Imperial
ISM
And the resolution on the Negro
Question Of the world spoke up in a
sort Of mixture of French and Eng
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1927-08-23

national policies unstatesmanlike and
silly. Human science is fast making
of the world one market of goods
and one community of social in
terests, so that enslaved workers in
South Africa will surely lower the
standard of living for supposedly free
workers in the Mississippi Valley.
Self-seeking wealth and capital will
find it advantages as water finds its
level, with the unerring constancy of
natural law Tariff walls and Gus
toms officials are a most pitiful de-
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1927-08-23
Maryland r. r. Courts
Strike by Firing of
Brotherhood Secretary

CUMBERLAND, Nd, Aug. %. =
BY the discharge of Aston g. Cook,
general secretary of the Brotherhood
of Railroad Trainmen in Maryland,
the Western Maryland railroad ID
counting another disastrous strike
which may make it 100 per cent
non union railroad.
Cook and two other trainmen were
fired for alleged subordination but
they declare that the Western Mary
land is trying to provoke strike of
conductors and trainmen. Three years
ago the engineers and firemen struck
when the road refused to grant a
wage increase won on all other
eastern roads. The Western Mary
land is one of the two Or three inn
portant carriers which do not recog-
nize the engine service unions.
The persistent refusal of President
Byers to negotiate a settlement of
the long-fought engine strike has
been condemned by labor and liberals
alike. Even national church COM
mittees have entered their denuncia-
ton Of Byers' autocratic stand.
Washington representative of the
Trainmen declare there has been con-
slant friction between the train SER
vice unions and the Western Mary
laand since the engineers and fire.
mems strike. Although efforts will
be made to obtain Cooks reinstste-
ment, the possibility Of a central
strike is admitted.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1927-08-23
Pickens Addresses Pan-Ahican Congress

tense against the inevitable. 1t is
like shutting out the tide with a pic
ket fence.
Economic Lines Deeper Than Race.
OUT a movement for improvement
- must begin sometimes somewhere.
The psychology of the masses must
be recognized for what it is: The Pan
African Congress biennial confer
ence of all the descendants of Africa
turnout the world, was conceived by
the far-seeing genius of DR.. Dubois
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1927-08-23

lsh and called the gathering "The
International Congress contre the
Colonial Oppression and l'ImperiaI-
ISM"
Abolition of Racial and Economic
Oppression.
IT is clear that imperialism, oppres-
sion, suppression, financial and
commercial robbery, colonial and
semi-colonial tyranny, are for the
first time put into the same rank to-
gether, where they belong.
The congress also put race pre-
JUDGE in the same rank when it
called for Immediate abolition of
all racial restrictions, social, political
and economic" This first league of
the economically, politically and So
cially oppressed called for complete
racial equality thruout the world.
Some day posterity will marvel,
not only that such a call was even
necessary, but that it should have
fallen on deaf and even hostile ears.
French Imperialism Attacked.
IT was noticeable that French I'M
a perialism in Indo-China and in
North Africa was just as severely
accused as the imperialism of Eng
disappearing nations. Colored peo-
pie are accustomed to regard the
French as especially just to other
races. The French may lack a color
psychosis and may be more cosmo-
politan in their attitude on the alb
stract subject of race" but French
lmperialist or economic robber is Just
like any other. Economic exploita-
ton knows neither race nor color.
1t will attack that group which is
most helpless, most open to exploita-
ton.
The Negroes of Africa were not
enslaved because they were Negroes
but because they offered the greatest
return for the smallest amount of
outlay and effort to the slave hunter.
The poorly organized and defenseless
congeries of tribes appealed to the
slave-raider as Klondike, an Ell
Dorado. They were enslaved not for
being black, but for offering a resis-
lance Of spear heads to powder
driven lead balls. The French may
Be careless of race and color in both
Paris and North Africa, but they will
practice economic exploitation in the
place where economic exploitation is
most profitable, and that is in North
Africa. Capitalistic exploiters are a
natural class, not to be distinguished
by race, color, language or ancient
history. Even an American Negro
capitalist, late descendant of raped
Africa, is just exactly like other
capitalists. He must be like the
others. A Negro who owns a.-thou-
sand acres in Olabama or Texas, pays
his tenants and "hands" just as little
and charges them just as much as
any white farm-owner in the neigh
borhood.
The American Negro and the PAN
African Congress must see common
interest and make common cause with
the other oppressed and exploited
peoples of the world.
The world is my country.
To do good is my religion.
The Human Race is my race.