Evening star., 1926-04-18

specimens being deposited In Euro.
pean herbaria, Mr.. killip took with
him 500 specimens of South American
plants to compare them with type or
original specimens in Europe.
A review of the remarkable con-
clusions reached by DIR. Ales Hrd-
licka as result of IA 50,000-mile
journey in the interests of physical
anthropology has already been pub
lshed. Equally interesting results
were obtained by Smithsonian SCI
entists in archaeological and anthro-
biological expeditions In 1925 among
the native Indian tribes of America.
Under the auspices of the National
Geogra phic Society. Neil NJ. Judd
continued his excavations OF Pueblo
Bonito. Il prehistoric communal VII
lage in northwestern New Mexico.
The most important discovery made
was that 10 feet below the founda-
tionS of the great pueb,a were buried
remains of two primitive structures
erected by prePueblo peoples. The
deposits which covered these prtmi-
tive structures---depositS consisting
of successive layers "of ash, blown
sand and rubbish from RACED and re-
built dwellings-gave the long
sought stratiSraphic evidence by
means of which the Inhabitants of
Pueblo Bonito could be separated.
Groups Remain Distinct
Pueblo Bonito was occupied CO.
temporaneously by two distinct
groups of prehistoric agriculturists.
Their dwellings. their ceremonial
chambers, their cultural remains
were alike divisible into two classes.
Their clan organizations were OBJ
viously similar, their daily activities
We're probably identical; yet the
utensils they used daily in their sew
eral households reveal to the archie
ologist dissimilarities that could only
have resulted from the industry of
separate groups, each trained to its
own mode of thought and self ex
preston.
Although the Choctaw Indians
were at the time of first contact
with Europeans the most numerous
of all the Southern Indians and are
generally regarded as basic type,
culturally and physically, of the
great Muskhogean linguistic stock,
very little work has been done among
them by archeologists. For that
reason Henry B. Collins. jr.. exca-
waited a number of Choctaw mounds
in Mississippi. Flint knives and other
artifacts unearthed strongly sug-
that the Choctaw people maintained
at least a close trade relationship
with Northern tribes.
DR.. J. Walter Fewkes. chief of the
Bureau of Ethnology. under the di-
rection of the Smithsonian lnstitu-
tion, studied the ancient ruins on the
newly created Wopatki National
Monument, Arizona. DIR. Fewkes
first described these ruins in 1900
and it was largely through his efforts
that they were made a National
Monument by presidential proclama-
ton in 1925. In the largest of these
prehistoric buildings three stories
can be distinguished. They have
produced many evidences of a high
degree Of culture, not the least of
which are the elaborate geometric
designs on the pottery unearthed.
J. p. Harrington began in 1925 his
research among the California Indians
on which he is still engaged. In the
Santa YneZ Valley alone, he inspected
more than 40 ruined villages, and in
the Otay and Simi Valleys some 80
more. At San Marcos Mr.. Harring-
ton found two boulders feet apart
Indian boys used to attempt to jump
from one to the other. If they sue
ceeded it was d sign that they would
he able TO jump around the noun
tains in later years without skinning
their legs.
Attends Race Health Rites.
The Fox Indians. near Tama, Iowa,
afforded DR.. Truman Nicholson sub
jects for the continuation of his
chronological researches. During his
visit, a Winnebago enrolled among
the Foxes was injured in an automo-
bile accident, and DR.. Nicholson had
the rare opportunity of witnessing a
sweatlodge performance and listen
ing to the Winnebago prayers and
songs accompanying it.
In researches among the six lro-
quois nations on the Grand River
in Ontario, Canada, j. y. E. Hewitt
succeeded in defining the proper
name Nanabozho of the Algonquin
biogenetic myth. This story. which
is remarkable for beauty and com.
prehensiveness, relates that on the
shore of the great primal sea dwelt
Misakamigokwe Ii. e.. the entire earth
mother) and her daughter. This en-.
tire earth mother is the impersona-
ton of the inert earth. while the
daughter is the life-increasing power
of the earth--the life mother-the
two personages were of the super.
race of the first people" who lived
when the earth was yet new.
The entire earth woman cautioned
her daughter, saying Daughter.
bend not yourself against the sun at
noon tide, because the Great Father
Spirit at that time looks on you.
Remember, I command you, not to
forget my words. for surely If you
do, evil will befall us; since our time
to increase the number OF living
things. on the earth on which we live.
is not yet fully come"
But there came an evil day when.
very busy with her mat-making, and
with her back unconsciously turned
sunward at noon tide, she dropped
her mat gauge on the ground and ur-
Willingly stopped forward to pick it
up. Instantly she was seized with
exhausting pains after the manner
of woman. So, in due time, the
daughter gave birth to a son, whom
she named Nanabozho Ii. e., created
by look).
Francis La Flesche did come prof
liable work among the Usage In
dians in Oklahoma, while Miss
Frances Lensmore recorded the songs
and studied the musical customs of
the Menomini Indians in Wisconsin,.
She found three classes Of songs not
recorded in other tribes. These are
the songs connected with games
played as a dream obligation" the
songs Of adoption dances" and the
songs connected with the use of
packs or bundles, by individuals, for
the purpose Of securing success on
the hunt or warpath. The two
games played in order to secure
benefits promised in dreams are the
"bowl and dice game" played by
women who have dreamed of the
"four spirit women in the East" and
the lacrosse game, played by men
who have dreamed of the "thun-
derers."
The shell and sand mounds of
Pinellas Peninsula, Fla, were in
vestigated by David I. Bushnell. jr:
Il -