The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-03-13
BY KARL RADEK.


which he sustained in 1922, when he
was beaten by WI Pei-fu, or like
P, that which WI Pei-fu suffered in 1924
when he was beaten by the troops OF
Chang Tso-lin. In these two cases,
both WI Pei-fu and Chang Tsolin adj.
vanced beyond the borders of the
three Manchurian provinces and had
attempted to seize possession of the
whole Of North China. WI Pei-fu,
however. had left the central prov
inces of China in order to make him
self dictator Of the entire country.
After their defeats they both retreat
ed to their provinces, and there reas-
sembled their forces in order, after a
short space of time. to begin the
} war afresh.
I The recent defeat of Chang Tso-lin
commenced in the same manner as
\ that Of the year 1922. Driven from
\ Shanghai, he reiterated towards the
north. Here then commenced the new
feature that characterizes his defeat,
simultaneously with the collapse of
his basis, there occurred the mutiny
Of Kuo Sun-lin. What does this mu-
tiny mean? It became possible thanks
to the regrouping of the material and
moral forces among the troops of
Chang Tso-lin. A part of his soldiers
had been exposed to the influence of
the atmosphere of Shanghai and had
become unreliable. The provisions
and supplies which were to have been
despatched to Manchuria proved to
be insufficient. The generals whom
Chang Tso-lin had been able to gath
er round him during the eight years
of his rule in Manchuria became con-
WINGED that the policy of Chang TsO-
lin constitutes a danger to the ruling
clique in Mukden.
THIS situation rendered possible the
L mutiny of Kuo Sun-lin. Kuo Sun
lin does not differ from Chang Tso-
lin as regards political opinions. But
it is not the opinions of Kuo Sun-lin
which are of Importance in estimat-
ing the situation, but the fact that
kuo Sun-lin, or some other general
who succeeds Chang Tso-lin, can no
longer base himself upon a resistless
Manchuria and upon the apparatus
which Chang Tso-lin has created by
many years of work.
In this sense we are faced with a
great change in the situation in Man |
churia, which at the same time means
a change in the fighting forces of
China.
Whence did the rule of Chang Tso-
lin originate, and what does it mean?
Chang Tso-lin is usually represented
as being leader of the robber bands
of Manchuria, who, with the assist
ance Of the Japanese, has seized pow
er and conducted a policy in the in
terests Of Japan. This is the view
that is commonly held; but 1t does
not take into account the far-reaching
changes which have taken place in
Manchuria during the last twenty I
years. The construction of the East |
China Railway and the Russo-Japan-
ese war constitute the reasons why
this most backward province of China
has become one of the most advanc-
ed parts of the Chinese state from
the point of view of economics. The I
influx Of Russian money, which was
by an influx of masses OF
people who had to be fed, gave a
powerful stimulus to the develop
ment of agriculture in Manchuria. In
1928 Manchuria produced 534 million
puds of food-stuffs, of which 800 puds
were consumed in Manchuria. The
export from Manchuria amounted to
LA miEion puds in 1923.
THIS export-wheat, beans. soy
4 beans, oil cake-which goes to
Japan, America and Europe, is the
,asis of the industry which supplies
commerce and agriculture in Man
huria. The huge number of modern ,
mills, factories and banks
which undertake the purchase and ex-
Iort of products, the commercial ap-