davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-07-18
BORAH STARTS STUMPING TOUR
TO REFORM REPUBLICAN, PARTY
Idahoan Sees No Chance Of Being President Under
Present Organization-W viii Hit World Court
and Tariff.

Court as against the League of Ma.
| tfons itself.
After the eighteenth amendment
and the World Court, the subjects
which his audiences, South and
North, East and West, will hear
Borah expound are the tariff, which
he considers iniqultously high: the
cost of living, which he holds to be
burdensome beyond all belief, despite
signs and protestations Of prosper
ity'';; the dominance OF big business
at Washington, never so much In
evidence, Borah contends, as during
the recent session Of Congress, and
last, but not least; the necessity to
do something real in the realm of
farm relief. Borah opposed relief on
corn-belt or McNary-Haugen lines,
but he is as anxious as any corn
better for some kind of fundamental
help for agriculture. He seems to be-
lieye that tariff reduction Is econom-
ically the soundest form of agricul-
tural relief.
win Visit New York.
New York State will hear Borah
early in August, following his inva-
sion of the South; then the Middle
West, the Northwest, the far North
west, and eventually New England.
Senator Borah will return to the South
before his campaign is ended. Hi
nois Minnesota, North Dakota, Idaho,
washington State and Massachusetts
are among the widely separated re-
gions in which he viii speak during
the next six months. In some States
he will make several addresses. In
every case he will talk to mass meet
ings, the sort Of audience Borah
prefers.
Borah is not swinging across the
country in the name Of any organiza-
ton, party, group, special interest or
Individual. Least OF all, he vehe-
mently insists, in his own interest.
On each occasion he will appear in
response to invitations long In hand
and urgently repeated. He waves
aside all suggestions that he IS run
ming for President" That BorJah
would like to be President few OF his
friends doubt. But when they ask
him to avow such an aspiration. as
they frequently do, and are doing ct
this moment, Borah says: Ny
chances for nomination for President
by the Republican party as It Is at
present organized are about as good
as my chances Of becoming King OF
n that apparent utterance of hope
1essness lies the real key TO the
appeal to the country" that Borah is
about to launch. Conscious Of his In.
ability to make any practical progress
toward the White House under exist
ing PARTY conditions, Borah unques-
tionably cherishes the ambition to
bring about the kind OF Republican
organization into which he thinks he
would At as a. national leader. II
the Idahoan has q personal motive IN
taking the national stump at this
time, that is it.
tcopyriEht. 1926.l
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-07-18
WHERE BLAME FOR THE GREAT WORLD War RESTS z2R
BY FRANK H. SIMONDS

had utterly escaped human control and nations
had embarked upon policies which led inevitably
to collision: Nothing which happened In 1914
made war more likely than it was in 1905, In
1908 or in 1911. But the factors which made
It possible and almost precipitated it in these
earlier years finally did bring it about in the
dnal year.
For nearly a decade after the outbreak Of
the conflict men studied the records of the July
days Of 1914 convinced that in them they would
find the explanation Of the arrival of the war.
But on the whole, the examination Of the docu-
ments has disclosed surprisingly little which
explains, although it has turned an amazing
amount OF material which contradicts and de-
molishes the wartime explanations Of the
causes on either side Of the firing line. The
attempt to fix guilt convincingly failed utterly,
first with respect of the Germans, whose
declarations Of war laid upon them presump-
tive guilt, and then upon the French and Rus
SLAMS, who were inevitably caught in the re-
bound of world opinion.
In the larger sense, it is plain now that the
war brought victors and vanquished.
Europe lost the war, not Germany or her al
ies And in the same sense 1t was Europe and
not any individual people government.
monarch or prime minister, who willed the
struggle, not deliberately. not directly, but by.
the acceptance Of system which, sooner or
later, could only end as it did end.
And it is the growing belief in this inter-
probation which lends supreme interest 10 the
present-day evolution Of Europe. Toward what
new system Is 1t turning? Or is it, in fact,
slowly reverting to the old?
go -
On the whole, 1t seems to me that the last
two or three years have marked a very real
transformation in European thought and con-
ception. 1t may be temporary, 1t may be the
passing effect Of the consequences of the last
struggle, yet one cannot be long in Europe to-
day without feeling that in every nation there
is stirring a certain movement for broader and
deeper international understanding. 1t is not
organized, it Is hardly defined, but 1t does ex-
list and it is hopefully discoverable in the COM
ing generation.
All this was impossible as long as minds
were imprisoned in the conceptions Of war
guilt and war criminals. But on the twelfth
anniversary OF the outbreak Of the World War,
while every European country is still manifest
ly passing through a severe crisis which has its
origin in war disasters, one can at least say
that war passions, war prejudices and war Bit
ternesses between men and nations have be-
come less vital and less important than at any
time since the conflict came. In fact, the war,
with its causes and its origins, is now almost
completely removed from the region OF propa-
ganda and transferred to that of history. And
as the change has come slowly and almost in
sensibly the present anniversary supplies a
useful and perhaps a necessary OCCASION for
appraisal.
downright 1921
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-07-18

WY It'll the coming week we pass the
NAI twelfth anniversary of the Begin
" " ming Of the tragic 10 days extend.
ing from the Austrian ultimatum
to Serbia to the German declaration of war
upon Russia. which ushered in the World War
And it is interesting and perhaps little sig
nifcant to note how great have been the mooi
hcations in opinion since the passionate ex-
plosion Of the first months of the conflict them
selves. Already the world views with a degree
of objectivity the actual as contrasted with the
imagined origins Of the supreme conflict and
more and more the phrase and the Idea OF
''war guilt is vanishing. Even the concep-
ton Of war responsibility. which fingers, is UNI
dergoing change.
The war which every one in Europe had
been talking about with increasing certainty
all the way from the Tangier crisis through
that of Bosnia and Agadir, which seemed in
escapable at the moment Of the Balkan Wars
OF 1928, took the universe by surprise Be-
fore the archduke was assassinated in Sera-
jevo 1t had been the reasoned judgment of most
diplomats that European relations were calmer
than at any time in 10 years. Nerves which
had been frayed by the long series of crisis
and alarums had begun to escape from the
tension
Up to the closing days OF June, 1914, Europe
was calm with calm which, looking back
ward, may seem ominous, but at the moment
seemed real and well founded. Yet month
later the whole continent was shaken by an
upheaval the consequences Of which are still to
be felt from one end of the planet to the other.
1t was perhaps natural then that the mere
surprise Of the arrival Of the storm should have
served to convince nations as well as individ-
uals that the explosion was the result of plots,
conspiracies that group of politicians in
the cant phrase "wed" the war.
Yet after ~ years, with most of the records
now spread upon the table, with innumerable
volumes contributed by the principal and even
the minor actors available, the conviction is
growing and taking root that the war was not
'wiled." More and more students and COM
mentators are going behind the crowded and
tumultuous days when diplomacy dealt with
the actual crisis and are turning backward to
find the causes Of the struggle in conditions
which were created by various circumstances
during the full generation and more which
separate the treaty of Frankfort from the
ktempest of 1914.
We see quite clearly that not even the
German Kaiser and his advisers deliberately
willed the war. The whole picture which was
drawn by fevered imagination and infiamed
minds in the period of conflict, the picture of
the deliberate precipitation of the war by
wicked master minds, disappears when one
examines the record On the contrary, the
more one studies this record the more COM
pletely absent is all suggestion Of a master
mind. Instead there was the dominant and
paralyzing conviction in each capital that the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-07-18

the air. "A cutting wind. leaped down
Michigan avenue toward the train.
Lloyd George waved to the little
crowd. The crowd frightened to q
knot of cheering people. Some eaS
called. for Megan.
The daughter appeared. and then
Mrs. Lloyd George; the old man, his
Welsh smile beaming and his hair
combed by the wind, stood bare-head-
ed with arms about them.
& Never" he called, have been to
city which treated me more kindly. I"
Greets Friends i'm Rain.
The train was about to pull out.
The ends of Megan's brown bobbed
hair were flying In the drizzle. Lloyd
George smiled again to the crowd and
then appeared to turn away. But a
young man rushed up through the
police lines; the knot of people I'M
raveled to give him way.
Fourteen years I've waited to
shake your hand!" the young man
shouted Fourteen years! God bless
you, sir 4"
Lloyd George almost toppled of the
platform to lean over and crush the
young mans hand.
I'm a Welshman," the youngster
repeated, now with his eyes streaming
tears. MY name is Llewellyn. I've
waited fourteen years for, this. God
bless you, sir: God bless your
The crowd was suddenly strangely
solemn. SO was Lloyd George Me-
gan turned abruptly and left the plat
form. Then curious thing hap
pened. Evidently many Englishmen
were in the throng. Several moved
up.
I'm from Cardiff r called one. IL
saw you in Birmingham! cried an
other. I'm Welsh, tool" Il was
born in Swansea" I'm from the
good old land 2
Lloyd George was obviously touched.
He still held young Llewellyn's hand,
leaning far out Of the train: now he
began to shake hands with as many
OF the others as he could reach.
Meanwhile the rain slashed across
their faces. Lloyd Georges hair was
plasterBd wet. The crowd was shout
ing again. 1t shouted with lonely
desperation. Then the train steamed
slowly out Of the shed. For time
one could see clearly Lloyd Georges
white. bowling head on the platform.
Then the train disappeared around
the bend.
fCopyfaRht. 1895. ! y
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-07-18
BIZ ROBERT 5. BROoKINGs.

While partial or entire disarmament
would save the nations vast amount
of money, there Is little evidences 1t
would prove an important preventive
of war. Where people are disposed to
fight, they never seem to lack the nec-
essary arms, through some unseen
source Of supply. The only method of
war prevention Is to eliminate the
cause to which we can easily trace the
great majority Of wars. 81. the over
development Of an intense nationaiism.t
While we honor that love Of country
which we call patriotism, we have
witnessed in Europe the development
OF this sentiment until 1t has taken
the form Of an obsession which as
sunles that love of ones country
necessitates the hatred Of other coun-
tries. Hence we have ornaments for
so-called self defense, which have
more frequently been used for selfish
offensive Thus, patriotic emotions
have blinded the people Of Europe to
the overwhelming Importance Of their
economic weIl-being, which Is depend
emit upon cooperation through the
formation OF one or more customs
unions.
Urges United States of Europe.
1t was the German zollverein which
nearly d hundred years ago broke
down the antagonisms Of the German
municipalities and consolidated them
into one people, with the enormous
improvement In their economic we'll
being. That the economic interests
of people are overwhelmingly more
important than their purely political
interests, witness the condition In
our own country. While each Of our
States is most jealous OF its political
entity, it makes little difference to US
iii which State we live because free
trade between States, creating " free
flow of economic life, utterly subOr-
diiiates the State patriotism. The way
0f Europe to disarn1 il to remove the
incentive to ornaments through one
or more economic United States Of
Europe.
Of course, every student of Eu-
ropean history realizes what q con-
trolling influence tradition Is. The
history which Is taught In the schools
with & view Of developing patriotism
not only accentuates their own 1la-s
tional virtues, but finds little ~ praise
Iii their heredity enemies.
iii autocratic countries. where there
has been effective press censorship,
the minds OF the people have been fed
by the sort or thing that emphasizes
this form Of patriotism 1t will prob
ably require more than one generation.
Of sgovarninent by the people" to-
eradicate this. Al the economic IN
terests SOf the people, however, touch.
life every day from the cradle To the
grave, these interests are BY far the
most important Influence ~ human
affairs 10 the extent that nations
tnft
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-07-18
RECORD STREAM OF TOURISTS
WILL VISIT CAPITAL THIS YEAR
100000 Auto Travellers Expected to Bring Great
Economic Benefits to City During Four Hottest
Months and to Stimulate All Business.

list from the West making q patriotic
pilgrimage East is killing two birds
with one stone by visiting both the
older and the newer seats OF govern
ment. In other words. the extra at
traction Of the Sesqui is bringing an
additional group of motorists to
washington this year.
Every phase of Washington's varied
business interests finds benefit in the
continually expanding volume Of tour
list travel coming to the city in the
months which usually are featured by
small but marked declines in trade
turnover. The hotels, of course, can
find immediate and clearly traceable
returns, while the restaurants are
placed In the same gratifying position.
Really vast sums of money find
their way into other channels. Re-
tail establishments, including the de-
partment stores, come in for q goodly
share Of this transient business, 50
welcome during the Summer months,
while sightseeing lines, always busy
in the warm months, are finding new
business in those tourists who garage
their cars while in town and inspect
the points Of interest from huge COM
Portable coaches. It has become prac-
tice among motor travellers here to
put up their own machines and take q
sightseeing coach. The plan has two
advantages, the first being that the
motorist is relieved of the worry of
driving in a strange city and, second
~, time is saved-and more learned.
quickly when everything is pointed
out and explained.
Benefits to Increase.
The growing total of motor tour.
lists heading into washington has,
then, g. very distinct and a very favor.
able effect upon the business life Of
the city at time when the trade
community can very well use added
volume, That these effects viii be
intensified as time goes on seems
certain. Undoubtedly. the 1926 vol
.ume of motor travel to Washington
already has shown an important in
crease over 1925, and there is every
logical reason to believe that another
natural advance viii take place DUR
ing the 1927 season.
Always mecca for travellers, the
automobile Is making Washington
one Of the first tourist centers of the
entire world, with it possible to calcu-
late visitors only in tens Of thou
sands.
Splendid roads leading in and out
Of the Nations Capital have done
their part to increase this movement.
while the Nationwide good roads cam.
paign has made 1t possible for the
Pacific Coast tourist to come to Wash
ington the entire distance without en-
colntering more than few miles OF
poor highway.
Washington,s prospects as a Sum
mer tourist center never were
brighter than at present. and the full
flllment OF this outlook means In
creased prosperity and q higher de-
gree IL material well being for an
those who participate In the daily life
OF the city.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-07-18

not be said Of the stupidity Of the men Of that
tragic moment, OF the men who had been re-
sponsible for the development OF the European
situation in the decade which had preceded
Yet again one can only under the stress OF
wartime emotions believe in their wickedness
Viewed in the Hight Of present knowledge,
the statesmen who conducted European affairs
from Tangier to Armageddon seem rather like
silly children playing with fire than arch
criminals. AS you study each succeeding crisis
you perceive that what happened in 1914 did
almost happen In 1905, in 1908, In 1911 and In
1918 There never could be but one END to this
continual and almost continuous gambling. As
late as the Winter Of 1928 the peace OF Eu-
rope turned upon the ALLEGATION Of DJacova,
Ipek and Dibra: again in ISL It turned upon
the exchange Of q few thousand square miles
OF African swamp smitten with the sleeping
sickness for a free hand in Morocco.
Mussolini's favorite phrase is ito i've peril
ousiy," and 1t was all Europe which, from 1905
to 1914, not only lived perilously, but with
increasing risk. Statesmen took enormous
chances and general war each time seemed
inevitable With each escape they became
not more cautious. but more adventurous.
They were not seeking to precipitate the war,
but they more and more came to the conviction
that no matter, what they did the general war
could not come.
Bethmann- Hollweg, Poincare, SazonoR, Sir
Edward Grey, all; in my Judgment, equally de.
sired to avoid a European conflict. md moth
ing to suggest that any one Of the four either
acted to procure the conflict or was pushed
aside by others who did desire the conflict. Nor
does such evidence as we have suggest that
the soldiers willfully interviewed. When they did
act both in the Russian and in the German
cases. it was because as technical men, charged
with the defense of the nation, they believed
the situation was becoming so critical that one
party was striving for decisive advantage by
acting before the other.
- + e
There were men and influences In every
country which favored war, although none,
believe which favored war of<the magnitude
of that which came. but they did not control
nor can I see that they exercised a decisive
and precipitating influence. But when the war
did come the masses of every nation were so
convinced that they had not desired the con-
fict that they were innocent of all desire
wish for it, that they easily concluded that 1t
came as the result of the desire and win Of an
enemy people.
Could the war have been prevented2 Since
the Judgment of IL years after is pretty solidly
in all objective minds that there were no war
criminals and that there is no war guilt In the
familiar sense, would it not have been possible
to have avoided the supreme tragedy? In 1914,
perhaps just as it was avoided In 1905 and the
successive crises from 19051914, but not def
nitely, it seems to me- because the forces whick
had been set In motion during half centure
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-07-18
FREER FLOW OF TRADE SEEN
AS EUROPE'S HOPE OF PEACE
To Extent That Nations Develop Economic Relations
With Each Other, Says Noted Authority, viii
International Antagonists Disappear.

nomic conferences Of the European
nations to be held within the next few
months, called by different interests,
but all OF which have for their pur-
pose the discussion of ways and
means for promoting freer flow of
trade between the European countries.
This indicates q hopeful beginning Of
what believe to be Europe's only
way out.
Another influence which win be
helpful In the direction. of enabling
the social and economic interests OF q
people TO function independent Of
their purely political interests, Is the
development of social and economic
organizations, independent of govern
ment. which have made such rapid
progress In this country. The fact
that our trade associations have
adopted arbitration committees, to
which we are more and more referring
our differences rather than to appeal
TO the courts, is q hopeful indication
that we may In time eliminate much
Of that political emotion which has
30 frequently submerged our social
and economic interests ana only too
often been the cause Of war.
tCppyrfght. 1920
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-07-18

enemy, the rival. the diplomatic and political
opponent desired war and that therefore all
efforts to avert 1t were futile.
It Is true Of course that the Austrian rulers
resolved upon disciplinary course with re-
spect Of Serbia which was bound to amount to
the extinction Of the independence OF this little
state. 1t is true that this resolution was taken
with the full cognizance that it might, that 1t
would perhaps almost inevitably involve Aus.
tria and Russia In a dispute which at the least
would be dangerous in the extreme. It is true
that the German government, fully aware also
of this possibility, gave its promise Of support
to its ally
1t is equally true that Russia from the out.
set of the later phase in European history as
serted the right Of protector over Serbia despite
the obvious menace to Austria inherent in
Serbian aspirations, and indicated that she
would go to war rather than permit Serbia to
be crushed. It is true that France was pre-
pared and under promise to support her Rus
sian ally II war came through the Balkan
mess. The questions Of the prestige Of Rus
STA and of the safety of Austria were always
bound to rise when that Serbian issue was
touched sv
But that the Austrian statesmen--who must
certainly be held to bear the greatest burden
OF responsibility for what did occur-ever con-
ceived of plunging Europe into flames. that
the German rulers ever saw In the Serbian
affair pretext to precpitate that which they
were commonly supposed to have been plan
ming for over 40 years. this is quite as difficult
to believe now as the alternative that Russian
and French statesmen embarked upon ag
gressive policy with deliberate foreknowledge
of the consequences
The simple fact now seems clear to most
impartial minds that Europe blundered into
war. Grant If you please a greater criminal
obstinacy and recklessness on one side or the
other, assert, as one can with greater accuracy,
/ believe that the stupidity on one side was
more colossal than the other, and the con-
clusion remains mistaken that Europe came
to its supreme disaster not because any one
nation or group of nations plotted to precip
itate q war. believing conditions were propi
tious. but that all, all with no exception were
caught in the milIrace Of events.
If you read and reread the documents in the
case. there is very little to warrant the view
that London, Paris or Berlin. to say nothing
of st. Petersburg, moved steadily and deliber
ately toward q foreseen event. Paris and Pet
rograd believed the conflict could not be
avoided. From start to finish there is pes
smsn in all Russian and French expressions
which is arresting. Berlin, on the contrary,
steadily refused to believe that conflict could
result, utterly misread and underestimate the
gravity Of the situation. Vienna was absorbed
in the parochial problem of Serbia. As for
London, 1t was plainly and completely bafled
bewildered, appalled, to see itself daily becom
ing more involved in a tragedy which it more
exactly appraised.