davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-02

union which masses together work
ers of various industries, enables the
leaders to impose their will more cas-
lily upon the membership.
Most Reaotlonary.
1t was the leaders Of these loose,
octopus unions of general workers
who opposed the idea OF industrial
unionism-one union for each indus
try-at the Trades Union Congress at
Bournemouth. They did so for ex-
cellent reason: the formation Of in
dustrial unions would mean the allo-
cation Of various sections Of their
own members to their appropriate in
dustrial unions. and would thus mean
the finish of the mixed" or general
workers unions.
These reactionary leaders, there
fore, sought to oppose the Industrial
union idea by supporting the fine
sounding Revolutionary" and lad.
vanced" concept Of One Big Union for
all workers. They condemned the In
dustrial union as not being sufficiently
inclusive, and sought to show that
there is greater solidarity in q union to
which all workers belong.
1t was curious to hear these reac-
tionaries speaking Of solidarity, and
using revolutionary terms. For they
have been amongst the worst sabot-
eurs Of the miners struggle, and have
also been fighting the British minor
ity movement with all their strength.
In the General Workers Union, for
example, of which Clynes is presi-
dent, the leaders have forbidden their
branches to affiliate, or send delegates
to, the minority movement, and in
Liverpool have even expelled two
members who were active supporters
Of the minority movement.
Would Not Work.
Certain craft union leaders also sup
ported the One Big Union idea, not
because they really believed in it, but
because they knew well it was impos-
sible of fulfilment, whereas industrial
unionism a far more practical
change-threatened their own com
Portable jobs.
The reactionary supporters of One
Big Union, therefore, have been de-
feated. But we must not be over
hopeful because of this. The adop-
ton of the resolution in favor of in
dustrial unionism means but little un-
less the General Council is forced to
translate it into action. Only by call
ing together the various unions and
planning definite, amalgamations of
the unions can industrial unionism be
furthered. And with the personnel of
the General Council we cannot ex-
pect much action on these lines, un-
less their hand is forced by the deter
mined pressure of the rank and file,
expressed thru the growing minority
movement.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-02

the last four or five years.
Fall River mills" says the journal,
have been developed, financed and
managed by local interests to a much
greater extent than other manufacture
ing centers. With little new blood
from the outside, a policy Of nepotism
over a period Of. years has in numer-
Gus cases dullsd the initiative OF man
agements. When they could afford to
do so the mills did not change their
machinery and manufacturing meth
DDS to meet-th new demands"
Less than $1,000 a year.
Wages in Fall River cotton mills in
1914, the journal shows, averaged only
s4S0 for the entire years work. In
only one year since has the average
reached $1,000 That was in 1920,
when mill workers earned an average
of s1,O65. In 1924, the last year COW
cred by the Wall Street Journal, the
annual wage fell to 1923.
In spite of these extremely low
wages, less than the barest family sub
sistence, and in spite of operations in
the last few years running as low as
so per cent of capacity, Fall River
dividends continue In 1920 they rose
to $11,O95,SOO, more than nine times
the pre-war figure; and in 1924, with
operations throttled down TO half of
capacity, Fall River cotton mill divi.
dends were So per cent above 1924.
Dividend Figures.
Figures showing for each year since
1914 the value Of Fall River cotton
mill products, the wages paid, and div
idends are:
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-02
No Share In Prosperity.

The figures show that labor had no
share in the great prosperity of the
war years. In 1917 when the total
value of their output had increased Sc
per cent over 1914, wages had in
creased only AZ per cent. In 1918 the
value of their output was up 140 per
cent and their wages So per cent. In
1919 the figures were IT'S per cent
and SO per cent, and in 1920, when
the value of the product was 202 per
cent over pre-war, wages were up
only 1877 per cent. This means that
the percentage Of wages to the total
value of the product fell from 26.4 per
cent in 1914 to low point of III per
cent in 1918.
In 1924, when the dividends paid by
these mills were IS per cent over
1914, wages totaled only As per cent
above that year.
Describing the position Of Fall River
in the industry the Wall Street Jour
nal says: To-day Fall River has more
spindles than any other city in the
United States, some 100000. Like
New Bedford, it is essentially a city
Of cotton manufacturing, to which is
devoted 10 per cent or more OF its
manufacturing activity. There are
around 35 major cotton mills. There
is also in Fall River the largest Amer
lean Printing Co., with $4,000 spin
dies, 5000 looms and AZ printing
machines, all capable OF producing
100000. yards of cloth week and
printing 100000 yards"
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-02

Cousre5Ses approval Dy z,l04,UUU 10
1,650,00O
The One Big Union was defended by
several reactionaries-not by craft
union reactionaries so much as by
the representatives of the general
workers unions"
Unions of Skilled Labor.
Like most countries where capital
list development began early, the first
union of Britain were unions Of
skilled workers During years these
organizations grew and thrived. In
the meantime, however. the growing
improvement in the productive tech
nical apparatus introduced into indus
try an increasing number of unskilled.
The unskilled workers--the vendors
of raw labor power-were looked
upon with a certain contempt by the
skilled toilers, who had not the sense
to realize that increasing mechanical
efficiency was undermining their own
position as skilled men. The un-
skilled were not admitted to most Of
the older craft unions.
Then came the great forward move
Iment Of the 1905, eliminating in the
great dock strike of 1888. At this
period were born the organizations of
unsktIled workers, which were the
parents of the present unions OF gen.
eral workers. These unions admitted
to membership the unskilled laborers
who were debarred from entry into
the older craft bodies.
Mass Unions.
Thus there have grown up in Brit
ain unions which organize masses Of
workers in all industries. The two
principal ones are the Workers
Union and the General and Municipal
Workers Union. The Transport
Workers Union has also now broad
ened its field and admits general
workers also.
AS in most Industries, the skilled
workers were already organized, the
members of these general unions are,
In great majority. the unskilled work
ers in those industries where the craft
unions do not cater for them. Thus
we have the spectacle of these great
mass unions competing with the older
unions for membership. The general
workers unions are not industrial
unions, as they confine their field to
no single industry, but accept recruits
from any branch of production.
Industrial Unions.
Besides the craft unions and the
general workers unions, there are
also industrial unions, such as the
miners. Thus the three forms of
unionism exist.
The general workers unions have
been permeated with most reac-
tionary theology, and count among
their leaders the worst of the oppon-
ents Of the left wing. The lack of
homogeneity, which must prevail in
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-02
VIGIL Radio Program

Chicago Federation OF Labor radio
brcadcasting station VIGIL is on the
air with regular programs. 1t 10
broadcasting on 4915 wave length
from the Municipal Pier. s,t
TONIGHT.
800 p. m.-chlcago Federation Of Labor
talks and bulletins; c. r. Lowrie, Score.
tary OF Farmers Labor Exchange, SUBJ
Iect: Farmers Cooperate with Con-
sumers."
6;15 tose:so-FabIe Lady-stories for
children.
6;3o-The Brevoort String Trio; VsIIa
Cook; Harold Grossaint, Little Joe
Warner, Clarence Sullivan.
9;00-Alamo Cafe.
1i:oo-Alamo Entertainers.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-02
GARMENT UNION
HOLDS FAST ON
PICKET LINES
Vigilance Needed as the
Bosses Face Crisis

NEW YORK CITY, Sept. S0-While
1.-THE cloakmakers' general strike com
mittee announced last night that un.
ion officials have been invited to at
tend conference Of all factors OF
the cloak industry at the ONCE OF
Raymond v. Ingersoll, impartial
chairman, in the hope Of settling the
present strike of 10000, it firmly de.
MED all reports current yesterday
that any informal conferences have
been held or any tentative settle
ments have been reached with cloak
manufacturers.
Striking cloakmakers are warned
not to be diverted, by these reports,
from continuous activity ON the pick
ct line or other strict adherence to
their various duties. Ut was pointed
out that, at the present crucial per-
iod in the strike with manufacturers
unable to obtain any stable amount
of production, it was important not
to relax any vigilance on the picket
line.
About $50 cloak strikers were ar
raigned before Magistrate Harry Cor
don in jefferson Market court on
charges of congregating in the gar
ment zone. Many received SO or IS
fines which were paid by the union.
Among those arrested yesterday were
Charles Zimmerman, vice-chairman Of
the general strike committee, and
Elias Marks, secretary of the general
picket committee. Both Zimmerman
and Marks were discharged.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-02

Company Union Changes Gears.
Some months ago the company union
in the B. C M. shops sent a delega-
ton of Ave men to lay certain pro-
posals before the management. The
company officials did not like their
tone and sent them away with an en-
phatic refusal Then the five dele
gates were dismissed. Whereupon the
humble spirit of the members OF the
company union disappeared and senti-
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-02
Push labor Parry In ohio

CINCINNATI, Ohio - Labor unions,
Individual radicals and others inter-
ested in the formation of labor
party in Ohio have formed temper
airy state committee and have named
Nicholas Klein, Second National Bank
Bldg, Cincinnati as the acting state
secretary. The mine workers are
showing a great interest.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-02
RACIAL BIAS AT
WISCONSIN "U",
HEBREWS CHARGE
President Glenn Frank
Will Investigate

MADISON, Wis, Sept. 80. - There
will be no racial prejudice at the
University of Wisconsin and com.
plants Of racial discrimination will be
investigated by President Glenn Frank
personally as an outgrowth Of claims
made by Milwaukee hebrews that Alex
Stern had been denied position in
the university library because of his
faith, IT was learned today.
High Recommendation.
Stern, student at the university
from Milwaukee, applied for library
position with high recommendations
from M. S. Dudgeon, Milwaukee public
librarian. Dudgeon received a reply
from Miss Alice V. King, university
employment officer which is alleged
to have declared, mo Jewish students
are acceptable"
Refused To Comment.
Miss King, when interviewed today.
refused to comment on the letter she
is said to have written. She declared
she had not communicated with Stern
and that her correspondence had been
with Mr.. Dudgeon only. She asserted
that any information must come from
President Frank.
President Frank was emphatic in
his declaration that there can be no
racial or religious discrimination at
the university and that no such policy
exists In any branch of the university.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-02

Boston Raincoat Workers Striking
BOSTON (FP) - Boston's 1000
raincoat workers are striking to get a
42-hour, 5-day week instead of A
hours in 6 days. The workers are af.
filiated with the init. Ladies' Garment
Workers union.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-02
r. r. SHOPNEN JUMP FROM THEIR
COMPANY UNION FRYING PAN INTO
FIRE OF GOVERNMENT "NEDLATION'

WASHINGTON christopher rail
road who turned their
have appealed Washington have
been promised its arrive
Boston dispute dealing with two other
industrial difficulties involving the Boston & Maine
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-02
INDUSTRIAL UNIONISM DISCUSSED
AT BRITISH TRADE UNION CONGRESS
BY CHARLES AsHLEIeH.

The discussion at the Trades Union
unonism zone Big Union" requires understanding
structure of the British unions.
At first sight it might that the One Big Union
horo
where much cowadc
the big mechanical voting welded
consolation know the industry
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-02

PAwTUCKET, R! I.-FP)-sO0 I'M
ion loom flxers and weavers of the
Solvay Dyeing & Bleaching Co. are
striking against wage reductions. The
plant makes mems shirtings. The
workers are organized in the United
Textile Workers.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-02
MISNANAGEMENT AND SOUTHERN
CHEAP LABOR COMPETITION ARE
RESPONSIBLE FOR TEXTILE SLUMP
BY LELAND oLps, Federated Press.

That
ment is shown the story Of the cotton industry
Wall Street Journal article this textile
ageriI initiative southern
depression which
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-02
Organized Labor-Trade Union Activities

News and Comment
Labor Education
Labor and Government
Trade Union Politics
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-02

SAN Observation-Disclosures
in San Francisco public schools ask
for raise of SIS month instead of
the IS raise granted several weeks
ago.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-02

Policies and Programs
The Trade Union Press
Strikes-Tnjunctions
Labor and Imperialism
, 1926-10-25

New servce by t1as s. Nova Scotia and Dominica rom New York 70 ta West In
dies calling ST. Thomas. ST. CFOE Virgin Islands. l.SA t0.hWs 4nHW, Dom-
mica, British ~. ID GuadaCupe, Martinique trenca :. ~ es L@e Ia@@ ana
Trinidad d. Nv. Id Steae. sails from Pier ~ HvoEEn t@t An$ ~ Wo DOCKS
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-09
What Is Political Economy?
n" published by the Daily Worker PubIishin
From the forthcoming elements of Political Education Pubs

when the machine replaced hand labor and
became the property not of him who runs it,
but of him who owns it, when even the labor
power Of the worker itself became a COM
modify, then the relationships between hui
man beings changed again and very funda-
mentally. Even at one and the same time
within different countries standing at differ
ent stages of their economic development,
the relationships between human beings are
different.
This is why there cannot be one single
science which should be able to find one
general law, Illuminating the relationships
between human beings at different periods.
Science has to study various historical
epochs; it has to deal with an economy
which is undergoing changes in the course of
historic development.
In the patriarchial commune where there
stiIl exists (communal) ownership Of land
and a natural form of economy, human rela-
tons are simple and easy to understand.
But with time, with the appearance of ex-
change and property, economic relations be-
come complicated; natural economy passes
into simple commodity, and then capitalistic
commodity economy. This capitalistic com
modify presents an infinitely closely inter-
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-09
JOHN 3. cHAPPLE

winning network Of operations Of production
and exchange, and for this reason it is par
ticularly difficult to establish the economic
laws which govern this type Of economy.
If we were to take such different kinds Of
epochs as, let us say, the patriarchal-com-
munal and the capitalistic, and attempt to
derive the economic laws which govern so
cialeconomic relations in both of these ep-
ochs, we would get nothing except generaH-
ties. Because, when investigating such diff
ferent types of epochs, we can establish be-
tween them only the most general, superfc-
ial connections which do not enable us to
understand in all their fullness the laws
governing one or the other Of these societies.
Therefore, if we wish to acquaint ourselves
as deeply as possibly and from every side,
with the substance and the motivating
forces of capitalist society, we must turn to
the study Of this society alone, leaving aside
pre-capitalist societies. The science which
studies the pecularities belonging only to
capitalist society, in contradistinction to
other societies, is called political economy.
The greatest and preeminent role In the dis
covery of the whole economic mechanics Of
capitalism was played by Karl Marx.
ITO BE Contnued)
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-09

Political Economy is that science which
Investigates and explains the laws Of the
economic life Of capitalist society. 1t IL
lumines those human relationships which
arise on the basis of capitalist production
and exchange.
There exists an opinion that political
economy is a science investigating and ex-
planning the laws of mans economic life in
general, i.e independently Of the character
of those relationships. According to this
opinion, political economy must discover the
motiyating forces of human society for the
whole of history from primitive commu-
nism to socialism, inclusive. This opinion is
incorrect.
The conditions under which the produc-
ton and exchange of the necessities Of life
are carried on are different at different pc
RODS In the primitive epoch, when men en-
gagged in hunting and knew nothing of ex-
change, there existed certain relationships
between them. Later, when men began to en-
gage in agriculture and pritae ownership
of objects, products and men slavery and
serfdom) was established the relationships
between human beings changed; and finally
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-09
A Story Of How the Rich Buy Their Senators

the nomination burned up three mil
lion dollars in the primaries. The fell
low who spent the most did not get
the nomination either. The honor
went to Senator Ware who spent only
three-quarters of a million.
l will not say any more, unless in
passing, about the Pennsylvania angle
of the investigation. was not present
at the hearings and got my informa-
ton secondhand. But fate decreed
that l should have the pleasure of
viewing the great and near-great at
close range when Senator Reed decid-
ed that stories Of corruption connect
ed with the Illinois primaries deserv-
ed little attention. So he moved
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-09

himself, his silent partner Robert M.
LaFollette and clerical assistance to
the federal building in Chicago and
this is where the story really starts.
Senator Reed was boss OF the show.
He did all the Quizzing there was to
be done. He is a democrat if Sena-
tor Borah is a republican. Reed felt
that he was a better democrat than
Woodrow Wilson when the late presi-
dent sponsored the league Of nations.
Some say that Reed had other rea-
sons for Quarreling with Wilson. One
rumor is that Woodrow appointed an
old crony of his to lucrative sine
cure against the opposition Of the
Missourian. Reed had some difficulty
in rewarding a faithful supporter
from Kansas on another occasion be-
cause the president had favored a RI
val. Those incidents loom large in
a senator's strategy.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-09

Champ Clark missed being presi-
dent by the proverbial hair breadth.
Clark was championed by the Mis-
souri, delegation. Roger Sullivan, the
then utility king of Illinois and George
g. Brennan's predecessor, in the dem
ocrat party saddle, suddenly threw
his delegation to Wilson, sending the
Princeton professor to the White
House and Champ Clark to an early
grave. Senator Reed had factional
aniposity towards Wilson, but he
supported the war declaration against
Germany, and made a speech for it
in the senate tho much against his
will, it is said.
Reeds feud with Wilson began in
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-09

the fate of nations has often been de-
termined by the smile OF dissolute
woman"
Taking into consideration, the ru-
mors that were circulated about the
president and what goes for pleasure
in Paris, It is no wonder that senators
from the alfalfa regions gasped.
This is the man, astute politician,
demagogue, master of invectiye, fight
Ter, Independent democrat, with an I'M
favorable record on labor bills, foe OF
Volsteadism and admirer Of II. L.
Mencken, who rode into Chicago late
last July to tackle the job Of clean
ing the Augean stables OF Illinois
politics. Unlike Hercules, Reed did
not turn a river on the accumulated
filth. That would be too radical a pro
cedure. What he did was to take a
squirt gun and sprinkle the sewage
with disinfectant, For the moment
Reed was a reformer.
What happened, how and who It
happened to viii be told in other ar
ticles. as1soa
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-10-09
BY 7. J. o'FLAHERTY.
ARTICLE I.

"Augean, like the stables Of Au-
seas; exceedingly filthy; corrupt. Au-
pean stables, the stables Of Augeas
which contained 5000 oxen. They
had not been cleaned for thirty years,
but Hercules performed the task in a
single day, by turning the river Al
pheus thru them."--Funk and Was-
nails New Standard Dictionary.
This is a Greek myth, but mighty
useful one just now. There is no
better way to start an impressionistic
story of the slush fund quiz than to
get nose-full of good stable odor.
Even the most fastidious will have to
admit that 5000 oxen performing all
the functions Of nature for thirty
years should produce almost as much
pollution as the campaign committee
Of a capitalist party.
Perhaps it is well to refresh our
readers memory a little, else they
might attribute this introduction to a
prediction for nauseous things.
When the last ward heller was paid
on In the recent primary contests in
Pennsylvania, it was learned that the
rival contestants for the senatorial
nomination on the g. o. P. ticket in
Pennsylvania distributed approx
mately 100000 among the voters
Most of this money was used fol-
bribery. The average price fetched
by vote in the open market in Penn
sylvania was $40.
Great indignation swelled in the pa
triotdc breasts of the democrats and
one Of their wise men, Senator James
A. Reed of Missouri, essayed the
role of a Hercules who would clean
the Augean stables where the dung
of 5000 elephants was left anchored
for few generations.
That the stalls of the democratic
jackass were not equally filthy can
not be attributed to superior efhci
ency on the part of the democratic
stable boys. but to the deplorable fac
that the ass had lost his carrying
powers and his fodder became scantJ
in consequence Des
James A. Reed, senator from Mis-
souri,, declared in the upper chamber
Of congress that the nation would
have to be shown where this Doodle
came from and whence it went. HI
introduced a resolution to probe tht
scandal to the bottom. It was pass
ed, and in accord with tradition, Reet
became chairman Of the committee
To give the committee an air of non
partisanship it was loaded down witt
few republicans, one a cross be
tween a republican and a democra'
and the rest aged-in-the-wood Jeffer
sonians.
The total result of the probe init
the Pennsylvania scandal was tha
the three republican candidates FOL