davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-07-03

Of the republican party was held in
Pittsburgh in February. Its address
demanded not the abolition of slavery,
but its confinements to existing limits
and a practical demand that the north
ern capitalist class be given adequate
recognition"
1860. At the opening of the Civil
War, in December, a joint resolution
of house and senate was passed pro-
viding for constitutional amendment
to prohibit the adoption of any future
amendment interfering with slavery in
any existing state.
1868. Draft riots against conscrip-
ton took place, during which the en-
ragged people held the city for few
days. In the same year, at the end
OF February, was created the system
Of national banks.
1869. Formation OF the Noble Order
Of the Knights Of Labor in Philadel
phia on Thanksgiving Day, with Uriah
S. Stephens at the head.
1901. The first units of the Inter-
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-07-03

national Workingmen's Association
were formed in the United States.
1881. On November 10, in Pitts
burgh, was formed the direct fore
runner of the American Federation of
Labor, the Federation of Organized
Trades and Labor Unions of the
United States and Canada. "a. F. of
L. formed December s, 1886, at Co.
lumbus, o.
1877. The historic railroad strikes,
which spread thru east and west, and
in which workers held several towns
for numerous days, took place.
1898. Declaration of the Spanish
American war on April 20, marking a
turning point for American capitalism
and the launching Of the imperiallst
era.
1917. Rounding out of Americas
imperialist career by the entry into
The world war in April, following i'm
mediately on the second Inauguration
Of Woodrow Wilson, elected because
he kept us out of the war.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-07-03
Historic Dates

1916. The Declaration of Independ-
ence of the young commercial and cap
italist class of the thirteen colonies
from the mother country, England,
was made on July 4th.
1889. The United States Of America
was instituted under the new constitu-
ton on March 4, the first step towards
Capitalization since the failure Of the
loose Articles OF Confederation Of
March 1, 1871. George Washington
was chosen the president.
1923. President Monroe sends mes
sage to congress, later known as the
Monroe Doctrine, establishing Amer
ica's demand for exclusive control of
the Western Hemisphere.
1850. The first international union
was started by the National Conven-
ton Of Journeymen Printers" in New
York Permanent organization was
perfected in 1852 at the Cincinnati
convention under the name National
typographical Union.
1856. The first national convention
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-07-03
BY N. /. KIsHoR.

- ~ tNiOflOhs
GONE industries will probably never
~ be safe. The dangers of explosion
and fire brood over them continuously.
The flying bricks and steel, the fam
ing tar and the shower of acid at Gary
are typical of by-product coke plant
catastrophe.
The dangers in by-product coking
are not as apparent as in coal mines
and other industries generally listed
as dangerous" and are more likely
to be underestimated by the worker
when he applies for job or while he
works. But almost every point in a
coke plant is danger point, and this
is thoroly well known to the manage
ment and calls for something more
than Safety First" campaigns to
bring the risks down to the scientif-
cally irreducible minimum.
By-product coking is one of the most
important links in the Industrial chain
In fact, the progress of a country to-
ward industrial independence can al
most be measured by the size of it's
bY-product coke industry. OF the
chief products of the by-product coke
plant the coke is indispensable for
iron production and the coal tar and
benzol serve as the basis of huge
section of the chemicals-aside from
the increasing use Of benzol as a mo-
tor fuel.
When soft coal is heated in the open
air, it burns, but when it is heated in
a chamber or oven where no air can
enter, gas and vapors amounting to
about one-fourth of the weight of the
coal are driven off. The residue in the
oven is hard mass all cooked together.
This is coke, which is used in blast
metal, and also as more efficient fuel
than coal. OF the vapors, some con-
dense almost Immediately after leav-
ing the oven in a thick, black, evil
smelling liquid. This is the famous
coal tar. The rest Of the gas does not
condense at all, but is drawn away
and used for lighting and heating pur-
poses in homes and factories. This is
our ordinary, familiar gas"
DUT this gas still contains two i'm
- mensely important substances
which must be extracted before the
gas is used. BY passing the gas thru
sulphuric acid, ammonia is washed out
of it, forming an important fertilizer.
Then by passing the gas thru creosote
oil, benzol, with its myriad uses, is
extracted.
From the entrance of the coal into
the plant the struggle for safety COM
mences. The coal must be crushed
before charging into the ovens. I'm
less special precautions are taken a
large amount of coal dust is formed.
This dust, if allowed to lie around in
warm temperatures, becomes partially
cooked. In this condition it is explo-
sive. Danger point number one.
From the time the coal is charged
into the ovens the danger may be said
in general to follow the path of the
gas. Fifty to sixty ovens are gener-
ally run as one unit, the gas from all
these passing from the ovens into a
common gas main and being drawn Ia
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-07-03

the by-product plant by large pump
situated there. This pump Tor ex-
hauster) must always be regulated so
as to keep slight pressure in the
ovens, a slight pressure in the tar
main (where the tar condenses) and
slight suction in the gas main coming
to the pump. If the exhauster does
not suck hard enough Cor if the mains
get blocked up-which amounts to the
same thing) pressure will accumulate
in the ovens, and although an ordinary
increase would probably only blow off
the doors without doing much harm, a
sudden large increase of pressure
might blow up the ovens. If the ex-
hauster sucks too hard air will be
drawn into the gas main from outside,
possibly in q sufficiently large amount
to form an explosive mixture with the
gas. Once the gas is mixed with air
any spark or temporary oYerheating
will cause terrific explosion.
Beyond the exhauster the gas is I'M
der. pressure and here gas leaks may
be expected. If a small amount of
gas escapes the worst it can do is to
make the workers somewhat sick. 1t
should be clearly understood that gas
is not explosive "by itself" like T.
N. T. 1t is only explosive when mixed
with air and when the percentage of
gas in the gas-air mixture lies between
certain limits. Since gas is less than
half as heavy as air, it mounts to the
top of the building on escaping, and
there would have to be considerable
leakage indeed before enough gas
would diffuse thru the air to make an
explosive mixture. Once this mixture
is formed, however, any spark, even
spark of static electricity from a
driving belt, will explode it. Any at
tempt to put the blame for an eXplo-
sion at this point on "a careless match.
thrower" is ridiculous. If little gas
escapes from a leak a match can be
safely brought directly up to it and
the gas will only catch fire and burn
quietly. 1t will not explode. Only
when so much gas has already es-
capped that the atmosphere nearby con-
sists of an explosive mixture of gas
and air can an explosion take place,
and not till then. And when this is
the case, not even a match is required
% set it off. The spark that follows
on pulling an electric switch, or a
spark of static electricity, is all that
is needed
THERE is another kind of gas that
is generated and used in the plant
The coke ovens have to be maintained
at temperature of about 100 degrees
Fahrenheit. They are heated with gas,
but with a weaker and cheaper gas
than that made in the ovens from the
coal. Either producer gas" 'fblast-
furnace gas" or blue gas" is used for
this purpose. All three are explosives;
all three are poisonous, containing
high percentages of carbon monoxide
Blue gas has the widest explosive lin
its and contains about 40 per cent of
carbon monoxide, making it intensely
poisonous. Even small leaks of such
gas are exceedingly dangerous.
Coming to the fire risks, any place
where coal is stored, any place where
-------------
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-07-03
Remembering the Gary Disaster
Dangers in By-Product Coking

dust is allowed to accumulate, pre-
sents the danger of spontaneous COM
bustion. Coal tar, creosote and BEN,
zol are all highly infammable. The
wells into which the tar runs down
from the tar and gas mains and ac-
cumulates, are fire risks. All places
where tar, creosote or benzol are
stored or handled may be the scenes
Of disastrous fires.
In the benzol plant extreme precau-
ton must be observed. Benzol is
capable of penetrating the slightest
leak in a pipe or connection-a leak
so small that water would not pass
through it. Benzol vaporizes readily.
The vapor is about three times as
heavy as aid and therefore has ten
dency to accumulate near the floor of
a building. 1t also forms an explo-
sive mixture with air, but in most
cases Of benzol disasters the first
stage is fire, explosions possibly fol
lowing secondarily. No spark of any
kind should ever be permitted in a
benzol building. No electric switches
Except of the totally-enclosed type)
should be allowed. All precautions
should be taken against sparks of
static electricity from driving belts,
etc. Benzol has even been known to
acquire a static charge itself, from
friction, when passed rapidly thru a
pipe, resulting in spark and con-
dagration. For this reason the benzol
piping system should be electrically
grounded if conditions favor the ac-
emulation of static charges.
Some coke plants sell their coal tar
to distillers; others distill it them
selves. In the latter case the plant
presents still another series of posi-
bilities of disaster. If the tar is wet
the distillation proceeds very turbu-
lently, drops of water being vaporized
suddenly with almost explosive vio-
lence. Cases have been known where
the tops have been blown off stills in
this way. Blockages due to naphtha-
lene may stop up the yapor pipes lead
ing from the still or the condensers,
causing an accumulation OF pressure
in the still and consequent explo-
sion. Towards the end of the distilla-
tion-particularly if it has been car
ried too far, partially coking the resi-
due, the bottom of the. still may burn
thru. precipitating tons of pitch onto
the fire.
Naphthalene, one of the products of
the distfllation-the white faky mate
rial of which moth balls are made-is
exceedingly infammable and gener-
ates a terrific heat when burned. A
few years ago a naphthalene fire in
one of the big distillation companies
plant reduced the entire building to
absolute wreckage.
| ENOUGH has been given already to
~ show the manifold dangers in by
product coking. And yet only pri-
mary dangers have been touched upon.
In practice, secondary dangers also
cause great loss of life. By secondary
dangers are meant those which come
into play only when a disaster, such as
fire or explosion, is already in ac-
ton. For example, an explosion in
| the by-product plant blows up the
Evening star., 1926-11-22
BRONT0SARUSECCS
FOUND IN MEXICO
Fossils of 90-Foot Monster
First Discovered in
North America.
By the Associated Press.

-
NEW YORK, November 22.-Five
fossilized eggs of the brontosau urus, a
monster reptile, 80 feet long, that
weighed 40 tons, have been found in
North America.
L. Volney Stevens, a mining en-
gineer of Harrison, n. Y, discovered
the scientific treasures in rich set
ting of silver and lead, the New York
American says today in copyrighted
story.
Found i'm Mexico.
Mr.. Stevens reports that he located
the eggs while searching for big min
eral deposits in a canyon cut 5000
feet by the Yaqui River in the State
of Sonora Mexico. They were about
the size Of cantaloupes, and were i'm
bedded in veins of mixed lead and sill
yer ores. They were uncovered in
pre- e-silurian deposits, possibly of the
MesoZoic era, when giant reptiles
dominated the earth.
They were in the process of hatch
ing, and each contains the fossilized
embryo of an elephant-like animal
of the dinosaurus group, with a well
formed trunk No such partly
Matched specimens were ever found
before.
After breaking and examining all
but one Of the eggs, Mr.. Stevens
climbed out Of the unexplored can
yon and returned to civilization with
his treasures.
Mr.. Stevens says he doesn't recon-
mend any present exploitation Of his
Evening star., 1926-11-22
AGRICULTURE THEMES
DISCUSSED AT PARLEY
Relations Of Industry to Other
Businesses Considered by Farm
Represen tatives at Harrisburg.

By the Associated Press.
HARRISBURG, Pa, Novmber 22.-
Representatives Of the farming indus
try organized agricultural and bust
ness agencies, finance, industry and
commerce from Pennsylvania, New
Jersey, Maryland, Delaware and West
Virginia were here today for dis.
cussion Of agriculture as it relates
to other business. The conference
will last through tomorrow.
The conference was called by the
Chamber of Commerce Of the United
States, the Pennsylvania State Cham.
Der of Commerce and the Harrisburg
Chamber of Commerce and is one Of
a series being sponsored throughout
the country by the Chamber Of Com
merce Of the United States, co-operat-
ing with local organizations.
Subjects listed for discussion include
availability and cost Of labor. credit,
local and State and Federal taxes,
surpluses in relation to marketing
problems and transportation.
Evening star., 1926-11-22
Hopkins and Joyce ended in the d.

Hopkins and Joyce ended in the d.
vorce court after little more than a
year of married life. A court settle
ment gave Peggy more than a mil
Hon dollars, which later was cut
down through settlement of claims.
Later she married Count Morner. a
Swedish nobleman and former Chi
cago tooth paste manufacturer, from
whom she was divorced last Spring.
The ceremony was performed at
the home Of Joyce's mother, Mrs.
William Joyce, by Rev. Albert J.
McCa rtney Of the Kenwood Church.
David Joyce and his wife acted as
best man and matron of honor, and
only two other persons were present.
The lumberman and his bride were
reported to have taken a suite at
the Drake Hotel temporarily, but
their names did not appear on the
register. According to David Joyce,
the two have not divulged their
future plans.
The new Mrs. Joyce was described
as strikingly beautiful woman,
with love for outdoor life and &C.
complishments in various sports.
Evening star., 1926-11-22
Ranuhlican group. Will take over the

Republican group, will take over the
portfolio Of prime. minister. He will
be supported by M. Michalakopoulos.
leader Of the Conservative Repub-
licans. Gen. Metaxas, the Moderate
Royalist leader. will support NJ. Ka-
fandaris on condition that the army
be definitely kept out of politics.
Every one here is opposed to hold
ing new elections. The new Parlia-
ment, chosen in the recent elections,
which gave the Republicans a ma
jority of 30 in the Chamber. will con-
vene next Friday.
Evening star., 1926-11-22

mineral finds, for the Yaqui Indians
are on the warpath in that country
in rebellion against the Mexican gov
ernment.
Roy Chapman Andrews in 1923
brought back from the Cobb Desert
in central Mongolia % eggs Of the
dinosaur. estimated to be 25,000.0 900
years old, which are now in the Amer.
lean Museum of Natural History in
New York. Fossil remains of the
huge reptiles were first found in Ger
many.
Evening star., 1926-11-22
new PREMIER TO END
GREEK POLITICAL CRISIS
Kafandaris Promised Support
When He Succeeds Kon-
dylis at Helm.
Nv the Annotated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
ATHENS, November 22.-The po-
litical situation growing out OF the
announced intention Of Gen. Kondylis
to give up the premiership has been
cleared. i
M, Kafandaris, leader Of the largest
Evening star., 1926-11-22
PEGGY JOYCE'S THIRD
HUSBAND WEDS AGAIN
Lumberman Tries to Keep Latest
Venture Secret, But
Fails.
By the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
CHICAGO, November "a The
Tribune today says that James STAN
ley Joyce, Chicago lumberman and
third husband of Peggy Hopkins
Joyce, from whom he was divorced
in 1921, was married here Saturday
night to Mrs. r. N. Vail of New
York.
Efforts were made. the paper said.
to keep the marriage secret, but
the news became known, verification
being given by David Joyce, a
brother.
The short Lived romance of Peggy
Evening star., 1926-11-22
COLORED MAN SLAIN.
Fatally Shot, His Assailant Held OF
Murder Charge.

Townley Robinson. colored. q years
old, of 1928 o street was shot fatally
last night by William A. King. also
colored, "a years old. 1447 p street.
King told police Robinson invaded his
home and started a trough house."
Robinson died at Emergency Hos
pital at a am. about seven hours after
he was shot. A formal charge OF
has been placed against King
An inquest will be held at the morgue
at IL am. tomorrow.
Evening star., 1926-11-22

Unusual clearness Of the atmos-
phere and unusual brightness or
twinkling Of the stars indicates rain.
Evening star., 1926-11-22

War Secretary Out Of City.
Secretary Dwight F. Davis Of the
War Department has gone to West
Newton, Mass, where he will make
an address tonight.
New Britain herald., 1926-09-30
EXTEND OLIVE BRANCH
 TO 4TH WARD REBELS
Judd Willing to Confer, Weld Says Door Is
 Open

Louis Horwitz. spokesman for a group of fourth ward republicans who complained they were ignored when commissionerships were be- ing handed out this year and who claim to have the sympathics of their alderman. J. Gustav Johnson, announced today they will continue to support the G. o. P. only on con- dition that the organization invites them into the party councils.
 Chairman William II. Judd of the republican town committee is ready 10 meet the militan fourth warders and Mayor Weld also declared the doors of his office are open to hear the grievance.
 Had the recognized leaders of the republican party rot expressed will lingness to confer with his friends, fforwitz indicated that a meeting would be held this week and the ward canvassed in the interests of the democratic party.
 Alderman Johnson said he has heard rumors Of dissatisfaction in the district he represents, but he has not taken part in any movement to bolt the party, he declared, and he questioned the effectiveness of a drive against the state ticket to aveage alleged local misgivings.
New Britain herald., 1926-09-30
HARTFORD YOUTH ADMITS
 HE'S ONE OF HOLDUP DUO
Raymond MasonyilIe, 21, Confesses He and Companion Robbed
 Gas Station

Hartford. Conn.,. Sept. 30.-lP- Arrested on suspicion last night in connection with the holdup of a policeman and a gasoline station keeper, Raymond Masonville. 21 years old, confessed to Lieutenant Andrews J. Williams and Detective Sergeants John F. Madigan that he had taken part in the holdup The police are looking for his compan- ion.
 Masonville was picked up on sus- picion partly as g result Of his past criminal record which resulted in his serving a sentence at the refor- matory in Cheshire.
 Early last Monday morning John De Gray. manager Of a filling sta ton at Maple avenue and Preston streets, was held up by two armed men who forced him into a back room. bound him with rope and footed the cash register of S90. Po- liceman George D. Delaney entered a few minutes later and found Ma sonville in the room, the latter con- .fessed. Delaney asked for De Gray and was told to go to the back room. When he did so he was held up. disarmed and locked in the room.
New Britain herald., 1926-09-30
RESIDENT OF CITY FOR
 PAST 76 YEARS DEAD
Mrs. Clara Thompson Crowley Expires at
 Age of S2

Mrs. Clara Thompson Crowley, s2 years old, resident Of this city for 76 years, during which she was a member Of the Baptist church for 50 years, died last evening at her home, 12 Lake court, after a finger ing illness.
 She was born In Birmingham. England, August 24, 1S44, and when she was a child the family moved to America and settled in New Britain. Always active in the affairs of the city, she won host Of friends dur ing her long life as resident here. Besides being one of the oldest members of the Baptist church, she was also a past president of the Stanley Women's Relief Corps, an organization which occupied her greatest interests for years.
 Her parents were the late Joseph and Clara Bassett Crowley who after settling in this city became two of it's most prominent residents. Her family is among the oldest stock in th city. Surviving her are a son. Dr. George T. Crowley. well known veterinary; two daughters, Mrs. Ar thur c. Ellsworth of South Man chester and Miss Agnes F. Crowley, who has been living with Mrs. Crow ley during the latter years of her life, and two granddaughters.
 Funeral services will be held at the late home Saturday afternoon at 3 o'clock. Rev. William Ross. pas tor of the First Baptist church, will officiate. Intermcnt will be in Fair view cemetery.
New Britain herald., 1926-09-30
kilbourne Calls Delay "Travesty on Justice" and Quits Meeting While in Temper.

When Chairman William F. Att wood of the board of adjustment announced last night a quorum could not be had for action on the application of E. o. kilbourne for a permit to place a gasoline filling station in a residence district, until another commissioner arrived, Kil- i bourne jumped to his feet and said
 "A travesty on justice. It's the biggest joke ever perpetrated on the American public"
 While members of the board were hastening to explain the action was not final disposition but a temporary tabling. Kilbourne left the office. The commissioners declined to take action in his absence so the case went over for the fourth time. Kilbourne wishes to place a fllI- ing station opposite the south en- trance to Stanley Quarter park Since the district is zoned for resi- dences only, a special exception from the board of adjustment is neces- sary.
 An affirmative vote of five mem bers Of the board is necessary for a special exception. Judge B. r. Gaffney has disqualified himself be- cause his son, Attorney Donald Calf ney, represented Landers, Frary X Clarl's as opposing. Commissioner s. M. Davidson refuses to act in the hearing because Of an incident which happened at the last meeting when kilbourne insinuated that the com missioner was acting in the interests of Belvidere businessmen.
 Harry E. Morton was granted q permit to build a garage at 132 Arch street on property adjoining the Sal ration Army barracks. The Salva- tion Army having been ruled a church in an opinion handed down by the corporation counsel. a waiver from that organization was re- quired before the permit could be given.
 The application of Mrs. Elizabeth Roche for zone change creating a business district on East Main street, SeA7" -iOtII t4ie Id4tA Odu lldChS, was rejected out of consideration for oth- er property owners who objected at the last meeting.
 The Eagle Construction Go was authorized to place a steel building to be used in connection with a gas olina filling sta-ion ..t 207 Oak street. NJ. Cherpak was given a per init for a brick dwelling and store on Lasalle street. and Quigley & Davis were authorized to place a valve house on Allen street, near Beacon street.
New Britain herald., 1926-09-30
ONCE BR0ADWAY'S TOAST,
 NOW FACING ALMSHOUSE
Cert" Swasey, 7t, Is Penniless- Was Formerly Barnum's Fam
 ous Bareback Rider

Haverhill. Mass, Sept, Sn LF- The almshouse loomed around the bend in the long road today for Cert" Swasay. once the toast of Broadway"
 At Fl, Barnum's famous bareback rider, seemed to face at last the isnominy of public support. A broken old woman. she saw her last legal fight to regain tho fortune left by her father came to naught.
 A superior court justice at Salem ended a six year Agitation aimed at a bonding house when he ruled that the bond posted by the original trustee of the Swasey estate could not now be held liable. The trustee had been charged with mal-adminis- tration.
 Today she had no money left and no longer could work at the few odd jobs which with occasional gifts from the neighbors have helped to keep the poorhouse away.