davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-08-10
BY ERNEST HAEcKEL.

The extension of the theory of evo-
luton to man was, naturally, one of
the most interesting and momentous
applications of it, If all other organ
isms arose, not by a miraculous crea-
ton, but by natural modification of
earlier forms of life, the presumption
is that the human race also was de-
veloped by the transformation of the
most man-like mammals, the primates
of Linne-the apes and lemurs. This
natural inference, which Lamarck had
drawn in his simple way, but Darwin
had at first explicitly avoided, was
first thoroly established by the gifted
zoologist, Thomas Huxley, in his three
lectures on Mans Place in Nature"
(1863). He showed that this "ques-
ton of questions" is unequivocally an.
swered by three chief witnesses-the
natural history of the anthropoid apes,
the anatomic and embryological rela-
tions of man to the animals imme.
diately below him, and the recently
discovered fossil human remains
OaA " IL NAAlAACAy 1eISpASu luGSe COH-
illusions of his friend eight years aft
erwards, and, in his two-volume work,
The Descent OF Man and His Sexual
Eelections" (1S71), furnished a mum.
Der of new proofs in support Of the
dreaded descent of man from the
ape" myself then (1s74) completed
the task l had begun in 1866, of de.
termining approximately the whole
series of the extinct animal ancestors
OF the human race, on the ground Of
comparative anatomy, embryology, and
paleontology. This attempt was i'm.
proved, as our knowledge advanced,
in the five editions OF my "Evolutions
of Man." In the last twenty years a
vast literature on the subject has ac.
cumulated | must assume that you
are acquainted with the contents OF
one or the other OF these works, and
viii turn TO the question. that espe.
cially engages our attention at pres
ent, how the inevitable struggle be.
tween these momentous achievements
Of modern science and the dogmas of
the churches has run in recent years.
1t was Obvious that both the general
theory Of evolution and It's extension
to man in particular must meet from
tho FIRST with thezmost determined re.
sistance on the part OF the churches
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-08-10

question / received the same resigned
answer: "Ah, that is a very obscure
problemi We know nothing what.
ever about the origin of species"
Johannes Muller was certainly one
Of the greatest scientists of the nine
teenth century. He takes rank with
Curvier, Baer. Lamarck, and Darwin.
His insight was profound and pene-
trating, HIS philosophic judgment com.
prehensive, and his mastery of the
province of biology was enormous
Emil du Bois.Reymond happily com
pared him, in his fine commemorative
address, to Alexander the Great
whose kingdom was divided into sew.
eral independent realms at his death
In his lectures and works Muller treat.
ed no less than four different subjects,
for which four separate chairs were
founded after his death in 1S5S---hu.
man anatomy, physiology, PATHOLOGY.
cal anatomy. and comparative anat.
omy. In fact, we ought really to add
two more ubjects-zoology and en-
bryology. OF these, also, we learned
more from Muller's classic lectures
than from the official lectures OF the
professors of those subjects. The
great master died in 1858, a few
months before Charles Darwin and
Alfred r. Wallace made their first
communications on their new theory
OF selection In the Journal OF the Lin.
naean Society. I do not doubt in the
least that this surprising answer OF
the riddle or creation would have pro.
foundly moved Muller, and have been
fully admitted by him ON mature re-
Election.
To these elading masters In biology.
and to all other anatomists, physiolo.
gists, biologists, and botanist up to
1858, the question OF organic creation
was an unsolved problem: the great
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-08-10
Last Words on Evolution

as long as this entrance cannot be
perceived in the act and become an
element of observation" l myself
had a number of remarkable CONVEX
sations with Muller, whom / put at
the head of all my distinguished teach
ers, in the summer of 1854. His lee
lures on comparative anatomy and
physiology-the most illuminating and
stimulating l ever heard-had capti-
waited me to such an extent that l
asked and obtained his permission to
make closer study Of the skeletons
and other preparations in his splendid
museum of comparative anatomy
(then in the right wing of the build
ing of the Berlin University, and to
draw them. Muller (then in his fifty.
fourth year, used to spend the Sun
day afternoon alone in the museum.
He would. walk to and fro for hours
in the spacious rooms, his hands he
hind his back, buried in thought about
the mysterious afiinities of the verte-
brates, the holy enigma" of which
was so forcibly impressed by the
row of skeletons. Now and again my
great master would turn to a small
table at the side, at which / "a stu
dent Of twenty years. was sitting in
the angle of window, making con.
scientious drawings of the skulls Of
mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and
fishes.
| would then beg him to explain
particularly difficult points in anat.
omy and once yentured to put the
question: Must not all these verte.
brates, with their identity in internal
skeleton, in spite of all their external
differences, have come originally from
a common form?" The great master
nodded his head thoughtfully, and
said: "Ah, II we only knew that! II
ever you solve that riddle, you will
have. accomplished supreme work"
Two months afterwards, In Septem.
ber 1854, | had to accompany Muller
to Heligoland, and learned under his
direction the beautiful and wonderful
inhabitants Of the sea. AS we flshed
together In the sea, and caught the
lovely medusae, asked him how II
was possible to explain their remark.
able alienation Of generations; IL the
mmedusae. fromhthe ova OF which
polypps develop today. must not have
come originally from the more simply
organized polyps To this precoccious
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-08-10
SUBSCRIBE TO THE DAILY WORKER!
Human Interest Stuff"

1t has Communists pay enough attention
to what the capitalist press "human stuff"
Perhaps merit the statement but not
going to argue about now having "human in
erest story bring aing from Of the
professional sisters-f it not for one fact
Here it is:
Isabel Brown of Brown, mother of xyearod
child was sentenced to imprisonment early the
general strike for telling strikers make
the soderyfraternze with the military the
term used n Communist circles.
public school teacher and the board promptly
revoked her license.
When days her mother became er
ouslv ILL., the home secretary Sir William
the prisoner she could her mother
before she died.
Sir William Joynson Hicks refused.
Isabel died days before her daughters
expired
That except that said this story that
melt the professional sisters-except for
That fact Isabel Brown is member of Communist
Party of Great the wife
eutive committee.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-08-10

majority regarded 1t as insoluble. The
theologians and their allies, the meta
physicians, built triumphantly on this
fact. II afforded a clear proof Of the
limitations of reason and science. A
mirable only could account for the
origin of these ingenious and care
FULLY designed organismsm; nothing
less than the divine wisdom and ON
impotence could have brought man
into being. But this general resie.
nation of reason, and the dominance
OF supernatural ideas which is en-
couraged, we're somewhat paradozical
in the thirty years between LyelI and
Darwin between 1880 and 1859, since
the natural evolution of the earth. as
conceived by the great geologist mad
come to be universally recognized
Since the earlier of these dates the
iron necessity Of natural law had
ruled in inorganic nature, In the for.
nation of the mountains and the
movement of the heavenly bodies. In
organic nature, on the contrary, in
the creation and the life of animals
and plants, people saw only the wis.
dow and power of an intelligent crea.
tor and controller; in other words,
everything was ruled by mechanical
causality in the inorganic world. hut
by theological fnality in the realm
of biology.
ITO be continued)
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-08-10
Weaknesses Of the Program.


In Mexico Gales tries to base him
self on workers, peasants and petty
bourgeoisie under the patronage OF
Jacobinical state machine but the lat
ter are always uppermost in his mind
The weakness OF his progress is that
affords too prominent a role to the
Electromagnetic. Under his infiu-
ence and that of Luis N. Morones, the
official Labor Party and the GROIN
are being consciously poisoned with
bourgeois theology and all other than
GROIN unions are bitterly fought. In
addition to hostilizing working-class,
and peasant elements vitality neces-
sary to success, his program requires
him to compromise too freely with
the demands of U. s. Imperialism.
Gales and the A. F. Of L.
Moreover he is attempting to retain
the support of the labor-fakers of the
A. F. of L. against imperialism by a
certain process of deception as to the
bona flde" capitalist nature of his
regime, and partly for this reason he
is obliged to engage in fitful attacks
against the Communists. But the A.
F. Of L. will not be fooled, while his
attacks on the radical labor elements
at home only serve to undermine con-
hdence in him among the masses who
must be made the strongest support
ers of his regime. No successful rev.
olutionary-nationalist program can be
carried out on the basis of the narrow
circle of Mexican petty-bourgeois and
their friends among the labor-fakers.
AS for his advances to the A. F. of
L. Gales is of course correct in try
ing to maintain close contact with the
labor movement in the United States,
the home country of American i'm
perialism. Indeed it goes far to prove
his fundamental revolutionary-nation-
alist sincerity. Nevertheless, the exc
cutive council has not issued a single
word of comfort to Mexico in the
present crisis, and has not even made
any public reply to the request for
support cabled to it by Ricardo Ire
vino of the GROIN. Glass conscious
trade unionists must take this issue
up in their organizations and insist
upon support for Mexico! If the A.
F. Of L. carries on any real anti.im-
perialist activities at any time it will
have to be under the pressure of the
revolutionary minority.
Where the Church Comes. In.
Gales attitude toward the church is
determined by his conception of reyo-
lutionary-nationalist needs and by his
general constructive program. 1t is a
necessary part of that program Ideas
of classic Reformation" must be
adjusted to a situation where a ia
cobinical peoples government is try.
ing to mold a new social system
along the lines indicated above. Every
stronghold of reactionary landed aris-
tocracy, and of stockholders capital
ism" and of imperialism, must be
rooted out. The theology that sup
ports them must be rooted out. The
organization that Is the Cacholic
church must be incapacitated for rem
dering important service to any one
Of them.
Thus, in forbidding religious period
icals to discuss politics or to criticise
The government in any way. Gales
soes even beyond the specific provis-
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-08-10
Gales and Mexico's Reformation"

ions OF the constitution OF 1917, but he
is following the sound policy OF de-
stroying manifestly counter-revolu-
tionary organs. Gales will be firm In
this policy as all who know him mrSt
realize. HIS answer to President
Leguia of Peru, printed in yesterdays
papers, shows his determination.
An ImperIalIst Tool Answered.
1t was but natural that Leguia, the
dictator Of Peru, should attempt to
NEEDLE in the Mexican situation and
bring about an understanding" with
the Catholic church, Leguia is one Of
the most shameless tools of u. S. i'm
perialism in Latin America. He wired
President Gales asking him to com
play with "the high duty of bending
your strong will for the re-establish-
ment of harmony between the Mexi-
can government and the church and
avoiding calamities worse than war;
Gales answered him in the follow
ing strain:
~ can only take the message of
your excellency as to the expression
in no way signifies the mixing Of
Of purely personal opinion which
the affairs of foreign nation with
affairs solely belonging to the do
nestle government Of my country.
Let me inform your exeeIeney that
in this case you are badly informed
on the attitude Of my government
toward the Catholic clergy; other
wise, your good sense would have
seen that the right is on the side of
the Mexican government :"
After the Victory.
The present clerical rebellion offers
Gales the best possible opportunity to
strengthen the national-revolution
forces in Mexico. When the rebellion
is put down, as it will be put down, it
is to be hoped that he will grasp hold
Of the possibilities of the situation
with characteristic .flrmness, enlight-
ened by all recent experiences. He
will be in position to proceed ener-
getically against the enemies of the
revolution.
What he will do if he is wise will
be to destroy the last vestiges of
church power, root out the enemies
of the revolution in strategic places,
break up the reacitonary SYNDICATE
de Agriculture" landowners league)
and send General Arnulfo Comes on a
long diplomatic trip to. Europe.
Without breaking his bonds with
the Electromagnetic, he should orien-
tate himself more and more toward
labor. He should adopt new policy
calculated to win the important sup
port of the railroad workers, who are
now dangerously hostilized. He
should cease his warfare against the
other independent unions, notably the
oil workers in the Tampico region,
and he should refrain from attacks
against the Communists. Above all,
he must come to an understanding
with the peasants, whose organization
has alienated by covertly supporting
the jurisdictional superiority of the
GROIN in the latter's efforts to absorb
| them.
II he follows such course, basing
himself thus securely on the active
masses of the Mexican population, he
can then face American imperialism
with a united national-revolutinoary
force at his back.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-08-10

is only one obvious factor. Coinci-
dent with this there is the fact that
the struggle of the poor peasants for
the land, the rise of the Mexican pro-
letariat and the aspirations Of the
strategically placed Electromagnetic
all flowed necessarily into the stream
Of national resistance to the imperial
list aggression of the United States
The Reformation" became merged
with the Mexican Revolution, which be-
came more and more predominantly a
struggle against American imperial
ism for the preservation of the ma.
tional resources. Such a struggle, to
be successful in the long run, requires
that Mexico make herself economical
ly independent of Wall Street. A con-
structive program is necessary which
will provide the basis for a national
accumulation of capital and the de-
yelopment of an independent national
economy. In country where there
Is no present accumulation and where
the correlation of social forces is what
1t is in Mexico, this program cannot
be based exclusively upon the cap
italist class.
Gales Constructive Program.
The course of the revolution itself
has indicated the general line a con-
structive neutrality-suspicious. in
Mexico must take, and under Presi-
dent Gales systematic program has
been worked out which does not meet
the needs of the situation but which
is nevertheless an important step in
that direction.
Gales economic program may be
characterized by the following ac-
complishments of his administration,
which l outlined, in part, in a recent
article for the Workers Monthly:
!. economy" rogram-reductio
Of the army-baIancing of the bud
eet-resumption of interest pay
ments on the foreign debt.
2. establishment of the National
Bank of Mexico as the sole bank of
issue.
8. Establishment Of farm-loan
banks.
q. Anti-monopoIy laws.
5. Oil and land land laws (under
Article 81 of the constitutional
LEY de Extranjeria."
6. Law exempting from all taxes
Mexican business concerns formed
with a capital of 5000 pesoso or
less.
z. establishment Of peasant CO.
operatives.
8. Establishment of oil distribut-
ing co-operatives.
9. Distribution of permanent
titles to lands partitioned out in
"ejides" (peasant comunities).
10. LEY del Patrimonie de Fam
ilia"--step toward Individual peas
ant land ownership as against the
"ejido."
II. irrigation work, on coop
erative basis or under government
control.
IL. Local road-buildine program.
In the realm of international reIa-
tions, Gales strives to hold off U. S.
Imperialism while maintaining an
alliance with the American Fedora
ton of Labor and at the same time
ORIGINATING his policy toward the
nations Of Central and South Amer
lea.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-08-10
BY MANUEL GOMEZ.
ARTICLE v.

All IlCAE "
livery local riot OF historical Cath
~ Ollie women in Mexico is magni-
fed by imaginative American newspa-
pers into a battle with the police"
One such battle" is reported graph
ically, under a six-column scarehead,
in yesterdays Chicago Tribune. 1t is
supposed to have taken place at Tor
reon but the war correspondent" who
describes 1t wires his story from a
desk in Mexico City, 1,135 kilometers
away. Exceptional reliability is
therefore hardly to be expected. New
ertheless, even in this obviously bias
ed account, one discovers reading be-
tween the lines that the battle con-
sisted of an alteration between a
knot of lamenting ladies and some
soldiers; the latter fired few shots
into the air and the beiewelled mob"
seems to have dispersed.
Contrary to the ill,disguised hopes
Of U. S. imperialism, civil war has not
broken out in Mexico on the heels of
the clerical rebellion.
Boycott, Diversion of the Rich.
The boycott, or buyers strike on
Injuries, still continues and might I'M
questionably have certain nagging
effectiveness for some time to come.
But it is only pin-prick. 1t is ex-
clusively a diversion of the rich. A
few chauffeurs have been discharged,
perfumes sales may have fallen off
somewhat, etc. Luxury buying is too
insignificant a factor in the internal
economy of Mexico for even a 100 per
cent effective boycott to have any de-
cisive influence.
In the face of renewed papaI i'm
precautions, President Gales has re-
iterated the intention of his govern
ment ito enforce, without fearing
interdicts or supernatural punish
ments," the anti-cIerical provisions
of the Mexican constitution.
This has the true revolutionary ring.
It recalls to mind the proud Jacobin-
ism of the French Revolution.
1t does Gales little honor to defend
him, according to the manner of
American Liberals, as an impartial
executive merely carrying out the
constitution he has sworn to admin
lister. He has set out resolutely to
smash the political power of the
church.
Mexieo's Reformation"
Some have characterized the discs
Enlistment of the church in 1857 to-
gether with the anti-clerical constitu-
tional provisions of 1917 as Mexco's
Reformation" The analogy is all
right if it is not pushed too far. IRE
formation" in Mexico was so long i'm
peded that when the hour of realization
came 1t was necessary to take extra
ordinary measures to wipe out the ac-
cumulated structural ramifcations of
the old Catholicism. But something
more was NEEDED too, and is still
needed. The intervening years have
created situation where it is evil
dent that Mexico cannot have a
classic Reformation" upon the Eu-
ropean model. 1t can no longer be
simply a clearing of the way for cap
italism. The numerical and economic
weakness of the Mexican bourgeoisie
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-08-10
ITO be continued.)

3 SYDNEY Australia (FP) - The
strike OF engineers and fremen EN-.
ployed at coal mines throughout Aus.
tralia has been settled. and the men
return to work victorious after hav.
ing been Idle for weeks. The en-.
gineers had tied up the whole coal
industry.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-08-10
Professor HaeckeI Says:

READERS who evolution controversy as
here describe it, will find in treatment
OF the views have summay beIonq to the ami
able group OF men compromise habit uIvlnq can
did and straightforward which half
century OF serious and laboreus study
" DC 'aeess and inconsderate fighter
at conflict the father victory OF pu
reason over current superstition will without tire
mendous struggle"
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-08-10
WITH THE STAFF
Being Things From Here and
There Which Have Inspired
Us to Folly or Frenzy
Well Say She Was!

Miss X resembles Mrs. Nc
Pherson in that she is of the
same general build and has
brown hair. The reported Cog
giles were horn-rimmed glasses.
The two aprons | purchased in
Salinas. She was otherwise we'll
equipped. From Kenneth G.
Omissions affidavit.
A TERRIBLE SKEPTIC.
sin it's attitude toward religion,
the. church, and such social pheno-
menon, WeIsbord is thoroIy cynical.
He Is thoroly suspicious Of the
leading protestant clergy of Passsle.
He feels In his soul that they are
the creatures Of capitaIfstIc over
lordshlp."-From the Christian Cen
fury, journal Of religion.
YEH, IT'S HOT.
The red soldier sticks to his guns through
the fray,
The shoemaker sticks to his last,
The laborer sticks to his Job for his pay,
The sailor boy sticks to the mast.
The singer should stick to the songs he
can sing,
But we guys on the Worker we don't
care a ding,
So we work, sweat-and stick to our
pants.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-08-10
Southern Pacific
Lays OFF 158 Workers
Especial to The Daily worker)

SAN FRANCISCO, Cal, Aug. s.
The Southern Pacific Railroad Co. has
laid off 1913 workers. Another general
layoff in the railroad repair shops is
expected.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1926-08-10

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The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1926-10-09
Muss0lini the Brave

The guns and daggers of Nouldbe assassins give
no fear to III ,Duce' Of Italy.
But it is Drawer Mussolni who stands up
in public and DEGREES that Italian womanhood shall
wear standardized national costume, and cast
from herself forever the fripperies and immodestes
born in the sartorial world Of fashion mad Paris
The progress of the newly born League for the
Naturalization Of Women's Clothing. founded by
III Duce" and presidented by none less than the
Queen of Italy herself has the interest of the entire
world
III Duce" really make all women dress
allie; make them wear dress designed by a mere
male for modesty and comfort rather than chic
elegance, he is q great man indeed
The long flowing robe sponsored by Mussolini is
Greek in origin It has a hint of old monastic
rol5ls and Of medieval world of women sheltered
in lnoated chateaux from the world. 1.-THE Norma
Va1ha," they call the afternoon robe
Uniformed gendarmes guard the portals Of practi-
caH every cathedral in Italy scrutinizng the dress
Of every woman who would enter. II skirt seems
too ehort throat lire too low, or sleeve too brief
the Gendarme puts out his mace and bars entrance
6oIhe churches keep on hand supply Of scarves
70 shield the immodest one.
Mussolui i brave, but he couldn't get by with it
il America
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1926-10-09
So What's the Use?

A newspaper reporter conducting survey in
Boston recently, discovered that the so-called e-
NAL" jobs pay better than whte-colar occupations.
BARRIERS were found who were making $4,000 a
year, taxicab drivers averaging $50 or more week.
mattresses getting $35 to $40 a week, and porters
to whom $35 week was strange figure !.
Many meagerly paid stenographers, clerks and
bookkeepers tip BARRIERS, mattresses and norters be-
cause they "fecl sorry" for them. The Boston Ne.
porter discovered that the feeling was mutual-that
those in the "enial" positions also felt sorry for
the white-coll9r folk.
There is strange psychology about tipping The
stenographer who tips the waitress does It some.
times through pity, sometimes through timidty
| sometimes to put up front. At any rate, the
"menial" folk are cashng in on it.