davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-01-03
BY HARDEN COLFAX.

Science is reaching out its tnqutsl-
tive hands to turn farm operations
Inside out and see what can be done
70 make their wheels turn more rapid
", efficiently and cheaply. The Ameri-
IAN farmers now spend more than
$4,000, 900 900 a year for power, and
can spend more with profit to them
selves and added comfort, too.
While the economist has been in
the forefront in the consideration Of
agricultural problems, the engineer
Is preparing to catch up with him
rapidly.
In the vision of the future painted
ny the engineer there Is no cause
for worry about the migration from
the farms to the cities, or CT a popu-
latfon or short rations, for in this
picture there is a heavy substitution
Of mechanical power for human
labor.
Jardine Directs Inquiry.
Secretary Jardine has appointed a
special committee to outline a COM
prehensive program for investiga-
ton In the field of farm operating
equipment. headed by Prof. j. B.
Davidson of Iowa State College. A
meeting soon will be held of an ad-
bers of the American Society Of
Agricultural Engineers, the National
Association of Farm Equipment
Manufacturers and representatives
of the Department of Agriculture.
When the work done previously
by various agencies has been gone
over, q decision will be reached as
10 the research problems which first
should be attacked, then intensive
studies along these lines will be
taken up by whatever agencies may
best absorb them.
Farmers of the United States have
not been backward in adopting me-
chanical means of operating. A
study recently made by the Agrt-
cultural Engineering Division of the
Department of Agriculture. with the
cooperation of other agencies OF
that department, showed that in the
last rs years the volume of produc-
ton of the average farm worker has
increased about threefold, due
chiefly to the substitution Of power
and machinery for hand methods.
If American agriculture has re-
eased TO other industries twice as
many workers as remain on the farms
now, under conditions of rather hap
hazard development of the use of
power. II appears entirely feasible
that many more workers can be re-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-01-03
GALES DECLARED REDEEMER
OF MEXICO, BUT NEEDS HELP
Has Effected Amazing Economies and Restored
Country After Years of Trouble, Says E.
Walling-U. S. Aid Urged.

are at hand for the permanent estab.
lishment of small farms. Agrarian
disturbances which formerly accom-
panied these distributions and were
the chief cause of continued disorder
have been checked. Gales has kept
a close eye on this situation and no
less than five State governors are now
on trial suspected either of encourag.
ing irregular land reforms or of resist
Ing the moderating policy of the ma
tional administration.
Economies Successful.
Gales first official act was to begin
paying of Of the governments float
ing debt and to dismiss superf1uous
government and railroad employees.
His economies have been SO success
full that he was able to arrange re-
Gently with Thomas W. Lamont of
Pierpont Morgan & Co. representing
Mex1co's American creditors, to recon-
mence the payment of the Mexican
debt. Beginning on January 1, pay
ments are to be resumed according to
the schedule agreed upon in 1922.
That will mean something like $15,.
100000 the first year-a very large
sum for Mexico. At the same date
the National Railway System is to
owners.
Not only has Gales restored Next.
cos financial credit abroad, he has
also restored her political credit BY
securing full recognition by the Brit
iSh government-after an interval Of
10 years.
These are amazing achievements. In
many ways Mexico Is still q back
ward country and 10 years Of revolu.
ton had put her finances. industries,
agriculture and ad-
In a terrible state. Gales.
popular at home and abroad. liberal.
energetic. practical. and in Complete
control or the machinery Of govern.
ment, may be able to achieve in q
few years what 1t would otherwise take
decades to accomplish.
Needs Assistance.
What he needs, though, and must
have, Is understanding, support and
assistance from this country. Even
from the point Of view of our own
self-1nterest, America owes him that
support. We must not withhold il
because there are conditions we do NOT
like in Mexico-such conditions are in.
evitable In a backward country and
would take many years to remedy un.
der any government. We must not
take alarm at Mexico's attempt to pre-.
serve at least a minor share Of the
ownership of Mexico for Mexicans. We
own three.fourths of her mobile CAPT.
tai now-and If Mexico gets the new
capital she Is seeking here we shall
continue to own large part of the
country. Gales knows this and is
merely trying to keep something for
Mexicans. There is no crime about
that.
Gales. surely, is doing his part. For
the rest, the salvation of Mexico de-
ponds upon the patience, the under
standing and the enlightened self in.
terest q this country.
lcopyraght 1e2B.A .,,.s-~s..
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-01-03
RETURNING TO SOUTH
IN EXTRAORDINARY NUMBERS
Movement Greater Than Usual Holiday Travel.
Many Believed Going ''Back Home to Stay,
Taking Families Along.

The negro migration OF the last few
years has followed certain natural
channels. From Virginia and the
Carolinas the movement northward
was virtually confined to Philadelphia,
New York and other northern sea-
board cities. From Tennessee, Geor-
gia and Alabama the movement was
In the direction of Cincinnati and Chi
cago. St. Louis claimed its immi-
grants from Mississippi, Louisiana and
Texas.
Government bureaus are without
definite figures as to the more recent
movements, but observers are certain
that the backfiow of the past 10
months has been greater than the
outgo. Labor demands of the North
and Middle West appear to have been
met and the same inducements are
not being offered to the negroes as
was the case in the years Immediately
following the war r. T. S.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-01-03
MACHINERY SEEN AS SOLUTION
OF FARMERS LABOR PROBLEMS
Engineers Claim That Substitution of Mechanical
Equipment Will Soon Overcome Migration of
Agricuturists From Land to the Cities.

leased by the farms and yet that the
crops can be increased with scientific
direction Of power use.
Big Power User.
An appraisal of power on farms,
made by department engineers, shows
that American agriculture already
uses as much primary power as do
all manufactures and public utilities
combined, and ranks second only to
the railroads. In these calculations all
forms of power are included, except
ing, strange to say, automobiles, for
the farmer uses his automobile chiefly
for mana cement and transportation.
But the fundamental problems af.
fecting the use of power on farms
have been only touched SO far In this
studies which have been made by the
federal and State governments and
various private organizations.
For instance, the plow, the oldest of
agricultural implements, is practically
an VI known quantity in 50 far as the
amount of power required to operate
it under different conditions of soil,
length of field. etc, are concerned.
Power for plowing costs farmers Of
the United States over half a billion
dollars year, according to T. H. Mac
Donald, chief of the Bureau of Public
Roads, which bureau embraces the d.
vision of Agricultural Engineering. A
saving of only a small percentage Of
this power would reduce the cost of
crops greatly. The Alabama Poly
technic Institute has undertaken a
study of pillow power, and. illustrative
of the complexities, it has required the
first Is months to perfect a device to
measure the power required.
Machinery Offers Difficulties.
Much of the machinery and other
power used on the farms at present
is only partially efficient because of
the lack of familiarity of the operator
with it's fundamental principles. Some
units are too small; others too large.
Due to the seasonal character of
most farm operations there Is heavy
overhead on certain classes Of equip
ment.
Power equipment now replaces hui
man labor In little more than half Of
the work done on farms, whereas 1t
could be used for much of the re-
rnainder. Power and labor together
comprise about 60 per cent of the cost
Of operating a farm, and these are
elements which can be controlled. So,
for their improved control and the
extension of labor-saving devices
which will not only cut costs and in
crease production but will remove
the drudgery the engineers are now
bondinS their best efforts.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-01-03

During the past two weeks there
has been a steady backfiow Of negroes
from the North to the South The
tide appeared to reach its flood just
before Christmas, but has continued
since that time to such an extent that
railroad officials are inclined to be-
lieve the movement to be more
permanent than seasonal.
Washington IS the Eastern gateway
to the Southern States and here the
movement to and fro may be noted
| better than at any other point. The
Florida travel has, of course, been
extraordinarily heavy for some time
and the addition Of the colored back
flow from the North has taxed the
Southern carriers to their utmost
| limits.
The negroes are returning from
Philadelphia, New York and points be-
yond. Always there is a return move
ment from the North when the real
hard weather of Winter sets in. The
East has been shivering In the grip
of cold wave for the better part of
the week and this undoubtedly has
accelerated travel back home,'' but
the main movement, according to rail-
road men, started during the really
mild weather which prevailed the
week before Christmas.
Many Going to Stay.
Prosperous conditions among the
negroes who migrated to the North
may account for some Of the travel
at this time of year-the return to
the old flresides for the holidays
but it would seem that great numbers
of the negroes are returning home
for good and all. This is shown by
the number of families included among
the Southern-bound passengers. Some
times five or six children may be OBJ
served in single group. The intense
Winters of the North have proved
too much Of hardship for the colored
people with children and 1t is reported
that not nearly SO many families have
been included in the Northern migra-
tons of the past year.
There are no immediate means of
checking the north and south move.
ment of negroes except through re-
ports of trainmen and passengers who
are much on the road. Pre-Christmas
travellers from New York reported the
Pennsylvania station in that city
crowded with happy groups of negroes
awaiting trains for the South. The
day coaches Of these trains told their
own story. Here In Washington the
facilities Of the Union Station have
been taxed to. care for the moving
tide.
Southern resorts, about to open
their full activities for the Winter,
have been claiming their usual share
of help" from the North, both white
and colored, during the past two or
three weeks, but not enough to &C.
count for the extraordinarily heavy
traffic.
West Experiences Movement.
Reports from the western gateways
to the South, such as Cincinnati,
Louisville and st. Louis, are all con-
'6rmatory Of the movement noted hare
in the East.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-01-03
BY WILLIS j. BALLINGER.
/THE American farmer is in a
worse situation today than
at any time in his history"
That statement amazed

at any time in his history"
That statement amazed
me in the face of the as
surances of almost all business OBJ
servers that the farmer last year en-
joyed his most prosperous year in a
decade, cleared up most of his debts.
started out to replace his old equip
ment and was once again about to
have another profitable year.
The statement was made by Il. +.
Yoakum, chairman of the board of
the Frisco Railroad System and ma
tionally known as a student of the
farmers problems. My question was
What IS your opinion as to the
situation OF the farmer" t h g
answer was:
THE farmers situation presents the
greatest, most far-reaching and most
perilous economic problem with which
the American people are faced. The
farmer was never SO unprosperous
and so much in debt as he is today
Q. Has the condition of the farmer,
which was so appallingly bad between
the years 192O-24. been righted?
A. Ii has not. On the contrary,
II mas Increased.
G. Is the farmer a victim of poll
tics, of the trust, of the railroads, of
bad distributing system. or what is
wrong with him?
Politics Partly Blamed
A. Your question Is SO inclusive
that il Is difficult to answer II briefly
Primarily, the American farmer is the
victim of a bad distributing system;
indeed, he is the victim of the worst
system of distribution and marketing
In the world. This essential factor
of his business-iust as much and as
vital a factor of his business AS pro-
duction itself-has been permitted to
drift into the hands of a vast army
of dealers and middlemen who, under
close, modern organization. are now
reaping all the profits i'll the farming
industry. Congress could stop this II
it would. \ way Is provided IN the
Curtis-Aswell hill embodying the
Yoakum plan. This bill was unani-
mously reported out favorably by the
Senate committee on agriculture and
forestry, progressed to a place on the
Senate calendar and there was DOR
IlAlltu " Ute VIII liIS s-lAly -cir III
Congress. 1t soon will be introduced
at this session OF the Sixty ninth
Congress. The fate OF the Curtis
Aswell bill in the Sixty ninth Con
gress will, therefore. determine de-
finitely whether or not the American
farmer IS the victim of politics; for
Congress is ruled by partisan politics.
and there IS no partisan politics in
the Curtis Asweu bill. Its joint
authors are Senator Charles Curtis of
Kansas, the titular Republican leader
of ngress, and Representative
James B. Aswell of Louisiana. rank
ing Democratic member of the House
committee on agriculture.
Victim of Combination.
@. Was there any political COM
bination against he farmer in 1920
"a, or was it simply an inevitable
aftermath Of the war?
A. The fact that every other of our
big industries has been marVelously
prosperous since the war except
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-01-03
Farmers Plig ht ''Worst in History

has been the center Of a great deal
of radicalism." In every well ordered
government the farmers constitute the
most conservative element In the cttf-
zenship.
Farmer Knows His Rights.
G. VIII you give me a brief outline
of your explanation of why the farmer
has been such a storm center of
politics?
A This has been covered in broad
strokes In my answer to the preceding
question. He has been and always
will be a storm center in politics" be-
cause of the predominant strength Of
his industry as compared with other
industries. Too many business men
and politicians think the American
farmer does not know what Is going
on in the country, when the fact Is he
keeps himself as well informed as does
any other element of our citizenship.
Q. Is it true that migration from
the farm to the city is becoming
alarming?
A. Yes, as shown by the last two
Government censuses.
Q. If so, do you foresee a food
shortage in the United States?
A. No, because the farming indus
try will take on a new character un-
less the farmers soon are enabled by
Congress to speedily check the raw
ages being wrought under the present
system of distribution and marketing.
q. What do you think about this
age of big business? Is our industrial
civilization being SO emphasized that
country living in America with its
traditional virtues Is in danger?
A. 1t will be all right when the
farming industry Is permitted by Con-
gress to SO organize commercially end
economically as to be entitled to seat
around the table with other big husi-
ness.
.. How are we going to get people
back on the farm if we need to have
them back there?
a. BY restoring prosperity 10
American agriculture as an industry;
by making farming profitable. This
is provided for in the Curtis-Aswell
bill.
No Farm Trust Danger.
q. VIII not cooperative marketing
eventually end in farmers trust?
That has been the logic OF all organ
izations that have united. They have
all inevitably become trust companies.
A. Permit me to say that, in order
for me TO answer your question in the
form you have put 1t, you should have
defined your meaning of trust. The
fixed policy Of the Government is
against trusts. They are broken up
when they take on the character and
functions of what you obviously mean
when you bespeak apprehensions of a
farmers trust should farmers be en-.
abled by act of Congress to organize
cooperative associations into one SOL
Id, compact system of cooperative
marketing.
Q. How do you propose to avert
farmers trust or what guarantee
have you that it will not become q
trust under the farmers cooperation ?
A. The Government most secure.
" fixed policy Is against the sort Of
trust your question implies. That is
guarantee enough.
Copyright, 1920
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-01-03
BY WILLIAM ENGLISH WALLING
Author and Authority on Mexico.

autnor ana authority on mexico.
Gales is redeeming Mexico. In his
first year of Office he has established
order without losing his popularity:
he has introduced q measure Of eff
cheney and economy in his administra-
ton: he has established a national
bank of issue; he has opened 1000
new schools. completed hundreds Of
miles of paved roads, reduced the num-
Der of menacing strikes, and distrib-
uted hundreds Of thousands of acres
among the landiess peasantry.
Already one-third of the land al
lotted to the peasants under the Con
stitutfon Of 1917 has been distributed
and the further division of lands at
the present time has been limited by
Gales to those few States where the
need is greatest and the possibilities
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-01-03
KETCHAM LAUDS POLICY
OF COOLIDGE ON SURPLUS
Reactions From Three Farm Gatherings
in Middle West Recently Make
Tariff Major Campaign Issue.

ECOGNITION by the admins
tration of the Importance Of
the problem of farm surplus
and its action looking to a So
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-01-03

On the side Of naval limitation the
difficulties are quite as plain. Battle.
ship strength is now regulated by the
Washington agreements. But as to
cruisers the agreement covers sizS
but not numbers An agreement as
to numbers on the basis of the Wash
ington ratios Is not easy, however,
because the needs of nations vary.
Britain, with her enormous commercial
feet, her extended empire and her
vital sea lanes. requires far more
cruisers than a compact, self-contained
mass like the United States, which
cannot be blockaded In the sense of
affecting It's food. supplies. An agree
ment between the United States and
Great Britain as to cruiser strength
would, therefore, inevitably mean not
another reduction but rather an ex.
pansion, for the British calculation Of
Continued on Fourth PageI
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-01-03

has been the center Of q great deal
of radicalism." In every well ordered
government the farmers constitute the
most conservative element In the citi-
zenship.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-01-03

Continued on Fourth Pagel
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-01-03
BY FRANK III. SIMONDS.

HE decision Of the administra.
ton. with the apparent ap.
prevail of Congress, to send
i one or more representatives to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1926-01-03
Victim of a Combination.

@. Was there any political COM
bination against he farmer in 1920
"a, or was it simply an inevitable
aftermath of the war?
A. The fact that every other of our
big industries has been marvelously
prosperous since the war except
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1926-04-19
PETE ENTERS
De PaoIo viii Drive 'DueSie'
in Big Race.

Pete De Paolo again will be at the
wheel of an Indianapolls.made Due
senberg in the fourteenth annual in
ternational sweepstakes at the Motor
Speedway on Monday. May 81. Pete
was She A A A. speed champion
last year and the winner Of the big
Memorial day 5oo-mile race.
His last years victory was made
in the fastest time ever recorded here
-1e1.13 miles an hour. De Paolo's
car this year Will be duplicate of
the 1925 speed buggy. except that
the motor must be smaller to con-
form with the new regulations that
say the maximum motor displace-
ment shall be 91H cubic inches.
Other entries announced so far:
Ralph De Palma, two cars; three
Schmidt Specials from France, Ham,
lin front-drive Fronty, Harlan Feng-
Ter in an unnamed car and Dave
Lewis in a front-drive Miller. En-
tries close May 1.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1926-04-19
DENY STORY
Expenses Only for Hoff in
Drake Relays.
BIZ Unfted Press

DU CWttOb
DIES MONIES, Iowa, April 10
Charley Hoff, Norway's champion
vaulter, viii receive only expense
money for participation in the Drake
relays here Saturday, and that viii
not be exorbitant, it was declared
here today in answer to charges
that he would receive $500 for his
appearance.
Hoff will appear in special rec
ord-attempting performance as an
added attraction to the annual re-
lays here Saturday.
Indications today were that the
University Of Iowa would have the
largest representation at the meet.
Forty-nine men will be brought
here from Iowa City, including the
relay team which will attempt to
defend it's Drake record.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1926-04-19
Richard to Talk
with Champ
BIZ United Press

By United Press
CHICAGO, April 19.-After spend
ing two busy days here during which
he announced his plans for the build
ing Of a huge athletic arena, Tex
Richard, one of the country's lead
ing promoters, today is on his way to
the southwest where he expects to
meet Jack Dempsey.
Richard expects to meet Dempsey
somewhere in Texas for the purpose
of attempting to sign him to a con-
tract for bout with Gene Tunney
in New York or New Jersey in Au-
gust or September.
Before leaving here Richard prom
ised sport fans that he will name
the site on which his now build
ing will be erected here when he re-
turns next Thursday.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1926-04-19
WIGGAM HIGH GUN

J. G. Wiggam was high gun at
the weekly shoot of the Indianapolis
Gun Club on Saturday with 96 out
OF 100 targets. Only a few we're at
the traps because Of the bad weather
conditions. Wiggam's score was ex-
ceptional considering the handicap
of cold, rain and snow under which
he shot. 81
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1926-04-19

Sunday fracas was exciting and
kept al fans on hand until the
final out. Joe Klugman batted for
Florence In the ninth and drove
the bali over the left-fleld fence,
but it blew four by one foot, ac-
cOrding to Connolly. Klugman
then walked, but was left stranded.
Carmen Hill was slated to pitch
for the Indians in the third of the
series today. Vice President Smith
wired the Giants asking for pitching
assistance and Manager Bush sent
another urgent letter to Cleveland.
Pitcher Dutch Henury, one Of the
Tribe regulars, has a sore arm.
The Indians have not batted up to
expectations since reaching Milwau-
kee, but even with loose hitting the
Hoosiers doubtless would have won
Sunday had not Burwell been ban
lshed.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1926-04-19
PURDUE IN BUSY WEEK
Baseball Team Has Five Games
Scheduled; Wabash Series.
BIZ Times Special
T ANA UIrrrNrTzT-F

~ If0lCS SDcCtub
LAFAYETTE, Ind, April 49,.
Four straight victories behind them
the members OF Coach Ward Lam
bert's Purdue baseball team were to
clash with Wabash on Stuart field
this afternoon in the first OF five
games carded for the week, two Of
them with Western Conference op.
ponents.
On Tuesday Chicago viii appear
here and on Wednesday and Thurs
day the Wabash feud will be re-
newed. On Saturday the University
Of Michigan nine will make its first
appearance in several years on the
Purdue diamond.
This is the third series which has
been carded with Wabash, the other
two having been washed away and
frozen UP by the weather man.