Evening star., 1926-11-07
Continued from Third Page.)

carried on extensive experimentation
with gliders or motorless planes
Those aviation concerns which had
built up enormous establishments
during the war and which were
threatened with financial ruin sough:
fields outside of Germany. Not only
did they invade Russia. but three
companies, the Aero Lloyd. Zeppelin
Atrship Co. and the Junkers organ
ization invaded Europe, Asia and
America. The Zeppelin Co. and allied
plane manufacturing concerns went
to Italy and Spain and the United
States. DR.. Junkers, perhaps the
most able aeronautic engineer and
manufacturer in Europe. has or
ganized lines in the countries bor-
dering the Baltic, in Russia. Ger
many, the Balkans, including Greece;
in Turkey. the Dutch East Indies. the
famous line from Barranquilla to
Bogota in the United States Of
Colombia, and has under organiza-
ton lines in China, Siam and the
United States. Further. the Germans
through these companies have ccn-
pleted arrangements with England,
Spain and Russia for through lines
from the British Isles to cities on the
north, east and south rim of Europe.
Specifically the following lines,
which are the most important. have
peon III service WIN herman equip
ment, pilots and funds: Berlin Ham
burg Copenhagen Malmo: Berlin Ham
burg Amsterdam Rotterdam London;
Berln-k oenigsberg -Memel Riga Reval;
koenigsberE- -Smolensk Moscow; Dan
zig Varsovie Lemberg.
II is a question whether any such
extensive aviation ventures would
have been undertaken by Germany
had she been allowed to conduct
operations within her own borders
prior TO 1923. AS 1t is, most of the
long distance lines now being op
Grated in Italy are using German
huilt planes turned out in German
factories in Italy. these factories en-
ploying German skilled labor. Owing
TO the nature of the lines in operation
and the necessity Of carrying large
loads. the Germans have confined
themselves almost exclusively to the
manufacture of allmetal planes
which are not only exceedingly eff
cient aerodynamically but are eco
nomical with reference to upkeep.
The most successful all-metal planes
are those of the Junker company, the
design running toward an all-wing
type. The largest planes with the
all-wing design carry their engines
full and spare PARTS in the wings, and
being multiple -engined repairs can
he made on engines en- route owing to
the fact that the engines have suffi
cient power to permit one of three
or two of four being out of commits
sion at time. the plane proceeding as
though nothing had happened. In
this development DIR. Junkers has
pointed a way toward the ultimate
development in commercial planes.
Notwithstanding serious financial
difficulties, including the depreciation
of national currency, the governments
of Holland, Belgium. Denmark.
Sweden, Switzerland, Hungary, Ru
mania. Poland and Turkey have un-
dertaken ambitious aviation programs
embracing military and commercial
activities. Each of the governments
named subsidiZe commercial enter
prises which are tie6 to the apron
strings of war establishments under
the guise of reserves. Moreover,
nearly all the pilots are active army
or navy officers. In addition to the
national air units of these small coun-
tries, there is a complete tie-up With
the rest of Europe through the
medium of the international lines
operated by England, France, Ger
many and Italy The extent of these
routes has now given Europe Verl-
table network of air lines operated
IS fast whipping into shape otherwise
loosely conducted enterprises. to the
end that flying in Europe is quite sale
md usually comfortable.
For example. one may travel by air
direct from London TO Constantinople
or to Warsaw, Poland, or TO Moscow,
az to Hesingfors, Finland. Likewise
ar travel from Paris leads to Copen-
hagen or COnstantinople, and to Buda-
Nd Col a,,iI- Narrower
Paris lines stretch to Morocco by way
uf Barcelona Spain. Indeed, there is
scarcely an important city in Europe
which is not connected by air with
every other important city in Europe,
Africa and Asia Minor.
y x*
Undoubtedly the organization of
commercial aviation In Great Britain
is as nearly perfect as the present
state of aircraft industry will permit.
lmpru\ emenjs In equipment, lncreas-
ins the speed of aircraft and their
ability to carry loads, may bring about
minor changes in operating rules, but
the fundame entails upon which the pres
ent rules are built are sound and VIII
probably remain the law.
1t may be we'll at this point to men
ton the difference between military
and naval aircraft and commercial
aircraft. Commercial aircraft will
necessarily he designed for earning
CapaCilY" This viii, of course, pre-
''lde provisions for fighting equip
II, and VIII involve notifications re
uuiring additional weight and resist
ance with a consequential leductlon
in performance. and the latter VIII
almost never equal that of military
Cratt desiAued specially for war pur-
sell
dom require hiGh maneuNefabllltN,
hence earning capacity VIII dnm-
nate the factors OF safety in the struC-
ture II is a consideration of these
factors which have made the German
all-metal planes so valuable CONNER
Cially. and ii should be borne in mind
that not only have the various Suu.
sidized concerns throughout Europe
been obliged TO turn to all-metal con
structlon. but we in the [ tnited states
have begun to do So. our Army and
Navy is purchasing allmetal equip
ment and the aircraft manufacturers.
particularly those engaged in building
commercial planes, are concentrating
on all-metai types almost exclusively.
RecognIzing the fundamentai differ
ences between commercial and mill
tsry aircraft, the British, with their
usual thoroughness, even before the
World War. took steps IN regulate ana
license aircraft instruction and opera
ton. Indeed. they turned their efforts
toward providing aviation with basic
law upon an internaiona scope. This
naturally led to the enactment of regu-
latory legislation Immediately after
the war. The practical effect of All
this has been 10 assist commercial
aviation to recognize the necessity oi
rigid inspection and regulation. Thus,
licenses are issued for TWO classes of
pilots-one for private flying, and the
other for public transport Ground