davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily worker., 1925-09-26

which are confronting both Negro and
white workers there were specific
problems of the Negro workers in
this country in the solution of which
they themselves must take the lead
ership.
He described the international situ-
alton of this particular oppressed
race emphasizing the awakening
which could be noted thruout the
world in many places expressing
itself in struggles thruout the world
to throw off the yokes of world i'm
perialism. He stated that this coming
national congress is only step which
will be further solidified thru an in
ternational congress. Lovett Fort
Whiteman while expressing thanks to
the local movement to the favorable
attitude shown by the Pittsburgh
American in giving publicity also
pointed out that the Pittsburgh Cour-
ier, local Negro paper, while giving
prominent space to the vicious attack
made by VIM. Green unon the con-
gress in publishing the reply by the
national committee inserting only a
part took good care that this was hid
den in a very inconspicuous place.
That of course said Whiteman
proved who is dominating the Pitts
burgh Courier. Our struggle while di-
rected against the domination of cap
italists of the white races is directed
as eagerly against the Negro capital
lists and petty bourgeois who are try
ing to put distractions in the paths
Of the Negro workers. Hence leader
ship is now developing from below,
from the ranks of the workers them
selves, while this petty bourgeois lead
ership will be thrown on the scrap
heap. This new leadership is a class
leadership in the true sense OF the
word and becoming internationally
unified.
The conference adjourned by sing
ing the International.
The daily worker., 1925-09-26
Native Capitalists
of India Develope
Their Gravediggers

NEW YoRK-(FP)-organizad,. i.
Dor Of India. recently defeated in N.
northwestern Railway strike and No.
nghting on the textile factory front 4,
Bombay has won recognition IN a.
steel Industry without a strike. accoyd.
ing to papers arriving in New yorr
from Indian ports. The new deal ~.
fects the $4,000 workers employed bv
the Tata company, group OF Indian
capitalists who have a virtual monon.
oily Of the iron and steel industry IN
the peninsula and who never before
nave recognized labor union. The
workers there were primed for
strike when the company concedad
three main points--the reinstatement
OF SETH, an organizer discharged for
his union activities; recognition Of the
unon and the promise of a system OF
union dues collections equivalent 10
the American checkoff, If the union
desired It.
The daily worker., 1925-09-26

"The charge that Saklatvala is a
Communist means in effect that per-
sons who reach our shores must be.
long to the gang in control of our
political destinies or get off the earth.
The misrepresentation of our al.
legged democracy no doubt are car
rying out the mandates of their Brit.
ish contemporaries who are trying
hard to boster up a corrupt system of
misgovernment that is crumbling
everywhere.
A Band Of Strikebreakers.
"'It i'll becomes a member of the
plunderbund to question the motive
of any person in view of the record
established by the gang now mas.
querading under the banner of the
republican party who have prostituted
their office in the interest of capital.
ism at every opportunity. They have
broken strikes, gouged the farmers
exploited the railroad workers and in
every instance have acted as the stool
pigeons and carried out the mandates
of the plunderbund of America.
"The action in barring Saklatvala
is only in harmony with their other
acts but should be an inspiration to the
workers to reniew their determina-
ton to fight for the overthrow of the
most corrupt political machine that
ever existed since the beginning Of
time"
The daily worker., 1925-09-26
SHOP CHAIRMEN
DECIDING FATE
OF PEACE plan
I.L.G.W. Factions Haze
Tentatively Agreed

NEW YORK CITY, Sept. pa
proposed plan for peace within the In
ternatlonaI Ladies' Garment Workers
Union has been agreed upon tentative
ly between the leaders of the Joint
Action Committee, representing the
suspended locals 2, 9 and %, and the
slgman administration of the Interna-
tional, according TO reports of the
Joint Action Committee.
Conferences have been going on day
and night for the past few days be-
tween the left wing locals and the ad-
ministration. These conferences have
been under the direction of the COM
mittee chosen by the meeting of shop
chairmen at Cooper Union on Sep
tsmber TO-
Shop Chairman Decide
The deliberations closed Tuesday
night, but the terms of the agreement
are not made public until the plan has
been ratified not only by the exec
utive boards Of the suspended locals,
but also by the shop chairmen who
appointed the mediation committee.
These shop chairmen are meeting
tonight-Thursday, and II these re-
presentatives of the rank and file ap-
prove the plan, peace will be restored
TO the l. L. G. w. after Is weeks Of
bitter struggle.
Louis Hyman, chairman of the joint
action committee, though declining to
give any details of the terms tenta-
lively agreed upon, said that he con-
siders the plan just settlement of
the quarrel.
Hyman States Approval of Plan
I'VE believe the plan if accepted by
the shop chairmen, viii do away with
the policies of our union to which we
have had such objection" he said.
1T is going to make possible the re-
forms we have demanded and it will
undoubtedly make our union a strong
er organization than it has ever been" {"
The meeting of shop chairmen.
since it brings those of both factions
together, may be an overflow assemb-
lage. If they adopt the plan, the joint
action committee thinks that the fight
that has gone on since June II, when
n members Of the three left wing
locals were suspended, will end with
distinct gains for the left wing.
The daily worker., 1925-09-26
GARLAND FUND PLANS
RADIO BROADCASTING
TO EDUCATE PEOPLE

NEW YORK CITY, Sept "a
Morris L. Ernst, counsel for the
American Fund for Public Service,
known as the Garland Fund, to-
day stated to the press that nego-
tiations are under way to "giVe
the people a political education" by
use of radio brosdeastIng station
by means Of which liberal and labor
leaders may voice their side Of So
cial questions.
The A. r. Of L. headquarters not
long ago investigated the proposal
for brnadeastIng station, but Bill
Green said they found It too ex-
pensiNe. What the political educa-
tton 70 70 be 10 not announced.
The daily worker., 1925-09-26

DECATUR, ILL.,, Sept. PA short
age OF approximately s250,O00 has
been found in the accounts of Frank
r. Harold, cashier of the Farmers
State Bank and Trust company, who
committed suicide in cottage on HIS
Dewitt county farm Tuesday night.
directors Of the institution are report.
ed TO have estimated today.
The daily worker., 1925-09-26
FAMOUS RUSSIAN
POET COMES TO
DETROIT ON 3OTH
Mayakovski to Speak on
Russian Poetry

Mayakovsky will speak on modern
Russian poetry and literature.
Vladimir Wladimirovich Mayakov-
sky is one of the most outstanding
poets Of the new Russia and of the
great Russian revolution. He is COM
ing to Detroit on Wednesday, Sept. 80
mad will speak in the House Of the
Masses, 2646 Gratoit, corner st. Aubin.
on the new Russian literature and
poetry.
Thru him we will be able to get
frst hand information about what is
going on in the literary world OF the
present new Russia. Comrade Maya
kovsky is powerful poet and a great
personality, and he will surely be able
to tell us of the new civilization and
OF the new culture that is being built
in the socialist republic. Mayakoysky
Will also read some of his own poems.
Russia has changed politically and
socially and new literature is the
natural result. Comrade Mayakovsky
will show us the new literature and
poetry OF a young proletarian state.
We will all be there at s D. m.
sharp.
Watch for further announcements.
Comrade Mayakoysky will speak in
Chicago on October 2, at Temple
Hall, cor. Van Buren st. and Marsh.
field Ava
The daily worker., 1925-09-26

Los ANGELES, Cal, Sept. 24.-Los
Angeles city council was asked today
to pass an ordinance providing an
airplane police squad to regulate fly
ing machines. AirplGues, under the
proposed law, would be required to
carry licenses, fly only at certain
heights and observe traffic rules.
The daily worker., 1925-09-26
BORAH REFUSES TO SPEAK. TO
INTERPARLIAMENTARY UNION AFTER
EXCLUSION OF BRITISH COMMUNIST

WASHINGTON, D. Ex-senator William
before nterparmenay union
shapu saklatvala
British
the United his
State Keogg that foreign
vii admitted
capitalists
saatvaa their that the
The daily worker., 1925-09-26
We Knew This Before
But We're Glad They
Have Found 1t Also
Especial 10 The Daily Worker,

NEW YORK - OPP The chioI
reason why Negro children dies near
ly twice as rapidly as do white chill
dron, says Forester d. Washington in
the current issue Of Opportunity, a Ne
gro magazine, is that the Negro work
er is SO poorly paid. Low wages com.
pei the Negro worker to take the
poorest and most unsan.tary housing
and low wages OF the father compels
the mother TO go into industry. The
children are neglected and under
Wc
The daily worker., 1925-09-26
Make your friend a friend of
the DAILY WORKER. Send in
his subscription.
Tear Gas For Evanston

EVANSTON ILL.,. Sept. 24.-Evan.
ston police today were ordered equip
ped with new device known as "billy
club protoctors'-night sticks with a
bulb filed with tear gas on the end.
The daily worker., 1925-09-26

Wrap your lunch in a COPY Of
the DAILY WORKER and give
Il (the DAILY WORKER. not the
lunch) to your shopmata,
The daily worker., 1925-09-26

The DAILY WORKER sub.
scription list is a Communist
honor roll. Is your name on it?
The daily worker., 1925-09-26
duncan MeponaId Protests.

SPRINGFIELD, ILL.,, Sept. "a. =
Duncan Macdonald, one Of the lead
ers in the left wing of the trade union
movement, and formerly president of
the Illinois Federation Of Labor, and
the Illinois Mine Workers Union is
sued a statement protesting vigor-
ously against the exclusion of Saklat-
vala by the United States govern
ment.
Macdonald, one of the outstanding
figures in the fights of the Illinois
miners against the corrupt Lewis-Far-
rington machine. said:
"In the barring of Shapurji Saklat-
vala the powers that be in Washing
ton are running true 20 form. Their
complaint that he has given express
sion to certain opinions and for that
reason is barred is prima facie evil
dence that people are no longer to
have opinions in order to be admitted
to a country that boasts of freedom
Of speech and yet denies it at every
opportunity.
The daily worker., 1925-09-26

"despised" Soviet government has al
ready spent more than sixty million
dollars in gold in America for pur-
chase of textiles and machinery.
They are afraid their business with
the Soviet Union will be taken from
them.
The daily worker., 1925-09-26
World Awakening.

Lovett Fort Whiteman. national or
ganizer Of the Negro Labor Congress,
attended this conference to help guide
II in it's first steps thru actual work.
He spoke at length on the aims and
objects of the congress movement stat
ing that in additioH 70 the problems
El Mundo. [volume] (San Juan, P.R.) 1919-1990, 1925-09-27

to de todas estas parties constituti-
vas del vehiculo, Varios fabrican-
tes Sc hallan hoy dia dando preci-
sion los tambores de frenos va
esmer.landolos, va tornandolos, a
fin de que tengan un contorno de
for1na cilindrica absolute. Para es-
te trabajo Sc cuenta va con una
m&quins especial.
Los frenos SO someten a ensayos
practices en- maquinas prop6sito
despues de instalados en- ell autom6-
vii complete. La casa Chrysler y
varias otras, tienen maquinas espe-
ciales para este fin. Ell autom6vil
complete Sc coloca sobre una espe-
Gle de puente, provisto de una Sc
rie de rodillos, sobre los cuales que
dan descansando las ruedas del We
hfculo. Sc hace funcionar ell motor,
y las ruedas empiezan a girar So
bre los rodillos g1ratorios, dando Ell
efecto de una marcha natural So
bre camino ordinario. Los frenos
Sc ensayan entonces, uno por unc,
y Sc les somete a una ser1e de prue
bas muy rigurosas. Los mec$nicos
inspsctores toman anotaci6n de
todo defecto, y luego corrigen cual
quier irregularidad de los frenos
que anotaran durante Ell prolific en-
sayo. La casa Ford cuenta con un
a,parato ensayador admirable, que
revela en- seguida cualquier defec-
to irregularidad en- el mecanismo
de marcha del autom6vil.
Debido a La creciente populari-
dad del modelo cerrado. los fabri-
cantes han inventado aparatos ensa
yadores especiales para deterninar
Ell rechinido ruido de la carroce-
ria. Ell aparato ensayador consta
generalmente de una serie de tam
bores excentricos. Mientras uno es
El Mundo. [volume] (San Juan, P.R.) 1919-1990, 1925-09-27

envolvia un procedimiento muy COS
tcSo y elaborado, y demandaEa ell,
empleo de operarios especialistas ea
Ell ramo, ader5s de requerir IN lo-..'
cal muy grande. No permitia eE.
acabado de un n1mero limitado do
vehiculos, sino una cantidad na-
merosa de ellos, para que resulta- =
IA convenente. Una vez en- servi- :
clio, ell acabado resultaba muy de-e
hcado, y menos que ell conductor
10 cuidara con mucho esmero. SO
deterioraba pronto. Con Ell nuevo
hpo de acabado, las semsnaS de
trabajo Sc han convertible en- dfas.
Los centenares de yardas cuadra-
das de piso han sido suplantados
por centenareS de pies cuadrados.
Ell nuevo m6todo es bastante elias
tico, pues permite ventajosamente
ell acabado de un nimero pequeno
de automobiles como ell de una can
tidad grande de ellos. En- Servicio,
el acabado delicado ha sido descaI
tado en- benefcio de otro acabado
Sumamente resistente a Ia acCi6r
de los elementos naturales. irafee@
tado por Ell calor, el frio, Ia luz.
la humedad, la grasa, Ell acetts y
las SubstancIas alcannas. La CAIRO.
ceria puede limpiarss rapidS = IA
cilmente Las abolladuras g inden-
taciones causadas por academies So
arreglan sin particular atenci6n~ al
acabado.
El Mundo. [volume] (San Juan, P.R.) 1919-1990, 1925-09-27

Ell mismo espesor. debi6o a que Sc
fundian individualmente, los coli
netes modernos son de propiedades
fisicas identicas, iguales en- todo
sentido.
Los cojinetes Sc construyen en-
departamentos separados. El bab-
bitt Sc vacia en- los casQuillos de
bronco, sigui6ndose en- este un pro
cedimiento centrffugo, que quita
todas las substancias extrafias del
area que Sc aprovecha despu6s para
la superfcie habil de contacto
del cojinete, La parte del casquillo
que recibe ell babbitt es precisada
por esmerilado, a fin de obtener per
mutabilidad al instaIar los cojine-
tes en- la GAIA del cigtiefial escoria
da, Ell exceso do metal babbitt Sc
Quita mediante una herramienta
perforadora Y un bruhidor, 10 que
deja perfectamente cilindrica la su
perfcie, hasta el punto de que no
demanda despues Ell uso de una he
rramienta escar1adora para alisar-
la y precisaria. Los counetes del
cigHehal So esmerilan en- ruedas
anchss, que evitan la producci6a
de un aGsamiento interrump.do por
puntos altos y puntos bajos, como
sucede ordinariamente con oil pro-
cedimiento de esInerilaie transvef
sal. Los tfmites de tolerancia Sc
Iilantienen casi por regla general !,
dentro de 0.00025 de pulgada. Es-
te m6todo es actualmente Ell proce-
dimiento entire los fabrtcantes de
futomovileS, v 10 tipifcan el VIII
lys- s-Kmght, Overland g., oldsmobi.
lie, chrysler, Oakland, Buick v ca
81 todos los autom6viles de precios
altos.
Ell cilindro Sc trata de manera
mi1y similar a la del cojinete de
El Mundo. [volume] (San Juan, P.R.) 1919-1990, 1925-09-27
lay America 10000 600 de propietarios deauto6ue

de construction. La guerra mostrd
a los fabricantes norteanericanos
que cualqilier articulo, por compli-
cado que sea, es susceptible de
construirse en- grande escala y con
ganancia equitativa, siempre que
haya abundante demanda popular,
~ I'm enteudimiento sufcisnte para
proyectar instalar ell eGutpo de
maquinaria fabril que SO reqHiere
para su production precisa J eco
monica. En- la indnstria rlel auto
m6vil tenemos, en- estos nomentes,
una tendencia visible y general ha-
cia refnar la candad y rebajar el
precio. Fl
Los reHnamientos del motor son
numcrosos. Por ejemplo, el pasadox
del embolo SO inStala ahora en- Ell
buye, con una precision que no per
mite una tolerancia mayor de unaS
pocas milesimas de pulgada. La
exactitud en- el montaje del pasa-
dor del embolo no es cosa que que-
da election del fabricante, sino
uu m6todo imperative y general en-
tire todos los fabricantes Y para
hscer facttble esta gran precision
ha habido necesidad de rsforlnar Ell
acabado final del mismo rasador.
Hasta hace POGO, los pasadores eran
de acero endurecido y su acabado
final conSistia meramente on alisar-
los con eSmeril. AhOra no pasta ell
esmerilado, pues la precision final
demanda, ademas de este, un aca-
bado adicional mediante allsamien
to = pulimentac16n, que da a La su-
perfcie del pasador una redondex
absolute y una suavidad como Ia
Gle un espejc. Hay m&quinas cspe-
ciales para el alisamiento y pult-
mentaci6n de los paSadores, naqui
El Mundo. [volume] (San Juan, P.R.) 1919-1990, 1925-09-27

ia en- posicion baja maMma, ell
opuesto queda en- posicion alta ma
xima, 10 que hace que el automovil
Sc ladee y afecte diversas posicio-
nes extraordinarias y forzadas,
igualeS las que es susceptibles de
asumir al circular por una carre-
terra muy escabrosa o sumamente
accidentada- Sc hace funcionar Ell
automovil a una velocidad de trein-
ia millas (4s kil6metros) por ho-
ra. mientras est4 sonetido al en-
sayo. Ell resultado es que durante
la prueba queda sometido Ell vehics-
10 un movimiento general muy
brusco v violento. Los inspeetores,
sentados en- ell automovil, arotlu
todos los rechinidos del interioc, =
los inspectores parados al lado del
aparato ensayador, toman ouidado-
sa nota de los ruidos emitIdos por
los 6rganos exteriores. Debido a
esta admirable prueba y ensay0,
los ingenieros han logrado locah-
zar todos los puntos productorcs
de rechinido en- los modefos abier-
tos y en- los cerrados, 7 para supri-
mir la incerteZa de la obra de ma
no, han proviSto medtus necanico5
para acaliar para ev1tar la emi-
sion de ru1do. FL elemento tan ape
tecido del silencio en- La. operacion
del mecanismo y en- la carroceria
Sc incorpora, en- 10 possible, en- las
mo smas fabricas.
Ell acabado de laca presenta otyo
aspecto de La reduction de precio
acompafiada de un aumeito dc ca
lidad. Un afamado .fabricante de
AUTOMOBILES manifesto hace POGO,
que los vehiculos mecanicos tenian
antes un mecanismo bueno para Gin
co aiios y un acabado bueno para
seis meses. FL acabado de barniz
El Mundo. [volume] (San Juan, P.R.) 1919-1990, 1925-09-27

mas verdaderamente admirabies, de
bido a Qne tienen una capaci6ad pa
IA terminar de veinte trei ~ pa
sadores al mismo tempo. Los pasa-
dores terminados de esta manera no
resultan titles al quedar instalados
en- orifcios escoriados. Estos orif-
clos han de ser perforados con he
rramientas especiales, de gran pre-
cisi6n, y eI metodo que Sc sigue en-
este sent1do en- la actuahdad, es
muy superior a todos los antiques.
Los ultimos niodeIos de autom6 vi
les Chrysler, Rickenbacker, cadi-
lac, Lincoln, Packard y de otras
marcas muy acreditadas, SO distin-
guen por la aplicaci6n de los nue.
vos m6todos.
Los cojinetes del cigiienal no SO
precisan siguiendo mstodo do es-
cartarlos mano, como Sc hacia
hasta hace pocos afios. Ell m6todo
moderno, vsliendose de maquinas
especiales, produce cojinetes, 10 mis-
mo que cigiiefiales, 1ntercambia-
bles, que no demandan ninguna ore
ract6n manual para instalarios.
Con la aceptaci6n general del sis
tema de lubricaci6n de alta pre-
sion, una de las inncvactones mas
necesar1as para p~olongar La dura-
cion y perfeccionar ell funclona-
miento del motor, ha habido necea
dad de proyectar y constrlir coji-
netes adecuados al tai sistema Es-
tos cojinetes son de una precision
admirable, y ofrecen la gran ven
eala de que estan Estos para innle-
data installation en- ell motor, sin re-
Qrer1r repaso atuste manual. Men
tras los Antiques cojinetes de .bab-
bttt carecfan de uniformidad en- pro
pedades f1sicas, pues entire uno v
otro no existfa La misma dureza nj
El Mundo. [volume] (San Juan, P.R.) 1919-1990, 1925-09-27
JARANA-BAILE EN- Ell
CASINO "LAZO DE ORO"

FL Casino "El Lazo de 0ro",
dc esta capital, del cual es Presi-
dente ell Sr. Lorenzo Dfaz v Secre-
tario el sefor Conrado Rosario,
dara una aninada jarana-baile
esta noche, la cual, juzgar pOr
el entusiasmo reinante, promote
resultar nluy lucida.
FL Garnet ha circulado va y Sc
ia preparado un selecto progra-
ma musical, que sera brillante-
nente ejecutado por una de las
nejores orquestas de la capital.
La directiva de dicho centric,
animada por los mejores deseos,
no ha perdonado esfuerzos para
asegurar la esplendidez de este
simpatico festival.
El Mundo. [volume] (San Juan, P.R.) 1919-1990, 1925-09-27
Ell AUMENTo EN- vENTAs Y GA
NANCIAS TRAE REBAJAs EN-
PRECIoS DEL sTUDEBAKER

Despu6s de la Asamblea semi
annual dc los Directories de La Stu
debaker Nevada cabo en- South
Bend ell 81 de julio, nuevos prectos
en- los coches Studebaker fueroD
anunciados para entrar en- efecto
el l de agosto. Ell grande aumento
en- las ventas, debido La compile
Ia aprobaci6n del pubhco cuando
la Studebaker anunci6, que los
''modelos anuales' serian Suspena
didos, ha dado por resultado eco
nomfas en- la production, las que
son directamente responsables por
las reducciones de los precios.
I'm informe de los ingresos de
la Corporation, como fue pubica-
do en- la Asamblea de Directories, 50
ialaba que las ventas en- el segun-
do trimestre de 1925 fueron las mas
grandeS que Sc han registrado, re-
presentando un arImento de un 4S
por ciento, sobre ell mismo periodic
de 1924. AIn cuando no estan dis
ponibles todavia cifras completas ;
para ell mes de julio, es entendid1
que las ventas en- ese mes, seran.
por 10 menos, Ell 200 por ciento mu
cho mas grandes que en- 1924.
Como resultado de que las fabri
cas- Studebaker han estado traba-
iando hasta ell inlite durante los
meses de mayo, JUNO y julio-me-
ses en- los cuales el volumen de los
negocios generalmente disminuye---
los gastos de production han sido
reducidos. Las utindades automati
camente han amnentado. Manteuiep
do Ia polftica de hacer solsmente
una ganancia equitativa en- sus CO.
ches, la Gerencia acord6 de confof-
midad ell dfa uItimo de Julio, que
los ahorros efectuados por medic
del aumento de production dehian
ser pasados al p1bnco en- Ia for1na
dc nuevos precios, los que entra-
rian en- efecto Ell de agosto.
El Mundo. [volume] (San Juan, P.R.) 1919-1990, 1925-09-27

biela. La superfcie interior, segun
el mGtodo antique, Sc ansaba pre-
cisaba uSando rueda de esmeril. 10
que generalmente la dejaba un tan
to aspera y desigual, con puntos
altos y pSntos bajos, debido a la
combination del movtmiento rotate
rio v heical de la rueda de esme-
ril. Con rarisimas excepciones, to-
dos los motores modernos tienen ci-
lindros pracisados mediante piedra
de aceite, procedimiento que les da
una superfcie absolutamente exac-
ia y tan lisa como un espojo. En-
algunos casos, la operaci6n inicial
es esmerilarloS como antes, termi-
nando 81 trabajo con piedras ras-
pantes especiales que tienen un mo
vimiento osciIatorio Y rociprocante.
En- otros casos, la primera opera
cion consiste en- escariarlos con la
ayuda de maquina especial, v la
operaci6n final, en- precisarlos con
piedra de aceite, que los rebaja
airededor de uas mil6e47a ID 2u,-
gada.
A6err2s de sGs nuevos procedi-
retes cilindros, los ingenieros
de las fabricas han perfeccio-
nado mucho el funcionamiento del
motor, introduciendo adelantos no
tables en- La carburaci6n del COM
bustible y La distribuci6n de la mez
ela explosiva entire los cilindros, 10
m1smo que dando al motor, parti-
cuiarnente al cigtiefial, un equili-
brio o compensation cientifca. Y
como Ell funcionam1ento correcto
del autom6vil depende tambien de
la disposition acertada de los fire.
nos, e1nbrague, cambio de marcha
y varios organos del chassis, los in
genieros han dado, por supuesto.
detenida atenci6n al refnamiento