davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1925-05-19
HATING
SOUTH ON TRIAL
IN SCOPES CASE
Contest Legality of Anti
Evolution Law

KNOXVILLE, Tenn, May 1.-THE
labor hating traditions of the reac-
tionary south, with it's child labor,
lynchings, beggars' wages. and anti
union history, will be on trial during
the first week in August, when John
Thomas Scope faces the court in Day
ton, Tenn for teaching evolution in
the public schools.
Scopes was arrested charged with
violating the recently passed state
law prohibiting the teaching Of scien-
tifc truths which contradict the
stories stories told in the bible Well
known lawyers, ever hungry for pub
licity, have volunteered to enter the
case.
For the prosecution, William Jenn-
ings Bryan, who was recently employ
ed for the purpose at a good salary
by the World Christian Fundamental
list Association, backed by the manu-
facturers, will fight to convict Scope
of telling the truth.
Clarence Darrow. who gained much
notoriety last year for saving the
necks of the two young millionaire
perverts, Nathan Leopold. Jr., and
Richard Loeb, has volunteered to aid
the defense. which is contesting the
constitutlonality Of the law. Dudley
Field Malone has also agreed to act
on the defense.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1925-05-19
CAL RAISES CHINESE
LEGATION TO EMBASSY
IN FEAR OF S0VIETS

WASHINGTON, May H. Action
raising the status of the American
legation at Pekin to an embassy and
the promotion Of John v. A. Mac
Murray. to ambassador will be ask
ed Of the next congress, il was
learned today.
This move will be made as a re-
suit Of the conferences which Or.
Jacob Gould sehurman, the retir-
ing minister to China, has held with
President Coolidge, Secretary Of
State Kellogg and other officials.
Raising the legation to an en-
bassy directly results from Soviet
Russia sending an ambassador In
stead Of minister TO China, his as
sumption of the rank of doyen Of
the diplomatic body In Pekln, and
the fact that Japan will also raise
its legation to an embassy within
a short time.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1925-05-19
Bankruptcy of
$7OO,O0O,OOO r. r.
Enits Foul Smell

WASHINGTON. d. c.. May 17.-The
interstate commerce commission has
been forced to announce a complete
investigation of the facts surrounding
the voluntary receivership of the Chi
cago, Milwaukee and st. Paul railroad.
because Of criticism of the receiver
ship as unnecessary.
The receivership was declared by
the directors who claimed they were
unable TO rehnance or refund S4O.-
100000 bond issue which comes due
in June. The valuation OF the road
is placed at close to S7QO. 900, 600 and
it is declared strange that one OF the
largest roads in the country could not
be financed
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1925-05-19
SWITCHMEN'S
Chief FLAYS
BILL lee
Used Finks to Disrupt
YGrdmen'S Union

CLEVELAND, May 17.-"scabby"
Bill Lee, president Of the Trainmen's
Union, is sitting back today watching
the effect on the other rail- labor or
ganlzations of his scheme to bring the
100000 organized workers in the in
dustry, thru their representatives, in.
to conference with the employers for
the purpose of preventing disagree.
ments of serious character In the
future.
Among the organizations invited is
the Brotherhood of Locomotive En-
gineers, of which Warren S. Stone,
hated enemy Of Lee, is president.
Stone has made no public announce
ment yet on his attitude towards the
proposed conference, but it is the
general opinion here that he will ig-
more it. The chiefs Of the other rail
organizations are expected to adopt
similar attitude towards Lees plan.
Trade Union Pole Cat.
The bad odor in which Lee finds
himself in. among other divisions Of
rail labor is emphasized in the April
issue of the Journal Of the Switch
mems Union of North America, Of
which T. c. Cashen, international
president of that organization, is
editor.
Among the charges made against
Lee by Cashen is that he employed
detective of the Frisco railroad, by
name Roy c. Smith, to disrupt the
Switchmens Union.
Hiring Seabs.
Cashen also accuses Lee Of hiring
strikebreakers to scab on members Of
the Switchmen's Union during a
strike. In a book written by one of
Lees hirelings, the following para
graph appears: "The charge against
Bill Lee that he is too close to the rail
ways, too friendly with the labor
board, and too mindful of American
public opinion, is not denied. either
specifically or generally, but is adj
mitted both wholly and in part and
the writer closes this book with this
more important statement: Is this
condition an asset to Bill Lee and HIS
organization, or is It a liability"
Cashen makes the following COM
Continued on page p
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1925-05-19
Military Dictatorship
in Spain Engenders a
Guerilla War Reprisal

LONDON, May 17.-col. Ferreira
Amarll, chief ofthe military dictator
ship state police at Lisbon, was
wounded by four bullets fired by
members Of supposed "red legion"
according to Central News dispatch
es from Lisbon yesterday afternoon.
A squad of police rescuers were EN-.
pushed by the same group and one
wounded. The assaIants escaped.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1925-05-19

10 life imprisonment. But there are
so other Communists and militant
workers who have been sentenced to
be executed.
The Zankov government made the
cathedral bombing the pretext for
numbering hundreds of anti-fasclst
workers Many Communists have been
shot down in the streets.
For Bulgarian Communists pris-
on term is equivalent to death SEN
tence, as Communists are tortured
Continued on page -
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1925-05-19

unions to the next convention
of the American Federation Of
Labor.
The right wing Of the British unions
in an endeavor to Offset any construc-
tive work that Purcell may do for
International unity while in America
in winning the American unions to
world unity, is naming group also
to visit America at the time of Pur-
cells visit and prevent unity on the
basis Of revolutionary struggle if pos
sible.
Ramsay to Talk Against Revolution.
This conservative group is compos-
ed of Arthur Henderson and ]. Ram
say Macdonald, ex-premier Of the la
Dor party regime; also, as a sop to
the left wing in the British labor
party, the group includes John Wheat
ley, the Scotchman from the Clyde,
who is known as a more radical lead
er than Macdonald, but who was min
lister of health in MacDonald's cabinet.
Henderson, exponent of the labor
party, will deliver a series of speech
es in Canada and in the northern
cities Of the United States. MacDon-
AIDS plans are not disclosed, nor
Wheatley's trip outlined.
May Visit A. F. Of L. Convention.
How significant is this visit of the
foremost spokesman Of the British
labor party cannot yet be estimated.
Much will depend upon William
Green, president of the American Fed
GRAFTON Of Labor. Green will face his
first convention, at Atlantic City, in
October. He viii open its sessions at
about the time the British leaders
sail for America
He may possibly induce the execu-
tive council to invite frank discus
sion of world trade union unity at
Atlantic City. If so, he will be atoning
in part for the slight put upon A B.
Swales, chairman of the British Trade
Union Conference, at Ell Paso last
November, when Swales speech as
fraternal delegate was denounced by
one of the publicity staff of the feder-
alton.
Labor Takers Insult British
Delegation.
Lack of tolerance by the executive
of the A. F. of L. in past years for
the economic and political views ex
pressed by British fraternal dele
gates has been noted in the writings
of some of the most able men who
have been sent to this country to
speak for British labor. Robert Smil
lie. in his book My Life for Labor
tells of having been rebuked from
the platform. Immediately after his
CONTINUED on page p
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1925-05-19
LABOR LEADERS WILL
VISIT AMERICA; CONSERVATIVES
COME TO SABOTAGE UNITY move
Especial to The DAILY worker)

WASHINGTON, May 17.-The contest in the European
the left wing which, the Amsterdam
International world trade union unity and fighting
for thru the medium of the AngoRussan unity committee
and the right wing trying sabotage prevent unity
the 100000 revolutionary Russian unions is to be
America by the visit of representatives of both wings Of
the British unions to the United States
A. Purcell British Trade Union Congress- president
International of the leading advocates
international unity in the unity
the official faenal deegae Of the British
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1925-05-19
TRY TO HOLD MEN IN STEEL MILLS
DURING HOT SUMMER DAYS AHEAD

YOUNGSTOWN, Ohio May -sheet wages will re-
bmonth wage
H. Mutt Manufacturers
Anu
Workers guest
Mike Tiahe, president the union.
during
coming discourage
while
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1925-05-19
Many DEAD, 225
MISSING IN End
RUHR DISASTER
Morgan Steal Blamed
for Mine Blast
lspeeIaI to rhs DaIIy WORKED

BERLIN, Germany, May IT, Two
hundred and twenty-five coal miners
are missing, with eight known dead,
in the second terrific mine disaster
which has occurred in the Ruhr in
the last four months.
The explosion imprisoned 235
miners in a shaft at DortsfeId, near
Dortmund. Following a dynamite ex-
plosion in dummy shaft on the lower
level, numerous cave.ins occurred In
the poorly repaired workings, trap
ping the men. Poisonous gases quick
ly spread thru the workings.
The Ruhr miners have felt the brunt
of the Dawes plan for enslaving the
German workers. The allies, under
the leadership of the Morgan-Wall
Street banking syndicate, have de-
manded plumber from the German gov
eminent aand the government, con-
trolled by the industrialists, and with
the cooperation Of the socialists, has
transferred this overwhelming bur
den to the German workers.
Miners Pay The Price.
The Ruhr miners were severely tax
ed by the occupation of the Ruhr by
the allies. In the boycott which fol-
lowed the occupation, the miners were
unemployed for many weeks. The
government later compensated the
mine owners, by donating to them the
profits which they declared they would
have made by keeping the mines run
ming, but the miners never received
compensation.
The industrialists made this occupa-
ton, and the Dawes plan the excuse
for increasing the hours and reducing
the pay of the Ruhr miners. They
we're forced to work an extra hour a
day, with no pay, and were told this
was in the interest of patriotism"
On February IL, an explosion in the
Stein mine, killed 1913 miners. The
Ruhr miners knew that this explosion
was due to the criminal negligence of
the mine owners. who accepted the
Dawes plan conditions, and made the
miners pay the price.
Fear Many Dead.
A wave of resentment has swept
over the Ruhr following this second
disaster. The miners declare they
have been betrayed by the social
democrats and the monarchists alike,
both of whom have raised their taxes,
increased living costs, and approved
the move of the industrialists lower
ing their living standard and increas-
ing their hours of pay. The miners
declare they have become the colonial
slaves of the international bankers,
and their government has become
merely an appendage to the rule of
foreign bankers.
More than 500 miners were in the
shaft at the time of the explosion. At
last reports, less than 300 had been
brought to the surface, eight bodies
were found, and it is feared 225 more
have persisted.
The French troops are still in the
Cologne territory, maintained at Ger
man expense, which also is paid for
by the German workers.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1925-05-19
boycott DANISH SHIPSw CRY
MARINE TRANSPORT WORKERS OF
ALL EUROPE IN UNITED FRONT

COPENHAGEN Denmark May IA general strike
all
Norwegian workers strike
united front with the Danish workers.
The Danish transport workers promised the
Swedish, Finnish
the Danish
thruout
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1925-05-19
SEATTLE UNIONISTS RALLY TO
DEFENSE OF MEMBERS ILLEGALLY
UNSEATED FROM LABOR COUNCIL
Especial TO The Daily workerl

WASH 17sThat
petitions
rapidly Of
present
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1925-05-19
RUSSIAN WORKERS STAGE MONSTER
DEMONSTRATIONS AGAINST DEATH
SENTENCES GIVEN BULGARIAN REDS
Especial to The Daily worker)

MOSCOW, Russia 1.-THE
public
famedup
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1925-05-19
Urge Japanese Women to Travel.

JAPAN, May IT, II is reported
from Toxic that annassociation has
been founded in Japan with the OBJ
ject Of encouraging emigration of Jap
aAese women to Brazil.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1925-05-19
Exodus Of Carpenters from Canada.

Exodus Of Carpenters from Canada.
WASHINGTON, May 17--According
to the secretary's Office of the depart
ment Of labor, carpenters from the
Sydney district ofylNoya Scotia are
leaving in great numbers for the Unit
ed States with resultant embarrass-
mont to local construction.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1925-05-19
WIN STRIKE AT BRIDGEPORT OF
700 A. {. w. AGAINST OPEN SHOP
Especial to The Daily Worker,

BRIDGEPORT, Hstrkebreak
union recognized the settlement Amasama Clothing
Bridgeport
hundred workers involved
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1925-05-19

Does your friend subscribe to
the DAILY WORKER? Ask him I!
Evening star., 1925-08-14
New Home. S14. 500.

ono ~ WaSbiprtor's foTn,1nSt L,,,Ii
ers and finished with the utmost care.
House contains every up-to-date fes-
ture desired by the most disCriminat-
ing buyer: colonial front porch. re-
ceptiOn hall. six beautifully finished
rooms and inclosed and heated sleep
ing porch. breakfast room treally
eight rOonis1. lovely tiled bath with
huilt-ln fixtures: extra tiled lava
tory on second floor: open fireplace
IN delightful living room: attic: hot
water heat and choice electrical FIX
lures: huilt-in garage Liberal terms
So, 9,250-PETWORTH
Evening star., 1925-08-14
For SALE-HOISES.

BUNGALOWS ROOMS: NV. SUBURBS;
lust completed. very attractive, exceptionally
well built: h.-w.h.: all latest improvements:
will sell on easy terms and accept good auto
part payment. Owner 3Sll 18th NV. 16'
OBS MARYLAND. AVE. NE.
On the most beautiful avenue in north
cast. Nine rooms. two baths. hot-water heat,
electric lights. screened. weather-stripped and
in excellent condition throughout. Two-car
$4,000. Terms
PRATHER & ROBINSON,
514-515-5l6 Bond Bldg
l4th and n; Y. Ave.
Evening star., 1925-08-14

Beautiful Corner Conn. Ave. Chevy Chase, D. c.
be today the at
On Heights Near Central High School-S12,5OO
and
all Splendid
Close o Chevy Chase Club-S11 500
in with
and
lust off Conn. Ave. Near Dupont Circle
splnhdp
is 70
Corner Home Near Chevy Chase Circle.
detached brick and hone Of
and many
11h St NV, Above Park Rd-S9,250.
excellent
Close 10 Conn. Ave. Chevy Chase d. C-S12OO0
An
" very Sou eo'on' eiunns 0Hea
Exclusive Massachusetts, Ave. Section-$11,0O0
M22sch%pa1 % 249d
Amodera cash PAYNE - " ~
Evening Phone Service Daily Until 8 80
ALLAN Z. WALKER & CO.. INC
815 18th St NV. Main 269O.
Evening star., 1925-08-14
FOR SALE-HOUSES.
Mt = PAINTER

T. & b. bungalow cleo h-wh built-in
gar. TO loft. alley. 4 block from the cars.
and BALTIC. blvd, This home is screened
throughout sleeping. front and back porches
Price. $3.50: $500 cash.
Ne. 10th st. near Ct T. & b.. furn. h
this home is cheap at this price. $3.50:
81 900 cash. bal like rent.
JOHN V. CLARK.
Evening star., 1925-08-14

COLONIAL SIXTEEN- ROOM DWELLING
also arranged for three apartments; lot 3OX
$50. perfect repair: price. Sl5 600. 1888
Evening star., 1925-08-14

McKEEVER & GOSS,
14l5 K St. NV. Main 4752
Evening star., 1925-08-14

SOUTH THEAST-BRAND- NEW. NEVER OCCU-
piad $1,000 cash. $50 per mo. for SIX
rooms. bath huilt-in refriE- colonial front
and double rear porCheS: nice lot. hullt-ln ga
i1>c: for a real buy answer at once. Ad-
f..n.s BOY 1nN-M Star nfllLn- loE
Evening star., 1925-08-14
FOR SALE-HOUSES.
DETACHED.
CENTER HALL.
NEW.

On lot 5Ox125. Concrete street,
lined with large maple trees.
Extra large living room with
open fireplace, reception hall,
dining room, large kitchen and
pantry, three large bedrooms,
small sewing room, large bath
room with built-in bath and
shower, hot-Water heat (Arco
heater), electric lights. One
car garage to match house.
Porch extending full width OF
house.
Priced at $13,5OO, with $1,000
cash, $1O0 per month, including
interest on both first and second
trusts.
We recommend this house as
the best buy in Chevy Chase.
Evening star., 1925-08-14
PRICE. S12,5OO.
PRICE. $3.50.

ITION The will quick of house.
for inspection located good
and bath, heating electric
recently redecorated and the
Evening star., 1925-08-14
FOR SALE-HOUSFS

PRICE REDUCED.
NEW CORNER HOUSE IN LEXINGTON.
rooms. bath and garage.
Very easy terms.
THRIFT BLDG co MAIN 1858
Evening star., 1925-08-14
DOUGLASS & PHILLIPS, Inc
Franklin 5678. 1916 K st. NV.
Phone Until 9 PM.
BOSS & PHELPS.
Realtors.
S13.250.
Mt. PLEASANT.
En11r RedrnnnnS

The most attractive home III
BroOkland: senli-detached tapestry
brick on a beautifully improved lot
lawn front and back The house
contains SIX beautiful rooms three
edronmsl breakfast porch. screened
sleeping porch. oak floors through
out living and dining room walls
paneled and artlstIcally decorated and
containing slde-waN electric fixture
Tiled bath with hullt-iu tub and
shower In addition to the many
appealing features of the house there
Is a substantial garage on paved T
alley. At least - 900 cash required
DUTCH COLONIAL.
Evening star., 1925-08-14

CLEVELAND PARK-BARGAIN IN NEW
semi -de,s, he'd brick. one-half block off Conn.
ave: eight rooms. two baths. wide, deep lot:
recent purchaser unable To occupy and viii
soll at sacrlt'e price. To inspect write BOX
prirn l5s
Evening star., 1925-08-14
CHEVY Chase.
Section Two.

a beautiful detached colonial type
home situated in one of the most
Md. Iust off Chevy Chase Circle The
setting of this charming home and
the immediate surroundings are ab
solutely ideal. The house is center
hall entrance: spacious living room
with large fireplace and two French
doors opening 10 side porch LARGE
dining room. bright kitchen and two
pantries. There are four bright and
well prOpOrtIOned bedrooms. tiled
hath numerous closets throughout
oak floors. etc. Maid : room and
cuuveuIences. The lot j. 6ONl25.
Selected expensive shrubs. Side drive
way to two-car garage built in keep
ing with house. Unforeseen CIrCum-
stances necessitate prompt sale. and
We are confident an inspection Will
convince you that this is an out
standing value. Price. $50. 900.
Evening star., 1925-08-14
FOR SALE-HOUSES.

SPLENDID GROOM COLONIAL BRICK.
tiled bath: Soldiers Home location: large
lot shade: 81 900 cash and easy terms; Mr..
PLANK. 1911 g st NV. M1tu 1876.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1925-04-30
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ALTAMONT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Messrs. Ray McNemar and Arvel
Jefferies were visiting at the home of
the latter's mother, Mrs. G. C. Jeffer-
les on Saturday and Sunday.
Mr.. j. NJ. Powell was visiting his
sister, Mrs. J. G. Woods, on Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. J. W. Kimmell had as
their guests on Sunday Mr.. and Mrs.
Henry Meyers, Mr.. Chester Kimmell,
DR.. Kimmell and Mr.. and Mrs. C. l.
Wright.
Mr.. and Mrs. Solly Kimmell, of
Akron, Ohio, were visiting the for
mer's parents, Mr.. and Mrs. j. W.
Kimmell, recently.
Miss Zula Jefferies, Of Grafton, is
here on a visit to her aunt, Mrs. G.
&c. Jefferies.
Among those who visited Oakland
on business from this community dur
ing the past week were Mr.. and Mrs.
G. F. Comp, Mrs. C. l. Wright and
daughter Leona, Mr.. A. c. Rodeheav-
er and son Hoye, Mrs. Stella Feeley
and Miss Kate Boggs.
Mr.. and Mrs. Thomas Lohr were
guests Of Mr.. and Mrs Henry Scmidt
on Sunday evening.
Mrs. H. A. Schmidt is on the sick
list at this time.
n
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1925-04-30
for improving their lands.

for improving their lands.
Communion services were held in
the Lutheran church in this village
last Sunday morning and was largely
attended by the members.
Post Master FOrtney, of Lumber
port, West Va, visited his son, Law
renee Fortney, here last week.
Thomas H. Brenneman received a
shipment of purebred sheep from the
State Of New York a few days ago.
Misses Lula and Bertha Hoover. of
near Jennings, were guests of John
H. Stark, recently.
Simon Beachy, of the Amish set
Element, and Mrs. Jackson, of near
Meyersdale, Pa, were quietly married
recently at the Lutheran parsonage.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1925-04-30

AS THE worlds largest manu-
L \ facturerS of farm electric
plants, we have been working for
months on the development of a
lighting plant that could be sold
at a radically lower price-a price
so low that it would bring cleo
tricity within the reach of every
farm home in America.
We knew that million farm
homes were ready for electricity
that a million farmers realized
the money>saving, time>saving
value of electricity-that a million
farm women had learned that
electricity would tighten the bur-
dens of farm life and bring new
happiness and new opportunities
to their families.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1925-04-30
GOITRE REMOVED
Virginia Lady Used Stainless Lini-
ment. Her Condition was Serious

Maggie Arlington, 9O3 Quarls St.
Bedford, Va, says: 81 had goitre &c
years. Had terrible choking spells and
was so nervous l could not even let a
collar touch. Sorbol-Quadruple has
entirely removed it and l am glad to
answer letters from interested per-
sons"
Sold by all drug stores, or write
Sorbol Company, Mechanicsburg, O.
Locally at Oakland Pharmacy, Oak
land, Md, and W. W. Savage, general
merchant, Friendsville, Md-Adver-
tisement 10-1t.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1925-04-30
A Small Down Payment
balance on Easy Terms

Finally, we have arranged that
this new low cost for Delco~Light,
completely installed, can be paid
on terms so easy that anyone can
take advantage of them. The
total cost is only $248, including
freight "a little more west of the
Mississippi. But you make only
a small down payment. The bal
ance is payable on easy terms,
arranged to suit your convenience.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1925-04-30
Ask s0f' Details

Never before has such an offer
been made. Never before has
Delco>Light cost so little and been
so easy to buy. 1t means that any
farm home-yorr home have
Delco>Light today.
At the bottom of this advertise
ment appear the name and adj
dress of the Delco>Light dealer
for your community. Call on
him, write, or telephone for full
neutrality-suspicious. of the
plant, Illustrations Of the fixtures
that come with it, details of our
complete installation and wiring
plan, and the figures that show
how easily you can now get
Delco>Light.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1925-04-30

modern Experimentation of
dollars worth of machinery-re>
search and invention-have pro-
duced the Delco>Light that can
make all farms electrically lighted
farms.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1925-04-30
A 6o0.Watt NOn.Stor.
age-Battery Plant

The new plant is a genuine
Delco>Light in every respect
full 600>watt capacity, strong,
sturdily built, economical in oper>
alton. 1t is equipped with a
standard Delco starter and an
economical starting battery. And
its price is only s195 f. O. b.
Dayton-the lowest price and the
greatest value ever offered in a
Delco>Light electric plant.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1925-04-30
70. B. DAYTON, @.

ready to turn on the lights-will
cost you only $50, in addition to
the price of the plant itself.