davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1925-04-16
Ventilation Important
in Keeping Apple Crop

Fruit must be considered for stor-
age long before the harvest, according
to Prof d. B. Carrick, New York State
College of Agriculture at Ithaca, in
calling attention to the condition of
some fruit now being taken from stor-
age. Insects and diseases must be
eliminated by correct spraying and
care.
The fruit should be mature when
picked, but not overripe. OF the two
1t is better to have the fruit slightly
underripe, as it ripens slightly after
picking. Fruit must be carefully ham
died, for, when the skin is broken, the
decay organisms may enter. The
fruit should not be allowed to stand
in the sun after picking, but should
be cooked as soon as possible.
1t is important to select keeping va
rieties, such as Baldwins, Ben Davis,
and RussetS.
Any room with good ventilation and
a low temperature will do for storing
fruit Ventilation is important in get
ting low temperature as soon as pos
sible. A temperature Of 30 degrees
with 80 per cent relative humidity, is
the best for storage
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1925-04-16
Different Varieties Of
Common Vetch Compared

Common vetch and it's varieties Is
the subject of a snew publication just
issued by the United States Depart
ment of Agriculture as Department
Bulletin 1889. The bulletin discusses
and compares the different varieties as
to seed and straw yield, rate and time
of seeding, method and depth Of seed
ing, viability of seed, winter hardness
and numbers Of other factors
Common vetch Is a native agricul-
tural crop of the Mediterranean re-
gion but was introduced into the
United States as early as the Eight
zenith century. 1t is rather exacting
as to temperature and soil conditions
and the portions of the United States
to which it is particularly adapted are
limited AS q commercial crop 1t Is
confined to the region in Washington,
Oregon, and California having mild
winter temperatures. Only the most
hardy varieties will survive the aver
age winter of the South Atlantic and
Gulf Coast states. Not enough expert
mental work has been done to deter
1llluc JuC Allu1IdL1OAS VI Lie SCVCA al
varieties in the last-named region, but
1t seems probable that when properly
handled the most winter-hardy strains
can be grown in limited areas at least.
A copy Of the bulletin may be Sc
cured upon request, as long as the
supply lasts, from the United States
Department Of Agriculture, Washing
ton, D. G.
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1925-04-16
New Pest of Bees Found
in a MARYLAND County

A new pest of bees, Braula cocoa
MITCH, popularity called the bee-lOuse,
has been found present in considerable
numbers in Carroll county, Maryland,
and in few other places in the United
States. 1t is undoubtedly imported
from Europe with queen bees, and
while 1t is not, so far, to be regarded
as serious menace, beekeepers will
do well to take steps to eradicate 1t
from their colonies when discovered.
Brau1a Is not true parasite, ac-
cording to the bureau of entomology,
but it is capable of weakening bee
colony by taking its food and by tor
menting the queen bee. 1t lives on the
honey carried by the bees, not on
their blood, as was at one time sup
posed. 1t Is found singly on the work
ers, and in numbers on the queen bee,
but seldom on drones.
United States Department Of Agri-
culture Circular 1874, "The Bee Louise,
Braula Cocoa, in the United States
by e. F. Phillips, apiculturist, con-
tains description of the species, Its
distribution, feeding habits and meth
DDS of control. This circular may be
obtained, as long as the supply lasts,
by writing to the United States De-
partment Of Agriculture, Washington.
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1925-04-16
Tax on Gasoline

Thirty-fve states and the District Of
Columbia are now collecting funds
through tax levied upon the sale Of
gasoline used as motor car fuel
This means that 70 per cent of the
states have an effective gasoline tax.
The gross collection amounts 10 more
than $32,0O0,00O during the registra-
ton year up to July /, 1924. These
collections were 273 per cent over the
previous year.
The tax rate differs In the various
states ranging from one cent per gall
lon in eight states, two cents per gall
lon in 10 states and the District Of Co
lumbia, 21s cents per gallon in two
states, three cents per gallon in nine
states, and four cents Der gallon in one
state.
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1925-04-16
Sick Fowls Afterwards
Are Usually Worthless

When q fowl becomes ailing and
emaciated it most often denotes either
q tubercular condition or coccidiosis.
Such hens, should they recover, are
poor layers and are apt to pass their
weaknesses to their offspring. Seldom
will they get well and fatten to mar
ketable condition, so it is a money
saving method to kill and burn their
carcaSses.
AS the majority of poultry diseases
are contagious, retaining such birds
menaces the present health of the
flock, as well as the vigor of future
ones. Often one sees an emaciated
hen walking stiff-legged about a hem
house. Such birds almost always die
without human aid, but while alive
very likely infect other fowls as well
as the yard where the remainder Of
the flock runs. Whole flocks are often
devastated through the owners neg
lect of destroying worthless individual
hens.
If flock owners realized that through
ignoring such present menaces they
are inviting weakly f1ocks in ensuing
years, more Importance would be
placed on the necessity for immedi-
ately killing and burning hens or grow
ing stock that becomes ailing, espe-
cially those which get decidedly poor
in flesh, an almost unfailing tubercu-
lar Indication.
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1925-04-16
Poultry and Swine
tuberculosis Cure
Infected Fowls and Animals
Were Disposed of.

prepared by the United States Department
of Agriculture.)
With the widening knowledge con-
corning the nature of tuberculosis,
live stock owners are rapidly putting
methods of eradication into practical
use. The close relationship between
fowl and swine tuberculosis is illus
trated by recent occurrence In Mich
igan. The facts were obtained by the
Michigan Agricultural college in CO.
operation with the United States De
pertment of Agriculture.
A shipment Of hogs from certain
farm proved to be badly infected with
tuberculosis. An inspector who visited
the farm applied the tuberculin test to
the remaining hogs and found practi-
cally all Of them tuberculosis. He also
found the chicken flock on the farm
badly affected. Acting on the in
spector's advice, the owner disposed
of the entire flock of chickens, re-
stocking with day-old chicks in the
spring. Meanwhile he had also dis
posed of the tuberculous hogs and
cleaned and disinfected the premises,
especially the poultry buildings and
yards.
After period Of time the owner
sold 80 hogs which went to the same
market as before. A report covering
the postmorten examination of 81 of
these animals showed that none was
infected With the source of infection
gone the Introduction of healthy stock
naturally resulted in continued free
dom from the disease.
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1925-04-16
Rotation Will Cut Loss
Due to Soil Erosion

Prof. M F. Miller, head Of the de-
partment of soils, college of agriculture
Of the University of Missouri, present
ed interesting figures on losses due to
soil erosion in talk made at the
annual meeting of the Kansas Crop
Improvement association at the Kan
sas State Agricultural college. Profess
sor Miller and his associates in the
Missouri agricultural experiment sta
ton have found that on an average
Missouri soil having slope of about
31s per cent, the entire surface soil to
a depth Of inches would be lost in
so years of continuous cultivation of
corn, in about $50 years under contin-
uous wheat culture, and in about $50
years in fields rotated to corn, wheat,
and oats. Sod land, that Is, land in
permanent pasture or native sod, would
require 3,4O0 years for the same loss to
take place, according to the Missouri
ans estimates.
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1925-04-16

burn in tobacco has frequently been,
raised in recent years in Wisconsin,
owing to the increasing use Of COM
mercial fertilizers for tobacco. This
question has been met and overcome
in other tobacco districts in the past,
so that we can benefit from their ex-
perienee. On the other hand, our con-
ditions are sufficiently different TO
warrant special consideration Of this
problem.
Soils High In Potash.
Scientific investigation has generally
shown that high content Of potash In
tobacco favors good burn, whereas
high content of chlorine is injurious
to the burn. Potash Is usually in the
form of sulphate or muriate In COM
mercial fertilizers. The latter contains
chlorine. 1t, therefore, has bad repu-
tation as tobacco fertilizer, and should
not be used in states where heavy
potash fertilization is required.
Fortunately our Wisconsin tobacco
soils are already high in potash and
do not usually need potash applied as
commercial fertilizer to such an extent
as they need phosphorus and nitro
gen. Furthermore, our tobacco soils
are sufficiently heavy so that fer.
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1925-04-16

time. Flaming, in fact, indicates poor
burn as does failure to low.
The flowing should be of reason
able rate and evenness in the leaf and
should not "coal," but leave light
colored firm or cohesive ash 1t is evil
dent that burning quality of tobacco
may be influenced by a number of
factors such as the character of the
soil, the climate, amount of rainfall,
and the kind of fertilizer used. 1t is
also known that the different strains
of tobacco may vary in this respect
There is reason to believe chat the
conditions of curing end sweating may
also have some bearing ON the ulti-
mate behavior Of the burn.
Widely and Favorably Known.
The subject is, therefore. a com
plicated one, and one cannot readily
attribute the good or poor burning
qualities of any given tobacco to any
particular or specific cause without
giving adequate consideration to all
factors concerned.
Wisconsin tobacco has long been
favOrably known for its high average
of good burn. This we can attribute
largely to our favorable soils and eli
mate.
A special phase of the problem Of
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1925-04-16
Aid Greenhouse Men
in War on Insects
Much Progress Has Been
Made During Last Year.

prepared by the United States Department.
of Agriculture.)
OF especial interest to greenhouse
men are the studies of greenhouse In
sects and problems of greenhouse
fumigation conducted by the bureau
Of entomology of the United States
Department Of Agriculture. Distinct
progress has been made In this field
during the past year. Among some OF
the insects on which work has been
done may be mentioned the larger
bulb fly, the cyclamen mite, the Cat
tleya fly, and the tip moth Of pine
seedlings.
Life history studies of the larger
bulb fly have been started, and exper-
iments conducted in the disinfection
of bulbs from the insect. The larvae
appear to be very resistant to vacuum
fumigation with carbon disulphide at
the rate of A and 10 pounds per 1000
cubic feet of space. Control expert
ments intended to test the efficacy OF
nicotine, sulphur, oil emulsions, soap
sprays, pyrethrum, hydrocyanic-acid
gas, carbon disulphide, ETC., against
the cyclamen mite have been begun.
Fumigation against the Cattleya fly
with hydrocyanic-acid gas has not thus
far proved of value in any OF It's
stages, and other control methods are
being studied
Investigation in the general field of
fumigation have included the testing
of various dosages and exposures on
variety of plants, such as orchids
and various bulbs. The killing power
Of calcium cynide for certain green
house aphids compares favorably with
equivalent dosages Of sodium cyanide.
Under greenhouse conditions it was
found that overnight fumigation at the
rate Of Il ounce Of calcium cyanide
to 1000 cubic feet of space gave 100
per cent kill for three species of
aphids. A higher proportion combined
with high humidity, caused severe
burning Of many varieties of plants.
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1925-04-16
FarI:''n!..!!1.l:..EII,mj,|,t|l.,r.'.

Good cows are kept; poor cows
maintained.
Those who wish to start the year
wrong will buy cheap seed.
Wet days in spring are well spent
in cleaning and oiling the harness.
Even the poorest garden spot con-
tains buried treasure" for the real
gardener.
Perhaps the farm home garden is
often failure because it is not taken
seriously enough.
Though sunlight costs nothing, 1t Is
about the most valuable thing you can
give your chicks.
If you fail to beautify your premises
yourself and your visitors.
In starting a new crop year 1t Is
well to remember that the incentive to
agriculture is not chiefly profit but the
satisfying Of the htman interest in
creative production.
All crops except timothy give bet
ter yields when they are grown In
rotation than when grown in continu-
Gus culture, experiments at the New
York State College Of Agriculture
show.
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1925-04-16

planting season is so late in northern
Wisconsin that trees held in southern
storage have started to bud before
shipping time The tender buds are
then mostly knocked off by packing,
shipping, unpacking, heeling-in and
planting.
A tree properly pruned gets better
start. There are two classes of year
ling trees to be considered from the
standpoint of pruning at planting time.
The tree with low branches should be
trimmed up to whip and headed so
as to leave eight or ten good buds.
The other type Of tree has branches at
the desired permanent height The
lowest branch allowed to remain
should be at height Of 20 inches or
high enough to permit close passage
of disk harrow. The tree with good
branches should have three to five
good laterals so that If some die out
enough good ones will remain. The
laterals should be well spaced and
should be eight to ten inches long.
The leader should be left few inches
longer and a few inches higher thap
the lateral branches,
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1925-04-16
Value Of Silage Varies
With the Price of Corn

Silage made from corn that will
yield so bushels per acre is worth
from Sc to $3.50 per ton, depending
when the, corn was put into the silo.
Corn that is put into the silo when
it is denting and all the leaves are
green will weigh more than it will
when it is more nearly ripe and some
of the husks and leaves have begun
to dry.
The value Of ton of silage always
varies with the price of corn per
bushel and also upon the quality Of
the corn. When corn is put into the
silo before it is in the glazing stage,
it is not worth as much as it would
have been if it were more mature.
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1925-04-16
PRUNED TREES LIVE
LONGER AND BETTER
Specialist Outlines Neces.
sity for Giving Young
Tree Right Start.

Cherry trees which are long-lived
and healthy are profitable trees.
To insure such trees proper care
must be given the orchard when it is
young, according to r. III. Roberts,
horticulturist at the Wisconsin Col
lege of Agriculture. In recent Wis
consin bulletin he outlines the neces-
sity for starting the young tree right.
For good strong trees he would plant
only one-year-olds because they trans
plant and develop better. Such tree
should be pruned heavily at planting
time to reduce the top in proportion
to the reduced root surface resulting
from digging. Ii the tree is not cut
back heavily it will merely feather"
out the first year. Under Wisconsin
conditions heavily pruned trees will
be as large or larger at two years
than unpruned trees.
Trunk Troubles Prevented.
Weak centers, splitting down and
southwest injury" are the principal
trunk troubles which shorten the life
of cherry trees. The manner in which
the tree is headed probably does not
affect the amount of southwest in
jury" The only remedy is to shade
the trunk of the tree to prevent alter
nate thawing and rapid freezing in the
late winter.
The care used in starting the trees
reduces the other two trunk troubles
The splitting of large branches Is prin-
cipally due to the use of Mario N-angled
branches as main limbs of the tree
Branches which arise at wide angles
and are properly pruned are not so
likely to split. If the branches are
not well spaced the center of the tree
does not get enough sunshine and is
crowded for space in which to de
velop. The central leader should al
ways be prominent in the tree.
Purchase In Fall.
Cherry trees should be purchased in
the fall and then heeled in until spring
when they should be planted. The
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1925-04-16
T\0'lIEI Inv
YUULIN nj
DUCK RAISING is
WORTH CONSIDERING

The average farm has all the facil-
tiles which are necessary for the rails
ing of goodly number of ducks and
with little outlay may add consid-
erably to the farm income from that
source.
Duck raising in some sections Of the
country has become greatly special
lied industry. 1t is hardly advisable
for the average person to go into it
extensively, at least not until he has
become acquainted with handling
ducks on a smaller scale. However,
ducks do afford a side line to the regu-
lar poultry business of the farm that
is worthy Of the consideration of the
average person.
The houses which are needed for
ducks are simple affairs They are
plain and comfortable and need very
little furnishings. Generally on every
farm there is small shed or building
that can be used for this purpose.
Warmth is not essential to the extent
that is necessary with hens, but If it
is dry and protected it will generally
serve the purpose. Ducks should not
be closely confined.
Artificial incubation and brooding
are used almost entirely by the large
producers Of ducks, but under most
farm conditions the incubation and
brooding will be mostly done by hens
or by ducks. Before the hens are put
on the eggs and again before the duck
lings are given to her she should be
thoroughly busted with insecticides.
The nest should be watched for lice
and treated as may be necessary.
The feed of the ducks in nature is
both vegetable and animal. In the
wild state they get a great deal of
their food along the creeks and
marshes. This type Of food needs to
be initiated to some extent. The duck
has no crop like the chicken, the food
passing directly to the gizzard and as
consequence they are not fitted for
fact, a large number of the profess
sional raisers depends largely on soft
foods. However, under farm condi-
lions where the ducks have free range
the problem is not so difficult and
most of tie additional feed will be
grains. Feed that is adapted to pro-
ducing growth on chickens will answer
the purpose for -ducklings without go
ing to the expense and inconvenience
of mixing additional rations. The main
difference that will be noted by the
beginner is that the ducklings make a
faster growth and therefore They will
consume a larger amount of food.
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1925-04-16

tilizers added to them are not imme-
diately available to the plants; in
other words, they tend to be held by
the SOIL
Quality Instead Of Quantity.
All in all, therefore, it Is not be-
lieved that the limited amount of mu-
rate Of potash which is made available
to tobacco i'll an ordinary application
of fertilizer low in potash reflects it,
self upon the burning quality in Wis
cousin. Experiments are being con-
Quoted along this line, however, and If
it is found that muriate of potash is
injurious, the change to the slightly
higher priced sulphate can readily be
made.
The Wisconsin tobacco growers are
giving more and more consideration to
the development of quality in their
tobacco. The pool system of pricing
on grade value must and will result
in every attempt being made by the
grower to get the best possible grade.
Burn is more important than any
other single factor in quality of cigar
tobacco, and If grading is to place a
standard of quality on tobacco, 1t
should be given more consideration
than at present in the grading Of farm
ers' crops.
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1925-04-16
Good Silage Keeps Well
When Tt Is Transferred

That good silage can be successfully
transferred to another silo If neces-
sary was proved at the Ohio expert
ment station as an outcome Of a fire
which burned a large livestock barn
and two wooden silos in connection
with it, leaving the silage unprotected.
The silage thus exposed was trans
ferred to empty and partially filled
silos, being blown into them through
a silage cutter Three men in the silo
did thorough job of tramping.
In filling one Of the silos water was
added at the rate of one pound to
every thirteen pounds Of silage; no
water was added to the silage In the
other. The silage from both silos,
which has since been fed, was of ex-
cellent quality.
1t appears from observing these
tests that, if the original silage was
put up in good condition, that is, not
too mature or dry, it may be trans
ferred without additional water to an
other silo when occasion demands
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1925-04-16
Poultry Hints

N u y Il II Il Il Il II u
Keep young stock growing.
Protect hens and young stock from
the sun.
gives the laying hens chance to do
their share.
Sensible people are willing to pool
their interests and cooperate in a com
mon cause. Are farmers sensible peo-
pie?
The brooder horse floor should be
covered with fine gravel or sand, over
which is scattered litter of alfalfa or
clover leaves if available.
Proper care of the chicks during the
brooding season will do much to stop
up one of the important leaks in the
poultry business.
In warm weather the hens can be
dipped in a solution of sodium huoride
msde by ,1issolving an ounce of the
material in a gallon of water.
Salt in excess is poisonous to chick
ems. If salty water is thrown where
chickens can drink it or if salt is mixed
with the feed in quantity chickens may
be poisoned.
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1925-04-16
Save Resistant
Chestnut Trees
Blight Is Steadily Spreading
Over Country, Killing
Many.
Prepared by the United States Department
of Agriculture.l

prepared by the United States Department
of Agriculture.)
The chestnut blight Is steadily
spreading over the country, extermi-
mating the American chestnut as 1t
moves. The financial loss has been
very heavy for owners who failed to
cut their dead chestnut before it de-
Perforated, and the United States De-
partment Of Agriculture and state for
estry departments have been active In
advocating timely utilization.
Resistant Tree.
However, few chestnut trees have
appeared to show a marked degree
of resistance to the blight, and it is
desirable that the more resistant trees
be located and preserved. Some of
these may prove to be the starting
pointed for new growth of chestnut.
A tree shonld have resisted the blight
under natural conditions for at least
ten years before 1t can be regarded
as worthy of consideration as a resist
ant tree. Many trees will throw off
blight cankers and apparently be doing
well Luz u lew yCuLS d4O LA1CAA QuANn1J
succumb to the disease. The office OF
forest pathology, in the bureau of plant
industry Of the United States Depart
ment of Agriculture at Washington,
is interested in receiving reports
of exceptionally resistant American
chestnuts, that is, trees which survive
after nearly all of the chestnuts In the
vicinity have been killed. Unusually
resistant trees are recorded and ex-
amined at some later date. Nuts and
grated trees from the most promising
are planted in an experimental or
chard at Bell, Md, for further testing.
Interested in Trees.
This office is also interested in re-
ports of Japanese and European chest
nuts which have survived the attacks
of the blight. The removal of infected
limbs and the cutting out of trunk
cankers on these foreign chestnuts,
will materially assist them in throw
ing off the disease. The Office of for
est pathology is, however, primarily
Interested in trees which are naturally
resistant.