davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1925-05-30

we're having much trouble with
shock absorbers.
De Paolo was cleaning up on lap
prizes.
In the fourteenth lap, Jones re-
placed Harder in the Skelly Special.
In the forty sixth lap, Shafer, who
had been climbing steadily, passed
Cooper for second place.
At the end of 100 miles, Nc
Donogh, twelve miles behind the
leader, stopped and took on gas, oil
and water. II
SHAFERTAK LEAD
In the fiftwAfth lap, after De
Paolo had Ted an the way and taken
$500 in lap money, Shafer, also
driving a Duesenberg, slipped into
first place.
In the fifty-third lap De Wore. run
ming in eighth place, went into the
pits.
Milton, running in. ninth place,
went into the pits in his fifty-eighth
lap. He was four laps behind the
leader.
Cooper Drops
Following the 150-mile mark
Cooper had trouble with his car and
dropped back to fifth place.
Kreis, driving a Duesenberg, crept
up to tenth place. Shafer still led.
Morton Skids
The crowd got the first real thrill
Of the day when Wade Morton blew
a right rear tire on the north turn.
His car spun around three times.
He drove it into the pits under it's
own power.
Conner lost his ninth place position
when he blew tire in the sixty
third lap.
Hill replaced Ellingboe in his fifty
fourth lap.
After Shafer had led for twelve
laps and collected 81, 200 in lap prize
money, De Paolo again took the lead
in the sixty-ninth lap.
Ira Vail went out of the race in
his sixty-first lap with a broken con-
Meeting rod. This left twenty cars in
the running.
Corum replaced Hill in his fifty
ninth lap.
SKELLY CAR OUT
The Skelly Special with Harder
driving, went out Of the race In it's
thirty-first lap with transmission
trouble. -
Shafer dropped back to fourth
place when he stopped to change a
tire in the seventy-ninth lap.
In his seventy-seventh lap, Bor.
dino, driving a Fiat, was relieved by
Mourre.
In the eighty-seventh lap, Hartz
took the lead for only one lap. De
Paolo passed him on the home
stretch.
Car Burns
Herbert Jones. driving a Jones
Whitaker Special, was slightly hurt,
when he jumped from his car which
caught fire on the home stretch
The car was gut oS the race. He
suffered slighkfburns anG was taken
to the hospital
Promptly at 10 a. -. the final
starting bomb went ..EssssuE high
in air. As it burst, the sonv liae Of
barking motors sprang into action
and the twenty-five cars moved down
the track in rows of three behind
Eddie Rickenbacker, official pace
maker for the first lap.
The greatest crowd in the history
Of the Speedway, a crowd which
packed the stands and jammed the
infield burst into applause as the
line swept by at a steadily increas-
ing rate Of speed.
100000 in Crowd
At $50 a. m. James A. Allison,
president Of the Speedway Company,
estimated the crowd at l40, 900. This
breaks all previous records.
In the first row rode Leon Duray
on the pole in his Miller, by virtue
Of turning in the fastest four laps In
the qualifying trials Tuesday, 11s.19s
miles an hour.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1925-05-30

Lead by Capt. A. j. Ball, mar
shall. members Of the Grand Army
Of the Republic moved promptly at
p. m. from n. Meridian and Ver-
mont SITS, south on Meridian St.
to the Monument. over h. Market
ST., to Pennsylvania ST., and South
to Z. Georgia st. Here Civil War
Veterans took automobiles to Crown
Hill. In the second division Of the
parade marched members of the
American Legion. Veterans OF For
eign Wars and Spanish-American
War Veterans.
At Crown Hill
The Civil War veterans re-
Hill Cemetery. Ceremonies were
opened at p. m. with firing of a
salute of twenty-one guns. A
bugler gave the Assembly call"
The Rev. Enoch II. Wood. Civll
War veteran. opened the ritualistic
services with prayer. State Senator
Thomas A. Daily was principal
speaker.
The willingness of the youths of
81 TO sacrifice their all for their
country was lauded by Senator
Daily. Whether it was call to
battle for personal freedom, an un'
divided country, the freedom OF an
oppressed nation. or freedom of the
world the American soldier has
stepped forward, forgetful of self
and ready to sacrifice even unto
death" Daily said.
Lincolns Gettysburg address was
given by Everett Schmidt. Follow
ing firing of three rounds by sol
diers. taps were sounded.
Judge Wilmeth Speaks
Human liberty is one of the
grandest blessings that can be pos
sessed by any people," said Judge
Delbert O. Wilmeth at services this
afternoon at Holy Cross cemetery
under direction of the Knights Of
Columbus.
An airplane piloted by Capt
George w. Vawter and Thomas A.
F'laherty flew over the cemetery and
dropped flowers on graves.
First public service opened at $50
a. m. on the Monument steps. Fol-
lowing ringing of Christ Church
chimes at S:45 a. m. and program
by the newsboys band. the Rev. c.
Dickey, rector Christ Church, gave
the invocation. The Cadle Taber-
nacle choir sang. After Abraham
Lincolns Gettyburg address was
given by Lawrence Bowers. the Rev.
Edward Haines Kistler, pastor Fair
view Presbyterian Church, spoke.
Rev. Kistler Speaks
'It is a worthy ideal you men OF
our wars hold annually before the
| American nation, in halting our
busy, bustling days for a quiet
bivouac with your dead that should
climax in a campfire comradeship
for the living" said the Rev. KiStler.
This is the National Memorial
day. Memories. Gods etched
| pictures, acid-burned into the canvas
of the brain! We pause to recall the
days of the past that gripped mems
hearts, from the rousing ride of
Revere to the hope of the world
where poppies grow.
Your memorial can mean but one
thing-a nation of righteousness,
unafraid, and great-hearted, that
will not count it's work finished until
all nations shall find it Improbable
to pay the piper for their fits of
temper. and greed" concluded the
Rev. Kistler
Mrs. Martha ]. Stubs Of the
American War Mothers also spoke.
While all persons stood uncovered
the Hoosier Post 624, Veterans of
Foreign Wars. gave a salute to the
dead followed by a dirge by the
newsboys' band. Taps ended the
service.
Il
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1925-05-30
INDIANAPOLIS PAYS
HOMAGE TO DEAD
WITH Ceremonies
Services at Monument in Morning and Parade in After
noon Outstanding Events Of Memorial Day in
City-Rites Held at Cemeteries.

of the days of 6 brought again to Indian
apos today thin blue ine survivors OF the battle for the
Union marched down the streets the Memorial Day
parade in honor of the cty's dead
Thousands of citizens joined with organizations in honor
ing the departed heroes of Americas conflicts the Civil War;
Spanish American and World Wars Services held in
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1925-05-30

DE PaOlO i'm Lead
Pete De Paolo took the lead from
the start in an Indianapolis made
Duesenberg. He took the lead de-
spite the fact that he lost nearly a
minute on the preliminary lap get
ting his car started.
He tore around the first turn in
the lead and proceeded to break the
first lap track record. His time for
the first lap was 1856, an average
of 103.87 miles an hour.
At the end OF the first lap Duray
was second, Cooper, third; Hartz,
Fourth; Lewis, Fifth and De Palma,
sixth. -..., 4. ~. s-.1.. .s.a ~ ,-
Last years time for. the first lap
was 1:37.47, an average Of 1886 miles
an hour.
At the end of the second lap De
Paolo still was in the lead. Duray
was second, Cooper, third Hartz,
fourth, Lewis, fifth and Ellingboe
sixth.
At the end of the second lap, w.
C. Jones. driving a Skelly Special,
went into the pits.
On the fifth lap the positions
were unchanged except that Cooper
passed Duray, going into second
place.
BOrdinO to Pits
Bordino went into the pits at the
end of the fifth lap.
The time for the first ten miles
was 5;45.04, average 104.34, new
track record. s
De Paolo maintained his lead at
the end of the first twenty-five miles.
He averaged 104.15 miles an hour,
new track record for the distance.
Cooper was second, Hartz, third;
Duray, fourth, and Lewis, fifth.
Bordino got back into the race
after stopping three. minutes with
supercharger trouble. He lost more
than lap. Jones and his Skelly
Special got back into the grind after
losing a few minutes with spark
plug trouble.
On the fifteenth lap De Palma
went to the pits. At that time he
was one lap behind De Paolo.
De Palma adjusted his shock, alb
sorbers and Immediately re-entered
the race.
Hill went into the pits in the eight
eenth lap.
Moss Takes Car
In the fifteenth lap A. E. Moss re.
placed Herb Jones at the wheel OF
the Jones-Whitaker. At that time
the car was five laps behind De
Paolo.
Hill adjusted his shock absorbers
and went back into the race.
Shafer, just before the fifty-mile
mark, moved up from eighth place
to sixth place. He was driving the
Duesenberg that won the race last
year.
Ellingboe, who had been in fifth
place, went into the pits in his
twenty-fourth lap.
Cooper Close
Cooper was running De Paolo q
close race.
AT sixty miles DePaolo was leading
Cooper by only six seconds.
Hill went into the pits again with
shock absorber trouble and lost one
minute, forty-five seconds.
Ellingboe, driving a Miller Special
was the first driver out of the race.
He sheered a key in his steering
gear and his car wabbled over the
track, but he succeeded in gettinp it
successfully into the pits.
On his eleventh lap, while nine.
teen laps behind the leader, f. J.
Harder relieved w. c. Jones at the
wheel of tlie Skelly Special.
At the end of seventy-five miles
. De Paolo was leading Cooper by
4only four seconds.
2 Fastest in History
Ne T'aolc time was 43:28.77. an
average OF 103.49 miles an hour
another new record.
1t was the fastest seventy-five
miles in history.
On the twenty-ninth lap, EIlinlboe,
who bad previously gone out of the
race, took Bennie Hills car.
Tire Trouble
--~ equipped with balloon tires
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1925-05-30
Times Do Change
for Rickenbacker

Seven years ago today, Eddie
Rickenbacker. champion Ameri-
can ace, was busy trying TO
shoot down German airplanes.
Late Friday afternoon. he
took Anthony Fokker, man
ufacturer Of the famous Ger
man war plane. around the
Speedway for several laps.
Said Eddie today:
"If anybody seven years ago
would have told me that /
would be riding around with a
German airplane manufactures
today. l would have thought
them crazy"
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1925-05-30
Shafer Second After Having Wrested
First Place From Duesenberg
Teammate for Twelve Laps-Time
Averaging 1O4 Miles an Hour.
Bulletin
DsPaoo was leading at 200 Hartz was ceond and
Lewis third.
DePaoo still leads at 22b miles Hartz second and
I Lewis third
Bulletin

Herbert Jones' driving Jones Whitaker Special
was slightly hurt when his hit the wall
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1925-05-30
AT Each Segment

Brief ceremonies were held at each
segment of the Monument. Daugh-
ters and Sons OF the American
Revolution, and Daughters Of
Veterans united in services at the
Gen. George Rogers Clark segment.
At Governor James Whitcomb seq
ment American War Mothers and
auxiliaries TO American Legion,
Service Star Legion and United
States Army and Marines held rites.
At the base of the statue of Gov
ernor oliver p. Morton ceremonies
were directed by Women's Relief
Corps and Ladies Of the Grand Army
Of Republic. Auxiliary TO the United
Spanish-American War Veterans
and Auxiliary to the Veterans of
FOREIGN Wars held services at the
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1925-05-30
.scALPlNG' is CHARGED
Police AIlege Man Was Selling Tick.
cts at Hotel.

cts at Hotel.
julius Cohen. 20, of 1922 S. Sen
ate Ave, was slated by police today
as an alleged Speedway ticket
scalper. officers charged he was
selling 81 grand stand tickets for
"a at a downtown hotel.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1925-05-30
Forecast

TyAIR tonight and Sunday ex-
4 cept somew hat unsettled by
Sunday night; rising tempera-
ture.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1925-05-30
100000 in Crowd

At $50 a. m. James A. Allison,
president Of the Speedway Company,
estimated the crowd at l40, 900. This
breaks all previous records.
In the first row rode Leon Duray
on the pole in his Miller, by virtue
Of turning in the fastest four laps IN
the qualifying trials Tuesday, 11s.19s
miles an hour.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1925-05-30

p@ Paolo. first; Skater, second:
.9w';r. foArth Cooper.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18
OYSTERS IN
SEASON

A policeman eating Z club sand.
witch.
Al bootleggler delivering his
goods in an army tank.
News item: 1.-THE costumes Of
the chorus are revelations Of
modern beauty
A chiropodist playing football
A stonecutter carving . board
ing house chicken:
An undertaker visiting the dead
letter office. SIS
A polka dot blanket for =
trained leopard.
The driver Of . flivver settinl
ratified.
A stage comedian taking iaush
Ing gas.
An auto driver with . car
buncle.
A barber cutting the grass.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18
SIGNS OF SPRING

When seed companies begin
deluging you with catalogues.
When you feel that work in an
office is the most hateful thing
In the world.
When the wife says she can't
wear her fur coat any more be-
cause Of it's weight.
When railroad companies begin
advertising excursion rates to
scenic woodlands. :.
When rents for bungalows at
the seashore begin to soar.
When kids begin digging out
their baseball, bats and mitts.
When ''wet paint" signs begin
to show themselves all over the
town.
Boys, when all Of these things
begin to happen. there's no doubt
MS it. Spring is here. s -
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18
OILCANS

The wife, who refused to. tail
to you because she dreamed las
night that you were walking
down the street with a blonde
chorus girl.
The dame, who gave her dog g
toothbrush with q silver handle
The chap who offers you q
drink of his home brew and
waits to see the effect on you
before he tries IT. himself, i. !.
The woman who brings her
little son to the house ard says.
:"oh, look at Mr.. AS nice new
typewriter, dear. Run play with
that"
The girl who keeps mistletOe
up for six months after Christ
mas. ii
The kind caller who wakes Up
the baby after 1T has taken you
two hours to get him to sleeE'
to see the color of his eyes.
The bird who brings a girl@n
box of candy and won't leave m,
til he has eaten most of it.
w The girl who puts on riding
habit and never goes near;ssa
horse.
The. wife who makessSher ANs-
band wait until there's barRs1illl J
sale to get himself PAIR 81
socks. s:-ss -
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18
COUNT TEN
BEFORE
Bowling with bombs. and using
firecraclxers for nine pins.


Bowling with bombs. and using
firecrackers for nine pins.
Going to a doctor whose best
friend is an undertaken.
Wearing white kid gloves when
you shovel coal in the furnace.
Being hospitable to hornet.
Using a billiard table to prac-
tise your golf putting.
Going motoring, girls, with q
strange man if you have on a
pair of new shoes.
Taking off your coat and vest
Ia the theater.
Giving your wife a pair Of bed
room slippers made Of banana
Forgetting to remove the cigar
from your mouth when yOu take
Q shower bath.
Eating cold slaw with a pie
knife.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

Another great thing about the
early American colonists was
that they didn't leave as to pay
for the Revolutionary War.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

.ssN zAA1eAlN 4sAUNhsAGs4 WIN AsAtN ,Su8S Is
= that there aren't enough
headaches from thinking
Ii would be intereating to
know iii these modern divorce
cases which party gets the Gus
tody Of the kitchen can opener.
a small boy in these times has
great ambition 70 be able to
smoke 40 well 81 HIS flapper
older sister when he grows up.
Another great thing about the
early American colonists was
that they didn't leave as to pay
for the Revolutionary War.
one way to make y easier Tor
i the speed cops would be aylaW
compelling motorists 70 have
their license plates and tele-
phone numbers the same.
A Nv can't swat back but NE
sure can pick out the most ex-
pensivs pieces Of chinGware on
which to cit and giggle.
Most Or Britain's. military men
seem to be seeing all their action
IN the court room.
Another Indictment agAintt
grapefruit IL that It has spoiled
many an artistic feminine com
plexion.
Battle Formation for the Next ar.
G1eaHen help the enetny9
shock Troops: a battalion of
amateur Jazz players.
Moppers Up: the FAINTER bri-
gade. g
Reserve Second Line; Company
ticket spectators.
Heay Artillery: Snoring broth
ers-in.law, soap box spelIbinders,
radio announcers. with bridal
biscuits for ammltnitiOrs
Cavalry mofor): Speed tIends
Unjust have been convicted of
manslaughter at least = dozen
timesl.
Aviation Corps: Choicest Les-
horn vacation mosquitoes.
Tank Division: Bootleggers with
mobile stills ready tor services.
IL. = y a 3
start your boy on the right
track and he'll pick out the right
station himself to get off.
AZ long a. the monkey doesn't
mind about this evolution theory
there's no reason why we humans
should get. excited overit-
The saddest words of tongue o.
NO. longer are It might have
beenss 80
'Tis these that make nIe like 4
There's too much static y The
4 air.. .s7
Also, people who i've III glass
houses shouldn't throw the bun.
Everything comes to him who
waits except the umbrella he
I - .ais + r. "a .E4.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

a small boy in these times has
) great ambition 70 be able to
smoke az well 81 HIS flapper
older sister when he grows up.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18
YOUR HORSE
SPEAKING
By John p. Medbury.

TUE automobile Is a wonderful
i thing, but folks don't realize
that there are still millions OF
people who love animals. Every
day, two or three thousand men
call up the race track to find out
how the horses are getting along.
These men spend, more money
on the horeses, in one day than
the, society for the prevention OF
cruelty to animals spends in a
year.
Every man has his favorite
horse and calls him mp three or
four times during the afternoon.
But it's against the rules Of
the race track for the horses to
come to the phone.
If a man wants. to talk to his
animal he has to go out there
personally.
The trainers have to be strict,
otherwise the horses would be
spending all their time in tele-
phone booths.
A horse can only use the te1e-
phone il case Of an emergency.
And even then he has to supply
his own nickel.
:, One mare. was so. smart that she
called UP the bookmaker and re-
versed the charges.
The most pathetic sight in the
world is to watch a horses hunt
ing through the directory for
number.
OF course, there are lots Of kids
around the track, who viii take
messages to the different animals.
one guy called up Tiajuana and
said, My horses name is Broken
Bottles she's running awfulIy
slow, please tell her to hurry"
The horse was three lengths
ahead in the home stretch when
.be cav the messenger coming.
She turned right around and ran
hsc,x to see wbat he wanted.
zs 49,
-. -. $500. s,,-;,,a ,,,,s;.
. uis ~ 49, 80 80
nyss n'uAs. - -.
s Next season the Jockeys. are go-
ing to nave telephones installed
a the. saddles.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

The. horse was three lengths
ahead in the home stretch when
she saw the messenger coming.
she turned right around and ran
back to see what he wanted.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

Next season the Jockeys are go-
ing to have telephones installed
in the. saddles.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

The most pathetic sight in the
world is to watch a horses hunt
ing through the directory for q
number.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

One mare was so smart that she
called UP the, bookmaker ana 70.
versed the charges.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

This proves that it doesn't pay
to disturb the horses during bust
ness hours.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

ii would Be Interesting to
know ia these modern divorce
cases which party gets the Gus.
tody Of the kitchen can opener.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

one way to make II easier Tor
the speed cops would be aylaw
compelling motorists 10 have
their license plates and tele-
phone numbers the same.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

OF course. there are lots Of kids
around the track, who win take
messages to the different animals.
one guy called up Tiajuana and
said. .My horses name is Broken
Bottles, she's running awfulIy
slow, please tell her to hurry"
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

Wearing white kid gloves when
you shovel coal in the furnace.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

Then If his horse isn't running
last enough he can ring up his
different clients ana tell them to
call off their bets.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

~ The girl who puts on q rid1nt
habit and never goes neaFss go
horse.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

Being hospitable to a hornet.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18
THE WORLD WE
LIVE TN
BY Dave Sentner

TlIIE trouble with this age IL
that, there aren.t enough
headaches from thinking
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

Using a billiard table to prac-
tise your golf putting.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

The telephone Is the only solu-
ton. You can't very well write
q letter to your horse and get an
answer before the race is over.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

And If his clients don't believe
him he can let them talk to the
horse. Y
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

The wife who FnakesI.ner ANe
band wait until there's barsaill
sale to get himself pair 81
socks. $685. -
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

And even then be has to supply
his own nickel.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

A horse can only use the tele.
phone il case of an emergency.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

As long assthe monkey doesn't
mind about this evolution theory
there's no reason why we humans
should get. excited overeit.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

And even IL you could the post.
men would have to distribute the
special delivery mail on motor
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

The bird who brings girl
box of candy and won't leave slln
til he has eaten most OF 1t.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

There are hundreds of systems
of betting on the races, but the.
Bell System is the best. The
horses gradually get used to this
wire service by sleeping in tele-
phone booths instead Of stables.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

start your boy on the right
track and he'll pick out the right
station himself to get off.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

Al nv can't swat back but he
sure can pick out the most e.
pensivs pieces Of chin9Sare on
which To Sit ana giggle:
Most Or Britain's military men
seem to be seeing all their action
IN the court room.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

Also, people who i've III glass
houses shouldn't throw the bun.
Everything comes to him who
waits except the umbrella he
loaned to 4 friend.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1925-04-18

Going to a doctor whose besi
friend is an undertaken.