davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1925-03-15
BY BERNARD VI. BARUCH.

] am deeply interested in the ques-
ton of allied debts from the stand
point of fairness to ourselves. We
have gone through the phase of the
situation wherein financiers, both
here and abroad, have said that the
loans should be Cancelled because it
would ruin our country to receive the
money, and through the phase in
which attention was drawn to the
alleged inability of the allies to pay.
But the fact that the allied and
American experts felt that Germany,
deprived of her colonies, Alsace-Lor-
raine and Upper Silesia, could pay a
yearly sum which in 81 years would
amount to a capital sum of more than
SIC, 900, ,000,0 makes it very difficult
to understand why any one of the
allies cannot pay what it owes. j
am of the opinion that when once a
settlement is reached payment will
not be so difficult as is feared. The
world has greatly increased it's
wealth since the war.
But we must face the question not
alone in what is just, but in what is
honorable; not so much in what was
actually borrowed as in how much OF
it was spent in the common cause
not so much in what is due this
generation in money, but what is due
future generations in international
prestige and good will and in the
feeling of having done our full share
Spent to Save U. $. Soldiers.
Should we ask the debtor nations
to pay the money loaned to them to
buy the things allocated to them be-
cause they could use them more read
lily and effectively than we in the
winning of the war? For instance
should we ask France to pay for the
copper in the shells used in laying
down a barrage to protect American
soldiers when we had no 75s? Or
should we remit that portion?
1t would not mean a contribution
of the whole debt. It would not
mean a contribution of those sums of
money which were spent for food
by the allies and then resold by
them to their civilian population. Ii
would not in any way affect the
money which was used for the pur-
chase of material that went into the
permanent industrial life Of. the bor-
rowing country. Nor would Ii affect
the money borrowed to bolster the
exchange of an allied nation, or the
money with which to buy things af-
ter the end of the war.
On the other hand. IT would be fair
for the allied countries 10 repay
Evening star., 1925-03-15
Democrat or Centrist Approved
By Socialists May Head Germany

milton, In this troubled period, when
the republicans are split. one infu-
ential German paper has even come
out boldly for the eX-Crown Prince,
while the names of Hindenbere,
Mackenson, Won Tirpitz, Bulow and
the ex-Kaiser have been mentioned.
1t is but natural that France and
Belgium, and perhaps other inter
ested countries, would view the cleo
ton of a genuine Nationalist or Mon
archist with grave apprehension. 1t
would mean for them a continuation
of the violation. at least of the spirit
of the disarmament provisions of the
Versailles treaty. 1t would diminish
the, hope, already too slender. of
Frances participation in any confer
ence on security and Rhineland evacu-
alton in which Germany might he In
cluded, and it would still further give
occasion for demonstrating that a
smaller state may not impose its Will
on larger one without increasing
difference, and decreasing the chances
of agreement through reciprocal guar
antees. For these reasons it would
seem that a candidate like DR. Marx
from the Centrists or some one from
the Democrats who might secure the
good will of the Socialists will he
chosen to continue the policy of In
terest, harmony and external con-
cillation oil the ate-President Ebert
Evening star., 1925-03-15
ANTI-AIRCRAFT TRIALS
SPOILED BY ECONOMY
Aged Guns and 7-Year-Old Ammunition
Useless Against Even Obsolete Air
planes in Test, Writer Asserts.

it would do against hostile aircraft.
But there was just one of it. Econ
omy policies had prevented the max
ing of them in sufficient numbers to
be used in the test at Fort Monroe.
If there had been four of them, a
regulation battery, the same economy
factors would have existed in regard
to the personnel, and only two of the
four could have been put into action
on that account.
The officers of the anti aircraft de-
fenses of Fort Monroe, one of the
most historic fortifications of the
country and reputed to be one of the
show stations of it's kind, told the
visitors little of the difficulties they
faced They did the best they could
with the equipment they had--guns,
ammunition and personnel
Old Guns Undermanned.
They attempted to stage a modern
demonstration with, near-antiuuated
equipment and with. one-half the re-
quired number OF men. That they
failed was no surprise, The surprise
Jay in the condition of unprepared-
ness, which was all too obvious to the
spectators, who were permitted to see
for themselves the real situation of
the anti aircraft defenses at Fort
Monroe.
Statements made by Brig Gen. Will
liam Mitchell, storm center of the air
power controversy, that anti afrcra IT
fire could not be depended upon to
protect city from enemy air raids
either in the daytime or in the dark
ness of night, were supported 100 per
cent by the tests at Fort Monroe. at
least in so far as those tests can be
applied to the question of relative
values of the airplane and the anti
aircraft guns.
OF course, 1t is admitted that bet
ter results win be, had in fire eff
cheney from the ground when the
postwar weapons are made avail
able. They will increase the rate
| of fire. be fixed on improved and
more stable mounts. have greater
vertical apd horizontal ranges and
other advantages which go to make
for greater accuracy in fire and all
around effectiveness. 1t may be, too.
that when the wartime ammunition
reserves are exhausted, the efforts of
the ordance experts to develop better
shells Will have been fruitful. and
will add to the increased efficiency of
anti aircraft gunnery as compared
to that which prevails at the present
time. Certain 1t is that the powder
will be fresher than that loaded in
Continued ON Third Page.l
Evening star., 1925-03-15
BL MAJ. HENRY r. ALLEN,
Who Comma nd ed the American Army
ON the Rhine.

without some unforeseen crisis in
it's presidential campaign, Germany
will remain republican. Germany
fully recognizes that its most fun
damental consideration economic
restoration--is largely dependent upon
the aid and the cooperation of it's
recent enemy states. That explains
why the selection of Luther as chan
cellor, though he is only mildly ma
tionalistic, was considered by many
to be doubtful wisdom. But his strong
support of the republic, his intimate
knowledge of the Dawes plan in all
its external relations and his modera-
tion, however. make him prominent in
the forecasts of the elections of
March 20. Were the Socialists less
strong. his chances would be more
brilliant.
The Socialists claim, with much
right, the responsibility for founding
the German republic, and are insistent
that another of their party. possibly
I.oebe, president of the Reichstag,
succeed the Socialist Ebert to the
presidency of the Reich. The hopes
of the Monarchists, encouraged by
success In the recent elections, are
,centered on securing maximum recog-
Evening star., 1925-03-15
BY VI. III. MCINTYRE.

~ SSERVERS of the joint Army
Anti-Aircraft Air Service dem
onstration at Fort Monroe,
Va, last week, saw more than
the failure of the ground de-
fenses in the tests. In their opinion
the failure was due not entirely to
the lack of skill on the part of the
gunners behind the three-inch> anti
aircraft rifles, but to rigid applica-
tion of the economy policy.
In other words, it is said by i'm
partial experts, those interested
chiefly in the question of national de-
Tense as whole and not biased either
in. their attitude regarding air power
or anti-aircraft power, that the ad-
mitted poor showing of the ground
defenses was due at least in part to
economy. The remarkable demon
stration of the air officers, viewed in
the same sense, was all the more re-
markable because they put on an up
to-date demonstration with machines
just as far behind the times Is were
the guns which fired at their targets.
In the first place, it is pointed out,
the reduced enlisted personnel of the
ti-aircraft forces at Fort Monroe
decreed by Congress for reasons of
economy, when it cut the enlisted
personnel of the Army to 125,000 men,
permitted only two guns to De uSeo
in the fire tests against the sleeve
targets towed by the airplanes. 1t
seemed that at least the usual four
gun battery would be used for an
occas on of the Importance of that
test But, although the exhibition
had been ordered by the Secretary of
War, and members OF Congress, as
well as high ranking officers of the
Army and Navy, had gone from Wash,
ington to witness the demonstration,
only two guns could be put into ac-
ton. There were not guuners enough
to man more.
Ammunition Years Old.
Failure to hit the targets in COM
paratively easy ranges was traceable
to many other factors, all bearing a
close relationship to economy. The
guns themselves We're 1918 models.
They fired ammunition said to have
been at least seven years old The
fuses were erratic-more erratic than
those used in the war. Some of the
shells proved to be duds.
The 1918 models were used because
none of more modern patterns was
available. Congress had provided for
a postwar model. 1t has been de-
veloped as a pilot. It was shown to
the visitors, and they were told what
Evening star., 1925-03-15
CHAPTER What 1t Is About.

COMPASSIONATE investigation,
~ started last year foi the sole
~ purpose of determining whsth-
er an aircraft inventor named
Martin was getting his rights from
the Government, broke into hornets S
nest. The inquiry broadened, as con-
gressional inquiries have a way of do
ing, until it embraced the whole ques-
tion of our aerial defenses
There rose storm, whereof Brig.
Gen William Mitchell. the truculent
second in command of the Army Air
every one had forgotten Mr.. Martin;
the question of a united air service, a
separate arm of the national defense,
became the main issue.
The controversy proceeded with that
yindictiveness which seems TO mark
all rows in any army. The men of the
air service, speaking more frankly in
private than on the witness stand
called the general staff of the Army,
the general board of the Navy, desk
soldiers and mossbacks. The generals
chauffeurs," There was schoolgirl
STUFF; high officials of the Govern
ment refused to attend social func-
tions managed by members of the op-
position. Once mysterious anony-
nous communication, probably from
some high source, threw the inquiry
into an unaccountable panic.
Mitchell n Marked Man.
Once again, Gen. Mitchell seems to
have been marked for immediate re-
moval Then hidden counter-infiuences
got TO work, and Mitchell stayed for
a time. Then. when the inquiry ended,
Mitchell was sent back to the line
with the possibility of a court-martiaI
hanging over his head. Did the Amer
lean Army and Navy recognize the
duel. doubtless there would have been
coffee and pistols for breakfast all
along Potomac Park.
Congressional inquiries always listen
to some real wisdom and a great deal
of unsupported bunk. This was no
exception. The several thousand pages
of testimony contain some facts. many
half-truths masquerading as fact, and
d ioI VI nat lOStlneT
with at least thousand pages of ir-
relevant matter. This series is the
earnest attempt of a neutral to set
forth the vital facts in the contro-
versy.
Gen. MitcheIl's Contention.
What then, omittinE the fireworks.
is Gen. Mitchelrs contention?
He holds to begin with that the
greatest future danger to our scheme
of national defense is air power. He
believes that when plans now matur-
ing in foreign countries are worked
out, air attack presents more danger
than attack by either land or sea. He
maintains that everv form of surface
naval craft is in process of being rem
dered obsolete by the air bomb. AS
the Army fights on land and the Navy
on sea, the aeroplane fights in still
another element. Its technique, strate-
gy and tactics are so different from
those of the Army and Navy that an
air force cannot be worked out to full
efficiency unless it is organized as a
whole. and by experts who understand
the game. Hence, what we need is a
separate air service. under a new de-
partment of the cabinet.
AS / have said, Gen. Mitchell was
chief protagonist of this view. Prob
ably most of our airmen agree with
Evening star., 1925-03-15
GETTING AT THE FACTS

Y HAT the merits OF the Washington aircraft
\N| rovey: Gen MncheIs charges heated rebuttal from
high officials, investigation show be
the important question OF national defense raised
the World War.
The North American Newspaper Alliance OF which The Star
commissioned Will Irwin Washington and
Will this
he believes international will future
alarmist opinion;
because his correspondent the late
him hshand knowledge OF conditions under discussion,
new writers in the Uuited
Mr. Irwin has presented his findings of Is articles
which this the first. Succeeding articles will be published
daily
Evening star., 1925-03-15

Mitchell, though consideration for
military etiquette and perhaps fear
of their jobs keep the rest silent.
The higher officers of the Regular
Army and Navy, especially the Navy,
differ with Mitchell on every point
Though the airplane, they say, has
revolutionized tactics, it remains an
auxiliary. In our first line of defense
the Navy. the battleship is still the
undefeated heavyweight champion.
The air bomb is a new enemy. but not
a dominant one. On land, infantry is
still the kernel of the matter. You
cannot beat an enemy unless you oc-
Evening star., 1925-03-15
BY n. o. MESSENGER

N . topic in recent months has
occasioned more specula-
VI tfon, surmise and gossip in
l. political circles than Presi-
dent Coolidge's course in re-
newing the nomination of Mr.. War.
rem to be Attorney General after its
hrst rejection on a tie vote by the
senate. The subject was vitalized by
realizing that President Coolidge had
come to clinches with a faction of his
party In the Senate foreshadowing
possible serious friction with that
element in the next Congress.
Dealing with the subject frankly
and with. what information is at hand
1t must be said at the outset that
when President Coolidge so promptly
renewed the submission of Mr. War
rens name to the Senate for its ac-
tlon' not only was great surprise felt
py many Republican Senator'S, but
also apprehension felt that the re-
nomination might be futile and that
SO far as party politics was concerned
1t was loaded with political dynamite
Conferences with President Cool
ldge very properly elected the infor-
nation that political strategy and
policy were subordinate TO higher
questions in this case. He was quite
played by the Democratic party and
of the aid which was being furnished
to the Democrats by a faction of his
own party.
Called on Hughes and stone.
President Coolidge felt assured
that public opinion would sustain
him eventually in the attitude he has
taken. Many of his friends wanted
L. Sfo
the sending of Mr.. Warren's name
back TO the Senate, explaining why
he felt constrained to make that
move and what were the conditions
which actuated it. They believed
that there would have been an i'm
mediate response from public opinion
which would have indorsed him.
1t is not revealing any confidential
information to disclose an interesting
incident of this case. When the
nomination of Mr.. Warren to be
Attorney General was announced and
Democratic opposition appeared
later to take the form of strict
party movement, with the reinforce
ment of anti administration Republi-
cans in the Senate, President Cool
idge took steps to make sure that
he was right before insisting upon
the confirmation of his appointee.
He called in Secretary of State
Hughes on account of his eminent
legal ability, his judicial mind and
his knowledge of antitrust matters
and history, and likewise the then
Attorney General, Mr.. Stone, for
similar reasons, and requested them
to make report to him upon the
law and upon the facts of Mr.. War
ren's alleged affiliations with trust
organizations.
Ready to Face Test.
He asked them to go over the
records of all Mr.. Warren's earlier
connections with big business. The
result of the inquiries made in that
neutral and judicial undertaking con-
vinced President Coolidge that no
valid objection could be raised
Evening star., 1925-03-15
Reports Greenland
Rich in Minerals

What are described in a Scandina-
Wan report to the American Chemical
Society as the worlds richest deposits
of graphite have been discovered in
Greenland.
IAN American engineer, j. r.
Sweet" says the report sent from
Horten, Norway, has been in Green
land for whole year on work for
the biggest graphite deposits in the
world, sufficient for large scale min
ing for at least 100 years.
by using appropriate methods of
refining, the working can be made
very profitable, Notwithstanding the
rather peculiar working conditions.
Sweet is of the opinion that Green
land is enormously rich in minerals,
and ought to he opened to foreign
capital and initi3fiYe."
Evening star., 1925-03-15

cupy his territory; and how can you
do that without infantry? Such being
the case, an independent air force
would merely complicate matters.
What we need, in both Army and
Navy, is an aerial arm skilled not only
in flying, but in Army and Navy tao
tics; and integral part of the force.
Admiral Sims, by the way, dissents
to the point of believing that aero
plane bombs have an edge on surface
craft and that the battleship is
doomed, but he opposed the united,
independent air force.
l have used the phrase national de-
Evening star., 1925-03-15
THE WAR OVER THE AIR

Tense" There are two ways of defin-
ing that term, and the difference is
| important You may say that national
SO strongly that you can protect every
American interest in every part of the
world by force of arms. To do this.
you are going to need the greatest
| armament in the world. One finds it
hard to distinguish this perfect de-
fense" from militarism and imperial
| ism.
Average Mans View.
The great majority of Americans
| would give the term another defni-
tion. Here we are. 5000 miles away
from any nation powerful enough to
trouble us. We are so self sufficient
that even a blocade would deprive us
only of our foreign commerce; it would
not keep from us anything necessary
to maintain our life and to arm our
| men. II we can prevent an enemy
from landing on our shores and cut
ting our accommodation, We shall
have enough national defenses. Any
| thing further is perhaps a provoca-
ton. When an American capitalist
gets squeezed in a foreign business
deal. when a missionary gets massa-
cred in China. that hardly justifies the
use of armed force for indemnity, JUS
tice or vengeance. After all, most of
these matters may be adjusted or COM
pensated by the existing machinery of
diplomacy.
If we regard the matter in this
light, worldwide limitation of aerial
armament is the best defense, and by
all odds the cheapest. By mutual
agreement, cut down the air forces of
all nations to such a point that while
they can protect their own territory,
they cannot muster the superior Of
fensive force necessary to attack their
neighbors.
May he Presidents Plan.
1 venture a guess, here and now,
that President Coolidge has in mind
at this moment just such a scheme of
defense as regards aircraft. Stories
in the news which look like feelers
from the White House; the sudden
silence about the League of Nations
disarmament plan; a hint in a recent
mons: a kind of semi-official announce
ment that Japan will accept a 5-5-3
ratio of aircraft. as she has of battle
ships; certain unexplained incidents in
the inside workings of the congress
sional committee Investigating air.
craft-all point toward this conclu-
sion. Mr. Coolidge may not be quite
so silent as his press agents would
make us think but he is the most
| mysterious man who has occupied the
ever pckes his head above ground. he
has built his substructure. If he sue
ceeds, satisfactory home defense OF
| our continental area-and probably of
our colonies-will have been achieved
to the satisfaction of most of us, and
| the aircraft inquiry will have been
most happily settled.
But in case he fails? Then we must
needs consider seriously the defense
of our populations sand our cities from
! this new and subtle enemy, and the
| question of ways and means becomes
important.
| ("Supposing Case" the sec
ond installment of Will Irwin's series
| on the aircraft controversy. will be
| published tomorrow in The Evening
| Starr
| Copyright 1925, in United States. Canada and
Great Britain by North American Newspaper
r,rbta
Evening star., 1925-03-15

("Supposing Case" the sec
ond installment of Will Irwin's series
on the aircraft controversy. will be
published tomorrow in The Evening
Starr
Copyright, 1925, in United States. Canada and
Great Britain by North American Newspaper
Alliance. All rights reserved.)
Evening star., 1925-03-15

(Today is the 157th anniversary o
the birth of Andrew Jackson)
Evening star., 1925-03-15

L 7 . topic in recent months has
occasioned more specula-
VI tfon, surmise and gossip in
political circles than Presi-
Evening star., 1925-03-15
GERMAN REPUBLICS FATE
SEEN HANGING ON THREAD
Evacuation of Cologne Area by Allies
Would Strengthen Democratic I'M
pulses, Says Observer.
ny FRANK III. SIMONDS.

. ERLIN-Can the German re-
. public last? This question.
put in many forms, asked
L. - both as to the Immediate
present and the remoter fu-
Evening star., 1925-03-15

CONGRESSIONAL investigation,
" started last year foI the sole
~ purpose of determining wheth-
er an aircraft inventor named
Beverly banner. [volume] (Beverly, N.J.) 1877-1964, 1925-01-09
ADVENTURE, FIGHrING-AND LOVE

He examination first to the cut her head He tore
strips from his shirt went down to the mater and cansed them
thorough them returning he proceeded rash and banGge It,
cash from had bled good DEAL which
good thing relieving the which had doubt
the tile prolonged sensb Having oscertaind that she
seemed to haze received bodily injuries beyond cOntuons Lee
examined her limbs He that knee hung Gwy In
he had the gac off, and discovered that the joint had been dis
located
unneruing holding that white knee bween his hands
instinct NTH life, fragile delicate wonderful whn
piece of mechanism whch he manipulate like
clumsy owneyman called in repair of master
Fortunately Lee had assisted precisely that operation
several times in the field; and trying to disregard the pain
that from the girls lips he proceeded fumbd NTH the
displaced bone.
Bat that struggle terrible for the body of itself knows
dignity Conscious, Lee knew that the girl Mould neither haze
nched oaned but she could control the
tests of the body mhich had to be something
brutal in its frank aiolence.
But Lee struggled feeling the shaft head the bone
the edges the socket under the cap final struggle the freight
of has whole body and shoulders hroWn TO has tGSGnd suddenly
ii accomplished.
Canadian
Pe
cliff dynamite off by the The
girls wilderness
the Free Traders killing the hero
Anderson who has met the girl the trail by chance there
think after Them And Anderson rescung the girl from he
has Railway fight So the starts out with the
I'M heroine In difficulties
8 he
things
into and generally mnhanded The heroine abducted
Railway both DEATH in
exciting
Beverly banner. [volume] (Beverly, N.J.) 1877-1964, 1925-01-09
Valve Grinding Made Hard

In some overhead-valve engines valve
grinding is made harder task than
1t should be, because when the valves
are removed the owner dismantles the
rocker arm assembly. In most engines
this is not necessary, because the
rocker arm can be disconnected from
the vertical rod, pushed one side and
the valve removed. In engines using
cages, this is particularly easy, though
most owners go to the trouble of dis
mantling the rocker arm assembly.
To push the rocker arm aside use
fiat wrench with pair Of pliers at one
Jaw to twist with.