davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Bozeman courier. (Bozeman, Mont.) 1919-1954, 1925-03-18
LESS grain, MORE
HAY Than USUAL
ON FARMS

Stocks of grams on Montana FIRMS
are smaller than usual, wni G the hay
carryover on March l was above aver
age, according t. tn March raport Of
the Montana Cooperative Crop Re-
porting Service. TIE higher prices
fer grains, particularly wheat, and
the general need of cash, have in
duced farmers to market their cash
crops more rapidly than usual.
Wheat: The big wheat crap was
marketed rapidly, ewing t. better
prices and partly to good Weather and
road conditions during muoa Ct the
winter. Most cf th2t remaining will
be used for SEED. In a few localities
farmers express some concern about
there being an adequate supply of
good seed wleat left. Stocks are
lower than f-r severa. years and less
than tie t~cn-yoar averages
Oats: Cat stocks are likewise low
er than usual on the ave age. Some
farmers in scattered localities report
a strong demand and high prizes Toi
oats. Less Barley is on hand thar
usual, due to a greater proportion be-
ing sold earlier. Corn stocks are also
lower, mainly because CT such a small
part Of the total crop that matured II
1924. For the state as a whole, tn;
hay supplies are again heavy thi:
spring. Some localities in western
districts are rather short of hay, while
The Bozeman courier. (Bozeman, Mont.) 1919-1954, 1925-03-18
VALUE OF TESTING ASSOCIATIONS
Helena Record-Herald)

The value Of COW testing associations is being
demonstrated in Montana to the profit and salts
faction Of dairymen who have joined them. There
are but three such associations in Montana. These
are located in Yellowstone, Lake and Ravalli
counties. They demonstrate the difference in
cows. In the "a herds in the Yellowstone organ
i~zation, containing 1876 COWS, the highest pro-
Queer of milk and b~utterfat turned out five times
as much as the lowest.
The nine highest herds produced an average
of 1887 pounds of milk and 319 pounds of butter
fat, as against the average production OF the
nine lowest herds of 1914 pounds of milk and 238
of butterfat. The average return in money per
cow over cost of the first group was $58,O6, which
exceeded the average net return of the lowest
group by $21.57 per COW. What more is needed
to demonstrate that a good COW means dairy or
farm success while a bad cow means failure?
Obviously the practical goal of dairymen and
milk COW owners should be to fill the state with
COWS whose production is as nearly maximum as
possible, and eliminate all low producers.
The Bozeman courier. (Bozeman, Mont.) 1919-1954, 1925-03-18

in most of the other districts there
is a surplus, with some localities eX-
cePtcd. Stock have been able tc util-
ize winter range feed to very good
advantage, thus requiring almost the
minimum amount of hay in practical
ly all sections east of the divide. In
general Montana farmers have still
good supplies of feed grains and hay
to carry their stock through to grass
and to supply work animals. Potato
stocks left or farms in the state
though are smaller than last year or
usual, due chiefly to better local de-
mands, and to a smaller crop than
last year. Most Of the potatoes left
will be used locally for food and seed,
although a few commercial sections
will ship some this spring for both
seed and table use.
Farmers reports indicate that about
Is per cent of the 1924 flax crop was
n hand March 1st. No comparative
figures are available. The amount
he'd is more than sufficient for seed
requirements, even on an exnanded
acreage, but local seed requirement.
may in some instances exceed the
local supplies.
The Bozeman courier. (Bozeman, Mont.) 1919-1954, 1925-03-18
BOHEMIAN NEEDS AN AUDITORIUM

The BOZeman auto show, admittedly the best
event Of its kind ever staged here, served but to
demonstrate the need for an auditorium in this
city.
With sufficient room in which every industry
in the county could have secured space for an
exhibit, the affair would have rivalled anything
of the kind ever given in the state.
Not only would an auditorium fill this need
but it would make Bozeman the convention city
par excellence of this state.
With our matchless scenery, our splendid trans
pOrtatiOn facilities and our accessibility to Vel
lowstone park, to say nothing of the wonderful
agricultural section surrounding this city, Boze-
man has natural advantages possessed by no other
city in Montana.
We have been handicapped in the past by the
lack of a convention hall of sufficient size to &C
cOmmodate much of a statewide gathering.
With the movement recently launched by Gal
latin post, American Legion, to secure the 1926
state convention for this city, and the impetus
given by the success of last weeks auto show,
the time is ripe for a campaign which has for its
object the erection of a suitable convention build
ing.
There has been considerable talk during the
past month regarding the need for such a building
and the best way to go about securing it.
Now is an oppOrtune time to get busy upon
plans for financing and constructing a building
which will be a credit to the city.
Such a building will be a real and permanent
asset to Bozeman and to the Gallatin valley.
The Bozeman courier. (Bozeman, Mont.) 1919-1954, 1925-03-18
CONDITIONS RIGHT FOR A COUNTY FAIR

As a result of the spurious economy issue raised
last fall, the Montana state fair has been killed
for two years, and it is a question whether it will
ever be revived.
This gives Gallatin county an opportunity to put
on a fair which will be worth while.
The Gallatin valley has the agricultural pro-
ducts to make such a fair a success from the ex-
hibit end, and by inviting neighboring counties
to show their products, the Gallatin county fair
will be enabled to enlarge it's scope beyond the
confines of the valley and grow into an institution
second only to the Midland Empire show at Bill
lings. Indeed it may equal or even surpass that
in time.
Now that Montana is coming back" and eff
forts are being made to attract more people to
this state, every means which is taken to show
our magnificent opportunities to the outside world
should be utilized.
While fairs, county and state, are usually looked
upon as mere entertainment or money-making
enterprises, the fact is that they are valuable
means of disseminating knowledge about the sec
ton represented, it's products and it's possibilities
Thus at the fair at Billings one gets a pretty &C
curate cross-section of conditions in the MIDLAND
Empire, and the prospective settler or investO
who uses his eyes at the fair can secure first-han
information to supplement the data handed on
by professional promoters or boosters.
No doubt the Billings fair has brought man
new people and much outside money for invest
ment purposes into the Yellowstone valley an
northern Wyoming in past years, and the sam
thing will be accomplished by a fair in Gallati
county.
The Bozeman courier. (Bozeman, Mont.) 1919-1954, 1925-03-18
ENGINEERS, ISSUE

Engineering students at Montana State college
last week laid down the Engineers Bible" and
the slide rule, taking up for the nonce the type
writer, the scissors and the p~astepOt, to get out
the engineers edition of the Exponent.
The issue came out on Saturday and was a
creditable effort. 1t was printed in green, was
well Illustrated and contained many interesting
and instructive features.
The c1ecial staff was made up as follows Glenn
C. Boz, F. F., editor -in-chief Exponent) Don
Bennett, 1. E.. managing editor; Hardy Tharp Jr.,
l. c., advertising manager; Andy Briscoe, E.. E.,
circulation manager; and John Barto, M. E.;
Charles King, M. E.; Joe De Hart, A. E.; John
Britain, G. e. Donald Jackson, Chem. E., and
Henry Schwartz, Chem. E., assistants.
The Bozeman courier. (Bozeman, Mont.) 1919-1954, 1925-03-18
t. H. Sears, Business Managei

associates met in his honor at the Bozeman for
the purpose of wishing him many years of enjoy
ment of the rest which he has so richly earned.
Such recognition is not bought with gold, nor
is it inspired by propaganda.
It can only be won by sterling wOrth-by years
Of service to ones fellowmen.
The first Chief Alexander possesses abundant
ly; the second he has given without stint and
without thought of self.
The Bozeman courier. (Bozeman, Mont.) 1919-1954, 1925-03-18
Rub Rheumatism or
Sore, Aching Joints
Rub Pain right out with small
trial bottle Of old
"St. Jacobs OIL"

Rheumatism is pain" only. Not
one case in fifty requires internal
treatment. Stop dragging. Rub sOoth-
ing, penetrating "St. Jacobs Oil" right
into year sore, stiff, aching joints and
muscles, and relief comes instantly.
"St. Jacobs Oh" is a harmless rheu-
matism liniment which never disap-
points and cannot burn the skin.
Timber upl Quit complaining! Get
d small trial bottle of old. honest
"St. Jacobs Or at any drug store,
and in just a moment you'll be free
from rheumatic pain, soreness, stiff
ness and swelling. Don't sufferl Re-
lief awaits you "St. Jacobs OIL" has
relieved millions of rheumatism suffer
ers in the last half century, and is Just
as good for s~ciatica, neuralgia, ium-
bago, backache, sprains.
The Bozeman courier. (Bozeman, Mont.) 1919-1954, 1925-03-18
BUILDING H r E
Billings Gazette)

The national forest reservation commission has
just authorized another purchase of 1904 acres
of land in. 10 eastern states, for addition to. the
national forest domain, at an average cost of about
$5.24 an acre. Meantime, even in this elementary
stage of their development and culture, the ma
tiOnal forests show a net profit of several million
dollars a year, beside their vastly larger indirect
benefits, and their simple inestimable potential
value for the future. The policy of forest conser-
walton and culture, founded and promoted by Re-
publican administrations, is not unworthy To be
ranked with that embodied in the homestead act,
adopted by that party's first national admins
~tration.
The Bozeman courier. (Bozeman, Mont.) 1919-1954, 1925-03-18
Amt it the Truth?

Ms. Friendly: "And do you want
your little son TO follow in his
fathers fOotsteps?"
Mrs. Truthful: Heavens no. If he
Dies he will fetch up every day at
some b~ootlegger's door,"
The Bozeman courier. (Bozeman, Mont.) 1919-1954, 1925-03-18
Coal Has Bright Flame

Camel cOal burns with a bright,
candle-like Game, and it is probable
that the name is a corruption Of
c%andlc-coai. This coat is found IN
Kentucky, ohio ana Indiana, and
some believe that it is a product Of
an accumuiatj"a al animal as well 40
plant r"n"im>. tH' >aI'N' Eina If coal
is found IN : ";ianl, where il Is
called sdy.
The Bozeman courier. (Bozeman, Mont.) 1919-1954, 1925-03-18
.A TRIBIITE

To but few men on this earth are given the
experience to be the recipients of such a spon-
taneous outpouring of love and friendship as was
accorded to w. G. Alcxander-his friends call him
Bill last Saturday night, when a few Of his
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1925-11-05
SOMERS

The attendance at the Congrega-
tional Sunday school on Sunday, No
vember /, was 108.
Mr.. and Mrs. Edward E. Pearson
were visitors at the home of Mr.. and
Mrs. James H. Bullamore on Friday
Mr.. and Mrs. Pearson were en- route
to Chicago where they will spend
the winter.
The heavy frosts of last week dam
aged many fields of cabbage and po-
tatoes in this locality.
The Wisconsin Gas and Electric
company has surveyed for an extern
sion of service. as far as Ozanne Bros,
this giving service. to Chris Heide,
John Klinkhammer, Axel Rasmussen
and Ozanne Bros.
Mr.. and Mrs. George P. Leet and
family passed Sunday with friends
in Racine.
Mr.. and Mrs. j. Willimas Miller
visited with Mr.. and Mrs. George
Grenier of Kenosha on Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Chris Rasmussen and
son Anker, were guests at the home
of Mr.. and Mrs. Anton Hanson, Ra-
cine, on Sunday.
Mrs. Lawrence E.. Ozanne attended
the birthday dinner for her nephew
Morris Bradley of Franksville, on
Sunday. Morris was 7 years old.
Mr.. and Mrs. James H. Bullamore
and Miss Zine Bullamore were guests
at the home of Mr.. and Mrs. ]. R.
Silver, Racine, on Sunday.
Russell Piper has been spending
several days at Waupaca purchasing
Hpotatoes.
Fred Trumbull is building new
house on the property he recently
purchased from F. M. Miller.
Mr.. and Mrs. George P. Leet were
guests at the home of Mr.. and Mrs
Vernon Veale of Kenosha, on Tues
day evening.
/ The Ladies Aid society of the Con-
\ 'gregational church meets at the
church parlors on Thursday after
noon, November ~. Mesdames j. Will
liam Miller, Floyd Pierce, George P
Leet and Mrs. Charles Dorey will
entertain. The society is arranging
for the annual church dinner and
bazaar to be given at Woodmen hall
| VII AAOAoOeAy NFSAiAllSy OCNClhUCI
! Mr.. and Mrs. John F. Herzog have
moved to Kenosha.
| Mr.. and Mrs. Harold Longmore OF
Burlington, were visitors at the home
of Mr.. and Mrs. George J. Longm ore
on Sunday.
Russell Fenske and Elroy Bishop
spent the weekend with friends in
Chicago.
Mr.. and Mrs. Earl Yule and sor
Jack went to Madison on Saturday tc
witness the football game.
In respect to the late Fred w
Heddle the Sunday school party tc
have been given at Woodmen hall or
Tuesday evening was postponed in.
definitely.
Mr.. and Mrs. Robert Smith were
weekend guests of friends in Evans.
/ ton, III.
Frank Middlecamp and family who
have been occupying the Maurer farm
for some time, are moving onto the
John F. Herzog farm.
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1925-11-05
FOX RIVER

Mr.. and Mrs. C. R. Haggerty were
in Burlington last Saturday on bust.
ness. iii
Sister Lena Rasch of the Milwaukee
hospital was a weekend visitor at the
c. j. Koehler home.
Charles Fernald motored to Kenosha
on Sunday evening.
Herman Hoffman was at SHADES Cor.
ners the past week husking corn fol
Charles Kaddatz.
Mrs. C. J. Koehler visited with rela-
tives at Milwaukee last Friday.
Fred Rick and wife of Lyons and
Frank ,Woltersdorf and wife of Keno
sha were weekend visitors at the
home of Mr.. and Mrs. John Miller.
Byron Patrick and family of Salem
and Chester Davis and family of Ran
dali visited at the Ralph Fernald home
on Sunday.
Mrs. Ed Lois, Russell and Georgians
Lois visited with relatives at Kenosha
for few days the past week.
5 Gus. Neuman was to Burlington last
Friday.
Ralph Fernald, Charles and Carolyn
Fernald, Mr.. and Mrs. John Wander
Zee were Burlington visitors last Sat
urday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Thomas Dexter of Kan
sasville visited with Mrs. Fannie Van
DerZee on Sunday.
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1925-11-05
BERRYVILLE

Beatrice Albright AMI Leslie d
Harcus were quietly married en- Sat
urday at the home Of the bride, MI
Harcus is the son Of Mr.. and Mrs
Samuel Hercus and is employed by thu
Racine Mosaic company. They will BIZ
at home to their friends after Nov
Is at their home on the Lake Shore
road.
w. A. Washkow of Chicago spent
Thursday of last week in the locality
inspecting cabbage which are being
stored in his warehouse in Berryville
The Junior club of the Lake Shore
Progressive association will hold q
Halloween party Saturday evening at
the Berryville school. All members
are urged to attend.
There will be an important meeting
of the Lake Shore Progressive associa-
ton on Tuesday, Nov. 3, at o'clock at
the Berryville school,
Mr. and Mrs. Matthias Rapp and son,
Ralph, of Arlington, S. D., spent a
few days with her brother, William.
F. Gross Sr., of the Lake Shore road,
having motored here to attend the
funeral of the late Frank Linstroth.
Mr.. and Mrs. Henry Tennessen
spent Sunday visiting at the home Of
Mr.. and Mrs. Peter Beck of Kenosha.
w. j. Gross Jr. was an Oakwood Wis
itor Tuesday.
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1925-11-05

election of Will would be contested
on the grounds of fraud.
The vote from 664 of the TOO pre-
cincts was Will, 55,337; o'Neal, So, 1O6.
Charles G, Middleton, Republican
committee chairman, claims Will was
elected by 5000 majority. Will at
midnight issued a statement, express
ing gratitude for his election and dis
avowing sny animosity in connection
with the election fight.
Boston Mayor Republican.
Boston, Mass. {. - For the
first time in Is years Democratic Bos-
ton has elected Republican mayor.
Malcolm E. Nichols, who resigned as
collector of internal revenue to enter
the mayoralty race, yesterday defeat
cd his nearest Democratic rival, Theo-
dore A. Glynn, city fire commissioner,
by 22,100. s1s..s5v.s S
Nichols polled 1928 votse and
Glynn had 41,93S. John H. O'Neil,
banker, who finished third in the ten
man race for the mayors chair, polled
$1,000 votes.
Jaudon Holds X. C. Lead.
Kansas City, Mo. -(. - Ben
Jaudon, heading the Democratic group
of candidates in yesterdays numb
cipal election, held lead of 795 votes
over Mayor Albert I. Beach, Repub-
lican choice for reelection, with the
unofficial count nearing completion
early today and the result still in
doubt.
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1925-11-05

Mrs. Fannie VanDerZee and daugh-
ter, May, called on friends last Thurs
day at Salem.
Fred Schmidt and family of Wheel
ing, III, were Sunday visitors at the
home of Aug. Riege.
Mrs. Chas Hasselman of Silver
Lake, visited with relatives at this
place last Saturday.
Chester Davis and family of RAN
dali, were Sunday visitors at the home
of G. w. Davis.
Louise Neuman of the Union Grove
Normal spent the weekend at her par
entail home.
Hattie VanDerZee of Delavan was a
Sunday visitor at the home of her
mother, Mrs. Fannie yanDerzee.
Agnes Koehler visited with relatives
at Milwaukee the latter part of last
week.
Mr.. and Mrs. Floyd Gaskill of Burr
lington spent Sunday with relatives at
this place.
Winnifred Fernald of Rockford, H.,
spent the weekend at the home of
Ralph Fernald,
Mr., and Mrs. Ben Nattaford of New
Munster, were Sunday visitors at the
home of John Elverman and wife.
Louis Way and wife of Kenosha,
We're visitors at the home of Geo.
Daisy last Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Chas, Purner of Chi
cago visited Geo. Daisy last Saturday.
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1925-11-05
BRISTOL

Mr.. Roy Steen7 and Mr. Henry
Burgess who have been working for
the Bowman company in Bristol,
have accepted an offer to be trans
ferred to the Bowman plant in Chi
cage. They left Tuesday. Mr.. Steen
expects to attend school in Evanston
the beginning Of the year.
Mr.. and Mrs. Frank Gethen, Miss
Violet King and Miss Edith Murdoch
attended the United States Marine
band concert in Kenosha, Wednesday
evening.
The net proceeds of the Wesley
Chapel dinner was one hundred dol
lars.
F. 0. Eddy of Chicago, was guest
at the Fox home Sunday.
Alfred Hartwig of Kenosha, was
guest at his home Saturday and Sum
day,
Smiling Bob, the entertainer, will be
at the Bristol hall, Saturday evening,
Nov. 7. This is the first number of
the Lyceum course this season.
Thirty Epworthians were enter
tanned at the Evan Jones' home by
UhASoCo LLlSpllOA OOASo anu May lllS
Mitchell on Halloween evening.
The home was prettily decorated in
Halloween decorations.
Games, contests and fortune telling
made the evening pleasant. Luncheon
was served.
The garage being built by Messrs.
Knapp and Newhouse is near COM
pletion. @n
The new Bristol bank will be open
FOR the public about in another month.
Miss Violet E. King attended the
banquet and party Halloween evening
in Kenosha given by the Kenosha Eve
ming News for their employees.
Mr.. and Mrs. John Evans Of Salem,
were guests at the home Of Mrs. Mary
Gaines Sunday.
Pictures on Japan will be shown at
the English M. E. church, Sunday eve
ming, Nov, 8, at 1880 o'clock.
Mr.. and Mrs. Samuel Knapp visited
their daughter and family in North
Cape Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. +. Bauer from Wau-
wautosa, Wis, called on Mrs. f. w.
Fox Sunday in the interest of the
Home Missionary society.
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1925-11-05
NeighborhOOd NeUs

years and though the local boys
stand poor show this year as there
is but one experienced man on the
team, eighteen men are practicing two
or three times week to give them
as hard won victory as possible.
MORE
New men that are showing promise
in the workouts are, George Richter,
William illegal, Charles Jurvick. The
only three men who are certain that
they have been chosen for the first
team are: Eugene Frank, captain,
Lyle McDougall and John Member. The
basketball schedule for the season is
as follows: Dec. IL, at Genoa; Jan.
9, at Richmond; Jan. 16, Allendale at
Wilmot; Feb. 5, at Hebron; Feb. IL,
at Allendale; Feb. 10, Richmond at
WiImot; Feb. 26, Genoa at Wilmot.
There are still several open dates and
Principal Mulder expects to sign up
with Williams Bay, Waterford and
Rochester, shortly.
Mr.. and Mrs. Roy Button were Sill
yer Lake dinner guests Sunday of Mr..
and Mrs. Roy Ihlenfeldt.
A signal honor has been given Miss
Natalie Leonardson, in charge Of the
Home Economics department of the
Union Free high school, as she has
been placed on the program to adj
dress the clothing section of the Wis
consin Teachers convention, Thurs
day afternoon at the Sixth and Prai-
RE Vocational school. Miss Leonard
sons subject will be: "How much
hygiene work should be taught in con-
nection with home economics and how
it should be presented to the class.
An outline of Miss Leonardson's talk
will be in the Thursday Milwaukee
Journal and it is to be run in the
Hygeia, an Am erican medical journal.
Miss Leonardson is also assisting in
the sale of membership tickets at the
convention for the American Federal
Home Economics association which is
trying to secure a hundred per cent
membership of all home economies
teachers.
The P. T. A. meeting will be held at
the high school Tuesday, Nov. 10. An
outside speaker has been obtained and
clever program arranged.
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1925-11-05
SILVERLAKE

Mrs. Chas. Barger motored to Ke=
nosha on Wednesday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Frank Miller and son
Robert of Chicago spent the weekend
at the Chris Elhert home.
Mr.. and Mrs. Reinald Fleuker and
children of Burlington spent Sunday
at the John Kamin home.
Mr.. and Mrs. Frank Albrecht mo-
tored to Kenosha on Thursday
Mr.. and Mrs. Chas. 10th went to
Chicago on Sunday on account of the
death of Mr.. John Boyle VIII died sud-
denly after an operation. IL n.
Mrs. L. Hazelman was a Burlington
shopper on Monday.
Mrs. F. Lewis spent Sunday with
relatives in Wilmot.
Mr.. and Mrs. F. H. Schenning and
Mr.. and Mrs. C. L. Hockney attended
the concert given by the United States
marine band on Wednesday afternoon.
The Salem Mound Ccmete:y society
will give a card party at Salem on
Nov. ID.
Mrs. Chas. Barber and daughter
Ruth spent Sunday with relatives in
Trevor.
Mrs. George Schmalfeldt and chill
dren and Mrs. Louis Hazelman mo-
tored to Burlington on Saturday.
Mrs. Kermit Peterson entertained
the Bunco club at her home on We'd
nesday afternoon.
Mr.. and Mrs. H. Gandt motored to
Burlington on Saturday evening.
Mr.. George Schmelfeldt has been on
the sick list the past week.
Mr.. Joseph Kamin of Burlington
spent Saturday and Sunday with his
parents here. w.
Mr.. Fred Griep of Chicago spent the
weekend with relatives Fere.
Mrs. Erik Hansen of Hartland, Wis,
is visiting at the home of her son and
is taking care of Mrs. Erik Hansen
who has been under the doctors care
the past week.
Arthur Hessler visited with relatives
in East Troy on Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Ben Grubel and chill
dren motored to Kenosha on Saturday.
Messrs. Cyril Dalton of Whitewater
Normal; Arthur Fiegel if Milwaukee
Normal and Melvin Button of Car
roll college, Waukesha, spent Sunday
at their respective homes here.
Mr.. Charles Barber and daughter
Ruth motored to Kenosha on Satur-
day.
Miss Marguerite Becker of Milwau-
kee spent the weekend at her home
here.
Misses Lulu Schmidters and w. Cas-
tleberg spent Saturday at the form
er's home in Honey Greek.
Mr.. and Mrs. r. 7. Button attended
the Mothers and Dads day program at
Carroll college, Waukesha, on Satur-
day.
Several of the local Ligh school stu
dents attended the United States mar