davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1924-12-19

VoU can get IN answer 70
1 any question OF fact or in
formation by writing The Seat
tie Star Question Editor. 1922
New York ave. Washington,
d. c., and incloslng cents in
loose stamps for reply. No
medical, legal or marital ad-
vice Personal replies, conf
Dental All letters must be
signed.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1924-12-19
ECONOMY

Any proposed economy that i'm
pairs the public service / think is
false economy. - Rep. Lcathorwood
Gg Utah.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1924-12-19

ConCratulaiions to Gen. Obregos?
Sure. II is a big thing 10 get out
OF the presidency Of Mexico alive.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24
Bismarck Boys

Three teams are now tied for first
place in the Little Big Four race
for the F. A. Knowles Shield. In the
games on Saturday night the Fresh
men won from the Richholt by the
score of to 6 and the VIM. Moore
trimmed St. Mary's 10 to 10. The
series is half over. Each team hav-
ing played one game with the others.
One more game is to be played with
each team in the league. 1t is yet
possible for any one of the four
teams to win the City Championship.
The teams and their scoring is as
follows: Freshmen, 9 points: Ernie
Benser l, Heinie Danrot 0, Ell Wat
kins 8. Ray McGettigan 0, Chas. But
Ter 0, A. Cordner 0. Richholt 6
points: Sly Marquette 2, Cord Land
ers 0, Elmer Benser 1, Fred Landers
3, Ted Anderson 0, Sunderland 0.
Referees: Nal Brown and Jim Oh
VIM. Moore, 10 points: Ben Jacobson
0. Ray Gobel 6, Ralph Stenshoel 8,
Hy Brown 5, Bert Nicola 0, Buss Ros-
son 0, Hy Scroggins 0.
Referees: Jack Livdahl and Jesse
Scroggins.
Next Saturday at 1880 O'Clock the
Freshmen will play the st. Mary's
and at $3.50 o'clock the VIM. Moore
will play the Richholt.
The League standing as follows:
Richholt won 2, lost 1, to play 81
VIM. Moore won 2, lost'1 to play 8.
Freshmen won 2, lost l., to play 3.
st. Mary's won 0, lost 3. to play 8.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24
English, Girl
Wins Scholarship
To i. of Michigan

Manchester, March 24.-Miss Mar
jorie Lindsey is to enter the Uni
versity of Michigan under one of the
fellowships given by Miss Frances f.
Riggs, of Detroit, through the Eng
lish Speaking Uunon. Miss Lindsey
is a graduate of the Manchester Uni
versity and the second English stud
ent to be given Riggs fellowship.
The first, Reginald l. Lowell, of the
University of London, is now study
ing at Ann Arbor.
Miss Lindsey was chosen from a
list of about 100 applicants. The
fellowship is tenable for ~ months
and was given to promote better un-
derstanding and good will between
TIE two English speaking peoples
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24
TWO CREATED
CARDINALS
American ArchbishOps Attain
High Honor

Rome, Italy, Mar. 24-Monsignol
Patrick j. Hayes, Archbishop of New
York. and Monsignor George w. Nun.
delein, Archbishop of Chicago, were
made Cardinals of the Roman Cath,
Ole Church at a secret consistory
this morning in the historic hall of
tonslstory at the Vatican. The cere-
mony, carried out in conformity with
centuries old ritual, was performed
IN majestic solemnity amid setting
of colorful splendor.
The two American prelates thus
raised to the dignity of princes of
the church were not present but
awaited notification of their eleva-
ton at their respective temporary
places Of residence in Rome i'm ac-
cordancc with custom. Cardinal
Hayes received the "bigletti," as the
notification is called, at the Amer
lcan College, and Cardinal Mundelein
at the college Of propaganda,
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24

~ hardly need to say that, If
elected, it will be my purpose to be
governor for all the people," Mr..
Christianson said today, land to meet
the responsibilities of the office in
such a way as to deserve and hold
their confidence. AS the campaign
progresses, | shall discuss fully the
issues before the people"
Other republican entries for gov
ernor are Franklin F. Ellsworth and
Mayor George E. Leach, Minneapolis;
Curtis NJ. johnson, Rush City, and o.
p. B. Jacobson of Fergus Falls, Nshair-
man of the railroad and warehouse
commission.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24
BOYS HEIFER
CLUB ORGANIZED

Van Hook, N. D., Mar. 24.-County
Agent A. j. Bredvold was here recent
ly and assisted in the organization
of the Van Hook Boys Dairy Heifer
Club. The boys who had previously
signified their desire to join the club
had been notified and several of the
parents were present. for the meet
ing that was held at the school
house.
A vote on the breed of cattle to
secure showed a very large majority
favoring Guernseys and very large
majority also favored starting with
bred heifers. As soon as the supplies
and outlines for the work arrive from
the A. G.. at Fargo meeting viii be
held and arrangements made to Sc
cure the heifers for the club.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24

Mr.. Christianson has been a mem
Der of the legislature continuously
since 1915, and from 1917 on he has
been chairman of the house appro-
priatiOns committee. He is mem
Der of the interim house commitgee
on reorganization of state govern
ment, and has been carrying or a
speaking campaign for some time in
the interests of state budget reform
and tax reduction. He is an attor-
ney ad also publishes the Dawson
Sentinel. He is 40 years old and a
graduate of the University of Min.
nesota, bath academic and law col
leges.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24
TAX PROBLEMS
DISCUSSED
y. p. Tax Commissioner
Speaks to Kiwanians Here

\. =. Sanders of st. Paul, tax com
missioner of the Northern Pacific
Railway, addressed the kiwanis club
1t its weekly noon luncheon today,
= discussing tax problems not only as
they affect the railroads but indvi-
luals as well, ahd Justice W. l.
Nucsslc and l.. s. Craswcll repre-
scented the Rotary club to explain the
boys work of that organization.
Judge Nuessle in an interesting ad-
dress pointed out the many accom-
DIishmcnts under the leadership of
y. j. Macleod.
Joseph Breslow presided An UNI
usual feature of the program was the
~inginc in Hebrew by Miss Lillian
Rigler, with Mrs. Shelter as accom-
PIANIST. J. p. Melton gave Otto Bow
mans birthday talk, and J. b. Saith
won the attendance prize donated by
Jack Runyan.
There was an exceptionally large
attendance.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24
BEES DANCE
FOR PROFIT
FIapper's Characterization of
Bees Knees" Held Not
Wrong

Fargo, n. d.. Mar. 24.-The flappei
who characterized dancing as being
the bees knees may not be so fla,
wrong after all. For bees do dance
and they appear to derive as much
pleasure from their dancing as dc
humans
But, unlike humans, there is a
purpose to their dancing-a purpose
that is, entirely apart from the ma.
tural pleasure in such abandon. Scien-
lists tell us that bees have two kinds
of dances and that each kind is used
to give definite information to the
other bees. A form of expressive
and interpretative dancing, it may be
called
Honey bees are known to have at
least two styles of dances, which are
used apparently as means of COM
munication,'' says DR.. Webster. en-
tomologist at the North Dakota
Agricultural college.
In a recent work by Dirk. Won
Frisch, DR.. Webster tells us, publish
ed in German, there is much interest
ing information concerning the
Language" of bees. When a honey
bee comes into the hive fully laden
with nectar from newly discovered
source she performs what is known
as the "round dance" The return. ed
worker bee runs around in a narrow
circle, usually accompanied by four
or five other bees who follow her
gyrations over the honey combs.
This dance tells the workers in the
hive Of the new source Of nectar
and they at once rush out in que ST
of it. The dance itself is short in
duration, usually lasting no longer
than a quarter of minute.
"Another kind of dance is describ-
ed by the writer of this interesting
book" says DR.. Webster. "This sec
ond dance is called the 'wag tail
dance and such a dance given b.? a
returned worker bee gives the infor-
nation to other workers that an
abundant supply of pollen or bee
bread is available outside"
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24
NEW BETTING ODDS IN WALL ST. ON
THE ELECTION
REPUBLICANS

stealth and religion they hahn cot
nuthin TO do with each other. They 5
two entirely differunt thing!
And That's the way, Harrison sug-
gests, former Secretary Fall, for in
stance, will answer charges, say, in
connection with the lease of the Cali
fornia naval oil reserve to Edward
Doheny..
Yes, leased the reserve to Do
hcny, Fall may say.
Yes, borrowed 100000 from
Doheny.
But those are. two entirely differ
ent transactions. They had nothing
whatever to do with each other.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24

ial Investigations, for ne succeeded
to the presidency after the events
which led to the scandals had occur
red The odds on his chances haven't
changed any.
"But those on McAdOo have length
cncd, on account of'thc dragging OF
his name into the oil investigation.
! and he has dropped from the leading
position In the Democratic lineup
! 10 fourth place.
with the shift Ralston's. Undcs-
woods and Smiths chances have i'm.
proved. And Daniels, Baker and Sen.
ator Walsh OF Montana have c.ept
INTO the first ten.
ain the Republican list La Fol'ntta
aud Borah have moved mp, from ~ 10
/ snot for the presidency to odds of
T to | for the nomination. Governor
pinchot has dropped down, on account
Of seeming inactivity in coming OUT.
for the nomination.
Not very much money has been bet
on the election yet. The largeas bet
being Il 100000 to $4,000 wagcy
against Fofd'S ELECTION. But this was
made before Ford came out for C"ot-
idge.
Zone bettor,' says De Cha0cnes.
"is ready to wager $4,000 that the
next president will be Democratic.
He is holding out for odds of 6 to ] !:
but only 9 to is being offered
with the campaign still months
away, hcttors are holding back d bit.
for they want to be Il little more sure
of what candidates will make active
fights.
but none Of them seems to see q
Third Party. However, Senators La
Toilette. Brookhart and Wheeler are ,
looked upon as the leading POSSIBLE |
ties if such a party eventually takes |!
the field"
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24
BY ALEX AMBER HERMAN
NEA Service staff Writer

Copyright. 1924. NEA Service, Inc.
New York, March "a. Here art
Wall Streets views on the forthcom
ing presidential election, rs reflected
in lis latest betting table:
J. The odds are three Ia on,
against the Democrats carrying the
election. but Democratic bcttors arc
asking six to one.
2. CoOlidgc'S strength hnSn been
affected by any of the senatorial
probes.
3. But tho oil scandal has knock
ed McAdoo out OF the lead for the
Democratic nomination and has
doubled the odds against his winning
d. The changes Of third purity
are not yet being taken seriously.
5. Ford isn't entirely out. Of the
running.
"Thcse views. Of course, reflect on
ly Wall Streets betting judgment,
and not. necessarily, its political sen
timent." explains Jean De Chadencs,
broker. who has been handling some
of the larger political bets mad" in
the financial district. l.nt they show
considerable change since compil-
ed the table. published in The Trl.
bune four months ago.
eat that time Henry Ford was tn"
outstanding candidate, who han Il
chance Of beating Coolidge. But
since then he has gone out for Cool
idge, and spiked his own boom.
But there is :; feeling along tho
street that he may yet get into the
running; with the ODDS ut ~ 10
that he doesn't get the nomination
of either Of the two major parties
"Coolidge's personal prestige hasn't
suffered any by the several senator
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24
FIRE DESTROYS
BARN ON FARM

Shields, N. D., March 24.-Fire of
unknown origin completely destroyed
a large barn on the Frank Fergel
farm near here together with eight
sets of harness, all of his 1924 seed
grain and 1000 pounds of flour. Two
horses were suffocated but two 9TH
er horses and seven cows which were
in the barn stampeded, broke down a
door and escaped.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24
NEW BETTING ODDS IN WALL-ST. ON
THE NOMINATIONS
DENO( RATS
j. II. GRHIS
HEADS II. G. r.

Bismarck Council, 1925, United
Commercial Travellers, held their
regular month end meeting, Saturday
evening at Elks' hall, at which time
five candidates were initiated, fol-
lowed by the installation conducted
by District Deputy. Felix II. Ulman.
The following officers were Install
ed for the ensuing term: Senior
tounccllor, J. II. Grills; Junior
Councillor, +. 3. Gorman; Past
Councillor, }. l.. Bankston; Secre-
tary-Treasurer John l.. George; Con-
ductor, A. c. Martin; Page, X. A.
McCord; Sentinel, Harry r. CIough,
Executive Committee, reelected, r.
II. Flaherty and VIM. c. Hancwald.
The Bismarck Council now has Il
membership numbering 222.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24
BY HARRY B. HUNT
NEA Service Writer

Washington, March "a. Presiden
Coolidge selection of Judge Curti,
II. Wilbur of California; as secretary
of navy, to succeed Edwin DENLY, is
inevitably viewed in Washington from
its possible political as we'll as gen.
eral significance.
The extent to which Wilbur's Sc
lection may strengthen Coolidge $
position in California, as against
Hiram Johnson, in the coming cam
paign. is naturally a subject for
speculation. -
Wilburs appointment gives Cali
fornia two representatives. in the
cabinet-more than any other state.
With the friends of a secretary of
navy and secretary of commerce
for Hoover is also Il Californian
pulling for Calvin in his home state.
johnson fight may be made much
more difficult.
Wilburs entry into the cabinet
puts a number of things in pairs.
He makes the second member of the
cabinet who is a graduate of Anna
polls Naval Academy, the other being
Secretary of War Weeks. He is also
the second member claiming Iowa as
his birth state. the other IoWan being
Hoover.
Maybe Hoover and Wilbur are ex-
pected to help out in Iowa as well as
in California. For Iowa-due to the
Influence of Senator Brookhart and
his liberal Farm Labor and Nonpar-
tisan League fricnds-is also cause
Of some perturbation in the conser-
vativc Coolidge camp.
Despite the daily scandals cmanat-
ing from Washington, involving high
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24
Capital Eyes Political Side of Wilbur Naming

and low in maze of alleged graft
corruption and general crookedness
the guess of the politically wise is
that the criminal conviction of any
of the high-ups named in the disclo-
sures in altogether unlikely.
They may be discredited, as, in
factA they already are, but they will
not be convicted.
The situation reminds Pat Harri-
son, senator from Mississippi, of the
old colored woman in his home town
who was found carrying away from
her place of employment, not only
sufficient food for her own family,
but also for her sisters family.
As is the case in southern house
holds, the colored cook is expected to
help herself to enough foodstuffs
from her employers larder to supply
her own household.
SO when this particular housewife
had kept a check on Mandy for sever
al days she decided it was time to
cali Hdlt.
Mandy, she said, you're IA
Christian, aren t you?"
All suttinly am, Missy, All suit
tinly ami Mandy responded fer
vently.
And you expect to go to Heaven
when you die?'
Indeed All does
Well, Mandy, continued her mis-
tress, I'm afraid you re going to be
disappointed. You have been stealing
food. And you don't expect to go
to Heaven if you keep on, stealing,
do your
Mandy threw back her head in a
guffaw of merriment
Lawsy, missy, she said, you
suttingly got all mixed up Why
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24
DEMOCRATS
INDIANS WOULD
JOIN u. s. ARMY

TT. Yhtcs, N. d., Mar. 24.-Twelvc
men of the Standing Rock reserva.
ton, near Fort Yates, Sioux county
most of them of Indian blood, have
made application for service in the
U. S. army, according to Sergeant
Andrew j. Milligan, in charge of the
Fargo army recruiting office.
They are: Barney Little Bear,
Robert Fire Cloud, James Red Fox,
Thomas Kidder, Walter Pleets, Henry
White Bird, George Fly, Sam Tick
asin, David Tiokasin, Francis Win
ter, Barney Crownecklace and Paul
Keeps Eagle.
The three last named are former
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24
MANDAN JOINS
IN TRIBUTE TO
T. A. CUMMINS

All Mandan Joined this morning
IN paying last tribute to Theodore
A. Cummins, pioneer citizen of the
clty Requiem high mass and fun
eral services were held from st. .Io-
seph Catholic church ut $3.50 o clock
Rev. Father Clement Dimpfl offici-
ating. lnterment took place in the
catholic cemetery. A long cortege
followed the body to the last rest ing
place and services were conducted at
the grave.
Business houses were closed dur
ing the hour Of the funeral, by proc
Iamation of Mayor Henke.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24
MILLION
OFFERED JACK

New York, Mar. 24.-Jack Kearns,
manager of heavyweight champion
Jack Dempsey, announced today he
was considering million dollar mo-
ton picture offer and two proposals
for title fights, one from Tex Richard
and one from j. J. Coffroth, Califor-
MIA promoter
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24
MORE PROBES
AUTHORIZED

Washington, Mar. 24.-The House
today authorized two more investi-
gations--one into the aircraft indus
try, the other into alleged duplication.
Of government bonds at the Bureau
Of Engraving and Printing.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24
FIVE SEEKING
MINNESOTA'S
CHIEF OFFICE

Minneapolis Mimi, March "a
Theodore 'Christianson of Dawson
filed today as a republican candidate
for governor. His entry marks five
candidates to contest in the repub-
lican primaries.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24
FLARES ZIP

Washington, Mar. 24.-Speaker Gil
lette S remark about the Senate made
during recent address in Boston
stirred up heated half hour debate
today in the House during which the
speaker laid aside his eavel and took
the floor to defend himself.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24
CHIFFON SCARFs

Scarfs Of black chiffon with large
patrerns in white are very smart
with the black 'tailleur with the
white pinstripe.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1924-03-24
pIEATED APRON

pLEATED APRON
An apron Of accordion pleating
is effective in crepe, satin chiffon, or
practically any material, and is an
excellent idea since the pleating
never comes out.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1924-03-08
Mabel NOrmand
i'm extra Girl"
Columbia Books New
Sennett Comedy

Mabel Normnnd. admittedly The
screens foremost Coincidence, viii
soon be seen IN Seattle again In one
OF her Irresistible comedies. The
new picture. one Of the next 10 be
shown M the Columbia theater, r.
"The Extra Girl" IN which the
piuquant Mabel appears as a movie
struck country girl who seeks fame
and fortune in Hollywood.
The plot OF the story may not be
new. but, since II was written b.
Mack sennett with the delightful
stars particular abilities IN mind and
produced by him as well. Il is bound
10 be original Since pictures have
been made. there has been no greater
comedy combination or author.direc-
tor and actress than the Eormand.
sennett afnliation and everything
they have done has reached unaHsail.
able heights OF entertainment.
mabel IS al her best In this pie
ture." Gays no less critic than Edwin
schallert. "she has, for her. per.
fectly believable role. It's ono that
matches her personality much better
than suzanna. and she doesn't have
10 act And the comments Of other
reviewers have been unanimously "a.
vorable.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1924-03-08

Clara kimban Young holds a place
all her own with local film patrons
and her pictures arc always welcome.
Clara Will be az the Winter Garden
for four days, beginning tomorrow
m What Ne Man Knows" dru.
matte plot.
Pauline Starke. Gladys Rockwell.
Noah hecry. Robert MeRim. Tully
Marshall Alec d. Francis. Dick suth.
crland, Snowy raker and boomerang
Che wonder horsel: hew's that for a
east of playersf They'll all be here
az tho Colonial commencing tomor,
row. In His Last Race" Must be
some excitement In this film with
such a slew OF villains tive can count
sourl and a race horse.
Emerson Hough. author Of "rhe
Covered Wagon. 'North Of SO" and
other big outdoor stories Is rcspona.
ihle for The Man Next Door" the
phoseplay now on view az tho Mar.
ket theater.
=. Sob yes. girls don't forget.
Manager Bender l. presenting each
lady who attends matinee perform,
ance az the Columbia with an auto
grpph~i photo Of Rudy.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1924-03-08
Mia will Have TO
Look TO LaurelS
Claire De Lorez
Picked as New
Screen Type

Claire De Lorez who plays the
Gypsy parnmour 70 the king in the
forthcoming picture OF Elinor Gyms
Three Weeks" has been dubbed by
tho English novelist '"rhe most vol.
up,nous woman ia the movies"
she has" AYERS Madame Giyn.
TO superlative degree that intang.
lble quality Of the lover Indispensable
20 screen heroes and horoines. that
something beyond mere looks or the
attributes commonly termed appeal.
which makes Valentines. Lew cody's.
Gloria swnnsons and Peggy Hopkins
Joyooa.
III does not require physical per.
lection or phenomenal grace.
III In most readily detected in the
eyes, ana sometimes can be found in
the voice"
Claire do Lorez wns an art student
IN San Francisco before entering pie.
lures, Her first considerable role IL
In Three Weeks" A few more per.
fornnnccs like that and Nlta Naldl
had better look 10 her laureis.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1924-03-08
oiI,.Ti,rERs ARE REUNITED

Edythe Chapman. who appears In
tho cast OF THE breaking Point" a
new Herbert Brcnon production. re-
ccived her first lesson In makeup
from Mr.. Brcnon IS years ago. when
she appeared Ia Held by tho En-.
envy" George Fawcctt. who Is toa.
tured In tho picture. assisted Edythe
Chapman in preparing lines for the
first performance. This is tho first
time the three have been brought 10.
gciher since that tims.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1924-03-08
One Scenarist,
Now She's Actress

Barbara Ia Mari used 10 write see.
uarios FOR the movies. and now she
acts In 'em. Being an actress was
the furthcst thought from her mind
untEl one day a friend asked her why
she didn't try 20 get into pictures.
Not having much success as writer
az the time. Barbara DID try 10 set
into pictures Rnd-wcll. you know
the rest. Her type OF beauty. regal.
gracious. Is much sought after and
sho does not have 20 do any Job
hunting any more.
Miss In Mari win be IN Seattle
soon in the Fox production Of st.
Elmo"
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1924-03-08
DlNKY DEAN AFTER
JUVENILE H0N0RS

Dsnky Dean. filmdom's tiniess and
,ssess star. Is TO head his own pro-
sscing company on the advice OF his
raj Charlie Chaplin
Before Dlaky was born Charlie
vruused the youngsters parents.
csarsss Francis and Mimi Rcisner.
A4t be should have an opportunity
q rake good In motion pictures.
Fur years Inter Charlie gave Dlnky
4 ruis IN The Pilgrim" and 80 well
a h portray the part that Chap
u rrysd his father 10 organize a
crpany and star him.
phky win be surrounded by the
les, q screen talent and win appear
d 10Th published and original plays.