davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
NEW ORLEANS COTTON

NEW ORLEANS, Sept. 4.-The cotton market was a comparatively dull affair today with narrow fluctuations and light trading. During the greater part of the day traders confined themselves to evening up commitments in advance of the bureau report due Monday. Dur ing the morning, after a slight decline, the market developed a firmer tendency owing to the fear that the report might prove more bullish than heretofore ex- pected. Prices at no time, however, showed gains above g points over the previous close. During the afternoon there was a good break on the omission of the dividend on American Woolen common, which gace the market a lower close than yesterday. October, after trading as high as 2S.92c during the morning, or points net higher, reached 27 points. December, after trading at 24c, or 6 points net higher, eased off 25 points. The close was at the lowest, showing net losses for the day of 10 to IS points.
 The firmer feeling of the greater part of the day was based on reports of continued crop deterioration, cooler weather than was seasonable and a growing belief that the bureau report Monday would be more bullish than most traders have been thinking of late. Moderate short covering in a narrow market helped the better tone.
 The slump of the afternoon was due entirely to liquidation by early buyers alarmed by the commission, of the divi- dend on American Woolen common stock, which was accepted as emphasiz- ing the depression prevailing in the American textile trade, although this condition has been. known for some time.
 NEW ORLEANS COTTON
 NEW ORLEANS. Sept. 4.-Cotton futures elosaS steady at net declines of 10 to IS points
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
TRADING LIGHT
 IN ALL GRAINS Wheat And Corn Close Day At Slight Losses
 In Values

CHICAGO, Sept. 4.-Trading in all grain was light today and with lack of buying power the markets were easily influenced. At the finish wheat showed a net loss of % to Mc with September S1. .23 M @1.A and December $1.2SM @1.29; corn was off # to Bc, oats bc lower to Sc higher and provisions unchanged to 200 down.
 Disappointing cables and hedging pressure in wheat at the start caused uneasiness,s it being evident that the market was little over bought as a result of elimination of much of the short interest on yesterday closing bulge. On the downturns some buying developed and carried values above the previous closing level. These gains, how ever, were quickly wiped away when free selling by houses said to be acting for elevator interests and believed to be hedging, was brought out. Foreign demand has subsided as a result of yes- terdays advance here.
 Corn was unsettled with numerous small bulges and breaks, the trade be- lng largely of an individual character. Speculative interest has fallen off and the general disposition seems to be to wait for some near influence before taking any decided stand on either side. Generally favorable weather prevails over the belt.
 Confirmation of frost damage in parts of the Canadian northwest gave firm ness to oats.
 Provisions were dull and without fea- ture.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
COTTON MARKET RATHER MARROW
Undertone Fairly Steady Until Near Close Of
 Days Session

NEW YORK, Sept. 4.-Business in the cotton market today was rather narrow, but the undertone showed mod crate steadiness until near the close when sentiment was influenced by omission of the American Woolen com pany's common dividend, thereby em- phasizing the unsatisfactory conditions that have prevailed in textile circles. Final prices of the day were 13 to II points net lower, and at practically the bottom of the session.
 The market opened steady at 8 de- cline of to l points. Early support from the trade, Wall street and New Orleans, met hedge selling and offerings from local sources, partly based on fur ther reports of cooler and therefore more favorable weather conditions throughout the southwest, especially in Texas.
 Several private crop reports were is- sued, the feature of which was the wide difference between the highest, indi- eating a yield of 13,01s,000 bales, and the lowest, estimating a production of only Il, ,735, 900 bales. The average of those so far issued was 900 bales. The tendency has been, however, to scale down estimates of the crop. Sem timent among cotton traders today was strongly in the direction of a bureau report, perhaps considerably below 13,- coo, ,000 bales.
 Weather throughout the entire belt was favorable, with an absence of boil weevil reports and no mention of the tropical storm which for several days has held the attention of the trade.
 October contracts at best levels of the day touched 24.63c and December, 24.33c; from which they later declined to 24.40c and 24.4S, respectively.
 Exports today were S,7S4 bales, mak- ing 2S7,951 so far this season. Port receipts, 17,305; United States port stocks, 237,004.
 NEW YORK COTTON
 NEHu YnRR Sant -l,ottnn fut.r.. .i...a
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
BONDS ARE HIT
 BY DULL PERIOD.
Reactionary Tendencies. Predominate With Price
 Movements Marrow

NEW YORK. Sept. 4.-Reactionary
 tendencies continued to predominate iD today's bond market. which was marked by extremely dull trading. Prices fluc. tuated within narrow limits, and except for a few high grade rails, which re- sponded to reports of expanded August traffic. moved generally lower.
 With traders showing a disposition to await further definite political devel. opments abroad, there was a slacken- ing of activity in the foreign list. The new Belgian 6hs again occupied the center of trading interest continuing to command slight premium on, a large turnover. French and Austrian issues
 moved lower. Profit taking reduced recent gains made by Wilson and company. obliga- tions and various other industrial Is. sues, including Chile Copper 6s, Punte Alegre Sugar Is, Arnertcan Agricultural Chemical 7hs. Establishment of another new higt record by International Great Northern Adjustment 6s at 56h featured trading In railroad liens. Union Pacific firss As and Louisville and Nashville As also
 improved moderately, but their gains income 6s, Rio Grande Western As and Seaboard Adjustment 5s.
 Public offering will be made tomor- row of $26y0oo. 900 Canadian National rail-
 way 80-year 41s per cent bonds, sinul.
 teneously in New York and Canada
 The issue which bears the Dominion
 at 96 and interest to yield 4.75 per cent.
 R0nd market avePa
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
COFFEE FuruREs

NEW YORK, Sept. 1.-The market for coffee futures was active and stronger today, opening IA to 2s points higher. Buying influenced by firm cables. higher cost and freight offers and firmnes in the spot market later carried September to 16.60c and Decern- per. 16.15c, representing new high levels for the crop. Slight reactions under late realizing left the market finally steady at net advance of 23 to Ss points. The official worlds visible sup ply of 6.1ss, ,sss bags represented an ir- crease over last month of s8202e bags. Sales today 4, 900. Closing Quotations: l: September. 1s.55c; October, 1s.4oc; No vember, 16.20c; December, 16.00c; March. 16.65c; May, 15.14c; July, 14.74c.
 Spot coffee firm. Rio Is, 17N @17xc: Santos 4s. 22h 022%c. Cost and freight offers included Bourbon 3s and AS, S2.e6@28.50c. and part Bourbon 2s and Ss, 2S.60c.
 Rio exchange on London s-ez pence higher; dollar buying rate 15 rsis higils CT. Rio market. 800 to 1.175 reis high CT; Santos, Z75 to 1,275 higher. Bra gillian port receipts, Ss,oo0; Jundiahy. 5000.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
WOODEN CRASH
 LOWERS STOCKS
Net Losses Range From Fractions Up To Three
 Points

NEW YORK, Sept. 4.-Unexpected omission of the quarterly dividend on the common stock of the American Woolen company, which broke nearly IA points to 58h, the lowest price since 1s21. unsettled today's stock market aft CT an, early period of irregularly lower prices. The general list, however, met good support, net losses in most of the active issues ranging from fractions to 8 points.
 Despite the heavy tone of the market, bullish operations were continued in a number of issues. Nickel Plate" com mon scared nearly 6 points to the rec ord-breaking price of 119h, but reacted points from the high. The preferred touched a new top at 93k and then sagged to 91k, up M. Strength of Lackawanna, which advanced 3 points to 1S9 and then eased to 137, was based on reports that the road was to become the next member of the Van Swerin- gen family.
 The pecipitous decline in American Woolen, which sold yesterday at 76M, or PA points below the years high, was due in large measure to the touching off of a number of "stop loss' orders in that stock, which has a large spec ulative following. Daniel Boone Wool en Mills, directors of which yester- day postponed dividend action for one week, dropped 1h points to 12A and then rallied feebly. Other textile stocks reacted in sympathy.
 Steel and equipment issues lest ground in the face of announcements of large equipment orders by some of the principal railroads. United States Steel common dropped more than a point to 107A, while Republic, Gulf States and Vanadium steels, Baldwin and Lima Locomotive dropped 1 to 2 points.
 Much of the early selling was reported to have come from floor traders who pool operations in a number of special ties and the apparent lack of market leadership on the long side. Dupont, General Electric, International Tele- phone, Endicott-Johnson, May Depart ment Stores, Nash Motors, National Lead and United Railways Investment preferred sagged to nearly points.
 Short covering operations accounted for the rallies in American Agricultural Chemical preferred, Colorado Fuel and Jones Brothers Tea, which closed about to 1h points higher.
 Rails yielded with the industrials de- spite the publication of unusually high August car loadings by some of the western roads. Union Pacific, Norfolk and Western, Great Northern preferred, Canadian Pacific, Chicago and Great Western preferred, Delaware and Hud- son and t1oulSVllle ana NaSnVlilc snow ed recessions of to 2h points at the close.
 Call money renewed at per cent, but advanced to 21z towards the close Time money and commercial paper rates were unchanged.
 Foreign exchange rates continued to lose ground inLreflection of the increase in grain and cotton bills. Demand sterl- ing ruled about cent lower at $4.46b and French francs were off about points around 5.30 cents. Other re- sessions were largely nominal.
 Stock market averages:
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
SUGAR MARKET

NEW YORK, Sept. 4-Thd raw sugaY market was firm today with spot prices unchanged at 5.7sc for Cuban, duty paid. Shipments of sugar were Mc high- CT at 5.90c. Sales were 1000 bags Cus ban to an operator at 590c for octo- Der shipment. Raw sugar advanced on covering and trade and commission buy ing inspired by continued strength in the spot market. Final prices were to 15 points net higher, near positions showing the maximum gains. The final outrun of the Cuban crop was placed at 4.052,647 tons, the largest ever re- corded. September closed. 4.14c; De- cember, 8.97c; March, 337c; May, S.45c.
 Refined sugar was unchanged to 15 points higher, fine granulated now be- ing quoted from 7.10 to 7.40c.
 Refined futures were nominal.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
LIVERPOOL COTTON

LIVERPOOL, Sept. 4.-Cotton, spot good demand but business moderate
 Prices steady; strictly good middling, middling, 15.95d middling, 1525d; strictly low middling, 14.S0d; low mid ding, 14.10d; strictly good ordinary, 13.60d; good ordinary, 12.s5d. Sales. 5000 bales, including 4,200 American. Receipts, 5000 bales; no American. Flu lures. closed quiet and steady; Septem- ber, 14.42d; October, 13.92d; January, 13.7Sd; March, 13-76d; May, 13.77d; July.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
COTTON SEED OIL

NEW YORK, Sept. 4.-The cotton seed oil market was weak today under liquidation and selling by refiners in the near months and undoing of spreads between oil and lard in the later posi- tions. Closing prices were 35 to 55 points net lower. Sales, 27,100 barrels. Prime crude, $9 nominal; prime summer yellow spot, $12.75 asked; September closed SIPS; October, S10.5S; December, $9.65; March, $9.75; all bid.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
CURB EXCHANGE

CURE EACHANUE
 NEW YORK, Sept. 4.-Recently listed securities provided chief activity in to- days quiet curb market. The new Nick el Plate shares, when issued," con- tinued their gradual advance, the com mon closing at 7sh and the preferred at s4M, both for fractional gains. Stock of the Prophylactic Brush com pany, which was admitted to trading to- day, also on a when issued" basis, was dealt in briskly, advancing more than s points from the opening quota oa, stock, Franklin Simon preferred. was less active.
 The oil showed no particular strength, many of the Standard Oil group record ing fractional recessions. Exceptions were Solar Refining, which advanced ? points and Southern Pacific oil l. Buck eye Pipe Line lost 3h.
 Public Utilities were marked by a b. point, gain by Appalachian Power. and an advance of 8 points by National Power and Light. Ford Motors Of ,i Canada jumped 10A points on a small turnover, other motors and the radios recording slight changes.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
FOREIGN EXCHANGEs

. NEW YORK, Sept. 4.-Foreign ex- changes closed easy; quotations in cents: Great Britain, demand, $4.45A; ; cables, $446h; 60-day bills on banks, S4.43K France demand, 5.30; cables, 5.sO4a. Italy, 4.371z and 4.ss. Belgium, 4.99Iz and 5. Germany (per trillion) 23%. Holland, 3S.42. Norway, 1879. Sweden, 26.75; Denmark, 1859; Switzer- land, 1888. Spain, 1917. Greece, 1.90. Po- land, 1874. Czechoslovakia, 2.99N. Jugo- slavia, 1.33h Austria, .0014. Rumania, 63, Argentine, 3462. Brazil. 9.97. Tokyo, 41M. Montreal, 100.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
POTATO MARKET

CHICAGO, Sept. 4.-Potatoes trading fair; market about steady on early Ohios; strong on good white stock; receipts, 38 cars; total United States shipments, 512; Minnesota sacked early Ohios, 90c@$1.10; bulk, S5Q95c; sacked round whites, $1.40; Kansas sacked Irish icobblers, $1.45; Missouri sacked Irish cobblers, $1.30@1.4o; New Jersey sacked Irish cobblers, $40; Colorado sacked Peoples russets, $1.S5.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
BANK OF ENGLAND

LONDON, Sept. 1.-The weekly state ment of the Bank of England shows the following changes in pounds:
 Total reserve decreased 266, 900.
 Circulation increased 363,000.
 Bullion increased S7, 7,405.
 Other securities increased 67S 900.
 Other deposits increased 9,304,OO. Public deposits decreased 6,646, 500. Notes reserve decreased .252,0O0.
 Government securities increased 2,66O,- 900. The proportion of the banks reserve to liability this week is 17.so per cent; last week 1t was 1853 per cent,
 Rate of discount, per cent.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
FOREIGN RoNps
MONEY MARKET

NEW YORK, Sept. 4.-Call money easier; high, 2h per cent; low, 2; ruling rate, 2; closing bid, 2h; offered at 2A last loan, 2h; call loan against accept ances, 1%. Time loans firm; mixed collateral, 60-90 days, 2% @3; 4-6 months, 3A@3h; prime commercial paper, 3A@ 3h.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05

NEW YORK. Sept. 4.-Live poultry firm; broilers, by freight, 26@27c; by express, 2602Sc; fowls. by freight, 24@ freight, 17c; turkeys, by freight, 25. Dressed, firm; chickens, 3o@47c; fowls, 30@32c.
 Butter steady; receipts, 19,376.
 Eggs, irregular; receipts, 2S,9oS; fresh gathered extra firsts, 38@41c.
 Cheese irregular, receipts, 35.977; state whole milk firsts flats fresh, fancy to 'un, 1874 @19hc; state whole milk flats held fancy to fancy specials, 20h O 11ac; do average run, 19@20c.
 CHICAGO, Sept. 4.-Butter unchanged. Eggs unchanged; receipts. 5,sS5 eases.
 Poultry alive unsettled, fowls, TO 25hc; springs, 271hc; roosters, 1ec.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
HUBBARD BROS. & co.

Members New York Cotton Exchange. New Orleans Cotton Exchange, New Members Liverpool Cotton Association. sale of Cotton and Cotton Seed oil for future delivery. Special cOnsignment~ of spot catton for delivery.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
BANK OF FRANCE

PARIS. Sept. 4.-The weekly state ment of the Bank Of France, shows the following changes in francs:
 Gold in hand increased 54.000. Silver in hand increased OS,0OO. Notes in circulation increased 364, ,666,- 900.
 Treasury deposits decreased 466, ,00o. General deposits decreased 76, 452, 900. Bills discounted increased 717, 7,S52, 900. Advances decreased S,3SS, 900.
 The state borrowed from the bank 300, 100000 francs.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05

NEW ORLEANS. Sept. 4.-spot cot ton steady, 19 points down. Sales on the spot, 220 bales; to arrive, 300 Low middiing, 2115c; middling, 23.65c; good middling, 24.15c; receipts, S,s75; stock, 39, $50.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
SPOT COTTON

NEW YORK, Sept. 4.-Cotton spot quiet; middling, 2565c.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
LnNnnN MONEY

LONDON, Sept. 4.-Bar silver, s4% pence per ounce. Money 2M per cent
 Discount rates short bills, 3H @3 11-l6 per cent; three moKshs, 8 1a-1e per cent.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
NEW YORK BONDS

NEW YORK, Sept. 4.--Following ars todays high. low and closing prices of bonds on the New York Stock Exchange. and the total sales of each
 UNITED STATES seNps .
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
METAL MARKET

NEW YORK, Sept. 4.--Copper easy; electrolytic spot and futures, 1shc.
 Tin easy; spot and futures, $52.37,
 Iron steady and unchanged.
 Lead steady; spot, $s.00@3.25. Zinc easy; East st. Louis spot, $e.25; futures, $6.25@6.27.
 Antimony spot, $10.50.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
GRAIN AND PROVISIONS
CASH GRAIN

ST. LOUIS, Sept. 4-Cash wheat: No. red, $1.33@136; No. 4 red, $1.22@1.24.
 Corn: No. white, SLY; No. 2 yellow, $1.22.
 Oats: No. white, 4sc; No. white, 47As @4Shc.
 Close: Wheat, September, $1.23h; December, SIPS. Corn, September, $116; December, $1.13. Oats, September, 4Sc.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
NEW YORK CURB

NEW YORK. Sept 4.-Following is the official
 list of transactions the New York Curb Exchange givnig all stocks and bonds traded in: IMDuSTRlALS
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
NEW YORK STOCKS

NEW YORK. Sept. 4-Foilowins are today's sales high. low and closing prices of stocks listed on the New York Stock Exchange: ',
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05

RAW SILK NEW YORK, Sept. 4.-Raw silk un- oh nUad ,-
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
CASH GRAIN

CASH GRAIN
 TOLEDO, Sept. 4.-Clover seed, $1290; October. $14.00 bid; December, $13.45 id; Alsike, 5000; timothy seed, $315; September, $3.15; October. $3.15 asked; December, $3.02 asked.
 CHICAGO. Sept. 4.-Wheat: No. ? red, $1.2s@1laoh; No. hard, $1.25h0 Corn: No. 3 mixed, $1.2o; No. 2 yell low, $1.21h @1.22,
 oats: No. ? white. 4sh@4shc; No. 8 white, ASA @47Mc. Rye: No. 2, 91hc; barley, 72@s7c; timothy seed, $5.50@ 7.25. Clover seed, $11.50@21.50.
 Lard, $13.s2; ribs, $12.5o; bellies, $13.37.
 KANSAS CITY, Sept. 4.-Wheat: No. 2 hard, $1.161s 01.26; No. ? red, $1.269 1.31. Corn: No. 2 yellow, $1.14; No. 2 mixed, $1.10@1.11; oats, No. white, 49c. NEW YORK, Sept. 4.-Rye: firm, No. ? western, S1.01% fob. New York and S100% elf. export. Lard, easy; middle west, s14.5o@14.6o; other articles un- changed.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05

Total liabilities .,........... ,795, 79S Ratio of total reserves to deposits and federal reserve note liabilities com bined, BOA per cent.
 Contingent liability on bills purchased for foreign correspondents, $25,927
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05

FLOUR MARKET MINNEAPOLIS, Sept. 4.--F1our un- changed; shipments, 47,0s5. Bran, $25.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
BAR RTIVEE

NEW YORK, Sept. 4-Bar silver, 6shc; Mexican dollars, 62%c.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
INTERioR MoVEMENT

1Ossl IouAy ....l .... 1ISU0I 6I4u z9z9l ZSII Receipts-Week. l45.24S; season. S6l.794 Exports-Week. 156, ,682; season, 283, S5l.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05

POULTRY AND PRODUCE KANSAS CITY, Sept. 4EProduce un- changed.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05
FLAX MARKET

. FLAX MARKET sss DULUTH, Sept. 4.-Close flax: sep- tember, $2.25N October. $22SA; Novem- Der, $2.SSM; December, $2.20; May, $2.24.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05

ST. LOUIS, Sept. 4.-Eggs, 81hc; poultry and butter unchanged.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05

thirty aeconds of tDllars v t'ltN W EfEt k
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-09-05

NEW ORLEANS, Sept. 4.-Cotton futurea closaH steady at net declines of 10 to IS points.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1924-05-23
Why Are Maine !;
Biscuits So High? !
Queries n. Y. Girl

'Why do the Maine cooks make
their biscuits so high? I never saw
so much dough as there is in Maine
biscuits" That and a number Of
related queries are being put to the
housewives of Maine by New York
girl, Miss Ruth Leona Rutledge.
That's her sole object in visiting the
Pine Tree State.
Nov in New York state the bis
cults are just so high" and she
measured a .scant inch by her thumb
and fOrefinger. There is lust as
much nourishment in the small bis
cults we eat as in the tall ones, al
though perhaps the bulk is missing"
Miss Rutledge declares that she
isn't trying to- convert the Maine
biscuit makers to her way of think
ing. but rather she is making a sur
vey OF the State in endeavoring to
mt her recipes to theirs. "And they
use cream of tarter so extensively,
too. Many also mix soda with their
baking powder. Now I want to get
line of Maine recipes and adapt
my recipes to theirs. I write rec
ipes," she modestly admitted.
The truth of the matter is that
a big baking powder concern of
New York has sent this brilliant
young lady to Maine to discover. if
possible, why Maine uses less bak-
ing powder than any other state in
the Union. TITS a case of cream of
tarter and soda" declares Miss Rut-
ledge. The outcome of her visit
to Maine would be interesting from
a news standpoint.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1924-05-23
Progressive Luncheon For
Miss Williams, Soon To Wed

A group of friends Of Miss Eunice
Williams who is to be married in
about two weeks to Richard Vose of
Allston, Mass, was the guest Thurs
day afternoon at a very delightful
progressive luncheon. The soup
course was served at the home of
Miss Deborah Ingraham, and at this
time Miss Williams was presented
with a beautiful boquet of sweet
peas.
The second course consisting of
chicken patties was served at the
home of Miss Mildred Brown, the
third or salad course was served at
the home Of Mrs. Leroy Hussey and
the ice cream course was served at
the home Of Miss Marjorie Hussey.
7 At the last named home, a f11fscel-
laneous shower was held at which
Miss Williams after unwinding q
beautiful may pole, discovered a
number Of attractive and useful gifts.
The house was tastefully decorated in
pink and white for the occasion. The
remainder Of the afternoon was en-
joyed with cards.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1924-05-23
Death of Former
Star Football Man

New York, May 22.-Charles Bar
rett, who died today at Tucson, Ariz.,
was the outstanding star a decade ago
Of one of the greatest football ma
chimes ever turned out at Cornell Uni
versity.
One of the most colorful players who
ever donned the moleskins, Barrett has
been ranked by critics among the
greatest Of all-round gridiron perform
ers. He was quarterback Of his team
in 1913, 1914 and 1918, years in which
Cornell, after q long string Of re-
verses, turned on her ancient rival,
Pennsylvania, and won three success
tive battles at Franklin Field.
Other notable triumphs of Barrett's
season as captain, 1915, included a 100
victory over Harvard and 34-7 defeat
of Michigan. Barrett excelled as a
brillian open-feld runner, but he was
also an able kicker and field general.