davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
Seaplanes at Seattle
For Navy Maneuvers

. SEATTLE, July 1.-TWO seaplanes
from San Diego arrived here last
night to take part in the fleet man
euvers at Port Angeles next month
Three other planes are expected TO
arrive during today.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
California Town Hit
Second Time by Fire

BRAWLEY, Cal. July ia $75.-
900 fire, the second within a month,
gutted nine business places in town
but the town was saved by the
FL Centre Fire Department.
Twenty-four guests in the Brawley
Hotel escaped scantily attired.
The Western Union office was
destroyed and the loss of that es-
tablishment is estimated at S1O,-
900 to equipment.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
Two Hour Earthquake
Registered in East

WASHINGTON. July i2.-An earth
quake of pronounced intensity was
recorded at the Georgetown Univer-
sity yesterday afternoon. The reg
istrations on the seismograph lasted
from 3 to o'clock and the distance
from Washington estimated at about
7 800 miles.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
AMERICAN ADVANCE AGENTS OF
FLIERS AT WORK IN ATLANTIC

flight in the British Isles reached
completion.
Lieutenant Schulzc will go to Den
mark to load small trading vessel
with gasoline. oil and other supplies
for the Greenland base of Angmag-
salik. The supplies include knock
down raft, with which fuel will be
floated to the planes when the avia-
tors alight on the water off Green
land On July 20 he will proceed
to Greenland where he will establish
an anchorage.
Lieutenant Schulze will keep a
trading vessel off Greenland. main
tanning communication by the ships
tContipaeq on rage eevsn.l
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
HUSBAND Dead;
Wife SUICIDES

BEND Ore. July 12.-Mrs. Helen
Johnson Jones. aged 33. shot herself
in the heart, in the bathroom of her
home this afternoon, after she had
received news OF the death of her
husband, George Jones, paymaster Of
the Brooks -Scanlon Mills.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
Blows Wife to Death;
Attempts Suicide; Poison

KELSO, Wash, July 12.-Rudolph
Otto, war veteran, charged with the
killing of his wife by blowing her
up with an internal machine, out
side of his home, attempted to end
his own life today by taking poison,
but was saved by physicians in jail,
The sheriff said Otto had signed a
confession. then changed it by saying
the explosion of the bomb was an
accident
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
ITALIAN Filler
GOING TO POLE

ROME, July 12.-Lieutenant Loo.
atelli, Italian airman, whose projected
flight to the North Pole was post
poned urtil next year, leaves Sun
day for England, Iceland. Greenland.
Canada and the United States. He
will use the same aeroplane he is
expected to pilot to the. North Pole
and will gather data for the future
Polar flight.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
CALLS ON DAVIS

NEW YORK, July IL. William
G. McAdoo, late yesterday. called
on Presidential Nominee John w.
Davis, at the latter's home on Long
Island.
Asked last night If he would sup
port Davis and Bryan. McAdoo said
he would deal with that question In
a statement to Davis which he would
issue before he sails for Europe
today, If he had time to prepare
II
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
OLIVES CAUSE
DEATH OF FOUR

BILLINGS, Mont. July H. Botu-
lism, caused by ripe olives, is as.
serted by physicians as the real
cause of the death of Mrs. Paul
Ache. wife of prominent Pittsburg
oil operator and her son, Paul o.
Gillespie, Yale student. of New York.
Four others are under treatment.
BILLINGS. Mont. July 12.-Dlek
Richardson. aged %. of Germantown,
died this afternoon as the result OF
eating olives. This Is the fourth
death for such cause.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
Threats Of Lynching
Subside; Law Prevails

RED BLUFF. Cal, July Eek
citement which threatened yesterday,
to culminate in the lynching of Karl
Williams and Fred Johnson. robbers
of the Bank Of Tehama of $4,000.
Is subsiding, while the two men are
in Jail. under guard. for the murder
of Forest Ranger Samuel Hermanson
whose car they used in attempting
to escape.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
French Senate Votes
Confidence in Premier

PARIS. July 12.-The Senate by
vote of 246 to Is expressed con
fidence in Premier Herriot after the
Premier stated to cut. then ree-s.
tablish friendly relations with Great
Britain.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
TAMs COMING BACK

LONDON. July 12-Tbe tam-o-
shanter is gradually being brought
back to favor as fashionable head
dress for women golfers. On the
North Foreland course. which has
been crowded recently, every other
woman player has adopted 1t.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12

VICTORIA, B. C.. July 12.-Col.
onel Broome, advance man for the
British flyers. left Hakadate, Japan
aboard the Thiepval Thursday after.
noon enroute to Canada via the Kur-
lies and Aleutian Islands. He will
give all possible aid to the British
Globe flier Stuart MacLaren and his
two men.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
Seattle Council to Probe
Browns c. S. Commission

SEATTLE, July 12-The City
Council has started an investigation
into Mayor Browns Civil Service
Commission, two of whose members
Mrs. Landes came near dismissing
during the Mayors absence, chsrg
ing them with Irregularities
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
eANesTERs SENTENCED

CHICAGO. July 12.-Terry Drug
gan and Frank Lake, gangsters, mil
lionaires, were today sentenced to
one year and fined $1,000 each for
violation of Federal Injunction.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
Pope Finally Rati6es
Annulment Of Marriage

ROME, July 12.--Pope Plus has
ratified the decision annuling the
religious marriage of Duchess Tally
rand. formerly Anna Gould, to Mar
quis Boni de Castellane
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
FOREST FIRES
BREAK OUT IN
OREGON STATE

PORTLAND. Ore, July 12-With
dozen new forest fires In Oregon
and indications of continued dry
weather, the situation has again be-
come critical today.
The most serious fires are in the
Santian, Deschantes and Siskiyou
National forests.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
z
BOYS ARE DEAD

NEW YORK. July While 9TH
ers watched, George Sprecht. aged
8 years. took a silver co1ored fire.
works ball six inches in diameter,
placed in on chopping block and
hit it with an axe. The explosion
killed Sprecht, and his nine.year.
old companion standing at his side,
died ten minutes later
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
OVATION EoR McApoo

NEW YORK. July 12-William
g. McAdoo was given an ovation
while attending the Folies show
last night when he was pointed out
by Will Rogers, comedian.
McAdoo addressed the audience
and said:
Now that the convention Is over.
sure we elect a Democrat"
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
HULL is TO RESIGN

WASHINGTON, July 12-Cordell
Hull, Chairman of the Democratic
National Committee said he would
not hold the Craftsmanship during
the campaign but would take an ac-
tive part alone on a speaking tour
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12

NEW YORK, July II. Three
unmasked armed bandits yesterday
afternoon lined-up five customers
against the wall in jewelry store
here and escaped with $4,000 in
jewelry, mostly diamonds.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
HANIHARA IS
ON WAY HOME

WASHINGTON, July IL. Japanese
Ambassador Hanahara left Washing
ton late yesterday for Toxic and
Is not expected in diplomatic circles
to return because of developments
incident to the passage of the Japan
ese exclusion law. Designation of
new Japanese envoy is expected to
be made here shortly.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
TREATY is NOT
0. K. With u. S,

GENEVA, July II. = The United
States has officially informed the
League of Nations it connot adhere
TO the draft of the treaty of mutual
assistance which one fourth of the
League asked to be voted upon by
expression of views.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
THIS FOR THAT

WASHINGTON, July 12. The
Legislative committee of the Anti
Saloon League of America has IS
sued a statement declaring the 'wets
have been defeated in their efforts
to secure wet planks and candidates
at the Democratic Convention"
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
Towns Population
Packed Into Autos,
Escape Tornado

PIPESTONE, Mimi. July
12.-Between 45 and so persons,
virtually the entire population
of the town of Airlie. six miles
west, escaped serious injuries
and possible death when they
were packed into three auto
mobiles and eluded a small
tornado passing through the
town last night.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
Business Readjustments
Are Under Way in Nation

WASHINGTON. July 12.-Import
ant readjustment OF business condi-
tions characterized by decreases In
industrial and trade activities and
lower prices is declared by the Fed
eral Reserve Board to be under way
throughout the country.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
ARCH MURDERER
HAS KILLED z

HANOVER, Germany, July 12.-
The list of murders attributed TO
ready been found to have slain %
persons, is growing.
Several families whose sons have
recently disappeared have begun
searching to determine If they were
killed by Hermann.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
BRYAN CALLS ON HULL

WASHINGTON, July 10. = Gov.
Charles w. Bryan arrived here last
night and today had a long confer
.ence with Cordell Hull, of the Demo
cratic National Committee.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
WILLIAM C. M'ADOO TO SUPPORT
PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE DAVIS
IN CAMP AICN; LEAVES FOR EUROPE

NEW YORK, July f2.-WilIiam G.
McAdoo, prior to sailing for Europe
today said he gave John w. Davis,
Democratic nominee for the Presi-
dency cordial support during the
campaign.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
First Baby Chicks
Are Sent, Air Mail

SAN FRANCISCO. July 12-The
first shipment of baby chicks by
air mail arrived here yesterday from
Allentown, Pa.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
Egyptian Premier Is
Wounded by Assailani

Carlo, July 12.-Said Gagloul
Pasha. Egyptian Premier, was wound
ed by young man In the right
hand today at the railroad station.
The would-be assassin was captured
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
Senator Walsh Has
Filed for Reelection

HELENA. Mont, July 12.-U S.
Senator Thomas J. Walsh has filed
for the Democatic nomination for
reelection.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
Samuel Gompers Is
Reported Convalescing

NEW YORK, July 12-SamueI
Gompers, President of the American
Federation of Labor. is convalesclng
according to attending physicians
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
GLOBE FL|ER'S ADVANCE
AGENT is ON WAY TO ALASKA FROM
JAPAN;MACLAREN is COMING HERE

kASUMlGAURA, Japan, July ~.
Stuart MacLean, British Globe fier
who left for Minato was forced to
return here on account of engine
trouble.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
Three Passengers Killed
In Plane in Death Drop

LANCASTER, Pa, July IL. =
Three persons were killed here this
afterno5n when an airplaDe in which
they were riding as passengers,
crashed to earth.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
WASHINGTON

WASHINGTON - The Treasury
Department has ordered suspended
all sales of Treasury certificates
and stamps effective next Tuesday
1t Is stated funds obtained lower
interest than AZ per cent. paid by
the government,
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
SEVEN KILLED IN RIOT

DELHI India, July IL. I Seven
were killed in riot today of Hin
dus and Moslems. Quiet has been
restored
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
RUM RUNNER ASKS AID

SYDNEY, New South Wales, July
1.-THE police answering distress
signals by the rum runner Armies
as 1t crept into port today, rescued
the crew from an insane sailor who.
armed with an axe and chisel, had
taken command of the vessel which
was bound fos the American coast
with cargo of assorted liquor.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
RUM PIRATES
!. KILL CAPTAIN
ON HIGH SEA
Second Vessel Is Reported
Boarded Off New Jersey
Coast by Pirates.

NEW YORK, July 12.-Following
the Halifax report that the French
steamship Mulhouse had been board
ed off the New Jersey coast last
week by rum pirates who took IL
quor valued at 100000, prohibition
officials here have received word
that a second ship was boarded by
pirates who killed the captain and
threw his body overheard.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12
MADOO TO AID DAVIS in CAMPAIGN
INSANITY ISSUE
KIDNAPPING CASE

CHICAGO. July 12.-Parents of
Nathan Leopold Jr. and Richard
Loeb, held fol the kidnapping and
killing of young Robert Franks. will
not ask acquittall for their sons.
attorney Clarence Darrow said to-
day The question of insanity alone
is involved, said Darrow.
The Alaska daily empire. [volume] (Juneau, Alaska) 1912-1926, 1924-07-12

CHICAGO. July 12.-Robert e.
Grove, United States District At
torney and his three assistants will
form an insanity class to prepare
to combat the plea of insanity in
the defense of Leopold and Loeb
They expect to gather medical in
formation enabling them to combat
the battery of alienists the defense
has employed
The Bismarck tribune., 1924-06-12
WILL FIGHT
BONUS SHARKS
Efforts to Buy Up U. S. Ger
tificatcs to be Fought

Washington, June 12-Attempts of
"scalpcrs" to buy up for cash at
large discounts adjusted compensa
tion certificates from world war vet
erans will be met by drastic action.
A statement to this effect was
made here by officials of the Vet
erans' Bureau to representatives of
the American Legion.
Attention of the Bureau was call
ed to an advertisement in which a
veteran offered to sell his certifi-
cate "to the highest cash bidder"
Bureau officials were also advised
of reports that Il huge financial pool
is beig organized in leading mid
die western city for the prposo of
buying up compensation certificates
in the hope of reaping huge profits
at the expense of the veteran and the
government.
The "scalper" it was pointed out,
will in all probability find himself,
if he buys up such a certificate, with
only non-negotiable "scrap of
paper" The government has no in
tention of permitting wholesale
"scalping' of certificates, inquiry at
the veterans bureau and among mem
bers of congress revealed.
The law was carefully drawn, it
was said, to protect the veteran and
his dependent and to throw all possi-
BILE safeguards around their inter-
ests. Section COG of the law will
prevent payment by the government
to any other than the veteran him
self or his dependents or beneficiaries
designated only by the director of
| the veterans bureau.
This section is as follows:
"No right to payment under the
provisions of this title shall be as
signable or serve as security for any
loan. Any assignment or loan made
in violation of the provisions of this
section shall be held void. The dir
cctor shall not make any payments
under this title to any person other
than the dependent or such repre-
sentative of the dependent as the
director shall by regulation pre-
scribe"
Authorities are agreed, that per-
sons who attempt to purchase ad-
justed service certificates will find
themselves the losers. ..
The Bismarck tribune., 1924-06-12
ADHERENCE TO
WORLDCOURT
is ENDORSED

Continued from page two)
ideals and standards of life. We
favor the Improvement of naturali-
zation laws"
Continuance of development OF
Hawaii and Alaska is urged.
Asks independence of the Phil
ippines when the time is right.
Declares for reclamation of arid
and semi,arid lands, under the ad-
ministration's recognized plan.
Declares there must be no fur
ther weakening of the Army and
Navy.
Would promote commercial avia-
tion.
An anti-lynching law was urged.
With regard to the oil inquiry
disclosures, the platform declares
plank on Orderly government" and
opposes all corruption in public of
flee.
Greetings were extended to womer
delegates.
Party responsibility was declared
essential.
The patform advocated the calling
of conference on the limitation OF
land forces in war, the use of sub.
marines and poison gas as proposed
by President Coolidge.
The Bismarck tribune., 1924-06-12
FARM L0ANS0F
NOW MORE THAN
IL MILLIONS
Report of Farm Loan Depart
ment of Bank Gives Total
at Around 1000 Loans
COUNTY FIGURES SHOWN

The total Of farm loans made by
the farm loan department of the
Bank of North Dakota since the Mes
tos administration came into power
is now at the 1000 mark, and figures
on the business of the department
in the last five months shows money
being loaned at the rate Of more
than a half million dollars month.
A total of $2,65O,O00OO was leaned
by the department between January
1 and May 81, 1924.
The total of loans made by the
Nonpartisan league administration
when it was in charge of the bank
was $2,76O,33l .S3, and the number Of
loans, was 755, the loans being paid
over a period of about two years and
a half.
The total amount of loans now has
reached 3,946 for a total Of $l2,047,-
141.12, according to figures of the de-
partment.
Under the quota plan adopted by
the department when applications far
exceeded the number of loans, money
has been loaned in all parts of the
state. The total number of farm
loans closed by the present admins
tration, and the amount, is shown as
follows:
The Bismarck tribune., 1924-06-12
INTERESTED
IN NN.D.LANDS
J. A. Kitchen Meets Inquiries
in Illinois, Wisconsin

Bismarck, N. D., June 12.-Interest
is manifested in North Dakota farm
lands not only by farmers in Wis
consin and Illinois, but by many
factory employees, according to Jo-
seph A. Kitchen, commissioner of
agriculture and labor, who has re
turned from Beloit, Wisconsin,
where he was called by the death of
his mother, and from Wyanet, llli-
nois, her old home, where burial
took place.
Mr.. Kitchen found farmers in Illi-
nois relatively in no better condi-
tion than in North Dakota, he said
and around Beloit he found many
factory workers who expected Il
slackening of business to put them
out of jobs. Many inquiries were
made of him about North Dakota
land, he said.
The Bismarck tribune., 1924-06-12
Small Band of LaFOl.
lette Delegates
Oppose
CONTINUED from page ~

mont in the lead. Other delegates
quickly followed, carrying their
state standards, and soon the aisles
were choked with the marching
cheering, shouting throng. There
were some rebel yells interspersed
in the demonstration.
Boys from Plymouth, Vermont
carried banner reading: "We are
all members of the Home Town
Coolidge Club"
At first the demonstrators did not
have the inspiration of music to spur
them on, but soon they got going
to the accompaniment of the band
which paced gallop. The demon
stration was all for Coolidge, a
noisy but hearty one.
Carry N. d. Standard
The North Dakota standard, from
the delegation of which there are
six LaFollette delegates, was carried
into the procession but the South
Dakota delegation, having johnson
delegates, failed to get in. The
great organ took up the music ano
the electric lighting effects were
used to good advantage, bathing the
hall and the swirling, milling mass
of delegates in different shades o1
light ranging from bright sunshine
to a twilight blue.
The organ swung into the chords
of "Onward Christian Soldiers" anc
the marchers picked up the words
Of the grand old hymn as they
marched about. q"
Not Made Unanimous
When Wisconsin cast % votes fol
Senator LaFollette and one for Pres
ident Coolidge, the galleries booet
and hissed again, and there were
sac tied demands to bring the lons
Coolidge delegate to the platform
He was Thomas Scott of Kenosha
Wisconsin.
After the result had been announ
ced to the convention, the chair
recognized Mr.. Scott, the lone Cool
idge delegate in the Wisconsin dele
cation. He moved to make tn
President Coolidge unanimous. S
x. Way of South Dakota also pre-
sented the same resolution.
There was a long and continuin,
chorus of "ayes" and the % LaFol
lette delegates from Wisconsin en-
tered mo" among cries of "put ZEN
out" f
The Bismarck tribune., 1924-06-12
Totals
3946 $12,047,141.12

The farm loan business of the Bank
of North Dakota at the present time
is subject somewhat to the ebb and
flow of deposits in the institution,
since money must be borrowed to
run the department until bonds can
be issued. The Industrial Commits
sion has proposed law permitting
issuance of bonds before loans are
made, on the ground that this would
enable the department to make more
loans, and to sell bonds at the time
the market is best and obtain the
best price for the bonds, the advan-
tage being reflected in lower rate
of interest on farm loans.
The Bismarck tribune., 1924-06-12
Sports
CUBS TRIM
BROOKLYN
Win Behind Steady Pitching
of Alexander

Chicago, June 12-Grover Alexand-
er has the habit Of winning games
he pitches for the Chic5go Cubs
The veteran pitched his team to a
7 to victory over Brooklyn yester-
day. Pittsburgh evened its four-game
series with New York, winning to
2. st. Louis beat Boston. to 3, and
Philadelphia won from Cincinnati, z
to 6, in thirteen innings.
Joe Bush failed to sop the Detroit
Tigers, who beat the Yankees Z to
2 yesterday. Cleveland made it five
straight wins by defeating Boston,
to a; Shockcr was hit hard anu Wash
ington beat st. Louis, IL to 1. The
Chicago White SoX beat Phiiadel-
phia 10 to 2.
The Bismarck tribune., 1924-06-12
MARKET NEWS
WHEAT STRONG
EARLY TODAY
Develops Strength After
Wavering Start

Chicago, June IL, (By the A. P.)-
Fresh strength quickly developed in
wheat today after wavering start.
Opening prices ranged from 1-8 to
5-S cents lower, July $1.O97-S to
Sl.1O 1-S and September SLIP to 1-S
and were succeeded by rallies of one
cent or more all around.
Persistent profit taking sales to-
gether with slowness of export de-
mand led to temporary price declines
later but the market rallied again at
TIE finish. The close was unsettled,
NC to 1sc net higher, July $1.lsh
to nc and September Slips to
$l.13.
The Bismarck tribune., 1924-06-12
ST. PAUL LIVESTOCK

So. st. Paul, June 12-Cattle re-
ceipts 1,600. Slow. Few early sales.
Early bid for fat cteers and yearlings
mostly weak to 25 cents lower. Other
classes about steady. Best fat steers
billed above $3.50. Calves receipts
1,400. Best light vealers to packers
&S.25 to $3.50.
Hog receipts $1,000 Arrived steady
to strong. Bulk desirable butcher
and bacon hogs $3.50 to $6.65.
Sheep receipts 100. Steady, good
native spring lambs $3.50.
The Bismarck tribune., 1924-06-12
MOSQUITOES, PARADISE

Maubin, Burma, June 12.-Maubin
haa the largest and most mosquitoes
in the world, scientists declare,
Great detachments of mosquitoes
swarm out to meet every visitor
They hang in festoons from the white
awnings, the mosquito nets, the table
linen and the punKah flaps. Every
window and crevice Of the European
houses in Maubin is protected by
sliding curtains of iron gauze.