davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07

Georgetown vs. Franklin.
Harvard vs. Princeton
Hiram VS.. Mt. Union.
Holy Cross vs. Lehigh.
Idaho vs. OREGON
Ky. Wesleyan vs. Louisville.
Knox VS.. COe
Lombard vs.. Mt Morris
Miami vs. Western Reserve
Michigan vs.. Northwestern.
Minnesota VS.. Iowa State.
New Hampshire VS.. Maine
N. Carolina ~. Va Mil Inst
\: Carolina State VS.. virginia Poly.
Ohio Wesleyan vs.. Akron.
Oklahoma VS.. Missouri.
Ottcrbein vs.. Heidelberg.
Pennsylvania VS. Georgetown.
Penn State VS. Carnegie.
Pittsburgh VS.. Geneva
Rutgers VS. Lafayette at Princeton. N. J.
st. Louis VS. Michigan Agri.
St Xavier VS.. Kenyon.
Syracuse VS.. w. Va Wesleyan.
Tennessee vs. Centre.
Texas W. Baylor
u. s. Mil Acad. VS. Florida
L. S. Naval Academy VS.. Vermont.
Virginia VS.. Georgia.
Washington vs.. California.
Washington and jefferson VS.. Waynes-
burg
West Virginia vs.. Colgate.
Williams vs. Wesleyan.
Wittenberg VS.. M;;1kingum.
Yale VS.. Maryland.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
BIC SEND-OFF IS
GIVEN BUTLER ON
JOURNEY TO IOWA
Pep Session Planned at Sta
ton as Crippled Page
men Depart,

Coach Page and his Butler grid
ders were to leave the Union sta
ton at O'Clock today to invade
the University of Iowa Crippled,
outweighed and outnumbered, the
Bulldogs have hardly fighting
change against the Big Ten univer-
sity.
Injuries and lack Of reserve
strength are Buffers main handi-
caps against the Conference school
Saturday.
All Butler, including students and
faculty, planned to turn out in full
force 10 give the Bulldogs a rousins
send-off. Thomas Smith and Dick
Mills. cheer leaders, arranged pep
session for the team at Union Sta
ton just before the train pulled out
for Iowa.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
WABASH PLAYERS HURT

BIZ Times special
CRAWFORDSEILLE Ind. Nov.
7.-Gloom in the Wabash College
grid camp. Martin. 220-pOund re
serve lineman Is out for the season
with a fractured wrist Sherman.
regular tackle and Muiharger. sub
center. ara on the side-Ines with bad
leg injuries.
Wabash plays Chicago ~" Col
lege here Saturday In a curtain
raiser the Wabash freshies meet the
yearIings OF Rose Poly.
With three players badly crippled
the Little Giants viii be in weak
ened condition for the Indiana game
at Bloomington Nov. Is.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
JACK T0SSES CHANOS


Jack Reynolds defeated Jimmy
Chanos OF Muncie Thursday night
in a wrestling match at the Broad
way by obtaining two falls out Of
three. Chanos won the first wish
n toe-hold. Reynolds came back to
win the second with the same sort
of hold
The last fall came unexpectedly
fast. Jack grabbed one Of Chanos'
wrists and using his hip as leverage.
tossed his opponent to the mat Cha
nos was stunned and lost in one Of
the shortest falls ever witness "a
here. about thirty.five seconds.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
Independent Football

The Riley Tigers viii practice tonight at
z o'clock. Al players are ordered 10 at
tend. The Tigers Will play the Battery
b eleven of FIT Harrison Sunday at
Khodius Park. The game VIII be called at
: 30 Nov. 10 the Tigers will meet the
Hummel A. Cs for the annual game be
tween the two teams 10 decide the cham
pionship between the valley and hill
Of the west side.
The Broad Ripple Joy-Gloom football
team viii cndeavor to take the Bright
wood A. G. into camp next Sunday at
hrightwood The Ripple team has Nov
Is open. Write Paul Blake, 6512 Fergu.
son St.
The J. J. C.s will play the Southeast
rTTs Sunday. Practice will be held tonight
and Sunday morning For games call
'r~Xel 4l70 and ask for Dave
The Mapleton A c. football team is
without game for next Sunday and wants
10 schedule with a city team. Call Wash
nEton 0224-J and ask for Carl.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
LOCALS CRIPPLED
FOR GRID GAMES
Shortridge and Tech Play
with Stars Out.

Two indianapolis high schools.
Shortridge and Tech. met State grid
rivaEs today with crippled Ene-Ups.
ShOrtridse went 10 NNestheld with
four regulars missing as the result
Of a dramatic housecleaning by
Coach Goldsoerry. who cut ten men
OF The squad for breaking training
rules. Human. Sayce, Schumacher
and Potter, were the missing first
stringers.
TechInet South Side of TT Wayne
without the services Of TWO back
held stars Harreu. considered the
best Of the Green and White ball
carriers and the kicker of the club
has an injured nip. Eyrketc, another
back. is incapacitated by a sprained
ankle.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
EASY FOR PRESTO FIVE

The Prest-O-Lite basketball team
opened its season Thursday night at
the speedway community house by
defeating the Service Station five.
20 to :. Shorty Burch is captain Of
the team.
The Pestos would ike to book
games with fast city or State teams.
Call r. E PIummer. Belmont 1000
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07

TW0-YEAR-OLD FEATURE
Rich Futurity on Pimlico Race Pro
gram i'm East.

RU nitCd Press
BALTIMORE. Md, Nov. With
clear weather and fast track the
feature race Of the fall meet at PIN
lico-the Futurity, was to be run to-
day.
More than $4,000 was to go to
the winner if more than thirteen
horses faced the barrier.
Sunnyman was expected to rule
favorite with BY Hisself a close sec
ond choice
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
NEW BASKETBALL
SQUAD IN FIELD
HOOSier Nationals, With
Strong Lineup, Seek Dates.

The Hoosier Nationals basket
bail team has organized under the
management of John Hines. \ num-
Der Of fast METERS are in the line
up and games VIII he sought with
strong city and State independent
nves.
The squad consists of SIX tossers
and stacks up as formidable. Play
ers follow: Kaltenback, Y. T.. C.s.
forward: Lee, Technical. for
ward; Grammar, Cathedral. for
ward; French. Cathedral. center;
Waechter. Manual, guard; smith.
~" Lenders. guard
The team has been holding regular
practice ana Is ready for bookings.
a trip over the State is planned
For games address John Hines. PA
" Maryland St. indianapolis.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
Muncie Net Team

BIZ TinR Special
MCNeIE. Ind. Nov. THE Nun
Gle All-Stars. an Independent basket
ball team composed of several high
school players and other fast local
talent, want games. Write A. b
Zimmerman. 1900 Broadway, Muncie
or call 1872.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
Bouts Mt Omaha

BIZ Jnifed Press
OMAHA, Nov. 7.-Johuny ODon
nell, St Paul. and Ace Hudl1ins, Ne
braska lightweight champion, viii
box ten rounds here tonight to a de
cision.
Eddie Shea. Chicago feather
weight, meets Billy Nolan, Brook
Ign, in the semi-flnal
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07

"Old man Stagg. veteran of
thirty-three seasons at the Midway,
has pointed his men for Illinois. All
their weight and all their speed,
together with all the cunning at
Stages command, will be directed
upon stopping Grange-and three
or four other good Illini backs
Chance to Climb
Although suffering a tie at the
hands of Ohio State. Chicago has
been indicated and a win over
Illinois would put the Maroons at
top Of the Big Ten heap. Victory is
hardly expected, however.
The game, which is to be played
at Stage field Will be played before
stands groaning with spectators, for
this is Oranges first appearance of
the season in Chicago. Stage fields
incOmmodjous stands-seating less
than 40. 000-could have been filled
two or three times by fans who tried
to buy tickets.
scalpers who were fortunate
enough to get tickets early in the
season were asking-and getting
$50 per ducat
Second only to the illinois, Chicago
struggle on Saturdays Middle West
grid program is the Notre Dame
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
Nut Cracker

IT ROSS-COUNTRY runners al
IC ways appear on the streets in
- b. " DIS Unfortunately,
it is strictly masculine sport.
IN BASEBALL IT'S RUNS THAT
COT Mt. NOT HITS. AND IN
FOOTBALL THEY PAY OFF or
TOUCUDOWNS. NOT FIRST
DOWNS.
Req Grange IS n" best ball a. carrier in
rstod any more in knowing who the Rest
hlEhbaN carrier IS.
Turf papers say Master Charley is
the best 2-year-old in thA world.
Wei why don't they put him in the
movies, along with Jackie Coogan?
FRANK CARPENTERS PLACE
~ HISTORY Is SECI RE. 49,. HE
WILL BE KNOWN AS THE ONE
MAN MIKE MTIGUE WAS ABLE
To KNOCK OFT.
" STARTLING revelation has
| a been made. showing Grange S
z hair is not red But. hap
PLY we are not one Of the querulous
Kind that split hairs over things like
this.
Barney OldheId sues for divorce
g.. Let's see. wasn't he some sort
~ g, e.,t..F .fa,,.,, Io4J yr,har, ci,yt,,
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
HOPPE WINDS Up
EXHIBITIONS HERE
Champ Wins Two Matches
at Three-CUShi0nS,

Willie Hoppe. world champion
balkline billiard player. won two ex-
hlbition matches at three cushions
Thursday at Coolers parlor from
Jess Lean. 80 70 80 in the afternoon.
and 80 20 40 at night. Hoppe failed
to show the phenomenal form he
has been displaying. hut was far
above the ordinary at that
He ran out his string in hftv-four
innings in the first match and took
ffty-tvo i'm the second. II was about
the sIow-st scoring Of his exhibition
tour Bad breaks and difficult
leaves made the going difficult for
The cue wizard
Matches this afternoon and night
will conclude the champs visit here.
BESIDES the games Hoppe and Lean
demonstrate q number Of trick shots
Hoppe shows some stunts with the
cue that only ne can perform.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07

COLTNBCS-Navv Bill Ingram and
thIrtv-tWo Indiana PLAYERS arrived TO-DAY IA
top shape for the battle with Ohio Satur-
dav. The HoOsiers were TO work ont this
afternoon A light defensive drill was
Coach Wilces final preparation for the
game
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
Moore and O'Hara

BIZ TuifTd Press
CHICAGO. Nov. Ted Moore,
English middleweight and Joey
OHara Of Fit. Dodge. Iowa, clash
tonight in the feature attraction at
155 pounds.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07

WEST POINT-With reports Of Florida's
strength hiteriug into camp here. ID Is *
peottd Army's first string men will start
AGAINST the SoutherurrS Saturday The
REGULARS We're 10 be given only short
signal drill today
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07

Approximately 500 students. ac-
companied by a seventy-fve- piece
band. will make the Wisconsin trip
on a special train, which Will leave
here tonight.
Fine Spirit Displayed
There was all kinds Of pep in
practice Thursday - cripples ap-
peared in uniform, substitutes were
out early and every one seemed
anxious 10 carry on" long after
darkness.
There was more reason than usua!
for the high spirits. At noon on
THURSDAY the athletic board officially
approved and accepted the invitation
Of the committee Of the T0urna-
ment Of Roses for game at Pasa-
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
A. l.. SCHEDULE SESSION

BIZ United Press
ST. LOUIS, Nov. 1.-THE Amer
lean Leagues schedule meeting will
be held here Feb. 10. Ban B. John
son, president of the Junior major
organization, announced here today.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07

IOWA CTTY-Three green players VIII
oppose Butler in the Hawkeye lineup Sat
urdsy. Griffin. Mcintyre and Fleckenstein
are ont with injuries Griffin broke a foot
bone during scrimmage Thursday
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07

MBRIDGE-Harvaro varsity planned
20 n0lt short drill signal practice today
and then take II easy until the Princeton
game Saturday afternoon Loft end auG
+ left tackle uu trc team are stu unified.
F bat Coach Fisher expected 10 name The
men today.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07

NINNEAPOTIS-Se Several regulars re-
NAMED on On sidelncs Thursday during
the varsity str.nmaEe against the fresh
men. indicating Coach Spauldins expects
20 use substitutes at several place in the
lineup against Iowa State Saturday. saw
ing the regu' - for Illinois.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
Indiana at Ohio

Indiaha Journeys to Columbus TO
engage p Jack Wilce's Ohio State
eleven. The Buckeyes shouldn't
have 10 exert themselves TO win.
although Indiana has an aerial az
tack almost equal to Ohio
The only other Big Ten struggle
on schedule is the Northwestern
Michigan tilt at Ann Arbor North
western has its best team since pre-
war days and should give Yosts
Wolverines considerable argument.
Iowa takes on Butler ana because
Of several injuries will have 10 show
rare form to win by anything like
a decisive score,
Purdue takes on De PAW and
probably viii not win by as big a
score as when Illinois took on the
Methodist school
Minnesota. beaten by Michigan.
and tied by Wisconsin. will have to
play its best brand Of football TO
down iowa State. one Of the good
teams of the Missouri Valley Confer
ence.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07

LAFAYETTE-Con 20 indications
carly IN the week. an Purdue regulars OK
cept Claypool and Harme-ou viii line up
against De PAW in the Dads day con
hlct Saturday. Stiff scrimmage COM
prise7i the closing drill
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
Trail Rockne GrddersCcago Toes for Visit of Grange
NOTRE DAME WARRIORS
DEPART FOR WISCONSIN
Team to Spend Tonight in Beoit-Specia Train to Garry
Rioters and University Band.

SOUTH BEND, Ind Nov. THE Notre Dame football
squad consisting of thryhree left here this morning
the first lap of its trip Madison Ws play Wisconsin
University Saturday. Coach Rockne and his stop
in Beo Wis this afternoon where light workout be
held The night will be spent Belot the squad will
for Madison early Saturday morning
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07

BENNETT, LINTON
T~1 HE big homecoming game
for Cathedral High School
- will he staged at Washing
ton Park Saturday Afternoon and
local grid fans are showing keen
interest in the contest. Linton
High School. always strong, will
supply the opposition.
Bennett, Linton half back, is
said to he one Of the best prep
school grid performers in the
State. Corriden, Cathedral, also
is a star. and though he has been
injured, reports say he'll be in
action Saturday.
linton recently downed Manual
in a close struggle and has State
championship aspirations. The
Linton-Cathedral contest is expect
ed TO be a thriller from start to
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
FINAL SPEED RACE or
SEASON HERE SATURDA Y
Star Dirt Pilots TO Strive for Honor8 at HooSer Track
Hobo Event Added Feature

The stage all set for the last dirt track season
Saturday afternoon the ooser Motor Speedway peudIeton
Pike and ThirtEight St Men with harros and rollers have
been at work for week preparing the track The process
in the preparation oiling-waS put Thursday Drivers
have been out all week trying their mounts
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
Stages HEA Wy MACHINE
4 WAITS ILLINT WONDER
Cunning of Veteran Maroon Coach to Get the Big Test
When Red Takes Ball.
By EDWARD C. DERR
United Press staff Correspondent

CHICAGO, Nov 7'Red" Grange, whose gridiron capers
carried Illinois within striking distance Of another Big
Ten championship meets his hardest test here Saturday when
he bucks the Chicago Maroonshe heaviest team in the
Middle
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
AT ANNAPOLIS

ANNAPOIIS-Th Navy had TO no con
tent with short workout Thursday AS due
TO extra classroom. work the res1Ilars
didn get on the fed until after darkness.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
Rees Is Vet sub

Reese is . senior who has played
the role Of relief quarter for two
seasons and probably viii be
ROckne's choice 70 start. Edwards.
a sophomore. has been displaying
rare ability. however,. He worked
in the Princeton and Georgia Tech
battles.
Capt. Adam Walsh may be used
in part of the Badger tilt. but uni
versity physicians advised against
it. The men on the trip are:
Centers Captain Walsh. Harmon and
Maxwell, guards kizar Welbei G.ueeE@rt
Harrington. Hauousek- tackles. Bach Rir
Miller Wallace BoIard. N-MaBuou. II
mullen. ends. Collins. Grove. Huutsi1zer
Eaton. fun backs Laydeu. I.iver-oGd Ger
ney- half backs Don Mailer Crowley
O Bowie. RlgalH Hear1i0n Ccu."I. Roach
quarter backs. Stuhldrener. Edwards and
Reese
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07

dena. Cal. for New Years day with
the University of Southern Cali
fornia
Contrary 20 usual custom some
scrimmase was on the program and
there was Ions drill on certain fun
damencal defense play. Edwards
and Reese. sub quarters. VIC viii
bear most of the burden Of Signal
calling against Wisconsin. worked
With the squad.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
IMPORTANT RING BOUT

Bernstein and MandeIl Clash i'm First
of Lightweight Series.
BIZ United Press
NEW YORK, Nov. Jack Bern
stein. former junior lightweight
champion. meets Sammy Mandell Of
Rockford, Ill, in a twelve-round bou-
tonight at Madison Square Garden
in the first Of the new series OF
elimination fights to find an oppo-
nent for Champion Benny Leonard.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
Collect Long Driver

Glenna Collett hits a golf ball far.
Their than any woman player in
America.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
Fine Spirit Displayed


b UitCf PTfss
I'd ADISON. Wis. Nov. J.
lN Continuing his policy
III of strict secrecy. Coach
Ryan ran his Wisconsin eleven
through scrmmage against the
freshmen behind closed gates
Thursday night i'm final prep
ar3tiOn for Notre Dame here
Saturday,.
The local team is in the hest
physical shape Of the season
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
STATE COLLEGES
HOME TEAMS LISTED FIRST

Wisconsin Us. Notre Dame
Iowa Vs. Butler.
Butler Freshmen vs.. Culver Military.
Ohio State VS.. Indiana University.
Wabash vs.. Chicago Y. NJ. C. A. College.
GEORGETOWN vs.. Franklin.
Earlham vs. Oakland City
Muncie Normal VS.. Danville Normal
Eastern Illinois Normal vs. State Normal.
Xip.auDaa VIC
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
Ne1Q, Stadium

T~7HICAGO, Nov. Con
strucuon plans for a sta
dunn 10 seat between
10000 and 10000 persons and
an athletic field house We're an
nounced by University of Chi
caeo athletic officials today
The stadium viii be of the
double-deck type and will be
financed entirely from the in
stitution 5 athletic fund.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07

Linton and Cathedral at Wash
ineton Park Homecoming
Manual at Wiley Of Terre Haute,
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
OTHER GAMES.

Alabama vs.. Kentucky.
Alabama Poly VS.. Tulane.
Amherst vs.. Union.
Augustana vs.. Bradley.
Bethany vs.. Grove City.
Boston College vs. Marquette.
BOwdoin va Tufts.
Brown VS.. Haskell.
Case vs. Wooster.
Chicago vs.. Illinois.
Cincinnati vs.. Oberlin
Columbia VIZ. n. Y. U.
Cornell vs.. Susquehanna.
Creighton VS.. North Dakota.
Dartmouth VS. Boston Univ.
Detroit vs.. John Carroll
Dickinson VS.. Muhlenberg.
Drake vs.. Kansas.
Fordham VS.. W. Maryland.
Frank lar VS.. Swarthmors.
Georgia Tech VS.. La. State.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1924-11-07
Local H. S. Football
To-day

ShOrtridge at Westfield.
Technical at South Side Of FIT.
INaZ-pp
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1924-12-26
Cupid Is Still Running Strong

V1A CUPID is still in the lead in these United States, despite
the many factories for turning out divorces. More than four
times as many persons got "sphced" as departed from one an
other in 1924, according to records in Washington. Even out in
Los Angeles, where the movie colonies have their frequent mari
tai troubles and subsequent separations, the ratio is more than
two to one.
Chicago and Cook county, in which the nations second largest
city is located, had 42,239 marriages and 1928 divorces, which
is more than the ratio Of four for one and proves that the windy
City ran along with the remainder of the country.
Los Angeles, to again mention that city of movie stars and
lesser, satellites, made a record of 16605 marriages and 1882
divorces. comparing with 1890 marriages and 1918 divorces in
1873. IN this city divorces made a relative gain, but Cupid still
has a safe lead. a
Fewer weddings took place.in New York, the record being.
o4,V0O compared with 66,43O in 1923. Statistics on divorces are
no, available, but there, too, it is probable that marriages led.
Reno, the so-called divorce capital Of the nation, of course had
to show a reverse ratio. There only 464 marriages took place,
while $40 couples were separated.
One might gather from the publicity attached to divorces that
the percentage runs nearer $3.50. Some reformers would have
us think that such is the case; that the marriage vows are too
ghbly uttered; that the duties of the welded state are not given
serious consideration by a large. proportion of those who enter it.
But the ratio of four to one is reassuring. 1t proves that, after
al, 70 per cent OF the marriages hold. If they are not all happy,
there Is at least q determination on the part of the partners to
suck 1t out. It's a safe guess, though, that a good proportion of
the matrimonial ventures are happy, and so long as this is the
case our country is safe.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1924-12-26

Ii money talked, a dime made in 1900 could tell some
about what it bought in its youth.