Evening star., 1924-04-04

A new formula for making effec-
tive the DEGREES of such a tribunal
as the World Court of International
Justice at The Hague was advanced
in a lecture recently delivered at
Princeton by Charles Warren of this
city, former assistant attorney gen
eral of the United States. The lee
ture, which was one in the series of
the Stanford-Little lectures on public
affairs, had for its subject The Su-
preme Court and Sovereign States"
Mr.. Warren called attention to the
fact that prior to institution of the
American government the world had
hardly dreamed of such a thing as
two sovereign states submitting a
dispute between them to judicial de-
cision. When, under the Articles of
Confederation, Connecticut and Penn
syivania submitted to court the
question of ownership of territory in
eastern Pennsylvania, claimed by
Connecticut, and abided by the de-
cision, Robert Livingston, then secre-
tary of foreign affairs of the Con-
federation, wrote to Lafayette: 1t
is a singular event. There are few
instances of independent states sub
mitting their cause to court of
Justice The day will come when all
disputes in the great republic of Eu-
rope will be tried in the same way,
and America will be quoted to ex-
emplify the measure.
Increasing Use of Court.
Later on, when the Constitution
he
came the tribunal for adjudicating
disputes between the states, and that
/ the years have brought increasing
satisfaction with this method is
shown by the increasing number of
cases which come up for settlement
| Mr.. Warren expressed belief that the
nations of the world would show in
creasing satisfaction with and make
increasing use of the judicial methods
f; of settlement.
| of disputes between states or be-
| tween nations by judicial tribunals is
! discussed, said Mr. Warren, the queS-
tion of how the judgments are to be
enforced is always presented. And 1t
! is contended that nothing but the
possibility of a use Of force can cause
q Judgment to be complied with by a
| losing state or nation. He denied that
i this is true. Before force or war need
be resorted to, he said, there are
| other means. Personal liability of
offending or guilty officials is one.
The requirement of a period of time
| for calm discussion and for investi-
! pation-a cooling off periods an
other. The pressure of public opin-
! ion is increasingly potent in con-
| straining a state or nation to COM
ply with an agreement or with 1u-
dicial or arbitral decision.
New Method Outlined.
| Mr.. Warren then suggested a fur
! ther possible influence which, he said
| had not been before suggested, so far
as he knew, and which might be en-
ployed by nations against any Of
! Tending nation which should violate
! it's agreement or treaty or which
| should refuse to comply with an in
ternational judicial or arbitral decree
! "One difficulty with an agreement
| by nations to use force of some kind
either military or economic, against
! a non-complying nation" he said, is
! that the obligation thus imposed is
| one which might bear heavily on and
be prejudicial to the nations using
| such force themselves. Thus the en-
! ployment of what has been termed
! the economic boycott might injure
| the boycotter naticn and its citizens
| more than it did the boycottee; il
might also in practice be extremely
difficult of enforcement.
! There is. however, form OF pres