davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1924-12-21
MANY QUESTIONS RAISED
In SUGAR TARIFF ISSUE
Impost ON Third Most Important Food
Small Per Pound, But Total Represents
Huge Sum-FOurth Produced i'm u. S.

production Of domestic sugar, the
tariff act of 1890 imposed a bounty
of 2 cents a pound. However, 1t was
not very successful in promoting
domestic production, and was aban-
doned.
Industry Grows Extensive.
The modern American beet sugar
industry dates back from 1897, when
the traffic act of that year imposed
a duty on all imported sugar deemed
adequate to protect an American in
dustry. AS to whether the act was
a success In that regard, Is a matter
of opinion. At all events, after a
lapse of rs years, with many inter
ruptions and disbursements, in 1924
there were more than ESQ cane and
beet sugar factories in the United
States, employing more than 10000
people and producing refined sugar
valued at more than $40, 900
every year. =.
To the average reader, the import
duty on sugar is complicated and
almost unintelligible. However, 1t
can be made simple in its essential
principle. The problem may be
stated simply thus:
1. Most Of the raw sugar (unrefined
sugar. imported into the United
States comes from Cuba
2. The polariscope Is an instru-
ment to measure the degree OF pure
sugar in the product from Is degrees
to 100 degrees.
8. Raw sugar imported from Cuba
is sold on the basis of SO degrees.
T. The import duty starts with rs
degrees, a low. grade, with a duty
of one and twenty-four hundredths of
a cent per pound: with an additional
duty Of forty-six thousandtfs OF
cent for each degree above rs.
S. Between rs degrees and 96 de-
erees 1.-THE Cuban standard) there are
Fl degrees. Multiply 81 by orty-six-
thousandths of a cent and the result
is $3.50, or nine hundred and sixty
six-thousands of cent. Add this to
the original one and twenty-rour
bundredths of a cent, and the result
ia 2.2o6 cents, the total import duty
on raw sugar. SO degrees. This Is
a simple arithmetic statement OF a
complicated problems.
Cuba Given Preference.
The full import duty on sugar i'm
ported from Cuba (raw or unrefned)
is. therefore, 2.206 cents for every
Mound. But the United States has a
reciprocity treaty with Cuba per-
mttting a 20 per cent preferential re-
Eduction in the duty on many imports
from Cuba, including raw sugar.
Twenty per cent of 2.206 is .4412.
Subtracting this from 2.206, there re-
mains the actual import duty Of
1.764S cents per pound on Cuban raw
sugar. In 1922 Fiscal year, more
than 300, 100000 pounds OF sugar
were imported into the United States,
95 per cent from Cuba. In 1923 (f1s-
cal year, S,7oo,o00,o00 pounds were
imported, 90 per cent from Cuba.
The troublesome question arises
over what Is known a. the flexible
tarift. provision In the act of 1922.
{ContSnUed on Third Page.)
Evening star., 1924-12-21
Huge Sums Are Spent Here
To Influence Public Opinion

about his industry and leave the rest
to the public. Naturally, he presents
his facts in the most advantageous
light. To present other than facts
would impair his future usefulness
Washington has known no recent
case where such alleged facts have
been checked and found untrue,
Some OF the great trade organizs-
tions compile and make public, at
considerable expense, periodic state
ments showing In minute detail the
state of their Industries. This il
trade information of great value and
in many cases is welcomed by the
newspapers. When. published, 1t +
attributed, of course. to the organi-
zaiops making it. public. A single
attempt to diStort or misrepreseut
1.-THE facts would result in distrust
for the organization and denial 81
publicity thereafter. For these ..r4
other reasons publicity men could
not afford to misrepresent deiib-
erately, even if they should wish to
do so. 80
The railroads furnish a conspicu-
Gus instance of what can be accom-
plished by such publicity. Under the
direction of an able publicity staff
they have been making public almost
daily, for the past few years the de-
tails of their. physical and financial
operations. When traffic was heavy
or light the figures were assembled
and the totals given in. detail. De-
tails OF expenditures for. equipment,
repairs, extensions and the like have
bean announced as soon as agreed on.
That kind of policy has made
friends for the roads and they ste
spending more now for publicity
thans-they have ever spent. In 1925
they will spend still more. Building
public sympathy and understanding
has helped to save the railroads from,
Government operation during the
past year or SO, in the opinion of
some Of the carriers publicity advo.
Gates. s4=. - 80
Coal, cotton, lumber, wool, cement.
manufactures, shipping, waterways
and scores OF other Industrial lines
are attempting to carry out sira.
liar policies. s.s
Evening star., 1924-12-21
America Has Thousand Years Oil Supply
Stored i'm Shale in the Rocky Mountains

Before interviewing Senator Phipps
had looked up the oil shale industry
of Scotland, the only country in the
world which has attempted to use
shale, and found that during 70 years
of operation. 45 firms had gone bank
rupt and only six appeared to be pay
ing profits. When L asked the Senator
from Colorado how he expected us to
beat the canny Scotch at g. game they
had played with uncertain profit for
70 years, he replied:
You are comparing two different
kinds of shale. One ton of Scotch
shale gives an average of "a gallons
of oil, while our shale, being OF
higher grade, has been known to
average 80 gallons to the ton.
In addition to this, we believe we
have more up-to-date methods Of re-
fining shale than the Scotch. The right
method Of heating the rock and
squeezing the oil from 1t has always
been a stumbling block to profitable
commercial operation. But not long
ago DR.. Victor Anderson, president of
the Colorado School Of Mines. brought
to Washington the model of an oil
shale reduction plant which he demon
strated, to the satisfaction Of Secre-
taries Hoover and Wilbur, could ex-
tract oil from shaIe on a commercial
basis.
THE question Of cost, I must ad-
NIT" continued the Senator. has been
the chief obstacle to oil shale produc-
tion in the past. But hero are some
figures that seem to prove that oil
shale is about to have its day"
CheapeninE Cost.
Senator Phipps handed me a sheaf
of statistics gathered from 200 oil
companies, which showed the average
cost OF producing oil from wells to be
s2.17 a barrel. In the case of Penn
sylvania crude. from which the finest
lubricating oil is made, the cost went
up as high as $3.50 a barrel.
Now compare those costs with those
of the Elko Co, which has been pro-
ducing oil from shale for eight years."
suggested Senator Phipps. Its cost
now runs at $3.50 barrel. You see 1t
is only a question OF time. together
with the price of oil derived from
wells, before oil from shale will come
into use. Won der Gracht Of the Mar
land Co. of Texas, I believe, says that
within two years 1t will be uneconomi-
cal to burn petroluem under boilers"
us there any danger of the Nays
oil leaking out of the oil shale re-
seryes?" / asked the Senator.
None whatever. There can be no
leakage from oil shale. and, therefore,
we should not be troubled by oil scan-
daIs. Nothing save an earthquake can
remove that oil until Uncle Sam gets
ready to use it.
However, 1t is important that we
begin to develop 1t Immediately, IN
arder that our Navy may be prepared
for any unexpected dearth of natural
oil A bill was up before the last
Congress for the installation Of a re-
duction plant on the naval reserves,
but 1t was filibustered out at the last
moment" s
-. , -(Conyright 1924
Evening star., 1924-12-21
BY HENRY l.. swEINHART.

u K ANY nations throughout the
M world will wake up early on
wi Christmas morning and jump
1 i out of bed to see what Uncle
Sam has put in their waiting
stockings For many years this practi-
cal saint with the red. white and blue
costume has played Santa Claus to
countries far and near and to the
peoples of many climes ard customs.
He scatters his favors and his bene-
fits from the rising to the setting
sun. from Alaska In the North to Ar
gentina in the South
The Santa-C1ausian proclivities of
Uncle Sam, however, are not confined
to the Yuletide season. They are
scattered throughout the year, and
on this account they are not always
looked on as Christmas presents. New
ertheless. if account is taken by diff
ferent nations at this time Of the
year of the assistance in one form
and another which has been rendered
to them throughout the year by the
Government and the people of the
United States, it will be found to
amount to quite a sizable Christmas
gift.
"There Amt No Sanity Claus"
A few nations, however, will be dis
appointed because Uncle Sanity Sam
uel Claus is not more generous with
them. Russia Is one of them. She
would like to find in her Christmas
stocking a mote Of recognition" Of
the Soviet government from the
United States. Some of the other ma
tions. too, although their demands
would not be as large as that of Rus
sia, would like to have more than
they expect to receive. If some of
the manufacturing countries could
have their wish, they would get their
Christmas joy from an announce
ment that the United States had made
a SO sper cent reduction in it's duties
on all manufactured goods. This
would be welcome Christmas news in
Germany, for instance. Scotland, and
| perhaps a few other countries, would
not object to learn on picking up
| their morning papers on December 25
that the eighteenth amendment to the
| Constitution of the United States had
been amended or revoked.
The majority of the nations OF the
| world, however, realize that the
United States, taken by and large, is
a generous friend, one who can be
| counted on in time of distress or
| trouble to come to their aid and who
in the ordinary times of peace also
stands ready to assist in projects for
| the social, economic or humanitarian
benefit of the nation concerned.
Some Ways In Which U. s. Aids.
| The scope of Uncle Sans activity
in aiding his neighbors, as well as
| practically all the other nations OF
/ the world, covers a wide field of pri-
vate and governmental endeavor. 1t
ranges from the use of the Chinese
| Boxer indemnity fund for the educa-
tion of Chinese students in the United
| States to the flashing OF time signals
| and weather reports twice daily from
the Arlington wireless station to all
ships at sea within range to pick
Evening star., 1924-12-21
BY EDWARD NELSON DINGLEY.

w HAT is the cause of all the
Y n talk and discussion over
NN sugar and the Tariff Com
mission? Why is sugar
+ such an important Item in
our domestic economy?
Next to wheat and corn, sugar is
the most important article of food re-
quired by the human race. The
world produces and consumes ap-
proximately $4,000. 100000 pounds
every year. The United States (con-
tinenta) produces approximately
100000, 900 pounds and consumes ap-
proximately $500, 100000 pounds an
nua1ly, obtaining about 100000 900
pounds from it's insular possessions
and approximately $500, 900, 900 pounds
from foreign countries, mostly from
Cuba Speaking in fractions, the
United States obtains about one
fourth of its sugar from continental
United States, about .oHe-fourth from
it's fnsular possessions and about one
half from foreign countries, mostly
from Cuba.
Beet Sugar Leads.
Cane sugar produced in the United
States and it's possessions is about 80
per cent of the total American produc-
tion, and beet sugar produced is about
10 per cent OF the total American
production.
Since the advent of prohibition, the
domestic demand for sugar has in
crease enormously. Since 1922, the
domestic consumption of sugar has
increased more than 25 per cent.
More than 0o.0oo,ooo pounds are used
annually in the confectionery indus
try alone
The annexation of Hawaii. Porto
Rico and the Philippine Islands gave
the United States a greater supply OF
sugar, but even that was not suffi
cient. Steps were taken to encourage
and promote the production of beet
sugar in this country. This was done
to make the United States less de-
pendent on foreign countries for its
sugar Experiments in beet sugar
manufacture in the United States
date back to 1880, but all were COM
parative failures. To encourage the
Evening star., 1924-12-21

the request of the government Of MIC
aragua. an expert went to that Gen.
trail American country some months
ago to help frame and put into actual
operation a new electoral law, which
was used for the first time at the. re-
cent elections.
Through the work. of the hydro
graphic Office of the United States
charts are available to all the mari
time nations of the world; and these
may be considered a gift from Uncle
Sam for the benef1t of commerce and
trade. This country's share in the
International ice patrol of the North
Atlantic is another important gift to
navigation, helping to make the ocean
routes safe for the shipping of the
world.
In these and many other ways
Uncle Sam is constantly and through
out the year playing Santa Claus to
the nations of the entire world.
Copyright, 1o24.)
Evening star., 1924-12-21
BY DREW PEARSON.

i: !: 4; Il 4; :::.;: !; =: : !: :: !:
years Will it be neces-
sary to throw her 100000 automo-
biles on the SCRAP heap, to abandon
her tractors and go back to the horse
for ploughing and to kneel at the feet
of some foreign empire for oil enough
to lubricate her industrial machinery
and to run her battleships?
The answer is TO be found in the
Rocky Mountains. Our hope lies in
shalc.
"Oil shale.'
Those two magic words constituted
the answer of Senator Lawrence C.
Phipps of Colorado when 1 asked him
where we would turn for fuel.
Greater Than Teapot Dome.
"Out in Utah and Colorado. The
United States Navy has two oil re-
serves which are more important than
Teapot Dome. The public has not
heard much about them, but they con-
tain enough oil to supply our Navy
for about 430 years. But 1t is all
locked up in the rocks of the noun
tains. That Is oil shale"
Just exactly what is oil shale?''
L inquired.
Pm no geologist," returned the
Senator. but I'll give you a man.
in-the-streets definition. Oil shale is
a form Of rock more or less saturated
with oil. Biologists figure that all oil
originally came from shale. and that
some of the shale was subject to
pressure within the earth's crust,
which squeezed it dry. The oil
squeezed out in this way is the stuff
we have drilled for and used hitherto.
But some of the shale escaped pres
sure and still retains it's oil. That's
the stuff we have out IN the Rockies,
and our job is to do what Mother
Earth failed to do-squeeze the shale
and get out the oil.
Rockies Soaked With Oil.
Look at that map" commanded the
Senator, pointing to chart OF the
Rocky Mountain States. ''All the
shaded splotches indicate oil shale de-
posits, and you can see that prac-
tically every State in the Rockies has
a certain amount. Utah and Colorado
have the greatest areas, Colorado alone
boasting 100000 acres. with an aver
age yield of 10000 barrels an acre.
Utah has three times as much shale
as we have, but it is poorer quality
and in the long run will yield about
the same amount
Senator Phipps, incidentally, has
ridden or tramped all over the Colorado
fields, and knows whereof he speaks.
Recently he guided Admiral Hillary
Jones and Otis Smith, director of the
Geological Survey, on a special tour
of oil shale lands, after which these
men, who are members of the Presi-
dents special oil commission, recon-
mended that a plant be erected for the
development of the Navy's shale de-
posits.
Evening star., 1924-12-21
RY HARDEN coLFAx.

Business and social welfare or
ganizations are preparing to invest
more heavily in publicity next year
at least in Washington-than ever
before. Most of the national asso-
Citations and civil organizations have
headquarters or maintain important
branches here. The number listed
at present Is 287, and most of these
maintain publicity representatives.
The total spent in maintaining
publicity directors and their staffs
probably will exceed s2,000,o00 for
the coming year. This represents
the amount to be spent for so-called
free publicity; the advertising appro-
priations are apart from this and
far fewer in number.
The organizations spending money
for Washington publicity for the
most part are highly pleased with
results. Their Investment, they say,
has yielded good dividends in the
past by fostering public esteem for
legitimate business and allaying un-
justified public distrust against it.
The result has been a better under
standing between producer and buyer
and an atmosphere of good will for
legitimate business that was lacking
to. great extent before and during
the war.
Modern publicity organizations. in
Washington! vary in size from. a sim
gle press agent to a somewhat elab-
crate staff. Some trade organiza-
tions also conduct, their own sub
sidized trade papers and generally
these are alert, up-to-date pablica-
tions, keenly competitive, with pri
vately published papers in their re-
spective fields. They are also ad-
~~i~cAro ,,nhiclac pnhlfnitv
The old time press agent, unhandi-
capped by the facts, whose imagina-
ton worked, like Aladdin's lamp, to
get free advertising for his client,
has faded from the Washington stage.
His successor is the public relations
counsel, who dresses quietly and well,
receives a good salary and fairly
reveIs in facts and figures. His pre-
cept generally is to tell the facts
Evening star., 1924-12-21
UNCLE SAM PLAYS SANTA
TO MOST OF THE WORLD
Gifts to Other Nations Not Annual, But
in the Nature of Con-
tinuOus Performance.

them up. IT includes the collection
of funds for earthquake and other re-
lief; the distribution of scientific data
of all kinds; and the loan by this
country to other governments of ex-
perts to aid in the organization OF
various bureaus of research and for
the practical application Of informa =
tion which has been gathered and
which is being successfully utilized
here.
, The different countries of South
America. in particular have benefit
ted during the past few years from
the assistance which has been given
them in the service of American
financial, economic, agricultural and
other experts. The financial system
of Columbia was placed on a firm
basis during the past year, thanks
ITO the expert advice and the assist
ance in preparing various laws
which was rendered by group OF
there from the United States and re-
mained until the task of reorganizing
the nations financial system was
! complete.
Appreciate American Help.
Tt is gratifying to know that the
other countries are deeply appreeia-
tive of the aid which the United
States in one way and another is con-
stantly giving them. Some of the
assistance is of a temporary charac-
ter; other is more permanent, contin-
uing from one year to another
The appreciation of the japanese
nation over the relief fund of $11 1,600,-
900. which was raised in this country
within a few days after the disastrous
| earthquake, was manifested in many
ways, A memorial to that apprecia-
tion Is to take a permanent form in
the shape of two hospitals, which are
to be built, one at Toxic and another
at Yokohama, with the unexpended
balance, amounting to about $3,500,
900, from the American Red Cross
Japanese relief fund. Part of the
fund will be used in the construction
and the remainder set apart as an en-
dowment fund for the maintenance OF
the two hospitals. The humanitarian
efforts Of the United States practical
ly cover the world; and it has been
shown in many ways during the past
year.
In addition to Colombia, other Latin
American nations which have been
benefittfng from the advice and prac-
tical assistance of American experts
have been Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador
Panama and several of the Central
American nations. Agricultural ex-
perts in various lines have been In
Argentina recently, aiding in the or
ganization of that country's cror
gathering and distribution statistics
helping to study cotton development
and other work.
Reorganfzing BraziI's Navy.
A group of American naval officers
have been In Brazil, paid by that gov
ernnent, but loaned by the United
States, for the purpose of aiding In
| the placing of Brazii's naval system
on an efficient basis. A financial ex-
pert from the United States is now In
Ecuador and another In, Panama. Al
Evening star., 1924-12-21

How long will this shale furnish
us with oil?" ! asked
Figure it out for yourself" replied
Senator Phipps. picking up pad and
pencil. The Navy now uses seven
million barrels of oil a year. The two
shale naval reserves are supposed to
conta in at least three billion barrels,
which would last the Navy 430 years.
The entire country uses 500 million
barrels a year, and the Geological Sur
vey estimates that at this rate the oil
shaie resources of the Rocky Noun
tains should last us about 1000 years.
Personally, I'm not worrying much
over what happens after that"
How much of this shale land is in
Evening star., 1924-12-21

Government hands, and how much un-
der private ownership" - ..'
The Navy has about Al 500 acres in
Colorado and $500 acres in Utah. Be-
sides this. there. are about three mill
aion acres which for the most part is
public domain. Only about 100000
acses is in private hands, but predict
that as the Texas and California oil
fields become exhausted, all the big oil
companies will stage grand scramble
for land in this new bonanza. One
company has already invested mil
lion dollars in Colorado shale lands,
and another has set up operations at
Eklo. New, which are said to be profit
able"
Evening star., 1924-12-21
BY OLIVER OWEN KUHN.

TINE German governmental and
cabinet situation remains in
state of fiux, notwithstandfng
i q truce permitting the Marx
The Challis messenger. (Challis, Idaho) 1912-current, 1924-03-26

I am prepared to do any and all
kinds of interior decorating. See my
big line of wall paper samples. Prices
easonable.-Henry Horton, Challis.
Typewriter ribbons at this office.
FOR SALE: Full blooded Rhode Is
land Red Cockerells. Write T. c.
YOUNG, Moore, Idaho.
1 have few S gallon cans of honey
that I will sell at $500 each. deliver
ed, while they 1ast.-E, B. RAN
DOLPH, Salmon, Idaho A2o
FOR SALE: Fresh, high produc
ing Holstein milk COWS and Register
ed Holstein bull, Boomer Ragapple
Clyde No. 32122S, at reasonable prices
M. E. WOLFE, Lemhi Idaho. ct
We ask that all those owing fol
subscription OF. otherwise kindly cal
in and settle. We cannot pay oul
bills unless we get what is coming &c
us. Thanks!
All kinds of office supplies at The
Messenger office.
Everything in the paper line at the
Messenger office.
Latest popular song hits for sale al
the Messenger office at 35c.
The Challis messenger. (Challis, Idaho) 1912-current, 1924-03-26
ITEMS ABOUT PEOPLE YOU KNOW

4
Fire Insurance-Hovey & Tunisoni
Miss Farrell entertained her moth
er of Butte, Tuesday night.
Deputy Sheriff Ed. Hammerly was
at May last Friday on business,
Jay Leonard was In town las Sat
urday from his home in Pahsamaroi,
Mrs, N. C. Hovey is able to be up
and around again after a weeks ILL
ness.
Mrs. A. v. Miller was over from
her home in Pahsamaroi last Friday
doing some shopping.
Tom Bradshaw was down from his
home above Clayton the later part of
last week on musiness.
Willie and John Stephens and Earl
Millick attended the meeting of the
stockmen at May last Friday.
N. C. Hovey is able to be about his
duties at the helm of the First State
Bank, after an illness of about week.
Ladies work at home, pleasant, easy
sewing on your machine. Whole or
part time Highest possible prices
patd.-L. Jones. Box 1o3, Olney, III.
Guaranteed Hemstitching and Pico-
ting Attachment Fits any sewing
machine. $3.50 prepaid or c. o. D.
Circulars free. -LaFlesh Hemsticth-,
ing Co., Dept. 2, Sedalia, Mo.
Frank Coleman returned the lat
ter part of last week from q several
months stay in Phoenix, Arizona.
Mr. Coleman's many friends will be
delighted to learn that he Is greatly
improved in health.
Word reached this city last week
that Mrs. McKendrick, a former old
time resident of Challis had died in
a Salt Lake hospital on March 18th.
Mrs. McNendrick has many friends
here who are grieved to learn of
her demise.
Joe Brasseur, who went to Moscow
on the basket ball team and stopped
off at Columbia Falls for a visit with
his mother, returned home Monday
evening. Mrs. Brasseur continues to
improve in health and will return
home as soon as the weather grows
warmer.