davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1924-06-12

him to become affiliated. This en-
ploye had the right to join an organ
ization; and the carrier had neither
a moral nor a legal right by coercive
measures to deprive this citizen Of a
right and privilege so fundamental.
zone of the primary purposes of
the transportation act is to insure to
employees the right of collective bar
gaining and to protect them from the
probability of arbitrary acts upon the
part of carriers in connection with
wages and working conditions. The
provisions of the act would be null
lifted if the carrier had the power to
compel its employees to join an organ
ization not of their own choice but of
the carriers choice.
An Unlawful Act.
"The claim of the carrier that
Murphy was only a temporary EN-
ploye and was subject to removal from
the service within 80 days has but
little weight when 1t is understood
that in this case the rule was applied
in bad faith and for the purpose of
cloaking with seeming fairness an I'M
lawful act. Murphy was discharged
because he refused to surrender rights
guaranteed to him under the law of
the land"
The decision of the majority sup
ports the shop closed against workers
who will not join the company unions.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1924-06-12
Blood on the Coal!
234 Miners Killed
in u. S. Last April

Two hundred and thirty-four coal
miners lost their lives from industrial
accidents last April. according to re-
ports received by the United States
bureau OF mines. The Benwood, w.
Va, disaster, caused by company neg
ligence, contributed 1i9 of these
deaths.
This years death rate in the mines
is higher than last years. A total Of
99s suffered violent deaths in the in.
dustry during the FIRST four months Of
1924-a death rate OF sos per million
tons produced. For the same period
last year the rate was 4.os per mil
lion tons.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1924-06-12

AMESBURY. Mass, June lin
dustrial conditions here are exceeding
ly bad Most OF the workers are en-
gagged in the textile industry. At the
present time there is very little work
and many have gone out Of town TO
look for anything that they can get.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1924-06-12
RAIL LABOR BOARD RULES THAT
WORKER CAN BE DISCHARGED FOR
REFUSAL TO JOIN COMPANY UNION

Use of arbitrary discharge to force newly employed railroad
the company union sanctioned by the rail labor
board decision ams that the Great Northern railway
within rights when discharged Edward Murphy, machn-
refusing join the carriers pet shop association Such
contradcts decisions previously rendered and
underlying principles of the transportation act
Chairman Hooper supporting opinion sustans the corporations
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1924-06-12

| farmers of the state will not support
their governor with all the organized
power at their command inside and
outside Of the governmental machinery
of the state. The same would be true
even if the state courts and legislature
were in the hands of the Farmer-La-
Dor party
True Nature of Government.
The pure farmer-Iaborite must yet
learn the nature of government.
Law-making is part of government.
So is the ruling Of court. So is the
veto and other powers of a governor.
But neither separately nor all three of
them combined constitute the whole
of government. Or, rather, they be-
come actual government only mas
much as there is organized power be-
hind them to compel obedience.
Glass Backing.
What is the present makeup of this
organized power in the state of Wash
ington? 1t is the police, the militia
and the military forces of the federal
government. 1t is the class-conscious-
ness of the ruling class. It's economic
and political organizations It's readi-
ness to support the government with
the power Of these organizations. And,
lastly, it is the readiness of the CAPT.
talist groups of Washington to back
| up the doings Of their government at
all times and by all means, when
necessary, violating their own laws.
Government a Glass Institution.
And another thing. Joel Shoemaker
seems to believe (Which, again, is
somewhat characteristic of farmer-la-
borism) that the function of govern
ment, the right sort of government, is
to arbitrate between struggling
classes, settling their disputes from
the point of view of some abstract
set of human rights"
This is an illusion, Of course. Gov
ernments are not arbiters but servants.
They do the will Of the class they re-
present And in this they are success
full only inasmuch as that class stands
behind its government in conscious,
organized way.
i
Governorship as Rallying Ground
For Struggle.
The governors ONCE Of Washington
as of any other state, when occupied
by farmer-labor representative, can
indeed be made to serve the interests
of the producing classes. But there is
only one way of bringing this about.
1t is by making the governorship the
rallying ground for the struggles
Of the masses themselves. Therefore
Raise their political consciousness.
Develop a faith in their own power.
Build and strengthen their organiza-
ton. When this is done, then and only
then will the present campaign for
farmer-labor governor in Washing
ton be real value to the workers and
exploited farmers of that state.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1924-06-12
Rx ALEXANDER RlTTELMAN.

BY ALEXANDER 5lTTELMAN.
There is at present in existence such
a thing as Farmer-Laborism, which is
neither socialism nor communism, nor
any other ism 1t is distinct polit-
ical philosophy by itself and it consti
tutes the political faith of large mum
Der of people engaged in the farmer
labor movement
What is it? 1t is peculiarly and
typically American, in the first place
In no other country in the world can
we at present find a political philo
sophy or system Of ideas that would
even remotely resemble the Farmer
Laborism of the United States.
1t is youthful, fresh, vigorous and
optimistic. 1t is bubbling with hope
and enthusiasm. It's belief in it's own
efficacy and selfsuficiency knows nc
bounds.
The social and economic ideas OF
this farmer-laboristic philosophy
some of these ideas, at least-are
extremely naive. It's conceptions OF
the state, of government as such, and
its functions in society, constitute q
mixture of petty-bourgeois liberalism
and opportunistic socialism.
1t is clearly not communism Very
far from that And it is not socialism
either. 1t is the combined political and
social philosophy of the awakening
workers and poor farmers who are
just starting out on the road to in.
dependent political action.
Farmer-Laborism as a system OF
ideas is nothing more than the dawn
of political consciousness of the op
pressed masses as it manifests itself
today in the class struggle of America
The Confession Of Faith Of a Farmer
Labor Candidate.
A fair example of this political and
social philosophy we find in the con
fession of faith of Farmer-Labor
candidate for governor printed else
where in this issue. Joel Shoemaker
candidate for governor on TIE ticket
of the Farmer-Labor party of the State
of Washington, makes it known to the
masses of his state what he stands for
and what he would do were he elected
governor
Shomaker's Platform.
Summarized in a few words, the
platform of Joel Shoemaker and the
Farmer-Labor Party of Washington
would read like this: will do every
thing necessary to make the gov.
ernor's office of the state serve the
interest Of the producers as against
the exploiters.
We have no reasons to doubt that
such are the intentions of the Farmer
Labor party of Washington and its
candidate for governor, Joel Sho
maker. In fact, this is our concep
ton: that inasmuch as the Farmer
Labor party Of Washington will be
controlled by the militant workers anG
poor farmers, and inasmuch as the
party itself will control the doings Of
its representatives in ONCE, these re
representatives. will do all in their power
to fight for the interests of the op
pressed and against the exploiters.
So that on the score of intentions
and conscious purpose we take nc
issue with Joel Shoemaker and will
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1924-06-12

Send in that Subscription Today.
The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924-1958, 1924-06-12

Send in that Subscription Todayi
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-11-27
LAND DRAINAGE
 PAYS BECAUSE YIELD LARGER
Means Earlier Condition For Cultivation Of
 The Soil

Larger crop yields, greater assurance of crops and larger profits are some of the direct results of land drainage. From the standpoint of land drain- age, water in the soil is considered from two viewpoints: Water which is drained away is known as gravity or hydrostatic water. It retards plant growth. It is the excess water which tends to flow downward under the ac- tion of gravity. Capillary water in the soil keeps it moist and supports plant growth. Land drainage removes water which is injurious to plant growth, but none of the water that is necessary and beneficial.
 Soil that has been systematically drained is in condition to cultivate 10 to 20 days earlier in the spring than undrained land, because surface and excess water will disappear soon as frost leaves the ground.
 InsureS Warmer Soil
 The soil will also be warmer because air will enter it and warm it up after the water has been removed. Seeds will, therefore, germinate sooner and young plants will grow more rapidly. On undrained land the farmer must wait for excess water to evaporate. This process takes heat from the soil which should be retained to give young plants an early start. This accounts for the slow-growing, sickly looking, yellowish plants that are seen on water-logged soils during early spring. Getting an early start gives corn more time to mature before fall frost. Small grains also have time to fill and ripen before the hottest weather sets in.
 When surplus water clogging soil pores is removed, air enters the soil. This is necessary to help liberate plant food and to stimulate plant growth. Deeper root penetration is encouraged and made possible in a drained soil. Plants thus have a larger supply of plant food to draw from. Deep-rooted plants will not be affected by drouth so much as shallow-rooted ones. For this reason, drained land is more drouth-resistant than undrained areas.
 Uniform Size Of Tile
 The volume of water which will flow through a tile line is limited to the ca pacity of the smallest tile; therefore, all tile in q particular line should be the same size. To secure an uninter- rupted flow of water, all tile should have the same diameter so there will be no effects between adjacent tile. The diameter and length of concrete tile are accurately cot trolled by the machines in which the tie are nodded. Twelve-inch length tile are 12 inches long.
 Circular tile give greater capacity for their diameter thAn oval tile. A four-inch circular tiA may carry as much water as fie e-inch tile not~, ,a true circle, When all tile in a line areA cylindrical they fom a continuous cylindrical channel for the free and rapid movement of water. Concrete tile are always cyliIlrical.
 Because they areof a uniform mix ture and nodded bynachine and cured | under uniform condions, there is very | little variation in rength. There are no soft ones. 1ere are no rough places on the insie of the tile to re- tard the flow of Nter.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-11-27
EARLY PROCESS OF
 PORTLAND CEMENT
Precise Chemical Treatment Be
 gins In Quarry Itself
By EDWARD HUNGERFORD

This is the quarry. This is the be- ginning of Portland cement. Here from the very womb of Mother Earth is taken the hard limestone rock and the clay rock that must go with 1t always as an antidote on an excess of carbonate of lime Too great a lime content would be quite as bad a fault in cement as too little. And so it is that the precise chemical processes of making ihe Portland mixture begin in the quarry itself, with the mill and its finer processes some distance away.
 Two thousand tons of rocks a day come out of this quarry for just one mill. And there are five or six other mills of practically equal size belong ing to the company that owns this one, and about 90 separate companies ln the United States producing Portland cement. Yet despite this great rush of raw material that comes into the tire less steel jaws of the omnivorous mill, the chemists each two hours make a test of the stone. They do more. From the diamond drills that are cutting down into the heart of the miniature mountain all the while, they are con- tinually taking specimens, taking them in all their mysterious-looking para phernalia and testing and analyzing them.
 Limerock varies greatly in it's lime content. And nowhere more than in this very quarry into which we are now looking. That is one of the large reasons why it is such very valuable quarry. If it were all rich in its lime content, it would be necessary to bring clay or some rock mixture low in car bonate of lime from another point. Which in turn would add an additional transportation expense to the cost of the finished product.
 Many times other things than rock are used I know of great mill which consumes 60 carloads of steel mill slae each day. In certain sections of ere ation mari is q fairly common source of cement in Great Britain use is made not only of the storiedi, chalk-cliffs of Albion but of dried mutl taken from the bed of the River Thames. And down on the Gulf coast of Texas a com pany has been finding Portland cement in the billions of oyster shells which have been deposited there through the past centuries.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-11-27
BUILD YOUR POSTS
 TO STAND BIG PULL
Corner Support In Particular Re
 quires Strength

The corner post of a fence must be constructed to stand a much greater strain than any other part of the fence. Woven wire fencing when properly erected is stretched very tightly; some times ordinary woven wire fencing AZ inches high, bears tension of several thousand pounds. When this tension is transmitted to the corner post from two angles it means that the post has to be unusually solidly anchored if it is to resist the strain. A very sub stantial type of corner post is made of reinforced concrete with a vertical sec tion 12 inches square and two wings, each six inches thick, extending in the direction of the two lines of fence which meet at the corner.
 To make such a post. forms are neces- sary and the first step is the excavation to provide room for them. Ordinary one-inch lumber is good for form use in work of this kind since it can be braced with little difficulty. The forms are put together so that the post, wings and all, is cast in one operation. The reinforcing for the vertical part consists of seven steel rods, nine-siXteenths of an inch in diameter, arranged on the two outside faces of the post at intervals of about three inches, with about one inch space between the bars and the surface Similar bars extended down through the post and into the lower part of the wings, two bars being used for each wing.
 The concrete mixture used is one part cement, two parts of wellgraded sand and three parts of pebbles or broken stone, with no particle larger than one inch in diameter. This is rather ''rich mixture" but since strength is the principal requirement. it is the proper one to use.
 No strain should be put on the post until it has hardened for at least four weeks. During this time, it should be thoroughly wetted at least once every day so the concrete may attain its maximum strtLgth
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-11-27
I'D ECORDS show that an increas- m ingly high average of automo-
 bile accidents occur each year.

ID ECORDS show that an increas- m ingly high average of automo-
 bile accidents occur each year: There are an appalling number of accidents due to cars passing from under the drivers control. This source of accidents can be eliminated by paving the streets properly. Any pavement that has surface on which tractive effort may be lost is a dangerous one.
 Accidents due to skidding happen repeatedly on wet streets and on crossings and grades. There is nothing that can be done to keep the force of gravity from pulling the car or truck down a slippery hill if the pavement is of the wrong type. Applying the brakes merely makes the car turn sideways. There is nothing that can be done to prevent the action of centrifugal force from making cars skid at corner if the pavement is one that does not allow the tires to hold. Concrete pave ments for streets present a highly efficient tractive surface. No mat ter how dangerous other pavements may be, concrete is safe for automo- piles and horses.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-11-27
USE FIREPROOF MATERIAL FOR
 YOUR DWELLING
Annual Loss In Burning Homes Immense-COn-
 crete Is Remedy

With the immense number of homes that must be built in the next few years to take care of the million poorly housed families, contractors, architects and house owners will have splendid chance to cooperate in building homes that will not fall prey to fire. The annual fire losses of dwellings alone run into unbelievable figures.
 Attention has been paid in the past to guarding schoos, theaters and fac tories against fire, public opinion hav- ing been crystallized by spectacular dis asters, but the danger of loss of life by fire in dwellings is a grave one, since for practically one-third of each day it's occupants are asleep and unguarded. A dwelling can easily be built to pro- tect it's occupants against fire by using as far as possible non-combustible build ing materials.
 FireprOOf Homes Possible
 It is possible to build homes so they will not burn. The walls, roofs and partitions may be constructed of ma terial that will not burn, and in the last analysis, there is no better or cheaper insurance. The roof may be made of tile or other mineral or stone material, while the walls may be built in any number of ways. Concrete construction throughout is being employed in many of the new homes that are to be built. Walls, floors, gables, partitions and other structural parts are easily made of concrete and constitute as firesafe a dwelling as it is possible to build.
 Furnishings Fire Hazard
 The furnishings of home will always he more or less a fire hazard. Curtains, drapes and other household accessories are easily set ablaZe. The human ele- ment also enters the situation. Some people will be careless with fire. A careless person may not only burn his own house but neighboring houses may be burned or at least damaged by the heat and flying sparks.
 Tn case some of the furnishings of the house should catch fire, a fireproOf house localizes the damage and keeps the fire from spreading. By closing the doors and windows, the flame is soon smoth. cred and other rooms are not damaged The arrival of the fire department is not so all-important as where frame buildings are on fire, and in most in stances a bucket bridage formed by the family or neighbors is sufficient to ex tinguish the blaze. Where floors are made of concrete, the damage is always less than where wood floors are used for the water damage usually exceeds the fire damage, unless the building i! near a total loss.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-11-27
Permanent roads are c good investment mot an expense

A IN A AA5AA >OOS of Postponing ? Pernanent Highway Building ng Poor motor roads stifle industry and agriculture, waste huge sums annually in high maintenance costs, and greatly increase gasoLne tire and repair bills.
 There IS not state, not county, not commit mty, that ism paying heavy price for having too few permanent roads,
 There are still many sections of the county--even whole states--that are trying to operate twentieth century traffic over nineteenth century roads. Thisis costngmilGonsofdo[lars every year, and will keep on costing millions until we have well devel- oped permanent hig ghway systems everywhere. Even what we often call the more progressive communities are far behind the demands of mod em highway traffic with its 16000,000 motor vehicles.
 From the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from Can- ada to Mexico, we need more Concrete roads, the roads for twentieth century traffic.
 Your highway officials want to be of the greatest possible service to you. Get behind them with ways and means that will provide more Concrete roads and streets. Such an investment will pay you big dividends year after year. Comant Association
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-11-27

Let us travel over all the countries of the earth and whenever we shall find no facility of travelling from q city to a town, or from village to a hamlet, we may pronounce the peo- pie to be barbariaRA-Abbs ReynaL
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-11-27

In the ancient civilization of Peru streams were bridged and strong stone roads were built Shade trees and sweet scented herbs were set along the bord- CTS of the road and at intervals. signs were erected for the direction of the traveller. Inns were built every twelve miles-a days journey.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-11-27

Long stretches of some of their great military roads, among them the Appian Way, still exist. These roads consisted of many layers of strongly bonded masonry, the chief layer, or nucleus" being a ten-inch course very similar to concrete. These highways, still in use after twenty-three centuries, are silent but convincing proof of the ever lasting durability of concrete.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1924-11-27

In the last IS years investments in automobiles have increased about 2700 per cent and highway expenditures have in the same time increased almost coo per cent
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1924-08-27
Former Partner
Graft Gives New
Angle to Mystery

New York. Aug. 26.-Williann kal'
zenbach. former partner OF Aaron
Graft. radio cabinet manufacture,
whose dismembered body was founo
last week in n Greenwich Village ca
lar. and the present partner OF JONI
L.ugosy, a carpenter. sought by the pp
lice in connection with the killtns' 70.
DAY told them Of business difference
between the three.
He said they were in partnership un.
I'll business discord resulted In an ~
rangement whereby he and LuBCG
were to manufacture 1000 radio c.oI
rets which Graf contracted 70 MARI ~,
When the contract was partially ~.
cd. Kalxenbach said. Lugosy went "
collect payment on tho cabinets oelI,'
cred, which Graf declined. the con
tract calling for payment when inc e"
tire lot had been delivered.
He asserted this led to an argume..
which, ended when no told Lugosy ~
see him at his attorneys once. nv
meeting was to have taken place 1Io,
0. but he stated Lugosy did not appe"'
and has not been seen by him since.
The police today also announced tn.,
they had found letters which sho".
that Lugosy and Charles Rass; p.a
ners of Graft before KAlzenoacn' ~
now missing. had corresponoed WV"
several women. ..-.,,.
They asserted that Miss Moxens
Grimm OF Knightdale. n. g.. one OK .n'
correspondents Of Rass. verined ~
mors that RasS had contemplAteo
trip to Europe.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1924-08-27
PITTST()N

NORTH-Mr. and Mrs. B. L. KEEL
ley of Belgrade Lakes have been
visiting Mr.. and Mrs. Roy Kelley.
Mr.. and Mrs. Frederick Davis of
Augusta were callers upon Roy Kel-
ley. recently.
Mr.. and Mrs. George Sparrow
have returned from a motor trip to
Presque Isle and points in Canada.
Leslie Sparrow is staying with
John Troop for a few days.
Mr.. and Mrs. Charles Leavitt and
family are keeping house for Mr..
and Mrs. John Troop while they are
on their vacation.
George Sparrow attended the con-
vention at Island Park on Saturday.
Lawrence Kidder of Kents Hill has
been visiting his grandfather, John
Webb.
Virginia Webb is visiting her
uncle, H. J. Webb of Winthrop,
Mass.
Friends of Will Mccormick will be
gtFd to know that he is at home now
and resting quite comfortably. Mr..
Starks is helping care for him.
Mrs. Fannie Getchell passed the
week with her cousin, Mrs John
Webb.