davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1924-12-15

Martz had a hand in the mashing
Of his and Miltons records, finishing
second after phenomenal squirt in the
final 20 miles, in hour 5S minutes51 3-5
seconds, or an average of 1852 miles
| an hour. In finishing third, 3-5 sec
onds behind Hartz, with an average OF
1861, Milton also shared in the honors
Of record smashing, as did Fred Conner,
w. Z. Shattuck and J. S. Wilkinson,
| who finished fourth, fifth and sixth, re
spectively.
Corners average was 1851, Shattuck's
124.2 and Wilson's 121 fiat. The aver
age of Pietro Bordino, who took seventh
| honors, fell below Miton's October
mark. being HAT. Phil Shafer, finish
ing eighth, also averaged 114.7.
Eddie Hearne, the only other driver
Of the 1S starters in the contest at the
finish, was tagged down with two laps
still to go.
| The seven who dropped out of the
race in the order named were Earl
Cooper, Antoine Mourre. Jerry Wonder
| Itch, Wade Morton, Peter de Paolo,
Ralph de Palma and Robert McDonough.
Cooper was the only contestant who
| had enough national championship
| points to win the American Automobile
| Association 1924 title by taking first
| place in yesterdays race, so when a
broken piston focred him from the track
before he had gone Is miles the 1924
championship went automatically. to the
late Jimmy Murphy, who was killed in
race at Syracuse, y. Y, last October.
| Murphy had earned 1885 points
| toward the title. Cooper today still
! stood second with 1,240, Hill third with
! 1874 Milton fourth with ], 101 and Conner
| fifth with 725.
Yesterdays race, the opening event
| of the newly constructed Culver City
Bowl, was witnessed by more than
| so, 900 spectators.
Evening star., 1924-12-15

turn practically none at all At the
start of the back swing the right hip
moves out straight to the right. From
the players point Of view. the hip
action in the back swing stops right
there. In fact, the hip does turn
some to the right, but the player need
give this NO thought. The hip line
would be an elIipse-strafgAt away
from the ball to the right, then q
slight turn backward. then reversed
directly through the ball. The point
is, you can hardly be in position to
throw the hips into the ball wheus
hitting unless you first draw the
right hip back. .
Copyright, 19o4.)
Evening star., 1924-12-15

-Apaches next Sunday, i'll Griffith St;
Braving severe cold weather, nearly
5000 fans turned out in Griffith
Stadium yesterday to watch the
wtnged-foot athletes overcome their
foes after trailing 10-to-0 at the end
of the first period.
Led by the dimfnutive Fee Colliere,
the youngest gridman on the field,
Mercury unleashed its attack in the
second quarter, scored three touch
downs to advance to a 19-to-10 count.
With Sullivan and Turner tearing
great holes in the Geoknick forward
wall. Cronin, Levy and Colliere gave
a sparkling demonstration of ad-
yancinE. After the second period
the issue never was in doubt. =
The Mercurys got a fourth touch
down In the final period to add six
unneeded points. Most of the work
was done in the third quarter,
though, as the ball was on the l.
yard line when the last period opened.
The eleven from Georgetown drew
first blood when OldfieId recovered a
tumble on the Mercury 1yard line
and Cashell lunged through for a
touchdown. O'Connell drop-kicked
the extra point, and later got field
goal to boost the Geoknick score to
TO to o.
Evening star., 1924-12-15
NURMI HAS PLENTY
OF RIVALS FOR RACE

CHICAGO, December 15-Desire of
additional runners to participate in
the proposed three -cornered race be-
tween Paavo Nurmi and Willie
Ritola, Finnish distance stars, and
Joie Ray, American runner, at the
Chicago Coliseum on January Is, has
caused officials to decide to enlarge
that event, Charles A. Dean. chair
man of the athletic committee of the
l. A. c., has announced.
Frey Liewendhal. Findlander, who
qualified for the final of the 5000
meter run in the Olympic games last
Summer and who now is in Chicago.
will represent the Finnish American
A. c., Dean said. Filus Doolittle of
Butler College. American Olympic
runner, also has been accepted by
Dean. who may enlarge the field even
more.
Chairman Dean also announced that
in case Nurmi. who will be permitted
to name the distance, elects a route
shorter than mile, Ray will not run.
Ray Watson or Ray Dodge of the:I l.
A. C. would be substituted in that
case,> he said.
The race in which Nurni will par
ticipate is to be the feature of a
program of relay and handicap
events.
Evening star., 1924-12-15
EVENING STAR LEAGUE.

RAY Rooerts Pirates gained a. full
game on the leading Bucks when the
former trimmed the badly crippled
Yanks in three straight. The best
the Bucks could do with the Dodgers
was to take two.
Reds picked up game on Whit
ford's Giants, taking the odd game in
their match.
Arthur Baur, who Is showing re-
markabfe improvement this season.
continued his consistent rolling with
a set OF 1856.
Dave McCarty, captain of the Reds,
rolled the best game and set last
week-1l0 and 343.
Last weeks winners of prizes were:
Glass A. McCarty. 14o; Glass B, Ise-
man. los; Glass c., Little, 116, and
Glass D, Haarer, I24.
Hendley.continues to lead the .in-
dividuaIs. but by a very small mar
Ein.1 ...ss
Rsds had the best game last week,
ST. andsthe Pirates rolled tbs top
set, 1901. Haarer had a game of 1874.
This weeks schedule: Reds VS..
Pirates, Giants vs.. Bucks and Yanks
vs.. Dodgers. ..e /
Evening star., 1924-12-15
COLLEGE BODY ADOPTS
A PLAYER WRITER RULE

PORTLAND, Oreg., December Is.
- pInyer-wrfter rule has been
adOpted by the Pacific Coast In
tercOliegfate Conference.
1t will make Ineligible for conf
petition any foot ball player who
writes an article concerning the
Erfdfron game for publication in
any Journal except his college
paper. Hc may write on base ball
or track. providing he does not
participate In them.
Equally, the track or base ball
man may write about foot ball,
but must not touch on his own
sport. except in the student pub
llcations of his own fnstitutfon.
Evening star., 1924-12-15
WEGNER CHOSEN LEADER
OF ST. JOHNS GRIDMEN

ANNAPOLIS. December 15.-Henry
F.. (Heinie) Wegner of Baltimore will
lead St. Johns College on the grid
iron next Fall. His election was
made by the players who were award
ed the college insignia for their work
curing the season just closed.
Wegner is halfback. He Is a good
hurler of the forward pass, also capa-
BILE as a punter and drop-kicker. He
weighs ITO pounds.
The PLAYERS awarded letters were
Barger, Jarvis, Noble, Moore, Cum
ningham. Gessner, Rice, Lynn, Will
liams, Callahan, Dell, Humphries,
Webb. Wegner, Desanties. Dugan, c..
Lutz, Merrick, Roseberry and w. Roe.
Evening star., 1924-12-15

numbers there, MIR. FINLEY SAID.
The Yellowstone elk are ordinarily
able to remain in the preserve, where
they are protected by the Govern
ment, but conditions have made them
an easy prey this year, he declared.
Secretary Hoover told the United
States Fisheries Association that
Great Lakes sturgeon have decreased
9S per cent In 40 years.
And that shad have decreased 20
per cent in 80 years.
And that salmon have decreased so
per cent on the Pacific Coast and
have entirely DISAPPEARED on the At
lantic.
LOuiAanA's yvhistIfnE froE,' which
sings, like a bird, is one of the seven
species Of tree frogs that live in
Tamany Parish. It's notes cannot be
distinguished from one of the calls
Of the red-bellied woodpecker. Con-
sider1ng the frog family as a whole
1t is doubtful If any area it's size in
the world has a greater frog popula-
tion than Honey Island, near Boga-
lusa- Already there have been re-
corded 20 distinct species of frogs
and toads, the voices Of nearly all of
which are sometimes audible during
q single Summer night, according to
Sim WeiS
Evening star., 1924-12-15

Suppose. however, the Pasadena
game is staged as scheduled on New
Year day and the Quaker Bear battle
on January g. In such event Andy
Smith, and some 10000 fans, could run
down to Pasadena and see the Four
Horsemen try their speed against
Warmers outfit. returning in plenty
OF time to see how the Gold Diggers
fare against the powerful Red and Blue
team.
Incidentally just about 100000
hinged on the accuracy of Cudde
backs toe when he kicked the goal,
which tied the score for Stanford in
tho California game.
Had Cuddeback's kick failed the
University of Southern California. or
possibly the Washington huskies,
Evening star., 1924-12-15
BANKERg LEAGUE.
r..

washington LIOan mo. IaiIeU
to pull National Bank Of Washington
out of first splace, though 1t did
manage to take one game out Of three
from the leaders.
Swartzell, Rheem & Hensey took
the odd game from Park Savings.
American Security cleaned up Dis
triet, pulling up couple Of notches.
Second National pushed Merchants
a little farther down In the cellar by
taking llthree, whiIesPerpetual was
whitewashing Riggs No. D.
NARROW OF Second National was
high for the week for game and set
prizes. with 137 and 346.
Evening star., 1924-12-15
BRITISH G0LFING STARS
BEAT HAGEN-SARAZEN

ST. AUGUSTINE, Fla, December
l5.-George Duncan and Abe Mitchell
of Great Britain yesterday defeated
walter Hagen and Gene Sarazen,
American professional, and 8, in
a match Of ,36 holes.
Duncan and Mitchell. were inside
the Americans on their approach
shots virtually throughout the match
Duncan was in rare: form in the
morning, when he hadsa score Of So
ana his team was three up. Hagen
and Sarazen played hard in. the aft
srnoon, but could not break through,
because of the brilIiaht team work OF
the foreigners. a':.' ,'ss. :. a. -
Cards Of the match follow:
Evening star., 1924-12-15

ulio w -AliiiSliS >idO niio tAiS
dunn.
Southern Preps were forced to bat
tie all the way to down the Apache
Preps, to 0, in the deciding game
of the 135-pound foot ball race. After
Kyle's kick was blocked by Kelliher
on the Apaches' 20-yard line. G. De
Chard, Sue and Clark rushed the ball
within two yards of goal the last
mentioned player carrying it across.
The Southerns made IT first downs,
while their opponents registered but
one. Silverman played well for the
victors.
Anacostia Eagles are casting about
for a game with the Geoknicks, to
be played next Sunday.
Mount Rainier Emblenis took the
measure of the Argyle Athletic Club
in a hard-fought 9-to-7 engagement.
Kiatti and watkins were in the lime
light for the winners. Challenges to
the Emblems are being received by
Manager Flester at Main 1877,
Crescent Athletic Club closed it's
1924 season by trouncing the Rovers, %
to 0. Sam Perkins of the Crescents
was the outstanding player. - ~s--- .
Evening star., 1924-12-15
LOUISIANA STATE NAMES
GRID BATTLES FOR 1925

BATON ROUGE, December 15.-The
1925 foot ball schedule of the Lou
isiana State University Is practically
complete, only two dates remaining
open. The list:
september-26, open.
october-3 Southwestern; 10, Alabama: IL,
Mississippi: a. Tennessee, at Knoxville; 81,
Arkansas. at Shreveport.
November-7, Rice Institute; II. open; q,
Tulane, at New Orleans.
Evening star., 1924-12-15
EPISCOPAL HIGH QUINT
SCHEDULES is GAMES

Episcopal High School has sched-
uled 16 basket ball games. Tech
and Dewitt are the only Washington
quints on the list The schedule:
January 10. open; IA, Leonard Hall; II. st.
Adams; 81, .Gallaudet Reserves: "a, Gilman;
3O Augusta Military Academy, at Lynchburs; /;
81. Virginia Episcopal School. at Lynchburg.
II. Baltimore City College; "a, Fishburne
Academy; IS. Tech High; q, Baltimore Poly;
25, Dewitt; %. Woodberry Forest, at Orange,
Evening star., 1924-12-15


Grif7th Stadium October 81. The Hill
toppers now have only September rs
to I'LL to complete their 10-game list.
Georgetown has played Detroit but
once. 1t went to the Michigan city
several years ago and was beaten by
the Tltans. Lebanon Valley and King
College will not be strangers here, the
Hilltoppers having met both of these
teams in the Georgia avenue park.
Catholic University will not have
much opportunity to rest after its
stirring game with Blue Ridge Col
lege at Brookland Saturday night.
The Red and Black basket ball team
is to be sent into a contest Wednes-
day night at the City Club against the
representative quint of that organiza-
ton. Little 10 known of the City Club
aggregation this season, but last Win
ter 1t was a very capable floor outfit.
Evening star., 1924-12-15

players in their
idea of the pivot.
The player told
he must pivot, Inn
medLately under
stands this n
turning his body
around to the
right. UnfOrtu-
nateIy he IL sell
d o m corrected.
The pivot is not q
matter of turning
the body. The
pivot takes place
In the shoulders.
They turn cOnsid-
erably to the
right. near the
top of the back
swing. The hlns
Evening star., 1924-12-15

would have been Notre Danes oppo-
nent at Pasadena. But by tying Cali
fornia Stanford split the Pacific Goa st
championship with the Bears and
thereby made of itself a post-season
attraction.
In dollars and cents it means not
less than 100000 added to the Palo
Altons' athletic fund, which, by the
way, showed great deal of red ink
this year. because of the cancelins
of the contest with Southern Cali
fornia.
The Pasadena contest will he han
died entirely by Stanford. 1t will rent
the Tournament of Roses Stadium
and the receipts at the high prices to
be charged are not expected to fall
below 100000.
Evening star., 1924-12-15
NEW. YEAR DAY BATTLES
/ AROUSINC MUCH INTEREST
Stanford-Notre Dame Game Is Expected to Attract
500, 900 Cate-Ardent Fans Are Praying for
Rain to Delay Quaker-Bear Fray.
BY LAWRENCE PERRY.

YORK, December 5Foot devotees the West
peculiar these They for
Year day-tha Berkeley,
in Pasadena.
If is California game
will be until the following Saturday. that enthusiasts who
wish to both the Dame and the
contests will thus have doing
Andy Smith the coach of the Bears already expressed himself
of the Berkeley He
Rockne' Golden Bears play
the the Rockne Glenn Warner he
Evening star., 1924-12-15

the nfSt team anp IOuT on tnc scCoii
Those considered worthy of first
team jobs were Supplee. left end:
Hough, right guard, and Besley, left
halfback The second team selections
from Maryland were Beatty, left end;
Bromley, left tackle; Burger, right
tackle. and Pugh. left halfback.
1t is interesting to note that four of
these athletes are Washingtonians.
Supplee. Hough. Burger and Pugh all
learned the rudiments of the gridiron
while attending Tech High School.
and all were chosen for all-high
school teams.
Georgetown has filled three more
dates in its 1925 foot ball schedule.
Lebanon Valley will be played here
October 10, University of Detroit at
Detroit a week later, and King Col
lege will be encountered in Clark
Evening star., 1924-12-15
'ae'n X44E1, rs 4se-7e-141
WALSH MAY NOT PLAY.

SALTWATER, Okla, December Is.
Adam Walsh. captain and center of
the Notre Dame foot ball team, prob
ably will be unable to participate in
tho game with Leland Stanford. New
Year day, because of an. injury to
his fDot. Walsh, who Is visiting here,
is under the care Of q physician.
Evening star., 1924-12-15

the advanced standing list of the bi
obscurity, he suddenly appears at
This, going on for years, has built
up an amazing network Of under
ground politics. II you follow foot
ball closely in the newspapers, you
will continually see boys from the
smaller schools In the personnel of
the big college teams. 1t was this
that led to the adoption Of the one
year rule in various universities, re-
quiring q year of attendance before
admission to foot ball. But this by
no means solved the problem. 1t
merely means that the boy is kept in
training during his year Of waiting
and Is so much more valuable as a
foot ball asset, when he is finally
used.
Some day this whole story of mys-
Evening star., 1924-12-15
HOCKEY PLAYER SOLD.

TORONTO, Ontario, December 10
William Red Stuart, member of the
team that won the world hockey
championship for Toronto in 1922,
has been sold to the Boston club for
an unstated amount.
Evening star., 1924-12-15
HILLS GETS LETTER.

FAalph Hills, -Washingtonian at
tending Princeton. has beensAwar4ed
q letter for his work with the Tiger
foot bali team this fall HIS was
q regular In the line and played q
good game all season. ~ ~ -, !.
Evening star., 1924-12-15
INDIANS PICK LAKELAND.

CLEVELAND. December 15.-The
Cleveland American League team
VIII train at Lakeland, Fla, next
Spring. The veteran pitchers will ar
rive at Hot Springs February Ii for
two weeks conditioning.
Evening star., 1924-12-15
DELTA SIGMA sExTETyW1Ns,

Girl tossers of the Delta Sigma
team who triumphed oversthe Calvary
presented q. star. in Phoebe. Rroaduss.
who ACCOUNTED for thirteen bsskstA
Evening star., 1924-12-15
WARRINGTON LADIES LEAGUE.

! Judging by the present standing Of
|, the Quints the race for 'titflar honors
has resolved itself into strtKgle be-
tween the Commercials and. Mount
Peasants. HI -
Mount Peasants. gave the Colum-
bians q serious setback Thursday by
Evening star., 1924-12-15
MT. PLEASANT pucKPN LEAGUE.

LEADING PERFORMERS.
High team game-Mt. Peasants, ell
High team set-Hilltops, 1.740.
High team sverage-Hilltops. 52s-2s.
High individual averase-Metrakos, Hill
tops, l1o-5.
High Individual Eame-Lehman, Hilltops,
1855. :.
High Individual setv-EAhman,' Hilitops, 100.
Greatest number Of strikeB-LAhman, Hill
tops, -.
Greatest number Of spares-Rissles. HILL
tops. II. -
Evening star., 1924-12-15
ATHLETIC CLUB LEAGUE. =

LEADING PERFORMERS. 4s.,~E
High-t team Eams-Arlington, 6s4.
High team eet-oDonneH, 1856. =
High Individual average-Tom Bean, Corby,
1906.
strikes-Jim CLARK. O'DonneIIs, H.
Spares-C F1eishman, O'Donnells ~.
High individual game-John Aycock, Ar.
1ington, Il.
High individual set-Jim Clark, O'Donnells,
Evening star., 1924-12-15
GEORGE Low TELLS:
A Horrible Colfng Disease.

MOST psychological phase golf effect
~ mind consequently, by observing
other persons ''''-''''' -
In Baltusrol1 along smooth
hole of the final After
mashe pitch because
occupied.
hang ball while waited for the ahead
to
fifteenth which paraeed the fifth they the
Evening star., 1924-12-15
OLD LINE GRIDMEN
ON ALL-MARYLAND SQUAD

UNIVERSITY OF MARYLANDs foot ball have
this certainly
outeassed other elevens its Gdron
selecting Mayand have been partial toward the
The Baltimore
has picked Old Liners for his all Maryland squad placing three
Evening star., 1924-12-15

These notes range in tone from the
pleasant cricket-like cav of the
spadefoot toads, to the deep bass
bull-like below of the giant Louis
lana bullfrog-bandmaster par ex
cellence." There is a mood of one
of these frogs that brings forth
note which trills for barely a minute.
yet entrances the listener with the
sweetness and volume of its tones.
g., The commercial frogs of louisiana
are quite important. In fact, there is
statute on its books that begins
thus: The ownership and title of all
frogs found in the State Of Louisiana
is hereby declared to be in the State"
This distinction is not due to their
voices, but to their hind legs, so cele-
brated as a delicacy that Japan has
imported Louisiana bullfrogs to
stock frog farms in that faraway
country.
Evening star., 1924-12-15
InSideGolf
NV Chester Horton
BY Chester Horton.

One task in golf instruction that in
SO difficult I sometimes almost give
up in despair Is that of correcting
Evening star., 1924-12-15
MERCURY ELEVEN GAINS
SANDLOT CRIDIRON CROWN

Z ITH the Mercury gmn unlimited sandot cham
Wv OF result their 2toO
the Geoknicks, only will be offered
th Club and
ha.c C...la Gl
Evening star., 1924-12-15

As the owner of one-third of our
remaining forest in this country, the
farmer is recognized along with the
lumb erman in the recently enacted
McNary-Clarke bill. He is to be given
encouragement in the growing tim
Der as a crop, says the American For
estry Association.
Evening star., 1924-12-15
THE CALL OF THE OUTDOORS
BY WILL FL. DIG,
President Izaak Walton League OF america

l. FINLEY, Oregon naturalist has asked the
wv Wyoming declare a closed elk this
' The tame of Park being to
owlands
Evening star., 1924-12-15
& :$$E :S5$ :$$&,
Willow THE BOYS MOVE UP.
thheid for obvious reasons.)

activity coaches, grad
VV backdoor colleges
impossible college
col
of
nhsctri he udden annear at 1ar1eru nuef
Evening star., 1924-12-15

Tomorrow, How the Scout Works.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1924-05-16
KIN OF P'ENRDSE
Flags NIECES
IN WILL
Reyokes Requests to Them
in codiciI and Denounces
Their "Ingratitude"


PHILADELPHIA, May 16.-De-
nouncing the ''ingratitude and un-
kindness of her three nieceg, Lydia
s. Penrose, aunt of the late Sena.
tor Boies Penrose. in codicll to
her will, revoked requests made to
them, it was learned today.
The bulk of the estate is left to
the Hollond Memorial Church, the
Presbyterian Home for Aged
Couples, the Presbyterian Hospital
and the Presbyterian Home for
Widows and Single Women. Per.
sonal property disposed of under
the will totals $4,000. No value
is placed upon real estate holdings,
which are said to be large.
Bequests are also made to the
Rev. William A. Paden and Dr.
Edward H. Dedrosse. Miss PEN
rose. who was ninety years old,
died April 6.
The nieces mentioned in the
codicil are Ellen w., Jennie A., and
Lydia F. Penrose. They are cut
off. Miss Penrose stated in the
codicil, because of the ingratitude
and their unlxindness toward me in
connection with the settlement of
the estate of my sweet mother,
Valeria s. Penrose."
The three nieces, in July, 1921,
filed objection to the accounting
of the estate of Valeria Penrose,
who died many years ago without
leaving a will. Miss Lydia Pen
rose acted as executrix. Allega-
tions were made in the objection
that trust fund of $4,000 had
been unwisely administered.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1924-05-16
TOO ILL TO WORK, WIFE
SCALDED HIM. CLAIM

OAKLAND, Calf, May 16.--Jo-
seph Cabral, 46, said he was too i'll
to work and remained in bed.
His wife, Mary, demanded that he
rise and seek job. When he re-
fused she poured kettle of boiling
water over him, he told police today
at the county hospital where he is
being treated for severe burns on
the arms and chest.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1924-05-16
LANGLEY OUT Of
DANGER At TER
COLLAPSE
Congressman Breaks Down as
Result of Strain OF Ken
lucky Trial

Congressman John w. Langley
q Kentucky is in state of physical
collapse at his home in Washington
% aresult Of the strain Of his trial
ana conviction in Kentucky on
charges OF conspiracy to violate the
prohibition laws.
The Kentucky Congressman has
been sentenced to two years in the
Federal prison at Atlanta. He is
now on bond awaiting decision on
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1924-05-16
DIVES.
FOR GOLD IN !.
WRECK
Admiral Of France, Was
Sunk Off Scotch Coast
in November, 1888.
BY #. A. WRAY.
International News Service.

LONDON, May 16.- Margaret
Naylor, first woman deep.sea diver,
is renewing attempts at Tobermory
off the west coast of Scotland. to
salvage the Spanish treasure ship
Admiral Of Florence. sunk there in
November, 1888.
Reputed to have 10000, 900 golden
pieces Of eight" abroad, the sunken
galleon has hitherto defied every at.
tempt at salvage, In 1918, however.
Colonel Foss succeeded in recover.
ing from her pewter dishes. coins.
cannon balls and other relics. But
he met with an accident and has
trained Miss Naylor to take over
his work.
ut ought to be a fairly simple
job now" says Colonel Foss. Miss
Naylor has discovered that the YES.
seIs poop lies under three feet of
clay. and this can be cleared away
in couple of days. 1t will then
remain to get into the ship by
sluicing the mud and sand out of
her. When this has been done, a
better idea can be formed as TO the
best means of raising the ship to
the surface"
The first attempt to recover the
lost treasure was made by Archibald
Millar, who descended in a primitive
diving bell in the seventeenth cen-
fury. He secured an iron box. with
documents relating to the treasure,
two huge anchors and a crown and
diadem.
The crown and diadem he lost es
he rose to the surface. Various
other attempts at subsequent times
have gained various articles of beau.
tiful workmanship, but the treasure
has so far remained intact.