davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1923-03-23

the mark of king is his crown, the mark gentleman
his hat and how he handles it. The hat language
all its There suitable hat for every suit
able style Of hat for head method of lifting
dong his hat be expressive of genty bearing
ball room.
The Indianapolis times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1922-1965, 1923-03-23

and the cordially of his smile being
the measure Of the impression he
would create.
Imperial Valley press., 1923-06-18
No. 1874
No. 1874
Department l
IN THE SUPERIOR CoRTH OF
THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
IN AND FOR THE COUNTY
OF IMPERIAL

In the Matter of the Application of
, VIOLA MILLER, to Become u
Sole Trader.
Notice is hereby given that Viola
Miller, wife of Fred Miller, resident
of the City of Calexico, County of
Imperial, being desirous of availing
myself of the Provisions of Title
XII Part III of the Code of Civil
Procedure, intend to make appli-
cation to the Superior Court of the
County of Imperial, State of Cali
fornia, on Friday, the 9th day of
July, 1923, at the opening of the
court on that day, in Department l.,
thereof, or on such other day TO
which the said hearing may be ad-
journed by this court, for judg-
ment and order of the said court
authorizing me to carry on and
transact business in my own name
and on my account as sole trader.
The nature of the business | pro-
pose to carry on and conduct is that
Of Rooming House or Hotel in the
City of Calexico, County of Imper-
ial, State Of California.
VIOLA MILLER,
June IL, 18, 2 5, July 2.
Imperial Valley press., 1923-06-18
No. 1179
NOTICE OF HEARING PETITION
FOR THE APPOINTMENT
OF TRUSTEE
In the Superior Court Of the State
of California, in and for the
County of Imperial

In the Superior Court of the State
of California, in and for the
County Of Imperial
In the Matter of the Trusteeship
of EDWARD SCHMIDT, miss
ing person.
In pursuance to an order made
by the Court in the above entitled
matter, notice is hereby given that
the petition Of Allen p. Nuffer, for
his appointment as Trustee of the
estate of the said Edward Schmidt,
alleged to be missing person as
provided by Section 1922 Code of
Civil Procedure, State of Califor-
MIA, will be heard on the Goth day
of June, 1923, at two o'clock p. NJ
of said day in Department l of
said Court at which time all per-
sons interested in the estate of
said Edward Schmidt may appear
and show cause if any they have
why the said Allen P. Nuffer
should not be appointed Trustee of
the estate of said Edward Schmidt
and that the said Edward Schmidt
shall be declared to be Il missing
person.
c. G. MOUSSEAU, Clerk.
June IA, 1928. 15t6
Imperial Valley press., 1923-06-18
NOTICE OF INTENDED
SALE

TO WHOM 1T MAY CONCERN:
THIS IS TO CERTIFY AND TO
GIVE NOTICE that the undersign
ed intended Verdor intends to sell
to f. d. jacobs, the undersigned
intended Ven9ee, at Ell Centre, Cali
fornia, on She 22nd day of June,
1928, that certain business hereto
fore conducted by the undersigned
intended Vendor, Louis Obhied and
w. Samaha, known as The Cash
Store, FL Centre, California, that
business iss located at No. Fifth
Street, County of Imperial, State
of California and consists of groc
cry stock and fixture.
That the address of the intend
ed Vendor is No. Fifth ST., Ell Cen
tro, California and the address Of
the intended Vendee is GAL Main
St., FL Centre, California, that the
said sale will be consummated on
the 22nd day of June, at office Of
Channel Commercial CO., 355 Com
mercial St., FL Centre, California
Signed this 10th day of June,
1923.
LOUIS OBHIED,
w. SAMAHA.
F. d. JACOBS.
Imperial Valley press., 1923-06-18
$4,000 Coming to
L. A. for Summer

"Those who have never enjoyed
the balmy coolneSs of summertime
in Southern California, do not real
ize what a tre@t is in store for
them" said Ross y. Boggs, presi-
dent and manager of the Hotel Van
Nuys, one of Los Angeles best
known hotels.
Mr.. Boggs, who is credited with
being the father of The All-the-
Year Club Idea which has been the
means of bringing thousands Of sum
mer visitors and permanent resi-
dents to the Sunny Southland has
behind his enthusiasm for the sum
mer season mass of cold figures
TO support him.
Government records for the past
II years show that the average
mean temperature in Southern Cali
fornia during that period has been;
June Sc; July 20; August II; and
September 60. For years California
has touted her marvellous winter eli
mate and but recently has told the
world about the charm of summer
time, which TO my mind is far the
more delightful.
$4,000 Coming to L. A.
"Advance reservations from the
hotels here as well as accurate fig
ures obtained from the railroads in
dieate that over 10000 visitors are
coming to Los Angeles this sum
mer.
"Our hotel is well known
throughout the west for its tradi-
ti0ns and cuisine and we are ex-
pending "a considerable sum OF
money in new furnishings and are
Increasing the number of rooms
with bath by ) per cent to be able
10 properly take care of our share
ofthe visitors when they arrive. -
Imperial Valley press., 1923-06-18
HOLTVILLE
BY United Press Leased Wire

HOLTVILLE, June 1S.-Mrs. An
ma Kingsbury, who has been assist
ant principal at the Holtville high
school for the past two years, will
leave Wednesday for Los Angeles
where she will attend the summer
school at the University of South
ern California. Iier son, Ralph and
her father Mr.. Skinner, viii leave
also with her and they viii go as
far as Los Angeles with Arthur
Cox, who is going to Santa Barbara
to join his wife and family for the
summer.
Andy Broadbent and Virgil Sans
have commenced the operation of &,
stage from here to Yuma. They
made their initial trip Friday with
three passengers, and will continue
to run daily. They are both old
pioneers of tae' valley but are now
making their homes at Yuma.
Mrs. Kenneth Burke and children
spent the week end with her mother
Mrs, J. r. Turley of Fl Centre.
Miss Dresser Back
Miss Irene Dresser returned from
Stanford Sunday night, t. remain
with her parents, Mr.. and Mrs. W.
l. Dresser during the summer.
Mrs. Allcrs Harvey, while crank
ing her car Saturday, had the mis-
fortune of having her wrist badly
sprained, when the crank kicked
on her.
Mr.. and Mrs. Bob Alexander and
children accompanied Mr.. and Mrs.
Gordon Schneider to Live Oaks Sun
day for the day.
The Holtville Seiots attending the
regular meeting It El Centre Fri
day night were Frank Beale, Err
nest Edwards, Harry Pike, Huber
Collins and D. B. Roberts. They re-
ported very interesting meeting.
Here from Corona
Mr.. and Mrs. Preston Bunum are
down from Corona visiting Mrs .
Bunum s parents Mr.. :.nd Mrs. 4. B. I.
Jones, for a few days.
Mrs. Anna Kingsbury and son
Ralph, and, her father Mr. Skinner |
were ulHhS4 SutSts tstt tNt uodie VI /!
Mr.. and Mrs. c. D Hartshorn Sun /
day.
Mr.. Garriek Of Chicago, father of |
Wilbert Garrick and Mrs. Arthur
sehuler, arrived Monday to go into |
business here with his son. Mr.. |.
Garrick has made several visits
here but win stay permanently .
this time.
Imperial Valley press., 1923-06-18

the securing of its endorsement, the
matter viii be presented to the ma
tional organization at its conven-
ton in San Francisco in October,
and if successful in obtaining the
endorsement of that body, the whole
power of the American Legion in
these United States,will be thrown
behind the Swipg-Johnson bills
Therefore, we of the American
Legion of the Imperial Valley feel
that it is no violation of the pre-
cepts of the Legion to make the eff
fort to throw the power of the ma
tional organization behind the
Swing Johnson Bill.
Imperial Valley press., 1923-06-18
NOTICE OF SALE

To All Whom 1t May Concern:
Please take notice that the un-
dersigned, T. B. White, at White $
Service Station, in the town of
Seeley, County of Imperial, State
of California, will on Monday,
June IS, 1923, at 10 O'Clock a. III.
offer for sale to the highest bidder
fors cash, one Maxwell touring car
automobile, Serial No. 124S61, Eng.
No. 10-30-15 P3, four cylinder, Mod
ell 25, to satisfy a garage bill for
labor and parts and material fur
nished and for storage, the total to
date amounting to $3.50, interest
and costs of sale to be added.
Dated at Secley, Calf, June 8,
1923.
otto 7. R. WHITE.
Imperial Valley press., 1923-06-18
Kepley Denies Any Intention of
Valley Legion to Enter Politics;
Explains Stand ON Boulder Dam

John NJ. Keplev, past commander
of BOyce Aten Pest, declares that
the recent stand taken by the In
terpost-Council of the American lie.
gion in the valley on the Swing
johnson Bill has created a mistaken
impression in some quarters that the
Legion boys intend to WELD their
power in political way.
He makes the following statement
in regard to the aims that actuatcd
the valley Legion to get be
hind the Boulder Dam proposition,
in an effort to secure endorsement
b ythe state and national bodies of
that organization.
"It ehas been asked repeatedly
if, by supporting the Swing-Johnson
bill, the American Legion of In
perial Valley had decided to become
a political organizations
1.-The American Legion of the
Imperial Valley most certainly has
not decided to become a political
organization. Both the national and
state executive committees of the
Legion have held that it is within
the scope of the Legion to fight
politically for any legislative meas
lres that affect directly the wei
fare of the ex-service men or the
American Legion. No one will ar
que that because the Legion has in
sisted on certain legislation in re-
gard to disqualification that they
have turned themselves into polit-
ical organization.
Will Open Up Land
"The support by the American
Legion Of the Swing johnson bill
comes in exactly the same eatagory.
The bill provides for the bringing of
water, through an Au-American
Canal, onto the east side Mesa,
where, according to authorltive in
formation, there lies between 100,-
600 and 100000 acres of the finest
land in the Imperial Valley, and
with the delivery of water TO this
mesa. the land is to be thrown open
to entry by the Secretary Of the In
terror and a preferential right to
file thereon for 90 days granted to
ex-service men.
"Then, too, the American Lee
gion endeavors to be an unselfish
ANY time that it, or
its members, can be Of service to the
community it becomes Il Adutv of
the organization. And we of the
Legion feel that aside
from securing for the eX-service
men of the Cnited States some of
the finest land that can be had we
have, in supporting the Swing
Johnson bill, IN opportunity to as
sist Imperial Valley in securing an
adequate water supply for all time,
and in perfecting system Of stor-
age and flood control that is vital
20 our valley.
Toar Of Eaucation
- II is with view to getting the
endorsement of the Legion OF the
state for the owing-J ohnson bill at
its annual convention to be held the
latter part of August at Eureka,
Humboldt county, California, that
the Interior-Post Council OF the Lc-
gion of this county has decided to
send five members of the Legion
the state to acquaint the
v%Fious posts with the situation rs
it exists, and to inform them of the
benefits 20 be received by the ez-
service men of the United States.
Following the state convention and
Imperial Valley press., 1923-06-18
UNIVERSITY GIRL
COMPLETES THESIS
ON |. v. HISTORY
Authentic Record Dates
Back to Spanish
Explorers

Miss Ora Mott. of the University
Of California, has competed very
comprehensive thesis on the history
Of Imperial Valley, which will be
made a part of the library records
of the university. Copies also will be
sent to the state library and TO
the library at Washington.
The history starts with the earli-
est mention of this country by the
Spanish explorers who touched on
the Pacific Coast and sent expedi-
iions into the back country on ex-
ploration trips, which returned with
tales of a vast desert. Mention is
made of the infrequent visits TO
what is now Imperial Valley by the
early Franciscans, and later by
Lieutenant Hardy of the British
Royal Navy, for whom Hardy's Col
orado is named.
The march of American soldiers
across the desert, during the Mex
lean War, is vividly described, and
the early invest gations of those
who were interested in the attempts
TO reclaim the dcs art.
Exhaustivc Research
TT modern h cry Of tie valley.
tsrtiltg with IL rveys of Rock
wood in the eal'y rinetics, is treat
ed with a knowledge that shows ex
haustive research aud much at
tention to detail Authentic ac-
counts of the early settlers, which
Miss Mott obtained from present
pioneer residents of the valley, pres
ent many facts unknown . the
average person living here.
Miss Mott, who is at present in
FL Centre, was assisted in prepar
ing her thesis by James T. Coyle,
secretary of the FL Centre Chamber
of Commerce, VINO supplied much
valuable data, and to whom she
makes acknowledgement in her pre-
face. Other local residents to whom
acknowledgment is made are Al
bert Durham, "Scotty' Russell, T.
w. Waite, and others.
1t is Miss Mott s intention to
the thesis into real history
of the valley, which should prove
to be the most authentic record of
the story of Imperial Valley yet
written.
Imperial Valley press., 1923-06-18
NOTICE OF HEARING OF PETI
TION FOR PROBATE OF
WILL

In the Superior Court, Of the State
of California, in and for the
County of Imperial.
In the Matter of the Estate of
SARAH JANE COLE, Deceased.
Notice is hereby given that the
petition of Franklin j. Cole, for
the Probate of Viii OF Sarah Jane
Cole, Deceased, and for the issuance
of Letters Testamentary thereon to
Franklin j. Cole will be heard at
two O'Clock P. NJ, on the Goth day
of June, 1923, at the Court Room
of Department of the Superior
Court of the State of California, in
and for the County of Imperial. /.
Dated, June 13, 1923.
. G. G. MOUSSEAU,.
County Clerk
BY E. B. Kirk, Deputy.
(SEAL) 14t10
Imperial Valley press., 1923-06-18
Speed Law Still
Says Limit is
80 Miles Hour

Contrary TO the opinion held by
many autoists, there has been no
change in the legal speed allowed
for automobiles travelling on high
ways at night. The present speed
limit under the California Vehicle
Act, is 80 miles an hour after dark.
The recent session of the Legislature
passed law authorizing a speed of
50 miles an hour at night, but the
law has not as yet been placed in
force. according to the local office
eof the Automobile Club, which has
advised its members that so miles
is still the legal speed. Automobil-
lists who are inclined TO "step on
it, in the belief that they are
within the law in going above 80
miles an hour, are likely to meet
with grief if apprehended.
Imperial Valley press., 1923-06-18
Two Chi dren
Die When House
Burns Near L. A
by United Press Leased Wire

LOS ANGELES, June 1s.-Two
little children were burned to
death when the nome of J. r.
Lester at Sawtelle was burned late
last night.
The dead are Barbara Lester, >,
and William Pruyn, 3.
Little Minnie Lesler, 6, was
badly burned.
The fire was of unknown origin.
Mrs. Lesler had put the tots to bed
and gone out to nurse sick
friend when the fatal blaze sudden
ly sprang up and swept the wooden
structure of the house.
Imperial Valley press., 1923-06-18
Love Affair i'm
Tragic Ending
BY United Press Leased Wire

NOGALES, Ariz., June 1s.-After
Private Charles w. Stevens of the
25th infantry here had fired seven
bullets into the body of Mrs. Robert
Coates, he 'phoned to a customs Of
fieer living nearby Come and
take me as l am, he shouted as
the officer approached the spot
where the dead woman lay. Then
the soldier fired two bullets through
his own heart, dying instantly.
A lovers quarrel was believed to
be the cause Of the tragedy.
Assistant Farm Advisor Ryerson
of Los Angeles county SAYS that the
largest avocado crop in the history
of the industry is in sight.
Imperial Valley press., 1923-06-18
MAUGHN AT SALT
LAKE CITY IN AIR
STUNT FLIG HI Z

SAN FRANCISCO, June 49,
Preparations for the arrival here of
Lieut.. r. L.. Maughan, army flier,
making a survey flight from the
Atlantic to the Pacific were being
mado at Crissev Field. Vaughan
whose present flight is preliminary
to attempting dawn-to-dark flight
across the continent,s in a one man
plane, arrived at Salt Lake City last
night and according to advices here
expected to leave for San Francis
co today. He should reach here
this evening if his schedule is main
tanned.
Imperial Valley press., 1923-06-18

WHEREAS, by Deed of Trust
dated December 8, 1918, and record
ed February 8, 1919, in Book lao,
Page 120 of Deeds, Records of I'M
perial County, California, Ly'nlie
" Seymour and j. +. Seymour, Jr.,
her husband, did grant and convey
the property therein and hereinaf-
ter described to THE PEOPLES
ABSTRACT AND TITLE COM
PANY, a corporation, of El Centre,
California, as Trustee, to secure,
among other things, the payment
of one certain Promissory Note for
the sum of Twenty -four Hundred
Seventy.six Dollars (s247G.00,) of
even date Herewith, payable in
Imperial Valley press., 1923-06-18
Had Wrong Number.

"You heard me say my prayers
last night, didn you, nurse?'
eyes dear''
"And you heard me ask God to
make me u good little girl?''
"Yes!'
"Well, he aint done it. '-(The
Shark s Annually
Imperial Valley press., 1923-06-18
NOTICE OF TRUSTEES SALE

June II, 18, 5, July 2.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1923-08-01
ASK MORE CASH
FOR EDUCATION
Home Economics Demands
10 Be Made 10 Congress

WASHINGTON, Aug. More
federal funds FOR home economics
education In American public schools
viii be demanded Of the next con.
grcss By organizations representing
. o0o,00O women. Harry l.. Fidler.
iice chairman ~ the Federal Board
Of Vocational Education, stated 10
tho United Press
A vigorous campaign viii be waged
Tor increased appropriations for this
proposed hy the Women's Joint Con.
greasionnl committee. IN which ~ Of
the leading womcn'n civic bodies OF
tho country are represented
Congress last session turned down
q similar appeal but. according 10 the
women. did 30 only because Il failed
to appreciate tho wide scope Of such
education and the popular d>nand
FOR H.
In no other division u the federal
board OF vocational education has
growth boon as rapid az In home eco
Monies. according 10 Fidlcr A re-.
cent report OF the board shows that
the present enrolment IN the fcdcr-
ally aided home economics schools n
iiT.7as This represents an increase
OF almost 500 per cent IN the five
year period since the organization OF
the work In 1915. the enrolment
Was only 5a.79a ~ the same time,
the number OF schools has increased
from a29 20 i.sGs Tho number Of
home economies teachers has In.
creased from 1857 to 5.7TT. Last
year the total expenditure for homo
economics from combined federal
state and local funds aggregated So
100000
The home economics schools have
already 30 far uutHirippcd the federal
appropriate tidier said. that last
year the states found Il necessary 20
appropriate nearly eight dollars for
every federal dollar received for such
education. Under tho federal act. the
states arc obliged 90 expcnd only one
dollar 10 every federal dollar 70,
Ceiyed
fidier estimates that the present
home economic schools arc equipped
20 give training 20 only one woman
out Of every 200. 600 An Increase IN
tho federal appropriation would en-
able the states 90 20 cxpend their
schools ~ 10 reach vast field Of
girls and women who are now de.
barred from school advantages
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1923-08-01
Local Man Finishes
Electrical Course

Professor q. l.. Hoard. instructor
IN electrical engineering az tho Uni.
Fcrsiiy OF Washington. II ono OF a
number OF engineering teachers who
have Just completed a course Of sum-
mer lectures on electrical engineer.
lng subjects held at the East PITTS.
burg Pa. works Of the Wrestling.
house Electric q Manufacturing com.
pany. ono OF tho larKrs, mRnufactnr.
eru OF electrical apparatus In the
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1923-08-01
Beautiful Actress
VIII Seek Divorce

LOS ANGELES. Aug. 1.-Corinne
Griffith. frequently called the most
beautiful girl on the screen. will file
suit for divorce against her hus.
band, Webster Campbell. director
she said today. The suit will be
brought In New York, she said
She and her husband have been
separated about a year She eloped
with him about six years ago. Now
differences in temperament have
made II impossible for them TO get
along together. she aaya.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1923-08-01
$4,000 Per Year
Is Spent by Liner

NEW iOItk. AuF Ton thouE-
ard Towering plants and ferns Of
various kinds arc required every year
for one Of the big liners now plying
the Atlantic. 4 greenhouse IL main.
talned on ono Of tho decks and from
this Withdrawals arc made during
each voyage. Tho ships staff in
clndea a trained gardener who IN re-
ghrded as an authority on the sub
iect Of Horticulture.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1923-08-01
WILL ASK FOR
HIGHER FINES

a request BY Mayor =. ]. Brown
that fines for violation Of city
ordinances he Increased 20 $500 from
300. and imprisonment extended
from 20 10 30 days in Jail. and that
the police secret service fund be
given a part Of the proceeds OF tho
fines win be Incorporated Ia an
ordinance 10 10 introduced In the
council by Councilman r. l.. blaine.
the finance committee chairman an
nouneed Tuesday.
Councilman H. u. Heskoth sald
no would oppose such "A measure.
and other councllmon indicated their
determination also to oppose tho
proposition.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1923-08-01
DATES
TO REMEMBER
THURSDAY. AUGUST p

THURSDAY, AUGUST -
Miss Louise and Miss Kathryn Good
wins tea and kitchen shower in
honor Of Miss Alice Tucker, at
home from I until s O'Clock.
Mrs. James a. sheahan's too and
and kitchen shower to compll-
ment Miss Hazel Mcmillan. at the
Tennis club, from until 6 O'Clock.
Mrs Marx y. Aatthews luncheon
at the Sunset club. IN compliment
70 Miss Hazel Mcmillan.
Mr.. and Mrs. Andrew Prices dinner
At home TO honor Mrs. Dean
GOodlng witter.
Mrs. Forrest Goodfellow's Informal
tea for Miss Alrie Playter and
Hiss Margaret Cook, at home.
FRIDAY, AUGUST B.
airs. Dean GDodInE Wlttsr and Miss
Jane Perkina to entertain at
luncheon at home for Miss Hazel
Mcmillan.
Mrs. Ross Wilson's tea at home
from 4 until o'clock to honor
Mrs. Edgar l.. Webster.
SATURDAY, AUGUST a.
Mrs. n X. Yerkes' tea for Mrs.
William Yerkez. at home, from
, until o'clock
AoNDhb, AtbiSG D.
Mr.. and Mrs. Jesse Ives buffet sup
per at home for Miss Hazel Me
MILAN and her fiance, Mr. Alex
ander PrinR1e, and Mr.. and Mrs
Herbert clifford Richardson OF
Los Angeles.
TUESDAY. AUGUST T.
ars. Harold Gardner Bradbury's tea
In honor of Mrs. Carl J. Sord-
strOm, Jr., at tho home Of her
mother. Mrs. y. w. Gilbert. from
. until 8 o'clock.
The marriage Of Miss Hazel Nc
MILAN 70 Mr.. Alexander GriEgs
PrinRle, ut ths home Of the bride
elects parents. Mr.. and Mrs
John 9. Mcmillan. at $3.50 o'clock.
WEDNESDAY. August g.
Mrs. Lee shaw Forbes bridge tea
~ home OF her mother. Mrs. Al.
bert wilton. Mt Hunts Point, IN
honor Of her sister, Mrs. Henry
Hull Of California, and Mrs. Grant
Smith.
THURSDAY, AUGUST D.
Mrs Weaver v. Ketoham's bridge
tea 10 compliment Miss Mirle
Piayter and Miss Margaret Lin
coin, nj home.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1923-08-01

and having knitted handanna
around the neck That's the new
est OF knitted faahioOA.
There's a slip.over sweater in din.
mond design with a N.neok that
carries out the fashionable Ions
line.
There's the sweatVr In Tuxedo
style with checker board pattern
In front and plain 10 back.
For all these swsaters- and
sweater hlouncs-a plentsd skirt IL
the moat appropriate.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1923-08-01

ing a membership OF over $500. who
are former residents OF tho state OF
Kansas. viii hold their 18th annual
picnic at Woodland park. Saturday.
August II, 1923. There win be mu.
sic. speaking by prominent ex.Kan.
sans. sports OF all kinds. for which
prizes will be given TO the winners.
All former residents OF Kansas are
invited to attend. Dinner will be
served at p. m. The club will fur.
nish coffee, tea. milk. sugar and
hot dogs for sandwiches The off.
GERS Of the club are: VIII II. Barr.
president; ]. Grant Hlnkle, vice
president; Edna Barr secretary and
treasurer.