The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1923-01-05

ing. On August % President Collins
Twas killed In an ambuscade and VIII
Liam CosgroVe was elected to succeed
| him. He offered amnesty to the rebels,
but they decided to flight to the
death ErslSine Childers, chief aid Of
De Valera. was captured and executed,
as we're other republican leaders. The
Irish Free State formally came into be-
ing on December 6, with Timothy
Healy as governor general.
Prime Minister Lloyd George held
power through all the vicissitudes of
the year until October 10. On that day
the conservatives in parliament decid-
ed to abandon the coalition and act In
future as separate party. The pre-
mier was thus deprived Of his majority
and promptly resigned, with his cabi-
net. A. Bonar Law, chosen leader of
the conservatives, succeeded him,
formed new ministry and called an
election for November 10. At the
polls he won control of parliament
The lahorites made great gains and be-
came the Opposition party"
Under the leadership Of Benito Mus
solini, the Fascist Of Italy, organized
primarily to protect the country
against the communists, fought long
and successful battle Gaining stead
lily In strength, notably by the Access
sion of many thousands of wo' Ing
men, they saved the industries Of Italy
from the Reds, and finally, dissatisfied
with the weak policies Of Premier Fac
ia, compelled his resignation on Octo-
Der 20. Mussolini was made premier
and at once set to work to restore the
prosperity of the country. The king
and chamber of deputies gave him full
power to put into effect his contem-
plated reforms and economic meas
ures, and as he had the support Of
most of the people, the prospects for
Italy were bright
Greece's disaster in Asia Minor re-
suited in the second abdication OF
King Constantine ON September 70, In
the face of a revolt by the returning
troops. Next day the crown prince,
George, was sworn in as king and q
new government installed. The revo-
lutionists in control caused the arrest
Of various former cabinet officers and
generals on the charge of high treason
in connection with the debacle in Ana
tolia, and six Of them, including three
former premiers, were condemned to
death. Great Britain tried vainly to
prevent the execution and then broke
off relations with Greece, probably glad
to get rid Of an embarrassing alliance.
Prince Andrew, uncle of the king. also
was tried and condemned, but escaped
with exile.
M. BRAND resigned as premier of
France on January IL because his pol
icies at the Cannes conference were
opposed. He was succeeded by M.
Poincare, whose policies included strict
enforcement Of the treaty Of Yer
sailles.
Pope Benedict XIV died on January
%, and on February the Sacred Col
lege met in Rome to choose his success
sor. Four days later Cardinal Achille
Ratti, archbishop of Milan, was elect
ed, and on February IL he was
crowned pope as Plus XII.
To the account of affairs in Turkey
related above is to be added the down
fall Of the sultan. Considered by the
Angora government to be tool of the
British, and consequently traitor, he
was deposed on November l. The SOW
ereignty of the nation was declared to
be in the hands of the people and the
name changed from Ottoman empire to
State of Turkey. The dethroned ruler
took refuge on Malta. On November
IS his nephew, Abdul Medjid Effendi,
was elected caliph Of the Moslem
church.
Germany devoted herself through the
year largely to efforts to evade the
payment of reparations, to determined
work to regain her foreign trade, and
to the printing of innumerable billions
of paper marks. The value of the
mark fiuctuated widely, reaching low
level of more than eight thousand for
a dollar. On June "a DR.. Walter Rath-
enau, foreign minister, was assassi-
mated in Berlin by reactionaries. Chan
cellor Wirth and his cabinet were
forced out of Office November IA and
wilhelm Cuno became chancellor with
ministry in which the socialists and
communists we're not included.
On December 8 Gabriel Narutowicz
was elected president Of Poland to
succeed General Pilsudski. He was
duly inaugurated, amid scenes Of
great disorder and on December is
was assassinated by an artist.
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