davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1923-12-31

Supreme Court of the United States
and Gen. Frank T. Hines as director
of the Veterans Bureau. The latter
appointment was followed by charges
against the former director, Col
Forbes, which were Investigated by a
Senate committee
Having passed the agricultural
credits bill and many acts of lesser
Importance and killing the ship sub
sidy bill, the Sixty-seventh Congress
came to an end on March 4. The
SiXty-eighth Congress met on Decem-
Der ) and the republican majority was
so slender that a bloc of .so-called
power. Among the new senators was
Magnus Johnson. elected by the
farmer-labor party.
Governors In Trouble.
Two governors got into serious
trouble. Walton of Oklahoma, who
said he was lighting the Ku Klux
Khan, came into conflict with the
tually dictatorial powers. Despite his
efforts to prevent it, the legislature
met in special session, the house i'm
pcached him on numerous charges
and the senate. sitting as a trial court.
found him guilty and removed him
from his Office. Walton was then in
dicted by grand jury. The other
state executive in trouble was Gov
w. 7. McCray of Indiana. who got into
deep financial entanglements and also
was indicted.
The Supreme Court on April 80 de-
cided that foreign vessels could not
bring liquor into American ports.
even though sealed: and later the
liquor stores of several liners were
seizedNat New York. Foreign nations
protested, but could not well take any
action. However. late in the wear the
government negotiated an agreement
with Great Britain whereby the right
of search was extended to about
twelve miles from shore and in re-
turn it was expected the ship liquor
extension of the search limit was
made necessary by the activities of
the smuggling fleets which kept the
country well supplied with wretched
liquor. On May the New York leg
islature repealed the state prohibition
ernors on law enforcement was held
in Washington and President Cool
idge pledged the full aid of the gov
ernment machinery, but insisted each
state must assume it's own share of
the burden.
Naming Of Kellogg.
President Coolidge had the appoint
ment of one ambassador. last year.
Col. George Harvey resigned his post
and Frank B. Kellogg was selected
for the place. 1t was understood Col.
Harvey would help manage the Cool
idge pre-convention campaign.
Immediately after it's summer vaca-
ton the Supreme Court rendered an
important decision upholdfng the laws
Of the Pacific coast states which pro-
hibit aliens from owning land. These
laws, of course, are directed against
the Japanese especially.
Evening star., 1923-12-31
DISASTERS

UnequaIed in modern times was
the disaster that befell Japan on
September 1 when violent earthquake
shocks and resultant fires destroyed
Yokohama entirely and about two
thirds of Toxic and ruined many
smaller towns. The number of killed
was estimated at 225,00O, and the in
jured at more than half that number.
Though many Of the houses were
flimsy, the property loss was enor-
nous.
The hundreds of thousands of ref
ugees suffered severely, but the
American government and theoAmer-
lean Red Cross were swift with re-
lief measures, and other nations
Joined in the work. Shiploads of food
and millions of dollars were rushed
to the stricken land, and the jap
:anese government was materially
aided in it's task OF rebuilding the
rufSd cities.
Other Serious Disasters.
Among other serious disasters Of
the year were: January 3, twenty
persons killed by collapse of a bridge
at Kelso, Wash; February s. mine
one at Cumberland, British Columbia,
killed thirty; February Is, twenty
two patients and three attendants
were killed in insane asylum IRE on
Wards Island, N. r; March 10, Greek
transport sank with 150 soldiers;
April 6, tidal waves in Korea and
Japan killed 500; May II, Hot Springs,
Ark, partly destroyed by: food and
fire; May II, seventy-three killed in
burning of a schoolhouse at Cleve-
land, S. c.; June 10, disastrous foods
in Kansas, Oklahoma and Colorado; !;
June Is, thousands Of Persians killed
by earthquakes; June IS, several
towns destroyed by eruption of Mount
Etna; August IA. coal mine explosion
1T KemmsreEa Wye killed ginety>
Evening star., 1923-12-31
FOREIGN AFFAIRS

.
Germany's internal troubles, polit-
icai, economic and financial, were in
extricably tangled UP with. her inter-
national woes and brought her to so
low state that her regeneration
seemed at times almost hopeless. Roy
alists. separatists and communists
conspired. revolted and rioted Un-'
employment increased and in the
cities all but the Industrial magnates
and the profiteers were reduced to
near starvation, although the crops
were large and the rural districts
were overrunning with foodstuffs.
The government tried to meet the sit
uation by keeping up the flood of pa
per marks, and of course, the mark
declined until billions could be had
for one dollar and those who had
anything to sell refused to accept the
practically worthless currency. In
August Chancellor Cuno presented
rescue PLAN to the reichstag. 1t
was rejected and Cuno resigned. Gus
tave Stresemann succeeding him and
forming the first coalition majority
in Germany's history.
He undertook 70 xefoxu the
Evening star., 1923-12-31

| Soon after this the industrial magnates
| of the Ruhr and Rhineland signed a
| pact with the French for the resump-
ton of work and of payments Of mate
rial -.--
Farley Breaks Up.
, Turkeys diplomatic victory at Lau-
same was not easily won. While the
conference there was deadlocked in
January Mustapha Kemal mobilized
armies to move against Constanti-
nople. Mosul and other points and
called three classes to. the colors to
combat the Greeks in Thrace. The
was incessant. On January 81 the
allies submitted a treaty to the Turks.
demanding its acceptance within four
days.
The Turks agreed to sign it If the
economic clauses were reserved for
future settlement Lord Curzon de-
parted in rage, and on February. 6
the conference broke up. Diplomatic
conversations continued, however; the
British indicated they would make
concessions, and the conference was
resumed on April %, Russia being ex-
cluded. On July "a a treaty was
signed which gave to Turkey nearly
all she had demanded, the question of
oil concessions being left for later
/, consideration.
A few days later the United States
and Turkey signed treaties of amity
and commer and on extradition. By
October the allied military forces
had evacuated Constantinople and the
Turks soon after took formal possess
sion Of their old capital.
/ War Narrowly Averted.
Warfare between Italy and Greece
| in the autumn was narrowly averted.
/ An Italian military commissioner and
his aides were murdered In Albania,
! and on August % Italy demanded that
Greece apologize abjectly and pay
unsatisfactory, the Italians promptly
bombarded and occupied the Islano
| OF Corfu. Greece appealed to the
league of nations, which was disposed
to take up the affair; but Premier
Mussolini declared Italy would with
draw from the league and ignore its
decision if it insisted on arbitrating
1 the dispute.
The situation was most embarrass-
! ing for the league, but the allied
| council Of ambassadors rescued it by
assuming jurisdiction and ordering
Greece to comply with Italy's de-
mands almost in their entirety.
Greece gave in, apologized and paid
| tember 81 Italy evacuated Corfu.
Italy Wins Fiume.
Musso1ipi achieved another triumph
by an agreement with Jugoslavia
whereby Italy obtained possession of
Fiume. y
In January American and British
commissions met in Washington; to
negotiate the refunding of the Brit
ish war debt to America, and their
task was soon completed to the ap-
parent satisfaction of both nations
The Washington treaties on reduction
of armament and concerning the Pa
cifc were ratified by Italy in Febru-
ary and by France in July. Through
the efforts of an American commits
sion sent to Mexico. the government
of our neighbor was finally brought
to amicable terms and the long-with-
held recognition was accorded by
Washington on August 81.
Evening star., 1923-12-31
DOMESTIC
AFFAIRS

Overshadowing all other events in
the United States was the death of
President Warren G. Harding. He
had long planned trip through the
middle and far west and to Alaska
in order to talk with the people and
get their reactions. Though tired out
and far from we'll. he started on June
several members Of his cabinet. After
dresses, notably one advocating
American membership in the world
court, he sailed to Alaska Return
ing thence to San Francisco, he fell
on August 2, he passed away. The
taking of his body back to Washing
ton. the services there. the trip to
Marion, Ohio; and the interment there
of the little towns distinguished
citizen on August 10. gave the people
of the country ample opportunity to
show in what high esteem and affec-
tion they held Mr.. Harding. Literally
and all the other nations gave ex-
preston to their grief.
Coolidge Assumes Presidency.
Vice President Calvin Coolidge took
the oath of office as President at his
fathers home in Plymouth, VT, and
assumed his new duties at once, re-
tanning the entire Harding cabinet
out the Harding policies where pos
sible. 1t has been taken for granted
that the republican party would nom
mate Mr.. Harding in 1924, and Mr..
Coolidge Immediately became a prob
able nominee. However, before the
year closed other candidates came
forward, notably Senator Hiram
Johnson of California, Gov. Pinchot
Of Pennsylvania and Senator La Fol-
lette. of Wisconsin. For the demo-
cratic nomination there were several
probabilities, including Senator I'm
derwood and William q. McAdoo.
Ralston of Indiana, Gov. Al Smith
Of New York and Gov. Silzer of New
Jersey. There was much talk Of the
possible nomination of Henry Ford
by one of the old parties or by a
third party, and his admirers were
exceedingly active.
Changes In Cabinet.
Secretary of the Interior Fall re-
tired from President Harding's cabi-
net on March And was succeeded by
Hubert Work, the latter's place as
Postmaster General being filed by
the appointment of Harry s. New.
Attorney General Daugherty, against
whom Impeachment charges had been
made the previous year, was fully
oxonerated by the House judiciary
committee, the report being adopted
by the House on January 25. Among
the appointments made by President
Harding were Robert Woods Bliss as
minister to Sweden, Miles Poindexter
~ ambassador to Peru, r. M. Tobin
~ minister to the Netherlands, e. T.
Sanford as &saociata justtce Of tha
Evening star., 1923-12-31

eight; August Is, Hongkong badly
damaged by typhoon; August %,
million dollar flood in Arkansas val
ley, Colorado; September s, nine
United States destroyers wrecked on
California coast. twenty-three lives
being lost; September Is, typhoon and
floods killed 5000 in Japan; Septem-
ber II, large part of Berkeley, Calf,
destroyed by flames, September %,
forty killed in Burlington train
wreck at Lockett. Wyo.: November
13, earthquake in Shansi province,
China, Killed 1.560; December /,
nearly 500 killed by bursting of dam
near Bergamo, italy
Evening star., 1923-12-31
international Affairs

German reparations and complications
r,sulting from the failure to pay them
occupied much of the attention of Euro
pean diplomats. Early in January the
allied premiers held a futile conference
in Paris and France prepared for sepa-
rate action to collect from Germany.
About the same time Secretary Hughes
announced the United States would not
consider Berlin's proposal for a four
power European peace pact and also in
formally advised France not to occupy
the Ruhr. France, however, was deter
mined and the reparations commission
gave her the opening by declaring Ger
many in willful default in coal deliv-
cries.
Germany formally protesting and
G; eat Britain not approving, the French
on January II began the occupation
Of the Ruhr, seizing it's most important
cities one after another. President
Harding expressed his disapproval by
recalling the American troops from
Germany. Chancellor Cuno, with the
support of the reichstag, declared a
moral war" or passive resistance and
ordered all state employees not to obey
the French.
French Are Baked.
The mine owners and later the indus
trial magnates fell in with this pro-
gram and for months the French were
baked in their efforts to get any con-
siderable revenue from the region
They seized customs, bank funds and
n always, and arrested many industrial
'ders and officials. but the passive
\.tance was not broken until late in
iber. The occupation was assist
lively by Belgium and passively
ally. Great Britain, though she
lot actually hamper the French
, them no help.
May 2 Germany made a new
rations offer of S7,500,000, 900. with
~ conditions, and it was Immediately
ected by France. England also de.
ed the offer insufficient. Berlin then
ed a new reparations conference
the total sum and offered annuities
1.500. 100000 gold marks. Great
ain invited France and Italy to join
in reply to this and submitted 9
of her proposed answer, but this
fell through.
British Oppose Move.
he British government thereupor
note to France and Belgium
aring the Ruhr occupation illegal
4 failure, insisting on an impartial
ations inquiry after the plan sug-
by Secretary of State Hughes
aging France must pay enough OF
money lent her to enable Great
ain to pay America Again no re-
IS, Premier Poincare declaring Ger
any must settle the reparations Ques-
ZION before an economic accord could
he reached.
Chancellor Stresemann, who had sue
seded DR.. Cuno, announced the aban-
onment of passive resistance and said
: 10 more reparations would be paid and
the treaty of Versailles would be repu-
dated. He also put An end to the aid
which the government had been giving
the inhabitants af the occupied regions.
Evening star., 1923-12-31
People Declared Alert to
Ways of Demagogues
Seeking High Office.
WILL DEMAND SQUARE
DEAL ON TAX PROPOSAL
Americans Have Looked With
Anxious Eyes on Troubled
Conditions Abroad.
BY DAVID LAWRENCE.

Five years have passed since
the great war. And even now
the world but half realizes the
terrific cost in life and property
which was wrought by that
greatest OF all conflicts. Re
construction, which seemed but
a task of months, has resolved
itself into a problem OF years
perhaps decades.
America, standing independ-
emily in the midst of confusion
of circumstances, has played a
part. Opinions may differ as to
the extent of that part, but no
one will deny that the course OF
old world events has beer
shaped to some extent by the
acts and policies OF the United
States government.
Europe Watched Anxiously.
Whether Europe might have
been helped to her feet by posi-
tive action from this side of the
Atlantic, whether the reluctance
Of the United States has forced
Europe to realize how much
must be done within her borders
to attract American aid, espe-
cially of an economic character.
all this may be debated
Evening star., 1923-12-31

Turkey gained power and prestige
through the Lausanne peace confer
ence and the resulting treaties with
the allies and with the United States
Late in the year she added herself to
the list of republics with Mustapha
Kemal Pasha as her first president
Under the leadership of Gen. Primo
Rivera and other army officers and
aristocrats, there was a houseclean-
ing in Spain that resulted in the turn
ing out of the crowd of politicians
1hat had for years been battening on
the spoils of misgovernment The
so-called democratic government was
overthrown and a dictatorial council
substituted
Coolidge Carries On Harding Aims.
President Harding's death in San
Francisco threw all the United States
and, indeed. all the civilized world
into heartfelt mourning. Vice Presi-
dent Calvin Coolidge, succeeding to
the chief magistracy, carried on in
general the policies of his predeces-
sor. Mr.. Harding had been considered
the certain nominee of the republican
party in 1924, and his demise threw
open the list and made the political
contest intensely interesting
~ enforcement of the prohibition
endment and the Volstead act con-
ued to demand a considerable share
~ the governments energies and
ancial resources, and the attacks
% the "wets" on the law did not
seem to abate with the passage of
time.
Evening star., 1923-12-31
Germany, by Own Folly, and
Japan, by Earthquake,
Main Sufferers in 1923.
AMERICA FAR AHEAD;
TURKEY GAINS POWER
Turn for Economy in Spain Taken
When Generals Gust
Politicians.
BY EDWARD w. PICKARD.

With the exception of Ger
many, ruined by her own acts,
and Japan, shattered by the
forces of nature, all the world
was better off at the close of
1928 than at its beginning. This
is especially true of the United
States, Italy, Finland. Czecho-
slovakia, Turkey and probably
Russia, though the information
coming from the land of the
soviets has been so colored that
it was difficult to determine true
conditions there.
Economic recovery OF the
world was retarded, as it was
during the previous twelve
months, by failure to settle the
matter of the German repara-
tlons and by the steady decline
OF Germany toward the point of
absolute collapse. The occupa-
ton of the Ruhr' by France and
the resulting disputes with Great
Britain brought on repeated
crises. each of which seemed to
threaten the final disruption of
l..
Evening star., 1923-12-31

lContinued on Eighteenth Page.l
Evening star., 1923-12-31

Several proposals for commissions determine Germany
capacity to made but each of them required the par
pat1on OF the United States and each time the American
government found unacceptable the restrictions insisted upon by
Premier Polncare of France AS the drew
other effort on this line made by the allies given unofficial
approval bY the United States
Evening star., 1923-12-31

But is beyond dispute that the United States has looked
again and again during 1928 with anxious the
wondering whether the collapse of Germany the outbreak Of
little the spread of revolution from the right the lett
would damage the commerce and indirectly the business
San Antonio light. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1911-1993, 1923-04-30
M'NEEL RESIGNS AND
NEWTON APPOINTED
AS HIS SUCCESSOR
Retiring Commissioner Paid
Tribute BY County
Judge McCloskey.

J. S. McNeel. commissioner of
County Precinct No. ?, rendered his
resignation at n regular meeting of
the county commissioners court Mon
day morning. Joe s. Newton, deputy
clerk in Jack X. Burke's office, and
who has been serving the commission
crs' court, was unanimously selected
to succeed Mr.. McNeel. Mr.. Newton
will serve out the unexpired term.
The resignation of Commissioners
McNeel was accepted with regrets by
the county judge and commissioners,
Judge Augustus J. McCloskey paying
high tribute to him for his services
to the country during his twelve years
I'm the office. Incidentally, Judge Nc
Closkey revealed the fact that Bexar
county, with bonded Indebtedness
of only S2,000.000, has built more
roads than Harris. Dallas and Tar
rant counties, with a bonded indebt-
edness of S20,000,O00. Hard working
commissioners. the county judge said,
had enabled the county TO accomplish
this feat.
As token of their esteem, the COM
missioners presented Commissioner
McNeel with IL small alarm watch, en-
cased in leather.
so you can always he on time on
your new job" Judge McCloskey ex-
planned. Commissioner Mcneil will
accept a position with large paving
company.
Judge McCloskey. with the unanim-
Gus consent of the court, named Frank
Sommers as judge pro TEN of the court,
TO serve in case of his absence. This
honor was held by Commissioner Nc
Neel.
The court issued an order direct
ing the four abstract companies which
have quarters in the basement of the
courthouse TO install their own power
circuits. the claim being made that
the county's circuits are too heavily
laden, resulting in the blowing out
of fuses.
San Antonio light. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1911-1993, 1923-04-30


clared that jurisdiction was complete
1t would be possible. however, should
Congress so decide, TO waive the Ell
forcemcnt Of this jurisdiction and
permit foreign ships TO do things
American ships were prohibited from
doing. The court expressed the opin-
ion that foreign nations could not
force any such exemption.
Examining the act as a whole, "
the court said. I'VE think it shows
very plainly. First. that it is in
tended to be operative throughout the
| territorial limits of the United States
with the single exception stated in
| the canal zone provision; secondly,
that it is not intended to apply TO do
nestle vessels when outside the terri
torial waters of the United States,
and thirdly. that it is intended TO ap-
ply to all merchant vessels. whether
foreign or domestic. when within
| those waters, save as the Panama
canal zone exception provides other.
| wise.
Congress Can Regulate.
"In so saving. we do not mean to
imply that Congress is without power
| to regulate the conduct of domestic
merchant ships when on the high seas,
or to exert such control over them
when in foreign waters as may be af-
firmatively or tacitly permitted ny
the territorial sovereign. for it long
has been settled that Congress does
have such power over them.
But we do mean that the national
| prohibition act diSclOses that it is in
| tended only to enforce tine Eighteenth
amendment and limits its fields Of OPP
Grafton. like that of the amendment
to the territorial limits Of the United
| States.
at should be added that after the
! adoption of the amendment and the
enactment of the national prohibition
act. CONGRESS distinctly Withdrew the
prior statutory recognition of liquors
ms Legitimate sales stores.
at therefore is Of no inheritance
| that the linuor in the plaintiffs shirs
| are carried only as sen stores. Being
sea stores does not make them liquor
! any the less nor does II change the
| Incidents Of their use rs beverages
| But il is Of importance that they are
| carriod throuoh the territorial waters
of the United States and brought tC
lie ports and harhors. This is pro
hibited TRANSPORTATION and imu0ria-
ton in the sense of the amendment
and the act "
San Antonio light. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1911-1993, 1923-04-30
BOERNE BIDS
FOR LOCATION
/ Of: NEW TECH
Citizens Have Land Under
Option and Board
VIII Visit.
CITE ADV Want A G ES
Water Supply and Rich
Farming Land Can Be
Used by School.
CITE DVANT AG ES

Boerne, county seat Of Kendall
county, has petitioned the board Of To-
cation of the West Texas Technologic-
al College to locate the new school
there. The school was created by the
Legislature during the last session.
A committee Of citizens headed by
A. S. Hathaway, for 50 years con-
nected with the largest technical
schools of the country, filed a brief
and its receipt has been acknowledged.
The board will visit Boerne in a tour
of all West Texas applicants for the
school
Approximately 80 cities west of the
9Sth meridian have made application
for the school. Deciding which to ac-
cept rests with the board, composed
of S. B. Cowell of Austin. chair
man of the State Board of Control !;
S. NJ. y. Mars of Austin. state SUI
perintendent of public instruction; r.
r. Vinson of Austin. president of the
Texas University; +. NJ. Bradley of
Denton. president of the College of
Industrial Arts, and W. B. Bizzell Of