davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1923-04-22
BY N. o. MESSENGER.

A TTENTION is being increasingly dl-
~ rected to this squabble in the repub
n lican party over President Harding's
proposal that the United States sig
nifty adhesion to the International Court of
Justice, erected under the covenant of the
league of nations. Two factions within the
republican party are at loggerheads over the
Presidents suggestion. Without holding
brief for either side, it may be of interest
to analyze the party situation, with its side
lights Violent opposition has been raised
to the suggestion of President Harding. De-
termined resolution on the part of the Presi-
dent and his supporters in the cabinet not
to recede from the recommendation is being
maintained
1t is very pretty quarrel as it stands,
and is regarded by many politicians as hold
ing the possibilities of developing into
controversy of sorts.
The opponents of the plan are comprised
OF the practical politicians" in the party
the hard boiled" ones, they are sometimes
called. They do not mince words in their
opposition, but blurt it out openly, convinced
that they have the logic of practical politics
on their side and that the President and
his followers are pursuing a course which
may divide the republican party.
Their argument is that the republican
party and the administration came into
power on a straightforward declaration
against the league of nations, that policy
being sustained by an overwhelming verdict
at the polls in November 1920 They point
out that the democrats are hailing the Presi-
dents International Court of Justice plan
with acclaim being the initial step into
the league of nations; therefore, if the
democratic contention is correct, the repub-
lican party is taking a step backward from
the position it assumed in the campaign of
1920 and has maintained without deviation
up to this time. They contend that the
President is mistaken in thinking that the
rank and file of republicans are weakening
from that position and assert that they
know the world court plan to be unpopular
in the country at large. They further say
that if the republican party takes up this
project there will be no clear-cut issue be-
tween the democrats and republicans in the
presidential campaign of 1924
x X -
President Harding, Secretary OF State
Hughes, Secretary of Commerce Hoover and
others in the administration favorable to the
plan think that the hard boiled" leaders
including men prominent in the national
management of the party-havc the wrong
conception both of the plan and of the SEN
Evening star., 1923-04-22

lstics, such as visibility of the pilot
for protecting himself from enemy
aircraft or for observations: the
mounting of machine guns to get the
most effective range; the protection
Of the pilot and the vulnerable parts
of the airplane, such as the fuel tank
and the engine, from enemy attack,
the facilities for packing and assem-
bling, and a careful study of the de-
sign is made with a view to the ac-
ceptance only of those types that arc
adapted to quantity production Simi-
larly the Navy determines the re
quirements for seaplanes and wheth-
er those secured from manufacturers
meet the service requirements.
On the other hand, the free flight
Investigations of the national ad-
visory committee for aeronautics arc
for/ the purpose Of determining the
fundamental, as distinct from the
military or naval, characteristics of
airplanes, with a view to improving
the aerodynamic properties of air
planes for civil as we'll as military
purposes. BY the use of recording
instruments. the controllability. ma
neuverability, stability and general
efficiency OF an airplane are studied
and a true record of the performance
characteristic of a given airplane is
made known. Such scientific investi-
cations of the fundamental problems
of flight are not undertaken by the
duplication, although all expert
mental flying may look alike TO the
casual observer.
Evening star., 1923-04-22
How the World Court Idea Stands Today
Between President Harding and His Party

timent of the country about the plan. In
the first place, they refute the suggestion
of its having any connection with the league
of nations, in its effect and operation, even
though the world court was the creature OF
the league. In the next place, they believe
that once the country is assured that going
into the world court does not mean into the
league, the majority sentiment will be agree
able to the idea of the United States taking
part in an international association to pro-
mote justice among the nations members
of it.
When it comes down to rd-boiled'
politics, some of them think that the sug
gestion for participation in the court will
bring the party more votes than it will lose
it-always, it being understood, that this
does not mean entering the league.
Some politicians point out that the repub-
lcan party at one time was willing that the
United States should enter the league of
nations, with the reservations proposed by
the Senate, and that only the dissenting vote
of democrats in the Senate, led by former
President Wilson, prevented the United
States from being member of the league
right now 1t was the original covenant of
the league of nations, not the idea of
league, which was anathema to the repub-
licans of the Senate and to large majority
of the American voters.
Who can say, it is contended, what ver-
dict of approval might not be passed upon
All association of nations whose specific OBJ
ject was to prevent war if that association
did not involve trespass upon the sovereignty
and freedom of national action of the United
States? But altogether aside from that
query, which has no bearing upon the prof.
ect in hand, the essence of the dispute be-
tween the factions in the republican party
lies in the question whether the International
Court of Justice is the portal of the league of
nations or is not?
That there is Misrepresentation in the
country over this question is apparent from
reports that are coming to republicans in
Washington in the past few days. 1t is said,
in citing the most recent of these reports,
that In Iowa very hornets nest of dissen-
sion among republicans has been raised by
Secretary Hoover's recent speech in Des
Moines, advocating the court. He spoke in
Des Mones, April II, before the annual con-
vention of the National League of Woman
Voters That organization adopted reso-
luton denouncing the entry of the United
States into the league of nations, but favor
ing President Hardings plans for adhesion
to the International Court of Justice.
1t is being said now that the convention
was made up of delegates from many states
Evening star., 1923-04-22

and did not represent the republicans OF
Iowa, and that since Secretary Hoover lett
the state the republicans are in terment
of opposition. Another instance is cited of
a meeting few days ago of the Pennsyl-
vania republican delegation in the national
House of Representatives, at Atlantic City,
where it is claimed, strong opposition to
the world court developed in the undercur-
rent of comment, and it was claimed that
this reflected feeling among Pennsylvania
republicans statewide.
President Harding, in submitting the plan
to the Senate, distinctly stated that it had
no connection with the league. He has re-
peated that with emphasis several times
Secretary of State Hughes has added his as
surance to the same effect, but to make as
srance doubly sure Secretary Hughes has
proposed and the President has approved
reservation to be added by the Senate as
follows:
That such adhesion shall not be taken to
involve any legal relation on the part of the
United States to the league of nations or
the assumption of any obligations by the
United States under the covenant OF the
league of nations constituting part of the
treaty of Versailles"
President Harding in submitting the
proposition to the Senate said:
1T is not a new problem in international
relationship. 1t is wholly question OF ac-
cepting an established institution of high
character and making effective all the fine
things which have been said by US in favor
of such an agency OF advanced civilization.
scousness of participation in the fortunate
advancement of international relationship
and remind the world anew that we are
ready for our proper part in furthering peace
and adding to stability in world affairs"
X X X
1t is claimed in support of the contention
that entering the court is not entering the
league of nations that former President
Wilson's recent statement that he would
not favor our entering the court with the
reservations recommended by the admins
tration, but would favor our going in minus
that distinct constituted disavowal of con-
nection with the league of nations.
X x x X
But one thing claimed by the political
managers opposed to going in at all is that
it seems evident the country has not fully
grasped the scope of the world court. with
the reservations proposed by the United
planning is done at once, and on large scale,
dissensions in the republican party are loom
ing formidably.
Evening star., 1923-04-22
Duplication of Work Is Not Always
Waste, Efficiency Experts Determine

All is not duplication of work that
appears to be so at first glance when
one considers the government service.
When the present administration. as
campaign pledge, promised to reor-
ganize the administrative branch of
the federal government in the inter-
ests of economy and efficiency it was
stated that much duplication and
overlapping both of activities and ap-
mated, However, while a number of
different departments, bureaus. divi-
sions and commissions are making in
vestigations and prosecuting research
or actively carrying on work on the
same subject, a careful study shows
in 80 cases out Of 100 that each diff
ferent agency of the government is
working on a different phase of this
identical subject. This has been
shown in a report by the United
States bureau OF efficiency. after an
extensive survey of the entire gov
ernment establishment.
To give an example of apparent
fact let US consider aeronautical
studies. The experimental flying is
conducted by the engineering divi-
sion of the Army air service at Nc
Cook Field. Dayton, Ohio; the naval
air station at Anacostia, D. c., and
the national advisory committee for
aeronautics at Langley Field. Va.
The experimental stations of the
Army and Navy are primarily for the
purpose of determining the types of
aircraft needed by the respective
services, and the degree to which the
airplanes secured meet the require
ments for service use. For example.
when the manufacturer delivers a
new type of airplane to the Army, it
Is tested and examined at McCook
Field as to its military. character
Evening star., 1923-04-22
Bill for Public Printing Shows
Enormous Increase i'm Year

The conference on the limitation Of
armaments evidently overlooked
point in falling to fix a limit to the
number of reports and documents
that can be printed for the Army and
Navy of each of the signatory pow
ers. 1t may be an assurance of peace.
however, that the War and Navy De-
psrtments are decreasing their ex-
penditures for shot and battleships
aud increasing their outlay for paper
and printers ink. The fact Is, there
were moro copies printed for the War
Department in the fiscal year 1922
than for any other department of the
government, except Agriculture. The
Mar Department easily leads all the
other departments and establishments
,f the government in the growth OF
it's publishing activities, jumping from
a total of 4,717,91O copies of reports
and documents printed in 1921 to $685.
Evening star., 1923-04-22

Departments printed nearly as many
publications during the year 1922 as
all the other executive departments
combined, except Treasury and Agri-
culture. In other words, there were
more reports and documents issued in
behalf of military and naval activities
than in the interest Of education,
labor, commerce, justice, postal serv-
ice and peaceful foreign relations.
Tie greatest number OF publica-
tions was, as usual, printed for the
Department Of Agriculture, its total
for the fiscal year, 1922, reaching
32,36S.694 copies. an increase Of 2,928,-
5S6 over 1921. This total for agricul-
ture alone is 100000 more copies
than were printed for all the nine
other executive departments combin-
ed, and almost half the entire num-
Der printed for all the forty-flve ex-
ecutive departments and independent
establishments Of the government.
Increase in Bulletins.
Included In the publications print
ed for the Department OF Agriculture
farmers bulletins, four-ffths OF
which were by law printed for dis
tribution by members OF Congress,
the remaining one-f1fth being allotted
to the department. This was 2,sS1,-
SOL more copies of farmers bulletins
than were printed in 1921.
The Department Of Commerce kept
pace with its larger activities in the
publican of 3,532.76s copies of reports
and documents during the year 1922,
an increase of 1,726,002 over 1921.
Without doubt, the extensive free
distribution Of public documents has
been a great benefit to the public,
and has kept tho American people
better informed as to the activities
Of their government than are the peo-
pie Of any other nation in the world.
But this distribution has been at an
enormous expense and accompanied
by tremendous waste. Now that the
public has been SO we'll advised as
to governmental affairs, 1t would
seem fitting that 1t should join in the
necessary reduction Of expenditures
by placing the public printing upon
a substantial business basis.
Evening star., 1923-04-22

500 in 1922, an increase Of nearly
100 per cent in a single year of peace.
These figures do not include the thou
sands Of publications printed by
the various Army plants scattered
throughout the country.
The Navy is somewhat more mod
est in it's publications. 1t issued only
2,382,155 copies in 1922. an increase
of 27s,735 over 1921. Even this in
crease alone almost equals the entire
number issued by the State Depart
ment during the year that 1t was so
busy negotiating treaties for the
Limitation of naval armament, so that
it cannot be said that the scrapping
of warships has up to date effected
any economy in printing for the Navy.
Comparative Figures.
As a further comparison IT is inter-
esting to note that the War and Navy
Evening star., 1923-04-22
Standards Experts
Go to Better Jobs

Recent changes at the bureau of
standards embraces the following:
Chief Ceramist r. n Stull has been
granted leave of absence to become
assistant general industrial agent of
tho Central Railroad Of Georgia. The
development of tho mineral resources
of the region traversed by this road
is to be the chief work of Mr.. Stull,
with headquarters at Savannah.
G. F. Maulton has recently resigned
from the bureau to accept a place as
research chemist at Albany. N. Y.
DR.. Charles Moon Of Cornell Uni
versity 10 now at work at the bureau
Of standards. in the electrical division.
Evening star., 1923-04-22
HOLDING MIDDLE GROUND
PERHOUS TO PRESIDENT
Position May Be Best for Country's
Good, But Bad for Personal
Political Fortunes.

cans the election OF 1916. In that
year the great issue was Americas s
relation to the war. Wilson, master
of the fundamentals of crowd psy-
chology as he was, chose one OF the
two extreme positions Essentially,
for the purposes Of practical politics
and Of the election, 1t did not matter
which of the extremes he took. But
he had to take one. He chose the
extreme that went by the slogan He
kept US out OF war" with the i'm
plication that he would continue to
keep US out Of war. Hughes. on the
other hand. tried to keep the middle
position. Wilson having taken the
lead in choosing one of the extremes,
the only extreme left to Hughes was
to conduct his campaign on the basis
that we ought to enter the war.
Whether because Of a defect in his
understanding Of essential election
psychology, or for some other reason,
extreme. He attempted the middle
ground, tried to avoid talking about
the war, made many Of his speeches
about tho tariff and about other
things the public was not thinking
about-and was defeated
~ \ X X
There can be no question about this
axiom of practical politics Almost
any practical politician familiar with
1t would predict that some time be-
tween now and tho election Of next
year Harding must either get out Of
the middle position or else must run
the most serious risk Of being elimi-
mated, either for tho nomination or
in tho election. (This is, OF course,
on the assumption that international
relations will be leading issue.)
All that is said here has nothing to
do with the virtue of the middle posi-
ton. That position. let it again be
emphasized, is usually the most rea-
sonable one, the most wholesome one,
and the one that is best for the good
Of the world. But there are truths
about popular elections and about
public psychology which do not go
hand in hand with fundamental
values.
/ In the line OF mistakes of the sort
which, from the point of view Of
practical politics, are almost newt
ably fatal, Henry Ford is just now in
Evening star., 1923-04-22

The wedding boquet of Lady Eliz-
abeth Bowcs-Lyon when she becomes
the bride of the Duke of York will
consist largely of white heather.
which 10 regarded by the Scottish
reople as a symbol OF luck,
Evening star., 1923-04-22

NY one familiar with practical
~ politics. and with the psc-
"A chology of popular elections.
n must concede that President
Harding. as regards his stand on in
ternational relations, is in a most
dangerous position. He is In tho mid
die ground. Taking this field as a
whole, the democrats are at one ex-
treme, with their advocacy of the
league Of nations; Hiram Johnson is
at the other extreme. in his advocacy
of complete isolation, and Harding.
in advocating the moderate step of
joining the world court, is between
the two extremes
Now it is a fact that 1t is out Of
the middle ground Of most contro-
versies that the best sort of progress
usually comes. From the point Of
view of merit, that is the praise
worthy position.
psychology Is a different matter. In
q popular election, as soon as feel
ing is stirred up. nearly every voter
goes to one extreme or the other.
Tho number OF voters. who keep their
heads and giye support to the man in
the middle position is usually COM
posed of those OF tho highest intelli-
gence. But, in the nature OF things,
tho highest intelligence is also the
least numerous The masses swing to
ono extreme or the other, and the
candidate or leader who becomes
identified in the public mind with the
middle ground is almost surely either
chewed to pieces in the conflict or
is ignored
* X X X
Nobody knows better than Harding
tho impossibility Of maintaining the
middle ground in a popular election.
On this same issue OF the league Of
nations, in 1920, Harding and the re-
publican party started out in the mid
die position. They wrote a platform
which looked both ways on the
league, and they named a candidate
who had been in favor of the league
with reservations. But by tho time
tho campaign was less than three
months old Harding realized the i'm
possibility Of maintaining the middle
posftion,- and in his October speech
In Des Moines he came out fatty
against tho league
It was a tactical mistake Of exactly
the same kind that lost the republi-
Evening star., 1923-04-22

which he runs some risk of falling
lies In the fact that the public does
not know just what party he belongs
to. This Is the same condition that
was so fateful in Hoover's case in
1920. If, a year before that election,
Hoover had been known to be clearly
and unequivocally a republican. or
clearly and unequivocally a democrat
he would almost surely in one case or
the other have got the nomination,
and might today be President. It
was not until the 31st Of March, 1920
less than ten weeks before the first
Of the nominating conventions, that
Hoover announced that he was a re-
publican. That was several months
too late. Almost surely the same fate
will overtake Ford unless he lets
himself be known as clearly a repub-
lican Or clearly a democrat. It is
commonly taken for granted that
Ford is democrat. But unless he
makes his Identification with that
party more formal and unequivocal
than 1t now is he can hardly hope
for the party to give him its nomina-
ton.
Being in the middle ground as to
party is, from the point of view of
practical politics, rather more fatal
than being in the middle ground on
issues. The American public insists
on thinking of elections as having
something Of the nature of a prize
fight. or some other sort Of sporting
event. The individual voter wants to
get into the game himself. wants to
share the thrill and passion of it. He
wants to identify himself with one
side or the other. He wants to shout,
and be active, not as a mere onlooker,
nor even as a partisan, but actually
as a participant himself. That is one
OF tho reasons why, in America, third
parties rarely do very well. The voter
feels that third parties and middle
ground candidates are on the side
lines. And the voter himself wants
the fun OF being in the midst of tho
scrimmage. Candidates who take the
middle ground on issues and candi-
dates who do not seem quite to know
Just which party they belong to fail
to give the voter enough action. All
this may not be what ought to be.
but It is what is.
r X X
1t IL this sort Of wisdom that prac-
tical politicians possess. either in
stinctively or through experience. 1t
Is those things and the application of
them that Justify speaking of practi-
cal politics as an art. AS in all arts,
the professional usually beats the
amateur-beats him less by superior
strength on the part OF the profess
sional than by the mistakes made
by the amateur. In the present sitN-
alton many Of the politicians look
upon Henry Ford as having immense
strength. But they count with COM
plete confidence on his making, at
some stage or other Of tho game. one
3captinled On Third PaGe5 :,
Evening star., 1923-04-22

In the line OF mistakes of the sort
which, from the point OF view Of
practical politics, are almost newt
ably fatal. Henry Ford is just now in
considerable danger. The pit-~into
Evening star., 1923-04-22
BY MARK SULLIVAN.

NY one familiar with practical
~ politics, and with the psc-
"A chology of popular elections.
n must concede that President
Evening star., 1923-04-22
BY BEN MckELWAY.

down-trodden, hard work
ing packers, who get blamed in
this country for everything
Evening star., 1923-04-22

lCQpttnued on Third ,PaSe.l
The Washington times., 1923-10-16
Chicago Grain Market.

CHICAGO, Oct. 16.-Grains were
slightly irregular at the opening to-
day.
Wheat started unchanged to Y
cent lower, with mixed commits
sion house trade in small lots.
There is a private cable here re-
ported to estimate the Argentine
wheat crop this year at 100000. 900
bushels, which is much in excess
of any crop ever raised in that
country.
Corn started " to x cents higher
on commission house buying, but
ran into selling by locals. Private
cables says Buenos Aires corn
futures opened y cents lower than
last nights close.
Oats started steady to " cent
higher. Trade was light.
Provisions inactive, with no
offerings.
Opening prices here were:
Wheat-December, $1.080h; May,
$1.12h; July, $1.09M.
Corn-December, 76x@hc.; May,
TAX q Nc; July, 75A@Nc.
Oats-December, 4Sc.: May, 451Sc.
Rye-December. Tic; May 75Ac.