davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington times., 1923-09-01
CORONA is TRUE
MAT TER. SAYS
SCIENTIST
Photograph Taken Of Solar
EcI'psss Show il Is no
Optical illusion.
BY EDGAR IUCIEN LARKIN
Director Lowe Astronomical
Observatory

Written Especially fev and Copyrighted,
1873. BY Cosmopolitan News Service.
ECHO MOUNTAIN, Calf. Sept. 1.
---At the total eclipse Of 1873, in the
clear mountain air of Colorado. pho,
tographs were taken of coronal
streameTs out to nine million miles.
With a still more powerful spectre
scope, at the total eclipse In Egypt,
in 1882. for the first time the eyes
Of man got a clear view of lines of
hydrogen in the gigantic explosive
upheavals and prom!nences-an ele'
ment almost omnipresent, as IL is
constantly seen in millions of suns
sunk in interminable space-deeps.
1t is settled that the corona is a
true solar surrounding, not, as has
been suggested, an optical effect due
to the earth's atmosphere.
In 1871 three photographs were
secured, one in Bakul. one in Cey-
lon. India, and one in Java, hun.
dreds of miles apart, and all alike,
impossible IL an illusion in our own
air.
Emit Own Light
Powerful spectroscopes not only
lines Of coronium, but bright lines
also. This is proof that particles of
matter in the lower parts of the
corona emit their own light. How
ever, the greater part of the halo
Of glory reflects solar light as at
once analysed by the tell.tale spec.
troscope.
The reports of Government and
the great private observatories will
make number of large books. The
hundreds of photo-spectra will en-.
rich the fund of modern astro-
physics--if there are no clouds.
l respectfully ask the reader, If
he has not already done so, TO be-
come interested in the mighty sub
ject of the laws of nature. Each
minute part of the eclipse is in the
clutch of rigid ma hematics and all
else i'll the mechanics Of the illimit
able sidereal universe a study of
these laws is the only possible way
10 secure d Clew as to what The
The Washington times., 1923-09-01
To Camp At Culueper.

From Cedar run the Marine
column marched YESTERDAY 10
Remington. crossing the Rappahan
mock river en- route Tonight the
force will be in camp Mt Culpeper,
rom which point the line of march
y be via Charlottesville and Hills
| zorro to Fort Defiance, which will
be reached September 10. At Fort
Defiance the marines will go into
camp for extended maHe,Ivers.
In addition to the marine activt
ties through this section of Virginia
there is more than enough local in
terest to provide a very ENJOYABLE
trip for the Washington motorist
The Luray Caverns. the Endles.
Caverns, the Shenandoah Caverns
Crystal Cayerns; and the magnif
eent Natural Bridge are al acces
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1923-04-08
elmo Ferrero Believes Red Revolution Coming Apace German

pated, seeing themselves de-
luded of the satisfactions
they sought beyond the
Rhine, what will occurH
The more I examine the
situation, it is this: That the
cost of this new, struggle
will be assessed against Ger
many and that the most
probable effect of the in
vasion Of the Ruhr will be
a profound and violent
political crisis in Germany
IN which the parliamentary
republic will be overthrown.
A WEAK REPUBLIC.
The German republic ia a
weak government because II
was hastily improvised after
the defeat and not prepared
for like the French republic
by an intense and long cher
ished desire On the part Of
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1923-04-08

weakness Of the present gov
eminent, when the German
nation shall have lost all
patience. For this, since
1918, is now the rule in all
Europe:
When a democratic and
parliamentary government
limps or docs not progroSS,
a military dictatorship takes
it's place. 1t happened thus
In Russia In the autumn Of
l917, when Kerensky s gov
eminent fell because 1t wish
ed to continue the war, It
happened thus In Hungary,
when the republic Of Karoli
fell because 1t failed to OBJ
tain easier peace terms from
the allies. It happened thus
in Italy a few months ago
because the government
seemed impotent.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1923-04-08
tenn will be electrified within
thirty years.

the nation. It was the des-
perate expedient of a people
who, in 1918, would have
thrown themselves into the
arms of the devil rather
than live any longer under
a monarchy responsible for
the CHASTITY war.
The heir Of defeat and Of
ruin, the now republic found
little credit, a few devoted
and sincere friends, and it
has been sustained up to the
present by two frail forces
the credit Of a deluge Of
paper money and the dis
credit Of the monarchical re-
gime, DETAINED by the catas-
trophe. 1t might, however,
little by little gain strength
like a delicate child, If 1t
could lead a tranquil, In
dustrlous life. Instead the
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1923-04-08
By GUGLIELMo FERRERo

The Foremost Historiou of Europe.
PARIS. April 7.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1923-04-08
Bugs Running
Old Buildings

LONDON.
pRoF. LEROY, of the Imperial
College OF Science, South Ken
sington, broadcasting from Mar
conf House recently, took for his
subject the ''death-watch" beetle.
which is destroying so much of
the timber in old London build
ings.
He explained that it was popu-
larly called the "death-watch, !"
owing to its habit Of tapping on
the wood, which used to be re-
garded as q sign that someone in
the house was going to die.
The insect has been at work in
nearly ell the old buildings OF
England. The most important
was Westminster Hall. where for
centuries the grub had been eat
ing the timbers Of the roof.
The work Of repairing the hall
has been going on since 1913. It
was originally made of Sussex
oak, and similar oak has been
used to replace the rotted beams.
Il IL believed that there Is not
one live insect left In the roof,
ana there 10 reason to believe
that for another five or ten Gen.
turtles, at least. there viii be no
fear of further damage.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1923-04-08
ROUTE TRAVERSES
COUNTRY OF SCENIC
BEAUTY UNEQUALED
Little Village Church Landmark to Travellers,
Because Railroad Circles Ii Three Times in
Climb ElectrificatiOn Makes Possible Faster
and More Enjoyable Trip by Eliminating
Smoke and Other. DiScOmfOrtS.

Ing 20 engrave into their memories
on which side Of the carriage
they win have to take their seats
on the return trip-for % many
like to repeat this st. Gothari
journey. this trip OF . thousand
thrills.
Beyond the great tunnel we be.
hold another land, still SwtIzer-
land. but vastly different from
any other part Of the land Of
the Alps.
This is the canton OF Ticino,
italian speaking. ann with numer-
Gus other characteristics which
suggest that italy cannot be. far
distant. It is q aun.lxissed land,
whore exotic plants and flowers
grow In profusion, and a happy,
care-free people tend its great
vineyard and fertile fields. Every
hamlet and every village looks
devoutly upon It's own place Of
worship. Outlines perched high on
some rock height.
Gironico, another section where
engineering skill triumphed over
nature; Bellinzona. the ancient
capital Of the canton. with three
formidable strongholds; then to
the right b branch line leading to
Locarno, the fair Swiss city at the
head of Lake Maggiore. with its
unforgettable Madonna de- sasso
perched high above, ana straight
ahead Of US. q little farther on.
Lugano. gloriously situated on its
own lake. the realization OF
beauty lovers dream.
From Lugano. the distance 70
Chiasso lie about sixteen miles.
and the railway. after slirtihg the
lake for some time. crosses il on
an imposing bridge at Melide and
proceeds to the Swiss.Italian from
tier. it's terminus. Electrificaaion
makes q trip by the st. Gothard
line a pleasure unmarried by the
otherwise inevitable discofitures
combined with the steafn-traction
way OF travelling, and indications
In the present trend Of travel are
that an everincreasing number Of
tourists will patronize this spot
less line. this road OF scenic won.
ders.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1923-04-08

In addition. the sections be-
tween Zurich and Berne also be.
tween Lausanne and Vallorbe, on
the Swiss-French frontier, are
due for electric traction In the
near future; in fact. 1t is hoped
that the entire Swiss railway sys.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1923-04-08

Why should Germany's
fate be different, unless of
course the Germans IRE
really exhausted9 Now the
military dictatorship that
governs Europe can be
classed into two families,
the red and the white-the
Socialist, like tho Dictator
ship Of Lenin and Bella
Kuhn, and the Nationalist,
like that of Admiral Horthy
In Hungary and Maasolini In
italy. TO which of these
two families ID 1t most likely
that the future teRtstives OF
Germany inclineG
I am inclined to believe
that in Germany the odds
are in favor of the red die
tatorship-maybe a red that
is as scarlet as that of Mos
COW.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1923-04-08
And what are the real advan-
tages of identification? AS be-

supreme council of the
vlctors placed on it's shout
ders the enormous burden Of
the treaty of Versailles,
enough to crush a giant.
The day on which I read
for the first time the text of
the treaty said, "The Ger
man republic is condemned.
This is it's death certifi-
cate" And this opinion |
still hold.
When the German people
find that the republic is not
able either to repel the In
vaders nor to persuade them
to recross the Rhine, when
the consequences Of the o.
eupation Of the Ruhr will be
felt throughout all Germany,
a violent crisis is likely to
occur, unless, indeed, Ger
many Is Frustrated so much
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1923-04-08

that she no longer has the
Vigor to react.
BREAKUP IN GERMANY.
| am inclined to think it
probable that the crisis will
take two forms: Attempts
at separation and attempts
at military dictatorship.
In Germany the unitarian
sentiment is strong. Until
now the partition Of Ger
many has only been a
French dream. But no senti-
ment can forever chain a
country to a desperate situa-
ton. The day in which Ger
many becomes convinced
that the present government
is incapable of either carry
ing out the treaty of Yer
sailles or of escaping from
its chains, I think it prob
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1923-04-08

there IL q considerable gain In
time, whereby the capacity Of q
line is increased.
The elecrtic passenger ioccno-
tives Of the st. Gothard railway,
each weighing 1Os tons. can haul
trains 425 tons In weight three
times over the 1874 miles be-
tween Lucerne and Chiasso In
twenty-four hours, allowing q
stop OF fifteen minutes at the
terminals. Freight locomotives,
each Weighing 12S tons, can haul
loads of $50 tons between Arth-
Goldau and. Chiasso, 1874 miles.
twice in twenty-eight hours
Furthermore. and this . fea-
ture over which every passei1-
ger rejoices, the smoke nuisance
is done away with and the task
OF maintaining and repairing the
line in the tunnels has also been
Iightened for workmef. AS soon
as identification OF that section
was completed. the nine-and-one
fourth miles.lpng st. Gothard tun-
mel underwent a thorough clean
ing and scraping; its former
black coat Of SCOT Is thus no
more, and travel through this
tunnel and the numerous smaller
tunnels along this line where
windows had formerly to be
Theoretically closed, has merely
become a diversion.
SCENIC WONDERS.
Today, with it's spotless cleo
trical equipment, the St. Gothard
railway, which justly claims to
be the most picturesque inter-
national line in all Europe, il
becoming a greater favorite than
ever among tourists and travel
ers.
From Lucerne, which. with itg
much-sung lake and encireltng
mountain heights, forms q pic
ture that will never fade from
ones memory. the st. Gothard
railway proceeds past smiling
lakes and verdant pastures. past
hills and mountains to the
realm of the st. Gothard, where
torrents and waterfalls only en-
liven the awe-ingpiring solitude OF
the mountains. While the line
does not rise perceptibly between
Lucerne Q,437 feet and Erstfeld
Q,55S feet, it provides noun.
taineering thrills of an altogether
unique order between this point
and Goeschenen (3,640 feet, where
in a distance Of but eighteen
miles there is q steep rise Of over
1000 feet.
The route up the valley Of the
torrential Reuss is magnificent;
viaducts are boldly thrown across
gorges and depths in which foam
ing streams rush downward;
gradually 1t becomes q spiral
staircase, and in the vicinity of
the village Of Wassen, whose tiny
church has become a landmark,
it appears as If the train wishes
to linger indefinitely around the
same spot. No fewer than three
times does it wind around this
little church, showing it first
above, next on the level and
finally below. giving amazing
views of the winding line with
it's three sections between the
tunnels, one above the other.
REPEAT JOURNEY.
Each emergence into daylight
presents a new aspect OF this
romantic region, and the travellers
are ever darting from one side
of the carriage to the other In
an effort not to miss any Of the
scene features. or they are try.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1923-04-08

Two huge power stations, one
ct Amsteg, near the northern en-.
trance to the st. Gothard tunnel,
and the other at Piotta, about
five miles beyond the southern
entrance, supply the necessary
energy.
While Amsteg is used during the
summer months, when the Reuss
supplies the water. Piotta ID avail
able in winter. This latter plant
utilities the accumulated water of
Lake Ritom, which lie situated
5000 feet above the sea and about
$3.50 feet above Piotta. The natu-
raj depth OF the lake has been
Increased by twenty.three.foot
dam ana the conduit draws off
the water 100 feet below the dam
crest. The available storage ca.
paeity Is estimated at about sOO,-
100000 cubic feet.
EARLY HISTORY.
Railroads were introduced in
Switzerland in 1874 with the con.
struction Of the Basel-St. Ludwig
line. connecting with the Alsace.
BY 1850 there were already e21
miles Of normal gauge lines IN
use and in 1859 the federal au.
thorities decided on a project for
q railway through the st. Goth
ARD. which involved the boring Of
what was then the longest tunnel
In the world. slightly more than
nine and one-fourth miles.
Work on this gigantic undertake.
ing' which cost $2s.So0. 900, was -,
begun in 1872 and ten years later
the line was formally inausurated.
In view OF the magnitude Of the
scheme and the tremendous OBJ
stacles which had to be overcome.
the line, when completed, was
generally recognized as an epoch
making achievement, and it took
immediately its place as one Of
the great arteries Of European
traffic.
The railway was, OF course. run
by steam, but with the passing
OF years and the ever.increasing
demands made upon it. the neces.
sity was realized Of transforming
1t TO electric traction. Other lines
In Switzerland were being byil.
and run by electricity, and the
Swiss federal railroads decided
not to lag behind in this era Of
progress, although the adaptation
would involve immense expendi.
lures.
ELECTRIFICATION PLANS.
Final plans for the electrified.
ton were passed in August, 1913,
q year before the outbreak of the
great war. which calamity made
Switzerland realize her depend
ence upon the neighboring coun-
tries for coal.
Calculations showed that .he
little Alpine republic can dispose
Of over some 100000 horsepower
OF waterpower and records also
indicated that about 600, 900 tons
OF coal are required per annum
by the railways. 1t was there
fore evident that this vast out
lay for fuel, as well as the in
convenience and uncertainty OF
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1923-04-08

procuring the same, could be en-.
tirely eliminated by the develop.
ment of but a fraction Of the nat
ural hydraulic resources.
In spite of the war the Swiss
resolved to carry out the now
morS than twice as expensive
Identification scheme. Az the
Swiss franc maintained during
all these years OF ffuctuating
money markets the same high
level. just like the American dol
lar. Switzerland decided to ap.
proach the bankers in her power
full and richly blessed sister re.
public for a loan to make the
Identification of the st. Gothard
line possible.
In view OF Switzerland's sound
financial standing America lent a
most willing ear to the PROPOSE.
ton, and loan Of $26 900 600 was
thus floated by a consortium
headed by Lee Higginson 4 Co.
By making this loan Americans
have incidentally taken an All-im-
portant part in this huge under.
taking.
In the autumn Of 1890 the main
section of the line, between Erst.
field and BellinEona, which in.
cludes the great tunnel, began to
run by electricity; the entire line
between Lucerne and Chiasso, on
the Swiss-Italian frontier, 10 open
now. and the complete electrified
ton Of the
line is expected shortly.
LINES ELECTRIFIED.
However. Identification activity
was not confined to. the st.
Gothard road only. The inter.
nationally known Simplon route.
which was opened in 1906 and
which. like the st. Gothard line,
facilitates communication between
Great Britain, Northern France
and Italy, and particularly also
the Swiss-Italian lake district, is
already electrified between Iselle,
on the Swiss-ItaIian frontier, and
Sion, a town In the Valais. The
section Sion-Lausanne is expected
to be completed within a year.
In the same period the Swiss
government railways also finished
construction of the second gallery
of the Simplon tunnel, the long.
est tunnel in the world, measuring
IL miles 537 yards. Traffic
through the tunnel 10 conse.
quently no longer limited to one
track, and express trains in both
directions have vastly improved
in their schedules.
The next item on the electrifi-
cation program is the line be.
tween Basel and Lucerne, upon
completion of which it will he
possible to cross Switzerland by
electric railway.
DOESN'T NEED COAL.
In addition, the sections be-
tween Zurich and Berne also be.
tween Lausanne and Vallorbe, on
the Swiss-French frontier, are
due for electric traction In the
near future; in fact. 1t is hoped
that the entire Swiss railway sys.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1923-04-08

re oTSWOSt H1SLOT10n OF EUROPE.
PARIS, April Z.
TRANCE and Belgium
= are rather like masters
today in Germany but
also a little like prisoners,
because no one can predict
when they can leave.
L believe the prediction /
made two years ago will be
fulfilled to the letter; name
ly, that to enter Germany
will not be difficult, but
the difficulty will be for
France and Belgium to quit.
Then if Germany cannot
rid herself Of the invader
either by force or conces.
sions, If France and Belgium
run the risk Of having to re-
main in Germany 30 much
longer than they antici-
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1923-04-08
WAR HALTED PLANS
AND ADDED GREATLY
TO WORKS EXPENSE
Loan Was FlOated i'm United States to Make
Constructor Notwithstanding FeatS of
Remarkable Character NeceSSitated by Diff
faculties of Passage Through Mountains via
St. GOthard Tunnel Route.
By MARIE WIDMER.

HLECTRIF1CATION has become vital question al
most all over the world but while the majority of
countries still discussing" the matter Swzer-
land has been acting with the gratifying result that the
Chiasso section of the worldamous Gothard
line distance of 1872 miles, has electric operation
for the last few months.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1923-04-08

able that many portions Of
the Reich will try to liber-
ate themselves Of a part Of
this burden which now
weighs down all Germany,
reappearing under the forms
Of new and smaller govern
ments.
MILITARY DICTATORSHIP
And 1t Is probable that
the attempt will be made,
especially in the parts oc-
cupied by the Franeo-bel-
gians, where the stranger
forces will protect them,
even if they do not actually
encourage them,
With regard to attempts
to initiate a military dicta-
torship, this might also in
Germany be the natural re-
action to the incurable
New Britain herald., 1923-12-21

Representative LonGworth appeals to house Of republicans and demo- crats to play politics as little as pos sible that the house may work effi-
New Britain herald., 1923-12-21
'Rattlesnake Jack" May
 Have Met With Foul Play

Camden. \. J.. Dec. 2l--John Ross known as Rat ulesnake Jack" full blooded Sioux, and one of Rooseyelts Rough Riders, who died November 25, may have been the victim Of foul play. "Rattlcsnake Jack who was 72 years old, travelpd with carnivals, giving exhibitions with trained ani- mals He died suddenly on a farm near Delair. snie White, who was interested with him in the trained an- imal act, asked the authorities to in- vostigate. The body has been ex- humed and an autopsy will be held.
New Britain herald., 1923-12-21

Bishop Manning appeals to Episco- York asking for truce in religious dispute until after the Xmas season. I General Sanchez, insurgent Mex ican army chief, has gone to Esper- anza to discuss plan that will end the Mexican conflict, the newspaper 1 El Dictamen says.
 Rev. Charles Francis Potter Uni ton Baptist fundamentalist in a de- bate at New York city on the sub ject: "The Bible is the infallible word of God"
 Case of Philip F. Fox, charged with the murder of William S. Co., burn has been given to jury at At lanta.
 The Boston Pilot, the offiical pub lication of the Roman Catholic arch diocese of Boston of which Cardinal O'Connell is the head. discusses prob lems that face Episcopalians and other Protestant denominations and declares there are no shadows of doubt to "darken the Roman Catho- lies celebration of the Christmas fes- tival"
 C. E. Ruthenberg, executive secre- tary of the workers party of Amer iea, in signed statement made public at Chicago, declares that Mir. Hughes disclosures involving soviet Russia arc "a forgery and an attempt to mislead the people of the United States"
 Dr. William c. Farabee, noted an- thropologist, is seriously i'll from per nicious aneamia at Washington, Pa, hospital and has submitted to blood transfusion.
New Britain herald., 1923-12-21
GETS gIrB roScEssIoSs

Warsaw. Dec. 21.-1n addition to negotiating s tobaeco monopoly lease with a Paris bank the Polish govern ment Is considering the bid of Brit ish concern for a concession in the tast forest or BisloEitesks. which covers more than goo, GOO acres of ground. Austrian capitalists have also submitted bids. The government pans to use the funds thus obtained for the stahiiizatiou 0r tho mark. Minister Of Finance Kucharsd has decided 10 post p0uo tho establishment Of a bank Of issue uHfii the currency has been rut on a nrmer basis
New Britain herald., 1923-12-21
BUSINESS SCANDAL IN r.Hrs.

Paris, Dec. zI.-After conference between French judicial authorities and an Antwerp magistrate. the Paris offices Of the Trsnsoceanic. the Franco Belgian Transportation com- pary which recently failed. and the residence of Rene NaFtI Msckers were searched and a number 0f dOcu- ments sefzed Hackers was arrested. He is 8 director of q French conn pany affiliated with the Tfansoceanic. as weii as of the International Sleep ing Car company and other concerns. Iis arrest fas ed gsfd a stir in society circles where he is r-etl kuSvn.