The Wolf Point herald. (Wolf Point, Mont.) 1913-1940, 1923-01-11
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
~ EDWARD w. p,ckARp

FUHEldN AT HIno
With Michael Collins AS it's head
the provisional government Of the Irish
Free State was established In Janu.
ary, after Dali Eireann had accepted
the treaty with England and De valera
had refused to accede. Immediately
the republicans, now rebels, started a
warfare that lasted throughout the
year and was marked by innumerable
ASA s~sinQtiOns and other o~utrages.
The Free State forces gradually gained
possession OF most of the territory
where the rebels were strong and the
fighting daxenerated into bushwhack-
Ing. On August % President Collins
was killed In an anbuscads and VIII
lam Cosyrevs was elected to succeed
him. He offered amnesty to the rebels,
but they decided to light to the
death" Erskine Childers, chief aid Of
De Valera, wal captured and executed,
II were other republican leaders. The
Irish Free State formally came into be-
Ing on December {, with Timothy
Healy ~ governor general.
Prime Minister Lloyd George held
power through all the vicissItudss OF
The year until October 10. On that day
the conservatives In parliament decid-
cd to abandon the coalition and act In
future al 4 separate party. The pre-
nier was thus deprived Of his majority
and promptly resigned, with his cabi-
net. A. Bonar Law, chosen leader of
the conservatives, succeeded him,
formed q new ministry and called an
election for November 15. At the
polls he won control Of parliament.
The laborites made great gains and be
came the Opposition party"
Under the leadership OF Benito Mus
solini, the Fascist of Italy. organised
primarily to protect the country
against the communists, fought 4 long
and successful battle. Gaining stead
lily In strength, notably by the acces-
sion Of many thousands Of working
men, they saved the Industries Of Italy
from the Reds, and finally, dissatisfied
with the weak policies OF Premier Fac
ia, compelled his resignation on Octo-
Der 26. Mussolini was made premier
and at once set to work to restore the
prosperity of the country. The king
and chamber Of deputies gave him full
power to put into effect his conten-
plated reforms n economic meas
ures, and as he had the support OF
most of the people, the prospects for
Italy were bright.
Greece's disaster In Asia Minor re-
suited In the second abdication Of
King Constantine on September 70, In
the face OF 4 revolt by the returning
troops. Next day the crown prince,
George, was sworn Ia AZ king and 4
new government installed. The revo
~lationists In control caused the arrest
Of various former cabinet e6icers and
generals On the charge OF high treason
In connection with the debacle In Ana
tolia, and nix Of them, including thrcs
former premiers, were condemned TO
death. Great Britain tried vainly 70
prevent the execution and then brska
OF relations with Greece, probably glad
to get rid Of m embarrassing alliance.
Prince Andrew. uncle Of the king, also
was tried and condemned, but escaped
with exile.
N. BRAND resigned ~ premier Of
France on January IL because his pol
icies at the Cannes conference were
opposed. He was succeeded by M.
Poincare, whose policies included strict
enforcement Of the treaty OF Yer
sailles.
Pope Benedict XIV died on January
n, and on February 2 the Sacred Col
lege met In Rome to choose his success
sor. -Four days later Cardinal Achille
Ratti, archbishop of Milan, was elect
ed, and on February IL he was
crowned pope as Plus XI.
To the account Of affairs in Turkey
above IL to be added the down
fall of the sultan. Considered by the
Angora government to be a tool Of the
British, and consequently a traitor. he
was deposed on November i. The SOW
ereignty of the nation WAS declared to
be In the hands of the people and the
name changed from Ottoman empire to
of Turkey. The dethroned ruler
took refuge on Malta. On November
10 his nephew, Abdul Medjid EfendL,
elected caliph Of the Moslem
Germany devoted herself through the
year largely to efforts to evade the
payment Of reparations, to determined
work to regain her foreign trade, and
to the printing Of innumerable billions
pf paper marks. The value OF the
mark fuctuated widely, reaching a low
evel Of more than eight thousand for
4 dollar. On June "a DR.. Walter Rath-
enau, foreign minister, was assassi-
in Berlin by reactionaries. Chan-
,ellor Wirth and his cabinet were
forced out Of office November IA
Wilhelm Cuno became chancellor with
/ ministry in which tie socialists and
communists were not included.
On December 9 Gabriel Narutow1cz
we elected president of Poland to
$500 I,t "a q r-o -