davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
ANTHRACITE COAL
Being SHIPPED TO
CANADA ON D. and H,

Governor BaNtcr received tcle-
gram from Senator Fernald asking
that information be sent him in re-
gard to the various routes by which
coal was sent into Canada and the
Governor has sent the following re-
ply:
January 1G, 1923.
Hon. Bert NJ. Fernald,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, u. G.
Anthracite for Canada docs not
move via State of Maine. Some is
moved via vessels to New Brunswick
and Nova Scotia. but the large move
ment for Canada is via Delaware and
Hudson. which in our opinion is con-
trollcd by the Hudson Coal Company.
We have repeatedly asked Hudson
Coal Co. to furnish list of anthracite
they are shipping daily Via Mcchan-
icsvillc. which is junction point of the
Boston u Maine Railroad for all an
thracitc moving into Maine and have
also asked Delaware and Hudson II.
X. same thing. They both absolutely
refuse. We have had the matter up
since September trying to get daily
records, which are important for our
dealers and the people of Maine. but
they also refuse absolutely Have
mad the matter up with Interstate
Commerce Commissioner Eastman.
director Roth and Commissioner
Aitchison and they say Delaware and
Hudson have also turned them down.
All railroads gladly furnish us with
daily detail information of all coal
passing junction points. excepting
the delaware ard Hudson r. r..
which is moving an enormous amount
OF anthracite into Canada. This in
formation about daily car movement
VIA Mechanicsviile is very essential
LOT our people in order for us to keep
behlnd the cars and give the informa
ton to our dealers and people of
Maine.
cannot action he taken at once
compelling" the Delaware and Hudson
10 furnish daily records to our Enel
director Lane? Has this railroad tho
power to defy all Federal and state
authoritiesn
lERC1NAL p. BANTER.
Governor of Maine"
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17

washington, Jan. LITTLE Amcri-
ord British debt commissions
,-e unable today to bring into ac-
,rd their views as to the terms of
4 settlement of Great Britain's war
m TO the United States. Further
egotiatlons were suspended until
|hursdav with the British mean
line seeking additional instructions
\ their government.
The subject matter of the con-
krsations at today's joint session,
mich lasted about an hour, was
krefully guarded by both the Amer
kans and the British but there were
hdications that the present differ
Ince had to do largely with the
Iuestion of the interest rate. 1t was
exported that the British mission had
Egsested three per cent and that
bis had been approved yesterday by
be British cabinet. which had be-
lore it an account of the progress of
|he negotiations forwarded by the
hission.-
| 1t was learned authoritatively that
II previous sessions there had been
DISCUSSION Of the statement that
hree per cent was the average rate
Continued on Page 8, Col. g.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17

London, Jan. 1G. CBy A. P.)-Italy
has offered to mediate between
France and Germany on the repara-
tions question. says a Central News
despatch from Rome, quoting an an
nouncement by the Italian ministry
Of foreign affairs.
Italy's proposals, the despatch adds.
embrace economic control OF the
Ruhr. together with commercial al
lance with Germany"
Italy is represented as anxious that
such an alliance in nowise assume
an anti-British character.
Washington, Jan. Is. (By A. P.)-
To the utmost limits consistens with
the preservation of its relations with
France and also with Great Britain,
the Italian government has been ex-
erting itself within the past few
days to restrain French officials from
proceeding with extreme measure OF
coercion against Germany.
A clear exposition of Italy's deli
cate and difficult position in connec-
Continued on Page +CoI. 81
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
Expect to Reach
Final Action Capper
Bill in Senate Today

Washington, Jan. 16.-Considcratio
the Capper farm credits bill was
sarly completed today by the Senate
n. final action went over until tomor-
w. with the other credit measure. the
vnroot-Anderson bill, scheduled to be
Yen up Immediately after its dis
al
tille criticism of the principles of
I Capper bill was voiced in today's
eusslon, although its efficacy was
puted by some Republicans as well
democrats. Senator Simmons,
mocrat, North Carolina, said he
eu II would not prevent enactment
rear farm credits legislation, de-
ping the cooperative credit associa-
s proposed would not be of much
i" agrlculturists except live stock
Overs.
sua'or harrison. Democrat. Missis-
pi Inscribed as splendid" meas
lor farmer relief the bills pro-
s,Vns extending federal reserve sys-
y "dis on farmers notes to nine
nuns and authorizing continuation
'se War Finance Corporations loan
lor another year.
, Mn amendment by Senator Norbccl,
'I ,;,p' North Dakota. changing
u.e OF the bill to the federal
,s s ssock and agricultural loan act'
n h a.Iepted by Chairman Mclean of
NJ SSa as committee and adopted by
IL s se,ale. The new title is based on
Enls Operative ~ credit corporation prin-
Senator Norbeck so;a ,ho lin, .
kOnc snuea 10 take care of big cattle
M $50, Oh The west" hut not to aid
B,er small farmer. Chairman Mclean
Ep , that its provisions for the crcd.
kdsrrau,' iauons and for extension of the
kpen II o,, system loans would be
" dill farmers. large and small.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17

ID. p. Hamilton of Waldoboro. was
reelected as president of the Maine
FARMERS Exchange at meeting
which was held in this city, Tues
day. Other officers elected were:
George III. Thomas of Pennington
rails, rice-president; Il. j. Speed of
MILO, treasurer, and George ID. Bar
toll of Frccport. secretary. The exc
cutive committee consists of these
TOUR and f.. S. Hill of Machias. The
oiilcerS were elected at Il meeting
OF the new board of directors. which
was held in the Augusta House,
tuesday evening. The general meet
ing was held at Odd Fellows Hall.
Although but a young organization
the Exchange is now well under way
and the prospects for the future are
especially bright.
The morning session was taken up
with speeches by we'll known men.
who spoke of the various phases of
cooperation between the farmers
both in marketing and in buying.
At 1880 the meeting was called to
order by the president. Is. u. Hamil-
ton Of WATERFORD. The first speaker
Continued on Page IL, Col. g.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
Better Ministers Not
More Churches Needed

Boston, Jan. 1G-Bettcr men to en-
ter the ministry and not more
churches. is the greater need of the
average American community. Bishop
William Lawrence of the Episcopal
diocese of Massachusetts, said to-
night at the opening dinner of the
campaign here in the $1,OOO,0oO fund
drive for the Episcopal Theological
school in Cambridge. He said the
campaign is an investment in giving
these men better training for their
jobs"
Bishop Lawrence announced that
100000 has already been subscribed
and that quotas throughout the
country had been removed.
Campaign dinners were to be held
tonight in Milwaukee. Philadelphia,
Providence, Washington. Rochester,
Worcester, st. Louis. Columbus, Gin
cinnati, Grand Rapids, Oklahoma City
and smaller cities.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
Committee of 1000
Elects Strikers All
Quiet at Harrison

Harrison, Ark, Jan. 16-With a
suspension of the order of Governor
McRae at Little Rock late today or
dcrlnS company of Arkansas Ma
tlonal Guardsmen here with a pos
sibiiity of declaring martial law on
their arrival. Harrison tonight re-
stunned Il tranquil appearance after
two days of armed action in which
one man was hanged. another wound :
cd and scores Of alleged Missouri and
North Arkansas railway strigers es-
corted from town to the Missouri
state line, accompanied by a Com
mlttoc of 1000"
The committee of 1000 tonight
broke up after holding special scs-
sionS behind closed doors for two
days and its members are on the way
TO Their respective homes, some of
whom came q distance of $50 miles
TO assist in the roundup. No further
trouble is anticipated.
The Arkansas House of Reprcsen-
tatives and Senate this afternoon
adopted n resolution authorizing
Governor T. c. McRac to call out
the National Guard and declare mar
tial law at Harrison. The resolution
stated the state legislature would
make all the appropriations neces-
sary. Tonight is was said that viz
tually every striker in Harrison
about c00-have been elected from
the state or placed i'll Jail by the com
mittce.
The body of +. G. Gregor. striking
railway shop worker. found early
this morning hanging from 4 railway
trcstlc. was tonight taken by his wife
and relatives TO his former home for
burial
A. J. Russell. United States deputy
marshal of Fort Smith. spent today
in Harrison investigating the situa-
ton. He came here on OrGcrS from
Attorney General Daugherty.
Russell said tonight he would mage
his report direct to Mr.. Daugherty
early tomorrow and intimatcd he
would recommend the railway be
placed under federal guard.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
Bold Booze Running
Massachusetts Coast

Scituate, Mass. Jan. ia truck
load of liquor. landed at Peggoty
Beach under armed guard and
whisked away in an automobile at
gun point while crowd of 100 per-
sons stood by. was being sought by
police. and prohibition enforcement
officials today. The prize slipped
through the hands Of a South Shore
constable who held up the truck, but
allowed it to proceed when one of
the men aboard exposed a badge, say
ing he was a prohibition agent. The
incident occurred Sunday, but was
reported only today.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
Rum Runners Menace
To Navigation Claims
Berry of Coast Guard

New York. Jan. 16-(By A. 2. >
Captain Berry. attached to coast
guard headquarters in this city. an
nounced today that the commander
of a vessel arriving from the West
Indies had reported difficulty in
crowding its way through the rum
fleet standing off the Jersey Coast
Complaint was made that the fleet
constituted menace to navigation.
Captain Berry stated however,
that he had received no orders from
Washington to proceed against the
rum fleet as a menace to shipping.
explaining that the authority of the
United States over navigation did
not extend beyond the three mile
limit
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
Second Victim of
Car and Sleigh Smash
Dies in Hospital

Maiden. Mass, Jan. 16-The fatali-
ties resulting from a collision early
Sunday between a street car and a
sleigh carrying so employees of a
Boston department store, who were
returning from winter outing at
Wakefield, reached two today with
the death in a local hospital of
Frank Restiere. of the Dorchester
distric. of Boston. Mis- Tillie Bico-
here, of Boston, was killed instantly.
OF the outing party 81 were injured.
Five were still in hospital tonight,
but will recover. OF the remaining
IA who were given medical treatment
about one half returned to work to-
day. Restiere, whose skull was frac-
tured in the collision, never regained
consciousness.
Wesley II. Thurston, of Maiden.
motorman of the street car, was held
on a charge of manslaughter.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
Mr.. and Mrs. MinOt
To Control Children
Jointly Says Court

Salem. Mass. Jan. ia decree as
to alimony and custody of the two mi
nor children was filed this afternoon at
the superior court in the divorce case
of Constance Gardner Minot. grand
daughter of u. s. Senator II. c. Lodge,
granted divorce last week from Graf
ton Winthrop Mnot of New York. No
alimony or counsel fees are awarded
the liHcllant. both parties are to have
Joint custody of the children and the
expense and maintenance of the chill
dren shall be borne jointly. Each shall
be entitled to the children one-half of
the time. but this shall not interfere
with their education. In event of dis
agreement over education. that of the
daughter shall be directed by the moth
er and that of the son by the father.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
Shoveler's Cramp
Lays up Street Men
On Sick List Boston

Boston. Jan. 16.-Shovcler's cramp
has cost the city and the street rail
way company the services of 7o5
men. as a result Of the almost con-
slant labors with the recurring
SHOWS Of the past fortnight. Public
Works Commissioner Joseph A..
tourke said today that 400 laborers
were on the city's sick list, laid up
with cramps and colds. General
Manager Edward Dana said go of
the Boston Elevated Railways gangs
were at home unable to work for a
tlme after days spent fighting the
SHOWS The aggregate cost in money
TO city and company for snow re-
moval was placed at nearly $500, 600
IN the officials statements.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
Hold Two of Gang
Wire Tappers r. /.

Providence, r. l., Jan. 16-Frank
Henderson. alias McRea, and Louis
Silverman, alias Wood, extradited to
Rhode Island after the formers ar
rest in New York and the latter's in
Newark, pleaded not guilty to
charges of robbing DR.. Z. B. Carman,
OF Freeport. L. l.. of $4,000, and
Edward Meixner, of Newark, of $1O,-
900, when arraigned at WEXFORD, r.
l., today. They were ordered held for
trial next Thursday in the sum of
$4,000, which was not furnished.
The two men are alleged to be MEM
bers Of the gang of "wire tappers''
who last December fieeced DR.. Car
man and Meixner Of their money. in
fake race track betting at Narragan-
Sett Pier.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
Connecticut Churches
To Hold Referendum
|On Sunday Baseball

Hartford, Conn, Jan. Ito OBJ
tain the opinion of $4,000 church peo-
pie in Connecticut, on the question
of legalizing professional baseball on
Sundays, the legislative committee of
the Connecticut Federation of
Churches, at meeting yesterday, de-
vised plans to hold a referendum.
On the question of Sunday sports,
the members generally favored limit
ing to amateurs. but in view of the
known fact that professional sports
are now the rule in many cities,
though not legalized, the committee
decided to obtain the consensus Of
church members throughout the
state and to be guided by the re-
turns.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
Archie Marietta
Newsboy Saves %
From Dangerous Fire

Boston. Jan. LITTLE quick action
or Archie Marotta. a II year old
ne"sboy. enabled 80 persons; 10 Gce
safely from fire on Moth STREET
early today. As he was about to
hurry off to Newspaper Row for his
papers he discovered smoke coming
from the basement. Flames soon
Shot up and Archie dashed hack 20
the house. awakened his mother and
TWO sisters and led them out. The
others followed. The loss was small.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
ei \! Troops Were
as on First Says
t6cial Report

bo oo Jan. 16-(By A. Ply
. ss 0llclal French version of the
c.,r,o' De'"een French troops and
hsbt ''i IL civilizations at Bochum last
klled ana IN which one German was
sas p %ma another severely wounded.
leada,,arrtna out at the occupational
A laraa' ers here this afternoon.
4mbed crowd of Germans had as
Patton near near the Bochum railroa d
hey wer S".s tne statement. where
France w sn,hslng songs insulting to
" the Fr mhth ordered to dispense
Fused ana n commander. they re-
y the " sol. several shots were fired
h,eS I ~; ssGntrics. The French retail
irs, WIN ,h their rifles, firing high at
lte hen men ne shooting to xiii The
Bed ar, dieelare no machine gun was
'salnst the Germans N
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
Lieut.. Edwards Gets
Legion of Honor Cross
For Gallant Rescue

Constantinoplc, Jan. lin rec
oenition of the gallant rescue of 200
persons from the burning French
hospital ship Vinh-Long in the Sea
of Marmora on Dec. 16, last, Lieut..
Commander F.. A. Edwards of The
American destroyer BainDridge. has
been presented with the cross of the
legion of honor.
The ceremonies occurred aboard
the flagship of the French naval
forces here. Lieut.. Commander
Edwards received the decoration
from Admiral Dumesnil, who e1-
pressed the gratitude and admiration
of his government for the brave
exploit of the American commander
and his men.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
Meeting of Shoe
Workers Union Put
Over to Next Week

Haverhill. Mass, Jan. 1G.-Mass
meetings of $4,000 members of the
Shoe Workers Protective Union,
scheduled to act this week on the
new wage agreement drawn up by
their representatives and those of
the manufacturers association. have
been put over until next week. it was
announced today. The delay was
made in order to give the members
a chance to study the agreement,
which aims to prevent strikes or
lockouts for two year period.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
Eederal Reserve
aak Franchise Taxes
P Nc Falling off

BAL liomiss..on' Jan. 1.-THE CONNER
PEI a4 nd alton which began late in
PeAected IL rohtinued far into 1922 is
y the trea. On announcement tonight
p the Fasufy that the franchise tax
PES for ,t an.al Reserve bank earn
tiOS5O,0O % year amounted only to
E4ooO for as compared with $50
hould no;,. 1871. Treasury officials
pon prooo nt only to the reconstruct
as the answer to the
FINK tax decline in the reserve
dollars .. Hundreds of millions Of
Pose, II VI frozen credit" was Jared
ssstment va" ~ asserted, and the read
see post .u VI general business about
laded, To va" sa peak was said to have
Tue total Of the liquidation.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
Fall River Mayor
Receives Threat
From Ku KluX Khan

Fall River. Mass, Jan. 16-Whcn
Mayor Edmond L. Talbot opened his
mail today, he found the following
letter. mailed from Taunton, Mass,
and postmarked sunday:
Mayor Talbot-kccp your eyes on
your own business SUCH as dance
halls or watch your step-ku kluX
Khan"
Though considering the message as
Il joke, the mayor turned the letter
over to Chief of Police Fcency.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
Deputy Collector
Internal Revenue

Hon. Frank J. Ham of this city,
collector of internal revenue for the
district of Maine. Tuesday, Jan
nounccd the appointment of George
Il. y. Allen of Portland as deputy
collector of internal revenue with his
post of duty at Portland. Mr.. Allen
is n member of the Portland board of
aldermen.
Mr.. Allen was formerly stock ac-
countant with Hannaford Brothers.
wholesale produce dealers of Port
land. He was born in Portland. is
married and is very well and favor
ably known.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
Chen Chiung-Ming's
Unpaid Soldiers
Loot ROYAL Palace

Hong Kong, Jan. 16.-(By A. Ply
Unpaid soldiers of Chen Chung
Ming's army looted the vice regal
palace as soon as Chen and his staff
left yesterday for Waichow, accord
ing to advices received today from
Canton. Service on the Canton
Kowloon railway had been suspended
after the seizure of all rolling stock
by the military authorities,
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
Catholic College
Baltimore Burning

Baltimore, Md, Jan. 16-Thc main
building of Rock Hill College, a Cath
Ole institution at Eilicott City, near
here. was on fire tonight and little
hope for saving the structure was eN-
pressed by fire department officials.
The building which houses approx
mately 12O students and contains
class rooms, is a five story structure,
Help has been summoned from this
city and several surrounding towns.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
MOntellO in Distress
Near Sable Island
Steamer to Rescue

Halifax, n. s.. Jan. 1G-The Italian
frcighter Montello, which cleared
Philadelphia for Marseiles Jan. ., is
in distress 500 miles southeast of
Sable Island. The Steamer Eastern
king has gone to her assistance.
y radio message received at 1890
a. m, by the marine and fisheries
department stated that the Montello
had sent out q :. 0. :. cali from
latitude $40 north and longitude
$3.50 west.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
Lumberman Shoots
Self at Lewiston

Lewiston, Nc. Jan. 16-Hanford
Dcschense. %. of st. Francis. Maine.
shot himself through the heart in a
room at local hotel tonight and
died while being removed to a hos
pithl. He had recently been en-
ploycd in the woods at Berlin. n. IL.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
100000 Fire Loss
At Fort Kent SUNDAY

Bangor, Me-, Jan. 16-Seven small
wooden buildings in the business Sec
ton Of Fort Kent. on the Canadian
border, were burned Sunday with a
loss estimated at about 100000, it
became known here today.
Those burned included the dry
goods and clothing stores of r.. $.
Klein and Amos Coury, the cOnfec-
tionery and fur store of I. B. Bour-
goin. Simon Hobert's restaurant and
the fruit store Of Edward WObby in
which the fire started.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
International Paper
Co. Boosts Wages

New York, Jan. 16-The Interna-
tional Paper company today an
nounced a wage increase between
six and seven per cent. to it's more
skilled employees, classification
which includes 80 per cent. of its to-
tai manufacturing force.
The new scale will effect approx
mately 900 men. according to Allen
Curtis. vice president, in all factor
les and branches of the company.
The increase is retroactive to Jan
uary /.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
20 Year Old Portland
Man Falls From Roof
Into SnOW-Uniniured

Portland. Me-, Jan. 16.-The heavy
snow fall here proved a blessing to-
day to William White, 20 years old.
who fell three stories from the roof
of his home, landed head first in a
15-foot snow drift, and was I'M
harmed. Mr.. White was chopping
ice on the roof when he slipped. He
disappeared from view after his fall
and neighbors dug him out with
ShOvelS.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
$4,000 Loss in
Shoe Factory Fire

Beverly. Mass. Jan. 16.-Thc old
Rogers shoe factory. a four story
wooden building in the manufacture
ing district. was damaged by fire to-
day. causing 100000 loss. t'iremen
had to battle for three hours before
it was eXtinguished.
An investigation will he made of
the origin of the fire. police officials
said,
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
PROHIBITION HAS
UTTERLY FAILED
; Says REP. COCHRAN s(3H
Disregard of The Law Con-
stitutes A Great National
Scandal

New York Congressman Tells House
All the Forces Used After Civil
War to Enforce nth and 18th
Amendments Could Not Uphold
the EIaw-Every Attempt to En-
force Morality Attended by Dis
order
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
BUDGET REPORT Sent TO HOUSE
With MESSAGE FROM GOVERNOR
SENATE KILLS SALARIES BILL

Kux Khan To Come Under Fire TodayAuditors Report
Notes Increase Applications For Farm Loans-Suggests
In Loan Vaue-Queson of State Aid Private
Institutions May Be Submitted To The Peope-Appoint
ment of Recorder For Municipal Court Portland To Come
Before Council Meeting For Confirmation Today
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
TEACH the FARMER
HOW TO COOPERATE
IN THEIR MARKETING
Speakers Urge at Meeting of
Maine Farmers Exchange
in Capitol City

Prominent Seed Man of Indiana
Iclis OF Growth cooperative
Movement Throughout Middle
Mcst-DivisiOn OF Markets Head
discusses Problem of Marketing
Movie Shown illustrating Dairying
MethodS-OficerS Elected For
Coming Year
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1923-01-17
THE WEATHER
FAl r

North New England, South New
England: Fair with cold wave We'd
nesday: Thursday fair with slowly
rising temperature.