, 1923-01-03

a succeeded Lloyd George as prime
minister. Then, at a conference of
the allied premiers In London, Bonar
Law gave the French to understand
tnat, though Britain could not approve
OF military measures against Germany,
n would not actively oppose them If
the Germans defaulted In the repara-
tons payments due in January. The
conference adjourned to meet in Paris
on January 2 and Premier Poincare
intimated that he might be satisfied
with milder measures. About this
time 1t was stated In Washington that
the United States was looking for a
way to help out Europe without en-
tangling herself in alliances, but moth
ing definite was suggested and Eu-
rope was skeptical.
on April 10 an economic and finan.
cal conference, called by the allied su-
preme council, opened In Genoa. Ger.
many and Russia we're invited to par
ticipate. under certain restrictions, but
soon after the sessions began the dele
gates of those two nations concluded
a treaty canceling their war debts and
the treaty of Brest-Litovsk and estab-
fishing full diplomatic relations. Sur
prised and angered, the great powers,
despite the protests OF the neutrals,
barred the Germans from further par
ticipation In the discussion Of Russian
affairs. which was the most important
subject before the conference then.
The alliet nations offered to give finan-
cial aid to Russia under certain condi-
lions, but Belgium refused to agree to
this and a day or two later the French
withdrew their assent, charging that
Lloyd George was pructicing trickery
to gain control Of the Russian oil
fields. Meanwhile the soviet delegates
were making such excessive demands
that the uselessness of further negotia-
tons became evident and the confer
ence adjourned after adopting an eight
months truce with Russia.
Mustapha Renal Pasha and the
Turkish nationalists. who had disa-
vowed all the doings of the Turkish
government ut Constantinople, spent
h summer In secretly preparing for n
great offensive against the Greeks in
AnatolIa. They opened the attack on
August % and took the enemy COM
pletely by surprise. Within n week
the Greek armies had been routed
coast positions and Athens was asking
for an armistice and agreeing to get
out of Asia Minor. Renal occupied
Smyrna on September 0 and five days
later a large part Of the city was de-
stroyed by flames. At first the Turk
ish troops were blamed for this, but Ia
ter developments indicated the confia-
grafton vas started by the fleeing
Greeks and by looters. Great Britain,
which had been sponsor for the Greek
venture in Asia Minor. was alarmed
by the expressed intention of the ma
tionalists to take possession Of Constan-
tinople and the rest Of the old Turk
Ish empire. and she called on her do
minions and France, Italy. Serbia. Ru-
mania and Greece to join her In the
defense OF the D~ardanelles. France.
which had been giving aid and comfor
to the Turks, and Italy objected to
military operations against the kemal-
lists, and some of the British domin-
ions were noticeably cool. However.
Britain hurried reinforcements to her
land and naval forces in the Near East
and let the Turk and the world know
that she would act alone II necessary.
The allies on September % invited
the nationalist to n peace conference,
agreeing to return to them CONSTANT
nople, Adrianople and eastern Thrace
In return for the guaranteed freedom
Of the straits. Kemal insisted that
Russia must be included. and the allies
agreed that the soviet government
should participate In settlement OF the
question Of the Dardanelles. After sew
eral trying days, when war seemed al
most unavoidable. the allies and ma
tionalIsts met at Mudania on October
3 to arrange an armlstice. A week Ia
ter n protocol was signed providing FOR
the evacuation Of eastern Thrnce by
Greece within 10 days and Its delivery
to Turkey within IS days. and. yield
ing to the Kemalists the civil control
Of Constantinopfe pending a peace con-
ference. This conference opened In
Lausanne, Switzerland. November 20.
with the prospect Of being long In SEES
sion. The United States declined full
participation, but sent Ambassador
Child, Minister Grew and Admiral Bris-
toll to guard the interests Of America
and Americans. these being especially
In connection with the oil fields OF
Nosul. The conference had to deal
with the frontiers Of the Turkish state.
both In Europe md in Mesopotamia,
where the oil fields are located. and