, 1923-01-03

ing. On August % President Collins
was killed In an ambuscade and VIII
liam Cosgrove was elected to succeed
MIN. he offered amnesty to the rebels,
but they decided to fight to the
death" Ersl<ine Childers, chief aid Of
De valera, was captured and executed,
as were other republican leaders. The
irish Free State formally came Into be-
ing on December Q, with Timothy
Healy as governor general.
Prime Minister Lloyd George held
power through all the vicissitudes Of
the year until October 10. On that day
the conservatives In parliament decid.
ed to abandon the coalition and act In
future as a separate party. The pre-
mier was thus deprived OF his majority
and promptly resigned, with his cabi-
net. A. Bonar Law, chosen leader of
the conservatives, succeeded him,
formed a new ministry and called an
election for November Is. At the
polls he won control of parliament.
The laborites made great gains and be-
came the Opposition party
Under the leadership of Benito Mus
solini. the Fascist of Italy, organized
primarily to protect the country
against the communists, fought a long
II successful battle. Gaining stead
lily in strength, notably by the Access
sion of many thousands Of working
men, they saved the industries of Italy
from the Reds, and finally, dissatisfied
with the weak policies OF Premier Fac
IA, compelled his resignation OF Octo-
Der 20. MussOllni was made premier
and at once set to work to restore the
prosperity of the country. The king
n chamber of deputies gave him full
power to put into effect his contem-
plated reforms and economic meas
ures, and as he had the support of
most of the people, the prospects for
Italy were bright.
Greece's disaster In Asia Minor re-
suited in the second abdication of
King Constantine on September 20, In
the face of a revolt by the returning
troops. Next day the crow prince,
George, was sworn In as king and a
new government installed. The revo-
All COhllOl Ndubcu luC uilCSl
of various former cabinet officers and
generals on the charge of high treason
In connection with the debacle In Ana
tolfa, and six Of them, including three
former premiers, were condemned to
death. Great Britain tried vainly to
prevent h execution and then broke
on relations with Greece, probably glad
to get rid of an embarrassing alliance.
Prince Andrew. uncle of the king. also
wns tried and condemned, bur escaped
with exile.
NJ. BRAND resigned as premier of
France on January IL because his pol
icies at the Cannes conference were
opposed. He was succeeded by NJ.
P~oincare, whose policies included strict
enforcement of the treaty Of Yer
~sailles.
Pope Benedict XIV died on january
%, and on February 2 the Sacred Col
lego met in Rome to choose his success
sor. Four days later Cardinal Achilla
Ratti. archbishop Of Milan. vas elect
ed, and on February II he was
crowned pope as Plus NJ.
To the account Of affairs In Turkey
related above is to be added the down.
fall Of the sultnn. Considered by the
Angora government to be a tool of the
British. and consequently a traitor. he
was deposed on November 1. The SOY.
ereignty of the nation was declared to
be In the hands Of the people ard the
name changed from Ottoman empire to
State Of Turkey. The dethroned ruler
took refuge on Malta. On November
IS. his nephew, Abdul Medjid Enendi.
was elected caliph Of the Moslem
church.
Germany devoted herself through the
year largely to efforts to evade the
payment Of r%eparations, to determined
work to regain her foreign trade, and
to the printing Of innumerable billions
Of paper marks. The value of the
mark fluctuated widely. reaching a low
level OF more than eight thousand for
n dollar. On June "a DR.. Walter Rath-
enau, foreign minister, was assassi-
mated In Berlin by r~eactionaries. Chan
cellor Wirth and his cabinet were
forced out Of ONCE November IA and
Wilhelm Cuno became chancellor with
a ministry in which the socialists and
communists were not included.
On December 0 Gabriel Narutowicz
was elected president OF Poland to
succeed General Pilsudski. He was
duly inaugurated, amid Ger Of
great disorder and on December 10
was assassinated by an artist.