The mirror., 1923-01-04

tlIne stnc temporal was dQQeQ 10 the
spiritual power of the bishops. The dukes
of Savoy began to encroach on the tenn
poral power and at the same time the
burghers took hand in affairs. The
struggles between the dukes of Savoy and
the citizens ended in favor of the latter in
the early days of the sixteenth century.
Geneva is the capital of the canton of
Geneva. 1t contains possibly $4,000 peo-
plea little over 100000 with its suburbs
and the canton has a population of about
135,000. There are % cantons, with a
total population of about 3,35O,OOO. The
Romans made themselves masters of the
country in the first century, B. c. Their
dominion lasted about four centuries. A
succession of masters followed. When it
became a part of the German (Holy Ro-
man) empire in the eleventh century it
was hodge-podge of petty states ruled
by dukes, counts, bishops and abbots to-
gether with little city-states. The begin
ming of the confederation Of cantons was in
the thirteenth century.
In 1916 Rudolph of Hapsburg, Holy Ro-
man emperor secured control of the duchy
of Austria and threatened the liberties of
the Swiss. To resist its aggressions the
three forest cantons of Uri, Schwyz and
Unterwalden in 1921 entered into league.
In the fourteenth century five other can
tons joined. The house of Hapsburg
found the mountaineers invincible. AT the
close of the middle ages the connection of
Switzerland with the German empire came
virtually to an end. The confederation
was enlarged by. fresh accessions. In the
sixteenth century, as stated, Geneva shook
off the authority of the dukes of Savoy
and of the bishops. After the reformation
in the peace of Westphalia 164S) Swift
zerland was formally declared indepen-
dent of the German empire. In 1898 the
French occupied the country and estab-
lished the Helvetic republic. In 1908 Ma
poleon restored the cantonal confederation
and new cantons were added. The con-
gress of Vienna in 1915 decreed the per-
petual neutrality of Switzerland
Geneva, of course, at once suggests
Eoted men and famous events-John CAL
vim, Rousseau and others the Geneva con-
vention, the Alabama claims, ETC.
Modern Geneva is an exceedingly at
tractive city. 1t is beautifully situated at
the southwest end of Lake Geneva, which
here narrows and pours out into the Rhone,
which is shortly joined by the Arve. The
Khone is crossed by nine fine bridges which
join the old town on the left bank, with the
principal residence quarter of the foreign
colony on the right bank. There are many
fine structures of interest. The College de
St. Antoine, founded by Calvin, has nearly
1000 students, over half of whom are for
eigners. Geneva is noted as an educa-
tional center The Cathedral of St. Peter
is Byzantine in character and is said to
have been built in 1124. The botanical
gardens are interesting. There are sew
cral museums, including the Musee Ratin
the Fol museum, with collections of Greek, 1
Roman and Etruscan antiquities; the
Atheneum, devoted to the fine arts, and
the Museum of Natural History, contain
ing de Saussure's geological collection. The
lie Jean Jauques Rousseau attracts many
visitors. Tourists are shown the house OF
Calvin, on whom the possibly chief his
torical fame of the city rests.
Lake Geneva is one Of the beauty spots
Of the world. 1t is about As miles long
and is eight miles wide at its place of
greatest width. Its northern and western
shores afford striking views of Mount
Blanc and its chain. The lake is very
deep and beautiful dark blue.
New boulevards encircle Geneva; they
are laid out along the lines of the old
Notifications which were demolished in
1851. Handsome villas crown the sur
roundipp beirhtS Altopetber the Tourist