davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Kevin review. [volume] (Kevin, Mont.) 1922-1929, 1923-02-08

old landmarks nea the starting
point of the Santa Fe trail on the
Missouri river disappeared. The
earlier expeditions starting from
st. Louis went up the Mississippi
a few miles to the mouth of the
Missouri and then followed the lat
ter stream. For some time the old
Boon's Lick country, now Howard
county, Mo-, and Old Franklin
formed the jumping off" place.
The town of Old Franklin, where
Kit Carson worked as apprentice
to a saddler, is now the bottom Of
the Missouri river, for there a
swift current of the river has cut
away the old townsite.
The commencement of active
trade with Santa Fe dates from
1922, but one of the outstanding
events in the history of the trail
was the first attempt to introduce
wagons in the expeditions in 1924.
This was made by a company of 80
traders, who supplemented the
usual train of pack-mules with rs
wheeled vehicles, of which two
we're stout road wagons, two carts
and the rest light Dearborn wag-
ons, the whole carrying merchan-
disc valued at $4,000. This cara
van reached Santa Fe in safety, ex-
periencing much less difficulty
with the wagons than had been
anticipated.
The organization of a full-fledg-
ed train for crossing the plains con-
sisted usually of from rs to 30.
wagons that would carry
from three to three and one-half
tons each. The merchandise in each
wagon was protected by three
sheets of thin ducking of the
weight used for army tents. Six
of oxen pulled each wagon,
and a wagon train usually had
from 20 to 80 extra oxen for emer-
gencies. The train of cattle, there
fore, numbered from $40 to $780,,
half a dozen mules for riding.
The force of men consisted of a
wagon boss and his assistant, a
canister for each wagon, and half
| dozen extra hands for various
purposes, including herders.
The average distance travelled
vas from II to IS miles per day,
although as many as 20 miles were
ometimes covered. Oxen proved
o be the cheapest and most reliable
cams for long trips where grass
vas depended upon for fodder. If
'roperly driven and handled they
we're good for from 1000 to 2,400
allies in the season between April
nd November.
Corral for Defense ]
In camping or stopping to Craze {
r camp, a corral of oblong shape
7as formed by the wagons for de- |
enslve purposes in case of attack {
y Indians. When this was done !
1e tongues were turned out and e
log chain extended from the hind i
heel of each wagon to the fore b
heel of the next one behind, ma G
ing a solid corral excepting for a II
lde gap at each end, through 5
h1ch the oxen were driven. ii
With a good wagon train perfect II
sc1pllne was maintained among b
e men, the commands of the wag- W
! boss being implicitly obeyed.
MS was necessary because of the b.
of Indian attacks and the F
ed of instant and concerted ac- al
IN at such a time. w
Inc average salary paid the men pr
IS 81 a day and expenses. A good be
llwhacker sometimes got more ca
q earned it. An experienced man pr
The Kevin review. [volume] (Kevin, Mont.) 1922-1929, 1923-02-08
Historic Santa Fe Trail Was For Half a Century Greatest Highway Of
Commerce West Of the Mississippi; First Trader Travelled It In 1863

to Santa Fe was $40 a hundred
pounds, each wagon earning from
$500 to 5000 a trip on an average
1t took about 90 days to make the
Journey.
One of the largest manufacturer
and most enterprising men in In
dependence in the SOS was a negro.
Hiram Young. Besides making
hundreds of wagons he made prac-
tically all of the ox-yokes used in
the entire traffic. The forward
Jokes were sold for S1.25 apiece,
and the wheel yokes for ST apiece.
Ancient City of Santa Fe
There are few more picturesque
places in America than the old city
of Santa Fe, at the end of the trail,
the date of whose founding lies be-
tween 1909 and 1917. The little
village had an arduous road to ira
vel during its first 200 years. 1t
was conquered by natives and re-
conquered from them by the Span
iards, and its population became a
blend of Castilian and native blood.
During its period of most prosper
Gus trade with the United States,
Santa Fe had a population of 5000.
1t had grown up among the ancient
Pueblo towns of the upper Rio
Grande, and it is even claimed by
some to have originally been a
Pueblo town, itself.
The old city presented in appear
ance nothing in common with a
modern American city. The streets
seem to have radiated from a CEN
trail point along lines of least re-
sistance, having no pretense of reg
ularity in direction, width or grade.
The only marked exception was
the Plaza, or public square, which
formed the central common of the
town. On one side of this square
stood, and still stands, a long, low,
one-story building, dignified with
the name of palace. This probably
is the most interesting historic edi-
flee in New Mexico and in the
southwest. In it were kept arch
ives of old and forgotten times,
finally were rescued from
decay or destruction by Americans,
and so there have been saved to the
from oblivion the annals of
a relatively remote civilization
otherwise would have per-
ished from the face of the earth.
The old adobe palace has been
the scene of many stirring events.
In it lived and ruled the Spanish
saptain-general, SO remote and in
accessible from the ~viceroyalty at
Mexico City that he was in effect
/ king, nominally accountable to
he viceroy, but practically beyond
lis reach and control. Here met
III the provincial, departmental
md other Legislative bodies that
lave ever assembled at the capital
# New Mexico. Here have been
all Indian wars and meas
res for defense against invasion,
ncluding the Navajo war of 1928,
he Texan invasion of 1912, the +.
american war of 1916, and the
Confederate invasion of 1862.
the walls of the palace was
Imprisoned in 1909 Captain Zebu-
IN Pike and ~innumerable state
risoners before and since Many
sentence of death has been pro-
ounced there, and the accused led
nth and shot at the command of :
captain-general. At one end of (
rambling building was the
1ardhouse and prison, and fearful
cries of torture and cruelty are
INJECTED with the latter.
Dangers of the Trail
The Kevin review. [volume] (Kevin, Mont.) 1922-1929, 1923-02-08

OF the journey between Independ-
ence and Santa Fe. The first ex-
tended to Council Grove, where the
caravans were organized. This was
a well-watered prairie country,
comparatively safe from Indian
depredations, and was the pleasant
est part of the route. The second
division ended at the ford of the
Arkansas river. Near the beginning
of this stage came the transition
from the fertile prairies of eastern
Kansas to the arid plains of the
southwest, where danger from Ind
ians lurked at every step. But it
was the third division of the route
that was the most dangerous and
dreaded of all. 1t was the Cim-
arron desert, extending from the
Arkansas river to the source of the
Cimarron. Within this distance
there is not a water course or water
hole to be depended upon during
the dry season. The soil is dry
and hard, with poor vegetation.
The Indians we're most dangerous
along this part of the journey and
there was greater loss of life here
than upon any other portion of the
trail. The fourth division ran from
the Cimarron desert to Santa Fe,
where travelling was safer and
.pleasanter.
The entry of a caravan into San
ia Fe in the earlier days was an
event of much interest. 1t marked
the end of a long and tedious jour
ney, made under great mental and
physical strain, and the beginning
of a long and luxurious rest, for the
life of the wagon-train employees
was a continuous round of pleasure,
with much feasting, drinking and
dancing, and sometimes not a little
fighting.
As a route of commerce the old
Santa Fe trail closed on the 9th of
February, 1880, when the first
over the Atchison, Topeka
and Santa Fe entered the town.
The once great highway is now
only a picture in the memories of
he few who have travelled its
weary courses, following the wind
ings of the Arkansas river and on
10 the portals that guarded the
pathway leading to the
shores of the Pacific.
by ChecIy-Rsban syndIcate.l
The Kevin review. [volume] (Kevin, Mont.) 1922-1929, 1923-02-08
Montana Second in Silver Output

Montana Second In SILVER output
Montana was second in silver pro-
duction in 1922, while Utah was first
and Nevada third, according to the
director of minis working in cooper
alton with the United States geolo-
gical survey.
Including Alaska and the Philip
pines, the United States produced
55,510,895 ounces.
Utah produced 1~5,588,000 ounces
of the white metal. Montana, 9,601,-
900, Nevada ~8,108,000 while Idaho
ranked fourth with 5,965,000 ounces,
beating Colorado by a scant $4,000
ounces.
The total gold production for the
United States was valued at $49,096,-
900. California led in gold with $14,-
$4,000; Alaska was second with ST.
871, 1000; South Dakota was third,
s6,711,000; Colorado, s6,518,000;
Arizona, $3,304,000; Nevada, s3,-
228,o00; Utah, $2,226,0 600, and Mon
tana was eighth with s1,511,000,
leading the Philippines by about
$4,000. Michigan had no gold pro-
duction but produced $4,000 in sill
yer.
The Kevin review. [volume] (Kevin, Mont.) 1922-1929, 1923-02-08

could yoke six pairs of bulls, as thu
cattle we're invariably called, in II
minutes, could curse in half a dozer
different languages for a couple 0:
hours without repeating himself
and could knock a fly off a bull:
ear at 10 feet without hurting the
bull. .
Rattlesnakes on the Santa F.
trail, in the earlier years of travel
were a great annoyance, often bit
ing the miles and oxen when they
were grazing. In the days of the
pack-trains it was sometimes ne
cessary to send men ahead to kill
snakes on the mules grazing
grounds. Later, the bullwhackers
with their long whip-lashes, des-
troyed them SO rapidly hat they
soon ceased to trouble the stock to
any great extent.
Excessive Tariff Charged
Under Mexican rule in New
Mexico, excessive tariff charges
were instituted, amounting to as
much as 100 per cent upon goods
brought from the United States.
and for some years an arbitrary
duty was demanded of $500 for
every wagon-load of merchandise
brought into the province, regard
less of its size or intrinsic worth.
AS gold and silver were paid for
the articles sold by American trad
ers, they were also required to pay
a heavy duty on the precious met
ais which they took out of the
country. Yankee ingenuity, how
ever, evaded much of such unjust
taxes. When the wagon train ap-
preached Santa Fe, the freight Of
three wagons was loaded onto one
and the empty vehicles destroyed
by fire. To avoid paying taxes on
gold and silver taken back to the
United States, the freighters had
false axletrees placed on
some wagons, and in these the
money was concealed. The exam
ming officers, unsuspecting such
an artifice, passed them.
The largest six-mule wagon train
ever strung out on the plains car
led supplies for General Clusters
Command in the southwest in the
of 1868. 1t comprised more
han 300 army wagons and was
our miles in length in single col
INN.
independence Succeeds Franklin
With the beginning of naviga-
ion on the Mississippi, it soon be-
anne possible to shorten the Santa
'e trail by establishing an outfit
ing point higher up the river than
rankin, and soon independence,
lissouri, ten miles each of Kansas
1ty, became the starting point on
1e trail. By 1927 trading posts had
cen established at Blue Mills, Fort
sage and independence. Blue
ILLS, six miles below I~ndepend-
nee, was for a time the favorite
.nding. independence, however,
elng the county seat and the lar
place, succeeded in its claims
the best outfitting point for the
Fe commerce, which it con-
1ued to be until 1916, when the
vas temporarily suspended
the breaking out of the Mexican |
ar. /;
After peace with Mexico had I
en- established, trade on the Santa !
trail became extremely active, t
d every year many thousands of t
Igons we're sent out from indie E
ndence, which soon became the S
st market west of St. Louis for c
tile, mules and wagons. The
ice charged for hauling freight
The Chilkoot post., 1923-03-23
BASKETBALL NOTES:

OL
 Conmnicati sent the Athletic Officer of the D0nCharne1 this  prestige to Juneau City Tea Juneau Douglas High
 
  April if cut stage a brilliant
The Chilkoot post., 1923-03-23

Officers va. Co. "T". Co. "E" vs. Officers, Co. hE" vs. Co. "E". Officers vs. Go. "F". , ~ m ~ ~~m ~~ ~ ~n - nn ss .
The Chilkoot post., 1923-03-23

the Coming Woek:
 Tonight (T: i dny, liar .23d) ~ Monday: l1a~c2 26th: .-------- Tues ia" I1arch 27th ------=4
 Fri lay, ;4arch aOth --~------
The Birmingham age-herald., 1923-10-21
WORLDS BUSINESS BETTER: SECRETARY HOOVER SAYS
Declares Only Dark Spots U. s. Agricultural Situation
 And German Conditions

WASHINGTON. Oct. 20.-The worlds commercial strength has i'm proved during the last year, except in Central Europe, Secretary Hoover said today at meeting of the for elgn committee of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States.
 Two dark spots only were pic- tured-the American agricultural situation and conditions in Ger many.
 Secretary Hoover referred, in speaking of American farming condi- tions, to the disparity of prices of many agricultural products with those of other industries, more par tlcularly in that the difficulties of tn. wheat farmers in certain DOT tions of the west are acute.
 In Germany he said, the situation affects the rest of the world, com triDuting to the depression in Ameri- can agriculture. This was true, par ticularly, he said. in relation to ami nal products.
 Discussing the situation in the United States, MT. Hoover spoke of the low rate of serious unemploy- ment, absence of speculation and of large stocks of goods, all contribut- ing to foreign stability.
 Increasing strength in other parts of the world, he said. reflected itself in comparison of American exports to European countries outside of Central Europe.
 Eighty per cent of American ex- ported manufacturers, he said, now
The Birmingham age-herald., 1923-10-21
GEN. J. J. PERSHING|
 SAILS FOR EUROPE
Efforts At "Incognito" About As Successful As Those Of
 Prince Of Wales

NEW YORK, Oct. 20.-Gen. John J. Pershing, commander of America S expeditionary forces in the World war, attempted to sail. from America incognito today, but his efforts at the ''incognito" part were about as successful as were those of the Prince of Wales when he entered Canada as Lord Renfrew.
 General Pershing, as a private citi- zen, caught the Leviathan just a few minutes before the gangplank was drawn in. He was in a buoyant mood and refused to take the reporters questions seriously. He declared he was going on a flying vacation trip" of from one to three months, and would visit France and possibly other European countries. He was accompanied by his sister, Mrs. Mary E. Butler, of Lincoln, Neb.
 In a hurried session with his in reviewers, the general answered most questions with a jolly remark, and then added laughingly, But don't say that" Typical of these was query concerning who the next President would be.
 Why, Henry Ford, of course!" he confided with mock seriousness quickly adding. but don't say that" and then he gave vent to his char acteristically hearty and infectious laugh.
 General Pershing said he was in perfect health, but explained that he desired complete rest, which he said he hoped to get abroad in "tramping around a bit"
The Birmingham age-herald., 1923-10-21
VON kAHR kIDNAPS|
 12,OOO FEDERALS|
Military Dictator Of Bavaria To Demand Ransom
 From Berlin

MUNICH, Bavaria, Oct. 20.--(By Associated Press.)-Dr. Won Kahr, military dictator of Bavaria, to- night theoretically Kidnapped 12,001 federal troops garrisoned at various points in Bavaria and will hold them as ransom until such time as sat isfactory accord with Berlin can be reached.
 This Is the substance of a procla ; nation issued by the Bavarian dic- tator in reply to President Eberg 2 suspension of Gen. Won Lossow, commander of the Reichswhr, who is charged with insubordination and infraction of army discipline. By way of injecting added venom into his coup, Dr. Won Kahr has appoint ed pr. Won Lossow, commander in chief of the Bavarian Reichswehr contingent, thus openly challenging the authority invested in Gen. Bar son kress Won Kressenstein, whom the reich president has installed as federal military governor for Ba- varia, succeeding Von Lossow.
 Won Kahr's proclamation sets forth that in the interests of main tenance of law and order in Ba- varia and for the protection of her sovereignty the Bavarian govern ment will assume trusteeship au- thority over the federal troops gar risoned in Bavaria until such time as a satisfactory understanding is reached with the Berlin government on controversial issues.
 O O O Won LossOw Named Commander.
 It designates Won Lossow as mill tary commander-in-c chief of all the federal troops in Bavaria. Von Kahr's dictum rides rough -shod over the central governments authority as represented in President Ebert and Minister of Defense Gessler, and if put into actual force wholly eliminates Berlin from the Bavarian situation.
 General Won Kahr will require the federal troops to swear allegi- ance to the Bavarian authority while they are under his jurisdiction, fore ing them to renounce the oath taken when they enlisted.
 The Minister of Labor Herr Brauns, whom Chancellor stresse- mann dispatched post haste to Munich with the dove of peace. failed to accomplish reconciliation with the bellicose Bavarian dictator. who replied to Berlin's overtures that since General Won Lossow was suspended further negotiations were SuperfluouS.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1923-10-21
MAP PROGRAM AT COOLIDGE: E:NCE:
Indorse Plan For Co-0pera-
 ton Between Federal Gov
 ernment And States in En-
 forcing The Prohibition Law SIX POINTS PROPOSED BY THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE
Spirited Addresses Develop At Round Table Discussion After Conference In Which
 VoIstead Act Is Criticized

WASHINGTON, Oct. 2O.-Re- quested by President Coolidge to assume their share of responsibility for the enforcement of the prohibl7 tion laws, governors or representa- tiVes of governor of 37 states and territories meeting with the Presi- dent today at the White House adopted a program of cooperation.
 The program was approved after President Coolidge had addressed the gathering and after an extended forcement problem during which Governors Smith of New York and Ritchie of Maryland declared with some feeling that they were not in thorough accord with the policy of the federal government. The New York and Maryland governors, how ever, joined in the unanimous vote for adoption of the program which provides:
 Coordination of all federal, state, county and municipal enforcement forces. Issuance by the governors Of calls upon the press to support pro- hibition law enforcement, stress law observance, and treat the en- forcement program commensurate with the gravity of lawlessness.
 Summonlng by the governors of conventions of municipal, county ana state enforcement olIIclalS 1T a convenient date to discuss and adopt a program for the states, tho federal government pledging every possible support to these conven- tions.
 O O O
 Pledges Aid To ParIeys.
 Calls by the governors upon the prosecuting attorneys in the various districts of the states to confer on the enforcement problem with the federal government pledging every facility to aid in such discussions.
 Adoption by the governors and by the federal government of what ever means are practicable to cause lawless citizens and aliens to re- spect the various agencies enforc- ing 1t.
 Cooperation by national authori- ties in all enforcement activities
 Promotion by the states of edu-
 (Conflnued On Page Fourl
The Birmingham age-herald., 1923-10-21
INVESTIGATES DEATH
 OF 3 AT PHENIX CITY
Fire Marshal Thinks Blaze Might - Have Been Incindiary In Origin
 STATE CAPITAL. BUREAU
 THE AGE-HERALD

A thorough investigation is being made of the death of three children at Phenix City, which occurred dur ing or following a fire on the night of October IS, according to announce ment today by Chester E. Johnson, state fire marshal. Definite results are predicted by MT. Johnson within day or so.
 The three children who met tragic death were Marvin, Dorothy and Elsie, aged II, 9 and [, respec- lively, the children of MT. and Mrs. I. H. Hart of PheniX City. It IS stated that grave doubt as to the actual cause of the death has arisen in the minds of investigators, and that reports received from deputy of the state fire marshal's depart ment indicate that he is not satisfied that the children met death through accident. The bodies of the children were taken to Georgia for burial soon after the tragedy and it may be necessary to ask the cooperation of officials of that state in the probe which has been started.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1923-10-21
Berlin Taken UnaWares

BERLIN, Oct. 20.-(By Associated Press.)-Official quarters in Berlin were wholly unprepared for Dr. Von Kahr's latest affront, in taking over control of all the federal troops in Bavaria.
 The news reached Berlin after the cabinet had concluded a long session at which the foreign situation with the Ruhr and Rhineland problems had been discus sed.
 The central government declares that this is no time for indulging in particularistic ambitions, in view of the menace threatening the nation from abroad The Bavarian action is not viewed as presaging secession; it is rather construed as a demonstra- tion of Savnrian psychology while on the rampage.
 By way of forcing test of its mill itary authority it is believed pr. Gessler will order the withdrawal of all of the federal troops from Bava- ria, thereby emphasizing the prece- dence of General Von Kressenst ein over Won Lossow.
 The foreign office denies the re- port that tine German missions abroad have nean instructed to pre- sent verbal note on the Ruhr and Rhineland situation. They are merely authorized 70 bring the situation in the occupied area informally to the attention of the neutral governments
The Birmingham age-herald., 1923-10-21
INDICTED FOR FIVE WHISKY DEATHS
Chemist Accused Of Murder And Ordered Held
 Without Bond

PANA, Ills, Oct. 2O-The grand jury; which reconvened today to in- vestigate five deaths here recently from poisonous whisky, late today indicted Robert Smith, a chemist, for murder, and recommended that he be held without bond, and returned manslaughter indictments against John, stephen and Paul Tokoly each of the manslaughter true bills con- taining five counts.
 stephen and Paul are sons Of John Tokoly and the three operate a soft drink parlor here. It is alleged the poisonous whisky was obtained from Smith by the Tokolys. The grand jury recommended that each of the Tokoly's bonds be $500 on each charge. or a total Of s37.500 for each, trio.