davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Abilene weekly reflector., 1922-04-20
q q & q Q Q & & & q & q & & Q q
q KANSAS CITY MARKETS 2
9 & & q & & & z & Z & & e4Ae
fAaaociatod pf0a0

Kansas City, April 19.-Cattle g.
500, beef steers steady to 15c high
err, best heavies $S.15, calves and
stockers steady to strong, vealers ~
70 $3.50, stockers $6.75 to 1925,
other classes around steady, bulk
cows SIS to $5.75.
Hogs
Receipts 1000, weak to &c lower,
$3.50 to $1O.10, top $1O.15.
Wheat and Corn
Cash wheat, No. 1 hard $1.31 to
$3.50, No. 2 $1.3O to $3.50; No. !
red $1.33 to $1.37, No. 2 $1.32 to
$1.36; May wheat $1.29, July
$1.17h. May corn 55c, July $3.50.
Abilene weekly reflector., 1922-04-20
FRENCH GET
ALL EXCITED
OVER RUSSIA
Genoa Conference Now
Likely to Break Up
in First Class Row
tAssociated PreSsl

Paris, April 19.-The possibility
of an extraordinary session of the
French chamber Of deputies owing
to the situation created by the Genoa
conference Developments is freely
discussed in political circles.
Genoa, April 19.-The expected
demand of Russia for discussion of
her case before the plenary session
will prove a mortal blow" to the
conference, was declared in a French
communique issued today.
Abilene weekly reflector., 1922-04-20
DIDN'T KEEP VOTERS HOME
Thew Went to Polls in Boats at
BeardstOwn, iii.

Beardstown, ILL.,, April 19.-With
contests in each Of the five wards OF
the city, Beardstown voters paddied
to the polls in boats yesterday to cast
their ballots in the aldermanic elec-
tion.
Every boat in the flooded city was
commandeered by politicians to
transport voters to the polls. One
ward worker equipped a motor car
with high wagon wheels and used
the machine to haul voters through
the submerged streets of his ward.
Interest in the election, intense
before the food, was revived yester-
day and a much heavier vote than
was anticipated was registered.
Abilene weekly reflector., 1922-04-20
LOOKING FOR A LOCATION
New Party Launched By Concordia
Has No Home
IAssociated Pressl

Topeka, April 19.-The new pslf-
teal party launched In Kansas by
the Cloud County Booster club, Is still
without home for its state conven-
tion, called for May 4, but as soon as
the location is determined, the coun-
ty delegations will be notified. d
X. Coughlin Of COncordia, secretary
of the Booster club, when In Topeka
recently measuring the temperatures
of the various political factions
which he hopes to align under the
new party standard, said 1t is quite
possible that the. convention will be
held elsewhere than tn Topeka.
Mr.. Coughlin said he had received
both encouragement and discourage
ment in the promotion Of the new
party scheme. He said he had
heard from a number Of county units
of the taxpayers association.
Abilene weekly reflector., 1922-04-20
KITE CONTEST AT NEWTON
Boys In II. S. Manual Training Work
Are Entered
Va.S ,rga TAD praaa1

Newton, April 19.-One of the
new feature contests at the Newton
high school is the kite contest, which
has Just been held. Under the super
vision of high school instructors, all
boys In manual training classes were
invited to make and enter kites In
the contest. Prizes were given Tor
the kite flying the highest, for the
best looking kite and the one pulling
the hardest. "a II
Abilene weekly reflector., 1922-04-20
LADY ASTOR
COMES OVER
FOR A VISIT
First Woman Member
to Make Speeches
in America
{Associated Pressl

New York, April 19.-lady Astor,
native of Virginia, but II citizen OF
Great Britain, the first woman elect
ed to membership In the house of
commons, arrived here today on the
Olympic. A notable gathering of
American women awaited her. She
was escorted to the home Of her SIS
ter, Mrs. Charles Dana, Gibson, the
original "Gibson girl" Tonight she
will make her first speech in the
town hall on "Women In Politics" !"
She is accompanied by her husband,
Viscount William Waldorf AstOr.
Abilene weekly reflector., 1922-04-20
WANT A MUSIC SECTION
Every Library Needs One Says Wo-
mems Federation
(Associated Pressl

Peoria, ILL.,, April ia music
section in every public library in the
United States is the joint aim OF the
General Federation Of Women's Clubs
and the National Federation Of Wo-
mems Clubs. Both federatiOns have
created a department Of library ex-
tension, with Mrs. James H.. Hirsch
of Orlando, Fla, as chairman. Mrs.
Hirsch said the proposed music Sec
tions would prove valuable in max
ing available information on music
to those desiring it.
Abilene weekly reflector., 1922-04-20
CAMP IN ADIRONDACkS

New York, n. Y, April 19.-High
up in the Adirondacks, on the shores
of Big Lake Tupper, the American
Legion has bought a 1900 acre
camp which will be available as a
recuperating resort for all men and
women Of New York state who We're
wounded during the World war or
have become sick by reason Of their
service. Title to motor boats, in
dividual camping shacks and other
outdoor equipment has also passed
into the Legion's hands.
Abilene weekly reflector., 1922-04-20
REAL ESTATE TRANSFERS

Herman Otto Jaenicke to Anna
Mary p. Jaenicke, NWA, NWA OF
36 and part Of lot 8, section 25, all
in 1874. G6A&
Oscar Hood to II. H. Nelson, ST.
500, lot 3, 4 and 5, block IS, Her
ington and tract adjoining.
e. Rogers to George Dunlop undi-
vided three eighths in Ny, SWH
26-16-3.
Fannie Smith to same, $7,49O, un-
divided five-eighths interest, M,
SWA, 26-16-3.
Geo. A. Rush, administrator, to
Alfred Markley, $4,000, Sh, SEA
3-14-2.
Mary j. Hart to Ella NJ. Amsbaugh
$1,975. lot II. Cedar street, LebOld
& Fishers addition, Abilene.
ID. f. Erwin ct al to Celia Drain
ct al part WIZ, NEA, NWA, N. of
w. 32-12-4.
Asa Johnson to vern Devilbiss
tract in SEA 9-13-2.
Fred c. LaRue to Clara LaRue,
lot 8, block "a, McClave's addition,
HeringtOn.
George Deinas to George Riffal,
$13,5O0, part E1a, 24-16-3.
Neal FOrtner to Samuel J. Winder,
lots and Z, block 81, Herring gton ex-
tract 8 feet square.
John HOdgsOn to RO We. Cameron
tract in NEA, 1864.
Lizzie Hampton to same, same.
Jacob A. Forster to Charles Kohler
$4,000, part lots 6 and z. block 9,
]. M. Fishers addition, Abilene.
James f. Hanson to the Decatur
County Astracting Co., SEA, ex-
cept 32h acres, 12-13-1.
Abilene weekly reflector., 1922-04-20
CANCEL ARBUCKLE FILMS
Hays Suspends Showing Contracts
Until Matter Is Settled

New York, April 19.-Cancellat1On
of all contracts for the showing of
films in which Roscoe G. (Fatty)
Arbuckle appears was announced
last night by Will H. Hays, head OF
the Motion Picture Producers Asso-
citation. This action, he said, affect
ed nearly ten thousand contracts.
"After a consultation with Nicho-
las Schenck, representing Joseph
Schenck, the producers, and Adolph
Zukor and Mr.. Lasky Of the Fam
Gus Players Lasky Corporation, the
distributors" Hays statement said,
81 will state that at my request they
have cancelled all showings and all
bookings of the Arbuckle films.
They do this that the whole matter
may have the consideration that its
importance warrants"
Abilene weekly reflector., 1922-04-20
HAS LEAST CLEANED THINGS
High Water Has Washed Refuse
Down Cottonwood
IAssociated PressJ

Cottonwood Falls. April 19.-Re-
cent rains and floods along the Cot
tonwood river have solved one Of the
problems that confronted farmers
along the river The oil and salt
refuse that had caused damage along
the river has been washed away.
Abilene weekly reflector., 1922-04-20
TO CURB THE ROAD. HOGS
Paint Dividing Line on the Hard
Surfaced Roads-Oil Didn't Work

NJ. w. Watson, state highway en-
gineer, has gone to Illinois to look
over Its road building plans. Une
thing he expects to put into practice
IL that states law providing that on
the hard surfaced roads black line
shall be painted in the center of the
road. making division point for
drivers and any accident occurring
to a car when II Is on Its left side
of the road shall be. considered Its
drivers fault. This rule has great
ly lessened accidents In Illinois ana
helps to curb the road hogs who
drive In the center of the road and
force others to the dirt shoulders.
Illinois Is building hundreds of
miles of roads crossing the state In
main lines and doing 1t out OF the
automobile license fund, a sensible
plan that gets results without bur
dening anybody.
Oiled Roads a Failure
The Paola Spirit has evidently
reached the conclusion that oiled
roads are not permanent success.
At least ait doesn't hurt the feelings
of the good roads editor of this
paper" declared the Spirit, "tO have
the county board QUIT Oiling roads.
for, at best. II is but make shift.
It's like taking drink of whisky
before meals, an expensive and fool
ish experiment. For awhile, the
world looks bright and everybody
friendly. but soon II takes two drinks
and then--a sour stomach and indi-
gesfion. That In what is the matter
with Miami county roads today. And
the time has come for healthful liv-
mg-the making of hard surfaced
roads"
Same With Gravel
Dickinson once had an idea OF 60
ing into oiled roads but 1t is just as
well that It did not. The same may
he said of gravel roads-they do not
stand up under hard usage. The
gravel road from town to the river
which once was pride has In a few
years worn out and Is one OF the
poorest roads In the county. On the
Enterprise roads the gravel Is stand
ing its first year well but 1t Is care
fully maintained thus far. Had 1t
the travel of the Golden Belt 1t
would soon go the way OF the other
experiments. The gravel road south
from the alfalfa mill Is about ruined.
The road to Sand Springs once
graveled is a prize exhibit Of the poor
road. Where travel Is heavy the
modern cars and trucks raise heck
with the gravel road, at least such
gravel as Kansas provides. Even In
Wisconsin and Indiana. where al
most perfect gravel Is obtainable, the
main roads that were graveled are
being hard surfaced because OF the
great maintenance expense.
Abilene weekly reflector., 1922-04-20

Patterson, Harriet Patterson, Marie
Curry, jesse Arndt, LOine Engle,
Dorothy Engle, Marjorie Fulton Of
Topeka, Margaret Mitchell Of Law
renee and Mesdames C. c. Wyandt,
Il. II. Forney, r. X. Walters, r. J..
Long. c. H. Engle, p. ii. Royer, l..
w. wylder and NJ. ii. Malott.
Those who assisted in serving
were Misses Nina Mae Howard,
Christine Anderson, Elizabeth Mera,
AiIeen Mera and Imogene TOliver.
The L. C. G. met on April IL with
Mrs. I'd Allen. The members pres
ent answered the roll call with
house cleaning helps. After a short
business session Mrs. Allen pleasant
ly entertained her guests with a
Of the new phonograph rec
ords. The remainder Of the after
noon was spent in needlewOrk and
and after partaking Of
delicious refreshments served by the
hostess the club adjourned to meet
April ~ with the Misses Amy and
Ada Goodwin. Guests OF the lcub
were Mrs. Dwight Allen and Mrs
Marshall Page.
Abilene weekly reflector., 1922-04-20
MOTOR CAR
TOOK ADIVE
into ANIME
No Trace of Driver or
Passengers Found
by the Police
EAssociated Pressl

Joplin, April ia motor car
that plunged into mine cave-in last
night was pulled out by police and
firemen today. Mrs. Myrtle Collins
quoted last night as saying she
heard n person scream as the car
dropped into the water denied having
made the statement and police aban-
doned the loss of life theory.
Abilene weekly reflector., 1922-04-20
AIR FORCE FOR PHILIPPINES
Legion Proposes to Get Back OF One
in Islands

Washington, April 19.-Formation
of an active air force reserve to in
sure the Philippine Islands adequate
protection from enemy aeroplane at
tacks has been suggested to the war
department by the American Legion
of Manila. The former service men
offer to make up the defensive air
feet.
The banding together Of the avia-
tors and balloonists who served in
these capacities during the World
war and who are now residents OF
the Islands is included in the plan
which the Legion has submitted.
Abilene weekly reflector., 1922-04-20
APPROVES JUNIOR HIGH
H.. p. Study Says Its in School Sys-
tenn to Stay
IAasociatAd Praaal
IAssociated Press J

Atchison. April 19.-The junior
high school, as unit OF educatioh-
al system, is here to stay, In the
opinion of H. p. Study, superintend-
ent of AtchisOn schools. Superin-
tendent of Atchison schools. SUPER
intendent Study believes that junior
hgih school is marked by progressive
ness as compared to the former
grammar school system, which, he
SAYS. was marked by mechanical
training.
Abilene weekly reflector., 1922-04-20
HE DECLARES
LEGION WANTS
LARGE ARMY
Head of Order Presents
Argument to Senate
Asking for 1900
[Associated PressI

Washington, April 19.-Declaring
the house reduction Of the army ap-
preparation bill the first steps to-
ward undermining a splendid mill
tary policy" the American Legion,
through Hanford MacNider, national
commander, formally put before the
senate appropriations, committee, to-
day on appeal for an army OF loo,-
600. The house plan was 115,OOO.
Abilene weekly reflector., 1922-04-20
WILL SINK THE IOWA
Old Battfeship Ready For "Davy
Jones Locker"
fA..ocfotaA praaa1

Philadelphia. April 19.-Prepara-
tions are going forward at the Phil
adelphia Navy yard toward placing
the old battleship Iowa In condi-
ton for the day shortly when she
will be sent to Davy Jones' locker
some place off Cape Henry.
Besides having the reputation OF
an old fighter, the Iowa may be bet
ter known as the radio controlled
vessel, or the ship without crew.
The radio controlling apparatus Is
being removed from the Ohio. the
Iowa's mother ship, and being placed
aboard the destroyer DickersOn.
Abilene weekly reflector., 1922-04-20
CORONER WILL QUIT CASE
iAssociated Pressl

ConcOrdia. April 19-Coroner Doty
announced today that he will hold
no inquest over the ak tragedy at
the Tremblay farm April 4, nor on
the death from poison Of l.. J. Trem-
blay three days later.
Abilene weekly reflector., 1922-04-20
INSPECTED BIG PLANTS

Lawrence Jr. High Boys Went to
Kansas City
tAssociated Press1
Lawrence, April 19.-One hundred
Junior high school boys of Lawrence
spent two days in Kansas City last
week. visiting large industrial plants.
The group was under the direction
of l. e. Brown, physical training di-
rector.
Abilene weekly reflector., 1922-04-20
GOSSIP OF SOCIETY
! AeeAeeAeeeAee Z q Z Z . q .
Miss HOFFMAN, to Washington

Miss Hoffman TO Washington
Miss Bessie Hoffman Of Enter
prise has accepted position ut
Washington, ID. G.. in the employ of
the government doing Research
Work IN Home Economics. Miss
Hoffman, together with her mother,
left Wednesday for Excelsior Springs
tor week visiting. Miss Hoffman
will then leave for Washington and
Mrs. Hoffman will return to Enter
prise.
The Women's Club of Enterprise
met last Thursday with Mrs. 7.
Schwendener. The annual election
of officers was held, the following
being elected: President, Mrs. c. Il.
Myers: vice president Mrs. Il. II.
Kuster: secretary, Mrs. I. II. Sher-
wood; treasurer, Mrs. Elizabeth
Ehrsam. A dainty lunch was served
by the hostess. The next meeting
will be at the home Of Mrs. Both
well April 20.
The ID. NJ. c. club was pleasantly
entertained at the home Of Mrs. Will
Haunce Wednesday afternoon.
short business meeting was held and
election of officers took place. A de-
liciOus lunch was served by the hos
tess. Visitors of the club were Mrs.
John Taylor and Miss Alice Taylor.
The club meets April 26 with Mrs.
ii. G. Kyle.
Marriage License
Gustav +. Ohm, Delevan, 20
Hedwig, Il. Rost, Lexington, 20
Jas. A. Burton, Stafford, Kan, 2S
Estell Stewart, Lineola, Kan, p
VIM. A. Burfiess, Chapman, 27
Lorena c. Schmidt Chapman, %
AkA
Mrs. Bennett entertained the Rain
bow Club Thursday afternoon. April
13 The afternoon was pleasantly
spent in a social way. A short bus
mess meeting was held in which
plans were made and committees ap-
pointed to make arrangements to
entertain the members of the club
and their families at the next meet
ing which is to be held on the even
ing of April 81 at the Bert Coulson
home. At the close of the meeting
dainty refreshments were served by
the hostess and her two daughters
which was much enjoyed by all.
& & &
Miss Mary Smith was hostess at
luncheon this afternoon, given in
compliment to her guest, Miss Mar
garet Mitchell of Lawrence and Miss
Elizabeth Wyandt. There were
places for Is and 4. delicious lunch
con was served. Miss Christine An
derson and Miss Nina Mae Howard
assisted in serving. The following
were the guests: Misses Margaret
Mitchell, Elizabeth Wyandt, Louise
Allen, Leone Forney, Marjorie Full
ton of Topeka. Loine Engle, Dorothy
Engle, Viola Engle. Mildred Sleeves.
Marie Curry, Esther ROOp Elsie
Patterson, Jesse Arndt and Mrs. r.
III. Royer.
Abilene weekly reflector., 1922-04-20
MilIer-ScrantOn

Miss Anna Miller Of Minneapolis,
Kan, and Mr.. A. J. Scranton or
DelphOs were married Sunday at the
home OF the brides parents. Mr.
and Mrs. B. S. Smith. Rev. Smith
of DelphOs performed the ceremony.
Mrs. Scranton's little nephew, Vern
Johnston, was ring bearer, and her
little nieces, Dorothy and Mary Eliz-
abeth Miller, were flower girls. The
bride was dressed In white satin
with lace and pearl trimmings, and
carried beautiful bouquet Of roses
and Easter lilies The brides niece,
Miss Faith Flaherty, played Lohen-
gpin's wedding march. After the
ceremony bountiful dinner was
served.
Those present were: Mr.. and Mrs.
r. s. Miller, Mrs. Ruth Flaherty and
children. Mrs Vera Johnston and
children, Maurice and Percy Miller,
all of Minneapolis; Mr.. and Mrs.
John Heck of Wells, Mr.. and Mrs.
viii Roy Of TescOtt, Mr.. and Mrs.
]. A. Clark of Salina, DIR. and Mrs.
r. b. Miller and children Of Abb
lene. Rev. and Mrs. Fred Blanding OF
Minneapolis.
Mr.. and Mrs. Scranton will reside
in Delphos, where Mr.. Scranton mas
a lovely home all ready for his
bride.
The Delphian Club held its last
meeting of the year at the home OF
Mrs. Pyke Monday afternoon. The
organization will resume its study
next September under the following
officers who were elected for the
ensuing year: President, Mrs. w. A.
Stacey: vice president, Mrs. +. M.
Northcraft; secretary-treasurer, Mrs.
B. d. Whitehead; critic, Mrs. +. l..
Morse: chairman of the advisory
board, Mrs. II. ID. Bartlett; other
members appointed to the advisory
board, Mrs. X. ]. Long and Mrs. 7.
II. Conklin; reporter, Miss Jessie
Webber.
Dinner For Miss Wyandt
MISS NlOld IsHBic entertainer uC
lightfully at dinner Saturday even
ing at 6 80 for Miss Elizabeth
wyandt. The colors used in the
table decorations were pink and
white. The long table at which the
guest of honor was seated had
Of pink and white sweet
peas and was lighted with pink
shaded candles. Little nut baskets
at each place were tied with pink
tulle and the place cards were quaint
little brides and brides maids. A
single candle with a dainty pink
shade stood in the center of each Of
the Quartette tables and furnished
the only light in the room while the
dinner was being served. The even
ing was spent at bridge. The guests
were: Misses Elizabeth Wyandt,
Mary Smith. Leone ForneT, Elsie
The Hope pioneer., 1922-08-17
DIFFICULTIES WITH TURKEYS
Wandering Over Wide Area and
Invading Other Farms.

prepared by the United States Department
of Agrcuture)
One of the greatest difficulties with
which turkey growers have to contend
is to keep their flocks from wandering
over too wide an area and invading
neighboring farms. TO some extent,
feeding heavily night and morning re-
duces the area over which turkeys
range, but even then they often go too
far. When trouble of this kind Oc-
ours, the most effective plan is to
drive them into an inclosure and keep
them there until about noon.
In warm weather turkeys do most
Of their ranging early in the morning,
and by nine o'clock they are usually
as far from home as they will get dur
Ing the day. AS soon as the sun be-
The Hope pioneer., 1922-08-17
SILOS TIDE FARMERS OVER.

North Dakota is going to have a
STAT" year if present indications hold
good and farmers raising corn should
provide extra silo housing for their
yields in preparation for "lean" years,
Is the advice given out by DR.. ]. II.
Shepperd, farm husbandman.
This years corn yield is going to
be far greater than the present num-
Der Of slos can house and the farmer
should secure additional silos. DR..
Shepperd suggests the pit silos as they
are cheap to put in and will keep the
corn for 10 years without appreciable
damage The added silo housing is
! urged us the way to save cattle herds
in the state. DR.. Shepperd declares he
knows of farmers who used to run 30O
COWS who now have only half dozen
or less, milk cows. They failed to
Keep their corn over from the 'fat'
years and the "lean" years found them
without any reserve feed.
The Hope pioneer., 1922-08-17
SILAGE MIXTURE TO
FINISH OFF CATTLE
Steers Make More Economical
Gains and Shrink Less.
Test Made by Department Of AoricuI-
ture In Cooperation With Louisi.
ana Statlon-vaiue Of Different
Crops Worked Out.

prepared by the United States Department
of Agriculture.)
To get results economically most
cattle feeders should use some kind
Of silage in the rations, says the
United States Department of Agricul-
ture. Steers fed on silage usually not
only make more economical gains,
shrink less, and make more profits
than steers fed on dry roughage, but
also make it possible to utilize crops
grown primarily in rotation for re-
storing the fertility Of worn-out lands.
The comparative value of number
of different silage crops for steer feed
ing was recently worked out by the
department in cooperation with the
Louisiana experiment station. In one
instance similar lots of cattle were
fed a ration of cottonseed meal and
blackstrap molasses in combination
with corn silage, corn and Biloxi soy
bean silage, sorghum silage, sorghum
and Biloxi soy-bean. silage.
The best gain was made by the
steers fed the straight corn silage, but
1t was shown that the capacity of a
farm for fattening or wintering cattle
The Hope pioneer., 1922-08-17

satisfactory treating tank, made Of
galvanized iron, about 36 inches in d.
ameter and 4S inches high, can be pur
chased for about $40.
This tank is mounted about a foot
from the ground ON brick founda-
ton, which contains firebox. Wood
is used for fuel. If the posts are to he
given a top as we'll as butt treat
ment, they can he inverted in the tank.
This should be done in the case of soft
woods.
In the single tank treatment the
creosote is heated to temperature of
200 to 22O degrees Fahrenheit. Enough
creosote is put into the tank to sub
merge the lower three or three and
one-half feet of the posts. The tem-
perature is maintained at about 220
degrees for from two to six hours, de.
pending upon the kind of wood being
treated. The harder the wood the
longer it should be immersed. The
fire is allowed to die down and the
posts are left In the cold creosote 70,
from four to fourteen hours.
If two tanks are used the work car
be speeded up, since the cold bath |,
applied in the second tank. The ere
osote should penetrate the posts to {
depth of from one-quarter to one inch
Tests should he made to see that thi.
penetration Is secured.
The Hope pioneer., 1922-08-17
cows NEED sILAGE.

'Some people in the state now have
pit silos filled with corn silage and
their COWS are doing well this year and
did we'll last year, but where straw
without silage is the ration some die
during the winter, some come through
so thin that they die at calving time,
others survive that, but stick and die
in the mud holes, and still others sur
vive but cannot shed their coat until
midsummer and fail to supply enough
milk to make good calf and the bad
results are thus passed on to the next
generation" DR.. Shepperd said.
Our Missouri slope country is q
good corn region and during many
years such heavy crops of it are har.
vested that it cannot all be fed and
the surplus left in the form Of fodder
is largely wasted, DR. Shepperd pointed
out.
The Hope pioneer., 1922-08-17
Turkeys Do Most Of Their Ranging
Early in Morning.

comes very warm tEey spend most OF
their time in the shade, until three or
four O'clock In the afternoon, when
they begin moving toward home. rang
Ing for feed along the way. If the
weather Is not too warm they do not
spend so much time lying in the shade.
and consequently range over a larger
area, and may keep moving away
from home until noon. BY feeding
in the pen every morning they soon
learn to go there on coming down
from roost, and 40 time is lost In pen
ming them. If tSey fly out of the
pen after being fe,1, the flight feath-
ers from one wing should be clipped.