davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02
Statement of the Secretary
of Interior on the Teapot
Dome

For over year the secretary OF
tho interior and the secretary OF
tho navy have had under considera-
tlon the handling OF the two naval
reserves in California. and the naval
reserve in wyoming. the latter
known as the Teapot Dome, with the
idea OF working out a policy which
would secure tho greatest conser-
vation and use for the navy OF the
oils in such reserves. prevent drain
age by wells OF private owners on
adjoining lands. and secure to the
navy an available storage of fuel
oil at convenient points readily ac-
ccsslble wherever and whenever
needed.
1t was found that oil was being
drained from all OF these reserves
In very large quantities. amounting
to millions OF dollars of loss up 10
the present time. by wells on adjoin-
ing lands, and that In all probable
ity within a few years the govern
ment reserves would be depleted. IL
was also ascertained that the storage
of fuel oil in suitable tanks resulted
In practically no loss--certainly not
exceeding one-tenth OF ono per cent
per annum. The naval reserve in
California can be reached through
'NlSlIle IiptliH'a hIu ldIBe p'i-
tion of the lands have been leased
under preference rights granted by
the general oil leasing act. The prin-
oipal problem there was the ex-
change of the crude oil, which in its
natural state is unfit for use by tho
navy for fuel oil, in proper and
available storage.
With respect to the naval reserve
In wyoming, known as the Teapot
Dome, same was not available for
naval use or for exchange for fuel
oil, for the reason that the field lies
in the interior and II not connected
by pipeline with the existing pipe
sea coast or with the existing pipe
line systems of the country While
there are no wells within the limits
OF the reserve, It was found, after
careful recent geological study, that
the reserve was being drained from
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02
t,,, Ms,sr uuosassess,
Waite Phillips Incorporates
His Holdings

Waite Phillips yesterday incor-
porated his holdings. including all OF
his Individual oil properties. to-
eether with those of the Phillips
IIawkeye Drilling company and the
rhulIps-Higrade Refining company;
into an oklahoma corporation. which
Dyili be known as the waite Phillips
company.
"The officers of the company are
waite Phillips. president; II. H..
Pringle. q. 4. Brown and c. l.. BLY,.
vice presidents; and J. c. Parks as
secretary and treasurer.
There will be no change In owner
ship, as the stock will be held en-
tirely by Mr.. Phillips and the men
active In his organization. The new
company will continue all of the ac-
tivities OF the merged interests, that
S., the producing. refining and
marketing of petroleum"
with the above very modest an
rouncement; Waite Phillips has once
more demonstrated that he Ia
beyond a doubt, In class by himself
when II comes TO avoiding publicity
Of tho "hoo-rah" variety. and Is so
extremely conservative when doing
one OF the biggest things ever pulled
off in the Continent field.
" The Waite Phillips company is
capitalized at $12.000,000; which
does not appear to anywhere near
cover the concerns resources. as for
instance; the refinery at Okmulgee
which is doing n wonderful business
is right now being doubled as to
capacity and will soon be turning
out refined products from 5000 bar
rels OF crude daily.
The contrast between Mr.. Phillips
way OF doing business and that of
the brethren whose habitat is the
state of Texas, Is somewhat start
ling TO say the least: and moreover.
1t is putting n severe strain on the
oil reporter who would naturally like
TO enthuse bit at this particular
time In the history of Mr.. Phillips
activities here.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02
Scarbo Oil Company Starts
Wildcat Test in Western
Usage

PoNCA CITY, May 1.-The
scarboro OIL company has a rig up
and Will start drilling in the near
future on n wildcat test In the
southwest Usage, at a point six
miles southeast OF Ponca City, In
the northeast OF 35-25-3e. The To-
cation was made on structure. This
is also six miles south of the Wild
cat test being drilled now at about
2,lOO feet on the Stockton farm. In
the southwest OF 26-26-3e, six miles
straight east OF Ponca City, by
Hoffman Patterson -Dingee OF Okla
homa City.
Tho Alcorn Oil company (Mar-
iand) Is drilling at $50 feet on both
the Helen Barnes test In the north
west OF 24-22-2e and tho John Ram
sey test In the southeast OF 11-22-2.
IN the Otoe Indian country, south OF
ponca City, rigs are being built for
tne Donahoe test in the southwest
or 2o-22-2 and the Joseph Jeans test
IN the southwest of 26-23-lw.
Inc Phillips Petroleum company
mas everything ready to start drill
ing Mt once in the northwest OF o.
1--ze In the Otoe country and this
same company has another location
IN the southwest OF 32-23-2w. The
ner.
In the old otoe gas field. north OF
morrison miles, Watchorn is
aarilling at 2.326 feet tho No. 3 in
SS-z3-3e, the Magnolia at 1000 feet
an the NO. 3 on the Altaffer farm
ana at 2,600 feet in 5-22-3. The
National Exploration company is
eieaning out at 2.5s5 feet in 1-22-3.
MI was a S-foot sand that the
awatehorn interests encountered at
x,oo5 feet In the No. 1 on the Miller
Srother land in 4-23-3e, about ten
uays ago. and the production was
TsuInated at around 20 barrels.
,Deeper drilling is now In progress.
,noee intention being to go at least
AoU w. ieet deeper IL necessary.
nne Colorado Gil g. Gas Co. is
,uui,uing the rig for the wildcat test
IN l7"2l-2e, adjoining Morrison. :,
IN the Enoch Farnick farm, 10
llIles northeast OF Ponca City, the
- !, -
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02
Supreme Court Decides Red
RiUer Bed Case Against
Oklahoma and Texas
Courtesy standberg- -McGrcevy Pl

NIourtesy StandberE- McGrcevy pri-
vate Wire.)
The supreme court OF tho United
States yesterday declared illegal
titles granted by the state of'Texas
to oil lands lying In the Red river
bed. II was held that all titles grant
ed whore they extended beyond the
center OF the stream, were invalid.
Oil companies and private indl-
viduals holding placer claim titles
TO property in the river. which were
held Illegal, were given 20 days by
the supreme court to withdraw their
claims. and conform to the de-
clsion,
The substance Of the decision was,
that Oklahoma has Jurisdiction over
the north half of the river, and that
part of the stream on the Texas
side is the property of the United
States by terms of the 1919 treaty,
under which Texas became part OF
the United States.
An important part OF decision was
that the Red river Is not a navigable
stream, using the term as applied 70
commerce. Millions OF dollars in oil
investment are affected by the de-
cision. Some companies whose
claims are involved, follow:
Silver Moon Oil company. Grand
OIL & Development Co. Meiish Con-
solidated Placer oil & Mining Assn,
Burke-Divide OIL company; Pacific
Wyoming OIL company Burkburnett
Placer Mining &c OIL Co, and the
Double Triangle Petroleum COM
pany A number OF individuals who
had started oil claims. and numerous
Indian allottoes were also affected
by the decision.
Editors note: Acknowledgement
Freezing will probably wish now
that he had not started anything.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02
Good Well Opens NeW Pool
In TOWnship 1913
SpecIalto The IVotid.

Special to The World.
OKMULGEE, May 1.--Opening Of
n new pool In recently defined geo.
logical structure. three miles south
east OF the city of Okmulgee, IL indi-
Gated by the well of David NJ. Logan
and the Chief Drilling company. To-
Gated in the southeast corner of tho
northeast OF 26-13-13. which Is
flowing 400 barrels daily from sand
topped at 2,101 feet and drilled into
but four feet.
This structure was mapped out by
Mr.. Logan several months ago. and
the bringing In of this well has
started considerable new work in
that section of the Okmulgee dis
trict.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02
Says Oil Industry Greatly
ImprOred

PONCA CITY, NAV i.--Ifcnry
McGraw ot Tulsa. attorney for the
Gypsy OH company, ~ spending sew
cral DAYS hore this former honey
and says that white business IN gem
cral shows - healthy Improvement
that, IN his opinion, the oil industry
has made tho most remarkable
comeback OF all lines OF business.
Considering the general business
depression that did exist sometime
ngo, the present business condition
Is remarkable" says Mr.. McGraw,
"and IL Is Mill on the upgrade"
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02

No. 5 See, IN this same quarter. This
well is now making $50 barrels per
day from the top OF tho 2.I00-foot
sand
Tho Roxana No. "a on tho SEQ
tract, I'm tho northeast Of i5-2i-lw.
which IL a small producer In The
. l00-foot pay, Is bepR doepcncd to
tho regular 2.G0O-foot sand.
The same Interests test I'm tho
burbank, IN the southeast Of 36-
27-S. No. II for the tract. was shot
the last OF tho week and IL pro-
duclng 300 barrels from the rcgu-
lar Burbank sand.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02
Waite Philiips-IWUa Oil
Company Bring in Big
Producer

Waite Phillips and the Iowa Oil
company have a 500-barrel producer
In what Is thought to be the butcher
sand, found from 2,523 feet to 2,329
feet, in test in the center of the
east line OF the southeast of the
northeast OF 24-16-10. midway be-
tween Kollyville and Slick.
This well. located as Il is sur
rounded on all sides for half mile
by dry holes. some of them deeper
than the pay sand encountered,
seems to open an entirely new pool.
or producing sand. The pay was
topped at least 100 feet higher in
this test than In any OF the sur
rounding wells,
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02
Hdlt-Donneiiy Has Important
ShOtUings

Tho Hall-Donnelly test in the
Ruby Bear allotment In the north
east of the southeast OF 16-14-lO.
had a good gas showing at the top
OF the sand, encountered at 1850
feet. and has the oil pay At 2,O12
rect. the present total depth OF the
test.
This is the first test in the town
ship 14-10. to pick UP gas at any
depth according TO Mr.. Hall, and
Is being watched with interest.
Later news Is looked for.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02
Tulsa Operators GETTING
Good Well in Lyons County,
Kansas

MADISON, Kan, May The
McDougall well in 1-22-l1, Green-
wood county. Kan. is drilling in at
7 feet in tho sand, making so barrels
natural. They are still drilling in
sand with no water. At 1,s02 feet,
the gravity is AZ. Half we'll drill by
william McDougall and S. L.. Self.
ger OF Tulsa. This opens up n big
pool in Kansas and the indications
are for big well awaiting shot and
erecting tankago,
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02
Big Sale of Dutch Belted
Dairy Cattle on 1OI
Ranch TOddH

Miller brothers uo1 ranch) is
holding a sale, today OF Dutch
belted dairy cattle. Having imported
their original herd into this coun-
try, there is some very interesting
history attached. They have dis
trlbuted invitations broadcast to at
tend the sale whether you are O
prospective buyer or not.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02

Alcorn Oil company ia drilling at
$50 feet. This Is In 35-2T-se.
IL is understood today that the
Marland OIL company will open a
branch office In Tulsa Immediately
with j. X. Cleary OF Ponca City in
charge. Cleary is with the Kenney-
Cleary OIL company and vice-presl-
dent OF the Alcorn Oil company.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02
Ticker Done

NEW YoRK--Control OF some of
tho large dependent oil COM
panies may be found In the hands
OF Standard OIL interests in the near
future, according to reports from
well informed quarters.
Persistent rumors are circulated
OF advance in the price of oil and a
rise In domestic oil stock which
would be followed by the Mexican
Issues on favorable news from con-
ference held in Mexico City.
NEW YORK--Fensland COM
pany No. In 20-39-7s Salt Creek
field Is drilling at a depth of 2.430
feet and should be cemented in next
few days. This well is on a $50
acre tract adjoining Teapot dome.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02
Roranu Drilling in Today

Tho Roxana Petroleum corpora
tion is on top of the 9,10O-foot sand
and Ia drilling In today on No. 7
See farm In tho northeast OF l5-
W, Tonkawa pool
Tho RONnnn Is also drilling deonor
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02
A Big Well at Pioneer,
Texas

Special TO The World.
PIONEER, Texas, May 1.-The T..
w. stone, No. 2, making $500 bar
rels during the last "a hours. is
steadily increasing In the flow.
inciement weather makes the roads
impossible. The McCamey- Moore
well at the foot of Main street is
showing gas top lime.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02
Compilations The Past Week
in the HeUitt Pool

Special TO The World.
ARDMORE, May MANY COM
pletions of new wells and deepened
producers are reported in the Hew-
1T pool following the recent revival
OF operations In that area.
Magnolia Petroleum company
No. Ia Cruce, in the northeast OF
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02
Rule Against r1cet CORPORATION.

WASHINGTON. May 1.-The SUI
today decided that tho Emergency
prcmo court OF tho United States
TO priority IN bankruptcy distrlbu-
fleet corporation was not entitled
tlons. but must participate on equal
itv with all other creditors.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02

mudded off and the deep test con-
tlnued.
biologists look with great favor
upon this test. and a big producer
IL looked for in tho sand topped at
2,0S0 feet In what ia known as tho
lola reep test, which was drilled in
1905.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02
The Colony, Kansas,
Deep Test

The deep test being drilled by the
Lambert Oil e Gas Co. OF Tulsa, and
the Colony OIL & Gas Co. OF Colony,
Kan, encountered 70 feet OF pay gas
sand, from 1,010 to 1850 feet. with
good showing. This gas Is being
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02

.M,anted--S3,000 straight loan on
.esiaence Assaence worth $4,000; we'll located
Vertisement. "oAd-
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02

1o>ys tease for sale--E. 1-2,Nw. Id
Box 80 New 6-year Commission
tise,,es' okmulgee. Okla--Adyer-
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02
OIL AND GAS
Lsasss--supplies--Product,op. Etc.

c,o wanted to buy-Production or
wos,. v,one-in acreage offsetting drilling
cons,. iaVorAbly located. Will also
EYnsloer drilling propositions. bI4
"neuy ng.--Advertisennent
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02

was 81 years OF age: is IN tho city
after an eight years absence, during
which time he has boon associated
with his father. John a. Ben OF
Pittsburgh. ono ~ tho leading bank
ers and steel manufccturors. Mr..
boll came to Tulsa via 1exns. where
ho has heeu looking over some acre
ago held by tho family IN stephens
county. aud o. much i'm pressed with
tho looks ot things down that 'sav.
llc is receiving n warm welcome
from his friends IN Tulsa.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02

vii, ave s,,, standard rig and machine.
..y equipment first class. com
Retent operators. Vana Oil Co ala
t,ooerts t,sns Bldg, TULSA. Okla.--Adver-
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02

v r. Smith Of Kansas city. roc
rotary Of tho Lion OH Il Refining
Co. arrived In Tulsa yesterday to
spend a few days The plant Of the
Lion company Is located at Eldora-
do. Ark This company expects 20
take over the Newark Refining COM
pany at Eldorado In the very near
future. and will operate n IN on
uo.tluu with its own plant.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02
Win the Oil Mem

H. T Ashton, vIcc president Of
the bubrite Refining company. has
been I'm Tulsa for the past few dnys.
MIR Ashton states that business con-
ditions and industrial activities
through the central west. ana the
movement OF lubricn'ing oils ig
showing a rapid Increase even in
tho face OF the bad weather caudl.
tons which have prevailed through.
out the Mississippi valley IIc pro-
diets Immediate advances IN tho
prlccs " luhrIcatlng oils
John Boil, ir.. who broke nil rec
ords as an oil producer when hero
or 10 years ago, ana aftor
at Princeton, came To
oklahoma and opened. dovelopod
and sold one ot the richest ntlo
pools IN the shallow sand before no
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02

H. q. Wilcox Of the firm Of VIII
coz & Oswalt Is leaving today for
Chicago and Now York on buslnoss
In connection with his organization.
MrF. wilcox will accompany him as
l1r uA Chicago.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-05-02
OIL Men Attention

s,iiI1 iniIe1sirable offset acreage for sale or
s%ns.,ai % contract. Operators with
piLicient cash only need apply.
@ mox ~. Hallett. okla.--Adyertise-
Monte Vista journal and Monte Vista graphic-reporter., 1922-01-28
RED CROSS INSPECTOR
PLEASED WITH RESULTS

Mrs. Elsie NJ. Slaughter,
from the Red Cross headquar-
tiers of the southwestern divis-
ion, St. Louis, spent few days
in Monte Vista the fore part
of the week. Mrs. Slaughter's
visit was for the purpose of in
spection of the work being
carried on by the community
nurse, Miss Yancey, and to as
sist in the promotion Of Red
Cross interests. In an inter-
view with a Journal represen-
tative, Mrs. Slaughter express
ed qualification with the re-
suits already obtained and
urged a COMMUNICATIVE CO.
operation with the local Red
Cross chapter. She explained
that the national headquarters
keeps in touch all the time
with local conditions where
there is a resident nurse, and
always with the purpose in
view of creating a better
knowledge Of sanitation and
the resultant betterment of
health conditions.
Among the many things
done for the benefit of the
community, Miss Yancey re-
ports one instance of an exam
ination of the pupils in one of
our county schools. Out of 6S
pupils, she referred Is to an
oculist. % to a dentist, and 8
to physician for treatment.
Miss ancey conducts a
health center" at the public
library building every Satur-
day afternoon. One of the
movements undertaken by the
Red Cross nurse is to establish
classes in hygiene in the homes
of Mexican women.
Monte Vista journal and Monte Vista graphic-reporter., 1922-01-28
PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH
Rev. A c. V. skinner Ph. u.
Pastor.

Morning worship at II. tn. ser.
mon "Chrlst's Command To Reach
Men" Eyenin. worship a, 7:3o.
the sermon. Gods Diminishing
Army and Victory" Both the sery.
ices In preparation .or tho meet.
ing"
sunday school and hibl. classes
at s'ts, Juniors at ,: seniors al,
s:ao. Session meets n, the man.e
Monday nisht 7:3o. Prayer and con.
ference Wednesday night 7;3o.
Pioneer club Thursday night 7:is.
Ladies' Ala society meets Thursday
afternoon at s:a0.
The cottage prayer meetings arc
In full s~ins-four Of them twice
a ~eek-any body can find out In
your district jus, ~her, and when
they arc held by calling Mrs. Me.
kcan. Mrs. Reed. Mrs. Mcmillan
or Mrs Boyd Wallace. BE sur. to
attend and get blessed Who 1.
willing TO pay the price OF ,hs,
u"nchant text. psalm 1ap.25-?t7
All tho praying men and women
join some distric, group and pray'
All the prayer committees pleas. re.
port on Wednesday nigh, at 7:3o.
Monte Vista journal and Monte Vista graphic-reporter., 1922-01-28
BAPTIST CHURCH

Last Sunday MAS great day for
us. -Four additions and all were
baptized at night Baptizins again
next Sunday evening.
Now, all together for s:&5 S. 8.
and with bible In hand.
w. shall b. favored at the morn
Ing s.rvic. by having with us DR..
w. +. Ripley, chairman OF IN. Board
of Promotion OF the State Cony.n-
tion, May We all hear him. H..
viii likely b. with Us both morning
aud evening
The junior and senior II. Y. r.
U, viii me., at s:3o. Both are
growing and doing fin. work. Are
you In with ,hem7 II not. why7
There viii b. an assoeia,ionai
conference Monday 1900 u. m, and
1880 y. m. Tn. ladies of tn. church
have kindly and heartily agreed 10
serve luncheon n, noon.
Both Mrs. r. l. Smith. chairwo.
man OF the Rocky Mountain district
and Or. Ripley will be- with us.
TIL" Ladies' Missionary circle met
with Mrs, chas. A. sigmon OF,
Thnrsday p. m, A splendid and
very helpful program WAS siv.n.
Mrs. Everett Chandler leading.
Come with Us and We will do thee
good.
Monte Vista journal and Monte Vista graphic-reporter., 1922-01-28
FIRST METHODIST EPISCOPAL
II. c. Kephart. pastor

Sunday school s:%5 a. M. c. Z.
Hart superintendent. Morning wor.
ship at II u. m. subject. Christian
Efficiency"
Epworth League service $50 D.
m. leader, W. NJ. Barley. subject,
One OF Americas Opportunities, -
Evening service at 1880 y. m. sub.
Jeet OF the evening sermon. Color.
blind"
Meeting OF Boy Scouts Tuesday
evening. Troop No. ! will meet nj
the church at 5 o'clock and 20 for
n hike. Troop No. viii meet 4,
the Woodman hail.
Monte Vista journal and Monte Vista graphic-reporter., 1922-01-28
LUTHERAN CHURCH

Sunday-l0:&o Il. m. regular
service. The message. with Chris,
in the Ship all IL Well, based on
Mt. s:23-27 ,please read
Wednesday-7:3 p. m. bible
hour. The baptism OF Jesus ac-
cording TO Nix. l:9-ll and Lk. 3.
2l-23.
Thursday-2:30 p. m. Ladies' Aid
In home OF Mrs. Erma Quiram.
Saturday 1880 y. m. Bible
school.
MARTIN l.. MUELLER
Monte Vista journal and Monte Vista graphic-reporter., 1922-01-28

Miss. Dorothy Dunham who has
been confined to her home for the
last few days, on account of an at
tack OF appendicitis is improving.
Monte Vista journal and Monte Vista graphic-reporter., 1922-01-28
Signed:
GIL TRAVELLER,

Last Saturday night Monte Vista
high school split double header
basket ball game with Hooper,
winning the boys game by a score of
20 to Is. and losing the girls game,
score 3S to 5.
Monte Vista journal and Monte Vista graphic-reporter., 1922-01-28
CHRISTIAN CHURCH

There will be no preaching serv-
ices. Sunday school at 9:45 a. IN.
The Ladies Aid will meet Thurs
day with Mrs. J. c. Haggard. Mrs.
Geo. Wright assisting hostess All
members of church invited to attend
Monte Vista journal and Monte Vista graphic-reporter., 1922-01-28
ANNOUNCEMENT A

Myrtle Lauer Bishop announces
that she has begun teaching the
ART OF BREATHING and VOICE
CULTURE and would be pleased to
see any one interested In this line
OF work at her residence. %l6 Sec.
ond avenue. Phone 260W.
Monte Vista journal and Monte Vista graphic-reporter., 1922-01-28

Billy Mcneil and Walter Nc
Intosh left Thursday morning, in
the formers car, for Denver, where
they will spend few days on busi-
ness.