davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-04-18
EXAMINE NINE CANDIDATES.
State Board of Optometrists Hold
Scmi-AnnuaI Test.

Nine candidates for licenses to OPP
crate in Kansas as optometrists were
given their test at the seni-annual eX-
animation. by the Kansas state board
Of optometrists. at the Y. NJ. c. A. this
morning
The state board consists of Walter
Starche. junction City: +. w. Hunt.
Burlingame: J. ). Johnson. Leroy.
and w. J. Lewis. of Topeka.
The examinations given tsis morn
ing were both oral and wrlSaen. The
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-04-18
DISASTER NOW ONLY MEMORY.


San Francisco. April 1S-Sixteen
years ago today San Francisco was a
raging holocaust. Fire following the
earthquake was sweeping the city.
City officials today estimated that
total of s5OS. 900 has been expend-
ed in building construction and i'm
provements during the sixteen years
Of reconstruction which have effaced
all but the memory or the great dis
aster.
The annual Press club dinner was
the only observance of the anniver-
sary.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-04-18
Little Interest in Burch Trial Yet.

Los Angeles, April 1S.-The proc
ess Of obtaining jury for the second
trial of Arthur c. Burch for the muir
der of J. Bolton Kennedy. now SO slow
that the public Is displaying little in
terest in this stage of the case, was
scheduled to be resumed today. At
torneys said they hoped to complete
the Jury this week
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-04-18
THEY OFFENDED THE AIR.

Who Drove Out Morie Customers
Fort Worth. Texas. April 1S.-An
injunction hearing, involving picket
Ing by a union after an open shop
situation develops. began here today. A
local movie owner who turned his
show into an open shop affair. is ask
ing an injunction prohibiting the
union operators from picketing his
place of business.
This same owner also charges that
foul smelling chemi Gals have. been
placed in his theater. forcing his
patrons to flee to the street.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-04-18
They cleaned Up the sI,ot. .

Fort Worth. Texas, April 1s.-Rob-
bers cleaned up a poker game in
breckenridge, an oil town, last night,
holding UP eight players and taking
only the pot" amounting to $415.
The money behind each player was
not disturbed.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-04-18
STAYS WIFE AND THEN SELF.
Take Place ON Crowded
Subway Platform In New York.

New York, April 1s.-In full view
of the early morning throng of bust
%, of Brooklyn, shot his wife, Elsie.
"a. and then turned the gun on him
self. The shooting took place on a
crowded subway platform. Mueller
died. Surgeons say his wife probably
will die.
The couple had quarreled after
meeting following a four-year separa-
ton.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-04-18
TO INDITE SEVEN BANKERS.
Shortage of Nearly 500. ZOO Found in
MISUNDERSTANDING State Bank

Chicago. April 1S-Discovery of a
shortage Of approximately S4OO. 900 in
the accounts OF the Irving
State bank was announced today by
state bank examiners.
simultaneously it was announced
by States Attorney Robert f. Grove
that indictments against seven Of
ficials of the bank would be asked or
the grand furN
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-04-18
BAN ON SPECIAL SALES
Next Week WIZ Be Devoted I
Pageant of Progress.

The board of directors of the To-
'peka Merchants association. at the
regular meeting at noon today. voted
to request all the members of the as
ISOLATION to refrain from advertising
any special sales during next week,
except Pageant Specials
This is for two reasons" Milton
Tabor, secretary, said. "One is that
it gives extra advertising to the
pageant, and the other is that If we
put on a lot of dollar day and other
special sales, it would look as if the
pageant, which is a community enter
prise. were nothing but a scheme to
sell GOODS
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-04-18

Chapman. Kan. April 1S.-The
Chapman council has let the contract
for the paving OF four and one-half
blocks to Zeigler & Dalton, Junction
City contractors The contract price
is S22.405. and the paving is TO be of
brick on a cement base. 1t is esti-
mated that the work will be COM
pieteti by Tuue *
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-04-18
suspend Abolition of Tent Colonies.

Washington, April desperation
of the order issued by the federal
court at Charlestown. W. Va. for the
abolition of the tent colonies in Mingo
county has been temporarily sus-
pended by a supersedas granted here
by Judge Martin A Knapp. senior
Judge of the United States circuit
court of appeals for the Fourth dis
trict. il was learned TODAY
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-04-18
MISS DSCHUDEN IN LEAD

Pageant of Progress Contestants Arc
Working Hard
Have you voted for your favorite in
the Queen of the Pageant of Progress
voting contest? Each ticket pur-
chased to the Pageant by you helps
your favorite win a $500 diamond
ring, which will be awarded the win
ner the night of the Pageant ball and
may win for you a Ford coupe on the
following night.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-04-18
THOUSANDS LIE UNBURIED.
Spanish Soldiers Bodies Strung Gu
for Four KilOmctcrs.

Melilia. Morocco. April 14.-More
than one thousand unburied bodies of
Spanish soldiers lie in the vicinity of
Darquebdani, the position recently re-
ca ptured from the Aoroceoans ac-
cording to reports reaching here from
native sources.
These bodies are scattered along a
line four kilometers in length over
valleys and broken ground
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-04-18
Wants Alleged American Expelled.

Mexico City, April 1S.-Gen. Luis
in the state of Tabasco, today asked
President Obregon to expef from Mex
leo. Pedro L. Greene. alleged Ameri-
can citizen and a brother OF the rebel.
Carlos Greene. deposed governor of
Tabasco
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-04-18
HUGHES BACKS BAKRMETEFF



Washington. April Is Boris
Bakhmeteff the last accredited am
hassador. from Russia to the United
States. is recognized as the represen-
tative of Russia in the United States
and as such enjoys the diplomatic i'm
munity which attaches to all ENJOYS
of foreign governments accredited to
the United States. Secretary Hughes
declared in a letter transmitted today
10 the senate
The state department secretary's
letter. addressed to Vice President
Coolidge and after reading in the SEN
ate. referred TO the senate labor COM
mittee which subpoenaed the ambas-
sadOr to appear at its SemenOff hear
ings, declared that Mr. Bakhmeteff
was &Officially received as Russian
ambassador by the president July .
1917 and since that time this gov
eminent has recognized him in that
capacity and has recognized no other
am assa DOR
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-04-18
HARDING PLAYS GOLF IN RAIN
Two Hours Put in at Chevy Chase
Today "As CsuaI.'

Washington. April 1S.-Drizzling
rain did not keep President Harding
from his golf today
The president left the White House
shortly before 2 o'clock for Chevy
Chase to put in two hours on the golf
links before the cabinet meeting
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-04-18
BANDITS ESCAPE WITH $4,000.
Three Negroes Hold Up Cashier fol
Columbus. Ohio. Bank.

Columbus. o., April 1S.-Three
negro bandits today held up Cashier
Tod in the Steelton branch of the
Citizens Trust e Savings bank and
escaped with over $4,000.
This is the second time within five
months that the Steelton bank has
been robbed by bandits
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-04-18

-A'-- - Tto-C Aso7tS %aou 10 AtobncfS-
Harper, Kan. April 1S.=Robbers
entered the Ably general store here,
Saturday night. and got away with
1900 No clue as to the bandits or
how they gained entrance to the store
has been found.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-04-18
Tabernacle Now at Fredonia.

Fredonia kan, April 1S.-A taber-
nacle has been constructed where
union church services are to be held
here for a month. Charles Rayburn,
evangelist. delivered the Easter SER
mon.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-04-18
MARRIAGE LICENSES

Diamond Engagement Rings. $50 70
$500. Easy terms Harris-Goar Co..
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-04-18
"TR" FIXES ACHING,
SWOLLEN, SORE FEET

Just take your shoes off and then
put those weary. shoe-crinkled. ach-
ing, burning. corn-pestered, bunion-
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-04-18
All Greece Banks Arc saved.

Washington. April 1S--The banking
consortium organized in Athens to
save Greece from q severe financial
panic, has been successful in stabiiiz-
ing conditions and all banks have now
reopened. according to a cablegram
received by Secretary of Commerce
Hoover today from American Com
mercial Attache Edwards in Athens
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-04-18

The Aurora" Havana Cigar is the
best on the market. Try one.-Adv.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-08-05
L'IRsT- Of al young Ceilings.
cood JerenichS Bancroft inher-

LIRsT- Of az young Ceilings.
mood Jeren,ichS Bancroft TIMER
tied s7,O0O,OOO. Then the storm,
tossed into his house a stranger pho
made: him, the fantastic offer Of an
adventure after youths our, heart,
Nth thrills involving the possibility.
o. battle, murder and sudden
death, in return for $4,000. .4nd
then, to cap the climax, out of the
tempest came a beautiful woDacn,
lost in the storm, to claim his help.
And Jerry wos only "a and tired of
a hun,drum existence!
Whatdo YOU think of that as the
beginning Of an ideal storyo 0 action,
loue, rcrenge, and mystery? 1t is
the beginning of Harold Mace rath's
latest novel, "The World Outside"
Which is The Chicago Sunday Trtb-
une's new Blue Ribbon serial, start.
ing in this section today. Of course
you've read The Man On the Boz"
The Lure Of the Mask "The
Carpet from Bqgdad," "The Luck
OF the Irish" and other stories. by
M. MacCrath. The World
Outside" Shows him at his best,
Which means that you'll be under
his magic spell until you've read
the last ,vord.
Mr.. MacGrath, Who is 81 years old
and lives insSyacuse, N. Y; has
nearly t,co score popular norels to
his credit and is one OF Americas
leading authors, with q huge read
ing public that will hail his MOST
recent work. Begin it now!
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-08-05

Naturally"
Well, how about me-do I look crazy?"
mo. I ina CINE that you will have inher-
tied some Of silas Bancrof:'s caution and
shrewdness." 3%. "
And yet you come to me with a PROPOSE.
ton like this!p
All! Great plilanthropists are always
rnisjudged. I came to you because yours IL
the type 3e seek"
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-08-05

wood fire. too. the shifting Of pleasant rose
and shadow on n over the book shelves.
He could hear old Mrs. Horne. the house.
keeper. puttesing about in the kitchen, pre-,
pairing the. evening meal. Tangible sounds
and pictures, positive, real-elemental strife
outside and ordinary human activities with.
in. Battle, murder, and sudden death-for
sale! The naap had uttered the phrase as
as though he were offering a bag Of
Ashland weekly tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1919-1924, 1922-11-29
OREGON BOY FOUND
OEAD|N HOTEL;;lAW
IS SEEKING WOMAN

LOS ANGELES, Nov. 2S.-Detec-
tives are working on clew which
may reveal woman in an effort to
solve the mystery of the death yes
ierday afternoon OF Walden Elwynne
Boge, world war veteran. OF Hills
boro, Or, found in a poisoned con-
dition in hotel. 1t is either a case
Of murder or suicide, police believe.
Poison was found in the dregs Of
coffee cup. He ordered two meals
brought to his room, where he had
registered as "V, Il. Boge and wife" /"
There was no evidence of woman
in his room, and no one ever saw him
with a woman. His mother in Hills
boro is shocked, and says her boy
was a good boy" He was not mar
ried.
Ashland weekly tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1919-1924, 1922-11-29
HIGH SCHOOL BOYS TO
GATHER AT EUGENE

EUGENE, Nov, 2S.-More thar
500 boys Of high school age are ex-
pected to gather in Eugene Decem'
ber l-3 as delegates to the Oldei
Boys conference ifor+'western ste
southern Oregon, held under the aus
pices OF the Y. NJ c. A. Among the
speakers will be Norman f, Coleman,
Portland, president Of the Oregon
Four-L organization; Dr.. Harold F.
Bowman, pastor Of the First Presby-
terian church, Portland; j. w. Pal
mer, assistant secretary of the Port
land Y. M. G. A.; Dr.. Il. II. Pence,
of Westminster Presbyterian church,
Portland J. c. Meehan, city boys
secretary of the Portland Y. M. C. A..
DR., j. NJ. Walters, pastor of the
Methodist church of Eugene. and w.
w. Dillon, secretary of the Oregon
State Y. M. C. A.
Ashland weekly tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1919-1924, 1922-11-29
COMMUNITY SPIRIT |NVADES ASHLAND
|AT MEETING Of PHYSICIANS MONDAY
|PH|LANTHROP|C MOVE is RESULTANT
Campaign launched with generous contributions for the purchase
Mfof ambulance to go with hospital equipment every
citizen urged to get behind the movement
WAN and to help put across.

In accordance to its policy of backing any
movement that is for Ashland and the bet
terment of the community in general, the
Ashland Daily Tidings is glad at this time
to announce that it is behind the Community
Hospital and that it is highly in sympathy
with the proposition of obtaining Commun-
ty Ambulance for Ashland
The Ashland Daily Tidings announces that
it has contributed $1OO to a general fund
which is being formed for the purchase of
an ambulance to be used in connection with
the Community Hospital
Il In making this contribution, the Ashland
Ashland weekly tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1919-1924, 1922-11-29

Every city has community spirit
Sometimes 1t Is hard to find, but II
Is always there. The things that
keep this spirit under cover are jeal.
ousy, suspicion. selfishness, and,
most Of all, Misunderstanding. But
when folks meet face to face, man
to man. and talk to each other righ,
out Of their hearts. why. bless you,
something worth while follows.
Something happened at a meeting
yesterday in the Community hospital.
Allpthe physicians in town were
there to talk things over with Jesse
Winburn, who now controls the hos
pital and is putting it into shape as
to make 1t the most complete and
modern place Of the kind in southern
Oregon.
The doctors shook hands with one
another-not q frigid greeting, mind
you; not formal Joining OF hands,
accompanied by the stare of a dead
fish's eye; but real handclasp
warmed by warm blood. They agreed
to work together like the Three
Musketeers--all for one, one for all
and the whole crowd for the good
of Ashland.
Every physician and dentist is to
enjoy equal privileges at the hospital
under its new management. There
is to be no favoritism of any nature.
All the facilities of the hospital are
at the service OF all members of the
professions on exactly equal terms.
And all this came about because
there was no talking behind closed
doors, no 2x4 buck" no backblting,
no back yard or engine house gossip.
One Of the doctors said we ought
to have an ambulance in Ashland,
Ashland weekly tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1919-1924, 1922-11-29
FARM POPULATION FOR 1920
GIVEN BY DEPT. OF COMMERCE.

WASHINGTON, Nov. 2S.-The de-
partment of commerce announces
that according to the fourteenth de-
cennial census, the 31,614,269 farm
dwellers enumerated as OF January
/, 1920, were grouped according to
sex and age as follows. Males. 49,
96,33S; females, 15,117,931 I'm
der 10 years of age, S,13S,07O; 10
to 20 years, 7,S24,106; 21 years and
over, 15,652,093 The farm popu-
lation comprises all persons actually
making their homes on farms, re-
gardess of whether engaged In agri-
culture, together with farm laborers
and their families living elsewhere
than on farms, but not living in in
cOrporated places.
The sex ratio for the farm popu-
lation In 1920 was 1881 males to
100 females, as against a ratio of
104 to 100 for the entire population
of the United States. In e.ery state
except three-West Virginia, Wyo-
ming and Arizona-the ratio OF
males to females was higher for The
Iarm population than for the total
population, despite tn efact that the
'oreign born element, in which the
males considerably ou,number the
emales, is found mainly in the cities
This means that larger numbers Of
women than of men are leaving the
arms In search of more lucrative
ields OF endeavor. East of the Mis-
issippi river, the highest ratio for
ny state is that for Wisconsin. 115.7
. 100 while the lowest, 1908. ap-
ears for South Carolina. West of
he Mississippi, the corresponding
alto ranged from 1874 for Nevada
D 1897 for Louisiana. In general.
he ratios are higher in the west
han in the north, and higher in the
orth than in the south.
Ashland weekly tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1919-1924, 1922-11-29
OREGON COWS RATE HIGH,
SAYS REPORT FROM O. A. G.

OREGON AGRICULTURAL COL.
LEGE, Corvallis. Nov. 2S-(Special)
Out Of 44.144 tests for tuberculo-
sis among Oregon cattle only 4O6 re-
actors had been discovered up to
July /, 1929. This volume of testing
placed Oregon among the first five
in the United States, according to a
recent report Of the United States
bureau of animal husbandry. In the
number Of cattle under federal SUI
pervisfon. Oregon stands seventh in
the entire country.
The 13 Oregon counties still en-
gagged In eradication work are Ben
ton. Clackamas, Clatsop. Columbia,
Jackson, klamath. Lane. Lincoln,
Linn. Moro. Baker. Union and Wash
ington. In recent tests in Benton
county. s31 herds, numbering 6147I
animals, we're tested and Ss reactcrs
found.
Ashland weekly tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1919-1924, 1922-11-29

Daily Tidings takes the stand that an ambu-
lance is of vital importance to complete the
equipment of the Community Hospital, and
as a community proposition, every citizen in
the district should be permitted to contribute
to the fund
Donations for any amount desired will be
received at the office of the Ashland Daily
Tidinss, and will be directed into the proper
channels. Help make the Community Hos
ptal and the community ambulance commun-
ity property in fact as well as in name.
Ashland is your city; the hospital is your
hospital, and the ambulance will be your
ambulance.
Ashland weekly tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1919-1924, 1922-11-29
ASHLAND WOMAN is
REPORTED MARRIED

Mrs. Aimee Ehders, of this city
and H. S. Deuel., of Medford, were
quietly married at Yreka, Calif.'
last Tuesday evening, according to
information just received in Ash
land.
Mrs. EEnders is well known in Ash
land, having lived here for the past
several years and has wide ac-
quaintance over the city.
MIR. Deuel. is vice-president of the
F., tx. Deuel. G. Sons dry goods and
clothing store of Medford, and is one
Of Medford's most enterprislns
Young business men.
The young couple are said to be
on a short honeymoon trip to San
Francisco.
Ashland weekly tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1919-1924, 1922-11-29
484TH COMPANY
FIRE 500 ROUNDS
MONDAY EVENING

More than 500 rounds OF ammuni.
ton were expended by members oil
the 4S4th company at drill Monday
night, when several contested In o
turkey shoot, resulting in the win
ming of several fine birds" Inter.
est was so keen that the men con-
tinued firing until after / O'Clock
this morning.
Several new members were re-
ceived into the organization, all new
men being turned over to Private
Hunnicutt for instruction. The
company was put through the school
of the soldier and the squad, with
out arms, while Sergeant Sargent
demonstrated killing holds in hand
to-hand fighting.
The recently installed canteen, nm
der Sergeant Wolcott is reported to
be living up to expectations, and is
very interesting feature. A spe-
cial drill for the new men will be
held Wednesday evening. q
In the turkey shoot, five shots be-
ing fired from any position by each
contestant resulted in the follow
l.. ..... ,,,fxuino fthiphou.
First round Wertz, Barnard.
Southland and Jalo competing, tied at
so each. Tie was shot off. resulting
in Wertz and Barnard tying at so,
with the others hitting 40 and 4S
respectively. In shooting off this
tie, Wertz won with score of 90;
Barnard scoring As.
The second match was between
Barnard, Southard and Burns. Two
additional shoots were necessary, re-
sulting in a win for Barnard.
Jalo won the third match, compet-
ing against WertZ and Southard.
Wertz and Barnard shot the fourth
match, Wertz winning.
Tn the fifth, Jalo and SOuthard
met, Southard losing out by mar
row margin. A return match, with
the same contestants, was won by
Southard. Southard, shooting against
Wertz, lost the seventh match.
Barnard, Southard and Jalo shot
during the eight go, Jalo winning.
Inspired by his shooting. Jalo chal.
lenged Captain ]. @. Adams for a
go, and lost the match Wertz and
Captain Adams met in the final
match Adams losing out.
Ashland weekly tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1919-1924, 1922-11-29

cities. The oven is composed ol
three compartments with four heat.
ing units and each compartment is
so arranged that 1t may be used sep
arately II so desired. The oven car
ries load of IA kilowatts and is
of threephase connection, with a
voltage of 220.
Mr.. Jorgenson, the proprietor, has
equipped his place with new fixtures
throughout, all the show cases being
made to order. as have the shelves
and mixing boards. The bread and
cake racks have also been installed,
being OF the latest patterns and the
most convenient on the market. A
new electrical water heater has also
been installed, which does away with
all wood. coal or gas devices usually
necessary in a place Of this kind.
The first bakery goods turned out
from the oven was for the Elks'
smoker Saturday night and from the
manner in which 1t disappeared.
there is no doubt that 1t was all
first class.
Mr.. Jorgenson's daughter, Mrs.
Henry Bates OF Medford, will assist
In the business during the first few
weeks and help get the business es-
Ashland weekly tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1919-1924, 1922-11-29
CITY MAYOR ISSUES
THANKSGIVING EDIT

In accordance with annual custom
dating back to 1868, OF observing
the last Thursday In November as q
day Of Thanksgiving and prayer, and
following the suggestion of the presi-
dent of the United States, and Gov
ernor Olcott of Oregon. Ashland
again will lay aside her busy cares
for day, to render thanks for the
munificient blessings bestowed by an
omniscient Creator
For all OF those blessings, for our
prosperity, for our resources, for
brave and true hearts in men and
women, freely may we pour our full
mete of thanks, as God has been
bountiful indeed.
May II be day Of Thanksgiving
on which we all raise our voices in
unison, remembering the time-hon-
Oitu inJuHttiOii tudl We dlt blVintio
and read the same Bible and worship
the same God
Firm in the belief that our Hea-
venly Father will guide and protect
us as long as we are true to Him
and loyal to our country, and may
we always stand united in patriotism
md good citizenship.
|, therefore, C. B. Lamkin, mayor
II the city of Ashland. Oregon, rec
that our people. on next
November the 30th, as
emble themselves In their several
'laces OF worship or homes. and rem
Ter unto Almighty God praise and
for His protection and
iuidance during the past year, and I
rom the beginning OF our govern
nent. c. B. LAMKIN,
AZ Mayor.
Ashland weekly tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1919-1924, 1922-11-29
FEDERAL TESTER CHECKING
UP ON JACKSON co. CATTLE

A federal "T. B." tester started a
cleanup of the county Monday morn
ing. All owners of cows. from one
up who want to be in on this test
should make the fact known at once.
A small charge of probably 20 cents
per head will erequired to help
pay transportation expense.
Districts around Ashland will be
started on first. Itinerary is now
being made up, SO il you would be
in on It, write or phone at once to
the county agents office at Medford.
State your location and the num-