davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1922-04-23
PARLOR RADIOTROLA
MAKES DEBUT HERE

The professional radiotrola has
made It's appearance in Richmond. 4
local dealer has on display one OF
the neatcst outfits seen for the re-
ception of distant broadcast by radio
Identical with the mahogany Phono-
graph of portable type. One has mere
~ TO lift the top. press button and
the room is flooded with music. 4
simple dial and handle In the center
is rotated to tune the desired station;
no other adjustment Is necessary.
The instrument is manufactured by
one OF the largest firms in the world,
and cmbodics the latest design in
radiophone engineering. Four special
tubes. one detector and three ampli-
lierS protrude through the top OF the
outfit, under the cover. Arranged di-
rectly behind these arc four similar
tubes acting AS ballast In series will,
the flament of the other tubes
The circuit diagram shows two
condensers In the antenna lead, one
for lower wave lengths and another
binding post connection for the high
or wave lengths. The reception OF
the shorter waves and the change tc
the longer is accomplished by chang
ing one connection. High resistances
and cor"cnSers are the only trans
former effect used. Stations all owe,
| the country have been brought in an,
thrown all over the room with tn,
| Baldwin phone mounted behind III
horn effect In tho bottom of tn
cabinet. =
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1922-04-23

suitable for radio purposes was de-
Veloped tsee Fig. -.
In order 10 thoroughly understand
the theory and operation OF this won
der:ul little instrument one would
have 10 have a good schooling in
magnetism and elementary electric
ity. and tho writer will attempt 10
give only brief outline OF what
takes place In the receiver.
Refer TO Fig. This style Of re-
ceiver is known as the watch case
type and the reason for adapting
same was due TO it being small, per
hitting IL To be worn on the head
BY the operator. II Is a general prac-
t!ce 10 wear pair mounted on a
hcadband. and by so doing keeping
out most foreign anu unwelcome
sounds
Radio IIns Different Need.
The principal reason why the usual
telephone receiver is not adaptable
for radio work Is because IL is OF
low resistance winding STANDARD
being I5 ohms) and is construct ID
so as TO give loud sound. requiring
many times more current which can
DO easily applied In the usual wire
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1922-04-23
Fading" NUISANCE NOT
SO BAD ON SEASH0RE
But Even There Radio Waves
Will Sometimes Refuse
to Work.
GOV ERN ,IENT INVESTIGATES
Described ms "RnpId Variation of In
| tcnsIty OF Signals Ncrciycd From a
Given Transmitting Stntion"-Cnusc
Hardly Known
tBy United News.]

WASHINGTON. April 22-Radio
fans are ar ised TO spend tho com
Ing summer at the scashore II they
would obtain worth while results.
And, even there. the radio waves Will
sometimes refuse to work. just like
a prima donna. Fading" is to
blame.
is not as disturbing as 1t Is inland.
But any place fading" is most APP
parent at night.
The Bureau OF Standards recently
completed an investigation of fad
ing" and describes IL as the rapid
variation of intensity OF the signals
received from Il given transmitting
station
Every radio fan has experienced
the nuisance. AT first, no thought his
set as simple to operate as a phono-
graph. until he tried to listcn-in on
his favorite pastor and failed. Then,
after swearing half an hour, he real
lied that the radlophone Is as inicky
as {; limousine. Often he had blamed
his set and rated himself dud for
ever investing good money in this
radio craze.
Three Kinds of "FndIng.u
But the set was all right. The
fan simply did not know that fad
ing" may be violently apparent to
some receiving stations and not so
apparent to others ut the same time.
all depending upon the distance over
which the radio signals must travel.
the time of day and Il few other
highly scientific things.
Three kinds of fading" are COM
mon. according to Dellinger and
Whittmnore. the bureau experts, who
conducted the investigation: (a) fad
ing or swinging lasting one second
or less, (b) one minute, and (c) in
spells of one hour.
The cause OF fading Is hardly
known. Experts do know that the
trouble lies between the earth's sur
face and the 'hcaviside surface
tho roof OF the earth's atmosphere
about six miles in the air. But the
trouble is caused by something that
exists either below the ground or
above the earths atmosphere.
Fading" Worse mt Night.
During the day radio waves have
habit of travelling close to the
ground. During the night, especially
AZ great distances. they travel along
tho "hcavisidc Surfacc"-siN miles in
the mir. But these two extremes do
not remove the nuisance of fading"
Day waves are absorbed by the earth
ana. therefore. fade In spells OF a
second. minute or an hour. Night
waves are absorbed by varying CON
ditions In the uppermost level OF the
atmosphere. and this is even worse.
Commercial radio stations are not
bothered with fading to the same de-
gree as the amateur. Most amateurs
90 their receiving at night. when
iadihS Is at its worst. But, II Is
pointed out. the commercial radio
man now finds himself obliged to
investigate this disturbance because
IL Is interfering with the success OF
ms hroadcastinE. And broadcastinE
~ mo attractive feature OF radio. the
.c.lurc largely responsible for the
sets In n million American homcs
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1922-04-23
TAKES OVER THE REINS
AS AIR TRAFFIC COP
Secretary of Commerce, Enthusiastic Radio Fan
Leads Washington Radio Conference in Fran
ing Important Ether Legislation.

Imagine the intersections ut Broad
and Seventh and Eighth Streets i'm
mediately following the Foch parade
with every traffic policeman gone
Fishing. This Is precisely tho condi-
tion surrounding every inch Of your
body wherever you may happen to
be from the hours of 1880 10 IL z.
NJ. particularly. This condition rep
resents, in a manner, the prospect OF
our ether lanes. today.
Although the several thousand re-
ceiying sets In use in 1912 have In
creased to over million, with the
advent Of comparatively cheap ap
paratus and the revolutionary broad
casting stations scattered al! over the
world, no important Legislation for
its regulation has been passed since
that time.
Control OF the Air.
The few laws. such as the Zoo-
meter wave length for the amateur
and the 6O0-meter wave length Tor
ships. have been followed in blind
sort of way that today demands I'M
mediate attention. The radio confer
ence called by Secretary Hoover IN
Washington has Just issued what Is
regarded as one of the most sensi-
ble tentative groups of legislation
imaginable for the regulation OF
radio traffic.
The control Of the air is confronted
with UNNECESSARILY more problems
than any other channel of public ser
vice with which Secretary Hoover is
REQUIRED to deal. There is the diff
iiculty of eliminating interference
affording legitimate stations freedom
OF the air with every opportunity Of
n1Inu.ipU the amateur
perogatives to which he, from his
very position as founder of popular
radio. is heir. and the host of other
complexities.
-Four Large Divisions.
The radio conference, under the di-
rection of DIR. $. w. Stratton. chief
of the Bureau OF Standards and chair
man of the technical! committee oil
the conference, divided the transmits
sion of broadcasts into four large
divisions: (a) government broadcast
ing by Federal departments, (b) pub
lie broadcasting 10y States. UNIVERSE
tics and others disseminating infor-
national or educational service. (c)
private broadcasting by newspapers,
stores, companies and others distr''
uting news, entertainment or OF
services. and Cd toll bToadcastinE by
public service radio telephone COM
pany as paid service.
Wise foresight on the part OF the
conference marked the allotment of
the band Of wavo lengths extending
from l.050 to 1900 for the use of the
first class of broadcasters-the gov
eminent. This. IL will be observed
will ncccssltate tho use Of load coils
with the ordinary short wave sets
now in vogue. However. government
broadcastins as public institution
is now in its infancy and 'ts develop
mcnt Will 40 doubt be parallclcd by
steps on the part OF manufacturers To
accommodate this branch of broad
casting.
The conference ALLEGATION of gov
| eminent wave lengths also stipulat-
ed a band OF from 1850 TO 2.05(
meters for such broadcasting and tn,
| suggestion that transoceanic work
he done on wave lengths Of from
| 1000 to 5000 meters. band o
wave lengths between these two set
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1922-04-23
WIRELESS HOUND" IS
LATEST RADIO FREAK

Under the picturesque title. THE
wireless Hound: An Interesting Case
of Radio Control" tho Scientific Amer
lean (Eew York; recently described
curious little vehicle which more
recently has been exhibited at the
radio conventions at the Hotel Penn
sylvan!a. New York, where Il excited
tho wondernent OF thousands Of OBJ
servers.
Tho wireless hound" tho ar.
ticle states. Els driven hy An electric
motor. The vehicle has four wheels
one In front. which does the steering.
two wheels which turn freely on n
fixed axle and center driving wheel.
The electric motor Is mounted on
pivotcd frame In such a manner that
IT'S weight Ia brought, TO bear on !,s
rubber faced pulley pressing down on
the driving wheel. Storag. batteries
furnish the current for tho motor az
well ms for other purposes.
The control station consists OF
tho usual tuned transmittcr--a spark
coil. telegraph key. oscillatinv cir
cult and aerial. Each time the key
Is depressed train OF signals is sent
out 10 the aerial OF the wireless
the detcctor To respond. operating "a
relay and closing IL secondary circuit
in conventional way.
THE secondary circuit makes use
OF control or contact drum CARRYING
various brass strips which. when
turned, make various combinations Of
circuits in conjunction with the
brushes or fingers pressing down on
them. Thus In the first position the
contact or control drum NAV make
the necessary connections for starting
the motor. The next position opcr-
atcs part OF the electromagnetic con-
trolling the steering wheel. so as to
turn the vehicle to the left. while the
next position restores the stccriu.
wheel to the normal position and the
vehicle straightcns it's course.
Tho next two positions turn the
vehicle to tho right and straighten IL
out. Perhaps the next position stops
the vehicle. At any rate, that is the
way the control operates"
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1922-04-23
Oscillation Generation

oscillations are nothing more or
Tess than very high frequency al
'ernatinE current. Oscillation gen
Grafton is. then, the production or
Sencration OF very high frcuuencv
alternating current in an elcctrical
circuit.
suppose that condenser. a CHI
vi wire ana "a spark gap are con-
hected in series with each Other to
make up an electrical circuit I'm v,b;c,,
alternating current will flow when
the air space between the shark con
electrodes becomes conductin,r
path The condenser Is given n
charge OF electricity from some
source outside of the circuit under
consideration. When II is charged
the opposing plates OF the condenser
are or opposite polarity, and there
Is diHerrnce OF potential between
mem. II this difference of potential
is high enough it will overcome the
resistance of the air space bctween
me gap electrodes and a spark will
take place in the zap. The air space
becomes conducting and the circuit il
c!oscd the condenser then dis
charges itself through the circuit and
"A current of electricity flows. This
discharge takes place in an extreme
iy short period of time. hut during
the time the current flows bacl, and
iorth many times until it finally
'cases when the condenser is COM
pletely discharged. If the current
fiows back and forth in opposite di-
rections alternately IL Is. of course
an alternating current. Its frequency
VIII depend upon the natural fire.
qucncE OF the circuit. which Is, In
turn, dependent upon the capacity
ana inductance in the circuit. At any
rate, this frequency is usually ex-
tremeiy high, and the Alternating
current flowing may be called oscilla-
lions. In flowing back and forth
through the circuit the current meets
with opposition. due to the pure re-
slStancc OF the circuit and the resist
ancc of the spark gap. This latter
resistance is naturally not as high
as II was before the spark started.
but is still high enough to consume
4 considerable portion Of the energy
or each swing of current. The cur
rent decreases In strength every
time IL flows back and forth and
iinally dies out because there is no
clcctromotive force to keep IL going
in the face of the opposition of re-
sistancc. This whole action can DO
compared TO the swinging of PEN
dulum which is struck blow The
blow Is the electrical potential differ
ence which started the spark In the
gap. The swings OF the pendulum are
comparable 10 the alternating cur
rent which fows while the condenser
Is discharsinG. The dying out OF
the swings OF the pendulum are due
to the resistance OF air friction, di-
rectly comparable to the resistance
in the electrical circuit. Tho fire.
qucncy of the pendulum swings is
the natural frequency OF the pcndu-
lum system In the same manner as
the frequency Of the oscillations is
the natural frequency OF the clectri-
cal circuit
1t is thus seen that oscillations are
generated by the discharge of a con-
dcnscr. and tina these oscillations die
out unless the condenser tx again
charged and discharged. The oscil-
latIons arc said To be ''lamped.r
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1922-04-23

are made especially to eliminate this.
II Is very efficient inductance.
You now have primary coil. n
secondary and a "tickler'' The last
Two coils must be mounted in such
II way as to allow free movement
either side OF 1t. To do this, first
take stout match stem and push 1t
hrmly into the primary winding, al
lowing II to extend in n plane with
the disk. so that small hole can
be drilled In tho panel to which 1t
Is TO be mounted. and the coil fixed
hole.
The two additional coils are mado
movable In the following manner:
FIRST, TX the match stem firmly into
tho coil as In the first case. Then
glue the free end into a small block
about Il quarter inch square and two
inches long so that the strip is on
the same plane as the coil. A brass
ROD should be made fast into tho
strip, to extend through the panel.
ana take knob and dial for grad
uated turning. The movable coils
should lie close to the primary and
should be able to rotate through nine
" degrees away from It,
Must Purchase Rest.
running Is accomplished with tho
aid or Il twenty-three plate variable
condenser shunted across the second
airy and forty three plato variable
condenser in series with the primary
coil. The other requirements are a
vacuum tube and control unit, with
phones. batteries and srid-leak and
,he usual antenna and ground. Tho
nook up is as follows: Primary to
aerial: primary to forty three-plate
condenser and thence to ground: sec
ondary shunted to twenty three Mate
condenser, one terminal to grid-lead
and Erid-condenser and thence to
grid. Other terminal TO flament (neg-
atiVe) and thence to phones; other
terminal of phones to ticker and
thence to plate: Llament connected
with "a" battery and rheostat: "B,
battery inserted between phones and
tickler
The aerial best suited to be used
In conjunction with this outfit IL tho
SinEle-wirc antcnna, 100 or more feet
IN length and Mt least twenty-five
feet high. With one tube and tho
tuner described. n range OF ESQ miles
has been covered. Details of construc-
tion more minute will be furnished
by the radio department upon re-
quest.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1922-04-23
RADIO FAST BECOMING
WORLDS BIGGEST HOBBY
Too Much Is Being Expected
From Newest Fad,
However.
REQUIRES TINE TO "ruNE-1Sp
One of Most Fascinating Features OF
Gnmc In AdjuntinE Instruments to
Receive From Several stations and
TO Eliminate IntcrfcrenccH.

! Radio Is fast becoming the worlds
greatest hobby. but too much is be-
ing expected from this new fad
Many people have the idea that all
that is necessary to operate a radio
| set is to turn Il switch and just listen
In. While 1t Is very simple to oper-
ate and any child can handle II. Il
should be understood that it requires
little patience and time to tune
| in"
Ono OF the most fascinating fca-
lures of the game is the tuning in
| OF several stations. the selection OF
ono and the careful manipulation Of
the controls TO eliminate the other
/ Interfering transmitters.
| Wide Rnngc In Prices.
There are swarns OF newcomers
who do not understand why a s32.5O
| crystal dctcctor set does not bring;
in the music Just as well az the
higher price outfits Well. the rea-
| son IS just this. Crystal sets arc for
loca! receiving only. The factories
| put these sets out 10 take care of the
| demand that was created for fans de-
sirous OF receiving stations within n
range OF twenty-five miles This set
vii! be ALI right for local parties
when Tho Times Dispatch station
opens up.
Then. many folks wish to know the
difference in the sets that viii re.
ceive the Newark. Pittsburgh. De-
! 'roit and other distant stations. nrin
| cipally because OF the range OF uric.s
found prevailing in equipment of this
| kind. 100
study Set to Tuning.
You may purchase a set for $50 81
e.llpie.e win the exception of the
storage battery and aerial. Then.
,hcre are others UP to 800. DEPEND
ihs upon whether you wish n ono
Two or threc-siaSe amplif!er or pcr-
maps 4 iond speaker. power ampli-
| ner. etc There is also quite , dif-
ference in the finish and workman
sh!p OF various instruments. IA n
the diHcrcncc these instruments win
receive. the aforementioned outnt viii
receive just as far as the Others hut
thcre is considerable difference Is, ,hs
| volumn OF sound.
The owner OF wireless reccivo-
should study his set as to tuni,r
AZ that ~ practically the CHIEF
source OF trouble. When a station
mas been received loud and cIeor H.
| TINS In book. noting the positio, ~
every dial and pointer and placing
me station call letter opposite this
information. This will enable Won 70
tNh. In 20 any desired station in,,,
| d!ately.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1922-04-23
AMATEURS WILL BE
DEPUTY INSPECTORS
NEW Status OF Amateur Is Fixed in Report of Radio
Observation-Disclosures Hams Already
Have Ether PoIiced Here.

Ihc action OF Secretary of Com
inerco Hoover I'm the recent radio
conference at Washington regarding
mo amateur Is arousing Favorable
comment all over the country and.
particularly. In Richmond The statue
"a the amateur has always been Il
bit indchnable and ncbulous. no,
only In the minds OF the amateurs
themselves. but. strange TO say. in
INC minds OF government officials in
charge of them
me report OF the technical com
fhittce. headed by DR.. W. 3 Stratton.
thd guided In by the attitude Of Mr..
ioovei. showed a promise OF condI-
ions which viii greatly relieve this
situation. 1t was advised that (a) the
status or the amateur be fixed by
Ia" Cb) that the limits OF the wave
length band allocatcd 20 the ANA
teur be specified In the law: (c) tina.
mo wave-lcngth band ailocatcd to
mo amateur be from $50 10 275 and
IN special cases 40 meters: Cd that
inc Secretary OF Commerce subdivIde
the amateur ALLEGATIONS into small
er divisions for the various classes
or amateur transmitting apparatus.
tt MS discretion. but In the follow.
ing order OF wave lengths. starting
NJ the shortest wave. spark, inter
rupted or modulatcd continuous way.
''''s '"phS' telephony, continuous
wave teleRraphy; te) that tho ANN
tcur continue to be under tho iur-
isdiction OF tho Department Of Corn
mcrce; ~ that. for the purpose Of
Seif-policing among amateurs. dcpu,v
radio inspectors be elected from their
number in each locality: that upon
receipt OF notice Of ouch election the
rhhlo Inspector In charge of the dig
urict In which such amateurs are To-
Ia A. I... H..
deputy radio inspector. or for tho
sum or ~ per year. IL compensation
!s legally required
Hours for Richmond
Each amateur deputy inspcctor
Shau cndeavor TO secure strict OBJ
s"rvan"c OF the radio communication
laws and regulations OF IN. United
states government with whatever
local regulations as are deemed
necessary ma possible
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1922-04-23
NOVICE MAY MAKE,
EFFICIENT RADIO SET
Construction of Tuner, Using Latest Model Coils Eff.
fected With Few Hours Work-Toal Receiv.
ing Set Costs Less Than S25

Several Richmond amateurs have
found the operation and construction
OF the type tuner about TO be de-
scriDed In every way highly salts
factory and efficient for use in re-
cclvinSi the broadcasting stations
with the use of one or more tubes.
The outfit Is constructed according 70
tho most advanced ideas in radio en-
sihccring. and. for the benefit of the
novice, tho assembling of an entire
receiver 10 De used In conjunction
Win the set Will be given.
Ihe coils used are the stagger-
wound or spider inductauces. and
Il set OF three can he made in very
snort order. The form upon which
they are TO be wound Is first made.
rake piece of ordinary cardboard.
such as pad back. and mark out
the circles about three inches In
diameter on each Of the three pieces.
Then divide the circumference on
the outer edge into any UNEQUAL
number OF spaces. Seven may be
taken for convenience. Lines from
each of the outer points should then
lie Drawn TO the center. stopping at
Il circle drawn with diameter o:
an inch and quarter about the CEN
Ter. Slots exactly n quarter of an
inch across are then cut with scis-
Sors along these lines. leaving n disk
with seven slots extending within
hVc-ciShths of an inch to the center.
Process OF Winding.
AFTER the three disks are sheilaced
ana thoroughly dried get three -o,Iar-
ters "t mound of No. % or % cot
ton -covercd magnet wire from n
hardware or electrical store. Make
Il small hole near tho center of the
DISK and insert the end of tho wire.
Then proceed to wind carefully and
smoothly alternately under and over
each leg of the disk. Because OF
The uneven number of legs, the Soc
ond turn OF wire will cross tho first
NJ each leg. When the slots arc
hlled with wire to within an eighth
OF an inch OF the top. YOU will have
Il smooth and neat-appcarinE coil. OK
actly the thickness of two sinrl,
wires and the cardboard form. The
second and third coils should bo
wound exactly like the first. with OK
actly the same number of turns.
The end of tho wire should ho
fastened In the same manner ms the
beginning. milking sure not to allow
any chance of slack in the wire. Do
not shellac the coils after they are
wound. as 1t will greatly Increase
the distributed capacity. These coils