davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Connecticut western news., 1922-06-15
RADIO
 SRS
PROGRESS OF RADIO
 THROUGH THE YEARS
Wireless Research Began Long Ago, But Development Has
 Been Swift Lately.

Wireless research started many years ago, as far back even as 1927. Even the radio telephone is not a re- cent perfection; rather 1t is that intro duction to the layman of the human voice and music has suddenly popular ized something that wireless men had thought a pastime or amusement. Here Is the chronological record of wire less:
 1827-It was found that the mag net1c discharge from a leyden jar would magnetize a steel needle.
 1881 - Electromagnetic induction was discovered between two entirely separate circuits by Michael Faraday.
 1837-Cooke and Wheatstone of London, England, and Morse of the United States take out first patent for electric telegraph.
 1838-K. A. Steinhell of Munich suggested that a system of wireless telegraphy could be established after return.
 184O-Joseph Honrv GU. S. A.) pro- duced the first high-frequcncy cleo tric oscillations, and stated that the ! condenser discharge is oscillatory.
 1842 - Wireless experiments were made by s. F. E. Morse by electric conduction through water across Washington canal and across wide rivers. l 1843-A wireless system for trans atlantic communication was suggested.
 1845-Water was used as a conduct ing medium in wireless experiments across a wide river.
 i 1S49-Intelligible signals were act ually sent across a river 4,500 feet wide in India, but the cost was found prohibitive for commercial use.
 1867-The electric waves that are now utilized in wireless telegraphy and telephony were predicted in an address before the Royal Society in London, England. 18SO-The sending of an electric cur rent through earth was systematical- ly studied by John Trowbridge of Harvard. It. was found that signal ing might be carried on over large distances between places not connected by wires.
 1885-It was found that telephonic - speech could be conveyed by induction
 over a space of quarter mile. This ; experiment took place in England. ; 1889-Electric waves were sug' gested as being particularly suitable } for the sending of signals through 7 fogs.
 5 1992-An instrument for the detec. , ton of electromagnetic waves was discovered which was given the name Z of "coherer."
 = 1894-A scientist of Berlin signaled through three miles of water. 1S95-High frequency waves excite
 curiosity of Senatore MarcOni.
 1S96-First patent for practica wireless transmitting system is takeI
Connecticut western news., 1922-06-15

plate circuit without changing the plate potential or the filament temper ature.
 The characteristic curve of a three electrode vacuum tube Is shown in Fig. VIII. This diagram shows the relation of grid potential to plate current, assuming that the filament temperature and plate voltage remain constant. h|'
 It can be seen from the curve that by applying a negative potential of value K to the grid, the plate cur rent can be reduced to zero. The neg ative charge on the grid will have the effect of a negative potential E with respect to the filament, making the negative charge so strong around the filament that the elSctrons cannot leave 1t. On the other hand, If posi- tive potential of value F be applied
Connecticut western news., 1922-06-15

rection only. Its ability to rectify cur rents of extremely high frequency de- termines its application in radio.
 Due to its ability to rectify high fire quency alternating currents the two element (filament and plate) vacuum tube can be used ir a radio receiver as 6 detector.
 Fig. VI is a simple radio receiving circuit employing this type of two-ele- ment vacuum tube in place of a crystal detector.
 Dr. J. A. Fleming of London, Eng. land, was the first to use a two-ele- ment tube of the. type just described as a medium of rectifying high ire quency radio currents. Fleming called his product a valve because 1t would let current flow in one direction but not in the other direction. The Flem- ing valve as a forerunner of the vacu-
Connecticut western news., 1922-06-15
THIRD ELEMENT IN
 THE VACUUM TUBE
Grid Added to Fleming Valve by 0r. Lee DeForeSt Was a
 Big Improvement.

Any device which will pass electrici- ty in one direction and will wholly or partially obstruct the flow In the op- posite direction Is termed a rectif1er, because when connected in the path of an alternating current 1t will SUD- press one-half of each cycle and there fore the circuit will be traversed by pulsating direct current. A rectifier also is said to possess unidirectional conductivity, meaning, of course, that 1t will conduct electricity in one di-
Connecticut western news., 1922-06-15
FRISCO TALKS TO HONOLULU
New Radio Station at the Presldlo
 Can Be Heard Half Way Around the Globe.

"Hello, Honolulu"
 That may sound like fiction, but 1t i Is a reality, nevertheless.
 The new radio station at the Presidio, San Francisco, with aerial conditions right, can be heard half way around the globe. Officials in charge of con- | struction declare 1t to be the most powerful vacuum tube transmitter on the Pacific coast.
 Located on the highest point in the Presidio, overlooking San Francisco bay, two 15O-foot aerial towers to aug ment its efficiency, the new station will command similar stations in Salt Lake City and Cheyenne.
Connecticut western news., 1922-06-15

out In London by MarcOnt. Afterward, successful signaling was carried out over distances as great as one and one-Quarter miles. Sir William Preece of the British postoff1ce system in- terested his cohorts in Marconis wire less experiments.
 1897-Marconi establishes communi- cation between points four miles dis tant Balloons were used to suspend antennae.
 Marconi demonstrates his wireless system before the king of Italy, con- municating with two Italian warships nine miles distant. 7,-e The first Marconi station is erected on the Isle of Wight and experiments conducted over a distance of If miles. Near the end of the year the first floating wireless station was success fully operated.
 1898-The first paid marconigram was sent from the Isle of Wight station.
 1899-Reports made on lighthouse boat Is fitted with radio apparatus. In Vienna communication between two balloons is established. New York Herald receives radio report of inter national yacht races. The British war office introduces Marconi apparatus into the South African battlefields. ! 19OO-German vessel communicates a distance of 60 miles by radio signals.
 19O1-Radio communication, started with five islands in the Hawaiian group. The first British ship Is fitted with the wireless telegraph.
 . 2-Radiegraph signals received aboard vessels at sea at 1,50O statute miles. Signals received from a dis tance of 2,OOO miles.
 1903-King Edward receives a ra- dio message from President Roosevelt High-power stations were ordered by the Italian government. First trans atlantic radio message sent. Tele- graphic news service for ships at sea is started. Marconi knighted In Rus s1a.
 | 19O4-The first press message was sent across the sea.
 1905rPatent suit started in New York between the Marconi and De For est company.
 Patent for horizontal directional aerial is taken out. This was a great step forward in long-distance work. 1906-International conference is held in Berlin. at which most of the countries of the world are represented
 19O7-The use of steel disks fol producing notes were successfully tested.
 Radio stations in Ireland and Novs Scotia were opened for limited public service.
 19O8+Radio stations opened for un limited public service between Great Britain and Canada.
 10O9"Steamship in collision with an other off the coast of Florida sue ceeds in calling assistance by radio.
 1910-MarcOni receives messages 6,7OO miles while on board ship going to South America.
 Spanish radio company formed.
 1911-Canadian government leased radio stations for 20 years.
 1912-Radio distress signals iron the Titanic bring assistance and save lives of TOO passengers.
 1913-Tests were made between thu Eiffel tower in France and the sta tion at Washington. During the triI into Central Asia an explorer received his longitude and time signals from ; distant radio station.
 1o14-Marconi and radio official start test of wireless telephone De
Connecticut western news., 1922-06-15
CERTAIN LABOR
 BECOMING SCARCE
(Continued from page 1)

a swapping of jobs. So far as the general welfare of the country IS concerned, this is as satisfactory as to have the strikers go back. The average business man is primarily interested in having people employed and to business as a whole, 1t makes little difference for whom individuals work. g..
 q prophecy that the threatened hallway strike will end blythe men shifting jobs. These men engaged in the maintenance of way, are large ly men who have not been able to secure positions in trades Under nresent business conditions the cut is justified, as these men could not secure elsewhere a wage equivalent to what the railroads are now pay ing them. If, however, business be- ,pins to improve this summer, and the demand for labor increases, 1t IS very probable that the best ot these maintenance-of-way men Will get positions in the building and other trades while the railroads will inn port a new lot of men from the country.
 For the past year or two we have seen in the papers accounts merely of wage cuts. Reductions nave run all the way from 1O%N to 5O@o, with an average of about 25 %. l should not be surprised to see some advances from this time on. The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company of Akron, Ohio, has already advanced wages 1O@o. Other concerns which are temporarily short of labor are offering more money. It is, however, interesting to note that the labor unions were not successful in holding up wages at the time of the decline and are not forcing increase at this time. History is simply repeating itself. The Law of Supply and De- mand determines wages as 1t deter mines prices. If business begins to pick up this summer, as anticipate it will, the demand for labor will increase. Owing to the fact that immigration has been cut off, this will increase. Owing to the fact that immigration has been cut off this will necessarily cause employers to bid against one another anc wages will again go up, for time at least. Considering long period o1 years into the future, the trend o1 wages may continue downward, but a temporary upturn would not bt surprising. ."
 "The Babsonchart On business con ditions is acting in a very peculiar way and is suggestive of turn fo' the better within the next fev weeks. The time is fast approaching when one half of the proceeding area of expansion will be off set When this time comes, it can oe trul. said that we have turned the corner This does not mean that we are abou to enter a period of prosperity, bu it does mean that we are on tn home stretch and have seen tn worst. The Babsonchart index toda stands at 179o below normal. Thi is due to the increased building which is evident turnout the country Moreover, this building boom is onl beginning. We may expect", cor cluded MT. Babson, "a real scarcit in certain classes of labor during tn balance of the year."
 Try our Cent-a-Word Column.
Connecticut western news., 1922-06-15

to the grid with respect to the fila ment, the maximum or saturation cur rent will flow in the plate circuit. Ap- plying a greater positive potential than
 F to the grid with respect to the fila ment will not cause an increase in the
Connecticut western news., 1922-06-15

plate current because the electrons giv- en off are being attracted to the plate and grid.
 When the grid is maintained posi- tive with respect to the filament a small current will flow in the grid cir cult. Because of It's being positive 1t will attract the electrons and have a charge given up to 1t by them.
Connecticut western news., 1922-06-15

Try our Cent-a-W ord Column.
Great Falls tribune., 1922-04-15
LLOYD GEORGE ACCEPTS
. DEMAND FOR INDEMNITY
MADE BY. SOVIET REGIME
England and Italy Desire to Avoid Making Mos
COW Government Feel It Is Being Treated as
Colony in Construction Of Judicial and Legal
System; Want No Justified Break at Genoa.

France, while persistently concilitary
is determined to play no second fiddle
at Genoa. On the contrary, the i'm
preston is strong that France will in
sist to the bitter end to her fright to
live as the French put it colloquially.
The head of the French delegation
who is one of his country's most persu-
asive orators, was never in better form
than when he scored those whom he
charged with unjnstifiably indicting
France as militaristic nation. After
sketching Frances contribution to civil
ization, in the arts. literature and
science, he added:
ut is the very existence of intel
iectual France which is at stake and
we are vain enough to believe that the
world still needs France. We are not
excited; we are calm and reasonable
and ready to work in the great task
of saving Europe; for work, not words,
is the great need of the hour. France
wishes to be judged for her acts not
words"
Apologies HumiIiate France
He declared it was humiliating for
France always to have to repeat that
she wanted peace. He expressed ex-
treme regret over the loss of the tri-
partite English, American and French
defensive treaty, but said he supposed
the Washington government was the
best judge Of its own affairs.
After pointing out that disarmament
and reparationS were not in the agenda,
he reiterated that France was deter
mined not to discuss these subjects at
Genoa.
He explained that the reparations
question was already in the hands of
the reparations commission in Paris
and urged that there was no reason
why it should be treated at Genoa.
France was not hostile to an examina-
ton of disarmament, but the proper
moment was not now.
NJ Barthou Indignantly denied re-
ports that violent scenes had occurred
between him and Mr.. Lloyd George
since they arrived in Genoa; his rela-
tions with the British premier were
most amicable, he said.
Great Falls tribune., 1922-04-15
SCOTCH H00TCH
TURNS To 'S0DY'
Booty Magic Ruins $500
Flagons From Canada
in Little N. Y. Ride.

New York, April s14.-Bootlegger
magic-the art through which the ma
ture OF spirits is chanxed-first made
whisky out of furniture polish and hair
tonic, but that, comparatively, was q
. simple bit Of legerdemain.
Under the very noses-and they are
keen-of the prohibition enforcement
has caused 6,3OO flagons Of pure Scotch
to become so many bottles OF straw
berry soda pop. Not SO simple!
The Scotch-whither it is gone is
causing deal Of concern among en-
forcement sleuths-was part of large
shipment sent from Quebec to this city
by railroad to be sent to Havana by
steamer.
Every Load Had Guard
Packed in 175 barrels, the Scotch
arrived at st. Johns park terminal OF
the New York Central, and there was
great activity among an enforcement
army detachment lest it go astray.
They had been directed to care for it
as they would keg of dynamite or a
Sevres vase collection.
Carefully it was placed upon three
motor trucks, and upon top Of each
load an armed enforcement agent had
perched himself. Again they started
for the Ward line pier at the foot Of
Wall street, a trip requiring ordinarily
about 25 minutes. Five hours later
the trucks arrived at the pier and a
gang Of roustabouts was set at work
loading the barrels into the ships hold.
"Hey!" shouted the boss stevedore.
go easy with that stuff, it's hootch.'
Barrel Dropped, Secret Out
When about half Of the barrels were
aboard, one of the roustabouts, working
at the edge Of the rail, lapsed into a
dream of ante-dry days and loosed his
hold on a cask-an accident, Of course.
1t fell crashing to the pier and burst
open.
All hands ceased work and rushed
for the broken barrel. A big fellow got
his fist in first, pulled out bottle and
took drink.
"Ugh," he gulped. "It's sody pop
l tasted
His disappointment led to examina-
ton Of other barrels All "sody pop"
The steampship company cancelled
the consignment and the steamer Mex
leo sailed without Scotch, without Soda
water.
The three agents who guarded the
shipment from the railroad terminal to
the pier have been suspended. Other
agents, for some strange reason, stand
guard over the strawberry beverage
cargo that lies unclaimed on the pier
and still other agents, confessed mater
ialists, lacking knowledge of psychic
phenomena, are seeking the haunt OF
the departed spirits.
Great Falls tribune., 1922-04-15
New Moses Serves
II Commandments
on Wandering Hubby

Peoria, ILL.,, April l4.-Arrested
on complaint Of Ills wife, who said
her husband would not stay home,
William Beedler was sentences by
Police Magistrate Frank Hall to OBJ
serve l2 rules of the court calcu-
lated to promote domestic felicity.
They are:
"Take care Of your children an
hour each day.
".e'p your wife prepare the
breakfast.
Get a Job at once.
"Stay at homo at least five nights
a week.
"Take your family out walking at
night and on Sunday.
"Start a savings account.
"Wait on yourself instead OF
making your wife wait on you.
Repeat to your wife at least once
a week your marriage vows.
"Wash the dishes every night.
"AiIow your wife to handle the
finances of the family.
go to church with your family
every Sunday.
"Stop drinking"
II this plan works, the judge said,
he would try it other erring hus.
bands. II It does not, they will
have to wash dishes, make beds,
sweep floors and wash windows In
jail.
Great Falls tribune., 1922-04-15
GIRL SECUTED
FOR YECC GANG
As Stenographer Made
Possible $4,000 Job
in Insurance Office.

New York. April IA story Of a
gang Of safe blowers, working with
the aid Of girl stenographer used as
a scout, was obtained by detectives
Investigating Thursday nights raid on
the Royal Insurance company building
at 81 William street, in which nearly
$4,000 worth Of cash and securities
were taken from a number of offices.
The police claimed to have obtained
the story from George Breckenridge.
a watchman, who was found bound and
gagged. According to detectives,
Breckenridge confessed being a party
to the robberies and unfolded a plot
for systematic robbing of large office
buildings, in which the girl, sweet
heart of one of the band, played an
important role.
The girl would obtain employment
in one of the offices chosen by the
gang, make plans for the building and
learn the method of handling the
money. Then she would turn her in
formation over to her bandit lover and
resign, according to the police, shar-
ing in the loot when the gang did
the job.
Great Falls tribune., 1922-04-15

Genoa, April 14.-(By The Associ-
ated Press.)-Divergence Of opinion
over Russia are reported to have de-
veloped at the meeting, Friday, Of the
economic conferences "big four" for
discussion of Russian problems.
The participants were Prime Min
lister Lloyd George, Of Great Britain,
Vice Premier Barthou, Of France,
Foreign Minister Schanzer, of Italy.
and Foreign Minister Jaspar, Of Bel
gium.
The "big four" were understood to
have decided at meeting to present
"a united front" when the soviet sub
mits its counter propositions for the
restoration of Russia. This action was
understood to imply formal acceptance
by the four powers of the London ex-
perts' report as basis for the treat
ment Of the Russian problem. The
allied governments had not previously
pledged themselves as bound by the
report of their experts drawn up at
London.
The Italian delegation afterward
confirmed the report that the docu-
ment drawn up by the allied experts
in London, dealing with the question
Of Russia, which has been the center
of much discussion, had not been in
dorsed by the various allied govern
ments. The Italian expert had dis
approved Of the clauses of the report
which, if put into effect, would. humii-
ate Russia, it was declared> Mr..
Lloyd George, 1t was asserted after
the morning session, had favored the
Russian proposal to grant Russia in
demnity for damages she had sus-
tanned as the result of military opera
tions against the soviet regime.
Want Russia To Feel She's State
It was stated that England and Italy
advocated that the judicial and legal
system to be adopted by Russia should
be such as not to consider her as
colony to be exploited, but as a state
to be helped to re-enter the Euro
pean family.
Above all, the danger must be
avoided. the Italian and English dele
gates are said to have argued, that
the Russians should break off nego-
Nations, having justice on their side
or even appearing to have justice on
their side. Therefore, it was argued,
the solution Of the Russian problem
must not be of a transitory character
or have even the appearance OF put
ting Russia on probation.
Take Up Financial TangIe
Europe's financial tangle was
brought to the front for consideration
at Fridays sessions of the confer
ence. further discussion of Russian af-
fairs having been postponed until
Saturday.
Sir Basil Blackett, comptroller OF
finance Of the British treasury, called
his special consultative committee OF
financial experts together, hoping to
evolve the basis for a preliminary re-
port to the financial committee of the
conference Saturday.
This special committee, appointed
Thursday. comprises representatives
of virtually every European country
except Russia and its members are
reputed to be the leading financial ex-
perts Of the continent. They are ex-
pected to devise practicable plans for
Strengthening out Europe's economic
Barthou Creates Sensation
Louis Barthou's address to the Eng
lish and American newspaper corre-
spondents Thursday, the report OF
which spread quickly through confer
ence circles, was widely commented on
Friday morning as indicating that
Great Falls tribune., 1922-04-15
No American Drivers
Of Relief Cars Slain
by Russ, Says Hoover

Washington, April 14.-Reports from
Paris that American drivers of relief
administration wagons. had been killed
in Russia by the famine stricken popu-
lation, who wanted the horses for food,
were treated with reserve by Secre-
tary Hoover. No Americans are driv-
ing relief wagons in Russia, he said,
and the American relief administration
has received no reports of any Ameri-
cans being killed.
to the physical limitations Of the Rus
clan transportation system, L. A. vii
kinson of New York, who has just re-
turned from Russia, reported to Mr..
Hoover. There is every indication that
the maximum American program,
which Russian officials feared might
overstrain their power to transport,
would be administered, he declared.
Great Falls tribune., 1922-04-15
Unsettled Easter
Weather Nothwest
Is Prediction Made

Washington, April 14-The most
criticised flapper found a friend Fri
day in the weather bureau, which in
dicated that she might go forth on
Easter wearing her bright colored
tweed suit and periwinkle hat without
fear Of rain.
Generally fair weather for Sunday
was seen by the bureau for that por-
tion of the country east of the Mis-
s'ssippi river and probably for the
southwestern states.
Unsettled conditions, however, may
prevail from the Great Lakes west to
the Pacific coast, it was said. Moder-
ate temperatures will be experienced
through the south while in the north
the weather generally will be cool, but
not cold.
Great Falls tribune., 1922-04-15
Boat Load Of Booze
From Bahama Isles
Seized in New York

New York, April 14.-The two
masted schooner w. F. Dodge, said
to be bound from Nassau in the Ba-
hamas for St. Pierre, Miquelon, with
a load of liquor, was seized by a
police patrol as she was entering the
Narrows early Friday. The police said
they found 25 barrels of rye whisky
and 4O3 eases of Scotch. The craft
was flying the British flag The police
said no documents were found to in
dicate her owners.
Great Falls tribune., 1922-04-15

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