davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial., 1922-03-02

lice wore appointed. Henry a. Ryder,
Milford: Alexander r. Crichton. VIII,
mington; DIR. Harold L. Springer. VII
mington.
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial., 1922-03-02
Cox Goes to marcus Hook.

George r.. Cox has severed his con-
nectlon With tho Delaware Ledger
Of Newark 10 become advertising man
ager Of the Marcus Hook Prees. He
viii be succeeded on tho Ledger by
~, q. Thornton.
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial., 1922-03-02

Auto tires repaired? Read tn"
classified ads.-Adv,
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial., 1922-03-02

II what you want fsn't offered on ths
classified page today, telephone an ad
OF your own.---Adv.
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial., 1922-03-02

IT isn't lost. A classified ad win
ind It for you.-Adv.
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-05-07

the dams, but that the native species
are becoming extinct in certain trib.
utarles, due to the presence of the
brook and Loeb Leven trout.
Real Cause of Depletion
10 most people, the story of how
tlsh reproduce their kind is a closed
book. Yet some such knowledge is es-
sentlal in considering the subject of
fish depletion.
The eastern brook and the Loeb
Leven trout begin to spawn in the
Madison river and its tributaries in
October, the spawning continuing. in
certain waters. into December. In some
waters and at certain attitudes. they
are earlier or later according to the
temperature of the water. Because the
waters of the Upper Madison are
warmed by the hot springs or geysers
emptylng into them, the spawning
season is several weeks earlier than
IN the Lower Madison. In cold weather,
where the water flows over rifles
and rapids, it becomes aerated and its
temperature tends to approximate that
of the atmosphere.
Inc fall spawning species ascend the
Madison and its tributaries to the
headWaters for spawning. On arrival,
since they are not always ready to
spawn, they are often found under
~overhanging banks and in deep pools
during the day but usually resort to
the rifles at night. When ready, they
seem to prefer the night, rather than
the daytime, for spawning.
The female selects a spot where
there is small sized gravel or rock and
a not too swift current of water.
Having selected her site, she waits
for the male, who is busiIy occupied
driving away enemies, such as other
males and females of the same species
seeking the same spawning site. or
predacious fishes of other species
which prey on the Eggs as they leave
the female.
On the arrival of the male, who
takes a position directly in front of the
she turns 0ver on her side and
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-05-07

in the direction from which the wind Ia
coming. the sound may be heard more
distinctly. 1t "a be seen readily that
sound waves travelling in the opposite
direction from which the wind is blow
ing or against the wind, will be broken
up and DETECTED.
THE weather conditions during the
evenings of January II and March 81
were practically the same. At both
times an area of low pressure was CEN
trail over Nevada and Utah. with an
area of high pressure off the California
coast. Under these conditions southern
California would experience southerly
winds shifting to westerly by way of
southwesterly.
Waves Carried Far
THE firing took place near Catalina
Island. which would give the ships a
position practically due south of Los
Angeles. The great atmospheric waves
travelling with the wind would be car
ried great distances. Had there been a
northerly wind the shock would prob
ably have been unnoticed.
with II firing at sea. the waves
are in the air, but with an earthquake
the waves are sent out froh. some dis
turbance under the surface of the earth
and a vibration of the ground results.
The gun firing shocks rattle windows
and doors but there is no vibration.
The effect is more like a high wind.
AS the navy seems to have chosen
southern California waters for battle
and target firing of the ships,
are likely to have occurrences of
.hese shocks froln time to time"
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-05-07

eat natural food. Rising water TEN
p%eratures also accelerate absorption.
When the snow me1ts and tn,
stream begins to rise, the gravel is Sc
in motion, releasing the little fishes
who are now able to swim and to move
with the current to some shallow, quie1
place where food is abundant. Here
in warmer water and with plenty OF
food available, they grow rapidly
Adult fishes do not like shallow. Quie,
waters where they become easy prey
to their natural enemies. The smaller
fishes, however, take on q color sim
liar to their surroundings and can
readily flee to a place of refuge under
rocks and twigs where enemies cannot
find them.
Troubles of Spring Spawners
The present time is the season of
the year when the spring spawning
species ascend the stream, where they
not lnfrequently use the same nest or
mound of gravel thrown up by the fall
spawners. If freshets have not al
ready released the fall fishes from the
gravel. the spring spawning species ac-
compllsh it, since they move the gravel
while spawning, just as the fall spawn
ers did. The process of spawning is the
same In the spring as it is in the fall.
BESIDES their natural enemies, which
follow them to the spawning grounds
to eat their eggs, the spring spawners
have to contend with the elements at
their worst. Freshets destroy their
nests and bring down mud, which COW
ers the gravel and smothers their eggs;
anchor ice also forms around their
nests, sometimes backing up enough
to level the mound and carry
away the eggs to some eddy, where the
adult fish eat them. BY the time the
spring spawned eggs are Matched and
the little fellows are ready to swim.
the fry of the fall spawning fishes are
lusty fingerlings, now occupying the
quiet, shallow waters to which the fry
OF the spring spawners resort, only to
an easy prey to their older and
companions. For these rea-
sons, and in nearly every instance,
where spring spawning fishes and fall
spawning fishes share the same waters,
the fall spawners will always predomi-
nate.
This in brief is the history of the |
of the Madison and its tribu-
And it explains just why the
native trout and the grayling were be-
to disappear from these
This condition, however, has
,een rectified through artificial propa-
by means Of which the native
will never become extinct.
How Dams and Reservoirs Help
Before the construction of the pow
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-05-07

and grayling that are disappearine
Hence the question naturally arises.
If he dams are the sole cause. of the
grayilng and native trout becoming ex-
tinct, why does the Loeb Leven con-
tlnue to increase?"
The only answer is contained in the
preceding explanation of the fall and
spring spawning seasons.
Despite the efforts of the Montana
fish and game commission, the United
States bureau of fisheries and the aid
of the Montana Power there
Will never again he as large fish in the
Madison and its tributaries as have
been taken. There will be more fish
and a large one occasionally. but the
number of fishermen has increased to
such an extent that the fish are caught
before they have time to attain a large
size. Fol- this condition. the Ford car
and good roads are largely responsible.
When people had to travel by saddle or
buggy, a trip to the upper Madison
was a matter of days and considerable
inconvenience. Now it can be made in
comfort and in a few hours only.
The Montana fish and game com
mission is ready 70 insist that the Mon
tana Power company shall build a fish
ladder for Hebgen dam just as soon as
anyone can produce plans for a prac-
teal and successful one at that place.
When n considers the actual ben
Gifts to our Montana fishes, to say
nothing of the great help to agricul-
tural enterprise and individual deyel-
opment. conferred by the building Of
these dams. the comparatively few fish
with below the dams are Of
little or 40 Importance.
In any case, it should always be re-
that the industrial and agri-
interests of the Treasure
state are paramount to those of recrea-
ton.
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-05-07

! vigorously digs up the gravel with he
tail, at the same time emitting a guam
tlty of eggs. On coming into contac
with water, these create considerable
suction because the pores of the oute
eggshell absorb water, this action caus
ing the egg as it passes a piece o
gravel to adhere to it. Simultaneous
ly the male emits milt. which also be
comes highly active when mixing witt
water. AS the current sweeps the. mil
past the egg, now attached to a par
ticle of rock or gravel. a germ i.
sucked into the egg, thereby impreg
mating it. This suction process last:
anywhere from 80 minutes. to more
than an hour, depending on the TEN.
perature of the water.
Fall S%pawners Suffer Little
The eggs from the female and the
milt from the male are not always
emitted simultaneously. A pair of fish
may be spawning for several days be-
fore the female has deposited all her
eggs, the mound of gravel naturally
increasing every time additional eggs
are deposited. After the pair have fin
ished spawning it has often been OBJ
served that they spend considerable
time stirring up the gravel which the
current deposited on the mound.
1t is said that eggs buried under less
than six inches of gravel will die I'M
der the rays of the sun, but that be-
yond six inches the sun will not pene-
trate. This is one reason why both of
the pair do their best to cover the eggs
thoroughly after spawning is complet-
ed. This covering also protects the
eggs from natural enemies and the acts
of the elements.
On the Madison and it's tributaries.
however, the fall spawning species suf-
fer but little in. this way as there are
no freshets at this season to wash
away the nest and no mud is carried
down to settle on the gravel, cover up
the eggs, shut off the current and
cause the eggs to smother. The eggs
in the gravel all winter. the
temperature of the water lowering
to 33 degrees Fahrenheit. This
makes development slow and is a de-
cided advantage to all fall spawning
In the spring, as the temperature of
water rises, the eggs develop ran
idly. Eggs retarded for a long time
by low temperature develop with ex-
ceptional rapidity as sOoi as the tenn
perature begins to rise.
When the eggs hatch, the aleyins-
newly Matched fish which have not alb
the umbilical sac-remain in the
gravel, their pectoral fins tanning in
.essantly, to aid in the absorption of
he sac, for until the sac is absorbed
he little fishes can neither swim nor
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-05-07

err dam near McAllister. the Madiso,
was not noted as a rainbow stream
Since its construction. a lake has beeI
formed which abounds with rainbow
trout. On one of the tributaries O
this lake, an egg collecting station il
operated by the United States burea,
of fisheries for the collection of egg.
from the rainbow trout and the Mon
tana grayling. This is the largest rain
bow trout egg collecting station in tn,
world, producing each year approx
mately 10000 600 of these Eggs.
Without the dam, this station woult
not exist, inasmuch as in a norma
stream there would never be fooC
enough to sustain such an enormous
number of fishes. The dam has backed
up the water for a considerable dis
lance. flooding what was at one time
large hay meadows. The waters now
TEEN with the best natural fish food
on earth.
All the rainbow trout inhabiting this
lake do not ascend the stream, where
the government maintains its station,
for spawning. There are numerous
tributaries emptying into this body of
water, the largest being the Madison.
Through the cooperation of the Unit
ed States bureau of fisheries and the
fish and game commission,
large numbers of grayling, native and
rainbow trout are Matched at the gov
eminent station near Meadow lake and
the fry are planted in Meadow lake
and the tributaries Of the Madison.
One of the greatest features of this
dam is that when the ice jams form in
the Madison river, the fish drop back
into this lake, which affords a safe
and abundant food.
At Georgetown Lake
Georgetown lake is an artificial lake
by a power dam. 1t is the
spawning ground in the world
For its size and the species of eggs
produced. Here again hay meadows
we're flooded with water, providing I'M
quantities of fresh water
the ideal fish food.
During the past several years. more
.ry have been produced for the people
Montana from eggs obtained from
Georgetown lake than any other BODY
IT water in Montana. A large number
# streams and lakes which are not de-
owe it to the dams which Gre
ted Meadow lake and Georgetown
AXE.
Hebgen dam is not used for devel-
'plng power. 1t is used for storing
urplus water. so as to keep the Madi- |
on river ut q mean stage at all sea-
ons OF the year. This dam creates a
'Ody of water approximately % miles
ong, and. in some places, two or three
niles wide. During the winter months, !
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-05-07

Most of the articles so far published
have argued that such construction has
injured the fishing. Little or nothing
has been presented which shows the
other side of the picture. For this
reason, l have taken the trouble to set
down some of the facts in the case, for
the information of the general public,
sportsmen, nature-lovers and those who
follow recreation for a living.
Our Six Varieties
The native salmonoid fishes Of the
Madison river are: Native, blackspot-
ted or cutthroat trout (Salmo Mykiss),
Montana whitefish Courageous Viii
liamsoni) and the Montana grayling
(Thymallus Tricolor Montausu).
The non-indigenous fishes introduced
are the rainbow (Salmo Irideus), the
brook (Salvelinus Fontanalis), and the
fish called by som the Loeb Leven
(SalmO Trutta Levensis), by others,
the land locked salmon (Salmo Salar
SebagO). and by still others, the Ger
mar or European brown (Salmo Fario).
These species were introduced by the
federal government several years ago.
The first plant of the Loeb Leven was
made in the Fire Hole river in Yellow
stone park, which, with the Gibbon
river at it's junction in the park, form
the Madison river.
The grayling, native and rainbow,
are spring Spawning fishes. The Loeb
Leven, brook and other species named
are fall spawning fishes. With the
exception, of the Montana whitefish,
the fall spawning fishes prey upon the
young of the spring spawning species.
The Montana whitefish will also prey
upon the & & and young of the spring
spawning fishes, but since it is not
armed with a large mouth, well filled
with rows of strong teeth, it is not as
.voracious as the other species.
It is said that the construction of
dams has caused the depletion of fishes
in the Madison. Yet the earliest settler
in the Madison valley will tell you that
the fishing in the Madison is better
Today than before the construction Of ]
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-05-07

the water in this dam is drawn down
gradually, until in April there is sim
ply the normal Madison river above
this dam. During April. gates are put
in which gradually raise the water.
though not interfering with the nor
NAL flow of the river. During the
early fall. the water will have reached
the crest of the dam. where it over
flows. Thereafter all the water is
used for keeping the Madison at a nor
NAL stage.
There is a height of GO feet of maxi
mum elevation between the normal
river. before the gates are put in, and
the height of the water at the time it
flows out Owe the dam. Since there is
a rise and fall of SO feet between high
and low water mark, it will be seer
how difficult it would be to install a
fish ladder for fish to ascend.
The river below the dam is gagged
twice daily, to insure a normal flow
of water, so as not to interfere with
fish life. The only time the water
would be shut off entirely would be
while making some minor repair or
cleaning the penstock, which OPERATES
a small motor for developing power
used at the dam for lifting gates and
HsHtlus tuc Icsiucuce OF the care
taker.
This raising and lowering of the wa
ter above the dam does not interfere
with the natural spawning of any of
the fish, since they will never spawn
except in the natural beds of the Mad
isOn river or tributaries, which can
only be drawn down to their normal
stage. Then, too, since the fish usu-
ally ascend to the headwaters for
spawning purposes, the raising of the
above the dam cannot interfere
with them.
Hatchery at Hebgen Dam
In 1918 a hatchery was built by, the
Montana Power company at the dam,
a site selected by the Montana fish
and game commission. Before the
Of this hatchery, it was be-
ieved hat the fish assembled the Madi- |
son to the dam but could go no further.
1t was therefore proposed to trap the
and obtain the eggs. Traps were |
installed and a considerable number Of
fish were caught, but in nearly every
Instance the fish were barren. A point
down the river was racked. the
,hject being to stop the large run of
10ch Leven trout which supposedly as
.ended the river each season. But
here was no run of fish, and an expe-
fence of eight months proves that the
ish below the dam live there all the
ime.
The hatchery was destroyed by a
tnowslide on March II, 1920. The
acks and traps had been kept in since
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-05-07
GuNF|RE
Of PACIFIC FLEET
FOR EARTHQUAKES
Target Practice Off California
Coast RattleS Windows
Far Inland.

Los Angeles. Calif.-(Correspondence
of The Associated Press).-Weather
conditions are responsible for target
practice of the Pacific fleet off the
southern California coast being oc-
casionally mistaken for earthquake
shocks. according to a report made to
the chamber of m Of this city
by DR.. Ford A. Carpenter, head of the
meteorological bureau of the chamber.
DR.. Carpenter cited cases of Janu-
airy II and March % last when vibra-
tions caused by big gun fire ratified
houses many miles inland and resulted
in reports Of earthquakes" from
widely scattered localities.
Sound Variable
1T is a well known fact" the re-
port said, that sound coming from
some point may be heard more dis
tinctly at certain times than at others.
/. The distance Mt which the sound may
be heard is also variable. The wind
direction plays a most important part
in this. fsthe sound-emitting body is
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-05-07

the preceding August, and no Loeb
Leven trout had appeared. This proves
conclusively that there was no run of
Loeb Leven that fall. Racks and traps
had been kept in the river at a point
nearer the dam beginning in April, but
there was no run of native or rainbow
trout or Crawling. The only fish
caught were those which lived in the
pool below the apron of the dam. These
fish remain in this pool because album
dant food can here be obtained without
effort.
The waters above the dam are being
well stocked with native trout and
grayling. the native species ~inhabiting
those waters. Here, as in the lower
Madison, the Loeb Leven thrives. and
it is due to the cannibalism of this vo-
racious species that the native species
are not more abundant.
There is no doubt that the fishes of
the Madison above Hebgen dam would
have been depleted long since were it
not for the dam. The fish are so
plentiful that. confined to the natural
beds of the streams during the tourist
season. they would have been fished
out long since. Now, with the large
water area created by the dam, there
is more room for them during the
tourist season and consequently they
are not so easily obtained. though it is
ridiculously easy to obtain the limit
of fish allowed by the Montana fish
and game laws by any one familiar
with the country.
Plenty Of Loeb Leven
There are numerous summer homes
on the south fork of the Madison from
which several consignments of fish are
shipped annually to points outside
Montana. In no instance is there COM
plant that the Loeb Leven are becom-
ing extinct. 1t is always the native
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-05-07

The Hawiian government has started
a plantation to increase the produc-
ton of chaulmoogra oil to assur In
adequate supply of leprosy treatment
medicine.
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-05-07
By J. H. BRUNsON.
Superintendent State Fisheries.
Montana Fish and Game Commission.

n ONTANAS most famous fishing stream is the Madison
wi river. AS the angling season approaches, the eyes of
: Montana sportsmen invariably turn hitherward, their
thoughts punctuated with the perennial query, What are the
prospects for SPORT" In connection with this historic pastime,
there has long waged q more or less controversy as to the actual
effect upon fishing of the construction of power dams along the
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-05-07

Top pictures-Left,. Dam on Lower Madison, near Nc
Allister. Right, Georgetown Lake, where fish abounds.
L. Cutthroat, Black-spotted, or Rocky Mountain
Trout.
2. The Whitefish, native in Montana waters.
3. Sunapee Trout, highly colored Eastern variety.
q. The Brook trout (male), numerous in western
Montana.
5. Land-locked Salmon Gemale), prefers the lakes.
g.. Land-locked. Salmon (male), carries a hump.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1922-01-27
JACKIE COOGAN HAPPY
IN WORKING CLOTHES

One of the reasons Jackie Coogan
likes 70 act in front of tho movie CAM
era is the fact that he can wear his
disreputabIe costume which has made
his little figure famous one to mil
lions Of motion picture theater-goers.
He loves the ragged sweater, the torn
cap and the baggy overalls, and he is
never so happy as when he is wearing
them.
When he returns after his days work
in the studio his real trouble begins,
for his parents insist that he dress up"
in clothes in which he cannot roll
around on the ground without fractur-
ing some of the rules laid down by his
father and mother.
Jackie's latest picture for First Ma
tional release, "My Boy" will be pre-
sented by Sol Lesser at the Unique the
alter on Thursday for an engagement
of two days.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1922-01-27
PLACARDING ON
SUSPICION
General Suggestions Concerning
the Control of Communicable
Diseases

The ideal way to control communica-
bic diseases is brought about by pla-
carding on suspicion Briefly stated,
children suspected of having commun-
icable diseases are Immediately exclud-
ed from school and isolated until a
diagnosis can be made Until Il decis-
ion is reached the child's home is pla-
carded with a sign reading 'Whooping
Cough Suspected :" Scarlet Fever Sus-
pected;" according to the nature of
the malady. Through this procedure
he teachers and parents are constant
liz on the lookout for communicable
diseases, not only in other children but
worked out splendidly in the village
Of Shorewood. directly north Of the city
Of Milwaukee, where it is now consid-
cred duty and privilege TO isolate on
suspicion even though it involves con-
siderable personal inconvenience by
instituting this action needless suffer
ing and death is avoided.
II is urged that this plan be given
more general application throughout
the state Real progress in combat
ting these devastating affections can
not be made until the general public,
especially teachers and parents, real
izc the necessity for whole-hearted par
ticipation in this work
Therefore, local boards of health are
urged to enact suitable ordinances
authorizing the procedure just out
lined. especially the use of the dis
ease suspected" placards.
Health Grams
TO cure is the voice Of the past to
prevent is the demand of the future.
Be careful Of the food you eat and
the air you breathe.
| Your lungs can't be washed. but they
can be aired
Frown less smile more; worry less
work more ride less; walk mOre-and
! live longer.
r. f. PEEL r. n.