davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
El Imparcial. (San Juan, P.R.) 1918-197?, 1922-12-15
SUCESOS DE- BAYANON

~ iarle a. ia : "a ~. ~ ,ar.
-. ~ IA ganssrIa one ssnanse q -.
mrsse. tuso an isranse = auiomaxii
Sa. 1891. IA ~nf.sr ,. A. SauiacA enc
eulala = shauflsnr lra cassn~na. laa.
ca M. s.Si. arrllsndo 1uan orirea.
ae ~ aims De eaad. i,rslncitndolr una
hcrida en u ile izquicr,o. : oira "a
n ralrza.
rarS~ Qne Il lcsismado - cic<a. ,
andaha Mo por Ia casr,era. IA CUE
iraiaha Dc crnzar cn ios mompnsos isrc
cisos de Iasar dicllo auiomdvi.
Fne c,ndncido N Hospital Munici-
pal. donde So le hizo In primcra cnra.
ci6n.
"A In mahana siguiente. en el pue;i-
te del Rio Bayam5n. cuando TlrSo Lo-
zano. tratd de monprse en- el tren de
Ia I.fnea Fernea del Oeste. fuc sorprea-
dido y empujado por el conductor Ella
El Imparcial. (San Juan, P.R.) 1918-197?, 1922-12-15

'slio llrs1ztnlla- rastll1eE > lssllllllae
e.asi arlurs ~ b. rnlssa : ussas lar.
les "a rursr.n
lloiaAa1,e ~ aipnnelaAe l,r sse.
inrslInlrnie , arr~sia- y = lr-ionaso
nae r.raansiae ~ lleslial MmlrifaL
Al oins dia. n d,l -nrrlraie. a
Ia ~ y - T. m- sn IA Gale wn~,u,
&c Catabo. = .auiona6sil Ne. -. pre-
l,irlad dc Jesas FaniauEki. gaiado I,or
q chauffeur Julian Cruz plaza ~.
:zcss. choca con una hicicleia que mm-
tal,a An;caio Rodriguez. resnltando q.
te con coninsioncs. , In hicicleia son
Ia rnesla irasera dcsirzada. Fue gu
RADIO per ii poctor i,assaletsa.
El Imparcial. (San Juan, P.R.) 1918-197?, 1922-12-15

oiudad. queda suspendida Ia fiesta q
cCn ese mgdivo ila a tener lugar el
domingo pr0ximo IL del mes en- curse.
las c;latro de lG tarde.
Era grande la animaci6n que exis-
tia para dicho solemne acto, Y Sc avi-
sara oportunsmente ctiando habra de
tener efecto.
El Imparcial. (San Juan, P.R.) 1918-197?, 1922-12-15
FIETA RELIosA sUsPENDIDA

Con m0tivo de no haberse termina-
do adn el pedestal dc la Estatua que
a la memoria tlel ilustre prelado Mon
senior William A. Jones, Qbispo que
fue de Puerto Rico, debfa ercgirse en-
la Academia de San Agustfn de esta
El Imparcial. (San Juan, P.R.) 1918-197?, 1922-12-15

rio vazquez J Josefino Laugier;; quie-
nes Sc fueron las manos pegandose
mdtuamente.
Con tai motive Sc aglomer0 tai nu-
nero de personas, en- actitud desorde-
NADIA, que la policfa tgxo que tomar
El Imparcial. (San Juan, P.R.) 1918-197?, 1922-12-15

acci6n dispersando los amotinados,
" debido a tai escandalo, fue precise
que la policfa tambien ordenara la
suspension del bale. No hubo arres-
tds, pesar de haber terminado la fies-
ia, con un. fenomenal alboroto. 4
El Imparcial. (San Juan, P.R.) 1918-197?, 1922-12-15
DEL coRozA1.

! Mientras Sc efectuaba un bale en- el
salon de Ia casa ayuntamiento de Co
.rozal, la noehe del 10 del corriente
mes, oeurri0 un disgust0 entire Eleute-
El Imparcial. (San Juan, P.R.) 1918-197?, 1922-12-15
de YAUCO.

Ha sido .confirmado el nombramien-
to hecho a favor del senor Enrique
Bosch Gelpf, para desempefiar ell I~Ses
to de Jefe de Sanidad de Yauco. Este
puesto estuvo desempefado interina-
mente hasta estos dfas, por el Ins
pector seflor Mas. Deseamos al nue.
vo funcionario acierto en- su cometido
El Imparcial. (San Juan, P.R.) 1918-197?, 1922-12-15

sS- Lea snunsios 6s este psri6dios
son isnos por miles Dc personas CUE
t0nan gaIts en- nuestro cONOURSo
RsGnoenos 81 annDcda hog mAEmo
El Imparcial. (San Juan, P.R.) 1918-197?, 1922-12-15

destina la suma de $600.0o cuya su
ma sera distribuida como sigue: :
$4,000 para Ell 1ro.
$125.00 para ell 2do
1900 para el Bro.
Idebiendo, correr no menos de seis ca
ballos. = .rpP9sl
9-En case de ernpate Sc repartira
en- parties iguales entire los empatados,
el premio que les corresponds, pero la
Copa debera ser lisputada el proximo
dfa de carreras. sa
10,-El duefio del caballo que game
esta Copa cuatro veces, tendra dere-
cho La propiedad de la misma.
lila San Juan Racing and Sport.
ing Club Sc reserya ell derecho de alte.
rar cualquier regla de las adoptadas
para esta carrera, siempre que no es.
ten en- pugna con ell Reglamento de la
Comisi6n Hfpica Insular.
12.-Para todo aquello que no este
previsto en- estas condolences regira
el Reglamento de la Comisi6n Hfpica
Insular.
El Imparcial. (San Juan, P.R.) 1918-197?, 1922-12-15

Los anuncios de este peri6dico son
leidos por miles de- personas que toman
parte en- nuestro CONCURSo. Man
demos su anuncio hoy mismo.
The Hope pioneer., 1922-11-09
PROBE DEATH OF GRID FAN
Companions on Trip to Witness Foot.
ball Battle al U. of M,

Winona-While party of Univer-
sity of Wisconsin students were wit
Messing the Minnesota Wisconsin foot.
ball game at Northrop field, Winona
county authorities were endeavoring
to clear up mysterious circumstances
surrounding the finding of one of the
members Of their motor party on the
railroad tracks near Stockton, his BODY
so badly mangled that identification
was diffcuilt.
The dead man is George Butler
Lilly, fraternity brother. His com.
panions who continued to MINNEAPOLIS
said that their motor trip from Madi-
son was interrupted at Utica, Mimi.
where their automobile broke down at
midnight. While they were endeavor.
ing to make repairs, Butler, they said,
disappeared. Although they searched
for four hours, no trace of him was
found. A section hand found the
mangled body on the Northwestern
tracks at Stockton, IA miles from
Utica.
The Hope pioneer., 1922-11-09
|. C. C. HITS LAND LEASES
Held Rebatng Unless Railroads Fix
Rentals on Actual Value,

Washington-Railroads which lease
lands along their right of way to pri.
vate users must charge rentals equal
to the sums which private owners
would charge for similar property, or
the transaction hereafter will be con-
sidered by the interstate commerce
commission as form of rebating in
violation of law.
The commission has held that in
some cases the fixing of low rental
charge on leases of lands to large
shippers had been lin practical effect"
a reduction of transportation charges
amounting to refund.
The commission based it's conclusion
chiefly upon facts brought out by in.
vestigation of conditions at Spokane.
where investigators found city had
practically grown up around the right
OF way of the Northern Pacific, max.
ing the lease privilege on the lands
OF ralriads, as we'll as others valuable.
The Hope pioneer., 1922-11-09
SULTANATE ABOLISHED
Nationalist Assembly Assume All
Executive Powers.

Constantinople-New Turkey has
abolished the sultan.
The nationalists assembly at Angora
has passed law suppressing the
Turkish sultanate and the law of sue
cession to the throne. The present
sultan, descendant of a thousand alb
solute monarchs, is to be the last of
his line.
A caliph who will take over the holy
duties hitherto exercised by the sui.
tan as prophet of the Moslem world,
is to be elected periodically. His office
is to be of the church, not the state.
The national assembly will hold all
the power in Constantinople and
throughout Turkey, according to the
new law.
Two resolutions were unanimously
adopted by the assembly. The first said
that by virtue of organic statute and
representation sovereign rights had
been vested in an inalienable and in.
divisible manner on the moral person
of the Angora assembly, which was
the only emanation of the nation. The
second resolution declared the caliph.
ate was vested in the imperial family
of the Osman dynasty, but that the
Turkish government remains the key
stone of the caliphate.
The Hope pioneer., 1922-11-09
=. S. WANTS DEBTS PAID
President Flatfooted Against Any In.
ternationaI Debt Confab.

Washington - President Harding
made it clear that the United States
is not going to be swerved from it's
position relative to the foreign war
debt by propaganda which is active
both in this country and abroad.
The president, it was learned, thinks
that there is much buncombe being
circulated here about forcing collec.
tion Of the foreign debt. His advisers
say that the president would be CRATE
full to learn from men who are insist
ing on collection of the debt how they
would go about executing their pro-
posals.
The administration knows that the
only possible way to force collection
of the war debt would be to go to war
and that the United States is not 20.
ing to do.
ut would be a fine thing to know"
said an administration spokesman,
'what these very wise men VINO are
insisting upon collection of the foreign
debt would do to collect the debt.
The Hope pioneer., 1922-11-09
THANKSGIVING DAY is SET
"Day Summons All America to Serve
Harding.

Washington-President Harding i,
his annual Thanksgiving proclamation
calls upon the people Of the countr,
to continue ito make our own grea
fortune means of helping and sery
ing as best we can, the cause of a,
humanity"
LET us in all humility acknowledg
how great is our debt to the prov.
dence which has generously dealt wit
us and give devout assurance of uu
selfish purpose to play helpful ant
ennobling parts in human, advance
ment," the proclamation read.
"ln spite Of the consequences O
the recent war, our country" tn,
president said, has been "at peace ant
has been able to contribute towart
the maintenance and perpetuation O
peace in the world"
The president ended his proclama
ton:
NOW, therefore, l. Warren G
Harding, president of the United
States of America, do designate
Thursday, the Goth day of November
us day Of thanksgiving, supplicatio1
and devotion"
The Hope pioneer., 1922-11-09
ALLIES REJECT TURK DEMAND
Renal Controls Straits-says Powers
Must Get Permits.

Constantinople - The Nationalist
government is in control of Constan-
tinople. The representative of the An
.gora government, has ordered the Al
lied troops to evacuate
An Allied extraordinary council has
decided to refuse the Nationalist de-
mand. q
The Turks have torn up the Mu-
DANA armistice convention aud are ad-
vancing into the Chanak area occupied
by the British and other neutral zones.
Since the Nationalist administra-
tion is declared to have been estab-
Hshed and in celebration of this,
masses of excited Turks have been en-.
gagged in disorders. Students marched
against the palace and riotous mobs
engaged in such manifestation that
1t became necessary for the Allied po-
lice to fire on them, several of the
Turks being killed or wounded.
The Nationalist government also has
handed note to the Allied high com.
missioners here to the effect that the
warships of all nations must ask it
for auti rization to pass the straits of
the Dardanelles, the Havas corre-
spondent here has been informed.
They also must salute the new gov.
eminent of Turkey.
The Allied high commissioners have
accepted the new regime in CONSTANT
nople with Rafet Pasha, the military
governor of Thrace, as governor of the
city. And the sultan's government
has accepted its downfall, although
Mohammed vi still considers himself
the lawful constitutional ruler of
The Hope pioneer., 1922-11-09
SIXTY TRAPPED
MINERS ARE DEAD
Many Victims Within 100 Feet
of Fresh Air When
Asphyxiated.

spaneler, Pa.-Thirty bIanched
survivors from the Reilly Coal
company's mlne-most Of them
young men-lie on double row
Of cots In the mIner'3 hospital
here. They are the known sur.
vlvors OF the miners who went
Into the Reilly coal mlne few
minutes before the terrific explo-
sion, which trapped 1870 Of their
comrades and snuffed out the lives
Of sixty who are 90 far known
to be dead. Twenty Of these were
within 100 feet of air when over
como.
Johnstown, Pa.-Between 1877 and
LA were entombed deep in the shaft
Of the Rally coal mine at spangler
with little hope entertained Of rescu.
ing many of them, according to off.
cials.
Shortly before a. m. Monday, an
explosion brought down the roof Of
the shaft deep inside the opening, seal.
Ing in all Of the men who were at
work. The fan which supplies air to
them was smashed by the force Of
the explosion and 1t was nearly two
hours before air was gotten into the
pipes.
Within few minutes after the ex-
plosion. a force Of nearly 500 men was
working in relays, digging into the
mine. First aid crews were standing
ready as the barrier was broken down.
The Cambria Steel company's first aid
crew left here in automobiles. The
Red Cross also sent three automobile
loads Of trained nurses.
The rescue workers are carrying an
air line with them. It is necessary for
them to timber" as they go along,
making their progress slow. Mine Of.
ficials would make no statements, but
1t Is the opinion of everyone at the
scene that few of the men will be
found alive. This opinion was strength.
ened when the first bodies, those near.
est the mine mouth, were discovered.
Spangler has been converted into
one huge emergency hospital with
everyone waiting for the workers to
dig in where the men are entombed.
Practically every home in the town is
affected by the explosion and scenes
near the mine are indescribable. Won.
en- with weeping children hanging to
their skirts, stop everyone who comes
from the immediate vicinity of the
smart With anxious inquiries.
The Hope pioneer., 1922-11-09
TORNADO STRIKES
THREE STATES
100000 Damage to Okla
homa Oil Fields and Many
Killed.

Kansa City, Mo.-Between 12 and
is persons are reported dead, scores
are injured and property loss, which
1t is estimated will run into the mil
lion as result Of a tornado and wind
storm which struck Oklahoma, Col
orado and Kansas.
According to meager reports reach.
ing here by way of private telegraph
wires from Drumwright, Okla, a
small town 60 miles from Tulsa, be-
tween and 10 persons were killed
there and in nearby towns when the
tornado struck.
Many persons are reported tc
have been injured at Shamrock
Okla, Is miles west of Tulsa, with
heavy destruction of property. Owing
to the scope and intensity of the storm
which has disabled nearly all lines OF
communication, details of the extent
of the daamge is lacking.
Near Gushing, Okla, the oil camp Of
the Roxana Oil company was blown
away by the. storm and four workers
of the company were killed, according
to officials of the company.
Destruction of large number of
buildings at Mannford, so miles west
of Tulsa, with loss of life, by the storm
was reported by the telegraph oper.
ator at Keystone, six miles from
Mannford
Two persons were killed and four
others injured in tornado and hail
storm which struck Carr Crossing,
north Of Sugar City, Colo.
A storm hit at Oilton, about 1S
miles from Gushing and took a mum.
ber of lives. This storm came out Of
the southwest, and wrecking havoc
here, struck at Olive also.
Reports reaching here from Olive
were that the town was demolished.
Unconfirmed reports said a number
We're dead and injured but no details
were available. The damage at Olive
and vicinity will reach $5OO,OOO
Following the tornado heavy snow
storm swept over portions of Colo
RADIO, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona,
tying up traffic and demoralizing wire
communication.
The Hope pioneer., 1922-11-09
DULUTH-N. Y. WATER ROUTE
Company Will Have Ships Operating
in Spring, Says Official.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS of w. p,
Trlckett, managing director of the
Minneapolis Traffic association, it is
announced. He becomes general man
ager of the McDougall Terminal com.
nany, OF Duluth, which proposes to es.
sablish an all water transportation
service, without transfer, from Du-
iuth to New York.
The proposed service will be
through Lake Superior and the great
axes to Oswgeo, N. Y, by the New
York Ship canal to Troy and down
.he Hudson river to New York. The
company will have ships in operation
by the opening of navigation in the
spring, Mr.. T'rickett said,
The Hope pioneer., 1922-11-09
ITALIANS CLASH-SEVEN Die
Fascist and NatIonaIists Battle at
Taranto Over Local Questions

Rome - Fascist and nationalists
clashed at Taranto, in southeastern
Italy, over questions of local policies,
In the fight which ensued seven were
killed and numbers were wounded,
casualties being suffered by both sides.
Count Sforza, Italian ambassador to
France, was the object of hostile
demonstration by fascist when he ar
rived at Bussoleno, in the province
OF Turin, on the Italian frontier while
returning to Rome for a conference
with the new premier, Mussolini.
The Hope pioneer., 1922-11-09
Rev. B. M. Bridges
Gives Facts in
His Case

It Is doubtful If there has ever been
medicine endorsed by so many minis
ters Of the Gospel as has Tanlac. an
deed, there is scarcely faith, creed
or denomination in all the land in
which one, or more, of the clergymen
mas not publicly expressed their in.
deDtedness to the Premier Preparation
Tor the benefits they have derived from
its use.
One of the latest to speak out In
this connection is Rev. B. M. Bridges,
a widely known and beloved Baptist
preacher, residing at Mooresboro, N.
O., whose statement follows:
"Tanlac has given me good appe-
tite. toned up my system and renewed
my strength in such gratifying way
that l am glad to recommend it to any
one who is in rundown condition.
For ten years past l have had such
q severe case of indigestion that I
could not find anything to eat that
agreed with me. Finally became
very nervous apd could get but very
little sleep or rest.
IL SeemS LldI L tOOk nearly eVeFys
thing trying to get myself right. but
nothing helped me until I ran across
Tanlac. My nerves are so much better
now that my sleep is sound and re-
freshing. enjoy my meals and have
also gained weight. can say from
experience that Tanlac is a splendid
medicine and tonic, for it has built
me up wonderfully"
Tanlac is sold by all good druggists.
Advertisement.
The Hope pioneer., 1922-11-09

st. Paul, Minn.-'During my
early married life I became sort Of
rundown and suffered with general
feminine troubles. I took DR..
Pterce's Favorite Prescription and
1t built me up in health and
strength. Then about two years
ago I suffered with functional dis
turbances, became weak and all run
down In health, and again took
the Favorite Prescription and It
gave me the same help as before;
1t built me up in health and
strengthened my whole nervous
system. Favorite Prescription is q
splendid woman's medicine and
nervine." Mrs. s. L, Roberts, 291
Cliff st.
Write DR.. Pierce, president In
Halids' Hotel in Buffalo, N. Y, for
free medical advice, or send 10c for
trial pkg, tablets.
The Hope pioneer., 1922-11-09
Coal Gas Kills One,

Minnearolis--Mrs. Vera Wilde is
lead. her husband, Joseph, is critical
i'll, and their two small children ar,
serious condition, victims of Goa
as which filled their home while tn,
.amily was sleeping
The Hope pioneer., 1922-11-09
ExiIed German Kaiser Webs

Doom, Holland-The former Ger
man emperor, once all-highest of the
empire, and Princess Hermine. of
Reuss, were married Sunday, Nov S,
at the House of Doom, where the ex.
lord abides in exile.
The Hope pioneer., 1922-11-09
1856 Russ Drowned in Shin Crash.


Tokio-One hundred and thirty-fiye
Russian refugees from Vladivostok
were drowned when two steamers
foundered, according to dispatcl
from Seoul to the Yommiuri here
Only two persons were saved.
The Hope pioneer., 1922-11-09
Mrs. Hail Opens Own Inoulrv

New Brunswick, N. ITO empha.
size her protestations of innocence,
Mrs. Frances Stevens Hall has begun
an individual investigation into the
murder OF her husband, Rev. Ed. w.
Hall, rector OF the Episcopal Church,
The Hope pioneer., 1922-11-09
Gov. Preus Named Trustee.

New York-The American-Scandi.
navian foundation announces the cleo.
ton of J. A. o. Preus, governor of
Minnesota, to the board of trustees.
Governor Preus, native Of Wisconsin.
is of Scandinavian descent.
The Hope pioneer., 1922-11-09
Demand Canadian Grain Embacoo.

Washington-Western grain shi!.
ping interests, supported by America,
Farm Bureau Federation, demand al
embargo on the shipment of Canadian
grain through the United States dur
ing the present traffic congestion.
The Hope pioneer., 1922-11-09

Talking, Not Entertaining.
Mothers Voice-Are you entertain.
ing Harold?
Daughter-No, we're Just talking.
The Hope pioneer., 1922-11-09
Do Dreams Come True?

Do Dreams Come True7
A southern Indiana man few eve
nings ago went into drug store in
his town and bought quart Of red
whisky, 1.-THE kind we used to get"
being fortunate in getting one Of two
quarts the druggist had. The latter
asserted he was gcing to keep the Sec
ond quart for his own use.
The buyer stole way from the drug
store with his package, mentally de-
batting whether he should share his
prize with friends. After several mo-
ments Of anxiety he came to his deci-
sion. No one but himself should ever
taste a drop Of the precious liquid.
Then the baby cried and he woke
up.-Indianapolis News.
The Hope pioneer., 1922-11-09

You cant be too particular in choos.
Ing your particular friends.
The Hope pioneer., 1922-11-09

At Last.
"Hc was always waiting-tlid any
thing finally turn up for himY'
"Oh, yes-his toes did,"
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-04-02
ROTARY MEETING
EVENTFUL AFFAIR
Tulsa Rotarians Took an
Important Part in
Program

r.I., Roiarians who attended the
soyentcenth district conference at
,,,storce Thursday and Friday are
enthusiastic over the reception and
,...,,,,3ipmcnt rendered by Tulsas
ssA7 city. Weather conditions during
~ conference we're almost intoler-
.tle but the Rotarians and their
..tggs we're so interested in the
,,cf,ugs and entertainment that
Nov nsid no attention to weather.
Members Of the local delegation
...E prominent part In the pro-
crsu Tho Tulsa clubs model
luncheon. given Friday noon. was
considered by Rotarians one OF the
tcst given during the conference.
Thc Tulsa banquet Friday night, in
ybtDn the Fort Scott, Kan, club
p1rtI0.pated. is said to have been "a
Knockout"
The Tulsa exhibit. the chart show
,,r anticipation by the local club
IN TrIsa's civic. religious and COM
rerrlI activities, the Mardi gras
s,uri hv 5. Maxwell Smith, and the
siurts at the special stunt meeting
Thursday night brought forth ad-
mlr1tlon and applause from those
VIII MllltHStu Nltst AtaAuA tos
No stunt night" stunt was n
Eu-KuN Khan spectacle. in which
ncy. John II. Abernathy was sur
rounded by masked men and appar-
entlv tarrcd and feathered. while
5000 persons looked on with won
derment.
Tulsa was represented at all
round table discussions. LEGAL Ro-
tarians either presided over or at
tended all round table sessions held.
Among those who spoke at these
conferences were Ben Lancaster,
presidents Ralph Talbot. secretary.
and A. l.. Farmer and j. Burr Glib
bons, members.
Local Rotarlans renewed their ac-
oualntancc with Paul Galloway, first
vice president OF the Tulsa club, who
was brought 10 the conference by n
delegation OF Rotarians from Rog.
, ers, Ark. Although blind. Mr.. Gal
loway is optimistic over his condi-
ton and is confident he will even
tually regain his eyesight. During
the conference he was almost con-
staly with members of the Tulsa
bvich.
Tulsa Rotarians who attended tho
meeting are unanimous in congratu-
. htlng MuskoEee on its excellent en-
teriainmont and It's special attcn-
ton TO details.
Nearly zoo Tulsans made the trip
and of this number nearly half were
Rotary-Anns-the wives OF Rota-
rians.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-04-02

The fair and famous French ex-
plorer Nine. Camille du Cast. has
been requested by the wild Tribes
Of Rlf North Africa. 10 represent
them In their peace negotiations
with SDoIn
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1922-04-02
SITTING ON TOP OF VOLCANO
Charles O'Connor Advises Against
Parade of Ku-kIuN kim.


I'VE are sitting on top OF a vol
Cano which il likely to explode; let
US not forget the race riot OF a
year ago" Charles O'Connor, attor-
uey, advised the City club at Hotel
Tulsa Saturday noon. If there arc
My members Of the Ku-Klux Klan
IN this room. urge them with all
my might to prevent the proposed
parade tonight.
1T would be n calamity II there
should be another race riot or
tragedy OF similar nature in our city
at this time. am not member OF
the khan, and ! am saying these
things because love Tulsa. II any
one wants TO take me out and whip
mo they can do so. but / have no
fear Of such a thing.
Il profess to be n good American
citizen. and I also believe in speak
ing my mind, especially on such oc-
oas.ons as this.
There IL danger in a parade o,
the khan. hope it can be pre-
vented"