davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The New York herald., 1922-11-05
in Lucerne. but friends came to his
rescue.
Seven Years in Switzerland,
Expelled by Government

oCfCA Cdi . III - oWitZCffdhdt
Expelled by Government
During the seven years that ne
stayed In Switzerland Mussolini stud
led. paying for his food. lodging and
books by doing odd jobs that came his
way, but constantly becoming more
fiery in his socialistic beliefs until the
Swiss Government expelled him. A
few months later the Austrian Gov
ernment expelled him from the Tyrol.
where he had taken refuge, but he
was undaunted and finally obtained
permission to return to Romagna-
Climbing to power in his own COM
munity, Mussolini became a member
of the staff of the official socialist
organ, the Avdnti, which brought him
into the limelight as the leader Of the
party in northern Italy and as an
organizer of exceptional ability.
In 1914, when the war broke out,
Mussolini at first affirmed the neces-
sity for absolutely neutrality, but the
very fact of the war entered into his
spirit The idea of a revolt against
dogma commenced to grow within him.
Slowly he changed his belief into one
of vigilant armed neutrality with
Italy's interests the focal point for all
decisions. and then suddenly he saw
the benefits his country would obtain
by participation If the Allies were vic
torious.
Then Mussolini decided in favor Of
entering the war and the Socialist
party expelled him in a fiery session
that will go down in the annals Of
Italian political history. The crowd
was tumultuous and plainly showed
it's hatred, but 1t did not swerve him.
He tried to talk. but the only memor-
able phrase that was heard was this :
"You hate me because you love me
STILL"
For a moment the crowd hesitated.
so tremendous a grip had the falling
leader obtained on their imagination.
Then suddenly some one Kissed and
for an hour a veritable battle Of par
tisans and enemies followed, but none
dared touch Mussolini, who, pale and
calm, watched the swaying factions.
MussoIinYs Alternative
Was War or Revolution
From that time on Mussolinl used
his paper Popolo dTtalia 20 defend his
ideas, and although the Socialists at
tackled him bitterly he formed the nu-
cleus Of a party favorihg entry into
The New York herald., 1922-11-05

eighteen hours Of work. He is rarely
in bed before A. NJ. but he is fresh
and anxious to get started before 9
in the morning. He eats a hurried
breakfast and Immediately goes to his
office, where he reads carefully and
rapidly at least fifty newspapers from
all parts Of Italy and a few foreign
clippings, and here and there articles
bearing on the major problems in Italy
and elsewhere.
He never let's a day pass without
writing, five political articles for his
newspaper Popolo dItdlid. His news
paper colleagues know his aversion to
company and visitors rarely reach the
inner sanctum where Mussolini's
penned appeal for solitude is posted
over the door.
The New York herald., 1922-11-05
DR. BEN,ro MusSoLiNi

(not specified) before expulsion from
the party.
An important clause states that the
military hierarchy is strictly subordi-
mated to the political directors Of the
party. but that the whole party.
strictly speaking, is a militia
The Fascista army is divided into
two classes, the active army. or BLACK
Shirts" and the reserves, which in
clude men beyond military age, and
sympathizers. his latter class Is not
subject to the military orders which
the black shirts must obey unques-
tioningly.
During action the civil chiefs give
over the command to the military
heads, but no demonstrations can take
place without agreement between the
political and military leaders.
Formerly Upheld by
Unions and Manufacturers
The most elaborate provisions are
made for the conduct, dress and bear
ing of the Fascista militia, and even
for medals and wound stripes.
The "hierarchic scale" Is as follows:
Military grade: Commander-Gen
Inspector General of Zones. Consuls,
Command of Cohorts, Command of
Centurians. Command Of Squads.
Political grade: Party head. political
secretary y-general. party directors,
general vice-secretaries, administra-
tive acknowledgement, regional dele
gates, deputies.
hA ~ haa
able to maintain the strange ambiguity
of being at the same time a move
ment supported by the large manu-
facturers and trade union party.
This situation was ended by the action
of the manufacturers, who have now
turned against the Fascist. The big
manufacturers and business men of
the country, members of the Fedora
ton OF Industry. met in closed ses-
sion here recently and after a long
discussion of Fascista activities among
with the Fascista trade unions and
to work quietly and steadily to pre-
vent their growth.
This was a blow to the Fascist.
One reason for the phenomenally rapid
growth of F'ascismo has been the fact
that 1t has not lacked for funds, but
has been able to transport large bodies
of men from one part OF the country
to the other. feeding and paying them
to set up headquarters wherever II
pleased. to pay its organizers well and
to recover quickly from Communist
assaults. The opposite side OF the pic
ture has of course been the Socialists
The New York herald., 1922-11-05
Friends Book Describes
New Premier's Appearance

One of his intimate friends has writ
ten a book on the new Premier in
which he gives an account OF his ap-
rearance and Of which the folio wing
is a free translation:
He faces those who speak to him
like a block of assurance. OF courage
and of energy. His Roman forehead
is built for thought. His eyes are
made for command. His square jaws
complete with harmony a face that
no one can describe"
The year 1914 and the outbreak Of
the great war found DR.. Mussolini at
the age of 30 editor of the leading So
cialist paper in Italy. the AUantt. No
one at that time could have predicted
that he would emerge in 1922 as Pre-
mier on a platform of ''law and order"
as his cardinal domestic principle.
He had had the usual training OF a
high grade newspaperman. namely.
high school and university. He was
already known as a most telling
speaker. besides being an able editor.
No sooner was war declared in 1914
than DIR. Mussolini urged Italian en-
trance into il. The Socialists through
out Italy were astounded at such coun-
sci from the editor Of the leading So
cialistic daily. He lost his Job as edi-
tor, but Immediately established a new
organ for himself, namely, the Popuio
dTtdltd. which Immediately became one
of the real moulders of public opinion.
When Italy finally entered the war
the advocate of war on the Central
Powers Immediately enlisted. but was
rejected on account of a physical all
ment. Later on. however. he Joined
as a private soldier and during the
rest OF the war he wore the plume OF
the Bersaglieri. the shock troops Of
Italy.
He was decorated for bravery and
because OF his influence as a speaker
who could instill the doctrine of pa
triotism among the troops his fame
pread and the returned soldiers, peas
ants and middle class remembered him
after the last gun had been fired.
This memory served him well when
the time TO organize the Fascist az
an offset TO communistic agitation
mo
The New York herald., 1922-11-05
Head of the Fascista Movement an
Intense, Fiery, Indefatigable Man,
Who Admires Napoleon, Works Is
Hoursa Day, Speaks Five Languages
and Who Walks and Drives AL
ways at Top Speed

THE
New York Herald Bureau
cubbyhoe Office in Milan there is scrawed
| on piece of cardboard the following legend:
- he who enter gives
to-day Rome and
which reached its climax
Parliament whose office
n the city Of the
unquesionaby Musson has
had reckon with Lenine
diplomatic
chanceley studying
ever move as studied Lenine.
commissions is
political ideals He against everything that
whole history his
Socialist
anahc tendencies he is the
grip at omentev
The New York herald., 1922-11-05
No international Aim,
Declares It's Chieftain

Mussolini denied any contact be-
tween the italian party and the So
called Fascista movements OF Ger
many and Hungary. and laughed at
the idea Of a Fascista International.
He said that just as Bolshevism was
a movement peculiar to Russia the
Fascista movement was a peculiarly
Italian institution, which 1t would be
absurd to try to duplicate.
The Fascista political program.
adopted in December. 1921. still stands.
It enunciates the principles of individ-
ualism and nationalism. with every
thing, even individualism, secondary
to the welfare Of the State.
The nation, not humanity, Is the
highest unit Of society, says the pro-
gram. The State Is sovereign. but II
should allow the fullest liberty TO in
dustry and private corporations and
to the church.
AS for labor problems, the Fascist
believe In the eight hour day. social
legislation TO provide for the sick. in
jured and old, limited representation
Of labor In Industry and even the man.
egement OF some public services and
industries by specially trained and
Trustworthy workers, and the encour-
agement Of small proprietors in GER
tain districts.
The internal policy OF Fascismo
The New York herald., 1922-11-05
Man of Simple Tastes.
Fond of Family Life

Mussolini-he has not yet been
given a nickname by his friends, even
his wife calling him by his family
name-is a man of the simplest dress
and habits. There is no luxury either
in his home or office. In comfort
able apartment in the middle class
district of Milan he lives with his wire,
whom he adores, and their four chill
dren. The eldest, a daughter, is IL
years old, the other three are healthy,
boisterous boys. His wife comes from
q working family and is energetic and
Intelligent, with the beauty character
istic of the women of northern Italy.
The daughter inherits intelligence
from both parents. is interested in all
sports and Is the idol OF her father,
who keeps a portrait of her on his
office desk.
Mussollni himself is a great lover
of sports of all kinds, although he has
little time to attend games. HIS IA
vorite sport Is automobiling, and ne
is fond OF driving at terrific speed,
despite the protests OF his family that
he will one day meet his death In an
accident. Aviation tempts him ana
frequently he travels to Rome by air
plane, admittedly just to get the ex-
hilaration of the air.
Unlike most Italians Mussolini does
not sing, but he has exceptional talent
for the violin. On this he prefers to
play slow, plaintive melodies instead
of quick. inspiring marches which usu-
ally are dear to the hearts of revolu-
tionaries.
The New York herald., 1922-11-05
ACTION AND MODERATION,
LEADERS, ATTRIBUTES

he was at all times sure of himself.
while his opponents and other politi-
cal leaders were not; that he refused
always to compromise on essentials,
while he at all times showed modera-
ton in the hour Of his triumph.
His methods are described as SIM
pie and businesslike, with a veritable
adherence of the cumbersome for
mality and red tape characteristic Of
officialdom everywhere.
The New York herald., 1922-11-05

short OF funds, and unable to bear the
Fascist assaults. which have ruined
them financially.
Benito Mussolini. the Fascista chief
put the policy of his party succinctly
in a recent interview given to the
correspondent of the Neue Freie
Presse of Vienna.
THE Fascist aim to govern Italy
by legal means, II possible, but with
violence If necessary" he said. "It is
an error to regard the Fascist as a
party of revolution only. We are ready
to construct also. assuming the re-
sponsibilities that Government i'm
plies, and we are convinced that the
day is not far distant when the Ital-
ian State will realize our ideals"
The leader also talked more frankly
about the monarchist question than
he had in public a few weeks before.
''The monarchy has a very solid
base in Italy. and for the present we
don't want to change 1t. Naturally
we will be republicans the moment
the monarchy forgets its duty to the
nation. Our republic will be an aris-
tocrauc, not a demagogic, one, kept
under the severest discipline"
The New York herald., 1922-11-05

"You hate me because you love me
STILL" Mussolini shouted to the wild
and turbulent meeting of Socialists
eight years ago in Milan that threw
him out of the party because he had
defied 1t and had insisted that Italy
enter the war. 1t was at this meeting
that he for the first time announced
his slogan "a greater, grander Italy"
He was then 81 years old.
What does he look like? He is
middle sized--say five feet four inches
with the broad shoulders of an ath-
aete. His profile is peculiarly Napo-
leon like, with a broad forehead back
from which sweeps a mass or black
hair. His eyebrows are long and
sweeping. giving him almost herce
look when he Is aroused over any sub
ject His mouth Is clearcut like that
Of the average American business man.
His eyes are bright and penetrating,
but 1t is always hard to decide whether
they are blue, brown or black; in fact,
they are q mixture of all three. HIS
complexion is rather pale, probably
the result of long hours spent in por-
ing over books.
He is quick of speech and when he
is interested his whole face is trans
formed with enthusiasm, and In THIS
lies much of the secret of his power.
He controls crowds by the force OF
his own enthusiasm and personal con-
viction Mussolini is not an orator,
but he is always prompt in giving an
argument for any problem and frank
in answering any query. Even before
the present crisis he was one of the
best known figures in northern Italy
because of the unbelievable speed with
which he walks through the streets.
The New York herald., 1922-11-05

Special Correspondence to THE New YORK
HERALD
New York Herald Bureau.
Great Falls tribune., 1922-04-20
DODGE GUILTY
IN BOOZE CASE
IN JOY RIDING
Auto Millionaire Son
and Friend Who Took
Out Girls Convicted.

Kalamazoo April 19-1ohn Duva.
Dodge. Detroit millionaire. and Rex
Earl. an architect. of Kalamazoo were
convicted in circuit court here Wed
nesday on charge of illegally possess.
ing. transporting and furnishing liquor.
Attorneys for the defendants immedi-
ately gave notice of appeal and judge
Weimer withheld sentence.
resulted from midnight automobile
when they invited three young women
into their car and drove them, against
their protests, into the country. Dur
ing the ride. the three girls testified.
they were offered liquor.
Miss Emeline kwakernaak. West
ern State normal school student. be-
coming alarmed. jumped from the ma
chine and was seriously injured. The
other women were Ethel Clemens, q
normal student, and Sue Stegenga.
Under the Michigan law, Dodge and
Earl are liable to sentence to one
years imprisonment or 81 900 fine and
costs of the trial. or both. at the dis
cretion Of the trial judge.
The present case was the second ap.
pearance here within few weeks Of
the Detroit millionaire, who is, son
of the late John +. Dodge, automobile
manufacturer.
Dodge recently gave out statement
here declaring that with disposition of
the cases pending against him here. he
was through with the law" He plan
ned he said, to ssettle down in Detroit
and so into business
Great Falls tribune., 1922-04-20
Prohibition Officer
Wanted in Two Places
Arrested in Third

Helena. April 19.-Engaged as a
witness in a state court in Great Falls.
and suhpoenaed for the same hour in
the e. 8. district court at Missoula.
and arrested here late Wednesday on a
federal warrant hailing him before
Judge George NJ. Bourquin in Missoula
Thursday morning, was the strenuous
experience Of Gene Van Vert. chief
state prohibition enforcement officer.
He was taken to Missoula Wednesday
might in custody Of Deputy e. s. Mar
shal Hickman and will answer Thurs
day morning to the summons charging
him with contempt.
Van Vert was witness in a case
called for trial in the federal court at
Missoula Tuesday morning. When ho
was called and was not in court, Judge
Bourquin ordered that a warrant be,
issued and that Van Vert he hailed into
this court to answer.
Great Falls tribune., 1922-04-20
LETTER ASKING
$4,000 Of DAYS
BRINGS ARREST
Trap Sprung in Black
mail Attempt; Oklaho-
man Walks Right in.

Oklahoma City. April ia plot tc
Jean p. Day, wealthy attorney and oil
man who recently was exonerated here
Of the Staying of Lieutenant Colonel
Paul w. Beck, was revealed Wednes-
day night with the announcement that
q man giving his name as Ed Reed, OF
Oklahoma City, had been arrested at
Edna. Oklahoma, at the request OF
postal authorities.
Day testified at the coroner's inquest
that he killed Lieutenant Colonel Beck
after he returned home and found the
army officer attempting to assault Mrs.
Day. The testimony of Mrs. Day cor
roborated that Of her husband.
A letter was received last Wednes-
day by Mrs. Day from a man who de-
manded $1,000 to remain silent on
what he claimed he saw through the
window of the Day home on the morn
ing Lieutenant Colonel Beck was slain
Day said after being informed Of the
arrest at Edna. The letter was signed
u. Daer. Day said 1t offered to re-
turn the $1,000 a year after date, with
II per cent interest
In the letter. Day said the man de
clared he was passing by the Day home
carry III the morning or Aprlt 4. ana
saw through the window what took
place. Day said he Immediately turn
ed the letter over to postal inspectors.
The writer Of the letter, Day said.
declared if $1,000 were sent in pack
age labeled merchandise" he would
forget what he had seen.
A package was sent to Edna address
ed to Daer and was claimed by Reed
who asked for Daer's mail. A deputy
sheriff Immediately arrested him. Reed
is said to have received mail at Edna
under the name of G. Daer. lie denied
any knowledge of the alleged blackmail
letter.
Great Falls tribune., 1922-04-20
WINE DINNERS
MARK STARVING
RUSSIA EASTER
Land of Famine Shoves
Aside Woes and IsGay
on Sale of Irinkets.

Moscow. April 19--(By The Asso-
ciated Press. Russia put aside her
troubles for three days for the Easter
celebrations. which probably were the
gayest since the revolution. Spring
has broken and simultaneously the
SHOWS vanished under the warm
sunshine, leaving the streets dry and
almost spic and span so far as clean
liness is concerned.
Even in the famine regions, where
the ice has broken in the Volga river,
the Easter tide brought some cheer.
Except among the poverty stricken
families of Moscow. tables groaned
under the holiday food.
Champagne and other wines were to
be purchased in the open markets for
the first time in years. Even the old
time New York celebrations of New
Years eve were pale in comparison
with some dinners in Moscow. Tables
represented the expenditure of millions
of rubles, as prices scared for the cele-
brations. In some manner most of the
Muscovites managed to buy what they
needed.
lays Df10Te tHP taStertlue the mar
kets were thronged with persons sell
ing jewels and other trinkets and small
bits of household furniture in order to
assure themselves of an Easter spread.
Small bouquets of fresh flowers were
sold in the streets at the ruble equiva-
lent of $40 bunch and found ready
purchasers.
Sunday and Monday the streets were
thronged with promenaders. Nearly
everybody was wearing at least some
new clothes Winter overshoes had
been replaced by trim low cut shoes.
silk stockings and white kid gloves
were not uncommon. Everybody was
privileged to climb the be1fries and ring
the church bells, which dinned merrily
from 5000 domes and minarets. The
requisitioning of church treasures were
halted during the holidays
The midnight Easter masses were
attended by large crowds During the
night skyrockets and other fire works
blazed above the gilded domes of the
while fire crackers popped as
on an American Fourth of July.
Great Falls tribune., 1922-04-20
BoRAH ON TRAIL OF MYSTERY
Four Lives Are Toll
of Chicago Snow Gale

Chicago. April ia boy and
girl were killed. another child and
a man were fatally hurt and scores
of persons injured Wednesday
when terrific Windstorm swept
Chicago and uprooted trees, un-
rooted many buildings and de-
stroyed hundreds of windows and
signs.
Snow fiurries and freezing tenn
peratures followed in the wake OF
the gales which dashed Lake Mich
igan into fury and caused storm
warnings to be sent broadcast to
mariners.
In the downtown district tho tail
buildings acted as giant wind
scoops. catching the gale and
shooting 1t into the streets with
such force that pedestrians were
swept from their feet. A mounted
policeman was blown from his
horse while riding to the rescue of
an overturned wagon. On one
downtown corner seven wagons
we're overturned by the wind in
less than two hours. Many auto
mobile tops were swept from ma
chimes on Michigan boulevard.
Great Falls tribune., 1922-04-20

of the allies in considering Germany
eliminated from further discussions Of
the Russian question
The communilue says that. for the
first time since the signing of the treaty
of Versailles, the world sees the names
of the representatives of the nine pow
ers making up an entente affixed to a
document which protests German con-
duct
The eommunique insists that the
dragging of the controversy into the
full session of the conference would
bring about a situation which Europe
wishes 10 avoid namely, the lining UP
of new political groups, one against the
other
Great Falls tribune., 1922-04-20
Harding Fau0rs Bonus
Financing in Tariff
Measure, Callers Say

Washington, April l9.-Presi-
dent Harding was represented by
White House callers as favorable
to suggestions that soldier bonus
revenue raising provision be In
serted in the tariff bill now before
the senate. The president was
said to be still insisting that any
bonus bill adopted should carry or
be accompanied by some provision
for obtaining the necessary reve-
nue.
Action Of the senate republican
caucus, to request the finance CON-
mittee to report a bonus bill In
a reasonable" time, was said to
be construed by advocates Of the
measure to mean within three
weeks, and some senators who are
Great Falls tribune., 1922-04-20
Will Speak at Big Convention

Will Speak at Big Convention
Lord Astor accompanied his wife
from England on the Olympic and he
will go with her to Baltimore. where,
later this week. she is to take Il promi-
nent part in the international confer
ence of the league of women voters.
it was Lord Astor, said Lady Astor,
who started her on this downward
career from home to the house, Her
husband, she explained. was born so
cial reformer. but he had avoided the
pitfall Of thinking one can right wrongs
with philanthropy. He realized that
wrongs, and so, for II years at plym-
outh. she had found out the wrongs and
he had tried to right them.
One Sex Cannot Govern Alone
One sex cannot govern alone. Lady
Astor declared
II can conceive of nothing worse
than a man-governed world. except a
woman governed world.' she said, ''but
/ can see the combination of the two
going forward and making civilization
based on Christianity. not force. CIV
ilization based on justice and mercy.
feel men have greater sense Of jus
tice and we of mercy. They must bor-
row our mercy and we must use their
Justice
Vivacious, smiling. chatting contin-
uously and joshing those about her.
as the Olympic steamed up the bay
from quarantine, she gave reporters
flashing comments of all manner of
things-Lloyd George. flappers, prohi-
bition, Alargot Asquitb. the labor
situation. the Genoa conference, the
servant problem. and her own chill
dren-six in number.
Puts Her Children First
THE only remarkable thing about
me is my children she said. holding
to the arm of her husband Niseount
William Waldorf Astor.
Lloyd George still has his head
above the water and it's some head
too" she said
Lady Astor said she wanted to make
if clear that she was not in America
on a mission. She is here. she said,
because she received an invitation TO
attend the convention at Baltimore to
discuss matters of interest to women