davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23

called electrons. The apparent mass
Of an electron is about One-eighteen-
hundreth part of that of an atom of
hydrogen which is the smallest of the
chemical atoms.
According to the electrOn theory
an atom consists of definite num-
Der of electrons grouped around a
nucleus having a positive charge and
so long as none of the component
electrons are driven from the atom,
the latter possess no detachable charge.
The positive charge on the nucleus is
said to be exactly neutraliZed by the
negative charges on the electrons
grouped about it.
Suppose now that by some means
an electron can be detached from the
atom. Then the atom becomes what
is known as a positive ion and it ex-
hibits the properties of a positively
charged body, or in other words since
an electron which carries a negative
charge has been removed from the
atom which has equal positive and
negative charges, the portion of the
atom now remaining has deficiency
of negative charge and acts like any
positively charged body.
On the other hand if some force can
be brought to bear that will add an
electron to a normal atom which is
neutral as far as electrical charges
are measured. the result will be a ne
gative ion, which will possess all the
properties of a negatively charged
body. An atom then which has
deficiency of electrons is called a pos
tive ion and one having excess or
electrons is called a negative ion.
Since each electron carries a ne
gative charge of electricity an cleo
tron represents a certain quantity or
electricity. Forcing electrons to move
from one point to another causes
electricity to flow. The ability of any
medium to conduct electricity or allow
current to flow through it depends
upon the number of free electrons
available as carriers Of charges.
1t has been known for many years
that the space surrounding a piece OF
heated metal is conductor OF
electricity. 1t has been demonstrate
ed more recently that this is due to the
release of electrons and that it an
incandescent metal be placed in
bulb exhausted of all gases, pure cleo
irons will be liberated from the in
candescent metal.
In a vacuum tube such as we are
using at the present time, the piece
of metal used TO furnish the electrOns
is called the filament and is usually
made of tungsten and sometimes is
coated with oxides to increase the
electron emission. For convenience
The flament Of q vacuum tube is heat
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23

Hand still remembers that it was on
his testimony that five men were ar
rested for the crime, and that one of
them is now in the death-house at
Sing Sing awaiting execution.
Varotta saved every penny possible
for many months, enough to make a
deposit on a monument for the grave
of his son. This will bear a portrait
Of the boy and this inscription:
Here lies the remains of Giuseppe
VOretta, a five-year-Old boy killed by
the Black Hand. He was kidnapped by
the Black Hand on May "a, 1921, and
his body was found in the Hudson
river, off Piermont, on June IL, 1921.
Erected by his father"
Nobody but me and my wife knew
of the monument, we thought" said
Varotta, ''but the Black Hand found
it out. man came to my pushstand
and said: You mustn't do that, Va
rotta. You'll get hurt, Varotta; you'll
get killed.
Then the man ran away before l
could call the policeman, who stands
near my pushcart all day."
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23
VACUUM TUBE USED
AS RADIO DETECTOR
How This Device Depends on
Emission and Control of
Elections for Its Operation.

Readers of the radio column are
urged to clip each article and paste
1t IN a file book. The articles print
ed are continuous and the entire
series wiU be valaGble for reference.
The greatest advances made in the
past few years in the radio art have
been due in one way or another to
the use of vacuum tubes. In view of
this fact a more careful consideration
of them will be of interest.
All of these tubes, known by va
riety of names, such as radiotrOn, au-
dion, seriotron Grade names of the
manufacturer) depend upon the same
fundamental principles for their OPP
Grafton. For the sake of simplicity
of brevity these will be referred to in
this column simply as vacuum tubes.
A vacuum tube can be made to func-
ton as a detector, as an amplifier, or
as an oscillator.
The vacuum tube depends on the
emission and control of electrons for
its operation. The electron is the
smallest subdivision of matter which
mankind recognizes and it carries the
smallest known charge of negative
electricity. For years previous to
electron research it had been held by
scientists that matter was built up of
distinct particles or units which they
called atoms and molecules. At first
the molecule was assumed to be the
smallest quantity of matter that could
have a separate existence or take
part in chemical action, but more Wig
orous research pointed to the fact that
the molecule is made up of still small
er elements which are termed atoms;
that is, molecule may be composed
of several atoms. Then for a time it
was assumed that the atom was the
very smallest quantity of an element
that could exist, but later researches
have revealed that atoms may be
further subdivided into particles
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23
Radiophones on German Trains.

Wireless telephone instruments will
be installed on a number of important
German express trains, and receiving
and embassies, according to an an
nouncement made recently. Expert
ments conducted in a moving freight
car have shown that the wireless sys-
tenn works well, the men engaged In
the testing of the instruments being
able to hold conversations with friends
in Berlin. The tests were made under
the observation of engineers, military
attaches and the diplomatic repre-
sentatives of the United States and
Sweden.
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23

cd Dy a battery current and it is this
neat furnished by the battery current
lhat constitutes the force that dis
ruptS the atoms Of the filament and
lberates electrons.
rls. III is spherical glass bulb
from which all the air and gases have
Deen exhausted and having mounted in
1t filament CD which can be heated
TO lncandescence by the "a" battery
connected to it, and the metallic plate
Il. When the filament CD is heated
to incandescence by the ga" battery
connected across it's terminals cleo
irons are emitted. Connecting the
cold plate e to the incandescent fila
ment CD by means of the circuit E.
f-G-H which includes a current meter
ana "B" battery, with it's negative
side connected to the filament lead
at III and it's positive side connected
through the current meter, the plate
becomes electrically positive with re-
spect to the 'filament.
Since like charges repel and unlike
charges attract, there will be a move
ment of electrons from the filament
to the positively charged plate, and
the current meter will show a def1ec-
ton which indicates that current is
flowing in the circuit E-F-G-H.
Increasing the 'B" battery voltage
causes an increase in the current
flowing in the circuit E-F-G-H, the
plate circuit, until the positive charge
on the plate e is so strong that all
of the electrons given off by the fila
ment are attracted to it. Assuming
that the temperature of the filament is
kept constant and that the plate vol
tage has been increased to the point
where all of the electrons given off
by the filament are attracted to it,
any further increases in the ''B" bat
terry voltage will not cause any in
crease in the current in the plate cir.
cult.
Increasing the temperature of the
filament will increase the total num-
Der of the electrons emitted.
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23
LITERAL Aid Given State Highways.

|.dera Aid Given State Highways.
|oonypr-Federal aid has been au-
|rizpd the State Highway depart
.nt in connection with the cOnstruc-
Il Of a steel bridge across the St.
|arlpS river east of Pueblo and on
| old Santa F6 trail and for the con-
notion of five and eight-tenths miles
rsvel-surfaced road between Delta
/ Grand Junction. The cost of the
projects is estimated at $152,00O.
officials of the State Highway De-
Etment announced they would re-
I've bids on these two projects in add
ion to bridge projects to be under
ken in Lincoln, Adams and other
mites. Bids will be received until
he % for the construction of eleven
|al timber bridges in Lincoln county
replace those destroyed by floods,
addition to a proposed 32O-foot
dye across Sand creek, one-half mile
b Of Denver. The estimated cost of
Lincoln county bridges is placed at
POGO, while that of the Sand creek
dge is estimated at $1,000.
BIDS are to be advertised soon for
construction of four and four
fhS miles of concrete paved road on
/ o. L. D. route into Denver, south
fH Of Sterling and extending toward
llSh The estimated cost is placed
aljOO0. Federal aid to the extent
&R per cent has been requested of
United States bureau of public
DDS.
approximately $4,000 has been set
De and approved for the construc-
\ OF a 1OO-fOOt bridge over Breck-
|ndge creek, eleven miles north of
flVay, in Crowley county.
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23
AVIATOR ATTACKED BY EAGLE
King of Birds Breaks Neck Against
AirpIane Strut in Battle
in Air.

Quantico, Wa combat in the air
between an eagle and a marine corps
plane, in which the king of the air
lost his life, took place near Guam
ticO.
Lieut. r. o. Sanderson, flying near
the flying field, saw flock Of birds
and gave chase. An eagle which had
been lowering high over the flock
wheeled on his approach and at top
speed flew directly toward him.
The bird struck one of the wire
braces of the plane with such force
as to break the brace and the eagles
neck. The bird then was caught in
the braces of the plane. The eagle
measured seven feet between the
wing tips.
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23
FRISCO TALKS TO HONOLULU
New Radio Station at the Preside
Can Be Heard Half Way
Around the Globe.
Hello, Honolulu"

"Hello, Honolulu"
That may sound like fiction, but it
is a reality, nevertheless.
The new radio station at the Preside
San Francisco, with aerial cou6ifion
right, can be heard half way around
the globe. Officials in charge of con-
struction declare it to be the most
powerful vacuum tube transmitter on
the Pacific coast.
Located on the highest point in the
Presidio, overlooking San Francisco
bay, two 150-foot aerial towers to aug
ment it's efficiency, the new station
will command similar stations in Salt
Lake City and Cheyenne.
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23

only $50 a week, but we can scrape
along Please let me take him home"
81 deserve no leniency for myself"
orion interjected. 81 am thinking only
of my wife and children"
Its high time you started thinking
of Them" Judge Cotter told him. IF
it wasn't for them you'd be on your
way to the penitentiary to serve five
years."
The court announced that Orion
would be placed on five years proba-
ton, but warned that if he failed to
pay the So weekly to Hulda he would
be brought back to Detroit and SEN
fenced
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23
Tombstone at Parents
Grave Seized for Debt

New York.-A tombstone on a
plot in cemetery can be seized
and sold at auction to satisfy a
debt for an unpaid balance on
the stone. it was decided by JUS
tice MacCrate in Queens Su-
preme court.
The makers of the monument,
which was ordered by Joseph
Brandt. said that their attorney
is arranging to auction the
stone.
The firm contracted with
Brandt August 26, 1920. to put
up monument and four name
posts on his lot in Calvary
cemetery for $3.50. Brandt
paid $475 and had the bodies
of his father, mother and two
sisters buried in the plot. Other
installments were not met, and
after trying vainly to find
Brandt, the company brought
suit.
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23
ROMANCE OF GIRL. IA, JARRED
quency Charge Few Hours
After Wedding.

Port Clinton, O.-The romance of a
twenty-two-year-Old youth and a four
teen-year-old girl was blocked here
by Sheriff c. ]. Starkloff.
Earl Williams, twenty-five, and Ruth
Besso. fourteen. daughter of Fred
BessO of Port Clinton, eloped and
were married at Monroe, Mich. Stark
loft found them a few hours after
ward at the home of Williams parents
here.
Charges of having contributed to
the delinquency of minor have been
made against the youthful bride
groom. He pleaded not guilty. Bail
was placed at $1,000.
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23
IIIIIlUNIIKlIIII

try it, 80 did. All my pains and weak
ness are gone, my stomach is all right
and | do my work at home and also work
for Swift's Packing Company. recon-
mend your Vegetable Compound to nv
friends and you may publish my letter
as testimonial. Mrs. LULU LUCAS.
719A Vandeventer ST., st. Louis, Mo.
Again and again one woman tells an
other of the merit of Lydia E. Pink
hams Vegetable Compound.
You who work must keep yourself
strong and well. You can't work if you
are suffering from such troubles. Mrs.
Lucas couldn't. She tried our Vegeta-
BILE Compound and her letter tells you
what it did for her. Give Lydia E. Pink
hams Vegetable Compound fair trial
now.
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23
important to all Women
Readers of this Paper

Thousands upon thousands of women
have kidney or bladder trouble and never
suspect it.
Women's complaints often prove to be
nothing else but kidney trouble, or the
result of kidney or bladder disease.
If the kidneys are not in a healthy con-
dition, they may cause the other organs
to become diseased.
You may suffer pain in the back, head
ache and loss of ambition.
Poor health makes you nervous, irrita-
BILE and may be respondent; it makes any
one so.
But hundreds of women claim that DR..
kilmer's Swamp-Root, by restoring
health to the kidneys, proved to be just
the remedy needed to, overcome such
conditions.
Many send for sample bottle to see what
Swamp Root, the great kidney, liver and
bladder medicine, will do for them. BY
enclosing ten cents to DR.. Kilmer & Co.,
Binghamton, N. Y, you may receive sam
pie size bottle by Parcel Post. You ca7
purchase medium and large size bottles at
all drug observation-disclosures
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23
Another Slash in Paw.

CmcagO.-AnOther slash in the pay
railroad employees is imminent.
FuOerS of the United States railroad
'Or board went into executive SEES
Y recently to consider a reduction
ue salaries of all the railway cler-
IOrceS. 1t was reported that the
would be the largest yet made, ex-
F4As even the $1OO,OOO.OOO annual
~ INTO the wages of 100000 other
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23
BLACK HAND FORBIDS
BOY VICTIMS TOMB
Threaten to Kill Father of Giu-
seppe varotta, Who SqueaIed
on the Gang.

New York.-The fear of the Black
Hand has never yet been lifted from
though it has been almost year since
his five-year-old son. Giuseppe. was
kidnapped and his body thrown into the
Hudson river.
Frequently agents of the Black
Hand come to the corner where Va
rotta struggles to make a living by
selling vegetables and fruits from
pushcart, and tell him that the Black
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23
SPARED JAIL FOR
SAKE OF FAMILY
Bigamist Placed on Probation
When Loyal Wife'S Plea
Wins Judge.
TWO WIVES Different
Second One Wants Man Sent to Prison
as Example While First Wife
Asks He Be Returned to
His Family.

DetrOlt.-FOr a stage setting,
Iomber courtroom the chief perform
ers, confessed bigamist, his loyal
wife, the girl he wronged; the plot,
struggle for mastery between the
wife's desire to restore to her children
their father and the girls demand for
justice for her baby and herself; the
wife won.
William r. Orion was brought be-
fore Judge Thomas COtter in NUM-
clpal court for sentence. Last week
he confessed he had wed Hulda
Nicholas June g. 1921, although he had
a wife, Florence Evans Norton, daugh-
ter of wealthy Rrockton (Mass.)
manufacturer, and three children, liv-
ing. Mrs. Orion accompanied her hus-
band and the detective who brought
him here from BrOckton. When he
pleaded guilty she expressed will
ingness to adopt Hulda's three
months-old daughter, Hazel. if the
court made condition of probation.
Two Women in Court.
When Orion faced Judge Cotter his
wife and Hulda stood on either side
of him. Thanking Hulda were her
brother, Arthur Nicholas, and Arthurs
wife, with whom she and the baby
have been living. A probation officer
stepped forward and handed to the
court a report recommending Orion
to be placed on five years probation
on condition that he pay Hulda So
week for the support of the child.
do you want your husband back?"
Judge Cotter asked Florence. II surely
do" she answered. II love him, no
matter what he has done, and my
children need their father"
And youY" the judge turned to
Hulda. "What do you say?" The girls
eyes flashed. She dug her fingers into
the supporting arm of her brother and
bit her lip.
II want him sent to prison." she
cried. make an example of him.
want justice. His word is no good.
Put him where he can't do this to
some other girl"
Florence threw her arms about
Orton's neck and wept. He comfOrted
her. She dried her eyes and addressed
the judge.
Wife Begs for Mate.
She'll get IS every week." the wife
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23
Struck by Lightning in Chair.

Fort Wayne, Ind.-While sitting in a
chair at his rooming house one after
nooon Orville Galloway, age twenty
three, was struck by lightning Ruth
Hutson, sister-in-law, was sitting on
the arm of Callaway's chair and, al
though shocked, was not hurt serious
ly. Galloway was taken to hospital
He will recover.
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23
ADVICE FOR AMATEURS.

The voltages applied to the
plate circuits of simplifying
tubes are not extremely critical
and one voltage control will suf-
fee. The detectOr tube, how
ever, is often very critical and
an efficient pOtentiometer will
work wonders in controlling it.
Apparatus used for the recep-
ton of broadcasting is exactly
the same as that used for the
reception Of code signals. The
transmitting equipment, how
ever, is different.
The use of single wire for
reception is advantageous be-
cause it lessons the amount of
objectional interference in the
way of static. 1t is equally as
good as a multiple wire system
for reception.
Defective "B" batteries will
often cause roaring in the tele-
phone receivers.
The electron often talked
about is the smallest known
quantity of negative electrical
energy. In motion it makes up
the electric current.
A ''soft" vacuum tube is used
as a detectOr tube and hard
vacuum tube as an amplifier.
The terms ''hard' and soft
refer to degree of evacuation.
Radio waves travel at the
same speed as light. namely
10000 miles per second.
A wavemeter is an instru-
ment used for checking up the
wave lengths of sending and re-
ceiving stations.
Gas pipe or water pipe Sys-
TENS may be used for grounds,
the latter being more advisable.
Lightning protection secured
by grounding the antenna when
not in use is essential ard is re-
quired by the underwriters.
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23
Handling Vacuum Tubes.

When you handle the vacuum tubes
of your receiver great care should be
exercised that they are not knocked
about or that the elements are broken.
These little lamps are the heart and
soul of the set. A good way to OPP
crate these tubes is to keep the glow
just little below the critical point
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23
Inousand TeIeurams Receiued-

49,. .SVursh.-MOre than a thousand
-as,; s'IS oI sympathy and coincidence,
IsDs The admiration and esteem of
n D D. ana acquaintances of Mrs. Lii
ho 1SSeI Moore have been received
|, .. hume IN Pittsburgh of the for
Dn p s Among these was one
resident and Mrs. Harding.
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23
Men Get Increase

.oD'on' OhiO.-AnnOuncement of an
s'Se IN wages of 10 per cent
|. asnOtt the large plant, effective
y. " was made by Thinker Roller
|, company of Canton. This will
~e pay Of the men back to where
ioE. oeIore a cut was made in Sep
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23

my back, weak, tired,
nervous feelings and
a weak stomach. I
had been this way
about ayear and was
unable to work or
stand on my feet for
any length of time.
My husbands aunt
told me how much
good Lydia E. Pink
hams We G e ia BILE
Compound had done
her and begged me To
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23
-. crested for Train HoIdun.

Opk p Ore.-Ernest Miller, alias
pentl,. '''er' was arrested at Portland
4 ins, anu turned over to a postof.
tOrno ,s0.'or to answer an Indictment
ion = IL Denver, charging partici.
,atbs - train holdup eighteen
tsDcb sO' he first was arrested on
h tbo near Portland in connection
spff, IooOery, but the evidence was
sOt - olent to warrant an indict-
IA on ne was sent TO Portland for
liter cnarge of sending obscene
sho Ough the mail to his wife in
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23
WORKING GIRLS
LOOK HERE
Read What Mrs. Lucas Writes Con.
corning Her Troubles, Which
May be Just Like Yours

st. Louis, MOT had troubles THAI
oil women are apt to have. with pains in
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23
DEPARTMENT

Numerical inquiries answered and
Iormation gladly furnished without
4. Address any firm above.
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23

In the country of silent people the
parrots never talk.
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23

Some girls are like brown sugar
sweet but unrefined
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23
Wife Begs for Mate.

"She'll get $5 every week." the wife
assured. "Ill see to that. Will makes
The Snowflake herald. [volume] (Snowflake, Ariz.) 1913-1969, 1922-06-23

NV AND NAVY GOODS-Every-
nc in clothing. shoes. boots, har-
r laa saddles brides, blankets and
Mining equipment. Anderson Bros.
eq, ArapahOe ST., Denver-PueblO,
E"Iorodo and Cheyenne, Wyoming
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1922-11-22
Senator For Day
Would Make Speech
Mrs. FELTON,, Nrst Woman Senator,
Wishes Word Before She Is Re-
lieved Tomorrow.
Rv United Press.)

Washington. Nov. Ex-senator Eel
ton Of Georgia hoped to make her
firet-and on!y-speech to the senate
today.
The woman senator for day,
sworn i'm yesterday, was all ready to
deliver a brief dadress a short time
after she was given the oath which
made her the first woman senator in
American history, but the senate ad-
ioulned before she had the opportun-
ity. She will be on hand today and
may get her opportunity.
Mrs. FELTON, is practiced and skill
fu speaker. She has been making
public addresses for upwards OF fifty
years, and despite the fact that she
IS now 81 still can deliver an eloquent
speech.
Either this afternoon or tomorrow
Walter T. George, whom Georgia
elected to fill the vacancy caused by
the death of Senator Tom Watson.
will present his credentials, which
with Southern gallantry he withheld
20 permit Mrs. Felton, to occupy the
seat to which she was appointed by
Gov. Hardwick before an election was
held.