davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1922-02-15

We wish to express our heartfelt
gratitude 10 His many friends for the
loving acts of kindness and words of
sympathy during the sickness and
death of our beloved son and brother.
Also for the many floral tributes.
WITTY NJ. HOOPER
BROTHERS AND SISTERS
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1922-02-15
GUESTS IN

Mrs. A. G. McIgtyre, Mrs. Leroy
Penland, Mrs. Victor Mason and Mrs.
j, II. Thomas, Helix matrons, are PEN
dleton visitors today and are guests
OF Mrs. r. Raymond and Mrs. Bessie
Reece, who are hostesses for d meet
ing OF the Research Club.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1922-02-15
CLOUDS ACROSS A SUMMER

LIKE CLOUDS ACROSS A SWIMMER
"t SKY
ioreteliing the dreaded storm are the
symptoms of women's diseases which
point the way to physical and mental
breakdown. Tho dragging irritability,
the ~backachc, the dragging pains, are
only hard to endure, but they
bring certain knowledge of collapse
unless something is done to relieve the
snfferer, There is one standard rem
edy which has shown the way II for
nearly fifty years. The woman who
nave come back" through the use of
LYDIA Il. Pinkham's Vegetable Com
pound present an argument stronger
Than words could ever he.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1922-02-15
CAME WAIsDEN's Cl.

PORTLAD, Feb. ia. PA
district deputy game warden's confer
ence is being held here today on en-
forcoment of game laws.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1922-02-15
MEETING HELD.

Members of the Busy Bee club
were entertained yesterday afternoon
at the home of Mrs. Ed Stansberry.
valentine motifs were used in decorat-
ing. In a contest Mrs. c. A. Fitzpat-
rick won first prize and Mrs. Martha
Hassel. second prize. Guests other
than club members were Mrs. Com
stock, Mrs. Packard. Mrs. Rover. Mrs.
Carl Walters. Mrs. c. A. Fitzpatrick,
Mrs. Swartz, Mrs. Mcconnell. Mrs.
Nelson, Mrs. Fortier and Mrs. Gug-
hammer.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1922-02-15

A motor car lined with tapestry and
fitted with a settee in place of the
usual seats and all toilet requisites, is
the latest notion"
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1922-02-15
MRS. THOMPSON pATRoNEss

:" opAN AiIkON
Mrs. W. l.. Thompson. formerly of
Pendieton, is among the Portland
women who will act as p~atronesses
for the University of Oregon Giee club
performance tonight at the Heilig
theatre.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1922-02-15
BRIDGE CLUB TO NIElET.

The Thursday Afternoon Bridge
Club will meet with Mrs. w. d,
Humphrey tomorrow at two o'clock.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1922-02-15
WILL HAVE CLUB

The Entire Nous Club. which was or
ganized last year as a ladies bridge
club. is being re-organized as a club
for both ladies and gentlemen. 1t vii.
meet In the evening. Members of the
club are Mr. and Mrs. Fred Bennion
Mr.. and Mrs. ]. c. snow. Mr.. and Mrs.
Roy Morse. Mr.. and Mrs. L. L. Rog-
ers. DR.. and Mrs. Fred Ledallen. Mr..
and Mrs. E. r. Aldr'eh. Mr.. and Mrs.
ms Hill. Mr.. and Mrs. d. d. He.
bart. Mr.. and Mrs. A. c. Ebert. MIR.
ard Mrs. ]. X. Tompson. DIR. and Mrs.
l. ID. Idelman and Mr.. and Mrs. r. II.
Horne.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1922-02-15
LEAVE FOR

Miss Kate Stanfield and Miss Mary
Johns left today for Portland, where
they will spend the next two months.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1922-02-15
f'5oe" PARTY GIVEN

MIR. n Mrs. ID. L. Johnson and Mr..
and Mrs. Ivan Dimick were hosts last
evening for a Valentine party at the
home of MIR. and Mrs. johnson, on
Thompson street. Red carnations and
hearts In the same shade made a
pleasing decoration for the rooms,
where seven tables of 5000 were In
play during the evening. Mrs. Perry
ldleman and Henry Strive 10 the
high trophies, while the consola-
ton prize fell TO L. L. Twitchell.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1922-02-15
LEAVE FOR

Mrs. c. H. Bernstein and daughter.
Miss Rose Bernstein, who have been
guests at the home of Mrs. Bernstein's
daughter, Mrs. Max Gorfkle. departed
yesterday for their home in Portland.
Mrs. bernstein has been in Pendleton
since the birth of her little grandson,
Aaron Hirsh Gorfkle,
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1922-02-15
PARTY Is GIVEN.

A surprise Valentine party was
much enjoyed by the teacher and pu-
Pis Of the sixth grade of Hawthorne
school yesterday afternoon. Mrs. Bea-
trsce Lloyd, the teacher. was the guest
Of honor. and complmenting he@ the
sixth grade room was decorated in a
Valentine motif. and refreshments
spread upon an attractive table.
A pleasing feature was the arrival
of a big pink flowered box, which
when opened by Cecil BARLEY, reveal
ed little Miss Frances Swainbank.
dressed in a lovely frock of pink and
white, as a human valentine She
presented to each pupil and other
guests a cake of ice cream, the gift of
Mrs. Robert Swainbank. Valentines
were presented to each pupil. and each
received a valentine from Mrs. Lloyd.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1922-02-15
Social and Club Ne10s

PARTY Is GIVEN.
Mrs. Joseph Vey was hostess last
evening at her home 1909 East Court
street for twenty-seven guests. Cards
and dancing were enjoyed. In the
serving Of refreshments. Mrs. Yey was
assisted by Mrs. wfthie.
Guests for the evening were Mr.. and
Mrs. Guy Huginan. Mfr. and Mrs.
Joseph Vey. Mr.. and Mrs. Robert Ha-
zelwood. Mr.. and Mrs. j. A. Monese.
Mr.. and Mrs. Joseph Rownsley, MIR.
N Mrs. Mark. Mrs. J. f. Allen. MI.
and Mrs. Ross Carroll. Mrs. NJ. Pedro,
Mrs. .Withie, Miss Elizabeth Joerger,
Al Moser, Miss Reta Vey, Phil.MIch-
ael, Miss Maudie Withers, Anothony
Lane, Miss Douglas, Miss Clara Marks,
Miss Mamie Marks and Miss Esther
Marks.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1922-02-15
CLUB To MEET.

Mrs. Gilbert w. Phelps and Mrs.
James Alger Fee. Jr.. will be hostesses
tomorrow for a meeting of the Thurs
day Afternoon Club. Members will
meet at the county library club room.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1922-02-15
CLUB TO MEET.

The Lavender Club will meet to-
morrow afternoon at 2:30 with Mrs.
smith Wilkinson, sill West Alta street,
as hostess. I
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-10-15

which were to his credit. Here
on the bleak plains, when the
cold blasts of an early fall caus-
ed great suffering among his
women and children, he had to
give up. His indomitable spirit
was broken because the assis-
lance he expected from Sitting
Bull had been withheld. Sitting
Bull was then just across the
Canadian border.
The humanity and generosity
of the Nez Perces in caring for
the white wounded on the bat
tlefield furnish the brightest
page in Indian history. The
Nez Perces never mutilated a
body or scalped a soldier.
Joseph surrendered to Miles
on one condition; that he was
to be allowed to return to his
home in Idaho. The govern
ment refused to make Miles
word good. General Sheridan,
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-10-15
Westerners Still Go
to Station to See
Trains, Says Writer

There was a time in the little prai-
RE towns when the event of the day
was the passage of the overland ex-
press writes Arthur Ruhl in Harper's
Magazine. The superior traveller,
browsing in his Pullman, behold a sue
cession of little reviewing parties,
made up OF tired women in ~sunbonnets,
Snn-baked men squinting under big
straw hats, spindly girls with sun
bleached pigtails hanging down their
backs. They stared at the dark cars
with their air of luxurious mystery,
at the diner with its flash of silver
and shaded lamps, and were still star
ing as the train pulled out and left
them in their isolation.
MANY prairie stories have begun or
ended with this wistful picture; / have
myself seen it. But it wasn't to be
seer in Kansas, at any rate, as our
train rolled westward toward the Colo
RADIO line. The flat land. the heat and
the hush, the red sun going down be-
hind the cornfields. were as of yore.
The little towns. from the car window,
didn't seem to have changed very
much; and certainly people still came
down to see the train. But they
didn't come in sunbonnets, and we
seemed to be met not so much by peo-
pie as by automobiles.
'sThe train would pull up to Q sta
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-10-15
By n. A. GROTH.

Advertising benefits the consumer
most of all. Advertised goods are
trade marked to protest the consumer
for quality and quantity.
Think of the infinite variety of pre-
pared foods, from which the greater
part of a wholesome meal may be pre-
pared with almost no work for the
housewife.
Think of the household conveniences
and business CONFERENCE.-The time
savers in your office or home-the ac-
cessories which make your automo-
bile a greater pleasure.
All of these things are rather intri-
cate. 1t would cost a small fortune to
epa a few of them for private use.
How do you suppose the man who
first thought of these things was able
to make them for you at a price you
could afford to pay?
1t was through advertising-of
course. Advertising organizes coop
erative buying units. The man with a
new idea knows that he can tell thou
sands or millions of people about his
idea through advertising. He knows
that the united buying power Of all
these people will enable him to pro-
duce his idea in practical form at a
cost which is only a fraction of what
the first article would cost.
One of the best examples of how
this is done is Eskimo pie. Within
six months after the inventor first had
his idea, everybody in the United
States knew about these delicious new
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-10-15

the second fight took place and
where the Nez Perces chief
finally surrendered. When he
yielded to Miles he did so be-
cause Of the suffering among
the women and children of the
tribe, who, deprived of the
proper food and exposed to the
chill of winter, were sick and
dying. His surrender was COM
plete. When he yielded it was
with the promise that he would
fight no more, and this promise
he faithfully observed. In his
latter days, Joseph was not a
disturber; he remembered his
promise and he kept it. He kept
it, indeed, better than many a
paroled white would have done;
it was lived up to in spirit as
we'll as in letter. Not only did
he refrain from making any
trouble himself, but his coun-
ellis were always for peace. He
realized the hopelessness of a
struggle with the whites and
he adopted the course that
seemed to him wisest.
The battle on Snake Greek
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-10-15

Joseph took up his march down
the valley, numbered with his
wounded and with the women
and children, heading for the
British line.
The story of Joseph's march
across Montana is more re-
markable that that of the bat
ties he fought. Viewed from a
military standpoint, this re-
treat was remarkable as its
course all the way lay through
an enemy's country, and it was
accomplished with less annoy
ance to the people of the state,
than would have resulted from
a similar march by a hostile
white foe. AS long as he could,
Joseph paid for the horses and
provisions he secured. When
he could no longer do this, he
took them, as any commander
would do. But no brutality
marked the course of the Nez
Perces in their retreat.
Joseph had almost reached
the Canadian line when General
Miles overlook him near the
Bear Paw mountains, where
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-10-15
Buy Advertised Goods
Save Momey-Protect Yourself

chocolate covered ice cream bars.
This was a spectacular demonstra-
ton of now advertising can bring a
new idea to the whole American public.
But in every advertising success, the
same principle holds true.
But advertising does more than in
PRODUCES new ideas to you. 1t safe
guards you in the purchase of any ad-
vertised product. You can depend upon
it-nothing can succeed through ad-
vertising unless the article itself has
merit. Advertising q bad product will
make just as many enemies for that
product as advertising a good product
will make friends for the good product.
And so, if an article has been wide
ly advertised for a long time. you can
be sure that it is good or the public
would never have supported it You
know that the advertised and trade
marked product must have q definite
quality-and be fully worth the price.
You can be sure that you get more
real value in an advertised product for
every penny you spend, than you will
in an unadvertised product, because ad-
vertising is the cheapest selling method
there is.
You know the advantages of CO.
operative buying. You have heard a
lot about the idea in the last two or
three years. You belong to a Co
operative buying society every time
you buy an advertised product. Read
advertising. Buy advertised products.
1t is the surest wav to be certain of
satisfaction and moneys worth.
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-10-15
THE BATTLE OF BEAR PAWS

it killed and wounded a dozen
Nez Perces. For the third time
Joseph raised the white flag
and this time it meant sur
render"
Joseph Had Only SO Warriors
The outstanding feature of
this fight was the fact that
Joseph had only 80 warriors.
There were with him also 1874
women and lat children, the
women and children greatly
handicapping his movements in
the battle. General Miles had
approximately 600 troops. The
Nez Perces lost 26 killed and 46
wounded. Miles lost % killed
and 46 wounded.
Joseph had taken his men.
women and children for nearly
1000 miles through the
country and had
fought several battles, all Of
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-10-15

ton and the space behind it would be
banked almost solid with motor cars.
"Ah, one thought, a holiday of some
sorti Or the Rotarians are having a
convention, or the local congressman
is coming home. Nothing of the kind!
1t was simply the folks come down to
see the train. These cars were driven
frequently, by bareheaded young girls
daughters, perhaps, of the tired
mothers aforesaid-and all these young
ladies wore the same oblate spherodial
coiffures ~extinguishing their ears. Re-
clining beside them, or gracefully ad-
dressing them from the ground in the
manner of the automobile and collar
advertisements. were youths of SINH
larly care-free mien. Oldsters and in
fants, if any, crowded on the back
seat.
The train itself was evidently less
an object of nterest-who could be
curious about something tied to a track
after galloping up and down the world
on his own gasoline horse?-than a
mere sort of stopping place In the
evenings tour. For having seen US
safely in, as it were, these sef-pos-
sessed young drivers did not wait to
see us rather i~ngloriously crawl out
but stepped on the starter, and with
a br-r-rum of acceleration and shift
ing gears whirled about and away"
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-10-15

was a more remarkable affair
than the Big Hole fight. Cap
tain Henry Romeyn, one of the
survivors of Miles command,
describes it as follows:
1.-TWO battalions pushed on
toward the Nez Perces at a gal
lop, but not till three or four
miles had been covered were
the first dropping shots MOTTO
ed. AS the troops drew nearer
these were increased into a
heavy fire. Captains Hale and
Biddle were killed at the first
volley at close range. Captains
Godfrey and Moylan were
wounded. This left but one Of
ficer with the three troops. All
the first sergeants were also
killed. The soldiers gained the
bluffs east of the camp, but
were met with a whitening fire
from the coulee opposite, max
ing it impossible to plant the
small Hotchkiss cannon there.
The battle kept up until 8
o'clock, when it became evident
that the attack on the camp
must be prolonged into a siege.
Troops A and d of the Seventh
cavalry and company G of the
Fifth infantry, tried to cut the
Indians off from water, but the
attempt was foiled with a
heavy loss, the writer, who
commanded the three compan-
les, being put out of the fight
with a shot through the lungs.
"The morning of October l
dawned on a sad plight. Some
of the soldiers had died during
the night and many of the
wounded were suffering ter
ribly. Fifty or more wounded
lay huddled together in a little
hollow place. A storm set in
and four or five inches of snow
fell, adding to the torture of
the stricken. In the evening the
delayed baggage trains arrived
and tents were raised for the
wounded. In the morning the
12-pounder was put into action.
AS the sun sank a white flag
was raised and Joseph appear
ed. His clothes were pierced
with a dozen bullets but he was
uninjured. He proposed that
he be permitted to march to-
ward Canada, his warriors
armed and mounted, but the
proposal was rejected. The
siege continued until the third
of October, when Joseph and
again met in council and
proposal of a truce for
his warriors with all the honors
of war, they to retain their
arms and property, was again
On the morning of
the fourth the gun was moved
and tho sacond chall fired from |
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-10-15

ignoring the promise made on
the battlefield, placed Joseph
and some of his people in exile
at LeavenWorth and later NOV
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-10-15

ed them to Indian territory,
where half of them died.
Joseph was later sent to
Idaho, where he died in 1903.
Great Falls tribune. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1921-current, 1922-10-15
OF ADS

Jonah's whale had a streak of luck
and pulled in a customer without pub
licity, but it is recorded that he
couldn't hold the trade.-Ka-Lama,
(Honoiulul. -
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1922-06-09
REDS Or RUSSIA OPEN
5RlVEs Of CARS
Jewels, Gold and Silver q Great
value Taken Prom Graves
ny the Bolsheviln
Troops

parts June The Russian boil
rheyjki. leaving no stone untasnsd in
thei} work o. ferresiur out church
trea1Sres for contlsestion. have sio-
lasedshe tombs OF the cxars and csar-
ines N st. Peter ana Psurs Cashe'-
ra.. Petvgrad. says LsiaarAal qacs-
ing private advires
The tomb o. the Czarius Anna ivan-
ovna, watch Ii made Of silver. was re-
moved bodily. and the coffin Of CATH
crime The Great was broker open and
necklace and rings Of great value
were taken. Tho bolsheykl are de-
ciated 10 kave tried ne "a from Peter
The Greats coffin. but finding the
body marvelously preserved, were
ahashed and dared not "trip II a its
Jewels
The dispatch adds that naws of the
stacking Of the the tonsbs xfreaa rap
idly among the Russian people. who
are extremely Indignant
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1922-06-09
l5,lll BOYS KEPT N
: sss66t " 16fARI
Report TO Convention IA Los
Angeles Shows Vast DE-
velopment In Boy

!. fos Angeles. June ? Twensy five
thousand boys aud girls were kept "
school ihroaxh the etfo-'s oi Rotary
slubs throughout the country. when
for various reAsons these ssuasuts haa
made up their minas 10 auit and ~
10 work
Hugh Van der Walker OF yNsiianss
Mich. chairman 81 the International
Rotary Comml,tet on nny@ WORK
presented this statement "a fart OF
his report 10 tha International con-
sention IN session here The Rotary
hack 10. school, movSaent, whlca
started With the Rotary Club 81 nlaeS-
well. Oklahoma in 1890. Il now 4 psrs
cf tho work ot every Rotary clab n
the country.
One hundred and fifty slties In the
country put on Boys Week ce.e-
nrasion. Chairman Van Ger Wake.
stated. More than a thcunand CLUBS
now have active committees looking
par,iislariy 10 work among the boys
Following the report Of the chairman
OF the committee Thomas Sheehan.
president Of the Durham Duplex com
pany Of Jersey City. stirred the con
sention to cheers with his address oa
the boy a. potential citizen and tbs
lsotarian's responsibility FOR the hoy
Mr, sheehan was introduced to The
convention as an Irish Immigrant DO,
who had worked a. anwxhoy an,
railroad section hand and had becom.
one OF the big business men Of III,
country
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1922-06-09

i.aslon oF electrical energy. surpassinx
sAe gre~t hydro- -elscsxsc d<seicpmsnr
of ths NiAxra Fails Power eomp&ny,
according 10 The EYectslsAi World.
That publication shows that the ous-
put Of the Commonwealth Edison
company for is2i was i.scS 1Ei.sss
kiloxs,s hours. whils that Of the NJ.
agara Fails powef ccnsasnx was ~
'sss.isoopo kisowast hours.
Fonrseen states now have laws rec-
osnlring pabllc utility securities as
proper and safe investments for ssate
maaielgal funds
The May issue Of Good HausNkeest
Ing states that, "on the basis of hsAt
units that can be- purchased gor a
given sum. approximately sl-s MI
Hon consumers who are now usinK
natural Eas In gaae towns IN the
unised States have wha, Il probably
the cheapest fuel on the American
market"
Since the enactment of the federal
water Tower aes. more than 800 49,
plicAtioas. Involving projects with a
total capacity OF 10 million water
power, have been completed, or are
noN under construction. The applg-
cations and nruiects now uudar xuv
cover as great development In tAa
water power industry as the total de-
yeloianent In all the pat history on
federal legislation.
Marvellous development OF long i, j.
tanee communication over Telephone
wires was impressiyely illustrated nv
the sact that delegates attending the
recent conyention Of the Natsona;
Eiectrict l-ight ASSOCIATION at Allan
lie city. New Jersey. heard an ad-
dress delivered over s.sna miies OF
wire by : high otficial of the Amer
lean Telegraph and Telephone com
pany sitting In his offlce in San Frar-
cisco, The speakers voice wa car
ried with greatest distinctness frDm
the Pacific coast to the Atlantic COS 1
and heard in every part OF the I'M
mense auditorium at Atlantic city by
the assembled delegates.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1922-06-09

Muskogee. June a.W. II. TWine,
negro lawyer and politician, filed al
a candidate for county juage OF Mus
kogee county on the repuolican ticket
today. With his candidacy he filed a
platform IN which he announced tina,
IN the event OF his election he VIII
DISCHARGE all white persons who are
guardians Of negroes and will appoin,
negroes In their stead.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1922-06-09

:. Is.:s X ! ~: ~ sessina z im-
ton 81 Or. ~ w. CiSa<e2 olntmsnt-
IN. Dtntmenf has ~ ~ ~ dinary
eases. Pure. healing. e06thsng ali II
not injurious 10 the most delicate
skin. Best for children and remark
abs IN ~ effect on al sj<in srrita-
tionn, Insect bites. ring worm. chill
hiatns. channg. sore feet. chapped
FOND drueRiatA Tn b. aure of eet-
ting the Renuine. see that portrait
and rjHnA(pre OF pr. A. w. Chase 10
~ tpe bora trademark that pro-
tesl4 x0n against imltAttonA,-->A6.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1922-06-09
HOLD CUBAN TROOPS
IN BARRACKS fo
PREVENT MAncH ON coN0HEsa

Havana. Iann 4 ltsraesa waFn sssls
rent to-day shat nitiaasR and Hsen from
the llagAna Fafrlanna wofa Fspariuk
IL Hold n,anifessalSou n sha Ainas~
81 Representative aaaim4f tiss i12z
81 budget. anA III consequence " thfN
Az order wms lAAupd cnl'fuinH thesr
warrisons 10 aaAtirfs usstlI faffhss
nnslee.
Thn new budget ailawa FslrlNnTa
cns of total N sas1ig as IA tho
army and navy This Il nlsnus hals
the amount the armed fofen have fes
eu'ypd during she lass fnw teaFs
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1922-06-09

saltwater, June st--More than 200
c'kiahomans nbw are rhuf'ing BY
man through the new school of COR
respondence study recently estab-
lished at A. q A. college. One hun
dred and fifty different courses are
offered through this school. Eighty
two OF these courses have boon ap-
piled for.