davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1922-05-16
Lesson No. 81
THE THERM0INIC TUBE
Part The Filament

The underlying principle of opera
tiOn of the thcrmionic tube rests en-.
tirely on the theory and action OF
"electrons" The electron is today be-
lieved to be the basis of all matter,
as well as the element of which all
matter is composed. and merely a
small, infinitely small, electric charge
The source of electrOns is the tner-
mionic valve is the filament.
The filament of the thermionlc tube
is of tungsten, or of tungsten base
coated with the oxide of a suitable
metal. This filament is the same es-
sentially as that found in any ordi-
nary incandescent lamp and acts no
differently. In the thermionic tube
the filament is lighted usually from
storage battery, the current beng
regulated by means of resistance or
"rheostat". In the larger tubes OF
greater power the filament may be
lighted bv alternating current suit
ably regulated. When the filament OF
a thermionic tube is brought to IN
candescence negatively charged cleo
irons are given off by the tilament.
This discovery was first made by
Thomas A. Edison at time when the
elcctrOn was little known and like
wise when no substantial theory could
be given to explain the findings of
Mr.. Edison.
In order that the mere statement
that electrons are given off by tia
ment when heated to incandescence
may not sound uucanny, two common
ly observed analogies will be given.
When water is heated over flame or
other source of heat, the molecules OF
the water are set in motion and the
velocity of their motion increases as
tho heat increases. The molecules IN
rushing about collide with one another
as we'll as with the walls of the con-
tainer. These driven to the surface
try to break through and when their
velocity is such that they can, they
break through the surface and are
evidenced by what is colled steam. In
a like manner when metal is heated
i'm a forge the molecules are set in
motion. colliding with one another
and trying to break through the sur
face and when their velocity has
reached a point, due to intense heat,
sufficient to break themselves free
from the metal, they break through
and are evidenced by sparks and
"rockcts" bursting out from the metal.
These two analogies will picture to
the mind how filament heated to IN
candesccuce in a vacuum and throw
ing off negatively charged electrons
can be used as an electron generator.
The function Of the filament IN
thcrmiouic valve is to furnish flow
Of elcctronS. Any source of electron
flow could be used but to the present
time the flameut has been the simplest
and most practical.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1922-05-16

tanned in 1921; nor do we need more
gold
CD They can pay out of the pro-
ceeds of American doEar loans abroad
and American purchases of foreign
stocks, of bonds payable in foreign
currencies, and Of foreign exchange
and currency bills. While it is known
that American speculative purchases
Of foreign securities SSxe been con-
sidc,sble, no reliable estimate can be
made of the total amount of such pur-
chases Of forign securities have been
considerable. no reliable estimate can
be made OF the total amount OF such
purchases On the other hand, the
total Of American investments in Tor
oign loans payable in dollars can be
asccrtaiued with considerable accur-
acy.
"Forcign government and municipal
loans, including those of our island
possessions, were issued in the United
States to an amount of approximately
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1922-05-16
FORM OF PERMANENT TARIFF

A pronounced uncertainty Of pub
lie opinion throughout the country
rather than the alleged lack of
Congressional leadership-is reSpon-
siblc for the INDIGESTION in Congress
about the form which the per-
mancrt tariff is to take, ac-
c0rding to "A statement of the Guar
anty Trust Company OF New York IN
"Thc Survey" it's monthly review Of
business and financial conditions. This
confusion of ideas and of cOunSeS Is
not due, the trust company says, 70
any unwillugneSS on the part of the
public 10 inform itself; but rather 10
the inevitable slownesS OF the process
of public education regarding a sub
icct about which, for more than gem
Grafton, there have been fixed opinions
based upon economic factors that re-
manned essentially the same during
many years.
"Ihc Survey says. I'm part: Deb
tors nations usually have paid the IN
tercst on their foreign debts out of
the excess of their exports of mor-
chandisc over their imports, and the
ability to make such payments by a
ContiuucjUC excess of exports has been
regarded Js a standard by which to
measure national prosperity. On the
other hand the experience OF crcdl-
tor nations. which have usually I'M
ported more goods than they exported,
has been that they prospered as well
under an uTfavorab.e as did debtor
nations under 3 favorable balances
Of trade. In the absence Of the usual
and principal means by which deb
tors nations pay their creditors 1t Is
necessary for the countries which owe
Us for the use of our capital to make
payments by other than the cUSto-
mary means. There are available
only three other means by which these
peaymuts can be made, two of which
are already overstraiuod I'M paying
for our merchandise exports which
cannot be offset by Imports:
(D Foreign countries may fur
rish Us various services, such as labor
from Italy, Insurance from Great
Britain, and ocean shipping from
Scandinavia or Great Britain; but we
are cudcayoriug 10 supply these for
ourselves m much greater measure
than Formerly.
CD They may pay In gold, which
they have been doing recently to an
Unprecedented extent. Tor our net im-
ports Of gold in 1921 amounted 20
$667, 9779oO Of gold i'm 1920; but We
already have far more gold than we
need, S9,656,9N 900 ON January /.
1922-about 30 pcr cent. Of the worlds
tosal sUpply-aud the surplus metal
lies unused I'm the Federal Reserve
Banks, while the debtor countries need
IL 10 stabilize their own currcncics.
Obviously, We cannot continue 10 re-
ceIve god ~ such rate IS was main
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1922-05-16
lesson No. 3S
RECTIFICATION BY THE CRYS-
tai DETECTOR

The crystal detector in the circuit
of the radio receiver performs the I'M
porsant function of converting the
energy of the radio-frequent osclila-
tons intercepted by the antenna, IN
to uni-directional pulsating currents
which may be rendered audible by the
receiving telephones.
Short wavelencthS involve very
high frequency Of oscillation. For
example, the oscillation frequency, Of
wavelcngth Of 200 meters, is l.
100000 cycles per second, q wave
length of 500 meters has frequency of
100000 cycles pCN second. these FIRE
qucncies being far in excess Of vibra-
tons TO which the delicate mechan-
ism of the human car Will respond.
The limiting frequency Of vibra-
ton to which the ear will respond is
approximately 10000 cycles per sec
ond, and under normal conditions a
frequency in the vicinity of 10000
cycles per second marks the boundary
line between audibility and inaudi-
bility.
The range Of freqUencies in which
the sensitive diaphragm Of the telc-
phone vbrateS satisfactorily is much
lower, between 500 and 1000 cycles
per second.
The crystal detector. therefore,
through it's property Of recti6cation,
transforms the high frequency oscil-
lations into direct current pulses,
which arc rendered audible in the re-
ceiving telephones.
The manner in which the incoming
oscillations arc modified may be best
understood by reference to the follow
ing diagram.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1922-05-16
THE ALEXANDRIA GAZETTE TUESDAY. MAY Is, 1922

tariff is evidence of the changing
ideas which the condition of our for
eign trade is forcing upon US.
Need for Wise Action
Ultimately our imports may posi-
bly, exceed our exports, even if the
change to an import trade balance
be deferred through the extension of
American capital in investments
abroad. Spread over period of sew
eral years, this change can occur
without disturbing our domestic in
dustrial or agricultural interests, and
without decreasing our exports. If
in the course of time such change
does not take place in our merchan-
disc trade balance, some other means
will have to be devised by which for
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1922-05-16

S4S8, 100000 in 1921, while the issues
of foreign corporations or of domestic
excess of our merchandise exports
ever, were issued for refunding pur-
poses, only little more than S400,-
100000 Of credit was thus provided
foreign debtors for meeting CONNER
cial payment here This sum was re-
Iatively slight in comparison with the
corporations with foreign plants to-
tailed about Sl62,0O0,0O0. AS approx
imately one-third of these loans, how
over imports amounting, as previously
stated, to almost 100000 900 in
1921.
From this analysis it is evident
there are considerable difficulties
in the way of collecting the money
owed to us from abroad so long as
we continue to experience a favorable
balance of trade. As the unfunded
balance owed to the United States by
foreign countries on open account is
estimated by the Federal Reserve
Board on January /, 1922, to be up
wards of $4,000, 900, 000,it is clear that
we have before us further period of
adjustment which will require with
out financial, commercial, and politi-
cal wisdom to carry US through with
out our losing a considerable portion
of our export trade.
Nevertheless, by skillful handling
of foreign credits, continued invest
ment in foreign loans by the Ameri-
can public, and a willingness to ac-
cept payment Of our debts through
the importation of goods, we may be
able to sustain our export trade at
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1922-05-16
"44-4 rAfHfb 4 Ill.,
| nNna lANo
= I0 ~

The upper set of curves (A) shows
a series OF damped radio-frcQuent oS-
citations intercepted by the antcnna
and impressed upon the detector. The
set of curves CD show the rectifylug
property of the crystal in allowing
only the positive or negative cur
rents to pass through the crystal with
the result that half of each cycle IS
wiped out and the incoming oScilla-
tions are rccti6cd into a series of uni
directioual pulSationS. These puls7-
tons are radio-frcqucucy and, there
fore. far i'm excess Of vibrations to
which the diaphragm Of the telephone
can respond, hut the resultant effect
is shown in curves (C) which shows
the average effect of each rcctidcd
group in impulsing the diaphragm of
the receiving telephones.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1922-05-16

approximately its present volume.
This is of even more vital Importance
to our farmers and producers OF raw
materials than to our manufacturers.
1t is a question of the willingness OF
the American people to accept pay
ment in goods and services of the debts
owed them from abroad, which is OF
the greatest moment in the present
phase of the tariff discussion. The I'M
certainty of public opinion as to the
most desirable kind of permanent
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1922-05-16

and ana sure they will feel as ! do
about it.-Mrs. FRED. T. HANSEN. 562
Symmonds St., Kenosha, Wisconsin.
A medicine that has been inuSenearly
fifty years and that receives the praise
and commendation of mothers and
grandmothers is worth your considera-
ton.
If YOU are suffering from troubles
that sometimes follow childbirth bear
: mind that Lydia (. Pinkham S Nege-
teble Compound is woman 5 medicine.
IL is especially adapted to correct such
troubles.
The letters ve publish ought to con-
vince YOU; ask some of your women
friends or neighbors - they know its
worth. You viii, too, il you give it a
far trial
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1922-05-16

In the case of spark discharger,
therefore, for every group of radio
frequent oscillations radiated by the
transmitter, a similar group Is de-
vclopcd in the receiver and rectltied
by the detector and for each group
the diaphragm of the receiving tcle-
phones receives an impulse.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1922-05-16

tutes for an excess of imports by a
creditor nation seem pitifully made
quate to meet the situation that is de-
veloping.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1922-05-16

V eye t a b Il Com
pound. My mother
had great faith in it
as she had taken so
much of it and when
/ had trouble after
my baby was born
she gave it to me.
1t helped me so much
more than anything
else had done that l
advise all women
with female trouble
Ito give it a fair trial
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1922-05-16

eign debtors can pay what they owe
US; but, as already shown in the fore
going brief summary of our trade
balance in 1921, the known substi-
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1922-05-16
YOUNG Mother
NOW STRONG
Her Mothers Faith in Lydia E.
Pinkham's Vegetable Compound
Led Her To Try 1t

Kenosha, Wisconsin.-'T cannot say
enough in praise of Lydia E. Pinkham's
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1922-07-20
HAINES CITY

Mr.. and Mrs. T. C. Holden plan
to leave next Sunday for motor
trip through Georgia. and will visit
with relatives while there. returning
to Haines City about September l.
w c. Gilman OF Lakeland was in
town Tuesday with a view to secur-
ing . location here.
Mr. and Mrs r. NJ. Atkinson spent
the week end in Barlow with relatives
returning Tuesday evening.
+. f.. Lock was in Barlow on legal
business Tuesday morning.
Rev. b. Curtis who spent several
days on his beautiful grove proper
ty on Lake Hamilton last week, re-
turned to Tampa Friday morning.
Rev. Curtis brought several of his
Sunday school boys with him for a
camping trip and all enjoyed the out
ing very much. Those in the party
were: Dudley Thames, Densel Over
man, Edward Smith, and George Cos
grove, all of Tampa.
Haines City chapter, Order of the
Eastern Star will give an entertain
ment in the grammar school auditor
ium next Friday evening for the
benefit of the Masonic building fund.
The name of the entertainment is
The FOtygraf Album" and will be
Il scream from start to finish. Ev-
eryOne is invited to attend.
DR.. Schaefer has moved his offices
to the new Growers Commercial
bank building and has them splendid
ly furnished and equipped.
Troop /, Boy Scouts. met Wednes-
day evening at Leisure Lodge, after
roll call and transaction of regular
business several boys took various
points Of their scout tests. Scribe
reported that troop met at bathing
house last Friday afternoon and gave
the bathhouse and beach thorough
cleaning Hp. A truck load of rub
bish was hauled away. a great deal
of which was taken from the water.
The troop wishes to thank Ray More
for his assistance in the actual work
of cleaing up and also for the use
OF his truck in hauling away the rub
bish. The troop plans to take Il
hike soon at which time a great
many Scout tests will be given.
There will be services in St. Marks
Episcopal church next Sunday even
ing. Rev. w. B. Curtis of Tampa
will officiate. The members of the
Masonic Fraternity will attend the
services in a body.
Rob Ingram, of Camilla, Georgia,
and formerly ofHaines City arrived
in town Wednesday morning by auto
enroute to Plant City to visit his
daughter there. He is accompanied
by Mrs. Ingram, sons James and
Warner, and little daughter. They
will spend the time in Haines City
with relatives. and friends.
R. l.. Fuller of the Isaac Van Horn
company returned several days ago
from a short vacation.
A letter has been received from
Rev. Samuel Ward who says that he
and his family are spending the sum-
mer very pleasantly at Blowing Rock,
N, c., and that he is improving in
health in the cool mountain atmos.
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1922-07-20
NOn-P artisan League Puts Out An
Advanced Program For APP
prOval of The Voters

Oklahoma City, Okla, July 90
With a non-partisan league issue
drawing especial attention to the con.
test for the Democratic nomination
for governor, voters Of Oklahoma
are preparing to register their prefer
ence for all state offices August !
in a state wide primary.
A larger number of candidates are
in the fields than ever before in the
history of the state.
The Non partisan League arises
from charges made against j. c.
Walton. mayor of Oklahoma City and
a candidate for the Democratic nom
ination. who was endorsed by the
Former Labor Reconstruction League
al organization formed at a joint
convention of the Oklahoma State
Federation of Labor and two groups
of farmers, Walton's opponents as
sert that the Reconstruction League
is the bipartisan League under a
new name, and that Walton is attempt
ing TO use the prestige of the Demo
cratic party to sweep the Recon
structists into power. The issue has
caused the campaign to take on un-
usual importance.
Walton is opposed by Thomas II
Owen former justice of the state SUI.
preme court, and RH. Wilson, state
superintendent of public instruction
All are making vigorous campaigns
The platform adopted by the Re
Construction League and upon which
Walton az, eed to run included the
following blanks.
Endorsement of the Plumb plan
for control of the railroad, approval
of public ownership of various utili-
ties and the printing of all school
text books by the state, opposition
to reduction in the wages of rail
road employees, condemnation of com
pulsory military training and a de-
mnad that war profiteers be COMPEL
ed to pay the nations military debt
Wilson and Owen have advanced
no outstanding principle in their plat
forms. Each, however, has recon-
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1922-07-20
Friday via Ford for a several weeks
trip in North Carolina.
CAR STRIKE
ASSUMES SERIOUS PHASE

Buffalo, n. Y, July 20.-Policemen
armed with riot guns and under or
ders to shoot to kill if rioting devel-
oped. rode the Main street cars, which
started out of the car barns today
following warning by Mayor Schwab
to striking carmen that further riot
ing would have serious consequences.
Two hand grenades were exploded last
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1922-07-20

of last week for an auto trip through
the Carolnas.
Haines City Chapter, Order of East
ern Star, will put on an entertainment
Friday night, the 21st of July, at the
school auditorium. The name of this
entertainment is called THE Old Fam
lily Album" and is a series of living
pictures explained by the supposed
owner of the album. There will be
musical numbers and readings on the
program as we'll The proceeds are
fro the building fund.
Troop l, Boy Scouts, meet at Leis-
ure Lodge, Wednesday, at the usual
time with a good attendance, after the
regular run of business and Scout
work plans for the summer hike were
discussed. The troop has offered its
services to the Polk County Fedora
ton of Woman's Clubs in cleaning the
grounds of Camp Miller and will begin
work as soon as instructions are re-
ceved from the county president, Mrs.
Jack Prior. The troop voted to give
one afternoon in the near future to
cleaning up the bathing house and
beach on Lake Tracy as part of their
program of community service.
The Haines City Chamber of Com
merce held its regular bi-monthly
luncheon Wednesday at II noon with
a very good attendance. Mr. III. II. At
kinson, president of the Growers Com
mercial Bank, was present for the
first time since coming to Haines City
tolve, and assured the Chamber Of
his hearty cooperation towards the
upbuilding of Haines City and com
munity. Mr.. John Cannon of Kansas
City, Mo-, was present with Mr.. Manu.
of Ohio. Both gentlemen gave short
talks.
The new fixtures for the State Bank
will be here in week or so and of
ficials hope to have them installed
and in operation within thirty days.
Miss Sophia Walters is having a
nice bungalow built on Ninth street
which will add materially to that sec
tion of town.
Mrs G. Sommers is away for a
few weeks vacation.
Messrs. Angle, Brooks and Reha
drove to Barlow Wednesday afterpoon
on business.
Mr. Truitt Mobely is back at his old
place in Miller-Clines after few
weeks vacation.
The town council met in regular
session last Tuesday afternoon at
which time important matters were
taken up regarding the water and sew
age plants. On petition from the Wom-
ans Club three lights were ordered
placed in the bath house on Lake
Tracy.
Work is advancing rapidly on the
Sample building on Jones avenue and
will be completed within thirty days
Mrs. Wier, who spent last winter
in Haines City at her residence on
South Sixth street, was in Haines City
last Wednesday enroute to Canada to
join her husband.
Mr. Claud Duell has accepted a re-
sponsible position with the Western
Union in Atlanta and left recently for
that city.
Quite a number of Georgian8 mo-
tored to Kissengen Springs today,
Thursday, to attend the Georgia pic
mic being held there.
Howard and Gordon HUE left last
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1922-07-20

of the Humble and Pierce Oil Com
pany and the government fumigation
plant here were destroyed by fire last
night with a loss estimated. at from
$25O,0O0 to 100000. An explosion of
tanks jeopardized about 100 persons
who had gathered inside the fire lines.
Huge pieces of tank material were
hurled high in the air.
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1922-07-20

night on the roof of the Cold Spring
car barns, tearing holes in the build
ing but injuring none of the $50 men
living in the barn. The state troopers
were ordered here today for strike
duty from various points.
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1922-07-20

phere,
Mrs. Vernon Dauphin, of Sanford
formerly Mrs. p. w. Patterson OF
Haines City spent Wednesday in
town on business. Mrs. Dauphin says
she likes Sanford very much but
that it cannot compare to Haines
City.
Lee B. Anderson of the Lake Ham
ilton Citrus Growers Association was
in town Wednesday on business.
The regular bi-monthly LUNCHEON OF
the Haines City Chamber of Com
merce will be held next Wednesday
noon at Wray Il Roberts drug store
and there are a number Of interest
ing items on the program.
Mr. and Mrs. Harold Moore NOV
ed into their new residence on Lake
Eve the first of this week. Mr.. Moore
has one of the most attractive and
modern bungalows in Haines City
which has added materially to the
residential section of town.
Mr.. and Mrs. Henry of Frostprooi
spent Sunday with Mr. and Mrs. j
NJ. Bishop on Melbourne avenue.
Haines City Lodge No 2l9 +. A
NJ will meet in regular session, by
call of the Worshipful Master, neXt
Monday night at 8 p. m. All mem
bers are urged to be present as there
will be important business to tran
sact.
Nh. Joe LcVay of The Hub Clothing
company has finally obtained water
from the well drilled in the rear Of
his store. This will be welcome news
to practically all the merchants in
that block as they are dependent OF
his tank for their water supply which
has been out of commission for al
most Il year due to the caving ii
of his well last summer.
A. II. Reagan enjoyed visit from
his brother Mr. Reagan of Tampa
( Tuesday.
Haines City's local baseball team
will play Winter Haven this Thurs
day on the home diamond. Let US
have Il good turn out for the game.
II is reported that the Texas Oh
co. will put in large storage and dis
tritution tanks here in the near fu
, ture.
The town council voted at its las
injecting to have electric lights in
stalled in the bath house on Lake
Tracy. This is a very much needed
improvement and will be appreciated
by everyone as quite number o
people take a swim in the evening
before retiring and find it very incon
venient dressing in the dark.
A number of new houses are being
started in the Highway addition this
week. This section of town has hat
remarkable growth in the last few
months and is now a little city in it
self. Mr. Neil Young has recently
opened modern grocery store there
and is doing a good business.
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1922-07-20
OKLAHOMA CANDIDATE WOULD HAVE
WAR PROFTTEERS PAY MILITARY DEBT

mended changes in the state banking
system designed to strengthen the
guaranty feature and safeguard mem
Der banks.
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1922-07-20

ENORMOUS FIRE LOSS
Laredo, Texas, July 20.-Properties