davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1922-04-21
RADIO EXPLAINED
BY E. H LEWIS
INSTRUCTOR New NoRk YM.CA RADIO SCHOOL |

upon the natural frequency of the
circuit, which is, in turn, dependent
upon the capacity and inductance In
the circuit At any rate. this fire.
quency Is usually extremely high, and
the alternating current flowing may
be called oscillations. In flowing back
and forth through the circuit the
current meets with opposition, due to
the pure resistance of the current and
the resistance of the spark gap.
This latter resistance is naturally not
as high as 1t was before the spark
started. but Is still high enough to
consume considerable portion Of
The current decreases in strength
every time it flows back and forth.
and finally dies out because there Is
no elcctro-motiye force to keep 1t
going in the face of the opposition Of
resistance. This whole action can be
compared to the swinging Of pen
dulum which is struck a blow. The
blow is the electrical potential diff
ference which started the spark in the
gap. The swings of the pendulum are
comparable to the alternating current
which flows while the condenser Is
.1ischarging. The dying out of the
swings of the pendulum are due to
the resistance Of air friction. directly
comparable to the resistance in the
electrical circuit. The frequency of
the pendulum swings is the natural
frequency Of the pendulum system in
the same manner as the frequency of
the oscillations is the natural fire.
quency of the electrical circuit.
II is thus seen that oscillations are
denser. and that these oscillations die
out unless the condenser is again
charged and discharged. The oscilla-
t1onS are said to be "damped.
Evening star., 1922-04-21
New Apparatus and Devices
Radio EngineersSSSSSSSSS
AN ELECTRICAL SOUND CON-
VERTER.

A device for converting sound into
which operates on a new principle,
has been developed comparatively re-
cently. The diaphragm is conical in
stead of fiat and is made of parch-
ment. A metal plunger is mounted
| inside the conc at its apex in such
manner that it's free end may move
back and forth within the magnetic
| field provided by two field windings.
The two windings are upon a single
iron core. The solenoid windings are
inside the metal case shown in the il
lusaration. A circular metal band
holds the parchment cone in place
and three support rods hold the sole
mold to the band frame. The whole
is mounted upon a rather heavy iron
base.
The principle uses to which the de-
vice has been put are in converting
which in turn control the current
generated by a radio-telephone trans
mitting machine. Many broadcasting
stations are using the device in this
manner. The operation is. briefly. as
follows: When sound waves created
by the human voice or by musical in
struments impinge upon the conicai
diaphragm the diaphragm vibrates.
These vibrations cause the metal
plunger to vibrate, back and
forth in the magnetic field of
the solenoid. This. in turn. causes
variations of the magnetic fell of the
solenoid and variations in the current
through the solenoid windings. The
electrical waves in the circuit of the
solenoid are then applied in such a
manner as to control the operation
of a radio-telephone transmitter. The
device thus takes the place of the
ordinary microphone and performs in
a more efficient manner.
When the phonetron is used as
loud speaker" it does not give the
same large volume of sound as some
of the more suitable types. 1t does.
however, reproduce very faithfully,
and there is no metallic tang to the
reproduction at any time. When
operating in this manner. the current
variations in the solenoid windings
cause the plunger to vibrate back and
forth. This, in turn, causes vibrations
of the conical diaphragm and the pro-
duction of sound, which correspond to
the sounds going into the transmitter
at the sending station.
The principle is one which was de-
veloped by well known phonograph
company and has been adapted for
radio purposes.
Evening star., 1922-04-21
WALLACE TO BROADCAST
ARBOR DAY MESSAGE
Secretary Expects Record Number
of People to Hear Speech
by Radio.

The most widespread radio distribution
Of single message ever attempted will
be made this evening. Arbor day, when
Secretary of Agriculture Wallace will
personally speak to the people of the
United States
The message will be transmitted at
pm, eastern standard time, from the
powerful government stations at Ar
lington. San Diego and San Francisco,
the great lakes Navy station, all Army
and Post Office Department stations, and
also by the Radio Relay League and
radio broadcasting stations
Radio experts state that, because of
the constantly increasing number Of
radio sets in operation, the voice of the
secretary will reach more people than
any human voice since time began. One
year ago there were perhaps 10000
radio receiving sets in this country To-
day there are over SOC, 900, and the pres
ent monthly increase is estimated at
logo
Boy Scouts who receive the message
will, wherever possible, arrange to de-
liver it on the golden anniversary of
Arbor day. April o., to the mayor of
their city.
The celebration of Arbor day, April %,
marks the golden anniversary of its OBJ
servance and comes at the end of Forest
Protection week, which has been set
aside by President Harding in his
proclamation for bringing before the
people the disastrous effects of the pres
ent waste by forest fires, and the need
OF individual and collective effort to
conserve the forests and increase our
tree growth for ornament and use.
Evening star., 1922-04-21
SSSBy Ralph Brown,
AN EFFICIENT TWO-STAGE-
AMPLIFIER.

A two stage audio- frequency am
plifier is almost necessity these
days, when every one wants to listen
to the radiophone concerts without
wearing earpieces There are many
types and makes upon the market,
most all of which are good. There
has recently come upon the market
type which has some interesting
features and appears. to be very
efficient
The panel is made of a plate of in
sula ting 2henol composition. 1t is
black In color and is laminated. In
stead Of the usual wooden cabinet a
heavy sheet brass cabinet is used,
which has securely welded corners.
This provides electrical shielding of
the interior circuits and makes the
finish of the metal cabinet is black
satin enamel. which makes a very
pleasing appearance. Sheet brass
partitions inside the cabinet sep
arate the two stages from each other
and provide shield between them.
This eliminates any noises which
may occur because of interaction of
one circuit with another. 1t seems
to have been the particular object
of the makers to eliminate all posi-
bility of energy feedback from the
second to the first stage. In this it
appears they have succeeded.
A separate filament rheostat con-
trolls the filiment current of each of
the amplifier tubes. This is advis-
able because tubes vary somewhat in
their characteristics. There are two
automatic filament control jacks. one
marked First stage" and one
Second stage" When the phone
plug is inserted into the first stage
the first lamp Is lighted. but the
second is not until the plug is put
in the second jack. Both lamps are
then lighted and the headphones are
connected in the plate circuit or the
second stage. This makes 1t possible
to shift from one stage to another
without changing the filament rheo-
stat adjustments.
All controls are plainly marked in
a manner that adds to the appearance
Of the panel. Two windows. which
are Sreened, allow each of the tubes
to be seen without removing the
panel from the cabinet.
Evening star., 1922-04-21
Resonance.

Resonance phenomena are not con-
fined solely to radio work, but are
of the greatest Importance in that
field and should be thoroughly under
stood.
If a plumb bob or other weight is
suspended from support by means
of cord, we have a pendulum. The
length of the cord controls the num-
ber of times per second the pendulum
will swing back and forth IL struck
a blow. The swings will die out, of
course, after time because of the
friction between the weight and the
air. If the weight is struck a blow
each time it swings to maximum
height in one direction, 1t will con-
tinue to move to and fro as long as
need only be very light In this case
to cause a considerable swing in each
direction. The number of to and fro
swings of the pendulum per second
when hit one comparatively hard
blow is constant until the pendulum
second. or the frequency. depends
upon the length of the suspending
cord. it may be said that this is the
natural frequency" of the swings.
If the light blows are applied at the
proper times, as mentioned above. the
as the frequency of complete swings
to and fro. The frequencies coin
eide and the blows (applied force) are
in resonance, or in step, with the
swings.
An alternating current may be lik-
ened to the swings of a pendulum
back and forth, since the alternating
current actually flows periodically in
one direction and the opposite. The
current also increases and decreases
in each direction of flow in 4 manner
similar to the swings Of the pendu-
lum upward and downward In each
direction of swing. 1t is not difficult,
then, to understand that sudden
electrical blow would create an alter
mating current in a circuit containing
condenser and a coil of wire in
series. This blow would be the re-
suit of a suddenly applied electro
motive force. The frequency of this
alternating current which would then
flow would depend only upon the
of the circuit. If the
electromotive force were applied in
step with the current swings 1t would
take only a comparatively small pres
sure applied at the proper times. to
keep the current changing between
large values of strength. Also. this
current would continue to flow SO
long as the electromotive force were
applied. The electromotive force and
current would then be in step with
each other, and we would have a case
of electrical resonance between the
applied clectromotive force. current
and natural frequency of the circuit.
The current value in this case would
depend only upon the actual resist
ance of the circuit and the applied
force. There would be
no effect of either capacitive or in
ductiye reactance in the circuit to
add an effective resistance to the
actual
Evening star., 1922-04-21
BY RADIO TODAY

NAA-Naval Radio Station, Radio. Va.
1880 a.m.-Meteorological report on
$3.50 meters of arc transmitter.
II noon and 10 p.m-Time signal,
Followed by weather report and ship
orders.
- p.m.--Arbor- day message to be de-
nvered by Secretary Wallace of the
Department of Agriculture.
1880 p pm.-Naval press news. Wave
length, 1850 meters.
NOF-NnvaI Air station, Anncostio.
ID. &. (3SO Meters).
Temporarily discontinued.
WWx-Post ONCE Department u,IGO
Meters).
10 am.-Weather report.
1880 a.m.-Marketgram by radio
phone.
1880 pm, 2:15 pm, $3.50 pm., 5pm.
Telegram marketgram on 1860 me
ters.
WMU-DOubleday-Hn Electric Com.
cany t30O Meters).
4:20 to $50 p.m.-Music.
Base ball scores.
WJZ-Newark, N. =. (30O Meters,.
Every hour. IL am. to p.m-Mu-
sical program.
IL am, IL noon, pm and 1901
p.m.-Weather forecast
zoo p.m.-Shipping news
9:25 p.m.-Time signal.
pm-"Man in the Moon stories
Sh NSp Newark SUNDAY Call
1:30 p.m.-''Welfare Work" by Dr..
Henry r. Rose of Newark
7:45 p.m.-"The Kid on the Corner"
by DR.. Frank Moore. Railway Re-
formatory.
8 p.m.-Concert by the solo quartet.
Central Presbyterian Church, New
york city, who have recently re-
turned from very successful south
ern tour. Every member of the quar-
tet has had large experience in the
RnIl
oratorio and church work. namely;
Edna Fasset Sterling. soloist, with
leading orchestras in st. Louis, Bos-
ton and New York. Florence Null
ford, soloist, with Handel and Hay
den Society. Boston, and with Boston
Festival Orchestra, under Emil Mol
lenhauer. Wesley Howard, made his
debut in New York in May. 1921.
Andrea Sarto. has had many impor-
tant enga gements in festival concert
conductors. viz. Walter Damrosch.
Victor Herbert, Modest Aitschuler and
many others. William Reddick, ac-
companist for the quartet is well
known as writer of songs and as
coach.
Program: "Quartette" (Rigoletto).
Verdi, by Mines. Sterling and Null
ford. Messrs. Wesley Howard and
Andrea Sarto. also Midnight Hour"
Flotow. "On the Road to Manda-
Ray, SpedhS- ny AHuTtA SdElO. buel.
"viens Mallika Lakme" Delibes, by
Mines. Sterling and milford Mat
tinata," Leoncavallo. by Wesley How
. ard. THE Lass With the Delicate
Air Arne. Edna Fassett Sterling.
Duet, The Two Beggars," Wilson,
Messrs. Howard and Sarto. 'Hoin-
ing" Del Riego. by Florence Mulford.
'Trio" tFaust), Gounod by Edna
Fassett Sterling, Wesley Howard and
Andrea Sarto.
KYW-Westingh ghOuse, Chicago
1890 Meters).
s:00-9:00 p.m-Popular program.
NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. Pittsburgh
(36O Meters)
500 p.m-"The Spring Vegetable
Gaxden," by W. p. Nissley. professor
Of vegetable extension of the Pennsyl-
vania State College.
$3.50 p.m.-Concert by the Gale
donian Male Chorus.
WwJ-Detro1t News 1880 MetsrxD.
p.m-Address by DR.. John Sund-
wall. THE Healthy Mind"
Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Ossip
Gabrilowitch, conductor and piano
soloist. Mr. Gabrilowitch will play
Brahms second piano concerto.
Billy Cantant, tenor; Howard C.
Lewis, baritone. and Susan Rice,
soprano; popular songs
Music lecture by Edith M. Reu-
bekam.
Evening star., 1922-04-21

AT THE TOP OEFT-A
fascinating style of light tan
crepe knit, with side panels
from shoulder to hem and
finished with colored en-
broidered medallions.
Below-A navy georgette,
with pleatings and tucks.
Next-A navy Canton crepe,
with wide sleeves of henna
crepe, richly embroidered in
dark iridescent beads.
A sport model-Very youth
full and of black and white
weave novelty sport silk,
made in overblouse style.
At bottom 0eft) = Black
Canton crepe, with crepe
roses.
Evening star., 1922-04-21
RADIO SERMONS TO ASSEMBLE
WORSHIPERS IN WIDE WYOMING

magnificent distances like our
state of Wyoming. Under present
methods, with our communicants
widely scattered and mission sta
tions few and far between, the
church finds 1t impossible to reach
all of our people more than about
once month. Radio Is just the
thing to remedy this situation.
Now. what I want, therefore.
is a radio outfit which will carry
800 or 400 miles. I will install 1t
in the cathedral at Laramie and
send to the small, scattered mis-
sionS throughout the state the full
service and sermon which we have
there each Sunday. The value of
such service to the thousands of
people who are living lonely lives
in our sparsely settled regions is
incalculable. The church will make
a great mistake not to take i'm
mediate advantage of this new ad-
vance OF science"
Evening star., 1922-04-21
By the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
NEW YORK. April 21.-Church-
goers in Wyoming will be served
their sermons by radio. If the
plans of Rt. Rev. Nathaniel Sey-
mour Thomas. d. D., Episcopal
missionary Bishop Of Wyoming.
mature.
Bishop Thomas presides over that
wide expanse of territory where
churches and missionary stations
are two and three hundred miles
apart. SO that not much more than
q monthly service is possible. This
Is what Bishop Thomas proposes to
change. He arrived at the church
missions house here yesterday
with an appeal for a radio outfit.
Il am convinced" said he, that
through the medium Of the radio
we shall be able to revolutionize
missionary methods in regions of
Evening star., 1922-04-21
MEAT PRICES MUCH LOWER.

CHICAGO, April 21.-Wholesale meat
prices show a tremendous decline since
the peak prices following the war. ac-
cording to the American Institute OF
Meat Packers 1.-THE average value Of
all meat and meat products exported
during 1921 was lax cents {. pound as
compared with 301a cents in 1s19." says
a bulletin issued by the institute. THE
average value of meat exported during
1918 was IA cents a pound
Evening star., 1922-04-21

TO THE RIGHT (TOP)-
A simple little frock of crepe
knit-a copy, of a much more
expensive model. Wit h
white crepe collar and cuffs.
Then-A very charming and
rather quaint dress of light
blue lowered Canton crepe,
resembling challis pattern
and designed with long, low
waistline and side gathers.
Another sports style OF crepe
knit, combining white with
hehna, and bound in black
silk braid bands.
Georgette fashions this little
afternoon frock.
The la ST A straigitline
m ID el of black Canton
loose panels.
Evening star., 1922-04-21
RADIO SERVICE ENLARGED.
q. s. Signal Corps Ready to Handle
Oficial Army Messages.

Announcement is made at the War
Department that the United States
Signal Corps Is in position to handle
official Army radio traffic. without
charge, between certain Army posts
in various parts of the United States.
In this part of the country direct
connection has been established for
such messages between this city and
Fort Sheridan. ILL.,: between Boiling
Field, Anacostia, .. c., and Camp
Grant. ILL.,; between Fort Howard, Md.
and Fort Huachuca, Ariz.; between
Langley Field, Va, and Fort Bliss,
Tex; between Fort Monroe. Va. and
Fort Mcintosh. Tex: between Camp
Eustis. Va, and Fort Ringgold. Tex.
and between Langin Field. Mounds
willie, w. Va, and Alcatraz Island,
Calf.
Evening star., 1922-04-21
CHOSEN DEAN OF COLLEGE.
r,:~r.toh - r,s,o at.r

LYNCHBURG. Va, April 21.-Dr
Hattie Love,lan alumna of Randolph
Macon Woman's College here, who has
for nine years, has been chosen dean
of the Union Women's Medical Col
lege. to be opened at-Shanghai, China.
Evening star., 1922-04-21

The largest gold nugget ever found
weighed 2.217 ounces and was sold
for $52,500
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1922-04-27
HOW cLUBMEN KEEP YOUNG

What is long supposed to Elave
been a mythical fountain of youth
was discovered to be reality twelve
years ago, and Rotary Clubs, Kiwan-
is, Chambers of Commerce, the Lii
ons and similar businessmen's clubs
have lately discovered it for them
selves. This fountain of youth is
service to boyhood. The Boy Scouts
of America in the twelve years they
have been with US have enrolled up
wards of half million men as lead
ers in one. capacity or another.
Among the best supporters of the
Movement are these various business
clubs Chambers of Commerce and 9th
ers. They are producing scoutmast-
ers and council members and gener-
GUS friends, and in many ways are
giving substantial leadership, all the
time renewing their own youth by
this enthusiastic interest in youth
and service to boyhood. It may be
said that one of the biggest contri-
buttons of the Boy Scout Movement
has made to America is in interest
ing such great number of men in
leadership association with the boys.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1922-04-27
FARM LABOR HARD TO GET

This Office has been unable to get
any outside labor at the. wages Of
fered for the past week or so. The
nearest labor centers are Fargo and
Aberdeen. Last month and the early
part of this month we had no difficulty
in getting men at $35 per month
which is high average in the state
at present. Now when spring work
is in full swing it is almost impossible
to get men here at that wage and es-
pecially for short terms Of from one
to two months. The men figure af-
ter paying transportation, etc., it
isn't worth while or something to
that effect. We realize under present
conditions farmers cannot afford to
pay more. We suggest Exchange
work" or some other means 6f get
ting by. If you MUST have men, I
see no other way than to offer high
er wages; a few dollars more for a
few weeks may be good investment.
However, we want the public to know
that we are not asleep on the job; we
are doing the best we can; however,
we are up against it at present, says
County Agent Sauer.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1922-04-27
LEAGUERS TRY ANOTHER CON.
'VENTION

The second attempt on the part of
the Nonpartisans to hold a county
convention took place Saturday night
of last week. The meeting had been
advertised for Saturday afternoon
However, change was made to pre-
vent interference with spring work,
and the hour set for p. m. Only
a few Of the old faithful showed up,
and little was accomplished at the
meeting. The leaguers are in the
habit Of surrounding their doings with
considerable secrecy. However, it is
rumored that Sen. C. A. Ward was
reendorsed for senator and Roy Yea
ter for representative. It was also
decided that the other legislative
member should come from the south
end of the county, but the absence of
southtend delegates at the meeting
caused the matter to be left in an in
definite condition.
It is said that the league forces
decided to support +. E.. Lawler for
commissioner in the First District. If
this is the case, then another attempt
ed trade proposition on the part Of 10
cal political manipulators has gone
bump. 1t had been proposed that a
trade of league support for commits
sioner in the First District be made in
exchange for certain independent sup
port of the league newspaper. It
had been reported in Kidder county
that the leaguers would endorse Geo.
W. Lynn as their candidate for sena-
tor.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1922-04-27
LEGION AUXILIARY MEETING

There will be meeting of all those
eligible to the Auxiliary of the Amer
lean Legion at the Lodge Hall on
Monday evening, May 1st, at $3.50, for
the purpose of organizing an Auxil-
iary in Linton. All those who wish
to be Charter Members please be on
on hand. An organization will be
formed and Constitution and Bylaws
adopted, and such other business as
is necessary. It is the wish Of the
committee that all ladies eligible will
endeavor to attend.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1922-04-27
COUNTY SCHOOL NOTES

Did you have your school ward
cleaned? Be sure and get that ugly
ash pile out of the front yard.
Teachers should see that all school
property is secure when they close
the school. Take an inventory Of ev-
erything on hand and put all books,
erasers and globes carefully away.
Lock the school house and festen the.
windows from the inside. See that
the Register Is where the next teach
er can find it.
+ 1t you are teaching school begun
by another teacher be sure and make
your final report cover her part Of
the term as well as your own.
Clinton Bales, Anna and Albert
Tracy, Glanavon; Erma and Irwin
studley, Union, and Hazel Mausehund
Hampton, received Nine Month Di-
plomas. Of Honor this week.
The following pupils received Three
Month certificates: Ida, Bertha, Rein
hold and Daniel Merkel. John and Ru-
dolph Zollcr, Liberty; Harold Parsons
Herman Batter, Beth Sabraw, Mel
vile Steiner (2), Williamsport; Nei-
lie and Dick Biesheuval. Union; Dor
othy Clancy, Linton Special; Lester
Mausehund, Hampton.
The awards in Pupils Reading Cir
Gle were as follows: 1st Diploma: An
geline hammers, Strasburg; Emma
and Pauline Ser, Sand Creek; Green
Seal: Edward Wander Vorste, Stras-
burg; Bessie and Margaret Smith,
Sand Creek; Red Seal: James Borr
and Edward Wander vorste, srtas-
burg; Bessie and Margaret Smith,
Sand Creek; Blue Seal: James Borr
and Edward Wander vorste, stras-
burg; Bessie and Margaret Smith,
Sand Creek; Gilt Seal: James Borr,
Strasburg.
Gladys Monsoon closed her school
the 18th With . program and refresh-
ments. Thirty mine patrons and chill
dren attended. u ,i.l
. Teachers examination Nay nth
and 18th.
Twsnty- -thrse schools were inspect
ed BY tlss State Rural and Craaed
achool Inspector last week. sl {,
The schools closed this week are:
Glanaypn No. Z, Ruth Putnam; Wa-i
liaaasport No. 3, Mabel Sites; wiz
hamsport No. 1, Sylvia {, Donald; d.
| NJ MOI, Ruth Smith; South Praitis
No :. Etael Tsrner; Liberty No.
Gata xladson; Hampton No. !, Jss.
0esrinesss Ffasier Ne. I, z. Kls-
80. : r