davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

ference included on the one hand
Great Britain, France, Italy, Spain
and certain other of the members
OF the League Of Nations, and on
the other hand, the Imperial Otto
man Government (the Government
of the Sultan) represented by GER
tain officials appointed for that
service and designated by the
treaty itself as "Plcnipotentiaries."
The result of that conference of
the victorious allies on the one
hand, and the form of treaty which
they handed to the Turkish repre-
sentatives on the other, was the
famous Treaty of Sevres," laid
before the representatives of the
Turkish Government on August 10,
1920, and signed under protest by
them. Its chief feature as relates
to the subjects above discussed was
as follows:
Article 81; The. navigation Of the Straits.
including the Dardanelles, the Sea of Mar
mora and Bosporus, shall In future be open,
both in peace and war, TO every vessel OF
commerce Of war and 10 military and
commercial aircraft without distinction OF
flag. hese waters shall not be subject TO
blockade. shall any belligerent right be
exercised nor any act OF hostility be COM
mitted within them. unless lin pursuance of
a decision Of the Council Of the League of
Nations.
Article So: The Turkish Government.
recognizes that it is necessary to take fur.
Their measures to ensure the freedom of
navigation provided for in Article 81. and
accordingly delegates, SO far as it is con.
cerned. to Commission to be called the
Commission of the Straits" the control OF
the waters specified in Article 49,
Article 90: The authority Of the Com.
mission will extend to all the waters be.
tween the Mediterranean mouth Of the Oar.
danclics and the Black Sea mouth OF the
Bosporus. and TO the waters within three
miles of each Of these mouths.
Article, 40: The Commission shall be com.
posed of representatives appointed respee.
lively by the United States of America Off
and when that Government is willing tc par.
ticpatel. the British Empire, France. Italy.
Japan, Russia Off and when Russia becomes
a member. Of the League Of Nations), Greece
Roumania, and Bulgaria and Turkey (if and
when tSe two latter States become mem.
bers of the League of Nations).
The treaty further outlined the
area on either side Of the great
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07
BY o. p. AUSTIN
Statistician, The National City
Bank of New York

The problem of the Dardanelles
and Bosporus has been an issue
among the nations Of the world
since before the discovery OF
America. In 1883. thirty-nine years
before Columbus made his first
voyage across the Atlantic, the
Turks, who had long held the east
ern shores OF the Dardanelles and
Bosporus. obtained control OF their
western frontage by the capture OF
Constantinople and adjacent areas
and thus asserted the right to con-
troll the navigation of that water
way in view OF the fact that its en-
tire length from the Black Sea to
the Mediterranean fell within
Turkish territory. When a few
years later they extended their ter
ritorial control in Europe 10 in
clude the entire area fronting upon
the Black Sea, the Turks calmly
informed all commercial and diplo-
matte inquirers that the Black Sea
was "chaste and pure virgin in
accessible to commercial, military
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

ural products of the Black Sea
area. AS a result Of this growing
demand for access to the products
OF this great fertile area, the Turk
ish> Government during the last
century granted through special
treaties with the various countries
the privilege of maintaining COM
mercial fleets, consuls and other
parapllernalia of trade, finance and
banking in the Black Sea and
Straits, and these privileges were
later extended to commercial coun-
tries having no frontage on that
sea but interested in the trade of
that area. Approximately one-halt
of the quantity of merchandise ex-
ported from Russia in 1915 passed
through the Black Sea and this
was especially true OF foodstutfs
and mineral oils, and the very pow
er possessed by Turkey to con-
troll this trade, especially in case
Of European or world wars, OF
fered enormous possibilities IN the
formation of secret or open diplo-
matte relations with the country
possessing such power, and added
to the uneasiness of other Euro
pean powers as to the effect OF
these secret treaties upon inter
national relations. The possible
importance of the control of large
quantities of foodstuffs and raw
materials in case of war by the ac-
ton or attitude Of single power
intensified the desire Of not only
European but certain non-Euro-
pean countries for termination Of
the conditions under which access
to this important area was retained
in the hands of one-and especially
a non-commercial, power. for al
though more than one-half OF the
Black Sea merchandise was car
ried under foreign flags it was still
within the power of single coun-
try, Turkey, to terminate the privi-
leges under which such service by
the shipping of the various nations
was being performed. The area to
which access might at any moment
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07
Against Single Nation Control

Against Single Nation Control
So it has happened that during
the 4oo years since Turkey asserted
her claim of the right to control
the navigation of the Straits Of the
Bosporus and Dardanelles. OF
which both frontagcs still lie en-
tirely within her territory, there
has been a growing desire that the
products and commerce of the
Black Sea area of 100000 square
miles. now including the homes of
l00,000,000 people and an annual
commerce OF over Sl.000.000,000,
should not be controlled by any
one nation. The passageways be-
tween the other great inland seas
of the world and the oceans over
which commerce may pass freely
have one by one been held as in
violable by the control Of any one
ration. The right Of vessels Of
commerce or military service to
enter the Baltic has not been ques-
toned for many years; the en-
trance to the Mediterranean is
open to the commerce and military
vessels OF all nations: the Suez
Canal through which the Mediter-
ranean is connected with the In
dian Ocean is, by the Suez Canal
Convention OF 1888. TO be open in
time Of war as in time of peace to
merchantmen or war vessels of all
nations" and this same rule ap-
plies with slight modification to
the Panama Canal. The Straits Of
Magellan. which connect the wa
tiers of the Atlantic and Pacific, at
the southern end OF South America
although passing through the ter
ritory of Argentina and Chile were
by the treaty of Buenos Aires in
1881 "neutralized forever and free
navigation granted to the flags of
all nations" while freedom of pas
sage in the Strait of Malacca, con-
Meeting the China Sea with the In
dian Ocean. does not seem to have
been called in question. Even GER
tain great navigable rivers which
serve as carriers of, commerce for
several nations whose territory
they touch have been subjected to
international control as to free
dom of navigation through the
services of commissions appointed
BY the respective states through
which they flow or which they
touch. Among the rivers.on which
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07
Protests Against Turkish
Control

The continuous control by Tur-
key of this passage between the
editerranean and the Black Sea
has not been aoceded to without
protests OF European and other
countries. Russia, for example,
after obtaining a large frontage on
the northern shore of the Black
Sea became especially anxious that
the sea and the straits which con-
nected it with the Mediterranean
should be thrown open to her COM
mercial as we'll as military vessels
or at least that she have special
privileges for the movement OF
her great supplies of foodstuffs,
mineral oils, and forest products to
the waters of the NJ editerranean by
which they could be moved to the
markets OF southeastern Europe.
Her wheat, meats, mineral oil, lurn-
Der, fax and other natural products
were wanted by all of Europe and
she wanted European manufac-
lures in exchange. But as her ter
ritorial and commercial extension
was creating commercial and polit-
ical jealousies among certain OF
the European countries it was easy
for them to form secret treaties
with Turkey which would enoour-
age her in insisting upon her claim
to the control OF the Black Sea
and its exit. especially as the Turks
were adopts in the art of diplo-
macy in maintaining their claim.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

Angora Government. which row
claims 10 represent all Of 'Hr.tv.
upon this subject is one OF ,'c mn.
portlnt factors OF the amp, aching
conference 20 be held al I.u.tn,.
Switzerland ana wh'c'pi d, t. D, n.
tended bv the rurllslr Nationalist
Foreign Minister lsmct I.,fa. and
a staff Of experts. Report ir n
Constan,inoplc indicate q Oh,
Sultan. Who docs not accent TIE
Angora decree for his ahd'g.u1r.
has decided not 10 scad dcsgs,s,
TO the Lausanne conference Re-.
cent dispatches also indicated that
the Russian Soviet Goycrrmcn' tas
been invited by the Mo tp send
delegates 10 Lausanne 10 plrtc,.
pate in the discussion rsl'.c 20
the freedom OF NAVIGATION 90 ne
Straits. Nothing IS Aa'cd gs Co.,
whether the recently ur. rci
governments on the un1,hcrH roo..
age of the Black Sra including
Ukraine, Taurida. kuha0. g. sl
and tho Don Republic have ban
invited 10 attend. but II ihc ~'.,e.-
mans Year Book of IT, 1r.. hes
them as having close relation vtl
the Government Of Russia - .. pro.
sumcd that tho Russian dr'r..'y
at Lausanne will pre- sent '.cr
views on the question ~ freedom
OF commerce both 20 the r'7,k
Sea and in the SIraits which con.
meet il with tho Mcd'terraue1u and
the great oceans Of tho world.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07
Treaty Of Scvres

This international desire to ter
inmate an unusual and abnormal
control of world commerce by
non-commercial power. while it
could not be successfully asserted
by single country. found oppor-
tunity. for joint expression upon
that subject by several great COM
mercial nations of the world when
the League of Nations at the close
of the World War met at the city
Of Sevres. France, to frame
peace treaty with Turkey. The
principal participants in that con-
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07
Trade Privilege Treaties

It should not be assumed. how
ever, from all this that all Of the
commerce Of the Black Sea Or of
that passing through the Straits
was actually carried by the Turks.
non-commercial people. The
necessary trade and trade require
ments of the countries fronting
upon that body Of water had grown
SO large that it demanded facilities
of transportation and finance which
the Turks could not themselves
supply. This demand came espe-
cially from the several countries
having large frontagcs on the
Black Sea, notably Russia, Bull
garia. Roumana. and the sections
Of Turkey still occupying the
southern frontage of that area. and
later came also from the great COM
mercial countries Of western
Europe which required the nat
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

fronting upon this vast body Of
water, the Black Sea, which OF it
self is double the size of all OF the
Great Lakes of the United States
in combination, began to pass
from Turkish hands to that OF
othe.' nations, the protests against
the control commercially, as we'll
as otherwise, of that area itself, and
of the only waterway by which it
could be connected with the oceans,
grew more numerous and espe-
cially so as the comparatively level
land area through which the Straits
passed offered the easiest route OF
access between the European coun-
tries and the Asiatic Continent.
of which Europe is mere PENN
c,-'a
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

include that comparatively narrow
strait known as the "Dardanelles,
- miles in length and from | to
miles in width, extending in
northeasterly direction from that
arm of the Mediterranean known
as the Aegean Sea to the "Sea OF
Marmora' about 100 miles in
length, which in turn is connected
with the Black Sea by the narrow
waterway known as the "Bos-
porus," Is miles in length and from
one-half mile to IL miles in
width. The entire navigable
length of this complete waterway
between the Mediterranean and the
Black Sea, geographically known
as the Straits of the Dardanelles
and Bosporus" is thus about go
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

March l6, 1920, date precedinr
that Of the Treaty of Sevres. Oth.1
dispatches from AngorS state th9t
the Government has proclaimed n.
death penalty against the Turkis5
officials who signed tie. Treaty Of
Sevres.
While Mustapha Kemal tbc
President of the Angora. Assembly
has been unofficially reported On
several occasions as expressing =
Willingness to assent TO the tern
nation of Turkish control OF II.
commerce of the Straits. the On.
tire question of the attitude OF Ii.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

"every vessel of commerce. or OF
war without distinction of flag
and the area thus outlined has been
officially shown on maps of that
area under the title OF Zone OF
the Straits" Under this treaty the
Encyclopedia Britannica in its 1922
edition says:
"rhe Straits (Dardanelles and Bosporus)
were thrown open to all navigation In peace
or war without distinction of flag; blockade
Of these waters was prohibited. Liner.
national Commission of the Straits was es.
tablished to control the waterway, and de
rilitarizcd Zone Of the Straits created 10
embrace adjoining coastal territory"
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

western frontage through the cap
ture OF Constantinople and ada
cent territory they assumed the
right to reserve for their own ships
OF commerce or of the military
service the exclusive privilege OF
navigation upon its waters over the
entire length from the Mediter-
ranean to the Black Sea, or to at
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

Tuesday evening. the following Off
GERS were installed: Consul AIber,
Moore; advisor. Ed. Jewell; Banker.
Horace Blakney; clerk, Z. L. Reod.
watchman. Raymond wyman: sentrv
James McDonald: trustee for yoa,s
Abbott w. Nelson
me Opera House will be opcn :,
-:oo Friday afternoon in readiness
Tor the annual Christmas Fair OF ,he
LADIES Social Union. The usual A.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

entertained at the home Of Mrs.
Hugh Smith. A social evening was
passed and delicious refreshments
We're served.
The Hour Club will meet today
with DR. Ethel ii. Walters.
Ralph Jewell has returned from a
business trip to Pressure Isle.
Miss Nancy Clark of Oak Cove
has entered Lawrence High school
Rodney Wyman who has been stay
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07
FAIRFIELD

Mrs. John Harris is seriously i'll at
Ter home. A trained nurse is in at
tendance.
The Choneg Club met yesterday
afternoon at tho home of Mrs. Blanch
Wing. Mrs. Grace Archer gave the
afternoons paper on the" Americana
cation of a Dutch Boy" Refresh
rents were served by. the hostess
Mrs. Charles Piper underwent an
operation at the Augusta General
Hospital yesterday
The Embroidery Club went to Wat
csville last evening where they were
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07
where they are to pass the winter.

where they are to pass the winter.
An entertaining meeting of the
Methodist Guild was held Tuesday
afternoon at the home of Mrs. f. L.
.Eozier. The afternoon was passed
in planning and working for the MAS
sale and supper to be held at the
Opera House. Thursday. December
18th.
T The committees appointed were:
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

Supper, Mrs. F. l.. Tozier, Mrs. D. l..
Gray. Mrs. Eben Richardson, Mrs.
Carrie Parlin. Mrs. Everett Hunter
and Mrs. Rose McAuley; candy, Mrs.
Rowland and Miss Doris Tozier;
mystery booth, Miss Arlene Harris
and Miss Doris Ackley; utility booth.
Mrs. Alic0 Brown and Mrs Mable
Moreau. These ladies will also sell
Christmas wreaths: fancy work, Mrs.
William Staples, Mrs. William An
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

ing at the home of his aunt. Mrs. w.
r. Totman for few days has gone
to China to visit relatives.
Mr.. and Mrs. w. G. circuit and
Arthur fash of Boston is tie guest
of his uncle, DR.. ]. p. fash
Miss Helen Rose is confined to her
home by illness.
daughter Mrs Doris circuit left on the
morning train for Winter Park, >Fias'
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

miles. and its width ranges from
one-half mile to "a miles in the
Bosporus and from | to miles
in the Dardanelles, while the width
in the Sea of Marmora is about
As miles. The eastern frontage Of
this entire waterway had long been
held by the Turks and when in
1883 they obtained control OF its
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

war more than a billion dollars a
year, and OF course accompanied
by the necessary transportation, in
dustrial and banking equipments,
largely controlled by financial in
terests outside the area in >qucs-
ton.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07
TROUBLED WITH WEAK KIDNEYS

Have been troubled with weak kid
r'ys since childhood" writes Mrs. G.
hyde benxonia. Michigan. Now past
forty and have had terrible backache
aud that tired out feeling. hardly able
To- d. my work. BY using Foley Kidney
Ills accompanied with Foley Cathar-
tic Tablets | soon felt like new per-
son. Rackache. rheumatic pains. dir
zincss ard blurred vision are symp-
toms OF kidney trouble. Foley Kidney
q Pilis give quick relief. Scld every
whcrc.-Adv.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

tons without serious protest, even
though it included control OF
waterway connecting the two
greatest seas OF the world, the
Mediterranean and the Black,
and placed under the absolute con-
troll Of commercial nation the
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

Mrs. Jennie Harson- OF Clinton il
relatives in town.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07
THE STORY OF THE DARDAME[ZlES

waterway in question over which
this commission should have con-
troll in order to insure perfect free
dom OF commerce and including
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

be suspended aggregated, as above
indicated, 100000 square miles,
its population l00.000,000 and its
normal trade prior to the recent
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07
Treaty Not Officially Ratified

This provision OF the Sevrcs
Treaty declaring specifically that
navigation of the Straits shall in
future be open both in peace and
war to every vessel of commerce or
Of war was looked upon as likely
to terminate the 467 years of Turk
ish control OF that great water
way, and the provisions Of the
treaty for the freedom OF com
merce OF the Straits have since
been put into operation by the
Commission appointed for that
purpose. Recent developments.
however, have made it apparent
that the question as TO the ac-
ceptance by the Turks of the
Sevres Treaty is still an open one.
The Government OF the Sultan at
Constantinople failed to ratify the
acts of its Plenipotentiaries whose
signatures we're attached TO the
Treaty of Scvres, and the States
mans Yearbook, an accepted au:
thority. states in its 1922 edition
that The Treaty OF Sevres al
though signed August 10, 1920, is
not yet ratified by any OF the
parties
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

derson and Mrs ]. c. Bearce; apron
table, Mrs. BENZ. Rackliff, Mrs. Eben
Richardson and Mrs r. o. Files.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

navigation is so controlled are the
Danube, the Rhine, and the
220 Miles of Waterway
The Straits OF the Dardanelles
and Bosporus,' as is we'll known,
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07
Election Of M. W. Of A. Officers

At the regular meeting of the
Modern Woodmen of America hold
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

Mr. and Mrs.. Ernest Alley haFe
moved th,lr goods 10 this city and
o1pcct to be ~ tnoir new home soon.
v hich Mr.. Ale" is now building.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07
NATIONAL HOME

Late Car Tonight
There will be late car tonight
rom Augusta. leaving City Hall F"
'he close of the Augusta Entertain
ment Course Concert.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

ucics VIII he on sale nrl . sul PCT
WIZ DO served at 6 o'clory.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

Mr. and Ms c. H. Emery of this
city ware Weekend guests of Mrs.
I.mery's mother. vino resides in Fair
I'D.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07
Turkish Nationalist Govern
ment

The great uncertainty, how
ever, which now prevails as to the
pernanence or otherwise OF the
freedom OF commerce in the Straits
as provided by the Treaty OF
Sevres is found in the prospective
attitude Of the political organiza-
ton established in 1920 at An
CORA, in Asia Minor, about IS miles
east of Constantinople, under the
title Of the Turkish Nationalist
Government" representing a po-
litical faction of Turkey formerly
known as the Young Turks"
party. Of this organization a
writer in Current History Of April.
1922, says, The power OF the state
is vested in the hands Of the Ma
tional Assembly, the members OF
which are direct representatives OF
the people" 1t operates under the
leadership Of Mustapha Kcmai
Pasha, President of the Assembly.
whose successes in the field against
the Greeks were followed bv a re-
fusal on the part of the Angora
Government to in any way recor-
nize the demands of the Treaty OF
Sevres. as the conference at Sevres
was not participated in by Of
hcial representatives Of the KEN
alist or Young Turk" Govern
ment. Dispatches from Anpora.
dated November 4th, state that the
Assembly has adopted resolutions
purporting to abolish the Sulta-
nate and proclaiming a Republic OF
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07
WATERvILLE
COMING EVENTS

Dec. 7-s-Univcrsalist fair at Elks
hall
Friday, Dec s-Shakespearian play
Twelfth Night" by the senior girls of
Colby College at the City Opera house.
Tuesday. Dec. i2-Arts and Crafts
sale at the Congregational vestry. ~
wedne sday. Dec. l3-Colby Christ
mas recess starts.
Dec. i3-14-Pythian Sisters fair at
n of T. hall.
Friday. Dec. l5--Methodist fair at
the Elks hall.
Thursday. Dec. .2l-Cnitcd order of
Golden Cross fair
Thursday. Dec. ai-Chirstmass ba-
xaar at A. o. L. w. hall
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

Remarkable Vista Or the ninsrtt
Of Stamboul Showing the Bosporus am
the Domos OF Pera Beyond
Thus, the entire question Of he
permanence OF the freedom 81 com.
merce in the Straits (Which still lie
IN entirety within Turkish terri.
tory) is 70 be further considered by
the Lausanne Conference. though
meantime the allied hrces continue
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1922-12-07

tire frontage by the Turkish Gov
eminent.