davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
America. [volume] (Cleveland, Ohio) 1905-current, 1922-08-24

COIIVI iiitd AiAuA tsAAu NAi sASAAS; w
spre. "Curente morale in vechiul
Regat." Sala pima pana la ulti-,
mul loc facut . calduroasa pri-
mire marelui nostru ON de stiinta,
intampina..dn-l Gu aplauze pre-
lungite 81 entuziaste. D-sa incepe
prin a spune Cd este bine ca tine
aceasta conferinta pc un timp de
calduri exagerate numai pentru a
impartaSi tuturor din cunos +intele
pc carl d-sa lie are 81 pc carr, lea
PRINT 81 de aici. pentru IA scoate
in lumina munca Isolida care ridica
la suprafata eleanentele sanatoase
peAtru tara. 8
Eu am VENT aici spune oil.
lorga - pentru impartasi tutu-
ror anumite vederi ale unci socie-
tati in mijlocul Garcia traiesc. Gu
nostintele accstea, capatate cu null
ia truda, le arat 81 altora earl nu
lie cunosc. Eu m am imprietenit
cu tara aceasta de mutt, de cand
pelerinii umblau de aici dincolo 81,
considerandu-ma dupa familie ju-
matate ardelean Sc site Cd dina
Iorga este mascuta in Brasov) am
dreptul sd vorbesc.
Vechiul Regat desprc care vor-
bcsc mia fost drag 81 Lam stimat,
dcsi Sc pune intrebarea daca nu
este bizantin, tigan, balcanic = ex-
prcsii intrebuintate adeseori in
ziarc Gu atata usllrinta: Eu nu
ma spcrii cand ak1 vbrbindu-sc dc
Bizant, care avca moravurile sale,
81 vechiul Regat nu trebue judecat
dupa uncle caractere locale. Bi-
zantinul avea felul lui de a Fl 81
era bine crescut char in micile sale
manifestari. Bizantul trait 0
mie de ami.
Eu nu mi-am picrdut vrcmea
prin cafenele de noapte, prin loca-
luri de jucat carti 81 nu am facut
afaceri cn samsarii din vechiul re-
gat, pentru prinde ura fata de
Ell, confuhdandu-i Gu toata popula-
tia. Daca Emincscu a atacat BIZ
Zantinismul, este ca ell Ia prins in
formulc pc carl lea pus in servi-
ciul politicei conservat0are, gresind
atunci cand Isl canta adversarii
cum d facut Gu Rosetti, care fost
un ON foarte cinstit 81 murit sa-
rae, ca 81 copii lui carl desi au mum
cit toata viata au murit saraci, ne
folosindu-se de politica pentru sc
imbogati.
Fara sd pretind a ma localiza,
sEnt prin naSterea mea un rega-
team. De sigur ca filologul care a
lansat acest cuvant dormit Q
noapte rea inainte de al rosti. Eu
da, sunt un regatean 81 regatean
poate ii un ardelean.
Stunt 81 de parte 81 de alta a
Carpatilor oameni buni 81 orice TO.
man, de oriunde, trebue sd fie jC.
decat numai dupa faptele lui. FL
ind regatean, Ell cunosc foarte bi.
lie 81 pc aceia carl nu Sc cunost
pc sine, cercetand de 30 de ami a
cestc lOcuri, sat de sat.
Cunoscand acestc lOcuri mai bi
ne decat un functionar, cunosc ma
bine yechlul Regat - Kegatul este
peste tot acum 81 dupa cum poatt
Fl ceva vechiu in aspectul unei nou
tati, tot astfel poate sd fie ceva no,
| in ceeace este vechiu.
Am facut politica della varsta d
81 ami, 81 nu am avut pana atunc
nici ideie despre tot ce de atun
cea illcoace nevoia tarii ma deter
lDinat sd fac.
Mai intai, Ia 1906, cand am IA
cut mai mutt cultura, cautand S;
reintrnoez dreptul limbei roma
npsti, nesocotita in uncle ccrcur
sociale. Apoi, in 1907, cand a
fost rascoalele taranesti, Pc cal
multi le vedeau esind din bibliotec
unui professor. Revolutiile nu po'
America. [volume] (Cleveland, Ohio) 1905-current, 1922-08-24

U. S. R. A. $79S.75
Soc. 'Invierea" ..... 56.25
Soc. 'Vulturul'' =. -. $3.50
Soc. "Albina" .......... 56.25
Soc. Carol I" ....... $3.50
Soc. "Carpatina" ....... $3.50
Soc. ''Dacia Romano" -. 1900
Soc. 'Fratii Romani" 7.50
Soc. "Steaua Romano" 60.O0
Soc. ''Mihaiu Viteazul" ;. 1925
Soc. ''Transilvania" 80. $3.50
Soc. Carmen Sylvia" :. 1900
Soc ''Romania Liberia" 3.75
Soc. "Dr. V. Lucaciu' -. 7.50
Soc. 'Drarelul Roman" :. 3.75
Soc. "Avram Iancu" -. 11.25
!. N. Serb, New Castle, Pa. 7.50
D. Barza, Cleveland, o. !. 1926
loan Floasiu, Akron, o.. 3.75
loan Muntean, Gary, Ind. 7.50
Nick Ghise, Tonavanda N. Y. 3.75
/. A. suciu, New Castle, Pa. 3.75
v. Buteala, Arbor, Mich. 3.75
Pantil. China, Akron, O.. 11.25
Ilie Iancu, E. Pittsburgh, Pa. 3.75
Vasile Muntean, w. Homes
tead, Pa. ..... 3.75
N. N. Boireu, Cleveland, o. '3.75
Ell. I. Mihon, Springwells,
Michigan -. ......... 3.75
lean Salomie, Detroit, Mich. 3.75
Dan Dana, Salem, Ohio. 3.75
loan Schitea, in Romania 3.75
Nick Nestor, in Romania 3.75
Dionise Siandru, Martins,
| Ferry, Ohio ....... 7.50
Clemcnte Carrie, Cleveland,
Ohio 3.75
| loan Q. Popaiov, Ewing, Mo 3.75
Acei care nu mi-au TRIMS inca
adresa corecta, precum 81 numa-
rul de pc actiunea &C 0 poseda, sd
nu astepte dividendele pan& nu
imi trimit aceste date.
j Cleveland, o. "a Aug. 1921.
j N. N. BoERIU,
Secretar, al Comp.
The L'Anse sentinel. (L'Anse, L.S., Mich.) 18??-current, 1922-03-03
COUNTY AGENT ENDORSES
CHEESE FACTORY PROJECT

The Sentinel scribe in his peram-
bulations after news, happened into
the Office Of the county agricultural
agent and got the following earful on
the cheese factory project and thought
the farmers of the county would be
glad to- have his views on it,. Mr..
Benjamin said:
~You can quote me as being heart
lily in favor of this cheese factory
project. It is one of the best moves
ever started to help. the farmers of
this county to get somewhere with
their farms. / know what the cheese
factories of Wisconsin did. They took
the lead away from New York state as
the banner cheese producing state of
the Union and they made the farm
.ers rich inside Of decade. Glover
land with its wonderful pastures and
tremendous hay-produclng possibili-
ties is an ideal country for dairying
and the sooner farmers really get
into the game, the quicker will be
their advancement. A cheese factory
in L'Anse will do more to boost its
growth than any other activity we
might bring here"
The L'Anse sentinel. (L'Anse, L.S., Mich.) 18??-current, 1922-03-03
SUPERVISORS MET

The supervisors met Wednesday in
their monthly session and besides al
lowing bills, received a communica-
ton from the state highway depart
ment relative to road work and the
duties Of the county road commission
ers, who should act purely as an ad-
body. H. o. Davis of
Escanaba, district engineer, will be
present at the next meeting.
There are nine applications for the
as county road commits
sioner to fill the vacancy caused by the
death Of Commissioner Newman.
The L'Anse sentinel. (L'Anse, L.S., Mich.) 18??-current, 1922-03-03

will be greatly mourned by the com.
munity in which he resided;
Therefore, be it resolved, that a
copy Of these resolutions be spread
on the records of Pequaming Lodge
No. lob, /. 0. o. F.; a copy sent to
the bereaved members of his family
and a copy printed in the L'Anse Sen
tinel.
Jay Marsh,
c.. ]. Brink,
w. j. Colenso,
Committee.
The L'Anse sentinel. (L'Anse, L.S., Mich.) 18??-current, 1922-03-03
L'Anse During the War

No town was more patriotic than
L'Anse. There we're one hundred
twenty-five boys from L'Anse, both
in training and on the battle field.
Many Of these men enlisted, while 9TH
ers were drafted.
The people responded to the Liberty
Bonds and the amount set for this
town was always oversubscribed.
There was also Red Cross organ
ization here and almost every person
in town was q member, while all the
women and many children sewed and
knitted for the boys.
The Historical Society
The American fac first landed mt
the Methodist Mission in August, 1921.
The one hundredth anniversary of this
landing was celebrated here August
II and IL, 1921. by a meeting Of the
Michigan Historical society. At this
meeting L'Anse joined separate So
ciety instead of belonging to the
Houghton society. During these days
several drives were taken to the his
torical points in Baraga county and
posters and pace cards We're put up
at all places of interest. One of these
places was the Stone Quar-; another
the Rock Beach at peqtan.irr. where
whitefish dinner was served. A
drive was also taken to the Catholic
Mission. where Father Mesnard,
noted French missionary, spent
great deal of his time Here a picnic
supper was served.
LAnsc Of Today
Today L'Anse Is a progressive lit
tie town Of aout one thousand five
hundred inhabitants. The chief in
dustry is large lumber mill operated
by the Stearns & Culver Lumber
Company. There are several dry
goods and grocery stores, printing
Office, bank. a town hall, a movie
house, postoffice, several hotels and a
power house which is run by the pow
er from Falls River. This powef house
furnishes light to the village. There
is also gymnasium under ccnstruc-
ton.
The L'Anse sentinel. (L'Anse, L.S., Mich.) 18??-current, 1922-03-03
BARAGX NEWS NOTES

John Rasmussen returned Tuesday
from brief visit in Phillips, Wis, his
old home town.
Olof Olson of the Pelkie district
was in L'Anse Wednesday in attend
ance at the board Of supervisors ses-
sion.
Rev. Stubs was in L'Anse Wednes-
dav and held Lenten services at the
Methodist church.
Village Treasurer Royal Clisch and
Feter Mathes were business callers
in L'Anse Monday.
Mr.. and Mrs. John Beck visited in
Hancock Tuesday.
The L'Anse sentinel. (L'Anse, L.S., Mich.) 18??-current, 1922-03-03
COINCIDENCE RESOLUTIONS

Whereas it has pleased Almighty
God to remove from our midst our
worthy beloved brother, John Lof-
quist, who passed away on February
second, 1922;
And whereas, though the loss OF his
membership in our lodge shall be felt
keenly, he has answered to the roll
call of the Grand Master, where
Friendship. Love and Truth shall al
ways prevail;
And whereas. he was a man of
sterling character, kind and loving
father, and as friend and citizen he
The L'Anse sentinel. (L'Anse, L.S., Mich.) 18??-current, 1922-03-03

1t is Further Ordered, That public
notice thereof be given by pubIica-
ton of copy of this order, for three
successive weeks previous to said day
Of hearing, in the L'Anse Sentinel.
q newspaper printed and circulated in
said county.
JOSEPH J. o'CONNOR,
[Seall Judge of Probate.
A true copy.
Leona Gauthier,
Register Of Probate.
The L'Anse sentinel. (L'Anse, L.S., Mich.) 18??-current, 1922-03-03
ma C. Anderson, Deceased.

Harold M. Hansen, a creditor of
said estate, having filed in said court
his petition praying that the admin
istration of said estate be granted to
H. ]. Pennock OF to some other suit
It Ia Ordered, That the 9th day of
March, A. D. 1922. at ten o'clock in
the forenoon, at said probate Office, be
and is hereby appointed for hearing
said petition;
The L'Anse sentinel. (L'Anse, L.S., Mich.) 18??-current, 1922-03-03

WANTED--to hear from owner of
farm for sale. State price. Mrs. w.
Booth, Box d, Hipark, Des Moines,
Iowa. II
The L'Anse sentinel. (L'Anse, L.S., Mich.) 18??-current, 1922-03-03
March 6March "a, 1927
STATE OF MICHIGAN

The Probate Court for the County
of Baraga.
At session Of said Court, held at
the Probate Office in the Village of
LAnse in said County, on the 18th
day Of February, A. d. 1922.
Present: Hon. Joseph J. O'Connor,
Judge Of Probate.
In the Matter of the Estate of An
The L'Anse sentinel. (L'Anse, L.S., Mich.) 18??-current, 1922-03-03

roof is the labor Of laying it, II
YOU settles the matter for good and
ALI You are with it and m cost
going the result when insist on having
-.ldALF CENTURY" BRAND WHITE CEDAR SHINGLES
Laid
Their. ;s no wood that weather resisting
oualty wonderful shnge wood And faa
Shingles because they
made right thickness and are cured
Shingles thin hastily seasoned as APT 20
kiln are liable to
st In mailing they tendency crack curl and warp
Century" cured right and they last 80
one beautifully shade
All lumber dealers supply YOU ook for the Trademarks on
every bundle. It's your guarantee Of quaity.)
Al shnse Roof" fffs
WHITE CEDAR SINGLE MANUFACTURES
A. Building o z "
The L'Anse sentinel. (L'Anse, L.S., Mich.) 18??-current, 1922-03-03

FOR SALE-50O acres cut-over land
in Baraga county. For particulars adj
dress A. e. Williams, L'Ansc, Mich.-1
The L'Anse sentinel. (L'Anse, L.S., Mich.) 18??-current, 1922-03-03

FOR SALE-A team Of gray mares,
weight $500 pounds, in good first class
condition. Also harness and wagon.
Terms to suit.--Alphonse LaClair.
L'Anse, Mich. 3-4-4
The L'Anse sentinel. (L'Anse, L.S., Mich.) 18??-current, 1922-03-03

FOR SALE-Several fresh mich
cows.-Samuel Hill, Baraga, Mich.
3-4-4-p
The National leader., 1922-11-01

organized group as tne Leag-
uers and labor are, in that
state, and can be in any other
state, can put men of their. own
kind into public office, even
when by themselves they are
below a majority.
Returns on state Offices and
congressman are for the most
part scattering and results
may not be known for a week.
This is particularly true Of
North Dakota and Minnesota
where early returns would in
dicate a close race or defeat
for the farmers state ticket.
y Congressman Keller of St.
Paul, indorsed by labor, is an
easy winner for reelection.
Defeat of Congressman A. j.
Volstead in the seventh Mime
sofa district is another high
spot Of the election. Volstead
has held office for 20 years and
tried to bolster up reaction
ary record by claiming that
prohibition depended on his
election. In the ninth Mime
sofa district Knud Wefald has
probably defeated Congressman
Stee1ierson, a man of the. Vol
stead type. Minnesota's blind
PAGE SEVEN
The National leader., 1922-11-01

tor on the Democratic ticket,
may retire Senator Miles Poin-
dexter, G. o. P.
Early news from Michigan is
also good, indicating that New
berryism, as represented by
Senator Townsend, has lost to
W. N. Ferris, former governor
and Democrat.
In Indiana ex-senator Albert
J. Beveridge, whose nomination
showed the first indications of
the drift from G.. o. P. policies,
has been defeated by Samuel
M. Ralston, Democrat While
running against Senator New Of
the state, Beveridge was classed
as progressive. He had joined
the Bull Moose secession in 1912.
But after securing the nomi-
nation Beveridge allied himself
openly with the G. O. P. fac
tion. He advocated a sales tax
and made strenuous attacks on
organized labor. His defeat is
fortunate even if his opponent
is no better. b..
Clifford Pinchot, on the other
hand, who has stuck to the pro-
gressive position he started
with, has won the governorship
in Pennsylvania.
The National leader., 1922-11-01
NEW YORK STATE
TURNS TO DEMOCRATS

T. There is general turn to the Democratic
party in states outside of League territory Repub-
lican papers admit that the new lower house of
congress will not have more than 219 Republicans
to 213 Democrats. The small margin may be wiped
out entirely as more results come in.
New York state, regarded as a pivot state in
the Union, has turned to the Democratic party by
several hundred thousand majority. The reaction
ary Senator Calder, from that state is decsively
beaten. Senator Lodge Of Massachusetts, G. O. P.
senate leader, has only thousand votes to spare,
and these may be wiped out.
In Michigan it appears that Senator Townsend,
supporter Of Newberry, is beaten by Ferris the
Democrat.
In short it appears that the Harding policies
which rolled up a majority Of 100000 votes in
1920 have, within two years, produced minority
for their sponsors. The country has never wit
messed so sudden reversal.
The explanation probably is that the Harding
ticket won office largely by riding war issues and
The National leader., 1922-11-01

Townley, received trial and produced results be-
yond what progressives dared hope for. In the
early count Howell, indorsed for United States
senator on the Republican ticket, had 1910 to
51,655 for Senator Hitchcock, the Democrat On
the other hand Charles w. Bryan, Democrat, in
dorsed by the Leaguers for governor, had II ,947'
while Randall, the Republican, received 55,076 in
the same precincts. These facts show that well
The National leader., 1922-11-01
Candidates Endorsed by Nonparn Forces Win Many
WeHSuck Spirit Irmphs Get Set Back

waving the flag The people did not realize what
the economic policies which Harding sponsored
would mean in bread and butter and in business
prosperity.
Only by claiming as Republicans progressive
Republicans who repudiated Harding policies in
League states, will the G. @. P. be able to claim
a majority against the Democrats. The Nonparti-
san league, and not any virtue of the c. O. P,
has saved several western states from going Demo-
cratic as protest against G. o. P. policies.
AS result of the overturn of Harding policies:
The National leader., 1922-11-01

con G r e S S m a n,
Thomas D. Schall,
who did good work
for Shipstead, is an
easy winner. Con-
gresham Charles
R. Davis of Mime
sofa is also an easy
winner with League
farmer help.
Returns from
other states than
those noted above,
with the exception
Of South Dakota,
appear to indicate
victory for a pro-
gressive or for the
Democrat with C.
o. p. opposition.
In South Dakota
t h e Republican
ticket has evidently
The National leader., 1922-11-01

primaries through as an easy victor over the
reactionary Senator Hitchcock. Bryan, our candi-
date, has won the governorship.
5. Progressive Republicans led by La Toilette,
in Wisconsin have won everything of Importance.
Victor Berger Socialist candidate for congress in
Milwaukee, is also an easy winner. Mr.. Berger
was twice expelled from congress by the dominant
faction which feared his vote and which wanted
to demonstrate their alleged patriotism.
6. In Oklahoma farmer-labor candidates who
captured the Democratic primaries have carried
everything before them in the election. Only one
lone Republican congressman appears to have sur.
vived. - y ....
The National leader., 1922-11-01

l. Senator Newberry will
lose his seat either by resigna-
tion or by expulsion from the
senate.
2. The free hand to big
business will be withdrawn.
We will have no more such
situations as were permitted in
the coal and railroad industries
simply to crush labor organi-
cations as such.
- 8. New railroad legislation,
if not resumption of govern
ment control of the broken
down and looted transportation
service, is likely.
4. Some alteration of the
federal reserve boards credit
policy is likely; as: is also
legislation to provide farmers
with better credits as advo-
Gated by the Leaguers.
D. PRESIDENT Harding is not
;, likely to run again for
. office.
6. What the western
voters did may be suff-
cient to- force congress
into stabilizing the
wheat price and per-
haps the prices of sever
al other commodities
- that agriculture may be
saved from ruin.
''s IS In Nebraska the bal
ance Of power plan, as
suggested by A. C.
The National leader., 1922-11-01

WOn DuC CnlS is not straight u. .. +. victory be-
cause the South Dakota Republicans have been
playing for farmer support by taking several
planks from the League program. It may be also
that many farmers did not like the idea of woman
for governor.
Senator Pomerene, reactonary Democrat was
defeated by Republican in Ohio. On the other
hand Democrat defeated Republican for
governor.
MICHIGAN VOTERS TURN
AGAINST NEWBERRYISM
Good news comes from Arizona also in shape
OF. victory for progressive Democratic ticket led
by Senator Ashurst and Ex-Governor Hunt. Hunt
distinguished himself several years ago in defend
ing union miners against lawless activities of the
copper trust.
California offers another illustration that the
people sought as best they could the more progress
sive candidate Senator Hiram Johnson has lead
of 100000 over his Democratic opponent.
Colorado returns indicates that William E. Sweet,
indorsed by farmers and workers on the Democratic
ticket, has good chance for the governorship.
Denver gave the reactionary candidate 1000 lead,
but this can be made up in the country
In Kansas J. NJ. Davis, Democrat, is leading
w. Y. Morgan for the governorship by 5000 votes.
Morgan is a hand-picked G. o. p, put up because
Governor Allen did not dare risk running for re-
election.
In Washington there is good chance that Con-
gresham @. c. Dill, progressive, running for
The National leader., 1922-11-01

:
At the time this is being written the day following
election, these results apparent:
l. Henrik Shipstead, the Farmer-Labor candi-
date, has defeated Senator Kellogg in Minnesota.
How great victory this is can be grasped when
we recall that Minnesota is the headquarters of
The National leader., 1922-11-01

reaction in the West, and that
the League farmers and
workers have been trying for
six years to break through.
Kellogg hackers counted on
the farmers being discour-
aged, or they would have
nominated a better vote get
ter. Shipstead ran on a
Farmer-Labor party ticket
too.
2. The early vote indi-
Gates that B. X. Wheeler, in
dorsed by the farmers and
workers Of Montana on the
Democratic ticket, is a sure
winner. This result also is
remarkable because of the
hold which the copper trust
hoe hoI m +ho+ cfo+o
The National leader., 1922-11-01

OVEMBER 7, 1922, was great day for
the farmers and other plain people of
America. The tide of public opinion,
which had been turning from reaction
to progress for a year, was plainly
, 1922-04-22

TACOMA. Wash, April 22.-Bat-
Ting for his life so feet beneath the
surface of Puget Sound, Walter Nc
Cray. a diver known in marine cir
clea from Alaska to California. came
out victorious here yesterday over
a giant devil fish.
The monster wound its tentacles
so tightly about McCray that tho
diver was unable to reach the knife
he carries for protection When n
tentacle threatened to cut off the air
supply McCray. through the subma-
rine telephone. called for a short
steel wrecking bar. with this weap-
on the diver was able to pierce the
body of the devil fish and at last
with man and monster st1l strug-
Cling desperately. McCray was
drawn to the surface by the divers
assistant and other men called to
help.
While Richard Burnett, a dock
Waterman. stood by with drawn pis-
tol, unable to shoot because the div
er and devil fish yer sc complete
~ tangled. others attacked with
weapons there at hand and at
, 1922-04-22
K|WAN|ANS co
To wDOUGLASFOR
CHARTER MEET.

The following members OF the Cas-.
per Kiwanis club went to Douglas this
afternoon to attend tho presentation OF
the charter OF the Klwanis club re-
Gently organized there; H. Is. Dur
ham. Harry L. Black. DR.. w. II. Snod-
dy. d. W. ogilbee. c. B. Stafford. j.
S. Mechling, S. L. Griebel. C. A
Cullen, C. H. Bowman. S. w. conwen.
and C. E.. Hoffine.
The presentation VIII be made at a
dinner this evening at SIS by Dis
trict Governor George o. Wolf of Den
yer. After the dinner there will be a
lance for the local members there and
the visitors.
The Casper club sponsored the club
at Douglas and for that reason has
continued to take ar extreme interest
In it.
, 1922-04-22
100000 RAIL WORKERS TO
BALLOT ON BIG WALkOUT

pected a decision would be rendered
soon after the conclusion OF h pres
ent wage hearings.
"The carriers have arbitrarily re-
duced wage in defiance Of the board
said MI. Jewell. '-They have restored
effect last July. When tho date came
the farming out system which is a
mere subterfuge by which they dodge
labor board decisions.
"a year ago our membership was
overwhelmingly in favor Of war in
protest against the IL per cent reduc-
ton already then announced and given
whether to strike or not to strike. He
however, we favored peace because Of
assurances given by the labor board
that no further wage reduction would
be considered for some time.
but this time. I am sure h issue
will come to n show down. So far as
CONTINUED from Page TEN
, 1922-04-22

sure our men win rot sondly for it.
it viii be in protest of the action of
railways in ignoring decisions of the
United States railway labor board"
said B. NJ Jewell. president af the
railway employees department
Of water rights and irrigation pro
jects in the Wind river and Big Horn
watersheds and the result VIII be the
release of a large amount of federal
land bank money. the applications for
such loans having been held up by
the apparent conflict yer water rights
between the federal and state govern
ments-
The hearing which was attended by
moro than 100 representatives Of the
various Water Users associations and
Tho labor board has pending several
complaints against the contract or
farming out system- 1t has been ex-