The Yale expositor., 1922-01-19


farmers grievances, and see how far !
they are real In doing so, we should
remember that, while there have been,
and still are, instances Of purposeful
abuse, the subject should not be APP
preached with any general imputation
to existing distributive agencies Of de-
liberately intentional oppression, but
rather with the conception that the
marketing of farm products has not
been modernized.
An ancient evil, and a persistent
one, is the undergrading Of farm prod
ucts, with the result that what the
farmers sell as OF one quality is re-
sold as of a higher. That this sort Of
chicanery should persist on any i'm
portant scale in these days Of bust
ness integrity would seem almost In
credible, but there is much evidence
that it does so persist Even as l
write, the newspapers announce the
suspension of several firms from the
New York Produce Exchange for ex-
porting TO Germany as No. 2 wheat
whole shipload Of grossly inferior wheat
mixed with oats, chaff and the like.
Another evil is that Of inaccurate
weighing of farm products, which, it
is charged, is sometimes a matter Of
dishonest intention and sometimes of
protective policy on the part Of the
local buyer, who fears that he may
"weigh out" more than he "weighs in"
A greater grievance is that at pres
ent the field farmer has little or no
control over the time and conditions
of marketing his products, with the
result that he IS often underpaid for
his products and usually overcharged
for marketing service. The differ
ence between what the farmer re-
ceives and what the consumer pays
often exceeds all possibility OF justi
fcation. To cite a single illustration.
Last year, according to figures attest
ed by the railways and the growers,
Georgia Observation-Disclosures received
on the average 7.5 cents for a melon,
the railroads got 1871 cents for carry
ing it to Baltimore and the consumer
paid one dollar, leaving 1913 cents for
the service of marketing and its risks,
as against 20.2 cents for growing and
transporting. The hard annals of
farm-lfe are replete with such COM
mentaries ON the crudeness of pres
ent practices.
Nature pyescribes that the farmers
goods must be finished within two
or three months Of the year, while
financial and storage limitations gen.
orally compel him to sell them at the
same time. AS n rule, other industries
are in a continuous process of finish
ing goods for the markets; they dis
tribute as they produce, and they can
curtail production without too great
injury TO themselves or the commu-
nifty; but If the farmer restricts his
output, it is with disastrous conse-
quences, both to himself and to the
community.
The average farmer is busy with
production for the major part Of the
year, and has nothing to sell. The
bulk Of his output comes on the mar
ket at once. Because Of lack Of stor-
age facilities and of financial support,
| the farmer cannot carry his goods
through the year and dispose of them
as they are currently needed. In the
! great majority of cases, farmers have
to entrust storage-in warehouses and
elevators-and the financial carrying
Of their products to others.
Farm products are generally mar
keted at a time when there is a con-
gestion of both transportation and
finance-when cars and money are
scarce. The outcome, in many In
stances, Is that the farmers not only
sell under pressure, and therefore at
disadvantage, but are compelled to
take further reductions In net returns,
in order 70 meet the charges for the
service Of storing, transporting, flnanc-
ing, and ultimate marketing-whlch
charges they claim, are often exces-
sive, bear heavily on both consumer
and producer, and are under the con-
troll Of those performing the services.
1t is true that they are relieved of
the risks Of a changing market by
selling at once but they are quite will
ing to take the unfavorable chance,
lf the favorable one also is theirs and
they can retain for themselves a part
Of the service charges that are uni
form, In good years and bad, with
high prices and low.
While, In the main, the farmer must
sell, regardless Of market conditions,
at the time Of the maturity Of crops,
he cannot suspend production in toto.
lie must go on producing If he Is to 60
on living, and If the world is to exist
The most he can do Is to curtail pro.
duction little or altsr its form, and
that-because he is in the dark az ia
the probable demand for his goods