davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03

Close to new bridge. Fine bust
ness site. Will consider good auto
mobile as part payment. Address
Box 46, Fairmont. 1855 A
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03
Houses And Lots

FOR SALE-Lot on Florsda Ave:
A real bargin for quick sale
Also show case. Call 929-J after
D. m. or call at S54 Market st
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03
This Date in History
Life and Character Reading

Oh
People born on this date are
under the sign OF. Cancer. These
people are usually of mechanical
mind. The men usually succeed
in manufacturing business and ac-
tive trade Of all kinds. The wom-
en- are intellectual, are often very
logical writers and speakers, re-
markedly progressive in their
ideas, and frequently found among
the prime movers in great humane
enterprises.
These people are usually Of
medium stature, rather large IN
the upper portion Of the body,
with round face, soft skin, tawny
or very pale complexion, small
features, and light or gray1sh
eyes. They are apt to be weak in
constitutions. Their congenial COM
Partnership will be found with
those born in Pisces and Sorpio.
The offspring will be the strong
est when a Cancer and Pisces per-
son are united.
4 K Are you in need of a quiet rest
f.l vacation, and are you waiting
until the other folks have had
theirs SO that you may enjoy a
complete rest? Don't you know
where to go? Then-the Want
Ads will prove the very best OF
friends in this case. Use them
daily.
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03
5Unfurnished Rooms

TWO VERY DESIRABLE unfur-
nished rooms. Large porch. Pri-
vate entrance. Large finished laun-
dry. Five minutes from Main ST.
July list Phone gam.
81. s.. 4654A
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03
Male Help Wanted

WANTED-High Class trav-
cling salesman to call on re-
tail grocers-for old establish
ed food product company. OPP
portunity for advancement
and permanent connections
for right man. Must have
good sales record and be able
to drive Ford car. Address
Business Opportunity care
The West Virginian. 4643A
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03

REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE for
the nomination for county COM
missioner on the Republican tick
ct, H. LEROY STURM. My motto:
"a square deal all around" Your
endorsement solicited 481SA
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03
Dressnaking

DREssMAKING & PLAIN SEW
ING. Give us a trial. 2O6
Walnut Avenue. Phone 961-R.
46s6A
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03
Personal

HINDU ASTROLOGIST
The worlds noted medium, DR..
Himihia of East India, tells
your past, present and future
from the stars If worried, trou-
b1ed, discouraged, send date of
birth, rs cents; will send you
horoscope of Importance to YOU.
DR.. r. E. HIMIHIA, Box 1885,:
Savannah, Ga. 46S8A
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03

NATIONAL CASH REGISTERS
New and used; easy payments.
National Cash Register Co.:
Clarksburg, W. Va. 4607A
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03
Houses For Sale

SIX ROOMS and bath, East Park
avenue. Close in. Two car
garage. Phone ISL 4663A
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03

WANTED for work
around Fairmont. Apply Mr.. F.
r.. Herbolt Watson Hotel, Fair
mont, between $3.50 a. m. and
D. m. or between and 8 P. m.
A326A
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03
Boarders And Roomers

ROOMEKS and Boarders Wanted.
Prices reasonable. Phone .17ol-J.
" ~ 4524A
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03

NEW THREE ROOM HOUSE.
Just out Of corporation. One
acre. Electric lights. Good
spring Phone 1882. 4832A
RIVERSIDE COTTAGE. Colfa1:
Four rooms, gas and water. a,
bargain at $500. Phone ISL.
4S29A
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03
CITY OF FA III WEsTs

vlRGIN
Sealed proposals for the con
structionI Of sa RfYerEI Intake VIII he
received at the flee ofErhe&DiI
tor Of Water. sF.airmpnt, VA
til noon, on Jul g22s andAat
that time will be publicly openedS
and read SatsaSmeeting ofthesB Board
OF Directors OF said cit
The bid sand the KIM sand mount
of work to-; be done and dsheds
unde said prop saIs hal csg
5cording to plans and specifications
nfile at the office theNDtrectorS
OF Water.
Copie the p1ans and :apscItIs
cations may beA seen thesof1tceN
OF the Director pies may be-
which wiIIBbe srefund edSuponsreturn
Each bid must bessaccompaniedS
byTa certified check I'M the sum Of
81 ,O0O, drawn TO the order the
City of Fairmontsu ponManga
bic National Bank. The chgcksotN
biddersswilI abaSretu
ed upon demand IA bond $1,000
will be require acond itIonedu upon
the faithful performances thes
work.
Engine estimate OF cost about
$14, 100000
The City reserves thesTigh
reject any orr all bids.
LUKEsG ANNETTE
City lerk
June 90. July 9 and
isaS OT1CE
TO2WHOMS1TsNIAY CONCERN
80 Nntfca 4 % erehys given tI1fSS
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03

FOR SALE: 1919 model s passenger
Oldsmobi1e, 4 good tires. Car in
excellent condition. BARGAIN FOR
QUICK BUY. Phone 922-R. 4813A
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03

GOOD HOME on Watson Avenue.
very low price. Call 244.
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03

ROOMS, Benoni Avenue, beauti-
full location. Owner leaving
town, must sell. Call 144.
4S43A
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03
Furniture For Sale

HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE FOR
SALE. $50 Raymond Street.
Phones 14S3-M, 930-R 4S19-A
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03

YOU'VE Tried the rest now try
the best painter and paper
hanger in town. Az Monroe
street. 4s41A5
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03

a a
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03
Repairing

MEMS SHOES half so1ed and
heeled SITS. Ladies' shoes half
Ssoled and hee1ed $1.35 W. NJ. Wash
ington, 204 Raymond st. 4424As
SHOE REPAIR SHOP. Prompt
IS service. Popular prices. MIKE
.RONIIN o. JACKSON AND MON
ROE SITS. 469sA
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03

nCnsah5
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03

SIX ROOMS and bath, Front
street. $1,000 cash and easy
terms. Phone Isl. 4S30A
-FOUR ROOM BUNGALOW with
bath. Near Chicago street.
Modern. Terms. Phone Isl.
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03
Painting, Paperhanging

& RODEHEAVER
PAINTING & PAPERHANG-
ING. Prompt service and lowest
prices. Phone 1921. 4600A
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03

Mrs John Abcrum bia was visit
ing yesterday with MIR. and Mrs.
Fred Brambridge OF Fairmo ont.
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03
Each Insertion

Minimum Charge for Glass
containing 10 words would
&c per word would cost on
Tor special rates on coutrac
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03

WE CLEAN WINDOWS CHEAP.
2 F'AIRMONT WINDOW CLEAN
ING co. PHONE ANDREW 30
EJOK. S29-J. 4852A
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-07-03

16SRu01
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-07-06
The TAME WEST
Bad Men of Old Mostly Just
Tough Guys-RolIins.
Princeton Trustee Tells of West
as He Remembers 1t.

Princeton, N. j., July 6.-When the
movie fans get the truth about the
cowboy from this stately seat of learn
ing they may be surprised. The word
does not come from this seat of learn
ing exactly but rather from a product
of it, Philip Ashton Rollins, trustee
of Princeton, and some time cowboy
when the west was raw.
Football was not rough enough for
Rollins in the old days of the flying
wedge so he tucked his diploma under
one arm and a gun under the other,
took Horace Greeley's tip and went
out to see the country.
One of the first things Rollins dis
covered when he got out west was
that he had little or no use for the
gun and even less for the diploma.
Thesfact that Rollins had made a very
important touchdown against Yale at
one time did not cause any western
mayors to meet him with a band.
This cowboy historian says the real
cowboy was not much like the one
real killers and bad men of the west
in the days now gone were not cow
boys at all, but just tough guys"
The pistol had one use to which the
average cowboy would. from time to
time, enthusia stically devote it, and
that was the production of noise.
When put to use the weapon was fired
either directly upward into the air or
slantingly downward at the ground,
for the west had no blank cartridges.
On such occasions the pistols effects
would be supplemented by Indianlike
screeches and coyotelike howls.
AS to the bad man, he was more
often a boaster. this historian says.
Tazewell Woody, famous as Colonel
Rooseevelt's guide in the west, was
standing in a saloon with left elbow
on the bar. right hand hanging by his
side, and eyes luckily pointed at the
mirror behind the bar. He caught in
the mirror the reflection of a head
poked momentarily into the saloons
doorway. and belonging to a man who
had publicly stated his purpose of
killing Woody at sight.
This man, having apparently
thought the coast to be clear and
that the saloon contained a sufficient
audience, turned his horse, rode thru
the, doorway, and boldly said: Has
any gent here seen that Teller Woody :?
I'm huntin' for him." At that instant
the man realized, for the first time,
that Woody was in the room and he
realized also that tho he himself
was facing Woody's back, the mirror
negatived this advantage. He saw
that right hand hanging idly down.
The bad man backed out thru the
doorway and on his own Initiative
rode out of the state.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-07-06
FOLLOW SHAWNEE co. LEAD
Denver Women Plan Erection OF VIC
tory Highway Markers.


Denver women are following the
lead of the women of Shawnee county
in taking part in the making Of the
Victory highway. transconunentaI
motor highway dedicated as
memorial to the men and women who
served their country during the war;
true national memorial
Shawnee women are engaged IN the
collection of funds for the ereclon OF
county boundary markers at each DOR
der Of Shawnee county, on the NlctoIy
highway. 1t was regarded as flttinS
that Shawnee county, the seat or the
national headquarters OF the Victory
Highway association, should pc the
first county to erect these markers.
other women of other counties are
beginning to follow the same course.
The first contributions have BEEN re-
ceived at the headquarters office OF
the association, from the women OF
Denver, for the erection OF similar
markers at the eastern and western
boundaries of Denver county, In Col
orado.
The first contributions were re-
ceived after J. E. Zahn, director OF the
Victory Highway association for the
state of Colorado. had addressed a
federated meeting of the women OF
Denver.
Ben Blow, national manager Of the
association, has opened a separate ac-
count for the funds which are to be
devoted to the erection of county
boundary markers thruout the length
OF the Victory highway from New
York City to San Francisco. Cal.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-07-06
NEGROES IN POLITICAL FARLEY
Plans for Next Elections To Be Dis
cussed at LeaYenNorth Soon.

Lawrence, Kan, July "a meeting
of the executive league of the state of
Kansas has been called here on Satur-
day, July 8, by Turner Bell, a well
known Leavenworth colored citizen.
The convention is to discuss political
plans for the race.
The following persons recommend
ed the call of the convention: Nathan
lei Sawyer, Topeka; Elisha Scott, To-
peka; Prof. S. G. Watkins, Topeka; H.
I. Monroe, opeka; John w. Wright,
Topeka; F. c. Helm, Wichita: the
Rev. J. R. Ransom, Wichita; Judge I.
F. Bradley, Kansas City; DR.. r. D. G.
Harvey, Lawrence; Capt. Sherman
Harvey, Lawrence; Judge J. w. Clarke,
Lawrence; B. K. Bruce, Leavenworth;
J. w. Boone Kansas City; Charles w.
Porter, Atchison; Thomas J. Brown,
Atchison; Dave Henderson, Kansas
City; Eugene Fleming, Horton; C. C.
Officer, Paxico; w. A. Belts. Wich-
tia; DIR. F. o. Miller. Wichita; Thomas
Glover, Wichita; d. F. Upton, Par
sons: A. H. Hines. Salina; Ernest
Hawkins, Fort Scott; Ben Tillery,
Seneca; George Jones, Oskaloosa; A.
A. Wetherly, Lansing, and F. E. Helm,
Wichita
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-07-06
TRAIN KILLS HARVEST HAND.
Cabot, Ark. Boy Struck While Walk
i'm Near Yates Center.

Yates Center, Kan, July 6.-Wilbur
Stanley Clement, "a, of Cabot, Ark,
was killed by a southbound Missouri
Pacific passenger train early this
morning about four miles north of
this city. Clements and a companion,
Fines Waymack, also of Cabot, Ark,
were on their way to western Kansas
harvest fields and were beating their
way on a Missouri Pacific freight
They were put off at Durand. They
walked up the track about mile, sat
down beside or on the track and fell
asleep, according to Waymack and
when the southbound passenger No.
103 came down the grade at about
fifty miles an hour it struck the Glenn
ent boy, cutting him to pieces.
Waymack escaped but the wheels
of the engine cut the crown from his
hat. Clements body was brought to
Yates Center and prepared for ship
ment to his family in Arkansas.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-07-06
F. |. CRABBE FILES PROTEST
Antf-SaIoon League Officers Send
Telegram to President Harding.

Antf-SaIoon League Officers Send
Telegram to President EArding.
Anti-Saloon League officers in Kan
sas this week are sending to President
Harding kilograms of protest against
War Weeks in his propaganda for the
return of light wines and beer" This
announcement was Arnade today by
Fred L. Crabbe, state superintendent
of the league, and a deputy on the
staff of Attorney General Richard J.
Hopkins. The officers, Mr.. Crabbe
said, are also being instructed to fol-
low UP their kilograms with letters Of
protest.
Following is a copy of the telegram
sent the president by Mr.. Crabbe, him
self:
president Warren G. Harding,
Washington, D. c.
''Anti-Saloon League officers of
Kansas hereby enter vigorous pro-
test against beer and wine propa-
ganda as advocted by Secretary of
War Weeks. His attitude makes not
only prohibition more difficult to en-
force, but also makes law enforce
ment in general more difficult.
(Signed) FIRED L. CRABBE,
superintendent for Kansas"
Regarding Secretary Weeks So
called beer and wine advocacy, Mr..
Crabbe had this to say:
"a man, who as member of the Of
fetal family at Washington would
make an address. to college graduates
against the Eighteenth amendment
and in favor of light wines and beer,
as Secretary Weeks did recently in
Pennsylvania, is unworthy of the high
position he holds. He should resign
heves in the constitution of the United
StateS-eyerY part of it,.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-07-06
WORLD is GROWING BETTER
Student Mt Pittsburg, 81, Says Youth
Today Is just Youth.

Pittsburg, Kan, July 6.-The world
is not growing worse and the boys and
girls of today are as good as the boys
and girls of SO years ago, and the
"away-back-whenne are not en-
titled to a hearing in their complaints
about the wickedness of the present,
william Jefferson West believes.
Mr.. West is one of the college boys"
at the summer session of the State
Manual Training Normal here. He
has seen sixty-two summers before the
present one and insists that the pres
ent summer is better than any that
have gone before.
His home in at Pleasanton, Kan,
Instead of completing his college
career in his youth, he got married.
intending to go ahead with his COLI
lege work later. He did not get back
until three years ago. after the death
of his wife, altho he has been teaching
in country and small town schools
ever since he married After the
death of his wife. he decided to spend
his summers in pursuit of the degree
he waved aside at lCupid's insistent
demand more than 40 years ago.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-07-06
sToUFFER is A X. U. DEAN.
Mathematics Professor Succeeds Dean
BIackmar in Graduate School.

Lawrence, Kan.,< July 6.-Prof. E.
B. Stouffer, of the mathematics de-
partment of the University of Kan
sas, will be the new dean of the grad
uate school, succeeding Dean F..
Blackmar, who resigned recently. The
new dean will take up his new duties
Immediately.
the University of Illinois, where he
served for three years on the faculty
in the mathematics department He
also taught one year at Drake, preYi-
Gus to going to Illinois.
He received his B. S. and NJ. s. de-
gree from Drake university in 1907.
and his Phi d. from the University OF
Illinois in 1911.
Dean Blackmar, after serving as the
graduate dean for eighteen years, will
retire to give his entire attention to
teaching and writing.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-07-06
Is YEARS AGO IN Topeka
From the columns of
THE TOPEKA STATE JOURNAL
July Q. 1897.


The wall for harvest hands in the south
western part of the state continues. Land
Commissioner John E. Frost of the Santa
Fe received telegram from the land agent
at Larned this afternoon asking If any
thing could be done towards supplying
hands for that section of the state at once.
The telegram stated that there was at
least three weeks work for men in that Sec
tion at wages of from $50 to 50 90 per
day and board, and that harvest laborers
could work north after harvesting was
completed in the southwestern counties.
Mrs. Fred Freeman left today for a
visit to her mother in Cleburne, Texas,
and from there will go to New York
where she will join Mr. Freeman. Mr.. and
Mrs. Schuyler Nichols will meet MT. and
Mrs. Freeman in New York city and the
four will take trip thru the east.
Mr. and Mrs. J. NJ. Mcfarland and Mrs.
Mary Medlicott left yesterday for Chicago,
Maeinac Island and the Great Lakes to re-
main two months.
MI Edward Callahan left yesterday for
his home in Guadalajara, Mexico, accom-
panied by his cousin, Miss Myrtle Gala
ham, who will spend the remainder OF the
summer there.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-07-06
POSTAL SHAKEUP
Many Changes in Railway Divi-
sions for Kansas and Missouri.
Approximately 125 Clerks Made
Surplus Is Newest Plan.

Kansas City. KAN. July s.-Numer-
Gus changes are being made this week
in the executive personnel of the rail-
way mail service in Kansas0and west
ern Missouri.
George H. Fair of Topeka has been
promoted to serve as chief. clerk Of
District No. 3. recently created with
headquarters in the Union Station at
Kansas City. Mo. Fair Will have SUI
pervision of the distribution of all
mail handled thru that terminal and
of all transfers of mail between trains
at the station
III ne.. ~.
tween Kansas City and Dodge City,
Kan. on the Santa Fe, Tor more than
twenty-five years.
d. E. Barnes. chief clerk OF the
Wichita district since 1907. comes to
Kansas City, Kan, District No. Z, in
the same capacity.
Barnes was promoted to the Wich-
tia chief clerkship to succeed Clyde
NJ. Reed, present chairman of the
Kansas public utilities commission,
who in 1908, during the Roosevelt ad-
ministration, went to Washington to
serve as superintendent or railway ad-
5ustments in the office of the second
assistant postmaster general. Dean
clerk of District No. 4. with headquar-
tiers IN the Federal building at Kansas
City. Mo, has been named assistant
chief clerk on the Kansas City. Kan.
district.
William A. Hovey and James r.
Mccoy, chief clerk and assistant chief
clerk, respectively. OF the Kansas City,
Kan. office. have been transferred to
fill the same positions in the Kansas
City. Mo. headquarters. Hovey was
appointed to the railway mail service
from Burr Oak. Kan, IN 1896 Nc
Coy spent twenty years working mail
on the Rock Island between Kansas
City and Caldwell. Kan.
J. p. Graves. recently promoted to
a chief clerksh:p, will take charge of
the Wichita office as Barnes's success
sor. Graves has been IN the railway
mail service for more than thirty
years. working on the Missouri, Kan,
sas & Texas railroad between Sedalia,
Mo. and Dennison. Tex, and from
Parsons, KAN, to Dennison.
Approximately 125 railway postal
clerks. it is understood. will be made
surplus" by general reorganization
schemes now being contemplated in
the Seventh division or the railway
mail service. which embraces the
states of Kansas and Missouri. Steven
A. Cisler is superintendent of this di-
vision with headquarters at st. Louis,
Mo.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-07-06
NESS COUNTY NEEDS MEN.
Wheat Has Made Rapid Strides Since
June Is, Farmers Say.

Ness City. Kan. July 6.-Farmers
of Ness county are needing $50 men
to help finish the harvest. The need
is more urgent than has been antici-
pated until recently due to the poor
showing made by the wheat up to
June Is. Since that time every day
has made an improvement in the
crop. With the exception of a few
local hailstorms weather conditions
have been ideal for developing the
crop.
here is 81 a day for barge men and S5
for stockers. The farm bureau office
at Ness City is conducting a free en-
plOymetnt agency. Farmers here have
large acreage and furnish long Jobs.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-07-06
COTTON GETS FIVE YEARS.
Bookkeeper for Wichita Company
Stole S17.OOO. EmnloYers Saw

wichita, Kan, July &C. c. Cot
ton. a bookkeeper, formerly OF Memo,
Okla, has been sentenced to from one
to five years in the Kansas peniten-
tiary for stealing money from his en-
ployers, the Berkeley Manufacturing
Co., of Wichita. Judge T. w. Sar-
gent, announced today.
The specific charges to which Cot
ton pleaded guilty. involved embezzle
ment of approximately $500. but ac-
cording to his employers, Cotton took
about $4,000.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-07-06
they Broke Away From Camp.

Russell. Kan, July "a tourist
party, caught in the city park here
during the severe hailstorm. had a
very unpleasant experience. The hail
cut their tent and automobile tops to
shreds and to find shelter the MEM
bers of the party broke into Com
munity hall.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-07-06
KiIgore Eidorado Bank Cashier.

EIdorado, Kan, July 6.-At a meet
ing of the board of directors of the
Citizens State bank today. Hobart r.
Kflgore was made cashier of that in
stitution, filling the vacancy caused by
the death of C. E. Thompson about
three months ago.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1922-07-06
When Baby Complains.

ARE MANY WAYS baby has of pain eguai
condition health
sharp prolonged ed Resessnes constant turning of the head
of the body f1 In these and other baby tells there
something wrong Most mothers know that dsOrdered stomach bowels that
call for
the first thought but the delay there should be ready hand
safe remedy such FletcherS Cstoria
ailments for years has
will family physician equaled by other
achieved
And essentially remedy
all for member the family What might help you often dangerous
when a