davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The New York herald., 1922-07-23

fitting materials of the Ship he had
ready market for brass, copper lead
and wire rope. The manufacturer of
machinery was after malleable metal.
The toymaker wanted metals of all
kinds in small quantities to convert
into mechanical boats and other toys
of marine or military nature. while
the ship chandler was ready to buy
ventilators. chains and capstans, for
which there is always market owing
to the number Of storm worn ships
that come to port for refitting. The
automobile manufacturer is also
among those present at the dismantling
yards; armor plate eleven inches thick
is readily convertible into axles for
high powered cars. half inch steel
casing plates can be rolled into an
eighth inch thickness for motor bodies
or used for cylinder castings, while
coping steel is almost ready for con.
version into wheel rims.
Nothing is being wasted. There is
demand for every bit of metal that is
being torn from the sides of these
ignobly stricken ships. The toymaker
will arouse the patriotic instincts of
the child, the manufacturer viii make
easy with a sewing machine the house,
hold cares of the mother and provide
the farmer with implements of toll and
the families Of all with vehicles for
pleasure. a ~ i.
The denudirg OF these ships means
to tie Government minimum cost Of
about s70.0o0,000 for the ten year
naval holiday. This represents about
the junkable value of the mere hulls
Of these ships. One-half cent on the
dollar is what the "scrapper" pays
The Government will save about $780,
100000 that would Fave 10 be spent
for more ships is the naval holiday had
not been accepted.
Many thought 1t would shave been
more patriotic II not more dramatic
to take the condemned ships out to sea
and bury them. as the Navy Depart
ment did with the Ill fated Maine, but
tie thousands of workmen thrown out
of work suddenly by the abandonment
of the battleship building program de-
manded employment and the Govern
ment saw way to keep many of the
enforced idle workmen busy for at
least six months. In way this was
accounted a fortunate thing for the
shipyards along the Delaware, as II
was a problem what TO do with the
tEronss of men who were clamoring
daily for work. Twenty-seven war
ships. sixteen of which were completed
and eleven partly built. are on the
doomed list, and their demolition will
keep nearly 10000 men busy for SIX
months or moro,
The New York herald., 1922-07-23
Ireland's First Problem Is to
Give Land to Landless Men

Applying the OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES
ton" concept to the land. which will
always be Ireland's backbone rather
than factory industry, the first prob
lem that will face the new Govern
ment of Ireland. whatever it's final
form may be. is to give land to "land-
less" men. In recent 900 mile tour
through the congested districts of the
west the writer has had 1t borne In
upon him that this is the immediate
problem which must be solved before
all others.
Certain main facts have already been
decided by the men who lead agricul-
tural Ireland. First, that small hold
i=gs" as in Denmark Is to be the fu-
ture policy Of the island; second. that,
ms the existing Land Purchase acts
have broken down since the coming OF
Sim Fein, Ireland as nation would
have to find the necessary money TO
enable the landless man to purchase
areas at present untenanted or owned
by rapacious "ranchers." as men are
called who grab large areas TO hold as
speculations rather than TO work
them, such loans TO be against the
property itself: third to provide
money At moderate rates of interest
through the establishment OF Irish
State banks, upon the lines of the
Danish State banks, for the housing
and equipment of the new farms; and
last. the immediate Inauguration of
agricultural educational schools to
teach the most modern methods Of
farming. based upon the experiences
of countries like America, Denmark
and Holland
Tho formidable outbreak in the win
ter Of 1919. having for its object the
acquisition OF land by landless men.
The New York herald., 1922-07-23
Can Build Tubes
OF Greater Powe

outset, the national Government will
finance the central organization. but
later the local societies will take this
task over from the Government. There
is to be no dole feeding"
The ultimate goal is a national
fishery fleet, run upon lines which will
revolutionize fishing not only in Ire
land but in all countries, with scien-
tifically organized and elastic market
for the fish run by experts whose sole
business 1t will be by wireless to as
certain each day where the best mar
kets lie. so avoiding gluts and securing
the highest prices, besides being of
substantial gain to the community.
1t is really the nucleus of a new
concept of society, in which supply and
demand, productive and purchasing
power, will be exactly apportioned.
AS the secretary to the Enquiry
Commission said to me: THE task OF
Ireland is to hold the balance evenly
between agriculture and industry. il
being necessary that on the western
coasts, for example, the people must
mingle agriculture with fishing and
luuuodAto.
This new experiment is already
being followed in an exhausted Eu-
rope. and especially In countries like
Germany and Denmark. with the
closest interest. II the Irishman,
steering the middle way between the
Scylla of bureaucracy and stodgy
Socialism and the Charybdis of "evers
man for himself and the devil take the
hindmost" with his natural genius for
individualisfic effort upon cooperative
lines. manages to show the world a
better way for the solution of our
modern social problems than the world
has been able to find In the past, then
the Old World at least will owe its life
to the little island lying out ON the
west and facing across the gray leagues
OF the Atlantic that New World from
which Ireland Is already drawing SO
much Of her inspiration.
The new experiment of "individual-
Incorporation is at any rate the
most hopeful experiment in after the
war Europe.
[Another article by Shaw Desmond
will be printed in The New York
Herald next Sunday.l
The New York herald., 1922-07-23
Perfected, 1t Will
Aid Electrifica-
ton of Railroads
and Transmission
of Direct Current
Great Distances.

Marconi recently sGU In the re-
search laboratory of the General
Electric Company at Schenectady
a small pacuup, tube tDtosc develop
ment Is long step Ia the progress
Of radio transmission, incIuding te-
Iephony. 10 is expected that t,centy
of these tubes. occupying a space
mailer than an ordinary desk
drducr. touI replace an dlternotor
ten feet high and costing hundreds
of times as much as the tubes. III
this article DR.. Lan0muir. tcho
shoued the tube to Marconi, tells
.Dhct 1t Is and iDhdt It Is expected to
do. DR.. Ldn0ntuir is a noted chem
ist employed By the General Electric
Company.
The New York herald., 1922-07-23
By DR.. IRVING LANGMUIR,
Research Laboratory. General
Electric Company.


THE three electrode vacuum tube
which first appeared as the De
Forest audion, is now uni
versally used not only for the receiv-
ing of radio messages, but is coming
into more widespread use In connec-
ton with tho transmission of such
messages. The original De Forest
audion did not have particularly high
vacuum, and, because of the ionization
Of the residual gas. could not be oper-
ated at more than 80 or 40 volts. or
at more than few millianperes OF
current.
Several years ago, in connection
with a study of the Edison effect in
incandescent lamps, noted that in
lamps with very good vacuum the
Edison effect was nearly absent. In
other words, although tAere was a diff
ference Of no volts between the two
ends of the filament. very little cleo
tron current flowed across the vacuum
space between. In the presence of a
little gas, however, such big currents
were obtained that the currents might
lead to the formation Of an arc. with
resulting destruction of the lamp.
At that time 1t was not at all un-
derstood why these currents should
become smaller as the vacuum was
improved and a great many scientists
believed that If a perfect vacuum could
be made no current at all would flow
across it., Although the Edison effect
in well made lamps thus caused no
difficulty in their manufacture, for 1t
practically did not exist, yet it was a
point Of very great scientific interest
to learn why these currents were so
small in a good vacuum.
EIectrons Got in
Each Others Way
1t was in connection with these
studies that we discovered space
charge effect" We then understood
that in a high vacuum the electrons
got in each others way. so that the
electrons that had already left the fill
ament repelled, because Of their mega
tive charge, the electrons which fol-
lowed and tended to drive them back
into the hot filament which emitted
them. In the presence of gas this eff
feet did not exist, because the gas
formed both positive and negative
ions and the accumulation Of the slow
ly moving positive ions in the space
neutralized the effect OF the negative
electrons.
AS the result of these studies it
gradually became clear how it would
be possible to construct vacuum tubes
which would operate at high voltages
and at high currents. One Of the
early applications of the new knowl-
edge was made by DR.. w. d. Coo
lidge, who utilized this in the develop
ment of the Coolidge x-ray tube. an
X-ray tube which has gradually dis
placed practically all of the older So
called gas tubes.
Another application was found in
the kenotron and pliotron. The keno.
The New York herald., 1922-07-23
Some Facts on Size and Wealth
OF ireland With Comparisons

The American firms which have the
nous" to see the vast field now open
ing out in Ireland, which it must be
remembered Is in area slightly larger
than Austria. three times as large as
Belgium, and twice as large as Switzer-
land, and larger than Holland and
Denmark combined. will reap a rich
harvest. Her population. reduced to
half within seventy years, is even to-
day greater than that of Denmark.
Norway. Finland, Switzerland or Chile.
So far as her revenue Is concerned the
facts as opposed to the hctions are
that Switzerland pays less than a
fourth Of Ireland's taxation while hav-
gal with 5.500.000 of people paying less
than third and Holland with 6.250.000
paying scarcely n half. Norway with
IA revenue of 1921 .000, 900 and a popu-
lation OF $500 900 comes nearest to the
Irish figure. All this shows the big
possibilities for outside investment and
trade, and when in addition 1t is re-
membered that. except the United
States OF America, with its trade OF
s2.596. .000,0o0 with England in the year
after the war. Ireland is. according to
the official figures. England's best GUS
toner with a figure Of $f.377, 900, 900.
II will be seen that the above conten-
ton Is practically clinched beyond
argument.
In the above nothing has been said
about eggs which. next to cattle are
Ireland's chief industry. Some indica
tion Of the money in this business is
given by the fact that IL is believed,
with proper cooperation and modern
methods. the money turnover can be
increased by many millions Of dollars
per- annum.
n12Aao, the famous English come
The New York herald., 1922-07-23
About to Launch an Entirely
New Experiment for the
Development Of Her
Boundless Resources,
Including Products
of Soil, Minerals
and Fisheries

Shaw Desmond, noted Irish writer, analyses
for The New York Herald the possibilities of
individualist cooperation with minimum of
interference by the state and predicts, with the
coming of stable government, an era of pros
perity unequaled in the history of the world.
This is the fourth article of an important series.
The New York herald., 1922-07-23

tron is vacuum tube rectifier, hav-
ing two electrodes like the Fleming
valve, but capable of operating up to
with currents comparable with an am
pere or more. Tubes of this kind have
found application for smoke precipi-
tation, for various, electrical testing
devices and in connection with the
regulation Of the electric generators
used for the radio transmitting out
fits on airplanes during the war. The
development of the kenotron into a
thoroughly practical device for these
purposes is largely the result of the
work of DIR. Saul Dushman.
The pliotron bears about the same
relation to the De Forest audion that
the kenotron does to the Fleming
valve. 1t is device which contains
three lectrodes. namely, a filament
grid and plate, like the audion, but
it is capable of being operated at high
voltages and currents, so that con-
siderable amounts of power may be
controlled. Tubes Of this sort are now
tnding widespread application for
~ illcSSdSGS,
larly for radio telephony. The ordi-
nary radio telephone outfit, used for
broadcasting. generates from one half
to five kilowatts or high frequency
power, which is used to feed the an
tenna.
The design and construction of
tubes of this type has been carried out
principally by Mr.. w. c. White.
Can Build Tubes
OF Greater Power
1t has long. been realized that, fob
lowing out the principles made use OF
in the smaller tubes, 1t would ulti-
mately be possible to construct tubes
of large power. There have been
many difficulties to overcome, how
ever. After years of work by Mr.. w
c. White and Mr.. II. j. Nolte, they
have succeeded in designing and per-
fecting pliotrons which are capable oi
The New York herald., 1922-07-23

Bpecidl Correspondence to TIE New York
HERALD.
Copyright, 1929, by THE New YORK HERALD.
New York Herald Bureau.
London, July 13. !
r IRELAND is about to launch an
entirely new experiment in the
= organization of society--the ex-
pertinent of what is becoming known
as 'individualist- Incorporation" Its es
sence lies in holding the balance be-
tween State and individual effort. so
that the Irish individualist genius may
have full, free play with, behind it, a
minimum background of State assist
ance. Already NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS.
tive" schemes for dealing with the
agriculture, as also the cattle raising,
dairying, fisheries, &C., of the future
Ireland, have been solidly planned by
experts, some of them already func-
tioning and the others waiting for the
coming of settled government to spring
into being. @
The Irishman is the worlds first
individualist as he is fast becoming
the worlds first cooperator. Socialism
and bureaucracy he hates. If the pres
ent Irish Labor party follows the
beaten track of European Socialism
it will be flung down and out within
three elections. Hence the new ex-
pertinent which will yet have signifi-
canoe in the rebuilding of Europe.
The New York herald., 1922-07-23

representation upon this committee.
and it is through such economic chan
nels that the final unification of north
and south will come about.
In milk production, the same prin-
ciple of 'individualist cooperation" is
to be followed.
Meticulous expert evidence shows
beyond question that the average milk
yield COW in Ireland can with COM
parative ease, by following American
and Danish methods, be increased
from the present 400 gallons per an
mum to 700 gallons, this resulting in
an increase to the national wealth of
500, 100000 per annum. Statistics
taken out show that in a test of 1856
cows for milk the 10 best cows earned
while 10 poor cows earned only $3.50.
Ireland is about to establish COW
testing associations, with paid super
visors. the managers Of the cream
cries still left standing $4,000, 900
worth were destroyed as ''reprisals"
by Crown soldiers who had broken
away from control during the recent
war; keeping separate records for
each farmer month by month, showing
his position. the exact number of cows
milked by him and their yield. AS the
report Of the experts states: "As in
all business this is matter of self
help and involves the farmers proper
conduct of his own business. We are
not Of the opinion that State moneys
should be expended in the cow testing
associations, and we do not believe
that farmers. alive to their own in
terests. should require such outside
expenditure"
1t goes on: 1--WE are aware that to-
day such assistance is even proving a
hindrance." 1t Is the farmer, not the
State. who Is to establish these asso-
Citations. and it is the intention follow
ing the deep interest already being
taken in the proposals by the Irish
farmers, that the associations should
be coordinated in a national dairy
council. from which the Official will
be excluded as far as possible.
America is going to derive substan-
tial benefit from many of these agri-
cultural and cattle breeding schemes,
for Ireland, which so far has never
used machinery to any extent in work.
ing her soil, Is now clamoring for
cheap motor tractors. for patent bind
ers, and for all that mass of American
invention which Is revolutionizing
agriculture throughout the world.
The New York herald., 1922-07-23
The Highest Purchasing
Power Per Head in Europe


ireland offers even to-day almost vir-
gin fields for the lucrative employ
ment of American and foreign capital.
She has per head, perhaps, the high
est purchasing power in Europe after
the war. She has, literally, hundreds
Of thousands of men waiting to be
employed In these new fields, Agricul-
turaIly, neither Denmark nor Holland
can compare with her from the stand
point of potentials. Her fisheries are,
according to all the expert evidence.
the richest In possibilities in Europe.
Her power resources, whether we take
coal, peat, water power or industrial
alcohol, are practically unlimited, Ire
lands coal resources alone, according
TO the exhaustive commission recently
laid down for their Investigation and
tabulation, being the gargantuan fig
ure of more than two billions Of tons
2,04400O,000 to be exact.
None Of these are fairy tales" but
hard facts compiled by authorities.
One can, in a word. say that prob
ably no country in the Old World, in
view of it's almost unworked, unex-
plotted resources, and taking into ac-
count the coming of stable govern
ment, offers such possibilities of ad-
venture and profit as the Emerald
Isle.
Now for the new experiment which
is to unloose the golden possibilities Of
the future Ireland.
The Irishman believes that the
failure of the Socialist experiment
throughout the world demonstrates
once and for ali the failure of bureau
cracy. On the other hand. the value
of cooperation has been proved to the
hilt () by the central organization
which won the great war, and CD by
the extraordinary success Of the CO.
operative schemes, both on production
and consumption sides, in Denmark
and in Ireland herself. His maxim
will be that of the old Gael--and it IS
the ancient Gaelic system of society.
modernized which he is now bringing
back--nanfely: Freedom within or
ganization."
The New York herald., 1922-07-23
Carrying Fish to ireland
Like Goals to Newcastle

Even with the small help given him
by the congested districts board, which
has done excellent work in ireland.
and the machinery OF which will now
be taken over by the new Government,
the Arran islanders income rose from
under IS a week to nearly $40. To
show the decline of the fishing indus
try In Ireland. while in 1876 there were
1883 boats and 113.073 of some of the
finest fishermen In the world, in 1875
there were only 5919 boats and 2s,10s
fishermen. II was the ancestors of
these Irish fishermen. unable to get a
market for their flsh. and ground be-
tween the upper and neither economic
millstones. unable to renew their gear,
who were forced to emigrate to New
foundland, where they helped to de-
velop these world renowned fisheries.
These men learned their fishing In the
currach or open basket work" boat In
which even to-day their descendants
put out in the fiercest seas. and which
as one of them said to me on the Gal
way coast, in their view are safer
than any lifeboat." But the currach
has no chance against the steam
trawer, which with its steaming power
finds its markets at will and beats
even the sailing boat to II" at every
point. Irish fishermen to-day are
actually eating fish shipped to them
across thousands of miles of the At
lantic--fsh which they have at their
own doors--all through the wretched
organization OF the fishing industry.
Again and again, valuable catches of
The New York herald., 1922-07-23
A Way for the Unifcation
OF the North and the South

As time goes on other central farms
are TO be established and the entire
operations placed under carefully
chosen committee OF control, this COM
rnittee gradually extending its opera
tions in gradually widening circles
throughout Ireland. II Ulster cares
she will doubtless be given substantial
The New York herald., 1922-07-23

dian, used to say there were three
kinds of eggs: There was the egg of
the political meeting, frankly rotten: :
the new laid egg-almost extinct; and
then he would say, after a pause,
there was-"the Egg'-this last being
the oval of age indeterminate beloved
OF the London landlady.
The New York herald., 1922-07-23
Local Managers to-Arrange
For Marketing and Supplies

All matters OF gear will be left to
the local managers. thus securing
complete autonomy. these men also
having the arrangements for the dis
patch and credit of fish. and the debit
Of supplies whether of boats or pro-
visions. They also will initiate new
system Of marking the shoals Of Ash
as they come and go around the coast,
with a chart kept up from day to day
showing their movements. and to them
also will be intrusted the task Of re-
porting the local weather conditions.
The whole. an ideal example of "indi-
ualist-cooperation."
BY this means a national fishing
policy will be reached. part of which
will be technical instruction at fishing
schools in the best methods. AS the
experts state:- "The day of formless
industries is past forever" But the
form will be secured without losing
the freedom.
The method Of finance is novel, COM
bining as IT. does the dual principle of
which we have been speaking. At the
The New York herald., 1922-07-23
the Eggs and
Separating Good From the Evil

Now Ireland, for lack of modern
methods, has too many of these last,
but a scheme Is being worked out for
the gathering OF Ireland's millions of
eggs, for their registration" by hav-
ing date of laying stamped on them
and for the laying down OF those
electric light plants for the determine
ton and occlusion of the egg politi-
cal that is the egg Of frank rotten
ness.
The country is to be divided into
egg collecting areas. each cooperator
having his number, and ultimately the
eggs will everywhere be graded ac-
cording to weight, with special trans
port facilities for export.
Sir William Temple, writing in the
year 1878. said: THE fisheries of Ire
land might prove mine under water
as rich as any under ground" 1t is
trifle of the historical and modern
data to prove that her peculiar posi-
ton in the Atlantic has given her the
richest fishing grounds in Europe. The
Spaniards in 1856 paid no less than
100000 a year in modern money for
the privilege Of fishing off the Irish
coast. And yet, with all its natural
advantages, the Irish fishing industry
is at the lowest possible ebb through
lack Of gear. proper boats and system
attic and scientific fishing. But already
the Fisheries Commission laid down
by Sim Fein. helped like all similar
Sim Fein commissions by many
prominent Unionists, has laid out ar
elaborate scheme for the salvation OF
what will one day prove to be Ire.
lands richest industry. Here indeed
is virgin field for foreign capital
money waiting TO be fished up from
the sea.
In the year 1913 the value of fish
landed, excluding shellfish. had fallen
to $1.S27,oo0. but, through the war
rose in 1918, all this with wretche6
gear and boats. to four and hall
millions OF dollars. Given investmen,
by outside capital and resultant motor.
boats able TO keep the seas in rough
weather, this figure can easily become
at very modest estimate, twenty
to thirty millions of dollars per an.
mum within five to ten years.
Carving Fish TO Ireland