davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1922-06-18
Sale of Liquor on American Vessels
May Give Subsidy Bill Hard Shedding

not to embarrass the administration
leaders of the Senate and House In
their conduct of the ship subsidy bill
by injecting the prohibition question,
he has succeeded. "Drys" In both
wings of the Capitol are declaring
that there shall never be a govern
ment subsidy for any American ves-
sci which sells liquor at any time or
place. The administration leaders
realized that they had real fight on
their hands to get the ship subsidy
bill through at all. notwithstanding
the demand of the President for
action and his suggestion that u the
Dill were not put through he would
Immediately call the Congress in
special session to take the matter up
again. But with the prohibition is
sue. and the bitter feeling on both
sides of the question. raised in con-
nectton with the shipping bill. it has
become far more difficult task.
Some of the leaders are urging that
the subsidy bill be considered on it's
merits alone. and that the prohibi-
ships nthe high seas is concerned
be handled in an amendment to the
Volstead act
The Shipping Board, it may be said,
maintained diplomatic silence" in re-
gard to the sale of liquor on its ves-
sells at the Capitol. In fact. on some
occasions it failed to answer ques-
tons propounded by dry" senator's
as to the practice. But Mr. Busch
has brought the matter to a head.
Might Bar FOREIGN
Vessels With Liquor.
The contention of the chairman of
the Shipping Board is that If the
American passenger vessels sailing
overseas are to be able to compete
with foreign vessels they must be
allowed to sell liquor, otherwise the
foreign vessels will get the passen-
gers and the American vessels will
not.
The Supreme Court of the United
States in a recent decision held that
, foreign vessels could not bring liquor
to this country for shipment across
the United States to some other for
eign port. The drys are intent now
upon obtaining decision, if possi-
BILE, to the effect that foreign ves-
sells with liquor aboard may not en-
ter American ports. With such a
ruling, they say, then the American
and foreign vessels will be on the
same footing when il comes to carry
ing passengers to and from the
United States.
But there is some question as to
whether the United States will seek
to dictate to other nations as to the
conduct of their vessels on the high
seas. The United States has been
jealous of its own rights in regard to
American shipping at sea. and to deny
entry to the vessels of other nations
might result in retaliation by thos<
nations. it is pointed out.
Evening star., 1922-06-18

The American retailer. broadly
speaking, for some time has been
pictured as profiteer, but con-
sressional commission has made an
investigation which does not bear this
out and, in fact, is prepared to give
him a rather clean bill of health.
The Joint commission of agricui-
tural inquiry which is soon to make
report to Congress puts this stamp
of approval on the American retailer
A study of the charts and figures
containing the information brought
out by the commissions inquiry IN
dicates that during the period ot
rising prices. which it has had under
consideration-that is. 1913 to 192l,
inclusive-the percentage of margin
for operating expense and Lroht,
which the retailer took from the DOL
lar paid by the consumer, did not in
crease. In other words, If the pro-
portion of the consumers dollar the
retailer paid for merchandise in 1913
was 20 cents and operating expense
and profit 80 cents. the same ratio
was retained during the period OF
1913 to 1921 In some instances the
percentage of margin and profit
changed considerably during the
period AS operating expenses ad-
vanced, profits reduced.
Profts Near Vanishing Point.
For 1913 the gross margin taken
by the retailer out of the dollar re-
ceived from the consumer was 29.16
cents, of which 6.S cents was profit,
while for 1921 the gross margin was
2616 cents, of which lib cents was
profit, a composite chart of the dis
tribution of the consumers dollar py
retail dry goods, grocery, shoe'
clothing and hardware dealers shows.
In 1913 expense, exclusive of profit,
was 22.36 cents and in 1921 1t was
2503 cents, showing an average in
crease in operating cost of 2.57 cents
and reduction of profit of o.67 cents.
Out of the profit indicated by these
figures must be deducted such items
as shrinkage in inventory value OF
merchandise. federal taxes and stock
moving reductions in response TO
price declines or movement of stock
accumulation.
The report to Congress will show
that clothing retailers took their
largest profit from the consumers
dollar in 1915. From 1916 through
1921 the margin steadily decreased.
except in 1919, when heavy sales
temporarily reduced the ratio OF ex-
pense to. sales, resulting in a lower
cost of operation for each dollar's s
worth of merchandise sold and a con-
sequent increase In profit. In 1921
the industry showed a trade profit
of 1.3 cents per dollar of sales. The
report will show that the average
profit of clothing retailers during the
entire period. 1913 to 1921, was $40
cents per dollar of sales.
The hardware profits for the same
period, the report will show, aver
aged 5.35, with s3 cents per dollar of
sales as the peak in 1916.
In the retail shoe trade. average
profits for the entire period 1913-1s21
were SIT cents per consumers dollar,
the report indicates. The high profit
mark was reached in 1919, wren the
average profit was s.3S cents.
Profits averaged 5.s cents over the
Evening star., 1922-06-18
- CIENTIFIC tests which are being
conducted on a limited scale in
the District public schools under

- CIENTIFIC tests which are being
conducted on a limited scale in
the District public schools under
the direction Of Robert l. Hay
cock. supervising principal of the
third division, are destined to play an
important part in the future in meas
uring the intelligence of the Wash
ington school children.
Production of the scientific tests and
educational measuring scales during
the last five years. according to Mr..
Haycock. has been prodigious. The
increased demand for standardized
tests for measuring the intelligence
of pupils and for judging the COM
narrative value of instruction, he said.
has been an outgrowth also of the
many surveys of the city and state
school systems conducted here and
throughout the country.
DEVELOPMENT Of the War.
As an aftermath of the world war
two important movements have been
affecting in a marked degree the
progress of education in America, Mr..
Haycock pointed out. Revealing as
it did the physical unpreparedness Of
our young men for the rigors of war.
great emphasis is now being placed
upon health education and physical
training in the public schools. The
other movement Is the extension OF
testing and measuring into every field
of education. This movement was
q q q
outgrowth of the work Of group Of
expert psychologists who tested dur
ing the war more than a million men
in order that they might be properly
assigned in the Army.
The art of measuring intelligence
had its earliest development in 1905
at the hands of Alfred Binet, an
eminent French psychologist. who,
with the assistance of a physician Of
Paris, devised a series of tests to be
used for the ALLEGATION Of atypical
children. Their tests were revised
again and again until 1911. They
then were translated and made avail
able for use in America by DR.. God
dard of vineland. In 1915 DR.. Terman
of California published the Stanford
revision Of the Binet tests. The Ter
man revision is now more commonly
used than any other scale for atypica1
children.
Applied to Drafted Men.
Psychological measurement ibid not
begin with Binet. Prof. Cattell of
Pennsylvania and Galton in England
had already blazed the way, but their
measurements were more or less
psy Geological and did not have much
value in education, according to Mr..
Haycock In fact, he said. the work
of Binet and Terman did not have its
broadest influence until the war came
on. The influence of cattell was felt
more through his pupils, the most dis
tinguished of whom was DR.. Edward
L. Thorndike Of Columbia University,
recognized az one of the leaders in
Evening star., 1922-06-18
Mental Tests for Public School Children
Based ON Systems Developed During War

the field of educational research and
measurement.
While thousands of men were being
drafted. the American Psychological
Association offered the services of its
members to the War Department.
This resulted in the development of
the well known Army tests. devised
rot for the purpose of finding out
how much schooling the men had. but
to determine the mental caliber OF
the Army recruits in order that they
might be assigned in the service ac-
cording to their intelligence ratings.
System Has Been Standardized.
Among the sources drawn upon in
the preparation of the Army tests
was a manuscript of complete group
test prepared by Arthur S. Otis. one
of DR.. Terman's pupils. The distinct
series were finally standardized, the
So called Alpha series made up of
subject matter entirely verbal, and
the Beta tests, which were non
verbal, being made up of symbols
and pictures for measuring the intel
ligence of illiterates and men who
could not speak English. After
examining 1,726.ooO soldiers the
psychologists had established forms
and standards that can hardly be
questioned as to validity. Mr.. Hay
cock said.
Before the war had closed the Ma
tional Research Council, under the
leadership of NJ. E. Haggerty, L. M.
pie and r. M. Yerkes. began expert
menting with the Army tests with
view to adapting them to use in the
schools. The general education board
appropriated $25.000 for this work
Thousands of children in the public
schools of Washington were examined
and finally standards were establish
ed and the so-called national intelli-
gence tests were published.
Children Like Soldiers.
The subject matter found in the
Army tests. which had been so care
fully developed and standardized. has
Influenced in a remarkable way the
content of the many tests that have
since been published.
The first test of the Army Alpha
examination is q test in following
directions. In all intelligence tests
the ability of the child to follow
directions is an indication of mental
capacity. it was emphasized by Mr..
Haycock. This. he said. is particular
ly true tn tests that have been de-
vised for very young children.
The second part of the Army ex-
animation Is a test in computation.
In most intelligence tests the prob
lens in arithmetic are given instead
of examples in the fundamental
operations. Ability to reason is
basic factor in the measurement of
intelligence.
The third test in the Alpha pam
pf,lct is measure of common sense. 1t
is sometimes called the best choice
Evening star., 1922-06-18
Average Retailer No Profiteer,
Inquiry by Congress Discloses

same period in retail dry goods and
were highest in 1916. when they aver
aged 7.3 cents per dollar.
Tables of distribution show that
one of the outstanding defects is the
retailers failure to purchase stock in
a manner that will provide steady.
even flow of merchandise to the con-
sumner. without credit, and adds to
fis cost of operation. One of the
factors of waste in distribution is in
idle merchandise of the wholesalers
it is pointed out. When this burden
is permitted to develop, it must be
passed along to the consumer if the
retailer remains in business.
Overstocking by retailers repre-
sents overstimulation and oversell-
ing by manufacturers and wholesal-
ers. the report shows. 1t also repre-
sents in part, the dealers desire to
secure quantity discount in the be-
lief that he can more successfully
meet competition by underselling
competitors. In order to do this. how
ever, the report states, he must dis
pose of his merch andise in reasona
BILE time or lose the earning value
his capital would have if it were
rapidly turned.
"Free Denl'' disappearing.
The free DEAL" which the mer-
chandise discount is sometimes term
ed, is disappearing. the inquiry shows
The free DEAL is declared to be dis
honest, as it purports to be gift of
merchandise, while as a matter of
fact the price the retailer pays in
cludes profit for the manufacturer
on the entire amount of goods de-
livered, including tfat which pur-
ports to be free.
Recommendation is to be made In
the forthcoming report to Congress
that retailers cooperate more closely
with community organizations whose
purpose it is to improve social. civic,
commercial and industrial conditions
The report will emphasize the com
missions belief that the more con-
sumers concentrate purchases i'm their
community the lower will be the
operating expenses of local dealers
and that the consumers will be bene-
fitted thereby through the lower prices
made possible by lower selling ex--
pense.
Evening star., 1922-06-18
School Savings Bank
Census of Depositors

The census on school children and
their savings. taken each year by the
savings bank division of the American
Bankers Association. has just been
started. 1t will cover all corners of
the country and constitutes the
nations annual authoritative test as
to the progress of habits of thrift
among the youngsters. the data for
last year having been incorporated by
the controller of the currency of the
United States in his annual report.
The rapid growth of previous years.
both in the number of children open
ing accounts through school savings
banking systems and i'm their total
deposits. have led to the annual re-
turns being looked for with keen in
terest among the many hundreds of
thousands of children participating I'm
the movement. 1t is expected the
number of young depositors this year
Eill pass the million mark.
Evening star., 1922-06-18

Infection of economies into the
operation of the government by put
ting in more business and conduct
ing il more along the efficiency lines
of a successful commercial corpora
ton receives general approval when-
ever il is proposed. 1t always gets
n great encore from government OFF,
,ciaIs as general proposition. and
of course, from the people of the
country. because they see in it
possibility of reduction of taxes.
However, while approving 1t ana
giving their support to the general
nroposition, it has been found by ex-
perlence here that the efforts go
long all right as long as there is no
attempt to take away some or the
authoritv of particular department
or to take away some of the money
or property it controls, even though
Capitalization may result in better
business management and great
economies in the general operation
of the government.
Transport Bureau Proposed.
One of the latest proposals. which,
II is asserted. would have brought
about big economies, but which drew
fir, from all of the government de-
partments because it affected nearly
every one. was the proposal to CEN
,-alize the motor transportation of
the government used here under
separate bureau in direct charge OF
the President While the proposal ap-
nlied to Washington, it was consid-
cred forerunner of similar arrange
ments, with government transporta-
tion in various parts of the country.
As general proposition it was ap-
nroved but when il came down to the
specific point each department had
its peculiar needs, according to the
officials, and they could not see how
they could function with motor
trucks and passenger vehicles sup
plied by a central garage. Then
again. many of the officials are fur
rished cars to go about in. and they
wanted to keep them, and not have
to call up a central station whenever
they wanted to go somewhere.
During the investigation to deter
mine the number and kinds OF We
bicIes operated by each department in
Washington it was found that 1t was
n very heavy financial drain and un-
economical for the reason that many
of the vehicles, with their chauffeurs.
were idle for large part of the
time they were available.
Advised Central Garage.
Brig. Gen. Charles G. Dawes. di-
rector of the bureau of the budget.
who was brought to Washington by
the President to put more business
in government, found that among the
wastes was the operation of motor
cars, and therefore appointed an Army
engineer officer, Col. c. o. Sheriff., to
coordinate the motor transport That
officer, after a thorough investigation,
came to the conclusion that the only
efficient way of operating these vehi-
cles was to centralize them in one
garage and do all of the overhauling
in a central station. A bill was
drafted for Congress providing for
This, and carrying an appropriation
Sof $500, 900. 100000 of which would
be a working fund for operation.
Evening star., 1922-06-18

University of Wisconsin has made a
comparative study of Pressey's
primer scale. Myers mental measure.
Dearborn's group test and Haggertys
Delta l. He tried these tests with
first and second grade children. In
some respects the Dearborn and Hag-
gerty. tests are most satisfactory, he
thinks, although the Dearborn took
long in Its administration, thus caus-
ing too much fatigue for the smaller
children. He found that the use of
two tests produced more reliable re-
suits than one test. and that three
gave better results than two.
A Comparison Of Tests.
In jackson, Mich. a study has been
made of comparative reliability of
Ave primary intelligence tests under
the direction of Miss Helen Davis.
Here the Kingsbury, Otis, Dearborn.
Haggerty and the Detroit first-grade
tests were compared and were ranked
as in the order given. Psychologists
have found it more difficult to estab-
lish criteria for the comparison of
primary tests than in the case of
tests for older pupils. For the young
er pupils those tests are ranked
highest that have the most satisfac-
tory correlation with the teachers
estimates of the intelligence of the
pupils.
1t Is agreed among experts in edu-
cational research that the teacher
should use achievement tests to sup
plement intelligence tests if she
would obtain the most reliable infor-
nation concerning the mental ability
of her pupils. The Illinois tests are
combination tests which are designed
to measure both intelligence and
classroom training simultaneously.
Not Absolute Forecast.
The teacher, Mr.. Haycock said. also
is warned not to accept the intelli-
gence rating revealed by the standard
test as an absolute forecast of the
child's progress in school or success
in life. Success, Mr.. Haycock de-
clared, is conditioned upon a number
of factors besides native mental ca
pacity. Health, character. will power,
ambition, social relations and other
environmental influences all affect the
child's life, according to Mr.. Haycock.
The great war has left its impress
upon the schools by the interest that
has been aroused in the child's health
and hts physical welfare. 1t also has
given rise to an intensive scientific
study of the child's mental nature
and development. These two move
ments have been far-reacning in their
effect upon administrative procedure
throughout the country. 1t Is thought
by many educators that the next field
of investigation will be the moral
nature of the child in its relation to
education. This is comparatively
unexplored field. and 1t is not at all
fanciful for the educators to predict
that scientific research in this new
teld may produce unexpected develop
meutS.
Evening star., 1922-06-18
Delicate Chile-P Peruvian Negotiations
Being Handled With Skill and Tact

ure. Much has been said of the pres
tige of the United States, and how it
would rise or fall in the success or
failure of the Tacna.- africa conference.
True, the prestige of the United States
in South America is in manner CON
cerned with the settlement of this old
quarrel.
Their Prestige
Also Concerned.
But what of that of Chile. or Peru?
Both ore sovereign powers whose
rich futures are to be closely identi-
fed with the future of all Latin
America. The prestige of both, not
only in Latin America. but in the
world. is largely wrapped up in the
outcome of the present conference.
Neither country can afford to admit.
after such efforts as have marked
the present conference, that they are
unable to agree over an issue which.
when compared with other interna-
tional issues settled peacefully in the
past, is of minor importance. Chile
and Peru in this instance have been
put to test in which all of Latin
America is vitally concerned for it's
bearings on future controversy be-
tween Latin American republics. To
fail now would mean a grave stigma
on the interna tional records of both
What Success
Would Mean to Both.
On the other hand. the success of
the conference will mean much TO
both countries. Their neighbors III
Latin America are willing to credit
them, first, with their agreement To
come to Washington and lay their
differences openly on the conference
table between them. They realized
the course was dangerous and the
stakes were high. And when they
have settled for all time the trouble
which lies between them they VIII
receive the honor and prestige which
will be theirs for having successfully
undertaken a difficult task.
For economic reasons. also. both
countries realize the utmost impor-
tance of a successful outcome to the
conference. For should il fail the
bitterness and ill feeling which now
exist between the two republics would
be increased. with the grave danger
that at some future time, perhaps not
far distant, the old quarrel would be
settled by force of arms. Such an
outlook would not be inviting for
the investment of capital or foreign
loans to assist the development OF
natural resources. II would be
handicap not easily disposed of. but
a handicap which will be definitely
removed in the success of the con
ference.
Evening star., 1922-06-18

recognized to some degree both in
terpretations.
Evening star., 1922-06-18

test and is really a test in the ex-
ercise of good judgment. The ability
of the person examined to interpret
thought is measured by practically
all of the intelligence tests that are
in use.
Test No. deals with synonyms
and antonyms. The idea of con-
trast and COMPARISON is involved
here. These also are important fac
tors in intelligence testing. The ex-
tent of ones vocabulary is revealed
more or less by this test.
Language Test Important.
In the fifth test a number of dis
arranged sentences must be rear
ranged SO that the words in each
case will produce a complete thought
In nearly all intelligence tests are
found exercises in language con-
struction or completion. Binet used
this means of testing. Dr. Trabue of
Columbia University has produced a
series of language completion tests
that are recognized as reliable meas
urements of mental ability.
In the sixth of the Alpha testa the
soldier was directed to arrange a
number of digits according to a sus-
gested sequence. The task becomes
more and more difficult as he proceeds
In the seventh test of the collec-
tion the soldier was asked to show
how he could work out analogies
Reasoning. comparison, and the as
sociation of ideas are all brought to-
gether in this form of test. The use
of analogfes as a means of testing
mentality was originated a number
of years ago by Burt. an Englishman.
The eighth Alpha test is designed to
determine the range of information.
Here the psychologist seeks to know
something Of the experience of the
individual. 1t is recognized that gen.
eral intelligence is not only matter
of native ability. but is made up of
a total of capacities growing out Of
environmental influences, experience
and training.
Influenced by Army Tests,
Virtually all of the intelligence
tests that have been produced since
the war have been Influenced in their
content and in their administration
by the Army tests, Mr.. Haycock
points out. The adoption of these
tests for the measurement of pupils
in the primary grades. he said, has
been an interesting development. Be-
cause of the meager language train
ing and the limited vocabulary of the
very youngest pupils, he said, the
tests that have been devised for them
are mainly non-verbal. The child is
asked to do while he thinks, and is
expected to interpret and classify pic
lures and symbols.
Now that many such tests are in
use, educators are seriously engaged
in proving their validity or reliability
in measuring the mental capacity Of
young children. DR.. Henmon Of the