davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-09-01

climbing instead Of gotnr down
They were unable % agree upon
anything excspt d mere plttance
:et & reduction. 10 per cent
In shls attack upon the bill In
ithe House, Representative Echois
yentured the assertion that "there
Is not a Socialist In the country
who believes in the naturalization
OF the industries but what : is IN
favor Of this bill. There Is not an
/. W. ". from the Atlantic to the
Pacific that will not rejoice When
he knows that Congress Is consid-
ering the passage Of bill Of this
character. They know what this
sort Of legislation will inevitably
lead to. Russia is gradually NOV.
ing around to the other side OF
the globe.
ut has been. admitted by every
advocate OF the bill who has men.
TONED that phase OF the matter At
all that there will be no difficulty
In producing a sufficient quantity
OF coal Tor the needs Of the coun.
TRY. but the bill Is proposed be.
cause the railroads are unable to
haul the coal to the places OF cou.
sumption The railroads have
been regulated until thsy are
wrecks. The advocate OF govern
ment regulation are now turning
their attention TO another industty
that will not only not reduc,. the
price of coal but will no doubt
cost the consumers. millions d dol.
lars before We get away from the
regulation.
"If We are to fix the price n
coal. then We must necessarily fix
the price of other commodities.
One section of this country will
not stand for fixing the price Of
the commodity produced IN that
section aud allow the comntorii:!
produced in another section % he
sold at extravagant and extortIor.
ate prices. II should not do 80.
for the past few years we have
been paying from ten TO twenty
dollars for q pair Of shoes thu.
every one who buys them knows
the cost OF matcvial ana Labor IN
those shoes is far less Than fifty
per cent of the price that the con.
fuIner is called on "a pay"
Representative IE,'nols described
in detail how the b;iI, when Law.
would work in The coal fields Of
West Virginia, showing its unfair
ness as between mis-! in the
same field whose production costs
were :, vide variance he called
attention to the fact that the bill
igIn.es the coaI bFJk / entirely
who is he charged the real prof
toe; in the coal business. H."
stated that It had been asserted
TINT single weeiS'5 work 81 the
GrfisId coal administration cost
:;m reople of this country mere
d
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-09-01


And INTERPRETATION perhaps IN
5000 cases from the case of CD
hons vs. Ogden. the Granger cases
down through the coyfngtonl
Bridge case, and the very late case
relating 70 child labor. 4 am
aware OF the fact that that iproyis-
ion, Of the Constitution has been
Interpreted literally and the court
went so far as to nold In the case
OF the Reed amendment to the
agricultural bill that II a man
should go across, a bridge span.
ming a river which was a boundary
line between two states. with "a
half pint OF liquor In his pocket,
he was engaging in interstate COM
merce. The court went so far as
10 hold that In the case OF man
and a woman crossing that bridge
for immoral purposes that they
were guilty OF an Infractlon OF the
law regarding commerce between
the states. In other words pre-.
sumo that the court thought that
they were poiluting the channels
OF interstate commerce. But thu
court has never gone, so far as 10
hold that Congress. under the
guise Of regulation, might fix the
price. II Congress passes this bill
It will constitute new departure
in legislation. No decision Of the
Supreme Court can be cited as q
precedent to sustain any such leg.
Islation
ut seems TO me that you are go
ing at the wrong end Of the busit
ness. The mines are ready TO pro.
duce coal and are producing 1t.
They are equipped with every fa".
Ility to turn loose a flood Of coal
and rather had you direct your at.
tention to opening up the channels
OF commerce so that the coal NAV
be carried to market instead Of
wasting time abusing the coal peo-
pie. Instead OF doing that. We
should direct our attention to the
method OF transporting the coal
and finding remedy for the
strike troubles that exist lin the
country.
Before l leave the question Of
the validity OF the bill, | want to
direct your attention to the word
'extortion. You say that a bureau
or a department OF the govern
ment shall have the right to decide
what Is fair price or what Is ex-
tortion. Are you not aware Of the
fact that the Supreme Court
overthrow the penal provisions o:
the Lever Act upon the ground
and for the reason that that act did
not particularly define the facts
upon which a charge Of Indictment
might be predlcated. In my judg-
ment, the bill before you Is per
fectly useless ard utterly worth
less. 1t will accomplish nothing,
and |. for one. will be the last to
repose any more power in the In
terstate Commerce Commission.
Had that commission acted
promptly in the reduction pt
freight rates the strikes would
never have come. They are the
authors Of the misfortune OF the
American people and Of this ad-
ministration. Had they reduced
these rates as they should have
done, labor would not have been
Discontinued, the cost of living
would not have been continually
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1922-09-01

MEDIUM BROWN HAIR loks
best Of all after a Golden Clint
Shampoo.
New-York tribune., 1922-06-09
Praise Reserve System and
Urge Better Foreign Credit
Checking; Anderson Sees
No Trade Boom in Sight

INDIANAPOLIS. June s.-Opposition
20 bonus for able bodied war vet
erans and praise for the Federal
Reserve System were contained IN
committee reports presented to-day az
the convention OF the National Associa-
tior Of Credit Men. The Importance
Of greater aid to the exporter IN check
ng foreign credits was emphasized in
a special report.
The time 20 check the next great
imitation is from now on to the peak
Of prosperity. Dr. Edwin r. Gay. former
head Of the Harvard School Of Bust.
ness Administration. told the credit
men to-day he asserted that proofs
OF returning prosperity are at hand,
but advised more conservatism In buy
ing. IN extending credits and in adding
new productive equipment
No boom, but further progress in
emerging from the depression may be
expected in the near future. according
10 B. NJ. Anderson. economist Of the
Chase National Bank Of New York
"The great revival which has already
come from the extreme depression of
May and June Of 1921" he said, Still
leaves us far below normal in the
general volume Of production and con-
sumption. There are two outstanding
pieces OF evidence IN this connection
G) when business is really active
bank loans TO commercial customers do
not 20 down week by week. as they
are still doing. on the whole. IN the
United States; and t2) when business
is really active business men generally
do not look with patience and COM
placency upon protrscted coal strike.
We have had enough business revival 70
enable the majority Of businesses N
the United States TO make small profits
again where few months since losses
were still being taken on current
operations. and in some lines there
mas been a very great increase in out.
put and in profits. But the general
situation is sub-normal, and Is n be
improved not by over-exertion Of a
convalescent patient, but rather By
Gradual building up"
New-York tribune., 1922-06-09
Former Wheat Pit Head
Flaws New Futures Bill

WASHINGTON. June Opposition
70 tho passage - The Capper.T ineher
bin. which would reinforce the fg'greA
trading acf % moot rho recent decision
Of the Supreme Courf. was expressed
to-day before fhe House Agriculture
Committee hy Louis +. Gates, formerly
pros ident Of tho Chicago Board ~
Trade. De- declared 'ha' tso b'.l con-
fained a Joker 'n the proposition -
substitute Federal grain Weighing ard
inspection for state supervision.
Mr. Gates insisted that there was
a political motive behind tho hi.l. and
said tho Chicago Board ~ Trade for
thirty years had conducted Weighing
departmon' which bad commanded tho
respect of every ono.
Tho pending bin WAS nor Intended
10 regulate interstate commerce IN
grain. Mr. Gates insisted. bur was an
attempt. he asserted. 90 put the grain
exchanges Of the country under Fed
eral jurisdiction and give the secretary
OF Agriculture confro. over the grain
trade. which was. he added, strictly a
state activity. Mr.. Cato. said that IN
his Judgment tho antitrust statutes
we're sufficient 20 prevent maniplla-
zion or mono9o.Izat.on of marketing
facilities
New-York tribune., 1922-06-09
T.. +. Pierson Takes
VIZ. Morgan's Place
As Merchants Head
Retiring President of the
Association Refuses Re-
election for Eighth Time;
White lst Nicc-Presidert

Lewis =. pisrson, frat cs.presidsrt
~ the Norchan'f Associstion ard
chairman of the board Of directors n
tho Irving National Bank. was elected
president Of the association 1esterday
BIZ the board % succeed william Fel-
loves Morgan, who refused reelection
upon completion NJ his seventh term
James Gilbert White. second viee-
president. was elected frs' vicc prefi-
don't 90 sueceod Mr pioreon. and VII
liam Hsmlin Childs. third vlcc-presi-
don't. was put In Mr whites place.
Lincoln Cromwell, member u no
cotton commission house n william
fselin & Co., wa. elected third viee-
pres.d dent. John n. Love. n Gralpner,
Love & Lamprecht, nas reelected
treasurer. and s {. Mead secretary.
Mr.. Morgan said that while he vas
grateful FOR the many couriesies sx.
tended 70 him By The board during his
seven years A. president he believed
that the time had come when change
should be made IN fhe Office. both for
the welfare ~ the organization ard be-
cause he thought hc should not BE-
asked % serve longer. After Nr Pier
son had been elected hc eXpre8sed re-
gret ff ff, Morgan WltnffaNal Ann
promised % give the association bis
best efforts as president
Mr. Persons Official activities IN tho
Merchants Association began IN 1912.
he was elected director in January,
1913. and has been reelected each year.
Mr pierson Was appointed By 10
Mayor a member ~ the Advisory COM
mittoe on Por' ard Terminal Faeii.-
ties. he was elected director ~ ths
Chamber ~ Commerce ~ tho United
States IN February, 1917 During ths
war ne WAS active on various commit
tees ard commissions appointed 10
raise money for war purposes.
NJ Cromvo'ls active participation
In the Vo.k n the Merchants Associa.
fion began in 1915. In the following
year he was elected director % suc-
cccd Harvov D0vie.
New-York tribune., 1922-06-09

Butter Receipts Hfrr i1.fff rlrtares
Creamery hleher fhaa eA'r's ID. ,,4 z
.ifac. ~rcrnfs '1n1fc .nNer rrafes on
usf 'fr. centralized .srr. 1N score. .f- Y
atc. s0 s.0r'. 1l. .nIfrr ss score $50
80 1i.r. - tu % erNfn. a. 'tr lnffIffl.
higher fhan extra. 7sHlst.c extras. -
score 1fm3fi7'. hrats. tlr .t..r se'or rda.
.'u lI... IrHN. .ftNNf .|' .'a'. rff'T
fair. tgts frsff '51 sac. good Poo pr -,
f1i. 20 fi-f, common fo taIt iw il't
ladies current mak-. eV'ras fDH tfD hrs's.
lTrlso. seconds. .fr. lower FrlDff +fe
-fU. arhIul stock. current IfHf 30. I
-fs So 2 -tc ioaer eraoes .o4 2ti7r
Cheese Receipts werr 1893 toFes NoN
York state fate. fresh specials fs F. 4iff ff4r.
.aF,rare run. fs1tsttr. fnfns. fresh sFe-
ciais. lsfsutsar avcrafe r1r, &c Nls-
single Daisies i9gl9hc. Young Americas.
Egg--Reeeip,, were siS'f CASES Prssh
gathered extras dozen. sfn N1io. store
age packed. safrl nrsis l'f l1c. Horags
packed. ars's, .'Y4ii /. REGULAR paced
frs,s as0gfc seconds. lgh 12fac. traip
eggs -1fs n 1fc dlrIes storage ark'1,
80. A. -li4 D 4tc. regular packed 81. b
22t@23t.c. SO 2 and poorsr 20 .'le.
chrrAs fair 20 chDicc iry -lf1li4c. Sew
fer.rY. fsnnerv whites uncanfiai extras
~ ~ 5qr. nearby ara nearby Nesfrn hfn-
rery whites average extras lit itf. rf-
tra nrsfs 83is csc ars's. 30012hc near
b. gathered whites. frsfs % extra 1frs
ii e 3sc. under grades. .fn n-l'. faefe
coast. whites extras. 1sT 600. extra frsis
atisn37c. arsfs 10N1fc. under grades,
gsf21fsc nearby and nearby western hen
ard msef enlors. gafhffel fhifaa -'s =
SIC frsf. f0 extra frs's 2fl nlYe.
Pofat0es--s0u't caroilns. 1ar.l f!t2 =
o. Snrfh Carolina. barrel J. 7. q ~ gN B
sa-rsi ta5oass. state snd maine. 90
40 mounds fi.TfTfl SO. $50 pounds s. p
New-York tribune., 1922-06-09
Lumber Markets Less Active

Buying Of yellow pine and Douglas
hr this week was in diminished vol
ume compared with the great activity
Of the three or four previous weeks.
says the weekly review Of the lum-
Der market by Lumber" but the
volume OF buying Is still we'll above
normal levels. with prices strongly
maintained. Further price increases
were shown in few items Of both
species Of structural woods.
Movements in the hardwpods have
not been uniform says The review.
Northern woods have shown no a1-
preciablc gain during tho week, either
IN demand or prices. Several ~ the
Southern woods. however. have STIFF
fencd under a steadily expanding de-
mand."
New-York tribune., 1922-06-09
Hold Reaction in Ruto
Silk Is Temporary

The local raw silk market is quiet
and what little business is passing
IS limited 70 hllinr-in purpofet.
according 70 the weekly market 70.
view n II. l.. Gwalter 4 Co. I'm
dor the influence n tho Yokohama
market" says tho review. prices
have rsceded about 81 10 so cents
a pound. which has caused buyers %
withdraw from the market await.
INK further developments. but in
dications are that large interests
are watching the market closely snd
cvince some deposition 20 resume
~ very little below present quota
tions Holders seem confident that
tho present reaction is only Of
temporary character and that the
fact that the mills in general are
not covered bevond the middle of
next month may bring about A
quick reversal NJ the situation
unon tho first return Of the de-
mand."
New-York tribune., 1922-06-09
|frend Reactionary
|In Quiet Trading
On Curb Exchange
,.,,;nued Profit Taking in
Oil Group eRsults in Fur
,ber Setback; Industrials
llso Lack Some Support

,r,inued profit taking IN oil 'nA..'
- had enjoyed = Ions rise -.
49, n further setbseks in TINS s.Dup
Sc, 50 trading on the Curb ms'A.'
i'.,s,v. Industrial shares were II
-gslsr ,.a,,r. lost a point
!, Standard oil Of XsH'usSy ,..,'n.S slsssI
.s.r .. mexican s'aO0'Td T's.d.e. a...''sa' 90.
- '.'''s', -, voting trust certificates .,.,,e re.
- ..,ls sold by a local 'yna,s',s wA.n .,'i !,
aa.I ''.s fractional premium, p.I.,o. ~"e" s"os. -
=. n',r announced that 'uS''T,n,'. a.. .liSS,Iy S
- =, closed. Other oils we, r.,' n ,.y Ssayy
i've. I'VE. ,'s,sr Ss'' on ,A. r',D, rise. rise. ...,n
N'.,s -S,s,ss A,s''Pr products new stock Dc,
,lls.a ,1s iao1as' further Hudson Motor ''''''''
=. fvsrtior. ~.
New-York tribune., 1922-06-09
Atehison Commons Rating

Question you kindly give mo your
opinion n thc following ag good conserva-
tive buys 80 fhn market Mood Rubber
g. Brooklyn Rapid Transit b pfr cent
csrtircat~ she'll Union s per cent stock
Afrhfson common. sinclair oN Is. 1882
am q daily reader NJ Tho Tribune and VIII
appreciate your opinion of tho above 20
you anticipate an Increased dividend rate
on Atrhlson or extra dividend W % ".
Answer fact that Atchison COM.
mon stock is selling around par does
not necessarily suggest an increase "a
the cash dividend rate or a stock divi-
dend. The price Is not excessive Tor
such O high grade common stock pay
ing per cent. We consider Sinclair
oil IS and Hood Rubber 7s reasonably
sound bonds, our preference being for
tho former Brooklyn Rapid Transit
s. contain too great an element Of
speculation even under tho improved
status of the company 20 mort an IN
vestment rating. She'll Union IS also
speculative.
New-York tribune., 1922-06-09

opesfion--can YOU ri"" uo anf i1fnfnA-
zion about Tho MiiweTf anl onIt ot g. lnr-
nflan7 I have some rye Nrtr0lnHr 'fN-N
which la being taken over nf mo .lIi-
west ard Oulf 900 Corporation. Aher aIn g'.-
frg in exchange Some - 'hl'r f.f cent
preferred j. fs claimed 'haf iitId't.Ie naf"
hsen paid regularly. nrf cannot fri Az
definite Information. nfifhrr rfn .u1 l
.his stock .- 'Ifffi anywhere Nr "l.f
ir. rrarief value fs. n f0l can give me flis
nr ans new information ~ will be gfeatIt q
apprerlafof ,. Is Mci.
Answer Midwest and Gulf OIL Cor
poration controls oil properties IN the
Southwest. rs z per cent cumulative
preferred stock has received dividends
a. this rate since issuance, as far as
We are able 20 determine. The stock
Is not listed on any market and Is
traded in only through brokers who
specialize in a. Quotations under the
circumstances nre uncertain, but the
preferred was recently offered az 3t
10 share.
New-York tribune., 1922-06-09
Tailoring Jobbing Trade Dull

Woolen jobbers who sell 90 merchant
tailers report but li,tlo increase in the
demand for goods despite the fact that
merchant tailors are said 20 be doing
a larger business. The tailors arc etiil
buying goods conservafively and most
Of the orders are FOR single rnIt
lengths or. AZ most. two-suit lengths.
Collections are reported 20 be pnrficu-
larry difficult in this trade. Most Of
the iobbers say that they have not yet
bought their full supplies and are du-
bious concerning their ability 20 ra s.
on the recent increases 20 the tailors.
New-York tribune., 1922-06-09
Report Bank Consolidation
Plans Nearing Completion

Negotiations are reported as nearing
completion for the absorption By the
Chatham and Phcnix National Bank
of the Union Exchange National BANK
a, Dos Fifth Avenue. The Chatham
ard Phenix has branch AT Firth Ave-
nuo and Thirty-third Street and pre-
snmably the Union Exchange would be
merged with this Office. This would
be In line with tho policy or me
Chatham and Phenix under Louis u.
kaufman. its president Of acquiring
neighborhood banks and using them 20
strengthen rs branches.
Tho Chatham and Pheniy has cap
i.al % siO.50O. .00O. surplus and undi-
vided Profits Of S9959.600 and deposits
~ sise62l. 500. The Union Exchange
National has capital Of Si.0oo.ooo.
nroft, o. si.533700 and deposits o.
sis.O3a 500
New-York tribune., 1922-06-09
b u s inc SIS News
Credit Men Oppose Soldier
Bonus at Annual Convention
Trade Buying Less
Slight Decline l. Shown This
Week

Trade buying for the week ending
June SHAT Is. purchase by retailers
from wholesalers and manufacturers
vas about even with the same week
last year for the country az a whole.
but showed n drop n q per cent from
last week. according 10 tho weekly
merchandise activity report compiled
By the Credit Clearing House pur-
chases were 80 per cent under those
Of tho like week in 1920.
Indebtedness fell 21 rcr cent from
last week. but was ~ rer cent grcatcr
than last year and i03 per cent heavier
than IN 1920. Payment activity. a
gauge Of general retail conditions. im-
proved Is per cent over last week.
but was 80 per cent less than last
year and l22 per cent under 1920
The poorest reports come from tho
Eastern section OF tho country. where
the textile strike In New England and
the coal strike IN Pennsylvania are de-
laying merchandising operations.
New-York tribune., 1922-06-09
Record Auto Output in Nav

Automobile production last month SGT
a new high record. according 70 cs'i-
mates just made by the National Auto
mobile Chamber Of Commerce. The
chamber estimates production OF pas
senger cars and trucks last month
reached $4,000 cars, nm increase Of 50
per cent over tho May production last
year and Of - per cent over the April
production this year. The highest pre-
vious record was a production Of 220,-
600 cars in March. 1920. The May pro-
duction last year was only 4 ncr cent
larger than the April production, COM
pared with n 10 per cent month-to-
month increase this year.
New-York tribune., 1922-06-09
New Paramount Contract

New and increased distribution facil-
tiles for Paramount Pictures in Swc-
den. Norway and Denmark arc provided
for in a contract Just signed ny Z. T..
Shauer, director Of the foreign depart
ment Of the Famous Players-Lasky
Corporation. with Carl York and ". ".
lie Mat. two prominent importers and
distributors in the Scandinavian terri
tory. The contract becomes effective
August
New-York tribune., 1922-06-09
General American Tank Car

Question Please advise me a. - me
investment rafinE n General American
Tank Car corporation preferred How
does % compare. on fhe one hand Rifh
Tinted sfatfs steel rsefeffsd ard Nsiionai
Hisc.if preferred. and with Rethlsh~m
Steel preferred snt General Motors fen.n.
furrf ~ The other Have been afrifsd
ffa if PER cent stock selling
slightly under par and really entitled 20 q
higher raiing than price would indicate n
purchased - an Investment. would b. onlg
pnr'-noi over ~ per c-nf--of a fund
divided about equally h-fw~en good grade
bonds and pr~ferfr4 storks-L. o. =.
Answer United States Steel pre-.
ferrcd and National Biscuit preferred
are stocks ~ the highest type, while
General American Tank Car preferred
Is a second grade issue General Amer
ican Tank Car belongs in the same
class with General Motors debenturs
and Bethlehem Steel preferred. We
think this stock would ~ In nicely
with a we'll balanced investment pro-
gram.
New-York tribune., 1922-06-09
Commercial Credit

Further easing in business money
rates is expected in many quarters
Of the business and banking world.
Some borrowers are holding of IN
anticipation Of further lowering Of
;rterest rates. Commercial paper yes
terday was quiet. with the discount
rates remaining in the range Of to
The buying rate on bankers accept
s,cos declined one-eighth Of one per
cert The American Acceptance Coun-
cil quoted the following discount rates
On nrime bankers acceptsnces eligible
for purchase by Federal Reserve
-,
New-York tribune., 1922-06-09
Bonds Are Suitable

Question--f appreciate your service arl
PROFIT tv your answers 20 others VII you
kindly give ma 'he following Information
Are rfn-Ameflcan Petroleum and Trsnspor'
g. 1890. good investment and can they ne
ohfalned in $500 denomination and FUZZY
reglaferef7 IL Famous Players-iasky 4
per cent preferred a fair Investment =
Deiavare Hudson 5iis 1877. new issue.
and how r. A. secured 7 never f~e you
have purchase money 3 1875 u n
good Investment, And 'he Bethlehem
Steel -. nre ;h~y good Investment. and
"a hen duo The Tribune har them due n
1875. nu' 90 not md them that way IN
'he Pocket Manual q. =. r.
-pan-American Petroleum Is
are n good investment. They come in
$500 pieces. but nrc registerable as -
principal only. Famous Players -Lasky
preferred stock IS a fair investment
New-York tribune., 1922-06-09
Business Troubles
rctltIon. In Rnnkrurtcr

Petitions IN BANKRUPTCY
The following petitions IN bankruptcy
were fied sesfeFday ir fhe United states
vR u NrsLIN UNDERWEAR co
FANrEL nRrCKER - Involuntary
TANARA nRos-in,oiunfary hardware
1ff Nr0afwHF
JOSEPH g. FELDNAN Voluntary .os
- Hd o.. no occupation given Liabilities
wfLLfAM % Krrr f~c -fnvoiunisry
stock brokers -0 Hrnaf ~ 80 safinafe'
~ nshn'les or aff'fa nre made in fh'
. s rAG0nvfv . eoN Involuntary.
cIear manufacturers 900 broadway Ia.
u.aes ssumafed af f-.2fo assets az $500
Receivers In Bankruptcy
The following reteiters IN hankrup'e,
we're appointed yesterday in fh~ United
states urrrt Court
A Wolfe sfInnf f0r Y r n Muslin IN.
1rrresr 60. lf' Greene o.. with bond of
e. 800
wari ~ Smith for samuel prucksr
fruf7 fif warren o., with bond ~ 81. 900
ine. g.rh troaefs % ftfh. With bond
Schedules IN bankruptcy
The following .chefuies IN bankruptcy
were fird yesterday in the United states
rorr METALS co rNc % West a.
LatUtss '-7'sif asfeis iiso.a;s
Gambia frr-s-f broadway. flabiil.
f.n 5000 rsaafa $4,000
sr CLOrr HOTEL. iNc "a p ga ~
IlHN.'fiff flff.sti. assets. ffiftn
JOSEPH r IELnMh@-zos ~ - ~
fInbiHfifH frlfTi assets $3.50.
: j. sEUEn 90 iNr-1i 70 Jones ~
occupation gst given. Liabilities. i9.ft0
aasrff. fis11
NAABE GIIssMAN = CO iNC-Im.
1oriefs. ~ fNh hv. Liabilities. fiof.777
assets ffsfIf
BELMOEE WAIST coo 2 35d a.