davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
LEGION I. !,
WINS C0lNE'S|'
Fargo Post Will Purchase
Loving Cup to Be Held
! BY Grand Forks.

Grand Forks Post No. 6 Of the
American Legion has peen declared
winner In tho membership drive cons
test with the Fargo post, which came
to. a close Wednesday night. Accord
ing to reports from Fargo the per-
centage Of that post is 1870. while the
local post has scored 1910 points.
The basis Of the contest was last
years membership, which was placed
at 1000. per cent. Fargo has . mem-
bership of SIG against 764 last year.
while tho Legion post her0 gained
from 526 members last year to ssl,
which ID, the signed up membership
at the present time. 4
Joe Rabinovich, adjdtant OF tho
local post. who has been assisting
with the drive conducted during the
past month. left for Fargo Wednes-
day with the list OF members. It was
a message from him that told Of the
victory of the locals.
1 1t was agreed at the beginning OF
the contest that the loser should buy
a silver loving cup for the winner.
this trophy to be contested for each
year. This cup will be brought to
Grand Forks in the near future.
Stanley Edwards won the first
prize for getting the largest number
OF members. He will receive SIS cash,
donated by the post officials, and his
choice Of a pair Of shoes donated by
NJ. S~tanchfleld, a John b. Stetson hat
donated by the Ruettell Clothing
company. a Stetsoh hat donated by
the NJ. G. Olson company. or an cleo
trio iron donated by the Electric
Construction company. MI. Edwards
had a total OF 52r points. Archie
Balm was second with, 1913 points.
Oscar Welland was third with ESQ
and George Phelps fourth with 116.
Commander Walter Schlosser has
called an executive meeting for today
to decide when a regular meeting
will be held and to discuss other mat
tiers pertaining to the future plans OF
the post.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
Application.
\ For Loans Indicate
Improved Condition,

Minneapolis. Mimi. Feb. 16.-That
the northwest has moved rapidly to
better financial position in the last
few months is shown by the drop in
the rate of applications for loans from
IS to 100 a day. to from 20 to rs q
day at the agricultural LOAF agency in
Minneapolis of the War Finance cor
poration. M. o. Grangard, secretary
said today.
For the first time since the earl
weeks of its organization the commits
tee forming the agricultural loan
agency for Minnesota. North and
South Dakota is caught up" in its
work, he said.
A total Of $~46.4o5.427 in applica-
tons have been approved and for
warded to Washington. Mr.. Grangard
said n of this amount $21, 706, 266
has reached the final stage Of cash
disbursement by the Minneapolis Fed
eral Reserve bank.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
Board FauOrS
Guarantee of
Wheat Prices

The North Dakota Wheat Growers
Inc, went on record during a meeting
OF the board of directors here Tuesday
and Wednesday as favoring a govern
ment guarantee Of a fair price OF
wheat during the present emerg-
ency." This Recommendation was in
corporated in a resolution passed
Wednesday afternoon, following the
adoption of bylaws.
Officers for the organization were
also elected at this time. Geo. E. Duis
OF Grand Forks was chosen presi-
dent; A. r. Josund. Cathay. vice presi-
dent; A. ]. Scott, Grand Forks, secre-
tary, and Nick Nelson. Emerald,
treasurer.
Members, Of the executive commit
tee, OF which Mr.. Duis will act as
chairman, are: A. N. Winge, Van
Hook; A. Meechen, Edinburg; M. S.
Blair, Grand Forks, and o. G. Bothen,
Aneta. 49,,
1t was decided that elections be
held in each Of the twenty districts in
the state on the second Tuesday in
July OF each year. and the annual
state meeting on the third Tuesday of
the same month. The latter meetings
will be held in the home Offices in
Grand Forks.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
Local Men Are
Delegates To
Chicago Meeting

Philip Bangs and Walter Schlosser
Of Grand, Forks have (been named
members Of a North Dakota delega-
ton to the illiteracy conference of the
northern and middle western states,
called to meet in Chicago on February
"a and rs. The conference will be
held under the auspices of the illit-
eracy commission of the National
Educational association.
Other members of h North Da-
kota representation named by Gov
ernor r. A. Nestos follow:
Nelson Sauvain. Devils Lake; Mrs.
L.. N. Cary, Mandan; Mrs. Eugene
Fenelon, Devils Lake; Mrs. Alfred
Zuger, Bismarck; Mrs. Elizabeth Pres
ton Anderson, Fargo Miss Harriet
Perry, Jamestown: H. O.. Pippen,
Dickinson; J. H. Cotton, Minot; Mrs.
NJ. A. Hildreth, Fargo: G. A. Nc
Farland, Wuliston; Miss Annie Burr,
Bottineau; Fred ". Hutchinson,
Fargo; W. L. Nuessle, Bismarck; Miss
Rose Wegner, Hettinger; Norman
Black, Fargo; John Lee Coulter; J.
F. T.. Bohnhoff. Valley City; r. M.
BLACK
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
Resolution To Ask
For Information On
Treaty Is Adopted

Washington, Feb. 1s.-Adoption by
the senate of the resolution Of Sena-
tor Hitchcock, Democrat, Nebraska.
asking president: Harding for addi-
tional information about the four
power treaty, was virtually agreed to
today after a two-hour discussion In
the foreign raltions committe.
The resolution asking President
Harding for full information regard
ing the negotiations Of the Horsepower
Pacific treaty. was adopted by the
senate today after a debate in which
the arms conference policies we're dis
cussed generally on the senate floor.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
BIG LIQUOR RAID
IN OSHKOSH, WIS.

Oshkosh, Wis.,, Feb. 16.-Federal
and state prohibition agents together
with the sherir's force. raided Osh-
kosh saloons late yesterday, obtaining
evidence against ten of the so-called
soft drink parlors, and co~n1scatine
two large stills.
The largest number Of agents yet
used in a. raid in Wisconsin CO.
operated to carry out the Oshkosh
search. The entire state prohibition
commissioners field force Of nine
men, with eight federal men and sew
eral sheriff's deputies were in the
raiding marty. -
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
PECULIAR MALADY
RESEMBLING FLU
PREVALENT HERE

A peculiar malady, somewhat sim
far to influenza. is prevalent in the
city, according to an. announcement
by the city health department. The
disease is not as severe as during the
flu epidemic here in 1918, and there
is no cause for alarm, the report stat
ed. Some doctors have diagnosed the
disease as lagrippe as it was thought
that the illness was more of that ma
ture.
Dr.. E. c. H~aagenson, city health
officer, also recommended that peo-
pie continue to boil the city water.
He stated that a test Of the water
made Wednesday, showed that the
quantity Of chlorine used to purify
that water, though sufficient under
normal conditions, did not seem to
effect the typhoid bacilli, and the
amount will be increased.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
RANDALL PARRISH

Ono of the most popular. most
Industrious and typicaIly Ameri-
can writer's of the day, is Ran
dali Parrish. He deals largely in
plots Of romance, mystery and
adventure. Frequently the set-
ting is in the West, but not al
ways. His latest story '"The
Mystery of the Silver Dagger is
laid in the East and introduces
new characters and incidents.
One Of it's unusual angles is the
mystery with which he surrounds
the principal female participant.
You do not discover until the
final chapter whether she is a
dangerous criminal. a foreign
Elottera secret service agent or
just a normal, sweet American
girl acting from a high sense OF
duty. Such uncertainty adds to
the charm of the narrative. Be-
gins tomorrow as a serial in these
columns. Be sure to get the
opening inStallment,
Herald Want Ads Bring Results
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
NO REHEARSAL OF
PHILHARMONIC ON
TUESDAY EVENING

AS a regular rehearsal of the Uni
vensity Philharmonic was held Wed
nesday evening, there will be no re-
hearsal this evening as previously an
nounced, according to Prof. F. A.
Beidelman, director.
A special rehearsal will be held in
the public library Sunday afternoon
at 3 o'clock.
The rehearsal of the Oratorio So
ciety which wos scheduled to be held
Tuesday evening. February 81 will be
postponed on account of the Carney
song contest which. will be held at the
university on that date. Instead their
will be a Joint rehearsal of the uni
versity and city sections at 1880 Mon
day --eninR at the university.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
GOOD ROADS
WORK URGED
r. l.. Whitcomb Addresses
Merchants Association
Benner Gives Talk.

R. L. Whitcomb, TRAVELLING secretary
for the North Dakota Good Roads as
ISOLATION. addressed the directors of
the Merchants association It their
regular meeting today. He spoke of
the work of the good roads %associa-
ton and urged them to participate in
it..
N. c. Benner, head Of Benner g.
Begg. who has returned from an cast
err buying trip, spoke on conditions
in New York. He said hat business
conditions were looking up and hat
was becoming much easier.
Retail conditions are improving ma
terialfy, he said.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
MARKET O
BY WIRELESS
FROM CHICAGO

Chicago, Feb. 16.-Daily market re-
ports on live stock and meats, fruits,
vegetables. dairy products and grain
at the principal market centers may
be taken from the air" by any radio
phone set within 500. miles, the bureau
of markets here announced Ntoday.
Crop and weather reports are also
sent broadcast and many.agencies are
distributing this free service among
farmers and shipping associations. the
bureau said.
Michigan. Indiana, Illinois, Wiscon-
sin and Iowa are within the territory
reached by the station here. the bu-
reau said, and officials declared the
use of the radiophone will become al
most universal among farmers and
shippers within a>short time.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
MARK TIME.
ON HOWAT'S CAST

indianapolis. Feb. ls.-with, it's
main Of business OF Framing the
union miners wage policy untouched,
the convention OF the United Mine
Workers of America today marked
time in the settlement OF whether It
would consider the appeal Of Alex
ander Howat and other expelled Kan
sas miners for reinstatement in the
union. y
The roll cali of delegates on the
Kansas cas wal; delayed awaiting
final decision q to who was entitled
TO vote, and after considering q hall
score OF contests the convention ad-
journed until tomorrow.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
GEN. AZCAPE|'TN
I OF ARMENIA TO
LECTURE HERE
Making Tour Of Country
Under Auspices Of Near
East Relief.

G. B. Galley of Valley City, field or
sanizer for the Near East Relief in
North Dakota. is in the city scon-
ferring with the local committee in
regard to the appearance hero of
General Azgapetian of E;rivan, Ar
Jpenia, who will be here February "a,
rs and 26 to lecture on conditions in
the Near East.
The committee consisting of Martin
Cotton. T. B.. Elton. DR.. H. H. Healy,
Rev. l.. B. Robertson and Rev. e. O.
.Armbruster met this noon at the Y.
NJ. C. A. with Mr.. Galley to make the
necessary arrangements. 1t was de-
cided that efforts will be made to have
General AZgapetian speak at the Uni
versity of North Dakota and Central
high school, and to conclude his work
with a mass meeting for citizens on
Sunday. February rs.
Mr.. Azgapetin. who is a general in
the Armenian army. is making a tour
Of the United States in the interests Of
his countrymen. He speaks fluent
English and is said to bring a very in
teresting message to America.
The state of North Dakota has
been allotted a certain number Of
orphans to provide for. of which the
aim Of the state committee of the
Near East Relief to ask organizations
in the various cities to adopt one or
more OF these orphans and provide
for them, rather than ask private
contributions. The amount required
for each child is $50 per year, Mr..
Galley stated. In Grand Forks this
would amount to about % cents per
capita to provide for the local quota.
Mr. and Mrs. L. G. Moultrie of this
city. who spent two years in Beirut,
Syria. experimenting an orphans
home there. will aid the local COM
mittee in it's work here. Wednesday
afternoon, Mrs. Moultrie spoke on
conditions in the Near East before
the Ladies' Aid Of the Baptist church.
Similar work will be taken up in
East Grand Forks, Mr.. Galley stated.
r. o. Sullivan and Miss Anna Kauf-
n are the representatives of the Or
ganizatiOn there.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
.JACOBlNAM|ED
!. ROOT|E|:'R KING
William naubec Elected
Assistant, at Rally
Today.

Jack Jacob was elected "Rooter
King" at the pep rally this morning
in the armory] of the University of
North Dakota. William Klaubec was
named assistant. Following the pre-
sentation of lettersSto twelve uniyersi-
ty athletes. a rousing chorus Of songs
and yefls put the pep into the rally.
The following received letters:
Houser, Avery, Meland, Busdicker,
Movius, Conmy, J.. Sinclair, Wells,
Mayer Th9rwaldsen, Brodie and
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
GRONNA TO SERVE
AS DRIVE CHAIRMAN
FOR NELSON COUNTY

Max Rabinovich, district chairman
for the Jewish relief drive. today an
nounced that. FORMER Senator A. J.
Gronna has consented to act Is chair
man for the drive in Nelson county.
The committee for that county is now
organized, and preparations for the
drive are being made.
Practically all of the counties under
Mr.. R~abinovich's direction are now
organized and the. actual work of so
Letting funds will begin the first week
in March, he has announced.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
SERIES OF SPUD I'll
MEETINGS BEGUN

meetings to be held in Grand Forks
county took place this afternoon at
kempton, where County Agent d. B.
Morris and George Wolf, assistant
county agent leader. had charge.
Mr.. Morris and Mr.. Wolf will dis
cuss with the growers the questions
of seed selection, cultivation, = and
treatment during the growing period,
grading, w~arehousing. marketing, etc.
f. W. Reinoehl of Larimore, presl-
dent Of the county farm bureau, also
appeared on the program.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
M'GAHEY WINS CONTEST
Grand Forks Man Captures Honors IL
O~ratOrical Contest,

0fahd FOrks Man Captures HOnOFS In
Oratorical Contest.
The annual o~ratorical contest at
the University of North Dakota last
night was won by Archie McGahey of
Grand Forks who spoke on From
culogized David Lloyd George. Second
place went to Howard Shaft of Mint,
VINO spoke on "A College Mans
Creed" X
Other speakers were: Duane
Sauires, whose Grafton was '"The
Puritan Influence on America"
Katherine futile on 1.-The Tragedy Of
Mediocrity;" Bernard Meland on IAN
Outgrown Doctrine" and Ellen J.
Anderson on women in Industry
Judges were: Richard E. Wenzel.
Grand Forks; Major Albert E. Brown
of the University and Rev. S. l.. Tai
Jackson. Grand Forks.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16

Little Richard Headrick has sue
cessfully weathered a siege of diph-
theira which threatened to end his
earthly career. He's considered
Jackie Coogan's nearest rival for. clev-
erness, and does many things Jackie
can't do.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
EoRMGN

New York, Feb. 16.--Fofeign ex-
change, Great Britain 4.35; cables
54.35 lie: so. day bills IN. banks 4.32;
France demand S.65 cables 8.65 1-2;
Italy demand 4.S5: cables 4.85 1-2;
Germany demand ~ 7-8; cables so
1-2; Norway demand 1856; Sweden
demand 1853, s8
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
SENATE COMMITTEE
WANTS TO VISIT
MUSCLE SHOALS

Washington. Feb. 16.-The /. senate
agriculture COMMITTEES today asked the
visit the Muscle Shoals owe and
nitrate project IN connection With the
comMittee's consideration OF Henry
Ford's ofer TO lease the properties.
The revolution which proposed the
whole committee OF seventeen make
the trip, Was referred to the auditinK
coInmittee because 81 the expenditures
that would be tentaiied.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
SALE OF SEALS
BROUGHT FUND
TO SUPPLY MILK

The annual sale of Christmas seals,
conducted for the benefit of the anti
tuberculosis association resulted in a
fund of $~1,206.36, according to an
nouncement by Mrs. r. A. Sprague.
city chairman. OF this amount Grand
Forks retains one-half for the pur-
chasing of milk for public school pu-
pills who are in need of nutrition,
while 40 per cent of the total goes
to the state anti-tuberculosis associa-
tion and ten e cent to the national
body.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
FINAL ARGUMENT IN HILL CASE

st. Paul. Feb. 16.-Ffnal arguments
were reached today in the probate
court case over appointment of an
administrator for the $l2, 900, 900
estate of Mrs. James J. Hill, with in
dicAtions that the case would be in
the hands of Judge Howard Wheeler
tonight. Decision is not expected for
at least a week.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
CONWAY BANK CASE
STILL on IN COURT

The case of the Farmers Security
bank of Conway against H. B. SPRING
en-. and the Northwestern Trust com
pany, which was taken up in district
court on Wednesday, occupied the at
tention of Judge NJ. J.. Englert. who is
presiding, throughout the entire ses-
sion today.
An action against Victor Skibitiski
in which the Farmers Security bank
Of Conway also is the plaintiff is to
be taken up after the action now on
h calendar is disposed of.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16

BLOW BROUGHT BACK SIGHT.
Joliet, Ill, Feb. 16.-A blow over
the left eye, blind since babyhood,
brought sight back to Miss Maude
Ann Naismith. II. last might, when
she and her brother were performing
gymnastic stunts at their home.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
Teachers Aided Work

Mrs. II. "A. Pierce was in charge of
the sale at the different theatres and
had as her assistants the Misses Clara
Swanson. Grace Guam. Lucille Ernest,
Charlotte Hanson, Edna Haga. Hen
rietta Fisher, Edith Roller, Charlotte
Everson, Gene st. Clair, Agnes Muir
ply, Hazel Lamb, Gladys Lesson,
Grace Hilligos INC Helen Stinson.
The teachers in the different
schools have been given.a great deal
of credit for the work this year. Three
children from the grade schools sold
over ten dollars worth of seals each.
They were John Bachelor of the sixth
grade, Goldie Law Of the fifth grade
and Barbara Trepanier of the fifth
grade, all in Belmont school.
The sixth grade at Belmont taught
by Miss Mehl sold 5000 worth; the
fifth grade also at Belmont sold
$47.77 and the high school pupils in
charge of Miss Davies sold $500. q
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
Fire Atten,ptd.

Belfast. Feb. 1s.--An attempt was
made this forenoon to burn the work
house at S%trahane. North TYRONE,
which the military had signifed their
l'intention of occupying this week A
police patrol noticed the flames and
i the blaze vas checked.
The fire arms let is now in opera
ton in northern Ireland and the au-
thorities that it will be
strictly enforced. The possession or
sale OF firearms without police certif-
Gates is punishable by two years
hard labor. The period of grace for
4the surrender of arms expires Satur-
day in Belfast and February. % else
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16

Mrs. John Coogan, mother Of
Jackie, is to write a series of maya
zine articles on how to train a child
for a professional career.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16

Mrs. Laura Young was in charge
OF the girls who sold seals at the
different hotels and had as her as
sistants the Misses Hannah >Berget;
Rose Merbs. Dorothy Merbs, Frances
Marcoux, Nellie Miner. Alice Bund-
lie, Eva Beaulac and Ethel Bergen
and Mrs Chas. Lowe and Mrs. +. H.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
More Shooting.

Belfast, FEB. 16.-(By the >Asso-
ciated Press)-The day opened with
the death of a five-year-old child
who was struck by a bullet while
playing in the street.
A workman proceeding along Sc
ford street in the Ballymacarrett area,
was shot dead.
Youthful gunner held up workers
in the low market district and
wounded one Of them.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16

Herald wasn't Ads Bring Results.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16
PROSPECTS FOR
IRISH PEACE ARE
MUCH BRIGHTER

{C:ontinued From Page ~
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-02-16

Herald Want Ads Bring Results.
The St. Charles herald., 1922-04-08

the number twenty-one years of age In.
creased from 152. .29S, or 1872 per cent,
to 193.663, or 81 per cent.
The number Of married girls sixteen
years Of age increased from 34,S29. or
81 per cent Of the total female popu-
lation at that age In 1910, to 41,626,
or AZ per cent Of the corresponding
total In 1920; the number married at
seventeen years Of age increased from
76.6S3. or 81 per cent. to 90.93O. or 9.S
rcr cent: the number eighteen years
Of age increased from 166, AGO. or II
per cent. to 1S6.645. or 1872 per cent.
and the number nineteen years of age
increased from 224.978. or 25.7 per
cent, to 4.507. or 28.6 per cent.
The statistics showed the number Of
single persons more than fifty years
Of age was 1.440.514. including S04. 400
men and 636.lO0 women.
The St. Charles herald., 1922-04-08
Ruler of Tibet
Is Hard Worker

There Is an official date for winter
to begin and end, and the fur hat and
other warm garments ordained for off,
cials are invariably wOrh without re-
gard to weather conditions between
those dates. However comfortable the
official may be with the fur hat April
20 or without 1t after that date. he
would never dream Of departing from
the sartorial convention In public for
five minutes. The etiquette Of the peo-
pie Is very elaborate and strict.
"There are. practically speaking. no
police. no firemen, and no wheeled
traffic In Lhasa. II man suffers from
toothache. he goes with few friends
onto the fiat roof of his house. His
friends bring big stone, around which
they fasten a string. The string is
then tied to the bad tooth, and the
stone dropped over the roOftop. Two
or three friends hold onto the patient
to prevent him from going over, too"
The St. Charles herald., 1922-04-08
MANY GIRLS ARE MARRIED YOUNG

to forty-four. inclusive, also showed an
Increase In the ratio Of married per
sons In the decade, although less pro-
nounced, especially among the women.
while the proportion for persons for
ty.fve years Of age and older showed
Z decrease.
In 1890. the figures show. 3222 boys
Of sixteen years. or $40 Of per cent
Of the total Of that age. compared with
l-lO Of per cent of the total OF that
aCe In 1910, were married. while those
seventeen years Of age married num-
bered 1859. or $40 Of per cent Of
the total Of that age. compared with
half that proportion ten years pro
vtously.
The number Of married at eighteen
years Of age increased from 1881. OF
IL per cent Of the total male popula-
ton at that age. n 1910. to 24.0A OF
~ per cent Of tho eorresponding total
in 1870: the number married At nine
teen years of age Increased from S.
6o6 or 50 Per cent. to 6890o. or Cd
per cent: the number twenty years Of
- Increased iron 126 psr cent and