Evening star., 1922-12-31
FOREIGN AFFAIRS

With Michael Collins as its head.
the provisional government OF the
Irish Free State was established in
January. after dali eireann had ac-
cepted the treaty with England and
De Valera had refused to accede. I'M
mediately the republicans, now rebels,
started warfare that lasted
throughout the year and was marked
by innumerable assassjnations and
other outrages The Free State forces
gradually gained possession of most
Of the territory where the rebels were
strong and the fighting degenerated
Into bushwhacking. On August s2.
President Collins was killed in an am
buscade and William Cosgrove was
elected to succeed him. He offered am
nesty to the rebels, but they decided
to fight to the death" Erskine
Childers, chief aid Of De Valera was
captured and executed. as were other
republican leaders. The Irish Free
S'ate formally came into being on
December s. with Timothy Healy as
governor general.
Lloyd George Quits.
Primo Minister Lloyd George held
power through all the vicissitudes Of
the year until October 49, On that
day the conservatives In parliament
decided to abandon the coalition and
act In future as a separate party. The
premier was thus deprived of his
majority and promptly resigned. with
his cabinet. A. Bonas Law. chosen
leader Of the conservatives. succeeded
him. formed anew ministry and call
ed an election for November Is. At
the polls he won control Of parlia-
ment The laborites made great gains
Under the leadership of Benito Mus
solini the fascist Of Italy. organized
primarily to protect the country
against the communists, fought a
long and successful battle. Gaining
steadily in strength. notably by the
ing men. ther saved the industries of
Italy from the reds, and finally dis
satisfied with the weak policies of
Premier Facta. compelled his resig-
nation on October 26. Mussolini was
made premier and at once set to work
try The king and chamber Of deputies
gave him full power to put into ef-
feet his contemplated reforms and
economic measures. and as he had
the support of most of the people, Tie
prospects for Italy were bright. a
Constantine Abdicates Again.
Greece's disaster in Asia Minor re-
suited in the second abdication Of
King Constantine on September 26. in
troops. Next day the crown prince.
George, was sworn in as king and a
new government installed. The revo-
lutionists in control caused the arrest
Of various former cabinet officers and
generals on the charge of high trea-
Anatolia. and six Of them. including
three former premiers. we're con-
demned to death. Great Britain tried
vainly to prevent the execution and
then broke of relations with Greece.
probably glad to get rid Of an en-
uncle of the king. also was tried and
condemned. but escaped with exile.
NJ. BRAND resigned as premier of
France on January IL because his pol
icies at the Cannes conference were
opposed. He was succeeded by NJ
strict enforcement of the treaty of
Versailles.
Pope Benedict Dies.
Pope Benedict XIV died on January
%, and on February the sacred coll
lege met in Rome to choose his sue
cessor Four days later Cardinal
Achille Ratti. Archbishop of Milan.
was elected, and on February IL he
was crowned pope as Plus XII.
To the account Of affairs In Turkey
related above is to be added the down.
Angora government to be a tool of
fall Of the sultan. Considered by the
traitor, he was deposed on November
/. The sovereignty of the nation was
declared to be in the hands Of the
people and the name changed from
Ottoman empire to state Of Turkey.
The dethroned ruler took refuge on
Malta. On November 1S his nephew.
Abdul Medjid Enendi. was elected
caliph Of the Moslem Church.
Affairs In China were. as usual, al
most too confused for understanding.
On April 81 Gen. Chang Tso Lin. gov
% TIentsin in and ON Nav s'sso he rexas was ano de1
feated by Gen. WI and driven back
into Manchuria- In Juno the old Chi
nese parliament met, President Tsu
resigned and Ii Yuan-Hung was
made president. with WI Ting-fang
as premier. Sun Vat Sen. head Of the
southern China government. was
driven out Of Canton on June 16, but
In August he turned up as the con-
trolling figure In a conference In