davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-12

Billy Sunday audiences have apparently
not learned that the Chautauqua salute il
insanitary.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-12

Any suggestion that Brumbaugh h
be given Finegan's job would be Sufficient
defeat Alter.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-12

All ready for the first closeup in thA
great drama, The Publication Of q STATE =
Put your best foot forward and register
patriotism.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-12

Fickle 10 fame. The lone straw bal
that achieved notoristy in Atlantic City thu
other day will by and BY lie on the dust
heap forgotten.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-12

Laddie Boy continues to bs the on,
Washingtonian beyond criticism.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-12

Chancellor Wirth was the only delegate
who was not applauded at Genoa. We'll, In
the circumstances, he could hardly expect
that those present would want to fall on hi(
neck and kiss him.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-12

There are marriages in the spirit world
but no births, says Conan Doyle. Have NJ :,
IDENTIFY allowed the Sangers to gain control
there.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-12

In tho matter Of naval balances, Il
would be an easy matter to convict OoA,
gress Of giving short weisht,
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-12

In a three -cornered fight two oi tn
contestants are bound to get knocked int
that kind of a hat.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-12

But can a performance Of Chinese opera
lasting eleven hours really be called long.
winded when all the music IL provided b.
drums and fiddles?
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-12

Russia goes to the Genoa conference a
a prospective buyer with her money tempos
rarily tied up. She goes there to face traderl
who want her business ct the least possible
risk. Her handicap lies in tho personnel q,
her representatives.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-12
SHORT CUTS
Bookbinder was by the Law. book bound,

The world now awaits the truth abou,
Russia via Genoa.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-12

You can't vote II you're not registered
And you can't kick If you don't vote.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-12

=. Jobs for Brumbaugh, Beidleman asi
Mackey everybody happy II Alter is elected
that Is, OF course, everybody but thu
people at large, and thoy don't count.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-12
His voice shaking with
emotion, Senator Cara
Free Seeds

way protested that Vice
President Coolidge refused to recognize him
so long as a solitary Republican desired the
floor. The Vice President should avoid
causing the Caraway seed Of discomfort TO
germinate and throw out shoots. Let him
rather allow Caraway to sprinkle himself
abundantly on the Republican cakes Of ora
tory. In the Congressional Record there is
room enough for all.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-12
What Do You Knosv?

QUIZ
i. What Is the origin Of -shs expression
Who founded the French Academy. -.
o. WSst are the three great divisions Of ss tss
s s RSsspiss %sC of f9s% Ra..is ass "'''~
% %tions and ySs.sa sSs xs.oessies 81: N & Nations:
i've i assin"Y ~ '"0'' Immortal 'N
9. What kind OF an animal 10 = se1syi A.
Z" Dis,atn{Hish between q tipster and ss"'|
3. What is tisans?
s what Wa. tss &. s1hss 'm%o:,.i E, ..
Answers to Yesterday's ouIs
I. "The Artful Dodger' was the nickns,mne|
Of John Dawkins. youthful pics:|
Dickens novel. "ollvsr fWi.t ,.,,,
"ef?SsSn ~ NSs% zsasns Y ths capital OF tho
9. "To go to Canossa" means to eat hunDl!:I|
pie. Canossa is town In Italy wmSIs|| wnsSIs|
kassr bss1r. Ms%sfe Pop. ~ T.soy w:S tS VII
4. 4 merle is a blackbird. ~
s. Thomas aKempis was German Gersnr
ssi the s%i.st!sn H% 'a' n cSsRist asRst:9 His
6. Ka%shamsha IRE Great ruled eyer eye a4s!I tss|
to unite them In a single kingdom, d.d
7. The treaty Of Guadalupe Hidalgo enSett| sct
the Mexican War In 1s4s The paoti|
SIsxeso taxes ~ IT,, name from suon''
s. a socle Is a low, rectangular block s'
ing as support for pedestaaa, a,,, vsr
3 A aSI5inquassnarian sI5' is a person hf'S w
10, g, Andrew is the patron saint Of
AenQb A 7. -. 81. ..,-l---------r
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-12

Lloyd George may be Hamlet at Genoa
but Russia is the Ghost.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-12
NOW MY IDEA is THIS!

Daily Talks With Thinking Phladephans Subjects They
Kno,v Best
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-12

GRANDMA BALL could lot have popu.
" larized that retreat for her old age by
herself, nor could the wife Of the ex.Goy.
ernor have won the community over to the
idea of Sunnyside by herself, though she
certainly is ''key woman" in her State
and outside Of it. 1t was the combination
that made the dramatic and successful be-
ginning which has played to a full house ever
since.
Everything depends on how thing begins
in small community. And it is worth
waiting some time for the right moment.
holding the three hundred dollars in hand
till a Grandma Ball case turns up.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-12

Commission appointed to inspect air the i'm.
ported acreage Of stntuury, vestments, orna
ments and stained glass which are allowed
free entry as works Of art
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1922-12-15
Display Uses Of Rabbit
Skins at Rabbit ShOlU

An unusual interesting display o.
the uses OF rabbit ekins VIII be on
exhibition az the Rabbit Show,
which Is 10 be held Jan. 10. II, u
and 13. a. the Chamber OF Com
merce. Tho exhibition VIII include
furs made OF rabbit skins and tan
ned pieces.
The uses o. rabbit skins are many
and varied. BY trimming the skins
short they are made 20 initiate seal
and are sold as Hudson seal. sealene
and other names. The best felt hats
are made from rabbit skins and one
progressive manufacturer IS using
them for light weight baby shoes.
Tho industry Is growing rapidly
and during the last year more than
5000. 600 skins were imported from
Australia and other foreign coUn-
tries. Government statistics show
that Gs percent or the FUR used IN
thls country Is rabbit fur.
The Judge OF the show viii be
Judge Gibson OF Elwoo1. Ind. who
IS known internationally in this
field.
Any one desiring any Information
on entries for the show should com.
municate with Paul Kring. 1911
Marietta 81.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1922-12-15
HOTELS PLAN FOR
ELABORATE EVENTS
ON NEW YEARS EYE
Concert and Dinner to Pre-
cede Dancing, Which Will
Begin at Midnight.

Notwithstanding the fact that
New Years eve this year falls on
Sunday, those celebrants whose
wakefulness on that night demands
they watch the old year out and the
new one In, will have plenty OF Op-
portunity to do so.
Both the Oliver and LaSalle ho-
tel arrangements are making eK-
haustive plans for those whose OBJ
servance is not complete without
dining and dancing. Dinner viii be
served at both hotels at 10 o'clock,
which will be followed by orchestral
concerts until midnight, when
dancing will commence.
Reservations are being received
by the two arrangements and Il was
stated that If the capacity Of the
two institutions are taxed. a total OF
1000 persons may be served. II IS
evident that the demand for table
reservations this year viii again be
heavy judging from the number Of
early applications.
Although dancing IS permitted
on sunday IN south BEND lL mas
never been allowed in the Oliver
under my management" said Andy
Weisberg, manager last night. And
this policy VIII prevail this year al
though It so happens that It is New
Years eve. When midnight arrives.
however. the orchestral concert viii
be discontinued and dancing may
be enjoyed until the small hours OF
the morning.
"Our plans this year call for the
most enjoyable New Years eve en-
tertainment we have thus FAR pro-
vided," added Mr.. Weisberg.
Substantially the same arrange
ments have been perfected at the
LaSalle. said Manager Hoffman last
night. The mezzanIne floor viii be
utilized. and the lobby given over to
dancing after midnight There too,
dinner will be served at 10 o'clock.
In addition TO these two celebra-
lions, the usual number OF watch
parties with special performance
al the theaters, viii be held.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1922-12-15
Youth ReUedLs TO Police
Juvenile Gangs Crime,

a surprising story az 3uveu-s
crime was told Capt. Hamilton o.
the local police department last
night by Joe Lech-ausk.. 13-year5
old, who was arrested early last
evening while ne and seven other
boys were in the act OF robb.ug tho
All-Amer!cau Candy store. 1913 s.
Michigan ST. AL OF tho other mem
beers OF the youthful gang escaped
from the police. their arms and
pockets flied with candy. while
young Lechtansk. who had acted as
a lookout was taken 20 the sta-
ton by officer Bl0gmGe.I. Joe. Wh1
lives at COL IS. Carlisle ST.. was will
ing 10 talk az the station and told
Capt. Hamilton OF numerous other
deDredat.ous which the gang o.
youngsters had committed. Accord
ing 20 the Lad. the gang had robbed
the White EaE-e bakery only re-
Gently and had ALSO stolen from box
cars but he said he had uot been
with them on these occasions. IIr
admitted. however. that he had s.o-
len articles from five and ten cent
stores and also from hls employer
Frank Mo.anda q butcher.
The names ~ the seven members
q the garE who escaped. were rur-
n.shed the police hy the lad and The
police late last night were making
efforts 10 a2preheud them.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1922-12-15
CHARLIE RAY PICTURE
FEATURES PALACE BILL

Alias julius Caesar, with ever
popular Charlie Ray as the star. Is
about the best thing 20 be seen
on the bill at the Palace theater
the latter half OF this week, the
flm production proving more at
tractive than the five vaudeville acts
presented on the same program.
The picture is mp 10 the Ray stan
dard. which means that il is enter
talninR every minute.
OF the vaudeville acts. a fun-sltit
Let's Co" featuring Bachelor and
Vert in a laughing dining car sketch.
IS the best OF the lot although the
opening act Is far above the aver
age. In this Offering. Larimer and
Hudson prove 10 be a pair OF clever
cyclists who fnd instant favor and
pTesage something better 20 come
in the following acts-but IL never
comes.
Madame JEWELS manikins were
well liked by many I'm the audience.
Jack PonIc. styled as n character
r-stor imrersona'inF Andy Gump,
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1922-12-15
TWO NEGROES SHOT
IN REVOLVER DUEL
Ellis Jones Gets Bullet In Back
of Neck-Other Makes
His Escape.

Ellis jones, 23-year-old negro was
shot in a pistol duel early yesterday
afternoon IN the goo block Bert
rand st. this city The other man who
is said 10 be John Huston, Elkhart.
was shot by Jones but managed 10
make his getaway
The fight is said 20 have been
the result OF a dispute between the
two arising out OF a love triangle.
The police ambulance rushed
Jones TO Epworth hospital where
II was discovered he had been shot
in the back OF the neck. DIT. I. san
dock attended him. The bullet was
not removed. His injuries are not
considered serious.
The police investigated but were
unable 10 locate the other injured
man.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1922-12-15
WRECKING TRAIN
HITS incl AUTO
AT HIGH STREET
Son of Principal of Oliver
School May Die of
Injuries.

Glen Incl. i year old son OF II.
G. incl. principal OF the Oliver
school received injuries which may
prove fatal when the car IN which
be and his father were riding was
struck by a New York Central
wreckng train last night a. the
New York Central crossing at High
st The train was on It's way % the
derailment al Ginger Hills. The faith
er Jumped from the machine and
miracuIously escaped Injury. Nir.
Incl resides AT S4I y. Ninth ~.
The youngster had his right arm
and leg broken "a two place, while
his left leg was badly mangled re-
sultins IN multiple fractures. he
also received a bad scalp wound
and bruises. HIS condition. doctors
say, IS critical.
The accident occurred shortly be-
fore z o'clock when M. incl and
his son were driving south on High
81. enroute TO the oliver school.
According 20 Mr.. Incl who was
driving the machine. he approached
the crossing at a slow rate OF speed.
There was no Waterman at the cross
Ing. He started across the tracks be-
fore seeing the train but was undbls
20 stop quickly owing 10 the slip
perry crossing. Mr.. Incl and his son
wers IN the front seat and were
covered with a zap robe.
Upon seeing his danger Mr.. incl
untangled himself from the robe
and jumped. He shouted for the boy
TO follow but he was unable 90 get
out before the train crashed into
the car. The train coming from tho
east, hurled the machine some dis
tance down the tracks. The train
was stopped a short distance away.
The police ambulance IN charge
OF Sergts. Luther and Laskowskl
rushed the boy TO Epworth hospital
where he was attended 20 by DR..
BOsenbury. DR.. BOsenbury set the
broken bones but stated that am
putauon OF the left leg may be ne
cessary. He said that the boy had
his right arm broken IN two places,
his right thigh IN two places and
another below the knee while his
left leg had multiple fractures be-
low the knee.
The train was manned By Engi.
neer Ray Mitchell and Conductor p.
J. Cotter.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1922-12-15
KIWANIANS ELECT
FEGAN PRESIDENT,
BOOST TOWER FUND
Two Hundred Eleven Dollars
Contributed by Organiza-
ton at Luncheon.

At the regular meeting OF the XII
wants club at the oliver hotel yes
terday. Walter Fegan was unani-
mously elected president; a. B. Du-
fendach, elected vice president. and
Glenn c. Kuehn, reelected secretary
treasurer Installation OF officers
Will take place in January.
Plans were made for the annual
distribution Of food to the poor fam
lilies Of the city and the club mem
bers were urged to cooperate with
the Tower of Babel in seeing that
every kiddie Of Ray Birds Rescue
Mission is well fed and happy. Last
year the kiawnis club and other or
ganizations fed 500 boys and girls
and each received a present.
Selections by the Kiwanis quartet
offered the musical entertainment
and Perry Faulkner, Of Indinarohs,
state head Of the American Legion,
addressed the meeting. l. J. OlHer,
who was scheduled 10 tell OF his
recent visit to Europe, will speak
at the next meeting. a gavel made
from the wreckage OF a United
States Supreme court bench destroy
ed by the British army IN 1875, was
exhibited by John B. Campbell. The
gavel was a gift from a former sen
atOr of Wisconsin.
Announcement was made at the
meeting that Andy Weisberg, mana
ger OF the hotel. Will have a Christ
mas tree in the hotel lobby % which
youngsters from the Orphans Home
at Mishawaka will be brought the
day before Christmas by volunteers
OF the Kiwanis club.
Two hundred and eleven dollars
for Bill Armstrong; Tower OF
Babel" fund resulted from the col
lection taken at the luncheon.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1922-12-15
RESCUE MISSION TO
USE new QUARTERS
Dedicatory Exercises to B c
Held Tonight With Rev.
Cole Speaker.

Dedicatory services for the new
quarters for the City Rescue Mission
VIII he held tonight at PA S. Ia
fayette St. the building purchased by
the mission a number OF months
ago. Fixtures and furniture from
the old location a. rs Z. jefferson
blvd. are being moved today. Rev.
Ray L. Bird announced last night.
The Rev. Elmer Ward Cola pas
tor OF the First Christian church.
VIII deliver the dedicatory address
tonight. while the Amphion quartet
VIII give a special program Of music.
The Mission viii occupy half OF
the ground floor and the entire sec
ond and third floors OF the Melville
building. The Mission was located
at the i. jefferson st. site more chan
eight years ago.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1922-12-15
It's a Wise City
Father WhoObeys
DUN Parking Law
Councilman Hull's Jam" Gre
ates FurOre in Court as
Others Object"

II Andy Volstead, the ". k. au-
thor of the prohibition act, were to
be arrested today for "boOtlegging"
he could get together with Council
man George Hull, of this city and
frame a definition for the word
boomerang" which would be far
superior to anything found in Web
ster's Unabridged.
For Councilman Hull father OF
South Bends almost forgotten 60
minute parking ordinance, Tuesday
was the victim of his own ordinance
in that he was but one of a group Of
20 persons ordered into court for
having permitted their cars TO be
parked over the time limit In the
prescribed area.
Somehow or other the news Of the
councilman's untimely faux pas
became known 10 various Of the
other victims of the days crusade,
and this occasioned a furore in the
City court yesterday afternoon when
the cases came up before Judge Du-
Comb.
Others "Object."
These. Of course, did not know
that Mr.. Hull had secured a con-
tinuance, until next Monday. Of his
casa procedure nothing out of the
ordinary-so one Of the defendants
a local professional man, referred
laughingly TO the councilman $
plight and expressed surprise at his
absence.
III plead guilty II 'Hullie' does"
several Of the others chimed in.
Each OF these took the stand that
If Mr.. Hull didn't have to pay a fine,
why should they?"
The surprised judge, after inquir-
ing as 10 what It was all about, set
over the cases OF the entire group
until Monday and launched an in
vestigauon which resulted IN his
learning that Councilman HUH had
been duly arrested, etc. and had
obtained from Chief Lane a con-
tinuance OF the hearing until Mon
day.
50 everything ended "hunky
dOry' and the councilman will ap-
pear IN court Monday afternoon
as will the entire group-to answer
70 the charge Of violating an or
dinance for which he was respon-
sibie.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1922-12-15
Y. NJ. C. A. MEMBERS
ORGANIZE NEW CLUB

Dormitory men Of the South Bend
Y. ". c. a. met last night Tor the
purpose OF organizing a club for
men who are staying permanently
al the local ~. The object Of the
new club will be 10 further he So
ciaI advantages OF its members ana
20 provide entertainments through
out the year. Charles Lancaster, 60
cial secretary presided over the
meeting and the following officers
were tentatively elected:
II. Hapke, president; r. Horne.
vice-presi dent; II. Strong secretary
treasurer. a board OF directors. in
cluding II. Haw!shers chairman;
Scott Mccoy. p. Forbes, c. = Tau
bert and l. ". Rothert. was chosen.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1922-12-15
CITY SHOWS GREAT
GAIN In BUILDING
DURING PAST YEAR
Population Now Estimated at
7,000-Chamber of Com
merce Survey.

Bank clearings and transactions.
assessed valuation. building activity.
both in the number OF permits is
sued and their valuation, postal re-
ceipts and POPULATION, as indicated
for the present year, show substan-
tial Increases over previous years.
and prove more conclusively than
any written word Of the unusual
growth and development of South
Bend commercially. industrially and
as a home owning community.
The compilation of figures. pre-
pared Thursday by the Chamber OF
Commerce, covers the growth OF the
city by comparisons for years since
1916 Of the seven principal statisti-
cal indexes.
Building Gains $40 Percent.
Assessed valution. set at SAB
30O,27O for 1922 is 40 percent great
or in amount than the valuation in
1915. Bank clearngs show a 9s per-
cent increase in the past six years.
With 4,4Os building permits is
sued so far this year, against 927
in 1915. the increase is indicated
by $40 percent. Valuation figures on
new building. covering the same
period. is higher by SIS percent.
The city has grown from a popu-
lation Of 1851 in 1915 20 1888 in
1920. Last GEAR the population was
estimated at 1895, and by the
Chamber OF Commerce the city is
now Placed a. S7.l37. BY the same
authority, the city with S7,137 peo-
pie, is an increase in population over
1916 OF 81 percent.
Postal receipts show a surprising
increase during the present unusual
growth. indicating $517143 for 1922.
This figure compared with S269, 252
in 1916. or an increase of 1872 per-
cent.
Itemized Report.
THE information IS up 70 date and
accurate" read the Chamber Of
Commerce bulletin. adding: at re-
fleets great promise for the future.
The record follows:
Assessed Valuation of the City.
1916, $96.474,160: 1917. s106,s70.-
$50; 1918. 1O6,936,S00; 1919. .s126.-
141.465; 1920, s131.OO4.54O; 1921.
s133,O12,420; 1922. S14S,300. 20.
1922 is an increase OF 40 percent
over 1916.
Bank CIearlngs.
1917. $54.4CO,OOO. 1918, s6S.57O.-
900: 1919, $75,7OO, 900; 1920, $97.-
495,O 600: 1921, $s6.sOo.OOO; 1922,
S107.60O,OOO.
1922 Is an increase of 90 percent
over 1877.
Numbers OF Building Permits.
1915, 927; 1917. 1882; 1918, SIS:
1919, 1894; 1920, 2,543; 1921. 2,445;
go. 4.4OS.
1922 is an increase Of S7s percen,
over 1915.
Value OF Building Permits.
1916. S1.396,5O1: 1917, S2,O2S,9S0;
1919. $9%S,327; 1919, 4,456,120; 1920.
$4.6O9.O7'; 1921. S4,1SAS74; 1922.
S9.56LOOO
1929 in an increase of SIS percent
over 1916.
Bank Transactions.
1917. $1T7,2OO.OOO: 1918 $780,
500 900: 1919, S246,6OO.0OO: 1920,
s31S.OOO.oOO: 1921. 1915, 800, 900:
1922. S35O5OO0OO.
1922 is an increase Of yS percent
over 1877.
Population.
1917 63,621. 1918. 65.207: 1912.
CS.S21: 1920. 1898 (census); 1921
79.495: 1922, S7.137.
1922 is an increase Of 81 percent
over 1917.
Post Office Receipts.
1916. s269.252; 1917. S2S9,740;I
1913. s346.39S: 10 .. s3S5.945: 1920.
S3SO.672: 1921. $432.S75; 1922, s51T,-
1850.
Fiscal year end ng June 80.
1922 is an increase OF 1872 percent
over 1916.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1922-12-15
VETERAN ADMITS
RECENT ROBBERY
William SchaIlk Says He Took
Money From Gafill Fill
ing Station.

William Schank, an ex-service
man who served nine months in ST.
IBERIA during the World war. last
night confessed to Capt. Hamilton
of the local police department that
he had robbed the Gaflll Filling sta
ton, Lafayette Blvd, and Wayne
St. on Tuesday night OF this week.
He had been taken into custody
on suspicion and after about an
hours grilling made a complete
confession.
Schank. according 10 his admis-
sion. ro0med with Roy Bennett, an
attendant at the filing station, and
having been IN the STATION a nun
Der Of times with Bennett. he was
familiar with the place. Being
hard up" as he said. he used his
knowledge 10 advantage Tuesday
night when he robbed the safe Of
$61 lie returned $40 OF this
amount TO police when he confessed
last night.
Schank said that he was with
Bennett when ne closed the station
the night OF the robbery. He watch
ed Bennett close the safe and when
Bennett was busy he unlocked a
window. Returning late : h a 2
night he had easy access TO the
place. His knowledge OF the COM
b!nation OF the safe and where the
keys 20 the inner drawers were hid
den made the job an easy one.
lie stated that he did not know
the real combination OF the safe but
had frequently noticed that Bennett
did not use the full combination but
merely turned the lock far enough
so that IL appeared 10 be locked.
Schank had lived in this city since
last fall. having resided with Ben
nett. az T2i Meridian ST.