The Washington times., 1922-11-14
GOVERNS
METHODS
Of LIVING
Views Given in New Book Op.
pose Those Expressed by
Or. Garfield.
BY JOHN GOLDSTROM,
Universal Service.

Universal Service.
"The American standard of liv-
Ing must first be preserved and
then improved. This standard
now depends and always will de-
pend upon keeping up the Amer
lean level Of real wages"
This is the position of John
Hays Hammond. chairman of the
United States Coal Commission,
expressed in his recently pub
lished book, "Great American
Issues" written in conjunction
with jeremiah w. jerks, the
economist.
At Odds With Garfield.
1t Is in direct opposition to the
declaration of President Harry A.
Garfield, In which the former Fed.
eral fuel administrator said he
would give the unskilled worker
only bare living expenses. and
against the recent anti-living wage
decision Of the Railway Labor
Board.
nhi. I1dIiltilOuu PitoClt poSieAoh
as the head of a government body
which Is trying to compose in be.
half of the public the differences
between labor and capital in the
coal industry, makes II inadvisahle
for him to engage in wage con.
troversy. However. he granted
Universal Services request for per-
mission to quote from his book.
The views of Mr.. Hammond, the
foremost engineer of his time, are
the more interesting because he has
been largely identified with capital
istic enterprises Following are eX-
tracts from his book. published by
6cribner:
Two Sets OF Elements.
turning now to the strictly no.
tional aspects Of the relationship be.
tween labor, capital and the com.
munity. and always bearing in mind
that our chief concern must be the
American standard Of living. we
find that the general question re-
solves itself into two sets OF eie-
ments:
II. Those in which labor and cap
ital. from their own needs and from
the effects of such various forces
as immigration, unionism, ana
public opinion express their mutual
relationship in terms OF wages ana
working conditions.
80. Those in which The interest,"
of the community transcends that
of either labor or capital. Ot these
elements the most important are
that our orderly social and eco
nomic life shall not be violently
disturbed by strikes, lockouts ana
boycotts; that the health OF the
worker shall be safeguarded. and
that his standard of living shall be
established at high point; thai
by some means. private or puphc
he shall be protected as far as pos
sible from unemployment que &c
sickness or old age, and from the
consequences of accidents occurring
in the course of his employment.
Product OF Two Forces.
1.-THE actual relations between Ia
Dor and capital are the product o.
two forces, simple in themselves
but infinitely complex in their re
lation to each other.
One is the demand OF the worker
to receive wage adequate tc
maintain such a standard OF living
that his health will be conserved
that he can raise and properly
care for a family, and that he car
obtain sufficient leisure to live al
social being.
"The other is the demand Of
capital that II. TOO, shall receive
a living wage; that is to say, ar
income large enough to pay interes
to its owners and to protect itsel
against determination"
1.-THE heart Of the matter is the
maintenance of the American 8 and
ard of living and the securing OF 6
fuller and clearer understanding b,
both parties OF each other and o
the principles involved"
"The community as whole II
vitality interested lin the ma!nten
ance and Improvement of the stand
ard of living. 1t might puzzle {
man to define the standard o
living yet 1t Is not an abstraction
II is the sum OF a large number
Of concrete things. II expresses tn,
total af available comforts and lux
uries which a man enjoys; II bring
10 mind the place in which h
dwells, the clothes he wears, ant
the food he eats; 1t goes further ant
includes some Of the aspects o
the social life open to him. tn
schooling of his children, hi
church. his lodge and his amuse
ments."
Luxuries Now Necessities.
"The desire for a higher stand
ard is normal. and II It is, as we al
believe. commendable In the In
dividual, It Is equally so for tn
community which Is the sum o
the individuals composing It,"
'It is quite as II should be tina
certain ways OF living and certain
articles of consumption, ono
luxuries, should, as the years g,
by, become substantial necessities.
"A generation ago bathtubs, ga
or electric lights, and an abundan
pure water supply In tho dwelling
OF the average wage-earners wer
rare. Today they are PRACTICAL.
universal necessities.
"In the progress Of society, nev
inventions and better methods o
production will bring many i'm
provements In the standard OF liv
ing with no increased monetar,
cost. Even should there be an ir
creased monetary cost, II should b.