davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1922-09-17

The idea of an industrial court has
been placed squarely before Congress
for approval or rejection.
Because the jurisdiction of Congress
with regard to the railroads Is IN
questioned, the measure, introduced
hy Reprcsentative Homer Hoch OF
Kansas. a member of the House COM
itee on interstate and foreign COM
merce, deals with this phase of IN
dustrial unrest and disturbance. but
IT is considered an opening wedge tor
more general legislation Affecting all
industrial troubles that are a menace
to the public welfare.
Having exclusive jurisdiction over
interstate commerce mad therefore
sole power to deal with the raliroad
nrohlem. Representative Hoch> is urg-
ing that Congress must meet this is
sue- His legislative proposal Is TO
abolish the Railroad Labor Board and
set up in its place disinterest1d tr>-
bunal for the settlement of railroad
disputes-which might be expanded
later to act as referee or umpire IN
all industrial dispuates menacing pup
lie interests His bill provides that
this new tribunal would recognize the
right of the individual to quit work
and recognize the right of collective
bargaining 1t would penalize the rail-
road lockout and penalize any con-
spiracy or concerted movement to quit
work and disturb transportatlon-as
against the public welfare.
A patched-up peace in the railroad
strike would be only temporary relief.
he argues. There is no palmer duty
before Congress, he believes. then to
seek a more permanent solution. and
he is urging his colleagues, especially
on the interstate and foreign commerce
committee, to take active and earnest
leadership in this effort. These re-
current Industrial disputes cannot
longer be treated as matters of private
concern only, in which the great pub
lie has no right to inteffere. To tie up
the transportation arteries of the ma
tion is to threaten thesvery life of the
people.
Only TWO courses di e opOh' hsSpi S>
tative Hoch points out. One is govern
ment ownership and Operation, with
all the evils of political management
so recently demonstrated. The, people
do not want that, the members of the
commerce committee Of both House
and Senate have been assured in
deluge of letters and telegrams from
business interests all over the coun-
try. They will not have government
ownership and operation except as a
last and desperate resort The other
course, Representative Hoch Insists,
is to attempt some regular. orderly
method for settlement, without aban-
doning private ownership. and then
having provided a just and fair tri-
bunal to make the lockout and the
strike unlawful. just as they would
be if we had government ownership.
It would be cruelty unjust to deny
to railroad employees the right to
strike without first setting up bet
ter method. in their interests. in its
place, Representative Hoch urges.
The strike has been a. necessary
weapon against the greed Of capital
Evening star., 1922-09-17
BY JOHN T. DOYLE

Secretary, Civil Service Commission.
Civil pension systems have as
sumed wide proportions in the public
service of the nation, states and
cities. An official is naturally re-
luctant from humane considerations
to dismiss an emp.oye who has be-
come superannuated or disabled,
where hardship would be entailed.
ami especially where he has rendered
faithful service for a long period.
Private employers have found that
IT pays them in the long run in the
stimulation of efficient service 10
grant regular retiring allowances for
the maintenance of employees in such
cases; and these allowances in many
instances extend to the dependents
of the employe. 1t pays the govern
ment even more than a corporation
to make such retiring allowances, as
there is a greater tendency in the
government for the service to become
clogged by persons who have passed
their period of usefulness. thus es-
tablishlng wasteful virtual pension
system. A corporation can be more
drastic in pruning it's fnrces
The importance of the subject
and the great expense involved may
be realized from the fact thai the
measures thus far adopted apply to
not far from 100000 public employees
and the obligations assumed to bill
lion and a quarter dollars. The public
school teachers who may be retired
on pensions number more than 3oo.-
600, and the obligations are estt-
mated at s44o,o00,0OO.
Civil pensions have been developed
in European states since the Council
of Chalcedon in the fifth century
The Plymouth pilgrims inaugurated
pensions in this country in 1886, and
military pensions have grown to
great proportions; but it was not
until 1920 that the United States
adopted retirement system for the
main body of its employees. There is
probably no corporation having re-
tirement system which does not it
self contribute to the fund, either in
whole or in part, but the retirement
fund for federal employees is sup
ported by the employees themselves,
a deduction of 21. per cent being
made from their basic salary. If
separated from the service before
reaching the age of retirement, re-
fund is made to the employe of the
amount withheld from his salary
with 4 per cent interest compounded.
Employees who have rendered at least
fifteen years of service are eligible
Evening star., 1922-09-17
How Impeachments Originate in the House
And Are Broug hit to Trial Before the Senate

personal canvass Of the Senate was
it became known how each man would
probably vote. The doubtful list mar
rowed down to one man, Senator Ed
mund Gibson Ross of Kansas, who. by
all calculations, should have voted
with the radicals, but who, when his
name was called, stood up defiantly
and declared, Not guilty" thus saw
ing President johnson from impeach-
ment The vote was IS to ia two
thirds vote being required. His de-
Gliding vote was political suicide for
Ross. He had come to Congress with
a brilliant future promising. When
he went home his neighbors would
not speak to him. He was bounded
out of the state, and was appointed
governor of the territory of New Mex
leo by President Cleveland in 1889.
Congress Showed Pettiness.
1t is interesting toinote that either
the anxiety of Congress to have the
impeachment over or. more probably.
a desire to show contempt fer Presi-
dent johnson, who was to preside at
the dedication Of the. Lincoln monu-
ment, which is now being restored
to its original setting In front of the
then city hall. now the courthouse.
caused both houses of Congress to
refuse to adjourn to honor the men,
ory of the martyr, Lincoln.
During the johnson trial the House,
in committee of the whole, attended
throughout the trial, but this is ex-
ceptional. In the Peck trial the House
discussed the subject and reconsid-
cred its decision to attend the trial
daily. While the Senate is deliberat-
ing the> House does not attend, but
when the Senate votes on the charges.
as at the other open proceedings Of
the trial, it may attend. While 1t has
frequently attended in committee of
the WHOLE 1t may also attend as q
House.
After conviction the Senate votes
on the punishment. The Constitution
of the United States limits the ,judg-
ment to removal and disqualification.
In Congress impeachment proceed
inss are not discontinued by Recess.
and the Pickering impeachment was
presented to the Senate on the, last
dag of the Seventh Congress, and at
the beginning of the Eighth Congress
the proceedings went on from that
point. But an impeachment may pro-
coed only when Congress is In
session.
The Constitution provides that the
Prssidspt may not pardon in cases Of
|impesc nsnt.
Evening star., 1922-09-17

charges, except In the single case Of
Judge Pickering, who was charged
with intoxication on the bench.
In trials before the Senate witnesses
have always been examined in open
Senate and never by committee, al
though such procedure was once sug-
gested. No jury trial is possible as
part of an Impeachment trial under
the Constitution.
Attendance OF the House.
The House Of Representatives has
consulted its own inclination and con-
yenience about attending its managers
at an impeachment. 1t did not attend
at all in the trials of Blount. Swayne
and Archibald, and after attending at
the answer of Belknap decided that
I it would be represented during the
remainder Of the trial by its man
ayers alone.
Naturally, the trial of President An
drew Johnson was the most interest
ing in all history. Secretary of War
Stanton had opposed the President at
every turn. Coming at a time when
the southern states had been again
placed under military governors, 1t
meant that the President could not
have the slightest control over the
administration of those eleven states
unless Secretary Stanton was removed
from Office. Congress refused to ac-
ouiesce in his removal, and this
brought the open clash between the
President and Congress. President
johnson was represented by a notable
group Of counsel-Benjamin r. Curtis.
Thomas A. R. Nelson, William S.
Groesbeck and William M. Evarts.
Senator Wade, who was. acting
president of the Senate; since Mr..
Johnson had become President, and
who would succeed as chief execu-
tive in the event the President was
allowed to vote against him.
Reception to His Enemies.
The actual trial began on March %.
and on that very evening~the Presi-
dent gave a reception to the members
of Congress. The White House was
crowded, even the most radical mem
bers accepting his hospitality. as they
said, ito see how Andy takes It," But
they got slight Satisfaction. for he
greeted every one as pleasantly as
though 1t was a surprise party come
ITO congratulate him on his statesman
ship x
This trial lasted three weeks. But
thu legal struggle was not what really
countea. The debate was for the
Ibeneaf of the country at large A
Evening star., 1922-09-17
''AS 1 SEE 1T. ="
By WiLlian, Allen White.

need not expect blue-ribboned
bulls and jelly glasses as forms Of
art. The Santa Fe fiesta was
. flash of gorgeous, barbaric color
from the lives of the people to
whom color represents emotion
and for whom emotion is a large
part of; life. The Indian. the
Spaniard and the Mexican are in
a majority in this land of the blue
door. Occasionally. in their fiesta
the New Englander stuck an OBJ
trusive toe, as for instance, when
Mr.. Fall. the Secretary of the In
terror. offered a huge, ugly trophy
cup to the Indians for some ar
tistic achievement, or when the
chamber Of commerce made up
money purse to spur the Indians
in competitive spectacles. But, on
the whole. 1t might be called a
most uh-American show. despite
the fact that the participants and
most of those who enjoyed it
either were Of aboriginal blood or
of the blood of the first white
conquerors Of the new world.
+ \ X
That blood of the conquerors
governs the land of the blue door
today.
The ballot box. the American
judicial system, the Puritan in
vaders. have not unseated the
, dominion of the Spanish. The old
Spanish families still have the
power Of life and death in New
Mexican politics and social ac-
tivities, In New England the old
families have surrendered to the
Irish, who. in turn, are threatened
with the Italian and the French.
But In New Mexico an Otero or a
Chavice Is still somebody. So the
Santa Fe fiesta was dominated by
the Spanish and the Indians The
Mexican, who likes to be called a
native. did not have look in. and
all the paleface from our middle
west had TO do with the big show
was to pay for it. He and the
Mexican were outsiders
First Of all, the fiesta was three
days of song and dance. The sing
. ing and dancing. whether done by
the scions Of the old Spanish fam
lilies or by the Indians. was accom-
panied by great splashes of splen-
did color. and the singing was al
most pure rhythm. Hour after
hour 1900 spectators sat in the
improvised amphitheater back of
the old adobe palace of the ancient
governors and drank in this flood
Of color and form and motion.
+ + +. +
For three days 1t lasted. Per-
haps never before since, the white
man took over the continent has
there been another three-day
show such as this, so much sing
ing and dancing amid such ka-
leidoscope of raw color. 1t was
beautiful. but it could not be du-
plicated in any other city in Amer
ica. No other community could
initiate it. Imagine the Elks or
Rotarians or even the Masons. who
are fairly proficient in rooster
feathers. purple velvet and
spangles. stripping down to- their
running trunks. painting their
bodies blue or lemon color or red
or dead Black. Wearing long fes-
Continued on Third Page.)
Evening star., 1922-09-17

Of the United States Commerce Court
Removed from office. July 1a, 1912.
to January 1a, 1918.
Likely to BE PiReonholed.
The likelihood that the request to
impeach Attorney General Daugherty
will ever be acted upon in the House
or reach trial before the Senate Is so
remote as to be not considered at all
seriously on Capitol Hill. 1t has been
referred to the House judiciary COM
mittee, where it may be said to be
safely "pigeonholed."
The Constitution gives The House
the sole power Of impeachment and
to the Senate the sole power to try
all impeachfnents. When the Presi-
dent of the United States is tried the
Chief Justice shall preside. and mo
person shall be convicted without the
concurrence Of two-thirds of the men,
bers present"
The President, Vice President and
all civil officers Of the United States
may be removed from, Office on. i'm
peachment for and conviction of trea-
son. bribery or other high crimes, and
misdemeanors. The House, having
decided upon an impeachment. ap-
points its managers, who are really
the prosecutors. The Senate acts as
Judge. The accused is represented by
his own counsel.
Impeachable ORenses.
As+o what are impeachable offenses
there has been much discussion. For
a-time the theory. that indictable Of
lenses were impeachable was stoutly
maintained and as stoutly denied. On
the tenth and eleventh articles OF the
Impeachment Of President johnson the
House concluded to impeach for other
than indictable offenses. While there
has not been, definite concurrence IN
the claim Of the managers In the trial
of President Johnson-and they were
the most notable group that ever
acted in such proceedings. BENJAMIN
F. Butler, Thaddeus Stevens, John A.
Bingham, George s. Boutwell,, James
F. Wilson, Thomas Williams and John
A. Logan-that an impeachable Of
fense is any misbehavior that shows
disqualification to hold and exercise
the office, whether moral, Intellectual
or physical. yet the House has I'M
peached judges for improper personal
habits. In the impeachment Of Presi-
dent johnson one OF the articles
charged him with "intemperate, in
nammatory and scandalous har-
rangues' In public addresses. tending
to the harm Of the government There.
.hass-hssn no puyiction under -sueh
Evening star., 1922-09-17
BY WILL p. KENNEDY.

~ WHERE do impeachment
SS\ proceedings lead tor
wv This is the question
that has been pretty
generally, broadcast during the last
few days since Representative oscar
E. Keller of Minnesota called upon the
House to impeach Attorney General
Daugherty. During the last admin
istration there were frequent demands
for impeachment-of President Will
son, Secretaries Daniels and Baker
and Attorney: General Palmer-and
there have been spasmodic and spo-
radio attempts at impeachment dur
ing the entire life of this government.
But, looking back over the skyline
of history for a century and a half,
we find that as far as actual removal
from office of high government offi-
cials is concerned impeachment pro-
ceedings have been more or less like
toy balloons caught up in a political
whirlwind, buffeted by partisan blasts,
and-blowing up.
Record OF Impeachments.
Here is,the official record, with the
dates during which the Senate sat as
q court of impeachment, In. the cases
Of the following accused officials:
William Blount, a.senator. of; the
United States from - Tennessee
Charges dismissed for want Of juris-
diction, he having previously resigned.
December II, 1898. to January H. 1893.
John Pickering, judge Of the. United
States district court for the district
of New Hampshire-Remov from
office. March g., 1903, to March IL,
1904. 80 =; ~
Samuel Chase, associate Justice Of
the Supreme Court of. the Unfted
November 80, 1904,
to March l., 1905.
James M.Peck, judge Of the United
States district court for the, district
of Missouri-Acquitted. April rs,
1880, to January 81. 1881.
West H. Humphreys. judge Of the
United States district court for the
middle, eastern and western districts
of Tennessee-Remov from office.
May Z, 1862, to June 26, 1852.
Andrew Johnson. President Of the
United States-Acquitted. February
%. 1858. tp May 2s, 1868.
William w. Belknap, Secretary,,of
March 8. 1876, to
August /, 1876.
Charles Swayne, Judge OF. the United
States district court for the northern
district Of FloridaAcquitt@. De-
ossnber II. 1904, to February 27, 1s0k 4
Robert W Archibald. Assocists Judge
Evening star., 1922-09-17


journey to fiesta Nor
mally Americans when they
hold a fair celebrate their
achievements in making things to
eat: big bulls. glasses Of Jelly. tat
hogs, tall corn. great pumpkins
and sometimes things to wear. like
patchwork quilts and point lace.
But down in the southwest Is an
other civilization. The capital Of
that empire, the Indian. the Span
lard and the Mexican. is Santa Fe.
a town OF less than 10000 people.
Even the chamber OF commerce in
Santa Fe advertises the town as
the "city that is different" There
is no am bition in this country to
make a city like every other Amer
lean city with factory smoke and
bungalows and green lawns and
tall buildings. The thing Santa Fe
is trying to do is make a town that
will emphasize its environment.
Hence the handsome buildings on
the public square, the post office.
tue lCdothS< Bal oSOs khS AS" ossHss~
torium. the state museum and the
show places out In the residential
part of the town are done in the
adobe style of architecture.
The adobe style of architecture
has thick walls. a curving roof
line. reminding one of the soft lines
Of the hills. Its limitation is three
stories with its best conformity re-
stricted to two stories. Inside the
adobe house is American enough.
1t might be easily enough copy
Of any American store or an Elm
street home beyond the portals. In
deed, there are cynfcs in the south
west who jeer that modern plumb
ing, electric lights. phonographs.
radio sets, box-spring beds and all
of the things advertised In the
magazines make the adobe walls
of the new Mexican houses mere
white sepulchers. But the scoffers
are wrong. The furniture and fix
lures Of these New Mexican houses
do not change the character of the
people who use these things. Santa
Fe is "city that is different" be-
cause New Mexico. southwestern
Colorado and northwestern Ari-
zona. an empire larger than west
ern Europe. is land that is differ
ent.
It is tho land Of the blue door.
The blue door Is found on the
homo Of what we New Englanders
call ian alien people," The blue
door marks the homo Of the man
who has adopted majority rule.
the jury system. equal rights for
all, and the philosophy OF the
hustler, with reservations. Be-
hind the blue door there is some
respect for these things, perhaps,
but no great admiration. The
blue door. behind which lives the
spaniard. the Mexican and some
times the Indian. or the white
man who has learned to under
stand the ways Of the Latin peo-
pie and to value the good in them
the blue door is the dead line
across which the Puritan civiliza-
tion Of our forefathers does not
FteD. ****
So, when the people in the land
of the blue door hold fair, one
Evening star., 1922-09-17
BY G. GOULD LINCOLN.

| BY G. GOULD L1NOoAN'
Y WIDER the gutse Of loan OF
$5,0O0,000 and its administra-
ton, the United States Is
~ about to enter upon the re-
Mobilization, and, in fact. the govern
meftt of territory in Africa equal IN
! area to the state Of Ohio-the republic
i of Liberia. For a nation whose policy
has been to avoid as far as possible
mixing up in the affairs OF otnefs'
this country now finds itself with
sizeable list of temporary proteges'
including Nicaragua, Haiti and santo
Domingo, not to mention the more
permanent control which 1t is exer-
cising in the Philippines. Porto RICO
and the Panama Canal Zone. PROB
! ably, however, none OF these other
nations has a better claim to the good
offices of the United States than has
the little republic on the west coast
of Africa
Monroe Doctrine Coincidence.
In the case of Nicaragua, Haiti and
Santo Domingo, the United States has
taken charge Of the finances and the
enforcement of law and order largely
,, because of the Monroe doctrine-the
doctrine which declares that Euro
pean nations are not to obtain foot
hold in the republics of the western
hemisphere. 1t Is a coincidence that
the colonization Of Liberia by freed
American negroes began during the
administration of President Monroe.
and that the capital of Liberia was
named Monrovia in honor Of that
President
The republic Of Liberia was founded
in 1922 by free negroes sent there by
the american Colonization Society,
for many years an active organiza-
| ton seeking the repatriation OF
negroes in this country, and which
maintained offices here until COM
paratiyely recently. In 1s47 Liberia
was declared an Independent state.
The United States more than once IN
the past has intervened in behalf OF
f, the people of Liberia. for Liberia has
had powerful neighbors-neighbor
that have encroached upon the re-
public and its territories in the COM
petition to build up great empires In
Africa. on tUe IiOTlH dIiio coS| az viz
territories of France. and on the west
lie those Of Great Britain-the colony
of Sierra Leone. AS occasion has
arisen France has Topped off territory
to which Liberia had a claim, and the
British have pushed forward over the
| Liberian border on the excuse OF
ouelling wars between the African
tribes, and have established military
! iurisdiction on Liberian territory.
Rich II. Natural Resources
With a, wealth of natural re-
sources, still scarcely scratched, Lii
IBERIA has been poor. 1t takes money
to run a government and to develop
a country Consequently. in the past
Liberia has been forced to borrow
money. 1t borrowed from Great Brit
ain, and British officials were given
control OF the customs duties of the
country. 1t established police or
constabulary force, somewhat similar
to the Philippine constabulary. with
British officers. But finally the Brit
ish officers Of the constabulary were
given their discharge by the Liberian
government when 1t was feared that
! a coup d'estat was about to place