davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1922-08-15

DHuGGiST-wan,cd. by an experienced
registered man. single. "a position. best
OF references. Address Drugg!at, 1870
Cameron street, Alexandria. Va.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1922-08-15
Opportunity Knocks Only OnceYos May Be This Page Today
EMPLOYMENT
Situations want.Si-Femule 80

WANTED. -.tion ns managing house
Keeper IN widuwcr's home. companion,
chaperon. Address Box io3. University.
Va.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1922-08-15

DRUGG lST-Regis druExlst want,
position. young man: graduate and eI-
perienced. Address Box l. IA. care The
Dispatch.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1922-08-15
EMPLOYMENT
Help Wanted-Female

ANFED. an experienced Eentlowoman TO
act as agent In subrent!nE a dosira bio
furnished house. Apply 2o3 North Lom-
hardy Street
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1922-08-15
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Deaths

BROwS-Died. suddenly. at Mathews. Va.
sunday, Angus; 18th. Mary Suaries
Brown. widow of william Horatiu
Brown. and daughter OF tho late Mann
S. CuRrles. She leaves two sons. VIM.
Horaiio Brown, Jr.. and Mann -. Brown.
and ono daughter. Ann NH Brown The
remains have been Wrought to Rich
rnond. Funeral from the residence Of
Misses CuarieS. 90, Floyd Avenue. $3.50
i. 81. today tTu.Sday).
liENISG-Died. a. Johns;on-w!lrs Hos
pltal. Angus; -, l9:., a. $50 =. Nj.
l.oNiry I. uen!ns. son o. DR.. 7. S. Hen
ms, OF Powhaiau County. aged ~ years.
Funcra! notice later.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1922-08-15
Funeral DIRECTORS

MOURNING ORDERS DYED. "a hour SCR
vice. This department 10 Eiven rur spe-
cisl attention. SChloss. Cleaners and
Dyers. los North Fourth Street Msdi.
son $500 Randolph 1858.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1922-08-15
STUDEBAKER.

Our Used-Car Department
serves as a convenient
meeting place for the
man who has a used car
to sell and the man who
is in the market for it.
We are the disinterested
and unprecedented party
that fixes, by careful and
expert appraisal, a price
for that car which is fair
to both.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1922-08-15
USED CARS.

spectiOn tho following used cars, each
OF which represents an exceptional In
Fcstment OF proven worth:
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1922-08-15
FINANCIAL
business Opportunities

OPF0I ee111e1C8 90
FOR SALE. going automobile repair
shop Apply 1918 East Franklin ST..
FOR SALE-Con!sct ionery conner store
good location. fuzzy equipped with mod
crn soda fountain and good nIturea
Reason FOR selling: have to loave city.
For Information. call Madison 1851 be =
tween y. NJ. and T.. 81.
WOULD Ike to get IN touch with sew
crai capitalists. who would he willing TO
finance the erection o: n plant to manu-
facturc a product FOR which there In q
ready sal. and biz profit. Only ono
up.to.datn factory OF It's kind south Of
Baltimore. %oue In Richmond Address
Bon Ial. care The Dispatch
PARTNER wanted In IOnE-cstab!l,hod
tailoring business. best location Ia town
:or altering, cleaning and pressing: Also
new work VI Lesser. The Ral.!yh
Apartments. corner Harrison and FRANK
lin. boulevard ts7J-J
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1922-08-15
WANTED
BY THE

~ - - -
CHESAPEAKE G. OHIO
RAILWAY COMPANY,
Following railroad me-
chanics and helpers, at the
rates of pay established by
the United States Railroad
Labor Board:
70 Cents Per Hour
Machinists, Boilermakers,
Blacksrniths, Sheet Metal
Workers, Electrical Work.
ers, Passenger Car Repair
erS.
Go Cents Per Hour
Freight Car kepairers.
AZ Cents Per Hour-All
helpers in all trades.
In accordance with reso.
lutions issued by the United
States Railroad La Dor
Board, July sra, and ap-
proved by the President in
his proclamation of July
18th, new men accepting
employment are " / h in
their rights and are nos
sLflkebreakelS, ana have
the moral aS well as legal
llSut " engage III railroad
service, anu VIII nave pro-
tectlOn OF every Dl'ancn OF
gONel umenl, Dotn State AMI
national.
Apply at
Newport News, Va.
Richmond, Va.
Clifton Forge, Va.
Hinton, w. Va.
Huntington, w. Va.
Russell, KY.
Covington, KY.
Peru, Indiana.
Free transportation will
be furnished where neceS-
sary.
JNO. r. GOULD,
Supt. Motive Power,
Richmond, Va.
Help-MaIe or Female "a
ARNkNTIsl.K wish.. 10 cnrrr.rnnd ,,Ith
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1922-08-15
Situations Wanted-SIaIo

DRCG CLENK-wantcd. By Sept. lot.
position as assistant drug clerk; four
years experience: gradual. school phar-
macy. best references. Address BOZ
|. 9l71 care The Dispatch.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1922-08-15

SELL Current Event pictorial window SER
vice TO stores. hnc side line big com
missions. Illustrated Current News. New
Haven. Conn.
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26
Finds Coffin and
Wreath In His
Front Yard

CHATTANOOGA, Tenn, Aug.
22. - Will Hill, politician who
lives in the Fourth ward, and who
made a fight for BILLY" Smith and
Tom Schneider in the recent cleo
ton, yesterday morning arose to
find a gruesome warning in his
front yard in the form of flower
wreathed coffin. II was small,
made of plain, unpainted pine lum-
Der, and was covered from head
10 foot in a long wreath made
from outdoor flowers. A large
piece of cardboard, bordered with
a broad strip of black crepe, and
bearing the letters "K. K. X" was
found in the center of the floral
design. No notes, written threats
or ultimatums were found.
Hall is not greatly frightened.
He reported the finding of the
coffin to a number of his white
friends, and promptly chopped the
box up for kindling. The flowers
he distributed to the children of
tho neighborhood. He is keeping
the card for a souvenir. He does
not beliebe the ku-klux-klan had
anything TO do with the warning.
but is of the opininon the whole
affair was cooked up by other men
of his race.
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26
Walker
Co. Not Sold,
Says MGR.

BALTIMORE. O., Aug. 26.-Wtn
Over 500 delegates from every state
in the Union, the annual convention Of
the agents of the Madame c. !. Walker
Co, convened in Bethel A. NJ. E.
Church here last week.
Mrs. Leila Walker Wilson, Nine,
Walkers only daughter, who sue
ceeded her mother as president, pre-
sided.
Flat denial was was made of the
rumor that the company had been sold
TO a syndicate of Iews T. B. Ran
some, general manager Of the company
declared that Nine Walkers will was
so drawn that the business could
never be sold 10 white or Jewish III
terests 1t was also revealed that OF
the $500.0OO income IRON the business
Mrs. Wilson received only one third
The other two thirds were bequeathed
to charity.
Harry Evans, advertising manager
reported that last year $4,000 in adj
vertisiug was placed hy the company.
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26
Three Young
Women Get
FeHowships

National Urban League with head
quarters at l27 East 23rd Street, New
York City. has announced the ap-
pointmcnt Of three "Fellows' for a
years social crvice trainl beginning
September. Two are appointed to the
New York School of Social Work and
one to the Carnegie School OF Tech
nology in Pittsburgh.
The two persons assigned to the
New York School OF Social Work are
Alice |. Brown OF Plaindeld, n. J.. and
Miss Mabel Z. Bickford OF Chicago.
Miss Gertrude \. Clark OF Pittsburg
has been appointed to the Carnegie
School of Technology.
Is Candidates
The appointments were made from
list OF some 25 candidates from
schools located in all sections of the
country, the result OF competitive eX-
animation. Nj BickfCrd is a
graduate OF Howard University and
has stu led at the Chicago University
Graduate School. Miss Clark IS a
graduate Of Wilberforcc University,
and Miss Brown was graduated from
New York University having COM
pleted a four years course in three
and one-half years. and has studied at
the New School OF Social Research To-
Gated in New York City.
The scholarships are worth about
5000 each, including living expenses
and tuition for one school year. The
course OF study include practical field
work and are designed to equip stud
ents for professional social service.
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26
GARVEY QUITS under fire
Work for Slaves
and Solutions,
Says Alexander

Judge Hurley was called upon
last week to restrain Henry Alex
ander from interfering with his
wife, Mrs. Rosie Alexander, 10 E.
35th St. Mrs. Alexander told the
court through her attorneys, Ellis
& Westbrooks, that she married
Alexander in ST. Louis in 1909. At
that time he was railway mail
clerk. For the past five years,
however, according to the woman,
Alexander has eschewed any sort
of work whatsoever, declaring that
work was intended only for
slaves and scullions.
Mrs. Alexander also charged
that her husband was continuously
drunk and cruel to her, attacking
her upon many occasions without
provocation. Judge Hurley issued
the restraining order.
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26
ADMIT MILLION LOSS
WHITE WOMAN KILLS
PORTER, BURNS HOTEL

PADUCAH, Ky, Aug 2O.-Charged
with numbering Jess Tolley, porter,
whose half-burned torso was found in
the ruins of the Travellers Hotel at
Golconda last Wednesday night, Mrs.
Marion Blankenship. a white woman,
cook at the same hotel, is being held
in the Golconda Jail. Authorities are
working on the theory that the hotel
was burned to hide the murder.
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26
HERO Story
AIDS MOTION s
ELE c T | D N

Sometime ago story appeared in
New York Daily about Major R. R.
Motions brave act of saving a panic
stricken white woman from injury in
the traffic of New York. This story
gathered impetus from unknown
sources and was flashed all over the
country colored up with the meo-
dramic climax of Major not giving his
name and .erely remarking to the
police officer of Gotham TO tell them
that a black man did it
Press Agent Gets Busy.
In the meantime. A. L. Holscy, press
agent for Major Motion succeeded i'll
getting the ajor's picture in almost
all of the black peoples newspapers
along with the Just saw that black
man did l." That was just few
weeks prior to the annual convention
of the Business League. Good politics
eh.
Motion Elected.
Major Motion has again been elected
President OF the League and Emmett
Scott, the former Secretary has been
succeeded by Holsey, the press agent,
but mutfled rumors have been heard
from prominent people TO the effect
that Motion was shaly about being re-
elected as the Head OF the League
and he needed some impetus and stim-
illus behind him and it seems strange
that the hero act came so near the
convention. 1t being remembered that
Motion has never been regarded as a
hero before He is elected.
Business League Getting Old.
The National Negro Business
League IS now Twenty Two Years Old
and year before last dissatisfaction for
Motions regime became so pronounced
that he at the last minute behind closed
doors pleaded for support as President.
Emmett Scott, former Secretary TO
Booker I. Washington was avowedly
opposed TO Motion and was supporting
Banker Brown of Philadelphia. So
pathetic were Motions cries that Mr..
Scott finally called off the dogs of war.
He seemed disgusted with the league
at the time because nothing had ever
been accomplished that the members
could point to but Motion avoided
these difficulties this time and his
clever press agents got him over again
while his political hunchmen presented
him with a Cadillac car. Barnum said
that a succer is born every minute.
How many did Motion fool?
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26
Says Man Took Back
Fare AT Pistol Point

NEW YORK CITY, Aug. 20
Jerome Williams, OF 225 w. 61st St,
faces a prison term the charge of
highway robbery for S0-cent fare.
According to John Kahr. white, a
taxicab driver, Williams engaged the
car for a short trip, paying half dol
lar in advance. AT his destination, the
chauffeur alleges, Williams drew a
gun and demanded the money back.
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26
DRAGGED FROM BED

The men in the mob Immediately
dragged Peters out of bed a began
beating him, telling him that he had
better leave the country Mrs. Peters
aWoke from the noise and seeing her
husband ON the floor and beaten she
reached Tor pistol ,5hieh was hang
ing over the head end Of the bed.
One OF the men, however took the
pistol aWay from her before she could
get II out OF the holster and be-
gan beating her over the head with
it, telling her to the floor. She crawl
ed under the bed and emerging on
the other side OF it, she was again
beaten by man By this time the
shooting had started and bullets were
flying IN all directions through the
house. Ninc bullets were traced that
had penetrated the sides OF the house.
Willie Mac, the nine-ycar-old daugh-
ter OF Peters came into the room to
assist her father lying ON the floor.
She, too, was beaten BY the men One
hit her over the head with the butt
end OF his pistol and size sank to the
floor.
The father finally managed to get
loose from the mob and ran out of
the house through the woods. Several
tried TO follow him in the dark shoot
ing as he fed. In the darkness and
in the excitement several chance shots
hit two of the men who were the clos
est on Peters trail, who got away and
made his way to Atlanta and the Gra-
dy hospital.
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26
White Soldier Deserts
Army To Marry Girl

DIES MONIES, Ia, Aug. 20
-Holmer Homerickhousc, white
soldier, stationed at Fort Des Moines,
deserted the army and married Miss
Sadie Griffith, of this city last month
He was captured here last week and
held for courtmartial. The ceremony
was performed by Rev. Saunders, OF
this city
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26
FARMLAND SEEKS CASH,
RECEIVES Deaf H

GADSDEN, Ala, Aug. 26.-Walter
Coates, a tenant on the farm OF W. NJ.
Allen, white, was shot and killed by
Zinnic Allen, daughter OF the farmer.
Coates was a shares tenant on the
Allen farm receiving cash settlement
at the end of each harvest year. When
he applied at the farmers house, the
girl seized a pistol and shot him.
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26
WOMAN BEATS RIVAL
TO DEATH WITH STICK

ATLANTA, Ga, Aug, 26.-Miss
Lois Hunter, of 246 w. Mitchell St,
was held without bond Tuesday after
her arrest Monday night for staying
Miss Mabel Moon, who, police de-
clared, was beaten TO death with big
stick
The fight was in the home OF the
moon woman, 282 Piedmont Ave, and
was prccipitated, it was said, through
jealousy.
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26

him from being hung. After soaring
her in this manner, she agreed TO sell
the place which she valued at $500
A few days later the attorneys claimed
that they Could not sell the farm and
had offered TO buy it themselves for
s., 200 Mrs Peters. not knowing what
else 10 do, agreed TO this and the at
torncys gave her 5000, claiming the
other $1,000 for their legal services.
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26
WOMEN WENT FOR WALK.

II WOMEN WENl FOX WALk.
According to statements made by
close friends Of the two, Mrs. Hard
ing went for walk through Ellis
Park with a little dog owned by one
of the other residents of the build
ing
After some time, Harding came up
from his tailor shop in the basement
of the building and went to his ap-
artemnt. In a few minutes h. left
the building with an angry LOOK upon
his face. Later he returned in COM
pany with his wife, and the two were
quarreling in a low tone Of voice.
Some few moments elapsed and
Harding came from his apartment
and accosted the jantor, asking him
To summon a doctor. My wife is
shot he said Tho aa.tor imme-
diately notified the police.
SHOT HER IN BACK.
According to statements made by
Mrs Harding before her death, she
asked her husband to accompany her
on walk through the park. 1t was
n warm day and she wished the enjoy
the cool OF the open park Harding
did not go, but suggested that she
take her dog with her. The woman
was gone about forty five minutes.
When Harding went to his rooms
and found that she was not there. he
sought her in the park, and accused
her of wanting for another man..
When they were back in their apart
ment, he quarreled with her and
struck her in the face. After the
quarrel had apparently ended and her
back was turned, Harding shot her,
the bullet striking to the right rear
Of the abdomen, passing through her
body and coming out on the other
side.
After he committed the act, Mrs.
Harding said that her husband broke
down and begged her not to tell the
police that he had shot her. She
made a dying declaration that she
had been true to her husband and
that he had wrongfully accused her.
At the coroners inquest Harding
was asked if the dead woman was
his wife, he said: "Well, that was
the agreement between u.s.
He was held for murder by the
jury.
Mrs. Ethel Hanna and Mrs. Ida
Reed. sisters of the slain woman,
came from st. Louis Immediately up
on notification of the shooting. She
died early Friday. Her body was
taken to St. Louis, where the funeral
services will be held.
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26
MAN SLAIN IN DUEL
WITH PH|LA. COP

PHILADELPHIA, Pa, Aug. 90
Blazing away at each other at dis
tance of ten feet, Police Sgt
McMichael Tuesday shot and killed
Charles Jumbo who Monday night ran
amuck and shot two women. Jumbo
was killed after he had held up a
policeman who was hunting for him.
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26
Girl Forced By Lover
To Become Thief

BALTIMORE, Aug, 26.-Mary
Taylor, q, and Harrison Footc, her
lover, taxicab driver were both ar
rested upon the girls confession that
he had forced her to steal several
hundred dollars worth of jewelry from
DR.. Harry Gorsuch, white.
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26
WIFE SLAYER ESCAPES
DEATH IN COLLISION

Iie Hughes, 81. confessed wife
s1aye& narrowly escaped death Friday
when police patrol containing him
and three policemen crashed into a
Ford automobile Friday at 47th St,
and Michigan Ave.
Hughes, who slew his wife, Mrs.
Mamie Hughes, Monday, after quar-
rel lasting two DAYS had been taken
10 the scene of the crime by three
policemen Tor the purpose of further
questioning. The accident occurred
while returning to the police station.
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26
SHOOTS WOMAN
F A 7 4 | LY AS
/ T R B A { \
IS I j R n { D
Then Breaks Down And
BegS Stricken Woman
Not To Tell Police

Eugene Harding. a tailor in the
Vncennes Annex, 615 +. 36th St, is
being held for indictment for one Of
the most cold blooded murders ever
recorded on the South Side He is
charged with having fatally shot his
wife. Mrs. Ada Harding, while her
back was turned.
The shooting occurred in the apart
mcnt leased by the Hardings in the
lf.a1.e.r. no. Anna. Iitlr.-1Iau ninht
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26
Stole Chickens; Whipped

COILLA, Ga, Aug. 26.-Three
boys and a woman were whipped here
Saturday night for stealing chickens.
One of the boys was captured and
confessed, duplicating the two others.
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26
GET WARRANTS

lie had meant to have warrants is
sued for the arrest OF the white men,
but they beat him to it, getting the
warrants and charging him with the
shooting OF the two men whom they,
the members of the mob had shot.
Peters procured attorneys. These men
made repeated visits to Mrs. Peters
after she had also made her way to
this city. They sought to induce her
TO sell the farm.
The Peters had lived on their farm
for the past six years and were law
abiding citizens. Two white neighbors
of the Peters, Henry Hardy and
Frank Rouden, had repeatedly tried
to buy the Peters place, but were told
that the farm was not for sale. Their
refusal to sell finally brought about
the above outrage
Mrs. Peters happened to recognize
several of the mob members and she
accuses Paul Williams as being the
man that beat her with the pistol She
also accuses Mathew Stanchcomh, Guy
Thelman, Frank Burson, Roy Perkins
and a Mr.. Grast, bookkeeper in the
state bank.
Peters after being locked up in jail,
secured the services of Attorney Len
b. Guilleheau and r. B. Russell of At
lanta. who advised Mrs. Peters to sell
her place to defrav expenses for her
husbands trial After repeated call
ings upon Mrs. Peters, they claimed
that nothing could be done for her
husband and that they could only save
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26
Publisher Dies

PUEBLO, Colo, Aug 26.-Captain
Thomas L. Cate, founder OF the Pueblo
Rising Sun, died Thursday, Aug. II,
at Pocatello, Idaho.
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26
YOUTH STRICKEN IN
HEAT WAVE, DIES

Moses Ward, 2l, 3704 Calumet Ave,
was stricken Wednesday by the heat
wave which gripped the city last week,
vile working at 1872 State ST. lie
failed to recover and died Thursday
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26
RESIGNS AFTER
F|ST|CUFF WITH
D R { A 6 D n
Onslaughts Both From
Within And Outside
Without Cause Act

NEW YORK CITY-Marcus
Garvey resigned Saturday as
President-General of the u. N.
|. A. His resignation created
a sensation among the ranks of
his followers, and is thought to
have come as a result of recent
attacks made upon him from
within and without the organ
ization. What effect his resig-
nation will have upon the
umoyement has not-,.,b. eSe p
fearned.
NEW YORK CITY, Aug. 90
Curiosity seekers are still rewarded
with plenty of excitement at Marcus
Garvey's third annual thirty day COR
yention Of the U. N. |. A.
The outstanding feature of this
weeks sessions was fist fight on the
convention platform between Marcus
and ]. w. II. Eason, American Leader
POLICE CALLED IN
Police were called in to help the
sergeant-at-arms restore or r
Wednesday when Garvey and Eason
came to blows. Eason. who is Ameri-
can-born, claimed that the West In
dians, who constitute the majority of
the movement in New York. had
slandered American voters in discuss
ing the voting question. Garvey
jumped to his feet declaring that Eason
was playing politics and trying to
break up the convention. Hot words
followed which led to blows. The
complaints were quickly parted, but
the floor OF the convention was in COM
plete uproar. with small knots OF
fighters all over the house. The ser
geant-at-armS was helpless and ran for
the police, who entually quictcd the
disturbance.
REFUSE OFFER OF BIBLES
An offer by the American Bible
Assn to give each delegate to the con-
vention bible was rejected after two
hours of debating. Speaking for the
convention, Garvey said: Take the
Bibles South and give them to the
crackers down there, we do not ap-
prove of the white mans interpre-
tation of Christianity"
Plans were made for dividing Africa
into duchies in order TO better spread
propaganda among the natives
ADMIT MILLION LOSS
\ sensation was sprung when Gar
vey admitted that nearly a million
dollars had been lost OF the Black Star
Line. He said that $S5,000 shares Of
stock hat been sold with a value of
$956,000, but that the line was never
theless bankrupt. He attributed this
to dishonesty of statesmen. A COM
mittee was named to formulate plans
to redeem the worthless stock.
The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, 1922-08-26
WOMAN DESTITUTE

His wife fed from their seventy
five-acrc farm to Atlanta. where her
fifth child Gall under 10) was born.
She is now in destitute condition at
90 Stoncwal street, has been robbed
OF her farm by her husbands attorney
and the husband is facing hanging.
Peters, %, and his vile. IS lived on
their farm in Oeoncc county between
Staten and Windcr four miles from
Staten One night after dark their
house was broken into by a band Of
masked white men. The family was