davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The public ledger. [volume] (Maysville, Ky.) 1913-1968, 1922-02-04
married man with three children

married man with three children
whose net INCOME for s92l was $4,000
will pay this year an income tax o
SIP. On the same income for 1920 h,
paid tax of $56.
Husband and wife living together
receive but one personal exemption
t$2,500 or $1,000 as the came may bel
III they make separate returns, tn,
exemption may be takn by ithr OIL
divided between them.
To overcome the disparity in the
normal tax in the case of two tax.
payers, one of whom is just within the
lower exemption of $4,000 applying tc
income of more than $4,000 and the
other just within the higher exemption
Of $4,000 applying to income of $4,000
oor less), the law provides that the
families from $4,000 to $500 in such
cases shall not operate to increase the
tax which would be payable If the ex-
emption were $4,000 by more than the
amount of net income in excess Of
$4,000. For example, married man
had net income for 1921 of s5,OO06
Without the benefit Of the above pro-
vision his tax, assuming he had no
dependents, would be s120.24 (s5,006
less $4,000 equaling sS,O06 at 4 per
cent?. His actual tax is s106.24
(S5,0O6 less $500 equaling s2,5O6 at
4 per cent, or $1,000, plus Sc. the
amount by which his net income ex-
reeds $4,000.
There is no change in the exemption
Of $1,000 granted a single person or a
married person not living with hus-
band or wife. Nonresident aliens are
allowed specific exemption of 81 0OO
rgardless of their marital status, and
are allowed no exemption for depend
ents. VS1
The normal tax of per cent on the
first $4,000 of net income above the
exemptions and per cent. on tho
remaining net income remains I'M
changed. This applies to citizens and
residents of the United States, Alien
non-residents receiving income from
sources within the United States are
axed the full per cent on income
rom such sources.
Taxpayers are reminded that the
'urtax rates, which apply only to net
income In excess of $4,000, also are
Unchanged for the year 1921. Letters
'eceived by the bureau indicate the
impression in the minds Of the writers
hat the lowered surtax rates are ap-
,licable to net income for the calendar
ear 1921. Under the revenue act Of
s21, the surtaX rates for that year
ange from per cent on the amount
I nete income between $4,000 and
1000 to IS per cent on the amount OF
et income in excess Of $1,000 900, For
he calendar year 1929, the surtax
ates range from l per cent. on the
mount Of net income between $4,000 .,
The public ledger. [volume] (Maysville, Ky.) 1913-1968, 1922-02-04
CONGRESS SCORED FOR
POOR SCHOOL SYSTEM
Educators Blame National Legislators
For Chaotic Conditions In
Capital Schools.

Washington, d. c. - That the
school in the nations capital are III
equipped, undernourished, crowded
inefficient, and that children are bad
lily housed and subjected to conditions
no municipality half its size would
tolerate for a moment Is generally adj
mitted by all educators who have
come to Washington to testify before
Congress on capital school needs.
Washington, D. c., has no appropriat-
ing power Of its own tax money; 1t
must wait upon Congress for appro-
priations. The policy Of patching up
old buildings and the use Of temper
airy structures, necessary during the
war 70 reconomy's sake, has been con-
tinued since the war, with the result
that the nations capital now has a
school system badly run down.
Every educator who has seen condi-
lions heer has expressed surprise and
disapproval, and roundly denounced
the parismony and neglect which have
made the Washington school system a
by-word throughout educational cir
Giles. More buildings, better buildings,
more teachers, better paid teachers,
the elimination Of politics from the
school board, and less red tape and
more education are xamong the re-
forms advocated, and which It is ex-
pected SENATOR Capper's subcommit-
tee will bring so strongly before Con-
gress that adequate action will no
taken.
The public ledger. [volume] (Maysville, Ky.) 1913-1968, 1922-02-04
Third Street VI. Z. Church.

THE Peril of the Times" will be the
subject for the pastors sermon at the
1o:45 a. m. hour of worship; "Knowl-
edge versus Religion" at p. m. Miss
Ethelyn Bruce will be soloist at eve
ming service Sunday school $50 a. m.
Epworth League at 6:l5. Miss Juanita
Richardson. leader. Topic: "One Of
Americas Opportunities
WORTH S. PETERS. Pastor.
The public ledger. [volume] (Maysville, Ky.) 1913-1968, 1922-02-04

Fred Niblo has completed Anita
Stewards latest picture, 1.-THE Woman
He Married at tho Louis y. Mayer
studio In Hollywood. It ia said to bo
the last picture which this star will
release under her present contract
through First National.
The public ledger. [volume] (Maysville, Ky.) 1913-1968, 1922-02-04
Christian Church.

Bible school $50 a. m, John Fans
Ter Superintendent. Christian Endeav-
or 6 p. m. Communion 1890 a. m.
Preaching II a. m. and I p. m. Good
music, interesting and helpful preach
ing. A great Bible school of five hun
dred is expected and large audiences
at both services. Revival meetings
will be closed Sunday night, most
likely. JOHN MULLEN. Minister.
The public ledger. [volume] (Maysville, Ky.) 1913-1968, 1922-02-04

Allen Holubar has started work on
THE Soul Seeker" with his wife,
Dorothy Phillips. as the star, as the
first OF series of six pictures which
he will make for First National.
The public ledger. [volume] (Maysville, Ky.) 1913-1968, 1922-02-04
FARMER INJURED BY RAM.

Augusta, KY, Feb. Sam P. Cline
farmer, living at Bradford, this coun-
ty, was attacked by ram and suffered
three broken ribs and severe injuries
about the head and body. Had not as
sistance arrived he probably would
have been fatally injured
The public ledger. [volume] (Maysville, Ky.) 1913-1968, 1922-02-04
MAYsvhLE'S CHURCHES
Where Services VIII Be Held In This
City on Sunday Morning
and Evening.

Christian Science services al G. A
X. Hall at 1916 a. IN.
The public ledger. [volume] (Maysville, Ky.) 1913-1968, 1922-02-04
First PRESBYTERIAN Church.

Sunday school at $50 m, j. Il.
Wood, Superintendent. Preaching by
pastor at 10:45 n. IN. and p. NJ. En-
deavor meetings 6:l5 p, m.
]. BARBOUR, Pastor.
The public ledger. [volume] (Maysville, Ky.) 1913-1968, 1922-02-04
Sc0Ott N. Z. Church (Colored) .

Prayer service a. m. at Sisters VI
J. Patton and Tebie Lewis Sunday
school. $50 a. m. L. NJ. Walker. Supt
Preaching IL a. m. and 7:30 p. m. Ep-
worth League $50 p. m. Glass and
prayer service Tuesday evening.
J.. NJ. HAYDEN, Pastor.
The public ledger. [volume] (Maysville, Ky.) 1913-1968, 1922-02-04
Church Of the Nativity.

Church school, a, M. Holy Com
munion and sermon, l0:45 a. m; Yes
per service and address, y, m.
JOHN !. =. PERRY. Rector.
The public ledger. [volume] (Maysville, Ky.) 1913-1968, 1922-02-04

Norma Shearer, winsome and tai
ented ingenue. has completed work In
Charming OF the Northwest" for Selz-
nick. in which she plays opposite Eu-
gene O'Brien.
The public ledger. [volume] (Maysville, Ky.) 1913-1968, 1922-02-04
First Baptist Church.

Sunday school at $50 n. m, J. p
Gather, Superintendent. Preaching al
10:45 a. M. and at p. m. by the pas
tor. p. Y. p. L. at p. m.
JOHN A. DAVIS, Pastor.
The public ledger. [volume] (Maysville, Ky.) 1913-1968, 1922-02-04

Ledger gervics--Emcie
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1922-04-29
SHERIFF HARVEY BACK
FROM ALABAMA COURT

Sheriff Harvey returned Friday
from Clinton, Ala, where he spent
the week as a witness for the state
in the prosecution of two young men
arrested here last August in posses
sion of Buick car which the own
er, DR.. ]. L. Cover, Of Clanton, said
they had stolen. The car was taken
when the men appeared at the Tur-
pin garage here and proposed some
sort of trade that aroused suspicion.
One of the men, George W. Kilgore,
was convicted but the trial of the
other, Oscar w. Giles, postponed aft
er Sheriff Harvey's deposition had
been taken. sKilgore in his state
ment in the trial testified under oath
that DR.. Cover had paid the two to
take the car away so that he could
obtain the theft insurance on it. This
report was widely believed, it was
said.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1922-04-29
URGE FOREIGNERS
into PEKlNG AS
CANNONS BOOM
Fighting In PROCESS On 12-Mile
Front - Government
Warned

PEKING, April 29.-tBy Associat-
ed Press. Fighting south Of the
Peking-Tientsin railway still was in
progress at noon today on a front of
nearly twelve miles.
Heavy artillery firing was report
ed near Machang.
The foreign legations have advised
their nationals who now are outside
of Peking to hasten to the capital as
measure of self-protection.
The foreign legations Friday sent
the Chinese government a joint warn
ing against possible fighting in Pek-
ing between the troops of General
Chang Tso Lin, governor of Man
churia, and Gen. w. Pei Flu, com
mander of the forces in Central
China.
The warning said the powers rec
ognized the gravity of the military
movements in the vicinity of Peking.
1t called attention to the severe con-
sequences that might develop should
any bombardment or the dropping of
bombs from airplanes, damage prop
erty or endanger the lives of nation
ais of the various governments. The
Chinese government was reminded of
penalties that had been imposed upon
it in the past.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1922-04-29
LEE ST. REVIVAL
TO OPEN MAY 7
Pastor To Do Preaching, With
Macon Man Leading
Singing

Plans have been made for a series
of revival services to begin at the Lee
Street Methodist church on Sunday,
May Z, and continue daily for two
weeks. The pastor, Rev. l.. A. Har-
rell. will do the preaching, and M. L..
Lifsey, of Macon, will have charge of
the singing, with Mrs. I. Fl. McLen-
don at the piano, and Mrs. Cloyd Bu'
chanan, the choir leader, assisting.
Mr.. Lifsey is an evangeiistic singer
with wide experience, having travel
ed for some years over the entire
South leading the singing in evangel-
istic campaigns for one of the general
evangelists. The congregation Is eX-
pecting a good meeting as much
thought and preparation have been
given.
In preparation for the series of
services, the pastor will speak tomor-
row on, What Doeth Thou" and
the entire membership of the church
is urged to be present.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1922-04-29
SWIMMING POOL PUMP
AND EQUIPMENT HERE

The pump and other equipment
for the Playground well at the SWIM
ming pool, which was ordered several
days ago by the bond commission
has arrived, j. Ralston Cargill an
nounced today, and its installation
will begin Monday morning. The
pump has "a capacity of 10000 gal
Ions per day and thus will be able
to care for the present and future
needs of the pool, it is asserted, the
capacity of the pool being only l8O,-
600 gallons. The well has shown by
test a capacity of not less than 3d.
900 gallons a day Should the sup
ply Of water be increased to some
where near the capacity of the pump
it would be necessary to make only
smaI changes in the equipment, 1t
is said.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1922-04-29
AGGIES TROUNCED m
CONTEST AT CUTHBER'F

CUTHBERT, April 29.-The Cuth-
bert High slhool team defeated the
Third District Agricultural school
team of Americus in one-sided
game here Friday afternoon by the
score of 13 to A. The "Aggies,9
though using two pitchers, failed to
stop the hard-hitting of the local
boys. Pantone began the game for
the "Aggies" and was finally knock
ed out of the box in the 9th, while
Joiner pitched jam-up ball and al
lowed but few scattered hits. On
two successive occasions, when the
"Aggies" had two men on bases, with
only one man down, the locals retired
the side on neat double plays.
Captain Lanier, of the High school
team, led the slug-fest affair with
four bingles out of five times to the
bat, two for two-baggers and one for
a home-run.
The locals play a return game at
Americus next week:
Batteries: Cuthbert, Joiner and
Johns; Aggies, Pantone, Early and
Gibbs. Umpires, Dunn and Bond.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1922-04-29
28 GREEKS HELD
INTRIPLEKILLINC
Besrdstown, ILL.,, Stirred By
Deaths of Sheriff And Two
Deputies

BEARDSTOWN, H., April 29.-
(By Associated Press.) Out of the
worst flood in it's history into the
greatest shooting affray this vicinity
has ever experienced, the city of
Beardstown and the village of Fred
erick, separated by the flooded Illi-
nois river, joined today in an attempt
to exact justice for the killing at
ward Lashbrook and two deputies.
Frederick last night of Sheriff Ed
Twenty-eight Greek section hands
have been arrested, charged with
the killing.
One unidentified Greek was shot
and killed by officers early today.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1922-04-29
|PRESBYTERIAL TO
OPEN ON MONDAY
Assignment OF Delegates To
Homes And First Program
Announced

The twenty-second annual meeting
of Macon Presbyterial will be held
at the Americus Presbyterian church
May 1, 2 and 3. The public is cor
daily invited to attend all of these
services.
The following program will be Civ
en- on Monday evening at 1880, the
opening service:
Hymn.
Greetings.-Mrs. George Duncan,
Americus.
Response-Mrs. Katherine B.
Banks, Columbus.
Quartet-Mrs. James w. Harris,
Mrs. C. A. Ames, Carroll Clark, Jr.,
C. A. Ames.
Address, "An Old World Picture
and Present Day Condition" Mrs.
d. NJ Richardson, China.
Offering.
Hymn.
Benediction.
Tuesdays and Wednesdays pro-
grams will appear next week
The following are the homes to
which delegates of the Presbyterial
have been assigned
Mrs. A. C. Crockett--Mrs. B. A.
Hooks and Mrs. C. A. Pope, Dublin,
Ga; Rev. John Golf, Macon, Ga.
Mrs. r. E. Glenn-Mrs. j. A.
Craig, Atlanta; Mrs. Houser, Ft. Val
ley.
Mrs. A. j. Harris-Mr. C. M. Pow
ell, Jr., Mrs. C. F. Petzuger, Macon.
Mrs. George Duncan.-Mrs. w. M.
Rowland, Augusta; Mrs. D. N. Rich
ardson, China.
Mrs. John Shiver - Miss Wilson,
Macon.
Mrs. Linnie Brown-Mrs. Mozo,
Mrs. 7. M. Jelks, Macon.
Mrs. J. T. Stukes-Mrs. Katherine
Banks, Columbus; Mrs. Penn, Ma
con.
Mrs. Will Dudley-Mrs. Grant Full
Ter, Mrs. S. K Dodds, Macon.
Mrs. Chas. Burke-Mrs. Long, Mrs.
Chas. Woodward, Jr,, Eastman.
Miss Edith Nelson-Mrs. Smith
Dublin.
Mrs. C. p. Davis-Mrs. Earl Car
son, Mrs. Sam Dedman, Columbus.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1922-04-29
1.2S INCH RAIN FALLS IN
TIME TO SAVE CROPS

A bounteous rain that fell just in
time to be of tremendous benefit to
growing crops, although interfering
somewhat with the harvest of oats
and other grain crops which are fast
ripening, fell Friday afternoon and
night, the amount totalling 128
inches. The downpour was aecompa-
MED by drop in temperature which
reached 48 degrees, according to j.
M. Bryan, local U. S. observer, and
chilly, bleak Saturday. Indications
were for warmer weather Sunday.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1922-04-29
PORTER 35 YEARS WITH
ANSLEY STORE, VERY ILL

George BARTLETT, a highly respected
old negro, lies in critical condition
at his home on North Lee street.
When the Wheatley and Ansley
company was organized 35 years ago,
George was made porter of the es
tablishment, serving employer and
public faithfully during the many
years this firm was in business before
Mr.. Wheatley retired, leaving Mr..
Ansley in sole management.
The faithful old negro was taken
i'll three months ago, and regret is
widespread over his illness, which may
prove fatal.
During his leisure he has sur
rounded his comfortable home with
beautiful flowers, which he gives gem
erously to the sick of his own race.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1922-04-29
DISSATISFIED
ALLIED DELAY IN
ANSWERING NOTE
Threaten To Withdraw Document
Unless Assured OF Ample
Credits

GENOA, April 29-By Associated
Press.) Russian Foreign Minister
Tchitcherin today sent to President
Facta, of the Genoa conference,
note expressing the dissatisfaction
of the Russian delegation with the
delay in the reply to its note Of April
90, saying the note would be with
drawn and the Russians resume their
initial position unless assured that
credits necessary to restore Russia
would be granted.
Two historic documents dealing
with the reconstruction of Russia
have been submitted by France and
Great Britain to the economic con-
ference and are in the hands Of
special drafting committee appoint
ed by the subcommittee on- Russian
affairs, which will endeavor to har-
monize the difficulties in them.
The special drafting committee is
to report to the full subcommittee
today and the subcommittee, after
approval is given the report, will sub
NIT it to the Soviet delegation. The
French document sletched at length
means for restoring Russia's agri-
cultural and industrial activities,
while that Of Great Britain devote
more attention to credit for Russia.
France insisted on the full pay
ment of Russia's war debts and the
restoration of private property to
foreigners; Great Britain favored
reduction in Russia's war debt and
was Willing to be satisfied if Russia
grants former foreign owners the
use of their property, instead of
return of actual ownership
The adoption of the twelve arti-
cles in the agreement with Russia
which regulate the disposal of the
Russian debt was favored by Franco
She demands that the Soviet con-
clude, before December 81, an agree
ment with representatives of owners
of Russian state bonds in order to
provide for the payment of interest.
If an agreement is impossible, ac-
cording to the French contention,
the Soviet must promise to accept
the decision of a mixed arbitration
commission, the president of which
will be appointed by the chief just
ice of the Supreme Court of the
United States, or by the League Of
Nations, or by the president Of the
Court of International Justice.
The French draft demanded in
case private property cannot be re-
stored that Russia shall pay indemni-
ties. These indemnities would be
provided for by an issue of new
Russian five per cent bonds.
Fridays discussion of the two
drafts brought forth duel of words
between Premier Lloyd George of
Great Britain and Louis Barthou,
chief of the French delegation, which
the auditors described as both witty
and satirical. Signor Schanzer, italy,
as usual, took leading role in the
discussion, urging Cancellation be-
tween the French and British atti-
tudes.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1922-04-29
HIT
$500 PEOPLE
Vast Destruction Being Wought
In louisiana And Missis-
sippi

NATCHEZ, Miss, April 29.-Morc
than $4,000 persons will be homeless
or suffer disastrous financial losses
and the total destruction of property
will mount into the millions in cast
ern Louisiana as a result of the
floods, it is reported here today Oh
good authority.
Across the flooded Mississippi, Eve
Mississippi counties are flooded with
back waters and officials announc I'd
that plans would go forward to care
for 1880 refugees from that terri
tory alone.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1922-04-29
Triton AGGIES WIN
STATE TRACK MEET

TIFTON, April 29.-Faculty and
stuednts of the Second District A.
g. NJ. school were elated last night by
the receipt of telegram from Ath-
ems, saying that the aggies had won
the track meet of the state A. & NJ.
schools, scoring 26 IL points, Z
points above their nearest competit-
or. The Triton Aggies won the state
meet last year, and have won high
hoonrs in this meet Cor several years
past.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1922-04-29
HARDING BANS
CHILD CRUSADE
Families OF War Offenders Re-
fused White House Reception
Referred to Daugherty

WASHINGTON, April 29.-The
arrival in Washington today of the
"Childrens' crusade" composed of
the children and wives of men in
feedral prisons for violations Of war
laws, was marked by the announce
ment from the White House that the
delegation would not be received by
the president,
The announcement said the party
would be given "every consideration
and attention" by Attorney General
Daugherty.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1922-04-29
SILLS STOCK SOLD FOR
$4,000 TO ALBANY MAN

The S. l.. Sills bankrupt stock of
shoes and mems furnishings was sold
by H. O. Jones, receiver, at public
auction Friday afternoon to P Fem
gold, of Albany, for $4,000 cash, the
sale including stock, fixtures, notes
and accounts. The whole inventoried
$4,000 on the basis of wartime
prices. The sale was confirmed by
the referee in bankruptcy in Albany
today.
Fred Sills retains the lease on the
store building where the S. L. Sills
store was located and is planning to
open a business shortly in the same
location under his own name.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1922-04-29
REVIVALISTS TO
ARRIVE MONDAY
DR.. Haymore and Rev. Marvin
Pharr To Conduct First Bap-
tist Services

Rev. Marvin Pharr, who has charge
of the music of the First Baptist
church in Macon, together with DR..
j. M. Haymore, of Decature, will ar
rive Monday afternoon. Rev. Pharr
will lead the singing and DR.. Haymore
will conduct revival in the First
Baptist church here The meetings
will be held at A O'Clock each after>
noon and 7 AS each night. DR.. Minor
announces the revival will probably
last for 10 days.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1922-04-29
10 INJURED IN MINE
RIOT; FIFTY ARRESTED

UNIoNToWN, Pa, April 20
Four state policemen and half a doz-
en- strike sympathizers were injured
in a riot at mine No, l Of the Towel
hill company, ten miles from here, TO-
day. Fifty or more arrests were
made and the prisoners brought here.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1922-04-29
UNIVERSALISTS WILL
HEAR FORMER PASTOR

Services will be held Sunday morn
ing at IL o'clock and again at 1880
in the evening at the Universalist
church on Taylor street, with Rev.
Thomas Chapman, superintendent OF
Universalist churches of Kentucky,
delivering the sermons. Mr.. Chap
man was former pastor of that
church in Americus, and has many
friends here who attend the services
when announced.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1922-04-29
RUSSIANS ISSUE OWN ULTIMATUM AT GENOA
PRAYER SENDS
MOUNTAINEERS
AFTER STILLS

MANCHESTER, KY, April 29.-
Twenty-Five mountaineers of Clay
county yesterday confessed to have
been making moonshine liquor and
departed for their homes in the hills
to bring their stills to court when an
aged minister arose in the court room
and prayed for lawlessness in the
mountains to cease.
Men, and women sobbed while the
minister prayed.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1922-04-29
IRISH PARLEY FAILS.

DUBLIN, April 29.- tBy Associa-
ted Press. 1.-THE peace conference
called by Lord Mayor 0'NeilI, Of
Dublin, held another meeting here
today but after three-hour session
dissolved without any agreement hav-
ing been reached.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1922-04-29
DESERTED BY HIS WIFE,
NEGRO DRINKS ACID

Triton, April pa negro did
the unusual last night, when he conn
mtted suicide because his wife de-
serted him. Carbolic acid was the
route taken. his name was Willie
Lee Parks, and he is said to have
come here from North Georgia a few
days ago, following his wife in an
effort to get her to go back to him.
Failing, he drank the acid.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1922-04-29
SENATE TO START INTO
FORD OFFER MONDAY

WASHINGTON, April 29.-Addi-
tional data on the Muscle Shoals pro-
jects was given the house military
committee today by Col. j. Barden,
army engineer in charge of the Shelf
field district Chairman Norris, of the
senate agricultural committee, an
that body would begin Mon
day an inquiry into the Ford offer.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1922-04-29
WHISKY STOCKS SEIZED
BY IRISH REPUBLICANS

BELFAST, April 29.-(By Asso-
ciated Press Irregular Republican
troops today seized bonded stores in
Kilkenny and removed the whole
stock of whisky. Free State officers
issued an ultimatum that unless the
was surrendered Free State
troops would take it by force.