davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1922-05-10
KUHN FAILS TO GET
NAT ON BALLOT
Ex-Supervisol P. Kuhn. Demo
cratic Cano 'e>..e for Senator
Did Not u Enough
Sign u
NAME CANNOT
GO ON II BALLOT
Nothing to Prevent Kuhn From Run
ming AS An Independent Candi-
date at November
Election.

Two candidates for the state SEN
ate, who filed their nomination pa
pers with the secretary of state be-
fore April 26, failed to get on the
primary ballot through failure tc
comply with the provisions of the
election laws, Secretary of State
Ramsay announced Wednesday, ac-
cording to the Des Moines, Register
One of the unfortunate candidates
was a republican and the other a
democrat.
Earl H. Walter of Grand View,
Louisa county, is the candidate
who failed to comply with the law
by circulating his own petitions.
Section 1087-a10 of the code pro-
vides that the affidavit Of a guam
fed eIector shall be appended to
each nomination paper stating that
the elector is personally acquaint-
ed with all the persons who signed
the petition, knows them to be
electors Of that county, ETC., bu.
"such affidavit shall not be made
by the candidate" The affidavit
on Walters petition is signed by
himself.
The democrat who failed to get on
the primary ballot is Ex-Supervisor
J. P. Kuhn, of Winneshiek, who fail
ed to have sufficient number Of
signers to his petition, according to
Secretary Ramsey.
Kuhn's error was in believing that
James III. Cox was the head of shs
democratic ticket, and he figured the
number Of his signers on the vote OF
the democratic candidate for present
Secretary Ramsay stated yesterday
that ne had the verbal opinion OF
the attorney general that the COVER
nor is "the head of the ticket" ant
as Clyde L. Herring polled a larger
vote in Howard and WinneshieE
counties than Cox, Kuhn's petition
was barred.
The law provides that a candidate
for the state senate must have
per cent of the vote in his district
for the head of his ticket at the
previous general election, or 2 pei
cent of the vote of half the. coun,
ties. Based on Herring's vote, Kuhr
should have had 63 signers from
Winneshiek county or As from Ho,
ward county or 81 signers from both
counties. His petition contained A.
signers from Winneshiek county.
Both of the barred candidates have
the right of appeal to a board com
posed of the secretary of state, at
torney general and state auditor, bu
this does not mean that the ruling
of the secretary of state would b.
changed.
While Walter and Kuhn arr
barred from the primary and can
not run on party ticket at th'
general election, there is nothing
to prevent them running as indie
pendent candidates at the election il
November. To do this, they mus
circulate petitions asking to be plac
ed on the ballot at the general elec
ton as independent candidates. Eacl
candidate must have 500 signature
to his petition
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1922-05-10

Hanging of murderers in Iowa
will soon begin. There are several on
the waiting list and if the courts
don't interfere a check will be placed
in the track Of the crime wave,' says
the Carroll Herald.
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1922-05-10

"The vets are after 100 seats in
the next house. Well, there is Mr.
A. C. April, Of East Dubuque, who
ought to be good candidate sug'
gests the Waterloo Times Tribune.
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1922-05-10

1t is a pity the world isn't so
filed with "good sports" that none
of them ever would say anything
about his troubles.
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1922-05-10

Somebody no doubt thinks you
are "a man in a Million" and so
you are, but so is everybody else.
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1922-05-10

After a man has "gone to the
dogs" nearly everybody barks at
him.
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1922-05-10

Kings and queens will continue to
be popular as long as poker is play
ed.
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1922-05-10
Wool News

Wool growers Of Winneshiek coun-
ty should be interested in the follow
ing clipping from the Union Stock
CONTINUED on last page.l
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1922-11-10

In colonial days a legislative at
tempt was made 10 have Long
Island. n. Y. called Nassau. but
80 latter name never became popu.
lar.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1922-11-10
500, 900, 900 Industry
to Start Celebrating
Northwest Fruit Exposition Will Open Here
Saturday; to Last Week

tered and will eontea, for purse Of
$500.
There will also he canning contests
for the members OF the boys and
girls clubs
In connection with tho exposition.
the first annual Western Potato
show viii be held with exhibits
from every county on tho West Side
A. u. NyHtrum. KING county agricuh
turiai. Il manager OF the show. and
Miss Edna. walker. kinF county
home demoNsiratlnn agent, VIII have
charge OF The potato demonstration
booth. Mlsa Walker ana her assist
ants will serve potatoes in a variety
Of ways every day and will tell house
wives how TO pick the best potatoes
for boiling steaming OF bnking.
we are going Ia put Western
Washington potatoes on the map
and prove to the world that they
are the best grown anywhere"
Saturday. the first day of the sx'
position. viii be School day. All
school children will h. admitted for
10 cents.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1922-11-10
TIE NATIONAL EMBLEM

About the finest appreciation Of
the life Of the bald eagle. the ma
ilonni emblem. II that which wa
oppressed incidentally by John Bur.
roughs IN one Of his nature essays.
lie draws great lines across the
sky; he sees the forest like a carpet
beneath him; he secs the hills and
the valleys an the folds and wrinkles
IN many .eolored tapestry: he sees
the river as silver belt connecting
remote horizons. We climb mountain
peaks 70 get glimpse Of the spec.
sacle tina, In hourly spread out be.
meath him. Dignity. elevation. re.
pose are hisL would have my
thoughts take as wild. sweep. |
would be ns far removed from the
petty cares and turmoil Of this noisy
and clustering world. ''--Rcview ~
RevicwN
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1922-11-10
POWDER PUFF
is NEW TOKEN

NEW YORK. Nov. ie.--
In oldsn days. when young galianss
Tired home~ards from their loves.
They bore Off little tokens.
sach az hAnakyr. curls and gloves.
Hut nowadays girls arc ia a huff.
II fellow swipea u powder peff
For the girls Of this SEASON arp cnr
ryink their handkerchief tied -.
euroiy to little wristbands. Ana wha,
gorgeous little affairs these kerrhiSfs
Are--llttle batik things with pansy
e.sloriEsn which shade into the tones
II the evening Eowne.
A. for curln. there are none long
enough TO b. clipped FOR love tokens
a. yet. for THE boh,,cd bead. are pas
IN little heed 20 the long hair stuff
They are waiting for grandma to iss
her. grow Oh, before they grow CT
cited about bslns cut Of style.
And gloves My word no one
wears them any more foe evening
SO what chance has n fellow for 70.
rnaniicisn nowaday~y There Aren's
even any hairpns for him to moon
over.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1922-11-10
Be PRETTY! TURN
GRAY HAIR DARK

Almost everyone knows that
sase TEA and sulphur. properly
compounded. brings back the nasur.
al color and lastrc 20 the hair
when faded. ssrsaked or gray.
Year, ago the only way 60 get this
mixture was 10 make Il az home.
which "a mussy and Troublesome.
Nowadays. By asking at hny drug
ssor. for "wyeth's Sage and sui
phur Compound you will set a
large bottle Of this famous old
recipe. improved b. the addition 81
other ingredients. at small cost
Don't stay gray Try az 40 one
can possibly tell tia, you darkcncd
your hair. as u does u 80 naturally
and evenly. You oampen a sponge
or soft brush with u and draw this
through your hair. taking on. small
strand At a tim. by morning the
graz hair disappears. and after an.
other application or two. your hair
ernes beautifully dark. glossy
and attractive. -Aavsrt,..,a.w
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1922-11-10
THE AGRs OF WOMEN

The three ages Of woman:
rs 20 25--The Middle Ages:
81 TO ss--The Middle Ages.
50 ore-The NEEDLE Ages.--Life.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1922-11-10
Automatic Comet
Makes Good Music

COLOGNE. Nov. ie.-The end OF
sh~ diSccrdant neighborhood corne'.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1922-11-10
Ghosts" Strangle
Italian Landlord

NAPLES. Nov 10 when Slgnor
Giuseppe Wall bought villa 20
miles from Naples he knew u had
reputation OF being haunted. but
declared no spcoka could frighfen
him. shortly after his purchase he
announced he was going 20 pass a
night in the building and drive out
the spirits Failing 10 appear the
next day. the villa was searched and
WALL was found ssranEied 10 death.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1922-11-10
immigration Law
Separates Sisters

LIVERPOOL. Nov. Miles,
Sophie and Elizabeth zenko. sisters.
from Rumania. ~crr parted hero
when doctors refused 10 let the latter
sail for America hecause ~ eye
trouble which prevents aliens enter
inF the United States
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1922-11-10
Babies Forced to
Eat With Animals

ERESTFORD. England. Nov 10.
- Evidence showing that babies lsft
In her care had been forced 20 eat
with hef cats and dosa caused Mrs.
A X. Prnion 20 be ss't 10 prison
for 10 months
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1922-11-10
Will Assess Peers
for Refreshments

LONDON. Nov, To- Business In
the refrcshmens department, 81 the
house Of lords has fallen aSf because
many peers have rrirrnchrd their
eaiinx. A b.aakei assessment IL To
b. spread on all members
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1922-11-10

- Is in sight. Private Jowett Of
as British army OF occupation has
vented a player.eornef. with whfth
10 verisst tyro win produces sweet
aeiody from rolls.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1922-11-10
Lives of Italian
Bankers in Danger

ROME Nov io~Ai directors ~
the suspended iianca i'ailHna 81
scunto are closely guarded because ~
threats AZ death made BY impover-
inhed depositorH.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1922-11-10

sir-v eaf- Old Mention HaSiiags of
Salisbury. Nd. fof fhe past ~
months has been speattnO before
small MarViaad congregations md
recently conducted me seTptefs ~
A. Paufs Methodist cAureh. Baifi-
more Ne has had no preparation
or coaching for eceicaasncai pHr-
suits bat conducts N fhc manner
Of az experienced minisier
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16
OVID NEWS

Sunday the seasons first snow
storm and blizzard visited this sec
ton.
Mrs. Hargrove and children were
shopping in Julesburg Saturday.
The recent cold has frozen the river
and the irrigation bitches sufficient
ly to cause the ducks to hunt warmer
waters.
Mr.. A. Sorenson helped c. H. Hage-
meister husk corn Saturday.
Mr.. Helm purchased load of corn
from C. H. Hagemeister Wednesday,
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16
DIR. KALEM c. SAPERO

The well-known Eye, Ear, Nose and
Throat Specialist of Denver, will again
visit Julesburg on Saturday, Decem-
Der I'd, at the Pioneer Hotel. Con-
sultation and examination free. n16-23
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16
See Deily for Insurance.

Dick Harmes of Brule, Nebr. under
went an operation at the Julesburg
Community Hospital last Sunday, Drs
G. II. Smith of Big Springs and F. G.
Dutton of this city performing the
operation. The patient is reported to
be getting along nicely.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16
Deily writes all kinds of Insuranc

The American Legion foot ball
team met defeat last Saturday after
noon at the hands of the S. c. H. S.
foot ball squad, the final score being
10 to 6. Only small crowd was in
attendance at the game, this probably
being due to the inclement weather.
The Legion team put up game bat
tie, but showed lack of practice, which
is very essential for winning team
However, the "has- -beens" made cred
table showing against the high school
workout.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16

Coats of the better class at five
dollars. The Style Shop.
County ASSESSOR J. A. McClary of
near Sedgwick, was q county seat
business visitor the first of this week.
One lot of Hats at $2.98-worth
twice the price. The Style Shop.
Postmaster S. H. Carlson and family
moved to Julesburg from the Carlson
ranch Saturday, and are now occupy
ing the Guy Smelser residence prop
erty on west Fifth street.
Three special tables of Millinery.
The Style Shop.
Prof. V. H. Rowland of the Sedg-
wick County High School, returned
the latter part OF last week from a
few days sojourn in Denver, where
he attended the State Teachers Asso-
cation meeting.
DIR. Mabel Green. Chirspractor,
rooms l and 2, Citizens National Bank
Building. If
A baby boy was born Saturday,
Nov. 11th to Mr.. and Mrs. Earl Green
at the home of Mr.. Green's parents,
Mr.. and Mrs. Hugh Green in this city.
Mother and baby are reported to be
doing nicely.
Clyde Ruch, residing near Haxtun,
spent last Monday night and Tuesday
morning in Julesburg visiting at the
B. l.. Austin home. Mr.. Ruch was en-
route home from York, Nebr., where
he had gone few days previous, be-
ing called there on account of the
death of his father, Phillip Ruch.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16
LADIES

Don't sacrifice your health and COM
fort when you can get Barclay
made e-to-measure corset. Phone for
appointment. Mrs. Emma B. john
son, Local Corsetiere Phone 36W. 1t
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16

Mrs. D. X. Wilson was patient at
the Julesburg Community Hospital
ing minor operation, she suffering
with severe siege of tonsilitis. She
was under the care of DR.. F. G. Dut-
ton. Mrs. Wilson returned to her
home in this city Saturday, being con-
siderably improved in health.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16

Little Kids Coats at five dollars
The Style Shop.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16

See our five dollar rack of Coats
Suits and Dresses. The Style Shop.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16

Mrs. w. 7. johnson and daughter,
Miss Mayme, went to Denver Thurs
day of last week. Mrs. johnson re-
turned home Saturday night and Miss
johnson returned home the following
evening.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16

The S. c. H. S. foot ball team swept
the Merino high school team off their
feet in a game played on S. C. H. S.
Field here Wednesday afternoon, the
local foot ball athletes taking the long
end of 66 to 6 score. The Merino
boys were completely outclassed.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16

B. N. Kellogg shipped two car
loads of hogs to the Denver market
last Sunday.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16

Beans" Menter returned the latter
part of last week from q few days'
visit in Denver.
Women's and Misses Hats at Sl.9S
at the Style Shop.
Mr.. and Mrs. w. E. Law and DR.. and
MRS. L. A. Law were visitors at the
herbert Pool home in Bridgeport,
Neor. the latter part of last week.
Ihey returned home Sunday via auto.
Coats at $500 The Style Shop.
Women's Hats at 99c at the Style
Shop.
The ladies of the Methodist church
will hold their bazaar and supper on
Friday, December 18th, at the base
ment of the church. A more detailed
announcement will be made later thru
the columns Of the Grit-Advocate.
DR.. Mabel Green, Chiropractor.
rooms l and 2. Citizens National Bank
Building. If
Mrs. Bessie Pierce underwent an
operation last Monday at the Jules
burg Community Hospital for an ab-
scess of the tonsils. DIR. F. G. Dutton
performed the operation. She is re-
ported to be getting along nicely.
TO THE PUBLIC: AS ! have dis
solved partnership and closed my shop
for this winted, will do all kinds of
sewing at my home. Thanking you
for past favors. Mrs. C. r. Johnson,
32O West 7th ST., phone sew, Jules
burg. nl6-23.
The regular monthly meeting of the
board of county commissioners was
held in Julesburg Monday, Tuesday
and Wednesday of this week. In ad-
dition to the regular routine of bust
ness transacted, the board was also
busily engaged in fixing the 1929 tax
levy.
r. NJ. Place returned home on last
Thursday evening from Gallatin and
Bethany, Mo-, where he had been on
short business trip. While in Beth
any Mr.. Place Completed arrange
ments for the opening of variety
store in that city, he having leased a
business building and also rented a
residence property. Mr.. Place and
family are making arrangements to
move to Missouri in the near future.
They have resided in Julesburg for
the past three years, during which
time they have made host of friends
who deeply regret to see them leave
our city. The editor of the Grit-Ad-
vocate who is former resident of
Bethany, is glad to commend Mr..
Place and his estimable family to the
citizens of that place. We feel that
it is Julesburg's loss and Bethany's
gain.
Are you contemplating having sale
this winter? If so, we can furnish
you with sale bills at greatly reduced
prices.
"Stop Thief" the farce comedy pre-
sented by the Julesburg Players Club
at the Hippodrome Theatre Wednes-
day night, was greeted by crowd
that taxed the capacity of the the
atre, and the large audience was re-
warded with splendid entertainment.
Stop Thief" is sparkling comedy,
full of humorous situations, and the
Players Club cast presented it in a
very creditable manner, each mem
Der portraying their respective roles
in pleasing way. This was the
first of series of plays to be pre-
sented in Julesburg by the Players
Club this winter. Time and space
does not permit us this week to go
into details as to the merits Of We'd
nesday evenings performance, but it
is suffice to say that stop Thief" was
winner and went over big to large
and highly appreciative audience.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16
C. S. Deily writes Insurance.

H. H. Hoops, the horse and mule
buyer from, Grand Island, Nebr., was
Julesburg business visitor the lat
ter part of last week. He shipped q
car load of mules to Grand Island
from Julesburg Saturday, the most OF
these mules being purchased by Mr..
Hoops from Harris & Souders.
The property list for the delinquent
tax sale in Sedgwick county was com
pleted the first of this week by the
office of the county treasurer. The
date of the sale is Monday, December
18th. The delinquent tax list is ap-
proximately as large this year as that
of last year. Publication of the de-
linquent tax list commenced in this
issue of the Grit-Advocate.
A delegation composed of county
commissioners H. H. Hodges of this
city and George R. Sellers Of Sedg-
wick, road supervisor Earl G. Hamil-
ton, G. H. Austin and Finley Dye went
to Denver this (Thursdayl morning
to meet with the State Highday Com
mission relative to securing state
funds for bridge construction in Sedg-
wick county during the coming year
The Highway Commission is now max
ing up their budget for the ensuing
wear, and the above-named delegation
will meet with the state board az
representatives from the county and
the Julesburg Community Club.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16
Geo. H.. Thompson, loans.

Jas. Galusha was business visitor
to North Platte, Nebr. last Friday.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16

Messrs. c. S. Deily, W. H. Winter
botham. Dale Harrison and Swan
Friskop returned last Friday evening
from few days business trip ia
Boulder.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16

Women's and Misses Coats at s5.O
at the Style Shop.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16
LOCAL NEWS AND
PERSONAL ITEMS
Geo. H. Thompson. loans.

Phil Mccormick shipped a car load
of hogs to California Saturday.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16

Messrs. M. F. and Ed HELM return
ed to their home in Bancroft, Nebr
the middle of last week after a few
days visit in Julesburg with thei
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. Niels Helm
and family.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16

Mr.. and Mrs. Vincent Dye and baby
returned to Denver the middle of last
week, after having spent some time
here visiting with Mr.. Dyes parents,
Mr.. and Mrs. Finley Dye, at the
Julesburg Community Hospital.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16
Try 4 Grit-Advocate want-ad If you
wish to get results.

Clarence McCone returned last
Monday from Grand Island, Nebr.,
where he had been on a short bust
ness trip.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16

Hats at less than half price. TIL,
Style Shop.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16

One lot of Hats at S2.98-worth
twice the price. The Style Shop.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16

Coats of the better class at five
dollars. The Style Shop.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16

Beans Menter returned the latter
part of last week from q few days
visit in Denver.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16

County ASSESSOR J. A. McClary of
near Sedgw1ck, was county seat
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16

The regular monthly meeting of the
board of county commissioners was
held in Julesburg Monday, Tuesday
and Wednesday of this week. In ad-
dition to the regular routine of bust
ness transacted, the board was also
busily engaged in fixing the 1922 tax
levy.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16

Women's and Misses Hats at 3l.9S
at the Style Shop.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16

Mr.. and Mrs. w. E. Law and DR.. and
Mrs: L. A. Law were visitors at the
Herbert Pool home in Bridgeport,
Nebr. the latter part of last week.
They returned home Sunday via auto.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1922-11-16

TO THE PUBLIC: AS l have dis
solved partnership and closed my shop
for this winted, will do all kinds OF
sewing at my home. Thanking you
for past favors. Mrs. C. r. Johnson
32O West 7th ST., phone SOW, Jules
burg. nl6-23.
The producers news. [volume] (Plentywood, Mont.) 1918-1937, 1922-11-24
RESULTS ON AMEND
|MENTS And INITIATED
IBILLSIN SHERIDAN co.

The following is the results on the
amendments and initiated measures III
Sheridan county at the general elec-
ton, Tuesday, November 7th.:
Initiated Measure No. 26, known as
the pari-mutuel, bill allowing gambl-
ing on horse races at county and staee
fairs, the state to get a percentage;
For 7O4, against 648. Measure carried
county by Sc votes.
Constitutional Amendment, pro,v!ld-
ing for County and State Equallza-
ton Board and State Tax Commls-
sion: For Amendment, 817. against
ATT. Majority for measure $40. :,
Constitutional Amendment, prov1d-
ing for city and county consolidation
and for home rule of county: For
measure 845, against 459. Majority
for measure, 1856.
| Referendum Measure No. %, pro-
viding for Soldiers Bonus: For 901
against $50. Majority for measure
345.
In short, all measures carried the
county. All measure were good meas
ures except the pari-mutuel which
should have been voted down heavily
The producers news. [volume] (Plentywood, Mont.) 1918-1937, 1922-11-24
SPECIAL LIVESTOCK
REPORT FOR MONT,

The special live stock report issued
today by Geo. A. Scott, agricultural
statistician, shows that the states
cattle and sheep are in excellent con-
dition, with a supply of winter feed
and range on hand adequate for win
ter needs. Cattle shipments from the
state are abnor4nally heavy, consider
ing the supply, due in part to forced
iquidations. The sheep industry is
still on the upgrade, and is featured
by brisk demands and paying prices
for lambs and good sheep.
CATTLE: The condition of cattle is
"a per cent Of normal, while the range
and pasture condition is 80 per cent.
Heavy shipments feature the cattle
business, the reports indicating that
this years shipments will be 128 per
cent of last years. Many cattlemen
have found it necessary to sell heavi-
ly in order to get from under old fin
ancial burdens. Thus sales have not
been confined to stuff fit for market,
and considerable useful breeding stock
has gone out too. Prices have been
such that financial losses to settlers
have not been uncommon. The per-
picking position of cattle shippers has
been aggravated by the car shortage.