Evening star., 1922-09-17
BY OLIVER OWEN KUHN.

BY OLIVER OWEN KUHN.
lust how far-reaching are agree
ments between Mustapha Kemal,
\ victorious leader of the Turkish
nationalist forces. and the soviet
regime IN Russia?
1t Is upon solution of this question
that the allies may progress in their
settlement with the Turks or whether
they will find themselves impotent
in reaching general arrangement Of
the whole near eastern question with
out initiating a war of grave conse-
Quences to eastern and southeastern
Europe, if not the continent ms
whole.
The Grecian armies. which once
were led to believe by King Constan-
tine that they were to restore the
limits OF the famed Byzantine en-
pfre. have been so badly routed from
Smyrna and other sections of Turkey
that Mustapha Kemal is far along i'll
his plans to restore the one-ttme
Turkish empire. at least the empire
that existed just previous to the
world war
Turkish armies are knocking at the
doors CT Constantinople and the
Dardanelles. They demand restora-
and Adrianople, the latter resting IN
those sections of southeastern Eu-
rope from which statesmen in the
peace conference in Paris thought
they had expelled Turkish dominance
forever.
LOnth to Meet Turk Demands.
Behind the demands of kemal is
the force of an army that must be
alliaH
Inents. particularly the British, are
loath to give the Turks all that they
demand, reserving Constantinople TO
International control and with guar
antees of disarmed straits. which VIII
always insure freedom of sea transit.
Should the allies refuse to tolerate
return of Constantinople or the
straits TO the Turks there may arise
a still greater force behind Kemal-
the force of the Russian bolshev'ks.
who have not ceased their contrN-
tngs in the near east.
Should Mustapha kemal join hands
with the Russians in enforcing the
Turkish demands for the restoration
of Thrace. Adrianople. ConstaRtinopie
and the straits. then Europe may eH-
pect to see the whole Of southeastern
and eastern Europe in flames. tne
conflict bringing within its limits an
tries. In support of the kemalists
and the Russians will be found the
Ru,ga rians. Arraycd against this
collusiou will be Greece. JugoslaVia
and Rumania. with the chance or tne
trouble spreading to CZe echoSlovakla
and Poland by virtue of the well knit
economic and offensive and defensive
agreements of the little entente
which understandings have been
reached through the instrumentaiity
E.f INC r
future protection against Germanic
incursions in whatsoever direction.
If these French inspired agreements
did not exist there would be some
possibility of preventing the spread
of the conflict in case 1t is dennitely
revealed that the Russians. Turks
and Bulgarians are working together,
but with them the whole Of the lit
tie entente might find itself drawn
into a political vortex at once un-
popular with majority OF war
weary peoples. and one further de-
LAYING the time of peace and pros
perity.
Question Of Russia.
The Russian phase of the situation
cannot be dismissed quickly without
due consideration. When Mustapha
Kemal fathered the movement to re-
sist allied dictates to the govern
ment in Constantinople. which meant
the subordination Of Turkish inter-
ests forever and the eventual domi-
nation of practically the whole OF
Turkey, he assembled about him
leading Turkish statesmen ard broke
with the porte. He established his
headquarters at Angora and there
gathered about him tens OF thousands
of Turks who championed his cause
He equipped an army. largely re-
cruited from the old Turkish forces.
This has been developed until 1t Is
a frst-class fighting force. one to be
reckoned with by any nation at the
present juncture. His plans later res
ceived political and military backing
Of the French. With the Greeks
spread out over Smyrna. kemal
merely bided his time to strike for
results seen within the past fort
night.
Approached by Bolshevilks.
But in the early days of his nego-
1iations in Angora. when he was
seeking support and sympathy from
any angle, he was approached by
bolshevik emmissaries, who promised
definite and binding alliances against
the ambitions Of the allied nations.
then much hated in Turkey. The
bolsheviks found a ready ear, and
whether or not binding pacts then
were arranged remains to be reveal
ed, but 1t nevertheless is an estab-
lished fact that the bolsheviks have
been a great force in crystallizing
Turkish policy. Kemal at times has
shown resistance to Lenin and Trot-
sky, but this resistance has been more
or less weakened by the strong sup
port Of bolshevik policies In the ma
tional assembly at Angora. The
French and Italians subsequently, ap-
preached Mustapha Kemal with PROM
ises of alliances. but that of the
French was the only one considered
in the least binding. Although 1t Is
believed that French influence may