The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1922-07-06

/ rOUlniUeU SeTNtCtS VuTlnH i've ptfiWt
NJ the survey cost au average Of 81
cents The average cost Of manufac.
turing the -four into bread vas 1910
cents Of the dollar the consumer pays
for bread. -, ~ s.ys2-s,tsar
Service Cost 10 High.
A considerable factor In the bakers
cost Of distribution is the service eIe-
ment. His deliveries are made daily
and bis individual sales are compnrn-
lively small In terms Of dollars II Is
quite possible that the consumer finds
the convenience Of being. able to get
fresh bread daily Of as great value as
the commodity Itself.
However. II seems possible that
greater efficiency can be developed.
which will tend to reduce the manu-
featuring bakers selling cost and over
head anG- the retail dealers operating
expense. The inquiry does not iDdi-
cate that the manufacturing baker has
exocted an undue profit In taking 5.3
cents from the consumers dollar for
manufacturing bread and distributing
II to the retailer.
| II would appear, however, that the
retailers operating expense Of - cents
and the bakers average selling ex-
pense Of 1916 cents out Of the dollar
the consumer pays for bread should be
reduced by Improvement Of method.
To some degree consumers demand for
variety causes duplication Of service on
the part of the several bakeries max
ing daily deliveries 10 the same re-
| tailers.
The competitive element between
manufacturing bakeries In their efforts
to command markets naturally tends
/ to Increase the amount of service and
the cost OF selling. However, compett-
ton tends TO maintain high standard
Of quality and convenience Of service.
Mothers Work; Children Suffer.
Gainful employment Of mothers OF
young children frequently means that
the children receive inadequate care
during the day, or no care at all, ac-
rording to q report entitled children
II Wage Earning Mothers, A Study OF
a Selected Group In Chicago" Just
made public by the United States
Department of Labor through the
children's bureau. Other conditions
| found include retarded school prog
ress of the children, Over-fatigue and
| ill-health of the mothers-with cOnse-
quent loss to the children-and in
some Instances Overwork by children
who had the responsibility for house
hold tasks beyond their strength.
The report presents the results or
study of S43 families Of working
mothers, In which were 2.O68 children
under the age Of fourteen years. The
group included families known to the
! Chicago United Charities and to the
tiny nurseries. and included also u
special group of 212 colored families.
II was found that the problem OF the
employment OF mothers had to do with
both normal and broken families.
Where the father was n member OF the
! family group and worked regularly his
earnings were. In the great majority
Of cases, inadequate for the family
support.
|
the time of the study did not maintain
uniformly high standards with respect
to sanitation and child care and train
! ing; many of them had not provided
adequately for the care and training
NJ the older children. Only two nurser-
les. with a capacity Of 20 each, were
! available to colOred children. OF the
l.SoS children who were not cared for
In day nurseries, at least fourth
were left with no provision for their
care aside from that made In the
schools.
School Attendance 10 Poor.
The school attendance records OF q
group OF TAP children were obtained,
and these compared unfavOrably with
the attendance Of all the children en-
rolled in nine selected schools In
workers neighborhOOds. A large
amount OF retardation was found
among the children Of wage-earuing
mothers, over one-third Of whom were
below standard grade for their age.
The report emphasizes the skill In
planning and management shown< by
many of the women In carrying the
triple burden Of wage-earner. house
keeper and mother. and states that a
large proportion were doing their
housewOrk without assistance. More
than half Of the $50 mothers whose
household arrangements were known
were doing all the ashing and cook
ing; the mothers In general showed q
tendency to sacrifice themselves In or
der TO save the children from tasks
too heavy for their years.
Measures for reducing the necessity
for wage earning by mothers OF younG
children. the report states, include I'm
proved economic conditions that will
make the fathers earnings more ade
Quate; training Of mothers In house
hold management and the care Of chill
dren; preserving the normal family
group through movements for the pre-
vention of accident aid the promotion