davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington times., 1922-09-26

|
OF iron but no coal. plenty OF nrti'
sans but no raw products. And she
is dependent on outsiders for 2,OOO,'
900 Of her &, ,0O0, 900 lives in Vienna.
New Hungaria has been robbed
of her iron, coal, wood, sugar, and
salt. The old empire had all OF
these and Fiume for a harbor. Both
Austria and Hungary are as help
less as nations, as would an armiGss
and legless man be II thrown into
| the river and ordered to swim.
But in spite Of this hopeless out
look the people have exhibited mar
velous patience, orderliness and u
| determined cheerfulness. While
Bela-Kun, now the sixth in power
| in Russia, ruled in Budapest and
the reds" held sway in Munich. the
people of Austria refused the bribes
of money and jewelry offered by the
red" chiefs and kept a regular GOV.
ernment in power, and this In spite
| OF a worthless or red sympathiZing
army of $4,000 enlisted from the
off-scourings OF the people.
Rejected Doctrines.
Schoyer, the premier was former
police chief Of Vienna and kept
racks at critical times.
The Austrians do not feel their
condition as deeply as the Ger
mans. Some think that they are
broken in spirit and don't care
what happens. But they were
never so proud as the Germans
and hence are not hurt so deeply.
And then, too. they are naturally
less serious, being a mixture OF
Teutons. Latins, and Slays. Life to
them Ia more joyous. They seek
and accept peace more quickly
and endure inconveniences and an
| empty stomach with less friction.
| They need courage and backing to
| avoid decay and disintegration.
No small group of people in the
world have more artistic surround
| ings created by the hand Of man
than do the people Of Vienna. That
aesthetic development has created
certain independence Of material
things which an American could
| not understand. They get so much
toy out Of music and artistic sur
roundings that they do not miss
food and clothing as would our
own people.
Mr.. Upson. the delightful repre-.
sentative of the Department OF
| Commerce of the United States
told me that after travelling around
the world he would quickly affirm
as he did to inquiring merchants
that he would trust the people o,
Austria as promptly as any In the
world.
The people are gentle OF voics
and manner. They do not crinE.
and watch for tips as in other lands
One cannot help but love the
Austrians. With the right kind OF
guidance they viii make as fin
citizens as do our comradely south
ern people.
An American Of long residence rc
minded me when doubt was ex
pressed over the possibility Of such
q small country existing tina,
Switzerland and Holland are very
little larger and yet very happy
nations.
They have a great history. Tn,
Mohammedans had swept every
thing before them and threatened
to ravish all OF Europe and ex
terminate Christianity. When they
met the Austrians they were re
pulsed and forever turned back.
"a later installment OF Or. Reis
ner's IIluminative article viii dea
with the money exchange and geu
eral economic conditions Of Austria.
The Washington times., 1922-09-26
Fungus Explodes.

PARIS, Sept. ga large fungus
growing in the wainscoting OF a
workman's cottage near Valenciennes
exploded, the fumes overcoming the
owner Of the cottage and his wife.
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial. (Wilmington, Del.) 1878-1928, 1922-05-16
hu21x s sd as'1Ssa o9sHtt e Is.cSI1.1
dGoe9DL8 N~&tteOoNcessU'e~tAAlo.-

discarded by British writer's on the
League. All content themselves
with the guarantees surrounding the
arbitration agreements as sufficient
10 insure safety OF the members. 1t
is found in none of the significant
plans Of later years except Wilson's.
For . Strong Guarantee.
The President believed that the
guarantee must be strong and direct.
He could see no other way to stabi-
lie a turbulent and too swiftly
changing world. He could see no
other way o. reassuring terror
stricken France against a sudden in
vasion from the East. But strong
as the guarantee of Article X. was
made, it was never strong enough
tc satisfy France.
Here again, in this method of
direct guarantee. he drew his inspir-
atoms straight from the funda-
mental American documents, as the
Articles of Confederation In which
(Article I'LL the Colonies bind
themselves to assist each other
against all force offered to or attacks
made upon them or any of Them
ard as in the Constitution (ArticIe
w, Section - 1.-THE United States
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial. (Wilmington, Del.) 1878-1928, 1922-05-16

recourse to armed force was eiimi-
mated, leaving as tho Anal and most
stringent measure OF coercion a
complete blockade of the offending
State.
Besides these Celebrations and
alterations OF tho Phillimore project.
the House draft contained articles
on many additional matters. An i'm
portant article provided for reduc-
CO safety" for the naturalization
OF manufacture OF war material and
for full publicity in military affairs
BY far the most important OF the
now elements in the House draft was
the article or direct guarantee OF the
Territorial integrity and politica
Independence" OF the members OF tho
League. This provision, which do
veloped into the famous Article X.
bad a most interesting history.
Two methods OF guarantee wcr,
much discussed In connection Will
the Leaguc-and n third was men
toned.
l. A guaranteed process OF arbi
trstion such ms that recommended II
the Phillimore report. This wa,
finally Incorporated in Articles XII
to XVI. Of tho Covenant.
2. A simple guarantee OF right
and possessions against invasion
was supported by President Wilson
and became Article X. o: tn
Covenant.
The direct guarantee had bee
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial. (Wilmington, Del.) 1878-1928, 1922-05-16

shall guarantee to every state in
this Union a republican form OF
government and shall protect each
Of them against invasion !"
Houses Effort Toward Solution.
House recognized. as did also the
President, that this guarantee OF
tie Territorial integrity" o. nations
might make the world orEanixat ton
too inncxible and so the guarantees
article, In Houses draft, Is followed
by long. involved set OF clauses
providing for such future modifica-
tons o; the status quo a. may be
demanded pursuant TO tho principle
OF se.s-determination and as shall
nlso be regarded by three -fourths of
tho delegates ms necessary and
proper" This qualification Of the
guarantee, he explains In his letter
Ia advisable In order to avoid nak.
Ing territorial guarantees innexi.
ble"; and he cites as possible con.
tingencies for which door should
l.. left open. tho desire Of Canada o,
Lower California to unite with tn,
United States.
SO much for the House draf
which the President had in hi.
hands In July. 1918. He set to worl
nj once upon II. checking In tn,
margin the article OF which no ap
proved. The one most conspicuousl,
not so checked was that providin
for an international court. The
he began recastiilg what no IN
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial. (Wilmington, Del.) 1878-1928, 1922-05-16

selected into new project.
He delighted in such work as this.
He delights in words; in exact ex-
preston. Words are beautiful to
him; and he is fond OF new words
which moro clearly express the con-
tent o. his ideas. Covenant" he
seized upon as a perfect expression
or his conception Of the new relation
ship among the nations. He took
eagerly SHUTS word ma ndatory"
to represent his idea OF the trustee
ship OF the great nations OF the
League toward weak and backward
peoples. One finds in the many
documents that came swiftly under
his hand at the peace conference
many changes which have for their
sole purpose clearer and more lucid
English expression. I don't know
how many times the President
changed the phrase lin respect to-"
which irritated him intensely, TO ain
respect Of" In almost the only two
notable excursions. in the writings
Of his life time. outside of the field
OF politics. history and economics
his little essay called Mere Litera-
ture" and a pamphlet on the Bible
as literature-he expresses this love
of literary <orm.
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial. (Wilmington, Del.) 1878-1928, 1922-05-16
Fifth page of the first Wilson draft of a
league plan

the central idea have deep roots in
American policy. so that it seemed a
natural growth to the President; but
SHUTS had borrowed II from more
radical thinkers than himself. The
Inter-Allied Labor and Socialist pro-
gram OF February. 1918, had looked
forward to supervision by the
League OF all colonial empires
those OF the Allies as We'll as those
wrested from the enemy. including
the subject lands o: Turkey. The
concept Of SHUTS, limited to terri
tories split OF from the old empires
OF Russia, Austria Hungary and
Turkey while IL embraced sections
Of Europe not covered by the Labor
program, did not follow it at all into
the colonial field. properly speaking
Wilson. in taking over his project
extended its scope to the former
German colonies.
But there appeared in this revised
version OF the Covenant two more
supplementary agreements beside:
the FOUR on the mandatory system
These were from origins other thar
the SHUTS plan. One was a recog.
milton Of the increasing considera.
ton given labor in the determine.
ton OF world affairs. II was ar
undertaking OF all members OF III,
League to strive for the establish.
ment OF "tair hours and human,
conditions OF labor" in their owr
and other countries. In sonlewha-
altered form, this has become (a) q
Article XIII. Of the existing
Covenant.
The last supplementary agreement
or this second Wilson draft was ar
article requiring all new States Il
grant equal rights to their racial o,
national minorities." This articl,
was undoubtedly derived from tn,
propaganda of the Jews, who Away,
put their cause on the same footinr
as that OF the Lithuanians in POLAND
or Slovenes in Italy. Probably asso
ciated with this article was a new
paragraph. afterwards develope,
into the present Article XII. which
| Wilson has so often referred 10 a.
his "eavorite article"-a seton Civ
ing heXibility to Article Y. /
established the friendly right OF an,
nation to call the attention OF all (,
any circumstances anywhere whicl
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial. (Wilmington, Del.) 1878-1928, 1922-05-16

arbitration and adding, after the
agreement to use the blockade as a
sanction, the words: And TO use
any force that may be necessary 70
accomplish that object" Another
ard <or reduction OF armaments-to
domestic safety" The guarantee
article (Which in his first draft was
Article I'LL Wilson left as House
had drafted IT. with certain verbal
changes-qualifying clauses and all.
1t must be remembered that down to
the close Of January. 1919. when the
President spoke OF a guarantee as
the key to the peace" il was this
qualified. flexible guarantee he had
in mind.
Having completed his work, the
President went up Cor a few days
rest to Magnolia, where he discussed
the covenant with Colonel House,
explained his changes, but made no
further notifications in his draft.
This first draft of the covenant
was what Wilson had with hin,
when he left America. On arriving
in Europe he was confronted with
two new projects, both British
drawn up by General SHUTS an6
Lord Robert Cecil. Both were based
in large degree upon the Phillimore
report, but each had characteristic
features o. Its own. Tho Smuts
plan especially impressed the Presi-
dent as being we'll thought Out, and
convinced him that his own draft
needed revision.
Shuts recommendations were no
presented Systematically. but were
interspersed in the text of a pam.
phlet with paragraphs of explana-
ton. The President had them al
copied out together and proceeded
to work them into his own draft
He wrote these all out on his owr
typewriter as before, using sheet:
Of the same size; retaining the thir.
teen articles, but adding six supple
mentary articles. When he haC
finished he had eleven pages os new
material to nine of original draft.
Adopting Shuts Scheme.
From SHUTS he took over a whole
new scheme of organization, estab
} fishing a smaller Council in add
ltion to the general conference of tn,
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial. (Wilmington, Del.) 1878-1928, 1922-05-16

League.
5muts' recommendations on the
subject OF arbitration and the guar
antees surrounding II were also
taken over. partly In substitution for
former clauses. partly in addition TO
them. Essentially most Of this ma
tcrial goes back 10 the original
Phillimore report. whence Shuts
had derived It. The expression IL
moro decisive than Wilson's modir-
cation OF Houses diluted version.
But tho machinery of arbitration
was retained from House.
Tho article on reduction OF arrh
msnts Was expanded by two para.
graphs taken from sm,hs--onA or
the abolition OF conscrtption, tn.
other on tho establishment O. scsle,
Of equipment and wsr msteria
corresponding TO actual forces.
SHUTS Borrowed Msnd story Idea.
The most considerable section O
new material Incorporated I'm VIII
sons new draft from the Smut
project was n set Of four supple
mentary agreements defining tn
mandatory system. But IL must no
be supposed that the system was n,
| invention of SHUTS. Not only di,
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial. (Wilmington, Del.) 1878-1928, 1922-05-16

In another way he expressed a
strain Of tho snigmatic in his char
ncter. He has always been strongly
interested In tho number thirteen
(the number OF letters In his name)
which indeed has curiously and
strikingly applied TO many of the
facts OF his life. When he redrew
Colonel Houses plan OF twenty
three articles. he reduced the num-
Der TO thirteen and adhered to this
number, even In later drafts, adding
other necessary provisions a. sup
Elementary agreements"
That summer he worked In the
big, quiet study in tho White House.
looking out across tho little green
park townrd the gray shaft OF tho
Warrington Monument piercing the
sky. He wrote with his own type
writer on small sheets OF paper.
Besides the omission OF the inter
national court, the most significant
alteration made by the President
was the restoration OF armed Force
to place among the means Of
Furnishing violations OF the agree.
ments. This WAS done by retaining
tho form OF Houses articles or
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial. (Wilmington, Del.) 1878-1928, 1922-05-16

President Wilson discussed the
Phillimore proposal with Colonel
House. He considered it insufficient
In many respects, and finally turned
it over to Colonel House with the
request that he draw up n new draft
o. a "covenant"-the word was his
own-on the basis OF the ideas ex-
pressed in thci; discussion. and with
the advice OF the legal and other ex-
perts with whom House had been
associated for more than a year In
tho inquiry.
Colonel House was spending his
summer on the seashore at Magnolia,
Mass. and it was here that he
worked out his draft which he sent
with a letter OF explanation to the
President on July 16, 1913. This
draft of twenty-three articles Forms
the second step in the evolution of
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial. (Wilmington, Del.) 1878-1928, 1922-05-16
Diagram showing growth of
League Of Nations Idea.

the covenant.
The House draft differed from the
British proposals in several impor-
tant respects. 1t not only went into
greater detail on the subject of
organization and provided for a per-
manent secretariat, but It made
notable additions. During the
spring Colonel House had had con-
<erences with Elihu Root, and as a
result added TO the machinery OF the
League an international Court Of
Justice. In his covering letter to
the President he wrote:
I'm the past ] have been opposed
TO court. but in working the mat
ter out it has seemed to me a neces-
sary part Of the machinery. In time
the court might well prove the
strongest part Of it."
Eliminating Armed Force Idea.
This court would not displace pro-
cedure by arbitration or Cancellation,
but offered third method of settling
disputes. The other two were re-
tanned from the Phillimore report,
most Fundamental was the change in
but with striking alterations. But
the means os Furnishing a State
which violated the agreements. All
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial. (Wilmington, Del.) 1878-1928, 1922-05-16
Wilson's Plan Developed.

This account Of the evolution OF tbs
residents plan for a League indl-
Gates how completely he was pre-
pared. how thoroughly ne had
thought out tho problems involved.
before any commission was even
formed. The analysis also discloses
how little OF the project was his own.
how his function was almost purely
that ot selecting the ideas. and tn.
very language. Of other men. The
context also shows that there we're
many at Paris as well prepared MS
he was. Further notifications were
yet 10 be forced upon him by other
processes than his own logic. One
thing OF his own (now II not orfsi-
nally sol he was to carry through
the direct guarantee which became
Article x.
1t was no doubt the Presidents
ardent hope that his third draft OF
the covenant, in which he had en-
deavored TO reconcile all views.
would form the basis os discussion
BY the heads Of States in the Council
OF Ten. But the British draft OF
Jan. 10. contained too many vital
differences 10 be disposed of in a few
reVlsions. There were, Cor example.
the extremely controversial question
as to whether British colonies should
have representation separate from
the British Empire. the problems Of
a permanent court OK international
justice and the rights OF minorities.
Inc Presidents talks with Cecil ana
Smuts convinced him that these
were controversies that could be
settled only by personal conferences
and close study. Just at this time.
also. the pressure OF work in the
council OK Ten, and other demands
on the Presidents time, had become
overwhelming.
It was therefore agreed betwee,
the Americans and the British that
the two drafts be referred 10 their
legal advisers, David Hunter Miller
for the United States and C. J. B.
Hurst for Great Britain. The out
come was composite draft, fully
satisfactory TO neither side. but
finally accepted, when the League o.
Nations Commission met on Feb. 8.
as the basis OF discussion.
Such was the origin Of the
Covenant which became the basis OF
the discussion in the League of
Nations Commission.
Merit Sundays instdIment tciH de-
scribe Wilson's insistence upon max
ing the League Covenant the key
70 the peace" aud the difficulties no
enconntered.
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial. (Wilmington, Del.) 1878-1928, 1922-05-16

First page of the Phillimore report on a League
plan, issued by the British government in the
spring of 1918.
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial. (Wilmington, Del.) 1878-1928, 1922-05-16

The True History of the CovenantThe League Covenant
Evolution from the Great Ango-Saxon Documents of
Freedom-Wison the Compiler, Not the Author of the
Covenant.-How Wilson Gathered From Many Sources
the Matter for the Covenant.
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial. (Wilmington, Del.) 1878-1928, 1922-05-16

In last Sundays chapter Mr.. Baker
rscounted the story Of tho Battle OF
the Languages" at the Pdrs CONFER
encc.
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial. (Wilmington, Del.) 1878-1928, 1922-05-16
0es gonses 9s Property Of b. gnt.na Nsys cevsran.n,
Prsai ts' IA. We, css,,a Nay 1918
CONFIDENTIAL.
(s364e w. SOL

CONFIDENTIAL
ts,s4sIw. ssl
hi, Report rhiuiucr. Commute. circulated to Ii. Wa,
Cabinet for their consideration
President Wilson chdcnany he he
the pminoD of The approaching ccnf,nc.
ROBERT CECIL
THE COMMITTEE ON THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
IN. Right Hen Sir Walter F. Phiuiaor- Bart, PC tcaair's.h
Proie,et 4 Z Pollard. MA
Dr. Holland Roc LiuD
Sir Eyre Grove KENO.
Mt C. B Hur,, &c, CD
NMr. A Kennedy <Sse''syl
INTERIM REPORT
81 10 u. Right Hon A J Balfcur. Pc- ON, Ac. 30
Secretary Of State for foTSgs AdAirA ,,,..,,,.
Nv. appointed by 700 snq. par
establishing Of League Of Nations other device alternative
to auss. amendments or elaborate further shou6
M deemed possible and esreden and the result Of our deliberations
held meetings whch attention b" Seen directed mainly
I'D s ., and Se.. sss have been u tOrwsd n u. .ss. revival
OF the movement
oomhhices avoiding
which actually attempted during the 18Th CENTURY have completed
would ~hhsrs modification OF tho. methods formal
OF Nations promising Of tia end
The earlier project. Which .in. citing uP kind q European Con-
feeling das, pooling Of -srdss
pos.1y treaty Of sLssoi nor. sAsnss
1851
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial. (Wilmington, Del.) 1878-1928, 1922-05-16
Bv RAY STANNARD BAKER

PuosS Co. uo'hed BY special orange.
9TH Mcclure Neospopcr Syndicate
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial. (Wilmington, Del.) 1878-1928, 1922-05-16
Second of Wilson's draft of League covenant
with his changes in Article ILL., which later became the
famous Article X

uso Il he ors rvv ssS s~sss-s .ys n> c>H
sAsn . r--isiiss pssps~h
Ks-suii.s c.p,
R1y
sf p-sss O~usss~ss ef
-.rSs -.srss>ss ~ ~ fA,gss.
n r-.p,s c..sa sA.t .rssH !s'~>.ss s..r's. as .'s
he b.dy 81 pslssstss
u ...Y va-. p.-. ...ts q ,s- BODY f.' y. SD,
t..I - S,~tiss Nssy iss< s,sss.s
Il
As4-r-- u L~srs q 10 ssy ~ ~ vsv,A
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial. (Wilmington, Del.) 1878-1928, 1922-05-16
An indefinite Outline.

Beyond these points. the Philli-
more report contained little that was
definite. The organ OF Cancellation
which was 20 operate as an alterna-
tive 20 the traditional methods Of
arbitration was TO be simply a Con
ference Of the Allied States" meet
ing whenever It's services were re-
CURED: and It's decisions, TO operate
as valid injunctions against war,
must be unanimous. excluding the
interested parties.
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial. (Wilmington, Del.) 1878-1928, 1922-05-16

Merit Sundays instdIment tciH de-
scribe Wilson'S inststence upon max
ing the League Covenant the Key
TO the peace aud the difficulties no
encountered.
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial. (Wilmington, Del.) 1878-1928, 1922-05-16
Adopting Shuts Scheme.

From SHUTS he took over a whole
new scheme of organization, estab-
fishing a smaller Council in addi-
ton to the general conference of the
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-05-29
Valentino Tells About
Himself and Women

II hare future. don't aUant any acon,am
hampering mn career."-Jean Acker testi-
fled Valentino said this 10 her,
NINETY per- cent of marriages are pro-
posed aUhen the man is lonely-or intori-
Gated. The only acay to escape loneliness IS
by marrying" an intervieW Vith
Herbert Hoa0e.
"h, America democracy has been carried
even into the home. There is no such thing
as equality. The aroman is not the equal of
the man, intellectually or any other a0ay.'-
From the same interDieaC.
my success means more to me than any
thing IN the World. I hare a fine oppOr-
tunity noW. don't aOant aOife. ! acant to
be free."-FrOm Jean Acker's testimony
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-05-29
Valentines Wife
Tells of Valentino

HE is an enigma. Our paths hare only
crossed like ships that pass IN the night"
HE Was nothing aohen / married him and,
as soon as he 'arrired,' he lost interest in me-
He has been digging into my life history for
other love afairs.'
I" opened the door, zoe argued; he hit me
Vith his fist and knocked me doaOn. 1t acas
the first time any one had struck me.
cried."
Jean aUrote to him later: "YOW little Jean
is not so WeH tonight. Your roice did sound
aVfuUy good and cheerful. 1t made me so
lonesome for you just burned my finger.
1t hurts me. Dearest boy of mine, / Wish
you were in my arms this very minute. Oh,
need you So"