davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Cheraw chronicle. [volume] (Cheraw, S.C.) 1896-2005, 1922-07-06
SOILS IMPROVED
BY COVER CROPS
Used for More Than 100 Years
by Farmers Who Found
Practice Profitable.
THREE PURPOSES OF LEGUkES
Universal Rule to Plant in Time to Sc
cure Good Growth Before Freez-
ina Weather-Of Especial
Value to Truckers.
prepared by the United States Department
OF Agricuturc.)

prepared by the United States Department
OF Agriculturc0
Planting cover or green manure'
crops is matter which requires at
tention in September in most parts OF
the United States, says the United
States Department Of Agriculture.
Glover, vetch, and other legumes
serve the triple purpose of adding
hrmus TO the soil, accumulating nj
trogcn, and preventing soil erosion.
With some tender berry and fruit
crops they also serve to protect the
roots from severe winter weather. Out
side of the ntrogen-forming plants,
rye is largely used as a cover crop
sOwn in the fall and plowed under In
tie spring to add organic matter to the
soil. The cover-crOp problem varies
largely with locality, but for over
winter purposes there Is one rule which
Is universal, and that Is to get the
crop in the ground in time to secure
good growth before freezing weather.
A Practice of Long Standing.
The use of clover or some other
legume to enrich the soil Is generally
considered cardinal agricultural
practice In the humid sections Of the
United States. 1t antedates by three
fourths Of q century the monumental
discovery that legumes store up nitro
gen from the air. The belief that
clover was valuable improver rested
first on experience, and later expert.
ence was SubStantiated by the dis
covery of the relation between the
legumes and the nOdule bacteria.
Other legumes, as the cowpea, the
Japan clover and bur clover in the
South, and crimson clover on the At
lantic coast, have come into use in the
territory, not well adapted to red
clover. The various vetches are held
in widespread favor, different varie-
ties being employed according to eli
mate aud crop conditions.
The time of planting and the best
crop to use Is matter which local
conditions must dictate. Along the
Cheraw chronicle. [volume] (Cheraw, S.C.) 1896-2005, 1922-07-06
PUBLIC MARKET AIDS
BUYER AND PRODUCER
May Be Open Space Where Farm
ers Sell to Consumer.
Some Cities Have Erected Sheds Along
Street Curbs-Supplement
Agencies to Assist in Effi-
cient Distribution.

Open retail markets constitute the
simplest and least eXpensirely opef-
ated of all types Of public markets.
In its simplest form market of tlls
type may be merely designated
length of curb, section of Droad
street, vacant lot, where, under
slight supervision, farmers may group
their wagons and sell to consumers
In its highest development such
market may consist of paved tract
with raised walks covered with sHD-
stantial sheds to protect teams, wares
BUYERS, and sellers from the weather.
The shed may even be Of q type thnt
in bad weather may be made practical
ly into an enclosed building by the
use of rolling doors. A few cities nave
erected sheds along street curbs tor
the protection Of open markets, Dut
for the most part curb markets are
unprotected and sheds are constructed
only In markets situated on special
market tracts.
The essential feature OF a retail
market is the restriction OF purchases
to consumers as distinguished from
Cheraw chronicle. [volume] (Cheraw, S.C.) 1896-2005, 1922-07-06

dealers. Such market, if 1t Is
producers Market" furnishes an op-
portunity for direct dealing between
producers and consumers. Open re-
tail markets may also admit hucksters,
or wagon and push-cart peddlers as
statesmen. These dealers are usually
admitted under certain restrictions.
The United States Department of
Agriculture has given much ..ttention
to the subject Of public markets, their
establishment and operation, as an
economical and satisfactory meeting
place for the country producer and
the city buyer. A new Department
Bulletin, No. 1902, entitled "Open
Types Of Public Markets." is now
available for distribution, and copies
may be had free by writing to the De.
partment Of Agriculture, Washington,
D. c.
The bulletin discusses the function
of public markets, their ownership and
control, establishment and operation.
1t says that public markets are not
agencies to replace other means OF
distribution of farm productivity are
supplementary agencies to aid, under
favorable conditions, In efficient dis
trIbution.
Cheraw chronicle. [volume] (Cheraw, S.C.) 1896-2005, 1922-07-06
VACUUM TUBE USED
AS RADIO DETECT0R
How This Device Depends on
Emission and Control OF
EIectronS for Its Operation.

Readers of ths radio column are
urged TO clip each article and paste
1t in a file book. The articles print
ed are continuous and the entire
series wiN be raluable for reference.
The greatest advances made in the
past few years in the radio art have
been due in one way or another I"
the use of vacuum tubes. In view Of
this fact q more careful consideration
of them will be of interest.
All of these tubes, known by va
riety of names, such us radiotron. au-
dion, seriotrOn Grade names OF the
manufacturer) depend upon the same
fundamental principles for their Op
Grafton. For the sake Of simplicity
of brevity these will be referred 10 In
this column simply as vacuum tunes.
A vacuum tube can be made to tunc-
tion as a detector, as an ampliher, or
as an oScillatOr.
The vacuum tube depends on the
emission and control of electrons lot
its operation. The electron is the
smallest subdivision Of matter which
mankind recognizes and it carries the
smallest known charge of negative
electricity. For years previous 10
electrun research it had been held by
scientists that matter was built up OF
distinct particles or units which they
called atoms and molecules. At hrSt
the mOlecule was assumed to be the
smallest quantity of matter that could
have a separate existence or take
part in chemical action, but more Wig
orOus research pointed to the fact thai
the molecule is made up of still small.
er elements which are termed atoms;
TINT is, a mOlecule may he composed
of several atoms. Then for time II
was assumed that the atom was the
very smallest quantity of an element
that could exist, but later researches
have revealed that atoms MAY be
further Subdivided into particles
Cheraw chronicle. [volume] (Cheraw, S.C.) 1896-2005, 1922-07-06
BEES ARE VERY PROFITABLE
Common Honey Gatherer IL by Far
Best Carrier Of Pollen-Scatter
Through Orchard.

The common honey bee Is by far
the best carrier of pollen and 1t win
pay the fruit grower Ito keep bees.
even though he may not care 10 go
into the honey business. Bees, how
ever, are very profitable .ide-line
for the orchurdist. especially II al
falfa fields are available to work on
after the blooming season of fruit
has passed. About one hive OF bees
to an acre Of bearing orchard should
be provided.
Preferably the hives should be fcat-
tered rs widely as possible throughout
the orchard during the blooming sea-
son. Experiment and experience have
shown that little reliance can be
placed on the efficacy of wind and OF
insects other than the honey bee In
effecting the transfer OF pollen FROM
tree to tree, or in fact from flower 70
flower.
Cheraw chronicle. [volume] (Cheraw, S.C.) 1896-2005, 1922-07-06
PROBLEMS OF AVERAGE FARM
One of the Most Important Is to Ar.
range Work to Obtain Profit
From Each Department.

To arrange the work of the farm so
that each department can be made to
turn a profit is one Of the important
problems of the average furm. Where
silos are added to the farm buildings
n change of farm management must
follow. Less hay is needed, less land
is required for pasture, more stock can
he kept on the land, more land must
he used for corn. or ut least sufficient
corn must be planted to fill the silo.
Less labor is required to feed the
stock, bat more must be provided dur
ing the short season Of silo filling.
Cheraw chronicle. [volume] (Cheraw, S.C.) 1896-2005, 1922-07-06

that the space surrounding IL piece of
heated metal Is conductor of
electricity. 1t has been demonstrate
ed more recently that this is due to the
release of electrOns and that II an
incandeSccnt metal be placed in
bulb exhausted of all gases, pure elec'
irons will be liberated from the in
candeScent metal.
In q vacuum tube such as we are
using at the present time, the piece
of metal used to furnish the electrons
is called the filament and is usually
made of tungsten and sometimes Is
coated with oxides to increase the
electrOn emission. For convenience
the filament of Il vacuum tube is heat
ed by battery current and 1t Is TINS
heat furnished by the battery current
that constitutes the force that dis
rupts the atoms of the tilament anu
liberatCS electrOnS.
Fig. III is spherical glass bulb
from which all the air and gases have
been exhausted and having mounted III
it tilament CD which can be heated
TO incaudeScenCe by the "A" battery
connected To il, and the metallic plate
T.. When the filament CD is heated
to incandescence by the "A" battery
connected across its terminals elec.
irons are emitted. Connecting the
cold paIe L TO the incandeSccnt fila
mcnt CD BY means of the circuit h
F-G-H which includes current meter
and "B" battery, with its negative
side connected TO the filament leau
at II and its positive side connected
through the current meter, the plate
becomes electrically positive with re-
spect to the filament.
Since like charges repel and unlike
charges attract, there will be move
ment of electrOnS from the hlament
to the positively charged plate. ana
the current meter will show deiiec-
ton which indicates that current Is
flowing in the circuit E-F-G-H.
Increasing the "B" battery voltage
causes an increase in the current
flowing in the circuit E-F-G-ll. the
plate circuit, until the positive charge
on the plate L is so strong that all
of the electronS given off hy the MA
mcnt are attracted 10 it. Assuming
that the temperature of the tilament Is
kept constant and that the plate vol
tage has been Increased to the point
where all Of the electrons given on
by the filament are attracted to 1t.
any further increases in the "B' bat
terry voltage will not cause any in
crease in the current in the plate cir
cult.
Increasing the temperature of the
fiament will increase the total num-
Der of the electrons emitted.
Cheraw chronicle. [volume] (Cheraw, S.C.) 1896-2005, 1922-07-06
'What Shall Take Along?"
Cool Frocks for Summer


for the plated skirt. The coat hai
only one fastening, at the neck, but
is provided with a narrow belt with
short hanging ends. Either Of these
suits, or both Of them, will serve fdl
nearly every need of the tourist.
Midsummer calls out, along with
satin butterflies and gauze-w!nget
dragon flies, the sheerest and lowell
est afternoon dressse that grace the
year. They are scattered everywhere
for women find an opportunity IL
these airy fabrics to indulge thelI
inborn love Of daintiness and col,r.
For several seasons past, as manu-
facturers have broadrasted adoi ,bly
Cheraw chronicle. [volume] (Cheraw, S.C.) 1896-2005, 1922-07-06
ADVICE FOR AMATEURS.

The voltages applied to the
plate circuits of amplifying
tubes are not extremely critical
and one voltage control will suf-
flee. The detector tube, how
ever, is often very critical and
an efficient potentiometer will
work wonders in controlling 1t.
Apparatus used for the recep-
ton of brOadcasting Is exactly
the same us that used for the
reception of code signals. The
transmitting equipment, how
ever. is different.
The use Of Il single wire for
reception is advantageous he
cause 1t lessons the amount Of
obiectionul interference in the
way of static. il is equally as
good as a multiple wire system
for reception.
Defective "B" batteries will
often cause roaring in the tele-
phone receivers.
The electron often talked
about is the smallest known
quantity Cf negative electrical
energy. IL motion ii makes up
the electric current.
A soft" vacuum tube is used
rs GctectOr tube and Il "hard"
vacuum tube as an amplilier.
The terms "hard" and soft"
refer to degree Of evacuation.
Radio waves travel at the
same speed as light, namely
$4,000 miles per second.
A wavemeter is an instru-
ment used for checking up the
wave lengths of sending and re-
ceiving stations.
Gas pipe or water pipe sys.
tens may he used for grounds.
the latter being more advisable.
Lightning protection secured
by grounding the antenna when
not in use is essential and is re-
quired by the underwriters.
Cheraw chronicle. [volume] (Cheraw, S.C.) 1896-2005, 1922-07-06

called electrons. The apparent mass
of an electron Is about One-eighteen-
hundreth part of that of an atom Of
hydrogen which Is the smallest Of the
chemical atoms.
According 10 the electrOn theory
an atom consists of definite num-
ber Of electrOnS grouped around a
nucleus having positive charge and
so long as none of the component
electrons are driven from the atom.
the latter possess no detectable charge.
The positive charge on the nucleus Is
said to be exactly neutralized by the
negative charges on the electronS
grouped about it.
Suppose now that by some means
an electrOn can be detached from the
atom. Then the atom becomes what
is known as a positive ion and l. eX-
hIbits the properties Of u positively
charged body, or in other words since
an electrOn which carries negative
charge has been removed from the
atom. which has equal positive and
negative charges, the portion Of the
atom now remaining has deficiency
of negative charge and acts like any
positively charged body.
On the other hand if some force can
be brought to bear that will add an
electrOn to normal atom which is
neutral as far us electrical charges
are measured, the result will be ne
gative ion, which will possess all the
properties of negatively charged
body. An atom then which has a
deficiency of electrOnS is called a pos
tive ion and one having excess of
electrons is tailed negative ion.
Since each electron carries ne
gative charge of electricity an cleo
tron represents certain quantity of
electricity. Forcing electrnns to move
from one point TO another causes
electricity to flow. The ability of any
medium TO conduct electricity or allow
n current 10 flow through II depends
upun the number of free electronS
available as carriers of charges.
II has been known for many years
Cheraw chronicle. [volume] (Cheraw, S.C.) 1896-2005, 1922-07-06
RADIO OF 1879 DISCOVERED
Instruments and Notebooks Of David
Hughes, Pioneer in Wireless.
Found in London.

Instruments and notebooks Of great
historic and scientific value to the stu
dent uf wireless telegraphy have re-
Gently been unearthcd in London and
gre now in the archives Of the British
museum They were the property of
David Hughes and the books are a
complete record Of his experiments in
wireless telegraphy forty-three years
acO--in 1879.
For twenty years they have been
stored in furniture warehouse in
London and were brought to light
through the efforts Of A. \. Campbell
SwintOn and Col. II. G. Lyons of the
Science museum.
The notebooks are many in number
smd are said TO be Il complete record
of Hughes work in wireless. including
drawings and q description of his in
yentiOn of the miCr0phone. Among
the electrical Instruments uiSCnNsSSa.l
Cheraw chronicle. [volume] (Cheraw, S.C.) 1896-2005, 1922-07-06

THE question that looms up for
l. settlement, now that vacation
days are here, is: what Shall Take
Along?" The average woman hG
learned the mental and physical re-
freshment that follow her little sum-
mer journeyings and will not allow
herself to be burdened with lot Of
things" Besides, the clothes Of to-
day are far from bulky and one can
go very well equipped and still travel
Hight with no cumbersome luggage.
Some fair vacationists appear to
enjoy, above all things, going on dress
parade, and there are plenty Of places
where they can spend their days dress
Cheraw chronicle. [volume] (Cheraw, S.C.) 1896-2005, 1922-07-06
Radicphones on German Trains.

Wireless telephone instruments will
be installed on a number of important
German express trains, and receiving
instruments will be placed in hotels
and embassies, according to an an
nOuncement made recently. Expert
ments conducted in moving freight
car have shown that the wireless sys'
TEN works we'll, the men engaged in
the testing of the instruments being
able to hold conversations with friends
in Berlin. The tests were made under
the observation of engineers, military
attaches and the diplomatic repre-
sentatives of the United States and
Sweden.
Cheraw chronicle. [volume] (Cheraw, S.C.) 1896-2005, 1922-07-06

fuls of butter; add the mushrooms
and their juice; cover and cook eight
minutes after they begin to simmer.
Season with pepper and more salt
If needed. Add the yOlbs of five eggs,
beaten slightly, to the stewed mush-
rooms. Stir until the eggs are set.
Serve on tOaSt.
Corn Fritters.-Put the contents of
a can of corn through the meat chop
per, add two well-be6ten eggs, two
or three tablespooEfuls of milk and
two tablespoonfuls Of flour. Add one
half teaspoonful Of sugar, salt and
pepper to taste. Fry by spo0nfuls In
hot fat or butter, browning well. Fresh
corn may be used, emitting the milk.
curried Eggs.-Take six hard cooked
eggs. Peel three large onions and cut
them in thin slices. put them with two
tableSpoOnfuls of butter in saucepan
and cook until soft. Add one teaspoon
full of curry powder, one Glove Of gar
lie, one-fourth of teaspOonful Of gin
ger, one-half teaspOonful Of salt, one
tablespoonful Of flour, One-falf pint Of
stock or water; cool. Take three cup
fuls Of cooked rice, aSrunge around the
edge Of the platter, cut eggs in slices
and place over the rico: over this pour
the sauce and serve very hot. Garnish
with green pepper or sprigs Of pars-
ley
Mutton With DuInplings. - Take
three pounds of the breast of NUT
ton, simmer until tender, then set
aside to cool; skim Off all the fat, re-
turn the mutton to the liquid, add one
or two onions finely chopped, salt,
pepper and little crrry powder If
liked. Just before ser'ing time drop
dumplings into tie not stew. II
dropped from a teaspoon these will
cook In eight .ninutes A few peas
added to the stew Ill change the
flavor and improve the dish.
Cheraw chronicle. [volume] (Cheraw, S.C.) 1896-2005, 1922-07-06

Bran Layer Cake.-Take one quar-
ter cupful of butter, add one unbeaten
egg and fill up the cup with sweet
milk, stirring enough to mix. Sift to.
gether a tablespoonful Of cOrnstarch,
one cupful each Of flour and sugar
and n teaspoonful each Of baking
powder and salt. Add one-half cup
full Of bran and mix with the liquid,
stir until smooth and bake in two
layers, using cooked cream or Jelly
for filling. 1t may plsc be baked In
loaf, adding spice TO taste.
Bran JelIy.-Sifl bran into boiling
water, stirring till It Is like cruel. Cook
slowly two hours, strain through fine
sieve and repeat. Mix tablespoon
full of graham -four with little cold
water, add to the boiling liquid and
cook until it is smooth. Add little
salt, pour into wet mOlds and set
away To harden. 1t will make dell
cate jelly which may be served with
fruit or milk. Fine for a delicate
stomach.
A bonny clabher desert is one which
II Is wise to teach the children To en-
Joy. Set pan of rich new milk away
to just become thick. Place on ice un-
til we'll chilled and serve with grated
maple sugar or with sprinkling OF
brown sugar with nutmeg or cinnamon.
4 chlds luncheon with piece Of
whole wheat bread and butter will
make good meal, even for an adult.
Thick sour cream, VIII an it is obtalna-
bic, makes the most delicious salad
dressings. Whip 1t with Dover beat
err; when stiff, add lemon or pineapple
juice and such other seasOnings as are
appropriate to the salad which is to be
served. The usual boiled salad dress
ing is made especially rich and tasty
by the addition of half-cupful of rich,
sour cream, beaten stiff and added to
three tablespoonfuls of boiled dress
ing.
Rhubarb Pudding.-:Place sufficient
sliced bread buttered to serve the fam
lily in a baking dish. cover each slice
with chopped rhubarb, sprinkle with
sugar and nutmeg and repeat until the
bake until the rhubarb Is well cooked
and the bread saturated with the juice.
Serve on a plate direct from the dish
either hot or cold, with any desired
Cheraw chronicle. [volume] (Cheraw, S.C.) 1896-2005, 1922-07-06

north Atlantic coast II Is considered
best to get these crops In from the
first to the middle Of August, while
In the extreme South the planting may
be deferred to early October. In the
extreme North hairy vetch Is favored
as q legume cover, or green manure
crop, but rye Is also largely planted.
From middle Pennsylvania to the
north Alabama line crimson clover
gives good results. In the extreme
South bur clover, vetch, and crimson
clover are used, as well US velvet
beans and SOwpeas.
Broadcasting Seed Is Favored.
Methods with cover crops vary great
". In the South they are customarily
sowed between rows Of cotton at the
last picking. 1t Is also common to
SOW the winter crop between corn
rows before harvest. Wherever clean
cultivation Is practiced the soil Is
likely to be in shape for broadcast
ing the seed. If convenient, it can be
narrowed in. In orchards q light har-
rowing or disklng may be employed
if the ground is free from sod. Care
must, of course, be taken not to injure
the roots. The crep is usually plowed
under in the spring, but this Is not al
ways done with orchards. Data col
lected in all parts of the United States
shows a general benefit from this form
of agriculture.
Cover crops are of especial value to
small gardeners and truckers, who
often find it both difficult and ex-
peusive to obtain stable manure. They
add the humus which Is SO necessary
TO maintain u good physical condition
Of the soil.
Cheraw chronicle. [volume] (Cheraw, S.C.) 1896-2005, 1922-07-06

pretty frocks Of organdie, swiss, voile
and other sheer materials, they have
stimulated demand for them that Is
now universal.
AS the days grow hot, color COM
binations that are eool-looking come To
the fore in these thin dresses. Two OF
them, as shown here, reveal this bit
of welcome artistry on the part Of the
designers. White organdie and dark
blue swiss, dotted with white, is IA
miliar and well-loved combinatiOn-an
old friend In a new guise, which ap-
pears In the dress at the left Of the
picture. The dress ia made Of the
Cheraw chronicle. [volume] (Cheraw, S.C.) 1896-2005, 1922-07-06
HORSES NEED LIBERAL FEED
Oats Are More Acceptable, but
Corn, kafr or Barley, With
Bran Are Good.

Work horses need a liberal allow
ance of feed. Oats are more than nc.
ceptable, but If corn, katir or barley
is used, horses will stay in better con.
ditlon if they can be furnished with q
small allowance Of wheat bran: Bran
not only is a good conditioner but II
also furnishes protein and mineral
katter which the horse needs.
Cheraw chronicle. [volume] (Cheraw, S.C.) 1896-2005, 1922-07-06
Home Millinery.

Blouses of silk that are hopelessiy
worn under the arms or even spotted
often muFe over into Sood-looking
hats. Beads or embroidery cover up
A multitude of spots. \ good buck
ram frame Of becoming shape Is first
REQUIRED. The silk should next be
cleaned and pressed and then drawn
smoothly over the hat. 1t Is usually
IL good plan TO cover the crown and
brm separately. Even n straw that
Is faded can be covered this way. The
clever part Is to trim the hat with
Cheraw chronicle. [volume] (Cheraw, S.C.) 1896-2005, 1922-07-06

Ing and undressing to their hearts
content. But vacation, to most Of us
mortals, means sightseeing journey.
visit to the country, or perhaps a
retreat to the wilderness, and gladly
we leave behind us everything that will
not be positively needed.
When the wardrobe Is brought down
to the irreducible minimum, the tailor
ed suit Is It's main dependence.
Wherever we go the suit goes too,
together with blouses, and one may
choose street or sports model for
travelling and general vacatloning. Ex-
amples Of these two styles are shown