New-York tribune., 1922-12-17
Importance of fabrication
Cannot Be Overestimased
by Drivers Who Wish
TO Avoid Endless Trouble
Need of Caro- Explained
Special Attention Should
Be Given to Sliding
Contact in the Machinery
By n. Clifford Brokaw
Teehnicol Director. West Side Y. NJ
C. A. Automobile School


To lubricats 10 to cause 10 slip
easily. That Is what oil In motor
does for the autsnobilist-
We have hound three things nsees-
s.rv 20 start an engine In an suto-
cas- In the cylinder, compression and a
mark To keep 1t going there mnst ge
= cooIing svstern and fabrication. Cool-
in~ IA necessary 70 keep the cylinoer
wall, AZ a temperature low enough 50
rat ths oil will not burn. And u IS
ssscntIai 20 keen q Aim Of OIL between
,hs cvlInder Wafl and the piston Wnien
travels M and down within u. 49,
N h were not for fabrication the
f,Ietion Of the parts sliding over eeen
49, would be 80 great that the en-
~ins eopld not develop sufficient power
- drive itself, 70 cay nothing OF tne
-, ~ith pa.senRers or freight In it. IL
:, .noine shouid be made 20 run Win.
ont lubrication II would destroy itsen
In a very short time. Ia,
Ths importanee Of fabrication mignt
hs illustrated by sliding. ones snoes
s,,,nuouslx along a paved road. In =
mort distance the feet become not ano
the shoes begin 70 wear out nut "A
n thIs nrocess one steps on Q DanAh,
nseiinc AZ once the feet begin 70 tr,Vel
s~lth sueh speed that the owner hAs
discrltv In Keeping them unoer cor
t-nI The banana skin acts as lupil-
esrt N Is equivalent 20 placing MN
- friction material between Two
sliding surfaces.
Many LubrlcstIon Points
-. -. e,xine there are 4 num-
49,. ~ poInts that have q sliding CON
80. sra therefore require lubricatioh
rSsse include the cylinder Tslls,
nistons. piston rings, bearings OF crank
shaft and crank pins, little oesIlhse
- "A. niston that support the piston
~ h.aring on which the cam snaII
pp.1olSss. p.~ the cams and the valve hfters
nth they operate, the guides IoI
,,,ivs filters. the gears and ehelhs
,.h,.h operste cam shafts, possibly ths
rsmn shaft, the shaft for Ignition Vim
Inc and the generator. These pAIss
,,snslIv All contained inside OF tne
live and are fabricated from tne
cornron supply that Is placed In Ihe
crank case Of the engine u~.r,
rhere are a number OF dinereh'
,vnss Of engine lubricating systems
one in which oil 10 forced uneer PIes
sTre 10 practically every sholng pAls
NM perhaps the most common sysCem
- hat in which the oil is carrleo IN
eo,onartment called a sump or reseI-
'-oir In the bottom Of the crank case
NJ. ,bs ton or side OF the crank case
M nrovision Is made for filing this sump
ana there Is usually a float or somS
other device 70 indicate how mucn OIL
there Is at any time.
This case may carry gallon or NOR
~ oil. As the indicator shows u ls pc
ino used out II may be replaced a'
needed. In this system there Is usu-
Ill, nan placed directly over tns
snnn in which there are small oepres'
sfons directly under each crank pin 70
',.Sieb me lower end of the connection
,od A. connected. when the engine u
.ojrg a small pump takes oil from tne
sYm5 and forces II 20 this pan, wners
h runs into the depressions: As tne
Connecting rod comes around IL oips IN
IN the oil and throws II up into tns t,s
cylinder, lubriesting the eyinuer wan
below the piston. 4,
n too much oil IL picked up or II
the pistons and rings 40 not nj tns
cylinder properly the oil wili woIs
mast the piston In large quantities ge'
,nto the combustion chambers os
hnrneS and exhausted In the form OF
srooke. This is one Of the causes OF
csrhon deposit in the cylinder which
csnsss knockinc. In addition to lubrl-
eating the cylinder well this OIL I99rl-
estes practically all other working
parts Of the engine.
Oil splashed Into Spray
A the erank-shaft revolves At hign
Aosed and the ends Of the connection
rods dip into oil, the oil is hplAsheo
and broken up into a very fne sprey OF
foR. This is circulated by air inslee
the engine and 10 deposited on every
80 contained within II. Thus 90 prac-
tieslly every working part Of the motor
is contained IN the crank case or In the
eompartments such ~ the cylinder and
timing rear case, Which open directly
into the crank case, the lubrication 81
the entire engine iS cared for By this
system. The possible exceptions ars
tke fan-bearings, generators, starter
motor bearings and water pump gianas
The pump, which eirculates oil, de-
uyers much more oil than is used, 90
that an ample supply may be assured
under all circumstances. In order that
surplus oil will not 90 TO waste the OIL
pan under the connecting rods has
openings at such height that when
suhicient amount Of oil Is present. any
surplus will automatically drain back
into the oil reservoir. II is good prae-
tice to inspect the oil indicator each
time before driving the car, 70 be surs
there is an adequate supply.
"A this oil is used over and ever
again Il becomes flled with particles
of metal, also while the engine Is 60
ing the vaporized gasoline in the COM
bustion chamber viii be forced past the
piston into the crank case when there
Il pressure In the combustion chamber
This vapor condenses into gasoline and
drops down into the oil cup, thinning
the oil. Consequently the oil should
be changed about once every 800 miles
II the oil is kept in the engine, the
crank case cleaned out and the straineI
at the oil pump cleaned, there should
be little or no trouble with the modern
engine lubricating system.