davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The New York herald., 1922-01-22
Country Dealers Buying
Farm Horses in New York

Country dealers who sell to farmers
are already beginning to put In appear
ance at Fiss, Doerr & Carroli's semi
weekly auction sales of work horses in
East Twenty-fourth street It viii be a
month or more before this trade assumes
spring proportions. but whenever prices
favor the buyer these early birds are
picking up some useful horses that will
improve on their hands enough to more
than make up for the cost of keeping
them until March or April. The Monday
and Thursday sales have been giving
all classes OF buyers good picking since
the first OF the year. For to-morrow's
auction some of the largest consignments
Of the season have been booked by local
owners and western shippers.
The Bergen Horse Company's weekly
auctions in Jersey City are again bring
ing a big run Of fresh and seasoned
workers under the hammer every
Wednesday. DIR. Brown says the good
ones are easy to sell.
A. NJ. Stein & Co. Of Washington
street, Brooklyn, have taken over from
one of the big express companies about
thirty horses which they are retailing at
Enthusiastically low prices.
Brooklyn, have just added to their stock
a select carload OF general purpose
horses from Ohio.
Waller s. Potters of Rutledge street
Brooklyn, will hold another auction sale
of seasoned work horses on Tuesday.
M. B. Newcomb. 924 Seventh avenue.
reports occasional sales of we'll trained
saddle horses to winter buyers.
Durland's saddlery shop Is making a
speciality OF imported equipment for polo
players. Everything for the comfort and
convenience OF horse and rider Is in
cluded in the sale at pre-war prices.
TT. Kaufman & Son, 1913 Division
I street, are filling some large orders for
work harness as well as English sad
dlery and horse goods this winter.
w. IT, Madison. now located Mt Glen
"'Ne = y" % i1tol'inr select 10; Of
f..f'r '4r.."e- ~. titC N.'Fit =
The New York herald., 1922-01-22

M. p. Newcomb. 924 Seventh avenue.
reports occasional sales Of well trained
saddle horses to winter buyers.
The New York herald., 1922-01-22
FAST TWO-YEAR OLD
TROYTERS WEREFEW.
War Time Conditions Reflected
by Only Three Additions
to 2:10 List in 1921.
BY c. CHAPLIN.

One of the unusual features OF last
seasons harness racing campaign was
the small number of two-year-old trot-
ters that earned fast records in the
Grand Circuit. Suavity. 2 :0SH Helen
Dillon, 2:oSA. and King Etawah. 2 :09%,
were the only ones added to the 10
list, whereas there were ten newcom-
ers in the previous campaign, and these
showed distinctly higher class than the
two-year- -olds of 1921. The outlook for
three-year-old racing next season is ac-
cordingly rather unpromising. Unless
some exceptional colts and fillies that
Gid not start last year are uncovered.
the rich futurities which nowadays are
looked upon as the big events of the
season may lack the extreme speed
that is of the essence Of great trot-
ting race.
In some quarters the sharp falling off
in high class two-year-olds is regarded
as rerlecting the sudden decline in breed
ing trotters which took place as soon as
the United States had gone into the war.
The crisis came too late to seriously
affect the breeding season of 1917. but
in the spring of the next year condi-
tions were at the worst, with the cost
of feed and labor uneXampled and the
prospect for a long. ruinous war dis
tinctly dark. The mares bred in the
spring of 1918 produced the foals that
were the wo-year-old5 of 1921 and that
must make the three-year-od racing
next season.
The pioneer-review. [volume] (Philip, Haakon County, S.D.) 1920-current, 1922-01-19
Notice Of Mortgage Foreclosure
Rapid City

Notice Of Mortgage Foreclosure
Default exists in a mortgage
dated April A, 1918, given by Fran
els A. Anderson and Nettie f. An
defs9n, .mortgagors, to The Mutual
Minister'S Relief Association, mort
gage, mortgaging the Northwest
Quarter (NWl4) Of Section Thirty
five (35), Township Four (D North
lof Range Nineteen Q9), East Of
1.-THE Black Hills Meridian, Haakon
County, South Dakose, which mort
gage is recorded in the office of
| the Register Of Deeds Of Haakon
County, South Dakota, in Book E-2
of Mortgages, Page 1853.
The default consists in failure
to pay the interest when due and
taxes when delinquent.
There is now due on the SAID
mortgage at the date Of this no
tice One Thousand Four Hundred
Eighty and 46-lO0 Dollars t$1480 s
46), Of which Twelve Hundred Dol-'
lars $1,000 is principal, One Hum
drcd Fifty-four. and 97-10O Dollars
t$154. 97) interest, and One Humid
red twenty-five, and 49-100 (S125 q
40 taxes.
The said mortgage will be fore
closed and the premises sold for
The satisfaction Of the said debt.
The pioneer-review. [volume] (Philip, Haakon County, S.D.) 1920-current, 1922-01-19
Notice Of Mortgage Foreclosure

Default exists In--tfle conditions
Of mortgage, dated the 18th day
Of December, 1917, given by VIII
liam A. Noerenberg and Carrie y.
Nocrenferg, his wife, and Albert
c. l,ieske and Luella Nj. Gieske,
his wife, mortgagors, to X. W.
.Mathieson. mortgage, nnortgaglng
the Northwest quarter Of the
southeast quarter (NW4 Of SEQ
Southwest quarter of the South
east quarter tSWA Of SEQ and
the Southeast quarter Of the south
east quarter tSEs Of SEQ Of
Section Seventeen G7), and all that
part Of the Northeast quarter of
the Southeast quarter (NEh Of
SEt4) in Section Seventeen CD
in Township One CD North Of
Range Twenty-Five (22) East OF
the Black Hills Meridian includ-
ing the Townsite Of Powell, South
Dakota, located in the Northeast
quarter of the Southeast quarter
tNEl4 Of the SEQ Of said Sec
ton Seventeen t17), according to
the plat Of said townsite, now on
file in the office Of the Register
Of Deeds, Haakon County. South
Dakota, excepting the lands includ-
ed IN the right Of way Of the
Pierre, Rapid City and Northwest
ern Railway across the sale, tract.
Also excepting Lots 1, 2, s
6, I, 5, 8, 10, II, II, b. IA,
10, 20. 81, 20, and "a, IN Block
One (l) Lots 8, 3, 10, II, II, -,
ii, Is, 1G. IL, Is, 20, 81. %
and "a Block Two t2), Lots |, 2,
8, 10. II, II, 10 and 20, Block Five
10, all said lots being in the Town
Of Powell, S. D., also a tract of land
S5xlo0 feet lying on north side Of
Pierre, Rapid City & Northwestern
Railway Company. formerly owned
by ID. b. McCleery, also tract of
ground lying South Of said rail-
way N x 215 feet, owned and oc-
cupied b.. the Powell School Dis
I trict also tract on the south
side Of said railway, rs 1870 feet,
formerly owned by Charles Walk
er, Haakon County South Dakota,
which mortgage is recorded in the
office Of the Register Of Deeds Of
Haakon County. South Dakota, in
Rock E-2 Of MORTGAGES. on page
The pioneer-review. [volume] (Philip, Haakon County, S.D.) 1920-current, 1922-01-19
BY johnson e Johnson, his at
foIncys.,- dee - feb 2
Notice of Mortgage Foreclosure

Default exists in the conditions
of a mortgage, dated. the 10th day
Of April, 1918, given by Paul M.
| DAILY and Hattie DAILY, husband and
wife, nlortgagors, to r. w. Math-
iesen, Inorfgagee, mortgaging the
Southwest quarter Of the south
east quarter and the northwest
quarter of the southeast quarter
EXCEPT tract Of land described
as follows: Beginning at center Of
section 23 in township one north
Of range 20 east of the Black Hills
Meridian and thence east so rods,
thence south 30 rods, thence west
/ so rods; thence north 30 rods to
point Of beginning, containing
about Is acres and the southwest
quarter. excepting SIS acres in the
northwest corner of the said
southwest quarter beng
all that portion of. said
tract lying north and west of the
right Of way Of the Pierre, Rapid
City and the Northwestern Rail
way, all Of said land being in sec
1 ton %, in Township One North
of Range Twenty, East, b. II. M !.
Haakon County. South Dakota,
which mortgage is recorded in the
office Of the Register Of Deeds of
| Haakon County, South Dakota, in
Book E-2 Of Mortgages on pagc
293. ..5l. 81
Default consists in failure to pay
the interest and taxes when due,
and there is now due at the date
Of this notice Three Thousand Dol
lars $4,000 principal, Six Hundred
Forty-eight and 1900 Dollars
| ($64S. 13) interest, and Ninety,nine
and 26-lO0 Dollars $500 .26) taxes,
making a total Of Thirty-seven
Hundred FortySseven and 1910
Dollars bl3747 80.
The mortgaged premises will be
sold for the satisfaction Of the
said debt, attorneys fees, costs and
lexpenses Of sale at the front door
Of the Court House in the City Of
Philip, Haakon County, South Da-
kota, at 10 o'clock A. M, on the
18th day Of February, 1922.
Dated this 26th day Of December
l92l.
r. w Mathieson, Mortgagee Of
lsaid Mortgage. IS
Frank Slocum, Sheriff Of Haakon
! County.
BY Johnson & Johnson. his at
torneys. dec 20 feb 2
| Mill Feed. Oats, Speltz, and
Screenings at Farmers Elevator.
Philip. 36 If
Apply to Bielski Farm Loan Co.
for Real Estate LOANS. 2tf
| School Warrant Books 1t the
Pioneer Office.
Wanted: Practical nursing ia
F6o. Mrs. G. A. Gaines, phone G. M
Lloyd residence. 4S tf
Taken Up: Ray 3ycar old mare
The pioneer-review. [volume] (Philip, Haakon County, S.D.) 1920-current, 1922-01-19

We will give an inducement to
buy fence posts and woven wire
fencing this fall.-A. c. Kingsbury
Lumber Go. 40 If
The pioneer-review. [volume] (Philip, Haakon County, S.D.) 1920-current, 1922-01-19

See Byrnes at Farmers Seed
House before you sell your Alfalfa
Seed. 5tf
The pioneer-review. [volume] (Philip, Haakon County, S.D.) 1920-current, 1922-01-19

Sell your cream to Pohlc.. Best
service and highest price.
The pioneer-review. [volume] (Philip, Haakon County, S.D.) 1920-current, 1922-01-19

You take no chances on poor
bread when you buy frisco
Flour. Farmers Elevator & Seed
House.
The pioneer-review. [volume] (Philip, Haakon County, S.D.) 1920-current, 1922-01-19

For Sale-Good 6 room house in
Philip, close to school and business
section. Inquire at the Pioneer
Review Office If
The pioneer-review. [volume] (Philip, Haakon County, S.D.) 1920-current, 1922-01-19

Deep or shallow wells drilled !.
Prices reasonable. Box 135, Philip,
South Dakota. DC If
The pioneer-review. [volume] (Philip, Haakon County, S.D.) 1920-current, 1922-01-19

CARNEY COAL at the Farmers
Elevator.
The pioneer-review. [volume] (Philip, Haakon County, S.D.) 1920-current, 1922-01-19

Buy your Flour at the Farmers
Elevator. Is If
The pioneer-review. [volume] (Philip, Haakon County, S.D.) 1920-current, 1922-01-19

Wanted: Practical nursing to
do do. Mrs. G. Al. Gaines, phone G. M.
/ Lloyd ~Fesidence. 4s tf
The pioneer-review. [volume] (Philip, Haakon County, S.D.) 1920-current, 1922-01-19

Parcels Post your cleaning and
dyeing to MULCHAY, THE
TAILOR, INC, RAPID CITY,
5. D. 3tf
The pioneer-review. [volume] (Philip, Haakon County, S.D.) 1920-current, 1922-01-19

DR.. j. M. Walsh, Specialist. Eye,
Ear, Nose and Throat. First Nat
ional Bank Building, Rapid City,
S. ID. 25tf
The pioneer-review. [volume] (Philip, Haakon County, S.D.) 1920-current, 1922-01-19

We will give an inducement to
buy fence posts and woven wire
fencing this fall.-A. c. gsbury
Lumber CO.. 40 If
The pioneer-review. [volume] (Philip, Haakon County, S.D.) 1920-current, 1922-01-19

MONEY FOR FIRST MORTGAGE
Loans. Write Ralph VandercOok,
Fort Pierre, So. Oak. 52tf
The pioneer-review. [volume] (Philip, Haakon County, S.D.) 1920-current, 1922-01-19

School Warrant Books It the
Pioneer Office.
The pioneer-review. [volume] (Philip, Haakon County, S.D.) 1920-current, 1922-01-19

Apply to Bielski Farm Loan Co.
fer Real Estate LOANS. 2tf
The pioneer-review. [volume] (Philip, Haakon County, S.D.) 1920-current, 1922-01-19

Mill Feed, Oats, Speltz, and
Screenings at Farmers Elevator.
Philip. 36 If
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1922-05-24
"THE MOTHER AND TIE Law"
At THE STRAND TONIGHT

Playgoers who are familiar with
Mr.. Griffith's earlier triumphs.
Hearts Of the World" THE Fall OF
Babylon" etc. will be especially In
tercsted In this recent production.
True. In The Mother and the Law" /"
he has gotten away from the smoke OF
battle and the scenes OF combat that
were so remarkably depicted In THE
Birth OF Nation" and earlier
works. but the new and tremendous
domestic drama brought into being in
this latest work will undoubtedly
prove one OF his most notable con-
tributions To the screen.
The cast for The Mother and the
Law" Is thoroughly representative OF
a Griffith company. The principal
players include Mae Marsh, Robert
Harron. Miriam Cooper. Ralph Lewis.
Walter Long. Alberta Lee. Margaret
Marsh. Tod Browning and others
whose names are familiar to those
who patronizc the higher form Of mo-
tion pictures.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1922-05-24

Cleanup week takes care OF the
errors OF the past. An ounce OF
prevention Is worth pound OF
cure. Conditions should never be
allowed TO ge, so bad that cleanup
week will again be necessary. ],
Is easier. more economical and bet.
ter In every way to- keep things In
an Al condition than Il Is to let
conditions get into delapidsted
state. Every respectable man or
woman should not hesitate 20 ad-
monish people who expectorate In
public places or throw newspaper
litter. etc, on the streets. II must
be borne in mind that the majority
OF people who do these things are
not vicious. but are thoughtless.
and will not resent remon-
STRANGE"
The city trucks will cover the
territory west OF Fifth street to-
morrow and all litter piled out In
front. In sacks. boxes or other re-
ceptacies will be hauled away with
out cost. The territory from Fifth
to Twelfth streets will be covered
on Friday. and all territory east OF
Twelfth on Saturday.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1922-05-24

The above cartoon illustrates the
reception that Judge Stone Is goiuE
TO give the citizens who refuse 10
clean up during this week. and who
are brought before him for SEN
tence.
In endorsing Anti-Lit,er week the
judge has this TO say:
Il shall be glad II every person
of any civic pride will do the work
required OF him: the health author
ities should see that the others do
It,"
J. r. Wells. superintendent OF
schools, Is living up to his endorse
ment, given several days ago:
"Anti-Litter week will have its
value from an educational stand
point As well as from a standpoint
OF sanitation and public health. and
you may count on the public
schools OF this city being back OF
the move TO the last letter"
J. A. Gordon. retiring presiden,
OF the chamber OF commerce, and
who helped inaugurate the move
men,, submits the following on
Anti-Litter week:
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1922-05-24

4. to the Northwest corner vi IN,
Southeast onc-qunrtcr OF tho North.
west onc-luartcr Of said Section 80:
thence North 13Sa fcct TO u post sit.
uatcd at tho Northeast corncr OF the
Northwest onc.Quartcr OF the North
west onc-quartcr OF aaid Section ~
thence North i3sS fcct to u pos,
situated at the Northeast corner oi
tho Southwest onc-Quartcr Of the
Southwest cnc-Quarter OF section ~
OF said Township and Range: thence
West 1885 feet to u post situated
et the Northwest corner Of said
Southwest onc-Quartcr OF tho South.
west onc-Quartcr OF said Section ~.
thence North alons the line between
Sections ~ and 30 OF saiJ Township
aud Range ss&t feet to post situa.
ted at the Northeast corner OF the
South onc-haif Of the Northeast quar-.
ter OF said Section 30; thence West
alonE the North line of said South
half OF the Northeast quarter OF said
Section 30 to the Northwest corner
thereof; thence South along tho cen.
ter line OF Sections 70 and ~ OF said
Township and Range to the center of
said Section 81. thence East along
the center line OF said Sections 81
and 20 to a point $50 feet East of the
onc-Quarter corner between said See.
tons II and 80: thence South to a
point on the South line OF said Soc.
tion 80 which Is $50 fcct East OF the
Southwest corner thereof: thence
West along the South line OF said
Sections 30 and 81 to the Northwes,
corner Of Section q. Township -
South. Range ~ East OF the Wi.
lamctte Meridian being tho place Of
beginning, containing In all s;.5t2St
acres.
That the commissioners hereto.
fore appointed to assess benefits and
damages to the property and lands
situated In said DRAINAGE district and
10 appraisc the cash value OF the land
necessary TO be- taken for rights OF
way, holding basins and other works
of said district within or without the
limits " said district. filed their re.
port In this office on the 9Th day OF
May. 1922. and you and each of YOU
are hereby notified that you may c,.
anime said report and fife except ions
to all or any part thereof on or be.
fore the i2th day OF June. 1899.
This notic. Is given by order OF
tn. County Court Of the State of ore.
son for klamath County. duly and
regularly entered IN, 9Th day OF
May, ises.
G.. n. DE LAP
County Clerk OF klamath County
Oregon.
N io.i7-:t-3i
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1922-05-24
NATIONAL RATE SLASH
ORDERED BY COMMISSION
(Coninued from Page ~

gible cuts. he said. probably could
not be made.
The secretary position contrasted
radically with that OF state commits
sions, whose members cen,ered a
good deal OF their attack on passen-
ger rate schedules. which they al
legged to be too high for the traffic,
and In reality the cause OF low rail-
road earnings.
Representatives OF the steel and
iron industry asked more stringent
and immediate action. principally
arguing that commission should re-
move the entire 40 per cent increase
put on eastern rates on their pro-
duets In 1920. The national indus
trial traffic league. representing
shippers generally, took much the
same position. The coal industry
elaborated Mr.. Hooyer's proposals,
asserting that basieally coal costs
influenced prices OF so many other
commodities that cuts In rates on II,
particularly upon bitnminous coal,
would have a beneficial effect. The
farming interests were not so urgent,
particularly in view OF the fact that
agriculture rates went down while
the discussion was before the COM
mission.
Members OF the commission them
selves found much difficulty. 1t was
indicated during the weeks after the
taking OF testimony ceased. in work
ing out a line OF actioI. A decision
expected by April was many more
weeks in the making than even the
traffic experts and the railroad OBJ
servers expected, but II was pointed
out that the record OF testimony and
the transportation subject itself were
Of immense magnitude. There was
also a suggestion that delay might
have been desired In the matter to
allow business conditions and price
levels to stabilize further. and to see
whether or not the railroad labor
board might find II possible to allow
wage cuts railroads were seeking.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1922-05-24

Suit In equity was filed this NOR
ming by Robert F. Ryan against
Frank II. Robinson, the Credit Ser
vice company. Bert c. Thomas and
Belle Fulton. asking the appoint
mcnt OF receiver for the Merrill
drug store, that the claim of $1,000
held by Ryan be declared a mort
gage against the store. and that an
Injunction he Issued holding In
allegiance any further action on the
attachment sui, filed by the Credit
Service corporation on behalf Of
several Portland firms. The com.
plant also asks damages OF $1,000
against the Credit Service company
and $500 damages against Bert c.
Thomas. local attorney.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1922-05-24

" Section I III Towns,Sp 40
South. Range y, East of the vii
lamcttc Meridian In klamath
County, State OF Oregon. Ex.
cepting thcrcfrom all lands hero
toforc decided for canals. rail-
roads or road purposes, and cS-
cepting all gases. oils, minerals,
and oil leases and minerals Of
any Kind or nature whatsoever,
AND 1T Is HEREBY FURTHER
ORDERED that a copy of this order
be published at least once wcck
for three successive weeks In The
Evening Herald, a daily newspaper
OF general circulation, printed pub
lishet. and circulated daily In said
County Of klamath aud State OF Ore
gon.
Dated this 10th day OF May 1899,
u. ". BUNSEli..
County Judge FOR Klamath County,
Oregon.
VI lo-l,-st-3l
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1922-05-24
lIsDtI:
IN THE COUNTY COURT OF THE
STATE OF OREGON FOR KLAM-
ATu rnITNsry

ONDtIs
IN THE COUNTY COURT OF THE
STATE OF OREGON FOR KLAM-
ATH COUNTY.
In the matter OF the guardianship oi
the person and estate OF j. W.
Manning. Sr., an aged and infirm
person.
q. w. Manning. the guardian OF
the person and estate OF j. w. Man
ming, ST.. an aged and infirm per-
son. having presented to this court
and filed herein his petition. duly
verified. praying for an order OF sale
at public auction or private sale. an
TO the said guardian may seem for
the hest interests of said estate, all
certain real property belonging to the
said ward for the causes and rea-
sons therein set forth: and II appear
Ing TO this court from the said petit
tion that II is necessary and would
be beneficial to the said J. w. Man
ming. Sr., ward herein. that the said
real property described In said petit
tiOn or some part Of II be sold.
1T is HEREBY ORDERED, that
the next of kin OF said ward and all
persons interested In his said estate
appear before this court In the court
room thereof In the city Of Klamath
Falls, County of klamath. and State
of Oregon on the 10th day OF June.
1922 at the hour Of 2 o'clock p. NJ.
In the afternoon of said day to show
cause why an order should not be
granted for the sale of such estate as
prayed for In said petition, to-wit:
The gOuthWeat Ouarter Of the
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1922-05-24
CATHOLIC SERVICES At
FORT KLAMATH SUNDAY

There will be services next Sunday
at IL a. m. In Fort klamath for Cath
Giles and a cordial welcome will be
extended to all other people. Only
one mass, at s a. m, will be said In
Klamath Falls on that day.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1922-05-24
CITATION
~ THE COUNTY COURT OF THE
STATE Of ORSfsON FOR kLAM.
Attn COUNTY


iMoGENE I. HAMPTON. Plaintiff
.,,,u . vs.
ARTHUR u. WILSON, Executor OF
,ne Estate OF Thomas Hampton
recessed W. ID. HAMPTON; Mary
~, Wiseman: Anna ID. Aekicy: and
Elisabeth u. Pemberton. Dcfcn-
aann.
To Arthur X. Wilson. Executor OF
tue Estate OF Thomas HAMPTON. de-
ceased: W, -. Hampton: Mary ".
W1seman: Anna u. Ackicy: and Eiif'
aoetn H. femberton. the above nam
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1922-05-24

The Methodist church baseball
team went down to defeat before the
Christian church team at Modoc Park
Monday afternoon. II to s. The
game the week previous resulted in q
IL TO 4 victory for the Christian
church team.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1922-05-24
ASPOM5
" -
K. c Challenged by
Fort Klamath Players

Tho Fort Klamath baseball team
has challenged the local Knights cf
Columbus team for a game at Fort
klamath next Sunday afternoon. A
lively contes, is expected.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1922-05-24
FARM POINTERS
Three Points 10 Watch

Three Points 0 Watrh
Three principal causes for poor
corn yields are lack of clover or
manure In the land the year pre-
ceding. use OF varieties too late foI
Willamette valley conditions. and
failure to plant enough live seed
TO get a full stand. Acclimated
seed planted IA inches deep Is
best.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1922-05-24
OREGON BREvITIEs

WINCHEsTER-Work started
on auto camp.
SANDAY to have new $4,000
high school.
FLORENCE-Cheese factory to
be built here.
AsHLAND-Equipment bein &
rushed for Crater Lake highway.
EUdENE-33025 sewer contract
let.
HALSEy-Harrisburg road to be
hardsurfaced