davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1922-02-19

noise. At this It keeps right on without
intermission or diminution In the volume
Of steam delivered. Putting holes. natural
and artificial, observed during long
period Of years, seem to be as active as
ever il is supposed that all Of them
derive their steam from one volcanic
source, far down in the earth's interior.
Italy has almost no coal: she is obliged
TO import nearly all OF what she requires
for her industries. Hence 'he discovery
of new source of energy has excited In
that country most interested attention.
Etna. Vesuvius and Stromboli together
form a battery" of volcanoes, and the
eruptive sympathy they show would seem
to indicate that all three draw their fires
from a common source. When one OF them
breaks out the others usually show signs
OF activity Etna and Vesuvius, however,
erupt only internationally; the latter in
centuries before the birth Of Christ was
supposed to be extinct. and the army of
Spartacus, the gladiator, actually occupied
its crater as a ready-made fore. Its out
burst that overwhelmed Pompeii and
Herculaneum occurred in 70 A. d.
Stromboli is presumably too difficult
proposition to be tackled successfully, but
in its immediate neighborhood are the
Lipari Islands, really outcrops of the same
volcano, which are fairly dotted with
craterlets, putting holes, and boiling
springs. It seems not unlikely that on
these islands, which are Of considerable
size, systematic borings may develop i'm.
portant sources Of power.
The success obtained by the Italians in
Harvesting the steam wells OF Tuscany has
given encour6 cement To the belief that
electrical power might be derived from the
volcano of Kilauea, on the island Of Hawaii.
II is a mountain 1000 feet high, with
crater half a mile in diameter which con-
tains a lake of perpetual fre-a mass Of
molten lava that seethes, bubbles tumult-
,uously, and constantly throws fountains
of flame high into the air.
Outside the rim of this devils caldron
is a gentle slope covered with crust of
hard lava. DR.. Henry s. Washington, OF
the Geophyscal Laboratory washington.
d. c., who is an expert in volcanology, and
Great Britain Rights Reserved. z
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1922-02-19

the volcanic steam is provided with pipes
Of aluminium.
The electric current Is generated at
1000 volts. and can be stepped up" TO
10000 From the central station at
Larderello II is distributed at 5000 volts
TO various points as far away as Volterra
(thirty miles,. and at $4,000 volts by
overhead lines to Siena: thence to
Florence (about fifty miles,. to Leghorn.
to Piombino (where it furnishes power for
a large steel plant), and to Massa for use
in pyrite mines.
"A larger power plant 10000 kilowatts)
is planned, to be established at Lagc, in
the same district, where volcanic steam
in quantity Is more readily obtainable than
at Larderello. And, so far as can be seer.
this is only a beginning. The putting
holes and boiling springs are plentifully
distributed along belt Of territory thirty
miles in length. The whole region is
volcanic, and biologists say that anciertly
II must have been the scene Of great
eruptive activity.
The putting holes around Larderello
yield, each one of them. from $500 to
10000 pounds OF steam an hour at a
temperature as high as 1856 degrees
Fahrenheit. Eleven average borings NAV
be reckoned upon to deliver power equal
to that obtainable from the burning of ten
tons Of coal per hour.
The drilled holes, bored by a chisel-like
tool to a depth of 400 feet or more, fetch
steam usually at about 60 feet They are
lined with iron tubes inches TO Is inches
In diameter. When the iron casing" has
been put down, and the job is finished, a
heavy cylindrical piece Of steel is dropped
into the tube and jerked suddenly upward
by an electric winch. This seems to be
equivalent to shooting" an oil well; but
the steam hole furnishes ifs own explosive.
When the steel weight, which operates
like piston, is yanked upward, II is fol-
lowed by a small volcanic eruption, great
quantities OF boiling water, mud, stones,
and other debris being thrown high into
the air. The outburst lasts some minutes.
but presently the eruption quiets down and
the hole settles down to the business Of
emitting steam with a peculiar kissing
CO. la"2. by American Weekly. lnt
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1922-02-19

Until comparatively recent years the
district in question was not inhabited. its
suggestions of the internal being regarded
as SO obvious as to render It unsuitable for
residential purposes. Now, however, 1t has
a number of thriving towns, which are
lighted and supplied with power by cleo
tricity derived from volcanic steam.
This Transformation was due originally
to the discovery, made over a century ago,
that the water forced up from the bowels
of the earth in the form Of steam con.
tanned boric acid-a very valuable com.
mercial product, inasmuch as at that time
nearly all of the worlds supply of borax
was obtained from Thibet, being trans
ported across the Himalayas by pack
animals
Hence, the beginning Of what was des-
tined to become very important and
profitable industry. The water was evapo-
rated in iron caldrons, wood being used
for fuel. For the boracic acid thus OBJ
tanned there was a ready market, much OF
It being sold to the French glass factories,
II was not long before an Italian en-.
gineer named Ciaschj hit upon the idea of
increasing the number Of putting holes by
drilling new ones-a scheme which has
since been greatly developed, with a cor.
reSpOnulnBly augmented supply OF water
laden with boracic acid. Experience has
proved that, no matter how many holes
are drilled, the steam pressure at the
mouths of previously existing ones con-
tinues undiminished.
The ingenious but unfortunate Ciaschi
lost his life by falling into one of the
boiling springs which in this way he had
created; but the work was continued by
others, and in 1927, wood having become
scarce and dear, Frenchman, Count
francois de Larderel, solved that problem
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1922-02-19
Cross Section of Volcano Show.
ing the Crater Pipe Through Which
Molten Rock, Steam and Other
Material Is Forced Up from the
Subterranean Fires of Our Earth.

WILL the diminishing supply OF the
M worlds csal and oil compel man
kind to draw upon the fires of
Hades 20 run his factories and warm his
homes? Already the Italians are doing 1t.
The Hades of the ancients was located
"below"-undergroun 1t occupied a sub
terranean area in the region of Italy and
Sicily The fact in this regard was I'M
mistakable, inasmuch as in that neighbor.
hood the internal fires in many places
penetrated upward through the crust OF
the earth. producing the alarming phe-
nomena which terrified the ancients.
The three great burning mountains"-
Vesuvius, Stromboli and Etna-were then,
as they are to-day the principal outlets
Of subterranean fire. Strombolfs crater
was believed by the ancients to be the main
entrance to Hades
To-day the Italians are boring for vol.
canic steam on the flanks OF Vesuvius and
Etna. They are utilizing 1t for driving
turbines, to produce electricity for power.
lighting, and heating.
DR.. Henry S. Washington. Of the Geo.
physical Laboratory at Washington says
THE utilization OF subterranean heat and
volcanic steam for the generation Of cleo
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1922-02-19

II1C power 10 one Ot tne
most interesting. and per-
haps one OF the most i'm.
portant achievements OF modern
engineering. In my belief It Is
only a question OF time when
the energy OF active or partly
active volcanoes will be har
messed for industrial and other
useful purposes. The Italians
have led the way 1t Is up 10
us Americans to try our hano at
developing subterranean sources
OF power which may prove a
blessing of incalculable value to
future generations of mankind
and possibly even to the present
generation.
Highly successful experiments
OF this kind have already been
made in Tuscany, south OF the
ancient Etruscan city of Vol
terra, where, over an area OF
forty square miles. volcanic
activity manifests itself by mum.
erous steam wells. called puff
fing holes. These holes evident
: ly go down to great depths.
They emit vigorous Jets of live
steam; but some OF them form
little lake-like craters full OF
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1922-02-19

oil the wOrlo.
T h u s, for
In S I a n c e ,
in c e n tral
America and
a on G tn
west coast OF
South Amer
lea where
there is little
coal burn
ing m o Urn Z.
al n 8 I" are
n u m Q r us.
They repre-
sent unlimit-
ed and mex
h a u s b lie
energy going
to waste.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1922-02-19

who recently made special study of the
volcano-electric developments in the Vol
terra district. Is Of opinion that steam
crust with diamond drills. The Hawaiian
Islands are now obliged TO import all their
coal, much of It coming from Japan. and
IL Kilauea could be tapped for electrical
power, Il would mean much to the future
of the Territory.
Hitch your engine TO a volcano! II 10
an idea that is gaining more and more al
tention. In Sonoma County. Cal, lie q
fashionable pleasure resort called The
Geysers, where there are hot springs which
derive their temperature from a volcanic
source. The proprietor, ]. d. Grant, is
even now boring 12-inch hole with which
he hopes to strike, some hundreds Of feet
down, supply OF perpetual steam for
generating electricity to furnish all the
light and heat he wants.
In the Yellowstone National Park
CWyoming) the flames of the interior fires
rage only a short distance beneath the
earth's surface and in the so-called Fire
Hole district the whole country seems
actually to be on fire. Undoubtedly this
source of unlimited volcanic energy could
he drawn upon for power by means which
engineers will eventually devise.
We have in the United States only one
active volcano-Lassen Peak. in California.
Eruptive at occasional intervals, there Is
enough fire inside Of II to run the machin-
cry of all the factories in the United States.
A tunnel driven into It $500 feet below the
crater, on the northwest side, would have
to extend not more than a mile to reach
hot rocks. Thence borings could be made
with big core-drills, to tap the bowels Of
the mountain for steam.
II would not be necessary to fetch the
steam out of the mountain in order to use
IT, Chambers Of adequate size cut out OF
the rock, far inside Of the volcano. would
serve to contain all requisite machinery,
including turbo- generators and dynamos,
for converting the steam power into
electricity, which could be distributed by
wires over territory within radius
300 miles.
Hitherto we have regarded
our lack of VOLCANOES as rath-
er fort innate, but perhaps
that has been a mistaken point OF
view. They may yet be developed
as sources of power in many parts -,
e ~.
Norwich bulletin., 1922-11-18
NETApA.s p1HoRcr JAW.

However much 1t may have been said n the past. it can no longer be claimed hat the easy divorce law of the state Of Nevada ss not in accord with the wishes of the people of that common wealth. They have had the matter sub nitted to them for decision as to wheth- Or there should be a continuance of the law or whether 1t should be changed by requiring a residence in the state of one rear instead of six months1 Nevada stands by the easy divorce and as if to add emphasis to the position taken it vas also at the recent election deter mined by the vote of the people that hers should not be any change in the law for at least three years. This ind;- eates pretty conclusively that Nevada ls satished with the divorce flaw that has made Reno famous and doesn't in: tend to be deprived of the privileges hnder that law or the business that goes Fith 1t.
 What . stimulation to divorce the Nc. fada law has been is shown by ths large Increase in divorce cases in thai htata It is not a thiclxly populated Dcmmonwealth. Normally its divorce; would run no greater than in many bther states, as shown by the fact that previous to 1909 the divorce rate wal l2l to each 100000 of population There were many states that had mucl hghsr rates. What the easy divorce, oi Inc encouragement to a quick divorc, through the short residence reduiremen ulowed under the state law, did in tha Fate s shown by the jump in the mum ler Of dtvOrcss in 1916 to GOT for eacl
 po.ooo of population. That mean
Norwich bulletin., 1922-11-18
CIRCULATION WEEK ENDING NOV. 11th, 1922
 11,96l
IDLE LAND.

While pr. Baker in speaking in Md dlet0wn concerning the demands upon the forests Of the country and the needs of -reforestation was unaOuescd- lJ speaking from the standpoint of -he paper and pulp association of which he Is the exscutive secretary. nevertheless he had much to say that was of im- rortance and deserving of careful con- Bideration.
 It has been pointed out from time to time, because of a lack of reforesta- tion and an effort to make provisions for future needs, that the fUrcs-s avail able for pulp would be exhausted within a quarter of a century. It was state nent intended to bring more of the peo- pie to a realization of the situation be- lore 1t is too late. with a view to pro Fidlng for forests to take the place of lhoss tha. are being removei.
 That this can be done is accentuated by pr. Baker when he points out that there Is enough land, now idle. east Of the Mississippi and north of the Poto- mac to grow all the forests that will be needed by the paper industry in thl' country for all time to come. It. is tc DC nOleu that no IudlhldlHS tAiebS sSiAAA can be done on land that is now idle.
 Some idea of what this means can bC gained from the fact that only rittl' over third of the farm land of Con necticut Is under cultivation. There arc a million and a half acres of fores and idle land in this state with only ont per cent of 1t under forest management Connecticut stands well with the othsl New England states in the amount o reforestation work, but in all of then lt Is small in comparison with the Op pOrtunity and the certainty of the neet Tor such material in the future. No one of the states meets its own require nents for construction purposes ant where the greatest amount of it is uset practically all of it is Imported.
 This situation is not due to the fac Ihst there is not an opportunity to pro luce more timber of all kinds in thes tateg but because of the failure to i'm rove It. Idle land tells the story.
Norwich bulletin., 1922-11-18
RUSSIA.

In spite of the demonstrations that have been given of the type of govern ment that has been provided in Russia since bolshevism raised it's head there, there are those who have persistently called for the recognition of the govern ment that has been established there. There are those who would have us en- ter into relationship with Russia quite the same as with other governments which we do business with.
 It, is pointed out that Russia of to- day is not the Russia that gained such notoriety following the revolution. That there have been changes there is un. questioned. Even those who were re sponsible for the rankest kind of gov ernment in that country have come tc realize. that they were wrong and that 1t could not be made to go. Poss:. bly there are more changes there thai we are fully aware of. and yet thay haven't been so complete and so con vincing that they have made an impress sion upon the government of this coun try sufficient to change it's attitude. An; there are good reasons for believin,
 that the state department is quite a closely in touch with the conditions tha
 exist there and the changes that hay
 been made as some of those who are S
 enthusiastic for Russian recognition When the time comes that this govern
 ment is shown that the Requirements
 set forth have been compiled with ther
 is no doubt that steps toward recogni
 tion will be taken Others who h, I fallen. all over themselves to curry ia vors with Russia have come to req ize that It was an unwise policy an
 unjustihed.
 .I Depending upon the claims of Lenir , there are those who are enthused owe the new Russia, claiming it to be l dynamic state and more nearly SC / sufficient than any other country excel f the United States. And yet at the san } time it is reported by those in touc l with conditions there that Russia fac, t a more severe famine than ever tn t winter and conditions will be so ba l after January first that famine deati t will begin to be numerous This doesn n look as if the great government of L. }, nine and Trotzky was so wonderful
 efficient in taking care of it's own pe h pie as some of those enthusiasts a To, @ way away from there would have us b e llevc.
Norwich bulletin., 1922-11-18
PROPER. TREATMENT.

There is a lesson of importance con- tained in. the action of the supreme court of the state of Illinois in sentenc- ing to prison millionaire and four as- sociates convicted of violating the anti syndicalism law. Charged with at- tempting to overthrow the government and Set up a new, one in keeping with the principles supported by the. red leaders of Europe proof sufficient to con- vict was produced and the court was not swayed from it's duty because of the wealth that is possessed by the leader of the quintette or the plea for lenien- cy because he was a man of much money and had no one to leave in charge of it.
 There are times when 1t is figured by some that wealth can do anything. that it can obtain Iepiency, that it makes the violation of laws possible and that 1t permits even courts to be fixed" Be- cause of their wealth there arc those who figure they are able to pay less respect to the law. This was shown during the week when the scion of a prominent New York family expressed his confidence in being able to fix
 
 automobile laws. Possibly he had been able to find someone in previous cases who had done some fixing for him, but this time he did not and in addition te the fine for his act was obliged to dc time behind bars in the lookup.
 Such examples are excellent things If it were the practice instead of the exception to deal out justice to all aliH, there might perhaps be less disposition on the part of the wealthy to figure that they are the privileged class wher 1t comes to law violations the same a! when it is matter of spending. When it is shown that there are in dividuals in this country who are work ing for the overthrow of the govern ment as that clique in Chicago was it i ! certainly time that all thought o leniency should be abandoned. The, went into their undertaking with thel eyes open. They kr"~' -;',"+ they hal reason to expect and certainly the, ] ought not to be permitted to sway jus tice just because they happen to be i control of a million or two.
Norwich bulletin., 1922-11-18
TOday's Anniversaries

1755-The most violent shock of earth quake ever known in New Eng land occurred. 17S9-Louis J. M. Daguerre, inventor of the daguerreotype and chief pion- eer in the art of photography, born in France. Died there July 10, 1851.
 13S2-Adolf Erik Nordenskjold, the Arc tic explorer who was the first to find the Northeast passage, born in Finland. Died Aug. 12, 1901. 1S72-Adelaide Nelson made her Amer ican debut in New York. 18S6-Chester> A. Arthur, twenty-first president of the U. S., died in New York city. Born at Fairfield, Vt, Oct. 5, 1880. :" 1S97-Canadian cabinet decided to send commission to Washington for the settlement lof disputed ques- tions.
 191S-Supreme court of the United States declined to review the case of Thomas Mooney, convicted ir the San Francisco bomb outrage. 1s1s-Spot cotton brought one dollar g pound at Jackson, Miss: 1921-Rresident Harding 4 proclaimed peace with Austria. Thirteen Mex iean revolutionists killed in bat tie in Lower California.
Norwich bulletin., 1922-11-18
IN THE PUBLIC EYE

Few modern statesmen are the subject of so many good stories as NJ. Clemen- ceau, the famous wartime premier of France, who has just arrived in Ameri- ca. Here is one of the latest.
 One day recently he went round the street markets of Paris testing prices, following his usual habit of seeing things for himself. Asking an old woman at one of the stalls the price of some car rots, he was told sixty centimes. They are too dear," he protested q will give you fifty"
 The old woman looked at him a Inin- ] ute, perhaps to see If 1t was worth while haggling, and then said: ''Very we'll, you shall have them for fifty, my little old
 man, you resemble our good NJ. Glenn. ! eneeau.''
Norwich bulletin., 1922-11-18
SAFETY THE OBJECT.

Many are the efforts that have been put forth in behalf of safety in the highway. The frightful fatality record ihould make a double heavy impression, wen is those instances that are ob- Ierved or the accidents in which driv- srs and others figure do not suffice to airect attention to increased care.
 Regardless of the efforts that have been made and those underway the plan which is being worked out in Washing ton of having motion pictures taken in Inc highway of actual occurrences which lead up to accidents of more or less se- iious nature seems likely to reach a certain number or bring home to them he importance of avoiding what others persist in doing.
 Tn this effort the idea is not to fix the pictures to be taken, but to be on the guard for those acts of carelessness which are occurring every day and show up what they are and why they should be avoided. It is one way o lmpressing upon people that others havt some rights which should be respected and if that is done it will mean no only greater safety in the streets bu Inc elimination of a lot of trouble ant worry because of attempts to do wha ought not to be done which border il many instances upon the unreasonable fhance-takins and reckless.
 It isn't to be supposed that sucl presentation of what auto drivers ar loing every day will overcome all of tn Instances of dangerous driving. If : results in any improvement whatever f The care exercised. respect for other and obedience of established rules win serve it1 purpose well It is a ldea that could easily be applied in an slty, even though the actual picture were taken elsewhere.
Norwich bulletin., 1922-11-18

nearly five times as many as Is years before, and If it were known that in crease was probably due to those who had come into tho state solely for di- vorce purposes.
 That it is providing convenient d. vorce legislation and encouraging an evil doesn't make much of an impress sion upon the people of Nevada. They seem to be satisfied to take the profits that come from such a law. or the six months residence of people who come there to get the, advantage of the law and it cannot any longer be said that the people of the state do not approve of it. sE .E=