davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1922-12-07
TWO PARDONS
ARE REFUSED
Four Other Gases Are Post
poned Until January
Meeting
HEAR TESTIMONY
IN SEVERAL CASES
Special to The Evening Journal.

Special to The Evening Journal.
DOVER, Dec. 7.-w With three
members present and two absent, the
board OF Pardons today heard six
applications for pardons. Two were
refused and four were continued I'M
Ill next month.
Chancellor J. o. Wolcott, Secre-
tary of State A. r. Benson and State
Treasurer Hubbard were present.
State Auditor Daniel Thompson was
delayed by the derailing of a train
near Newark. Lieutenant-Gover
J. D. Bush is down South.
The cases in which pardons We're
refused were those of Harry Mar
vel, of Laurel, serving a term for an
attack on a young woman. and Lee
Abraham, colored, serving 20 years
for participation in a murder near
Claymont
The application OF Mary A. Powell
serving a life term for the murder
OF Estella Albin, near Bowers
Beach, was continued at the request
of Probation officer ]. A. Oliver un-
til the next meeting.
The cases of Charles S. Barcus.
serving 10 years for robbery: Frank
Schultz. serving three years for run
ming down a man with his auto; and
Joseph Stubs, of Milford, serving
one year for possessing Intoxicating
liquors, were continued until the
next meeting.
Charles J. Coleman. clerk of the
Wilmington City Court. represented
Barcus, whose war record was
urged in his behalf Captain OF De-
teetives Benson also appeared in
behalf of Barcus. Ayres ]. Stockley
represented Schultz.
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1922-12-07
HOME MISSIONARY SOCIAL

The monthly meeting of the Home
Missionary society Of Union NJ. f..
Church was he'd on Tuesday even
ing in the chuI ch house parlors with
Mrs. Baldwin in charge. Mrs. Milton
Rogers. thank offering secretary, re-
ported more thank Offering money
TO tn amount of $3.50. Mrs. S. Van
Pelt reported the forming of Home
Guard Circle with eleven members
present. Mrs. Frank Boyer, secre-
tary of evangelism, reported having
held four meetings in homes of the
sick and shut-ins. One will be held
tonight at 2OS Monroe street. There
were thirty members present. A
social hour and refreshments were
enjoyed.
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1922-12-07
BUILDING PERMITS.

Inspector Preston has issued the
following building permits:
Bavarian Brewing Company, 1OoC
Vandever avenue, addition. seas
Joseph Schunder, builder.
DR.. Paul r. Smith, 2201 Wash
ington street. addition, $1,000;
Charles II. Brice. builder
Isabella Biddle. SO7 West Ninth
street. alterations, S43; W. H.
Greenwalt, builder.
NJ Rosenberg, sol West Ninth
street. hot water heating system,
$500; Daniel J. Reed. builder.
Pasquale Ricchinte, SOC Union
treet. addition. SIS; A. Fortunate.
builder.
Speakman Supply Company, Thir-
tieth and Spruce streets, brick addi-
ton, S52s5; steel shelter shed, 1886;
w. d. Haddock and Company,
builders.
Willard Speakman. 400 Frank
lin street, addition $500; Charles
Forwood, builder.
Herbert Owens, 1907 Market
street, store and apartment, $40, 600;
II. 3. Clark, builder
Diamond Ice and Coal Company,
addition on Shipley street and OF of
fee building at OIL Market street,
$4,000; w. d. Haddock and Com
pany, builders.
John w. Toadvine. S35 Market
street. heating system. $1,000; w. G.
Robelen, builder
street. heating plant, $1,000; w. G.
Robelen, builder.
Mrs. Dorothy Mallard, 112 West
Twenty-seventh street, addition
800; James Rigney. builder.
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1922-12-07
BY ELSIE WATERBURY, MORRIS
Famous New York Beauty Expert.

fafnouS new 1ork Beauty expert.
The first time saw Helen she
looked as she does in the photograph
on the left. 1t seemed almost inn
possible she could be transformed
into the girLyou see at the right.
Though obviously young, she had
allowed herself to become old and
tired looking through neglect She
dropped mentally as well as physi-
calT. Her physical appearance was
largely the outward manifestation OF
a mind that had become stagnant
and brain that had relaxed.
When she said, Can you do any
thing for me2" / noticed that her
voice was as lifeless and dun as her
personality.
When / questioned her. / found
she had no enthusiasm and none of
the natural exuberance OF youth.
She had tried to work but had never
been successful in keeping any job
and she did not believe she ever
would be. She had no confidence in
herself and could not inspire it in
others.
hcF DHtknOSlS.
She was so detected / couldn't
help being interested in her 1 told
her / could do nothing for her. how
ever until she did something for
herself.
She must develop an interest in
life and must take a kindly interest
IN others. She must learn to smile,
TO care scientifically for her COM
plexion and TO stand and sit prop
erly and must exercise every day
and follow out the diet schedule I
laid out for her.
She promised to do everything I
asked. So we called in Mrs. Bull
our expert diagnostician, and tabu-
lated her chief defects.
Her skin was dry and rough--evi-
IDENTIFY she used soap that was en-
tirely wrong for it, Her hair was
dry and lusterless, though it was
,h.cx and fairly even.
Under her eyes were dark circles,
and wrinkles were starting The
muscles about her eyes sagged and
she had DEVELOPED n double chin
from bad habits oc dropping her
head. Her shoulders were rounded
and her neck had hollows from bad
posture.
Cleansing the Face.
First l showed her bow TO cleanse
her face properly. She had a dry
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1922-12-07
F. F. YEARSLEY
ELECTED MASTER
Name Head of Pomona
Grange at Hockessin
Meeting Today
OPPOSE DAYLIGHT
SAVING TIME
speeIal to The EvenIng Journal.

Special TO The Evening Journal.
HOCKESsIN, Dec. FRANK F
Yearsley. was reelected Worthy
Master of the New Castle County
Pomona Grange at its quarterly
meeting held in the grange hall here
today Mr.. Yearsley is a member
Of Hockessin Grange.
Other officers elected were:
Worthy Overseer, Frederick c. Sny-
der, of Delaware Grange; Worthy
Lecturer, Emily Mitchell, of Har-
mony Grange; Worthy Chaplain.
Julia Mouseley, of West BraDdywinG
Grange; Worthy Steward. Jesse jos
chin, of Rose Hill Grange; Assist
ant Steward, Joseph Mitchell, of
Harmony Grange; Worthy Gate
Keeper, Ralph Lions, of Centre
Grange; Worthy Secretary, Ethel
Cracking. of Harmony Grange; Po-
mona, Mrs. Nellie +. Snyder, of
Delaware Grange; Ceres, Eva p.
Weldin, of West Brandywine Grange;
Flora Elizabeth Dilworth. of Centre
Grange and Lady Assistant Steward,
Florence Dickey. of Diamond State
Grange.
The following were elected mem
bers OF the executive committee:
Richard Buckingham, of Union
Grange; Horace l.. Dilworth, of
Centre Grange; Hervey Walker. of
Harmony Grange; Arnold Naudain, |
Jr.. of Harmony Grange; and 7. T. |
Weldin, of West Brandywine Grange. |
Two hundred members from |
throughout the county are |
attending the session. Pomona
Grange at this meeting is the guest
OF Hockessin Grange. The meeting |
opened about 10 o'clock this morn
Ing in the fifth degree. After the
close of business in that degree the
rest of the morning session was con-
tlnued in the fourth degree.
Horace L. Dilworth. Irwin Klair. of
Diamond State Grange, and Oliver
Slack. of Delaware Grange. were ap-
pointed on the resolutions commit
zee. They will make a report this
afternoon.
A resolution has already been
lrafted regarding the disadvantages
# daylight saving time for the sum-
ner months. This will be sent to the
state Grange and from there to the
The next session OF Pomona
orange will be held the first Thurs
lay in March in the DuBarry room
Il the Hotel dupont The newly
,lected officers viii - installed at
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1922-12-07

Finally we worked on her neck
and shoulders, showing her how to
massage them. Finally we went
over her face with a piece of ice
wrapped in a cloth. This brought
flush TO her face and when Helen
looked in the glass she actually had
color.
Then We had hairdresser show
her how 10 brush her hair to bring
back life and luster 10 Il. and ar
range It more becomingly. so she
could actually see how much inn
provement had been made in just
one treatment. Then and there she
gained confidence in us and believed
we could help her. 1 saw she had
made one step forward in her prog
ress.
Next we took up the matter OF
poise which 1 will explain in the
next installment
Copyright. 1922, NEA Service)
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1922-12-07
servfcee

services. His settings for Tenny-
sons Crossing the Bar and for
"Silent Night" attracted wide atten-
tlon. and are highly esteemed as
compositions OF rare beauty.
Mr. Zimmerman is survived by a
widow, Mrs Marie Kunkel thinner
man, the noted soprano and teacher,
and two daughters, Mrs. Linton
Martin. of Sharon Hill, and Mrs.
William H. Gunker. at present OF
London, Eng.
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1922-12-07
LODGES PLURALITY 1854.

BOSTON, Dec. IA plurality of
1884 votes for Senator Henry Cabot
Lodge. Republican, over William A.
CASTOR, Democrat, is shown in the
recount by the executive council Of
the returns Of the election Of No
vember Z. as reported to the Secre-
tary Of State by the city and town
clerks. The first count gave Lodge
S, 425 plurality.
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1922-12-07
FELLOWSHIP SUPPER

Union NJ. f. Church enjoyed a
church Fellowship evening last night
when sixty members sat down to a
family supper in the church house.
This was followed by sing and So
cial hour. Those present then at
tended prayer meeting.
Mrs. Daniel Jester, president of
the Foreign Missionary Society, had
charge of the supper. These affairs
will take place each Wednesday
night. Miss Il. johnson was in
charge Of the music.
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1922-12-07
SOCIAL BULLETIN FREE.

Anyone wishing copy Of the bull
letin on Social and Philanthropic
Agencies of Wilmington. recently
issued by the Service Citizens. may
have one for the asking. Applica-
ton should be made to Room S124|
DUPONT Building.
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1922-12-07
nIrRy MRS. GRAY TODAY

The funeral of Mrs. Margaret D. s.
Gray. wife of former Judge George
Gray. who died on Sunday night ar
ter heart attack, was held from the
Gray family residence, 1917 Market
street this afternoon. The Rev.
Aquilla Webb, pastor of First and
Central Presbyterian Church and the
Rt. Rev. Philip Cook, Bishop of the
Episcopal Diocese Of Delaware Of
dciated. Interment was in the pri-
vate family plot at New Castle.
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1922-12-07
PENSION FOR MRS SMITH.

Special to The Evening Journal.
WASHINGTON. Dec. Senator
L. Heisler Ball today introduced a
bill in the Senate providing for a
pension for Jane W. Smith of THE
Cedars" at the rate Of $50 per
month.
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1922-12-07
TRANSPORTATION.
Will SON LIN E.
PHILADELPHIA Penn Grove, Chester !.

Schedule OF Trips.
Leave Wilmington, Fourth Street
yI-bsrf daily, except Saturdays, Sun.
" iisA' ma Hoiidays for Chester and
pb}isdelphia, 500 A NJ, 1900 noon, 4ls,
and 100 p. NJ.
on Saturdays. Sundays ana HESohgays
Leave Philadelphia, Chestnut Street
wharf, for Wilmington. at sans
hours.
Leave Wilmington, weekdays, SIS
az 1000 A. NJ, 1900 noon; 200. 345.
500, 500, 1000 and 1900 P. NJ.
noon ION zoe 100. 500. 500. 1000 and 12of
p. NJ. -. 49, 90.
100, 200, 100, A. n 100 800 4'SO,,
Or on sundays, 100. 800, 100 a, ".
100. 400. 500. 200. 900 and 100 P. NJ
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1922-12-07

side deputy. Councilman John r.
McNabb, as outside deputy, and VIM.
shallcross. Of Middletown, as rural
deputy Mr.. Gradwahl is past
grand sachem of the Red Men.
The salary of inside deputy sheriff
is $500 and that of outside deputy.
$500 a year.
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1922-12-07
sHERIFF NAMES pEpurY.

Announcements was made yester-
day by Sheriff-elect John w. Walls.
of appointment Of Frank A. Grad
wahl, 1910 West Fifth street, an in
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1922-12-07

that meeting.
Frank T.. Yearsley left this after
noon for Chicago, where he will rep
resent the Farm Bureau of New
Castle county at the national con-
vention of Farm Bureaus to be held
in that oiy.
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1922-12-07

The favorite blouse for a three
piece suit is still Paisley patterned
crepe de chine or velvet. So is he
favorite afternoon gown. That's
ancient history. Bringing the sub
ect down to topics of the dry the,
newest negligees are of Paisley
patterned corduroy. Underws lr--
slips, chemises and petticoats
(where such survlve) are being made
of Paisley crepe de chine and Paisley
glove silk underwear is being sold
in the smartest shops.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1922-10-11
JOHN HAYES HAMMOND
TO HEAD COAL INQUIRY

WASHINGTON, Oct. 11.-Presl-
dent Harding has completed the or
%ganization of his Coal Fact Find
ing Commission and announces the
names of the seven members. 1t is
headed by John Hays Hammond,
millionaire mining engineer.
The commission, authorized by the
Rorah bill to go into all phases oil
the coal industry and to report
among other things on the advisa-
bility of government ownership OF
the mines, will commence its work
at once. The members are:
John Hays Hammond, mining ell
gineer, Washington.
Thomas Riley Marshall, vice pres
ident for eight years in the Wilson
administration, Columbia City, lid
Judge Samuel Alschuler' lawyer
and Democrat, Chicago.
Clark Howell, editor Atlanta Con-
s;itution and for many years Demo-
cratic National Committeeman from
Georgia.
George Otis Smith, director
United States Geological Survey
Washington.
Edward T. Devine. writer on phi
lanthropy and charity, New York
City.
Charles P. Neill, manager of tae
Bureau Of Information for tie
southeastern railroads, dealing with
labor problems and conditions.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1922-10-11
PERSONAL

Mrs. E. c. Moke. of Madison w
nue., left today to spend = few days
with her parents. Mr.. and Mrs. AL
fred Lee, of Trenton.
Misses Muriel Miller, Winifred
Eric, Isabel Miller and Virginia
Reznichak attended a performance
at the Hippodrome Saturday.
Mrs. William Hamilton, of South
Plainfield, Mrs. Andrew McDon-
ough and Misses Margaret and
Mary McDonough, of Plainfield. and
Mrs. John Coggens, of Netherwood,
were the luncheon guests of Mrs.
Carl Peterson, of State street, Sat
urday.
A son was born to Mr.. and Mrs.
Runyon Giles, of State street. re-
Gently.
Mrs Frank Vna SICKLE of Barne-
gat Bay, is spending a few days in
this city.
Mrs. Scudder Silvers, of Freehold
was the luncheon guest of Mrs. Carl
Peterson of State street, yesterday.
Z. c. Moke. of Madison avenue.
is visiting in New York today.
Anthony Hanratti, of Market
street, has returned to his home
after spending a week in Pitts
burgh, Pa.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1922-10-11
RUNAWAY JUVENILES
KEEP LOCAL POLICE BUSY

A great deal of the time of the To-
cal police department is being occu-
pied in searching for runaway juve-
niles. Six cases of this nature were
handled by the local authorities yes
terday and for the past two or three
weeks an average of something like
n a day has come to the attention
of Chief Tonnesen's department.
Patrolman Arthur Peterson picked
up two boys about 1880 o'clock last
night, one residing on tombstone
street and the other on Hall avenue.
These two are being detained at
headquarters pending the arrival OF
their parents. One of these boys
was out in the custody of his par
ents pending his appearance before
the juvenile court in New Bruins
wick on Friday.
Earlier in the day Lieutenant VIII
liam Calvin received a report regard
ing two boys missing from Division
street since Sunday, and Lieutenant
Andrew Jensen was informed re-
garding the departure of the John
stone street lad, who was later To-
Gated by Officer Arthur Peterson.
The theft of milk and bread. ETC..
from in front of stores and resi-
dences in various sections of the city
may be laid entirely to these boys
who after running away from home.
sleep in wagons and feast on the be-
longings of someone else. Last week
Officer John Reager arrested two
runaway juveniles for milk and
bread thefts and this morning Officer
William Seiboth laid in wait for con-
sistant visitors of a State street
store.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1922-10-11
HOLE IN WA[l
MOVE PLANNED
Will Come Up for Settlement
Before Board of Freehold
ers Tomorrow

NEW BRUNSWICK, Oct. 11:-At
the freeholder session tomorrow
the Hole-in-the-Wall improvement
will be up for settlement. The plans
of the railroad were completed the
early part of this week and clerk OF
the board Thomas ]. Mulvihin wal
instructed to have the plans for
warded to this city for consideration
by the freeholders tomorrow. The
freeho1ders claim that. holdups on
this work in former years were dus
to the inactivity of the railroad. {
Freeholder Louis j. Belloff, chai1
man of the committee on asylum ar
institutions conferred today with the
citizens committee chosen by Direc-
tor william Dey in reference to ths
erection of a tuberculosis hospital
in the county. Organization plans
have been made as well as arrange
ments for active work. Bellon waS
chosen chairman of the committee
at the session this morning and a
secretary will be named at q later
session. na'
An effort will be made to- hold .
meeting with representatives OF I'm
ion and Somerset counties regarding
the election OF a joint institution
for the use of the three counties. Tle
next meeting of the Middlesex COM
mittee will be held at the call OF
the chairman and committees ape
pointed by him will make reports at
this session.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1922-10-11
THREATEN MAN WHO
AIDED IN MURDER CASE
CONTINUED from Page ~

Members of the crowd protested
angrily to Kirby against the arrest
of Hayes. declaring they considered
1t a "frameup" to quiet the indigna-
ton of citizens and soothe an
aroused governor by making it ap-
pear hat the mystery had been
cleared.
Kirby retorted with equal candor
at first at the same time walking
rapidly away from the station in the
direction of police headquarters. Be
fore he had proceeded far he found
himself surrounded by the crowd
which pressed closer and closer to
him.
He tried to keep straight ahead,
but suddenly found his way blocked
By angry and excited men. He look
ed around and decided the crowd
was thinnest behind and turned and
ran in that direction. The crowd
ran after him with threats of tar
ard feathers. The pursuit led past
a pile of bricks. Many in the crowd
stopped long enough to get an arm
full to hurl after the fleeing officer.
Reaching the station platform,
Kirby 'espied the open door of the
baggage room, darted inside, closed
the door and bolted it just as the
lCdutI5 VI LHe CIOWu TedCHGu IL
For a while the crowd contented
itself with throwing bricks against
the baggage room door. Then a
posse of patrolman summoned by
the station agent arrived and res
cued Kirby. The crowd vanished
with the arrival of the bluecoats,
Edward Lyons a local resident, who
was said to have been in the crowd
that attacked Kirby. was taken iAro
custody by the police. Kirby. how
ever, refused to make a formal ON
PLANT against him and he was Ie-
leased.
Lyons. who is a brother to a local
patrolman and also of Assembly,
man T. Raymond LYONS. was
charged originally with striking
Kirby. Bail in Lyons case was fix
ed at 5000 when he was taken to
the police station to await a hear
ing this morning. When the time
for the hearing arrived and Lyons
and Kirby were standing before Re-
corder Tindell. Lyons said to Kir-
by: Don't look at me. you dirty
rat" Kirby refused to press his
charge and the case was dismissed.
Kirby was told by members of the
antagonistic sixth ward crowd that
New Brunswick is not big enough
for him and them. They limited
that it would be best for him to
leave the city at once.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1922-10-11
VETERANS To
CONVENE HERE
Civil War Heroes of 18th
Volunteers to Have Re-
union Tomorrow

Veterans of the Civil War who
served with the Twenty-eighth New
Jersey volunteers, will gather in
this city tomorrow for their annual
reunion and meeting which will be
held at Odd Fellows Hall. Mem
bers of the old regiment have been
mere TOR the past several years and
Is Is significant that they should
gather in this city on the ~annivers-
arr OF the discovery of America by
Christopher Columbus, which viii
De celebrated throughout the coun-
sry tomorrow. Mayor William C.
wilson hay been asked to make the
address of welcome and he has as
Sured the Past Department Com
mander Sasnuel G. Garretson, the
treasurer OF the organization, that
ne VIII be on hand to extend the
greetings to the veterans and give
them the freedom of the city.
George d. Bergen, of Pember-
ton, president of the association,
VIII preside and welcome the mem
bers aIA guests. There will be two
sessions during the day, morning
n afternoon. The morning SEES
sion will start at 10 o'clock, and al
noon a dinner will be served In the
Odd Fellows Club rooms under the
oirectlon OF a committee headed by
Mrs. William Seiber, of the Re-
bekah Odd Fellows, secured for the
occasion. There are expected to be
about one hundred of the members
Of the old regiment present for the
reunion, according to responses re-
eelved by Francis E. Larkin, of
dopeWell. the secretary. Mr.. Gar
retSon has arranged for the details
Of the event to be. held tomorrow.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1922-10-11
PIANO RECITAL AT
MRS. MISERY'S HON

A piano recital was given by the
pupils of Mrs. Camille Nissen, Of
Groom street, at her home, Satur-
day night. All the numbers were
well executed, each playing with an
even touch, and splendid technique.
The program for the evening fol-
lows:
Duet, Clayton's Grand March,.
Katherine Leone, Johanna Peterson
"Newsboy March,. Irving Kahree
Dance of Wildfowers" .........
Home, Sweet Home" Edla Sorenson
Tag Waltz. 500. Jeanette Fugcl
Vocal Solo, Because 1 Love You
Dear" ..... Mrs. Camille Nissen
Star of the Sea ..... Marie Madsen
Melody" ........... Henry Tyrell
Melody" ......... Eleanor Boysen
Duet, "Mendelssohn's Spring Song"
-. .......... Johanna Peterson
Spinning Song" -. Agnes Hansen
Alpine Glow" ..... Elizabeth Olsen
Duet, Marie Olsen, Leonis Thistle
Sweet Bye and Bye" Julia Larsen
......... Marie Axen
"Whisperings of Love" .........
Katherine Leone
Rustic Dance -. Marian johnson.
Vocal solo, Song of Sunshine.
.......... Mrs. Camille Nissen
Shepherd Boy" ...... Julia Larsen
"Valse in E Flat. Johanna Peterson
MELODY" ......... Doris Weiner
Overture, poet and Peasant, -.
.......... Mrs. Camille Nissen
Perth Amboy evening news., 1922-10-11
RUNyON MAKES CHARGES ON
STATE BRIDGE APPROACHES

EAST ORANGE, Oct. 11-Charges
were made by William N. Runyon
last night that approaches to the
proposed new Perth Amboy bridge
assessed by competent appraisers az
$4,000, were bought by the state
Highway Commission without con-
domination proceedings for more
than 5000, 1000.
The speaker quoted the records
to prove that the State Highway
Commission has been spending an
excess of $4,000 a mile on patent
pavement roads. and he added this
count to the indictment: The ap-
proaches to the new Perth Amboy
bridge were assessed by competent
appraisers al 100000. Without con-
demnation proceedings they were
bought for more than 5000 600.
know of nothing tending more TO
reduce the tax rate than economy
in roads"
Mr.. Runyon renewed his stand
for the placing of the Public Ser
vice Corporation under the 1uris-
diction of the Public Utility Com
mission. 1.-The present unfortunate
condition of suspicion would be
done away with. Holding companies
should be subject to the same In
ouiry as operating companies n
should not be allowed to retain
their present interchangeable char
acter."