Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-01-10
FIVE POWER NAVAL
TREATY IS COMPLETED
tcontinued from page N,

. F 0llA d 1AlAHS VI
appended matter to which specific
reference is made IN the various ar
ticles In order to present in detail the
agreement covered in each general
statnnent of tie Treaty proper.
First among these general articles
stands the setting out. the, agreement
as to capital ships. Taken In con.
nection with the appended lists sssof
ships to be retained and ships to be
strapped, a complete picture Of the
reduction and subsequent limitation
scented. The specific understanding
as to the "5-5-3" capital ship ratio
between Great Britain. the United
States and Japan with its later am
p~lifcation to include France and Italy
Is understood to be in the treaty itself.
the agreed future tonnage status of
525,0o0-525 o00-315, 000-175-o00-175,-
900 being set out. This section vas
the keystone Of the naval limitation
arch.
! Next follows the agreement to limit
the size of future ca~pital-ships to
$4,000 tons and their main batteries
to guns of not more than 1S-inch
caliber.
Tonnage Limitation Agreement.
The agreement 20 limit aggregate
tonnage in airpiane carriers to Great
Britain, $4,000: United States 1885,
900; Japan $1,000: France 60, 900;
Italy $4,000. follows and includes the
1900 ton; SO linn 'tation for carriers
n a new provision limiting their
armament to not more than ten eight
inch guns peFshop, If 8 inch guns are
! used, but setting no limitation as to
the number of guns per ship If small
er weapons are installed.
h agreement that auxiliary craft
other than airplane carriers shall not
exceed 10000 tons in displacement
and that they shall not carry larger
than 8 inch guns next. The
10000 ton size limitation is under
stood to be held to apply to merchant
craft converted for war purposes
which would prevent conversion Of
commercial ships of greater tonnage.
h scrapping provisions as to cap
ital ships come next and provide that
they must be so disposed of, that re-
impossible. A brief period is contem-
plated as the time within which the
guns, turrets and other military
equipment must be removed. Wider
latitude as to time is given for ulti-
mate complete disposition Of the
ships themselves however.
The experts have sanctioned six
ways in which this disposition may be
accomplished. They are, by sinking.
by breaking up, by conversion into
commercial craft, by conversion into
harbor craft OF naval auxiliaries such
) as supply, repair or cable ships, by
use as targets Or by employment as
sea going gunnery training ships, to
shoot or be shot at.
Next comes the wholly new provis-
ion requiring that merchant vessels
of the powers shall be SO constructed
/ that they cannot carry larger guns
than s'x-inch caliber. ~,
This provision IS calculated to make
armed merchantmen definitely infer
Tor to regular or converted naval aux
iliary vessels which mss carry 8-inch
guns and intended to meet the noint
that a big liner might be armed so
heavily as to be superior to any fight
ing craft but a capital-ship.
The treaty sets out IN agreement
that there shall not be constructed
within the Jurisdiction Of the sigma
tory powers any warship built on
size and armament limitations I'm
posed on the FIVE powers in each class
Of ships dealt with. The original
American proposal contemplated a
complete, ban on the building of war
ships for foreign account.
Amendments May Become Possible.
A provision is carried under which
any of he five powers might order a
warship constructed by a firm within
the jurisdiction Of n of the other
four powers but in that event all of
the treaty parties must be informed
fully as to details of construction OF
the ship ordered.
A set Of provisions designed to
M ko ~. roe-cih1n f1r <ho 1AI;uo rt1~r ~
the treaty to be amended in case OF
need or suspended in the event that
one of the signatories becomes en-
Gagged in q naval war also is present
cd. On request of any power, the
signatures would agree to meet and
consider amendment or changes be-
iieved by the. requesting power to be
necessary in view of scientific or po-
litical developments. In the even
Of of the powers becoming in.
volved in a naval war. however, II
could suspend its Limitation treaty OBJ.
legations entirely on giving notice.
In that event the foul other powers
agree to meet in conference and de-
eide what, If n Of the treaty limi'
tations should remain in force as be
tween themselves. This last provision
Is modified however, by permission
for any other power to suspend 1t.
obligations on notice pending such
four owe conference, n another
bower involved in war has initiated
the suspension.
Agreement to Be Effective Is Years
By one provision CT the treaty thu
duration of the agreement would b.
until 1881. or Is years. This Ices no
apply as to the naval holiday, how
ever, for a separate item provides
that the ten-ycar build. ng holiday ii
capital ships shall apply kept To-
the notifications noted in certain
cases such as the agreement that tn.
British shall construct two post
Jut,and ships to replace four OLE
vessels in the original retained list
and certain exceptions as to- thu
Freach AMI Italian. fleets. So lar a
kthe American and Japanese fleets go
howcvcr, the ten year holiday stands
and th6y would not be able to begir
reblaceTsenti construction of capital
ships it is understood, before 1881.
A separate provision deals with
French and Italian requirements
Hinder it each nation. could lay dowr
one capital ship a year in 1927, 1921
and 1929 by way Of Replacement
building and to- absorb the tonnage
limitation allotment in. excess of thcil
preS: nj. fleets represented in the 1T5,.
900 ton total each has accepted. II
addition p~rovison.is made for France
and Italy to modernize old battle
ships by replacing present obsolete
IL inch guns with weapons up to 16.
inch caliber and at the aamc time t.
! replace present built ships to with
stand IL inch prOject!es with pro.
lection against 16 inch shells.