davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20
University Men Guests of
Junior Chamber Commerce
During Visit In This City
Football Squad Taken on Boat Ride and Trip
Through Forts and Naval StatiOn-COaches
Kline and Van Fleet Assure Game
For Pensacola Next Season.

Coach Kline, on seeing the buoy stand
ing lone and upright in the bay, remarked
that at would be a good place to play
poker
After the return trip on the Martha,
the Florida men were the guests of the
Junior Chamber at a splendid luncheon
in the San Carlos dining room.
In the afternoon, number OF Pensa-
colians volunteered the services of their
automobiles and the Gators were driven
down to Fort Barrancas and the Naval
Air Station. There they were shown the
barracks, seaplanes, airplanes, old Span
ish and Civil war forts and other points
of interest.
The entire bunch Of Gators and Pen
sacolians were then taken over TO Fort
Pickens, where Captain Maher explained
the mechanism of the big 12-tnch disap-
pearing guns, explained how mines in the
bay are exploded from the fort and
showed the visitors where Geronimo, the
Indian chief, was kept prisoner.
The party then motored back to the
city and had dinner at the San Carlos.
Captain Duncan, Coach Kline, Assistant
Coach Van Fleet and the whole Gator
squad are all anxious to play game in
Pensacola next season. Both Kline and
Van Fleet stated that 1t was practically
assured that Pensacola would get
Florida game next year, probably the
one with Tulane.
The fact that West Florida has not
been producing many athletes for Florida
university Is also a source of wonder.
However, Tommy and Jimmy Johnson,
Lamar Sara and Lars Sanchez win prob
ably win places on the Gator team next
year.
Florida Is certain to have an even
greater team next season. Hardly a
regular OF this season will be missing
from the lineup while Jones, Lightsey
and the other Baby Gator stars will be
eligible to play under the Gator banner.
The Gators have two more games to-
play this season. They meet Oglethorpe
in Atlanta on Thanksgiving day and take
on Clemson in Jacksonville Dec. 2. A
pcst-season game will probably be played
with North Carolina.
The Florida Gators left last night for
Gainesville, bearing with them wishes
for their future success by entire Pen
sa cola,
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20
Florida Gators Visit Pensacola
EVERY MEMBER OF YACHT CLUB
TO ENTER BIG FISH and HUNT
TOURNAMENT ON THANKSGIVING

Merwin, DR.. Mcleod, DR.. Pierpont, Ed
Quina, Paul P. Stewart, e. r. Swaine,
H. S. White, VIM. Walthers, Lazar Calm.
Chas. Forus, Max L. Bear, I. Borras,
Chas. Cottrel, J. o. Engstrom, Bob
Hixon, DR.. Kennedy, Jno. Massey, P. D.
Naugle, A. J. Poclzrus, J. S. Reese, o. n.
Sheppard. H. W. Thompson, Jim White,
+. Z. Welles, Thomas Watson, J. A.
Scruggs.
Captain Peter Lindenstruth--Jos Bo-
raco, P. Fl. Brock, VIM. Camp, Gene Ele-
bash, John Quinn. Arthur Johnson, D.
Kugleman, Adrian Langford, F. w.
Marsh, Felo McAlnster, w. S. Oerting,
Captain Petersen, Dr. A. B. Saunders,
Frank Whiting. Dave WitherIll, Chas. A.
Mayes, P. D. Beall, P. L. Brown, D. r.
Curtis, Gus Eitzen, G. W. Howe, Thos.
H. Johnson. c. W. Lamar. J. w. Malone,
r. w .Meacham, r. A. McGrath. e. P.
Roch, J. v. RIera, H. I. Seaburg. H. NJ.
White, q. L Madden, Doyle Driver, Peter
Altink, c. s. Bonackre, Rox Cowley, Lee
Daniel. w. A. Freeman, L. z. Heinberg,
Tom Kennedy. Morris Levy. e. R. Ma
lone, A. r. McAllister. S. J. McMorrts,
Hamilton Russell, r. P. Reese, H. H.
Thornton, A zeIius, T. C. Gilmore, La
throp Witherfll, 3. F. Bingham, Harvey
BaylIss, J. H. Cross, w. A. Durham
Steve Fulghum, D. J. Hays, @. H. Ketch-
UNI, J. S. Leonard, c. Ray Mitchell, w.
E. Mcdonald, J. r. McLane, A. G. Run
yam. Ed Russell, V. J. Vidal, Jim Nc
Fugh, r. P. WEIGH.
Points wifi be counted as follows:
Game-Bear, 1000; deer. 600; turkey.
$50; mauard duck. rs; other kinds of
duck, 80; quail, 20; woodcock, %; hawk,
20; snipe, 10; dove. 90; squirrel, 10; rab-
bit, 10; "pool-dc," Is, coots, 25; coon,
30; "possum." 25.
Ffsh-Fresh water trout, over lbs, 80;
fresh water trout. under lbs, 20; blue
fish 25; mackerel 10; red fish, over lbs,
rs; red fish. under 3 lbs, IS; Dream. 10;
sheephead. 5; founder, s; fresh water
jack, 3; speckled trout, over 5 lbs, Is;
speckled trout, under lbs, 8; red snap
per, 8: grouper. 5; black snapper, 8.
All game and fish must be reported to
committee at club house before II p. m.
en- Thanksgiving day.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20
CBy Associated Press1

ATLANTA, Nov. 19-The Auburn
Plainsmen, who swept the doughty Cen
tire Colonels from their pinnacle of foot
ball fame Saturday in one OF the clean
est and hardest fought games Of the sea-
son. by a score Of 10 to 0, were hailed
today as the greatest eleven that has
represented Alabama Polytechnic Insti-
tute since 1884.
1t was the first time in two years that
the spectacular Centre team had met
defeat by a southern rival and the Ken
tuolSians' downfall came in Birmingham.
where in 1915 the Vanderbilt Commo-
dOres robbed Auburn Of its well-nigh
undisputed leadership of those days by
II to victory. and administered Au-
burns first defeat in two years.
The days play that saw Moulton,
Plainsman end. fall on a blocked punt
for the winning touchdown and the
Plainsmen line out-charge the Colonies
forwards and prevent Covlngton getting
away with his drop kicks that might
have spelled victory, left but four teams
with no defeats that would affect their
southern ranking. Auburn remains one
Of them and the others are Vanderbilt.
which downed its ancient rival, Georgia,
~ to 0; North Carolina, which clearly
outplayed Davidson, 20 to 6, and Geor-
gia Tech. which defeated North Carolina
State, II to O.
None OF the triumphant four plays
again until Thanksgiving Day brings
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20

University of Flcrida's football squad
arrived in Pensacola yesterday morning
in their special Pullman and were imme-
diateIy taken in tow by the Junior
Chamber Of Commerce and other Pensa-
colans for a day Of entertainment.
Twenty-four Gators were in the party,
fresh from their 81 to 6 victory over Tu-
lane in New Orleans Saturday They
were Duncan, captain, re, Deity TT, Bur-
nett re-, Carleton c, Byrd and Scott lg,
Robinson 1t, Mounts lie, Barchan and
Murphee Qb, Newton III, Pomeroy rh,
Dickson fb. Simmons and Merlin, sub
ends; Matthews and Mahannah. sub
linesmen and Bic and Cox, sub backheld
men. There were also Coach w. G.
Cline, Assistant Coach Major ]. A. Van
Fleet, Prof. p. L. Reed. faculty chairman
of athletics; DR.. r. G. Manchester. train
er and physician; Student Manager James
r. Boyd Jr. and Assistant Student Man
ager William G. Parmenter.
Center Gum went straight on through
to Tallahassee, Robinson remained in
New Orleans and Hockenstad ana Case
were prevented from coming here. Full
back Dickson, one Of the best punters in
the state, was nursing injuries received
in the Tulane game and did not take
part in many of the days activities.
son of President Murphee of Florida uni
versity, was largely responsible for Flor
idas victory over Tulane, playing a sp1en-
did game. The passing of Newton and
Duncan and the punting Of Dickson also
played an important part IN the victory.
The train arrived here at $40 o'clock
morning and a 1arge-sized dele
cation of Juniors bundled the Gators into
automobiles and took them to the San
rIo al ho l.
fast. Copies of The Pensacola Journal
and the New Orleans Picayune were given
to each Gator.
After the meal, the Florida boys were
the guests of Capt. Dan Sheppard on g.
boat ride across the bay in the Martha.
The Gators strolled around Sauf1ey beach.
commented on the presence of numerous
fowl and fish, and then enjoyed a cool
dip in the surf.
Every one Of the boys had nothing but
prise for Pensacola and her wonderful
and locked harbor.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20
THREE Held IN
ALLEGED Theft
OF $3.50 IN Cash
Taxi Driver Said By Po-
lice to Admit Taking
$4,000 From
Overturf.

George and Ralph Williams and Ollie
Howe, taxi drivers, are held by city po-
lice authorities under charges of being
dangerous and suspicious in connection
with the alleged robbery OF Bob Overturf,
who resides at Coyle and Belmont, while
he was intoxicated Saturday afternoon.
Overturf had $3.50 when he left home.
according tc his wife, and $3.50 of that
amount, among which was $50 gold Ger
tificate, had been recovered last night.
George Williams, according to police,
admits having taken 5000 from Overturf.
He also tried. it was stated, to bring his
brother Ralph into the alleged robbery.
Overturf was arrested for being drunk
Saturday afternoon and SIT was found
in his pockets at the station. His wife
showed up later and informed the police
that he had $3.50. Investigation was be-
gun and last night when officers ap-
preached house near Saunders old mill,
a sort OF meeting place, it is said George
Williams attempted to hide about 5000,
which police say he later admitted was
part CT Overturf's money.
All three win be arraigned before Mu-
nicipal Judge NJ E. Morey this morning.
Capt. Bill O'Conneu and Special Of
fcers Bowman, Wasden and Johnson
worked on the case.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20
Two Teams Picked and
Losers Will Pay For
a Game and Fish
Supper.

Members Of the Pensacola Yacht club
pre- loaded for bear. From now until
Thanksgiving day the sporting goods
houses will have an awful Job furnishing
them with enough fishing tackle, guns,
shells and other hunting material. Young
bird dogs will have the times CT their
lives chasing sticks and other missiles
all In preparation for the big hunt and
hsh tournament on Thanks giving day,
whom every member of the yacht club
will enter the competition.
Two teams have been picted.S Elk
Commodore Peter Lindenstruth, one CT
p. Y. C.'s most ardent members and by
no means a bad fisherman, Is captain OF
one team, while Ed Peake, who sails
under the insignia of both fisherman and
huntsnan, will pilot the activities of
tho second team in it's quest for enough
points tc avoid having to pay for the
fish and game supper to be served at the
club house in Bayou Chico Friday night
following Thanksgiving.
Each Team Confident.
II is hard to tell which team has odds.
Each has some of the best anglers and
hunters in this section, and each Is con-
hdent OF putting it over on the ether.
The two teams are as follows:
Captain E. W. Peake-A. G. Binkley.
r. N. Blount, J. Moreno Coe, w. c.
Frederic. Henry Hyer H. A. Lurton, r.
r. Mitchell, c. w. Oerting, w. II. Pick
ard. ]. K Rozier, J. H. Sheriff., J. F.
Taylor Ed White, John Soule, ]. u. Dan
iels. J. B. Morrow, H. A. Ansley, c. A.
Born, s. Fl. Burke. Jack Crenshaw, Geo.
Greenwood, ]. L, Ingram, s. A. Leonard,
J. a. Merritt, Will Palmer. J. T. Peele,
Dan Shepard, +. Soule, ]. c. Watson,
oscar Wells. Brent Watson. J. w. Dorr,
W. =. Harbeson, Chas. Allen, r. F.
Burke, Clement Blount. J. M Clements,
G. z. Hutchinson, J. L. Johnson, II. 8.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20

man, who has seen much service in the
american League but who is now play
ing on the coast, is strong for Kau1u1.
kamm is big Lacquer right now.
he doesn't need bit Of experience to
pohsh him off He Will make good. from
the opening game says Witt.
Umpire George TIildebrand Of the
american League staff, who lives in San
FRANCISCO and has often seen Kanm
play Is another strong booster for the
youngster.
hamm Is one Of the most wonderful
tieioets / nave ever seen." says Hide
brand. When he goes after a han You
are only surprised when he fails to get it.
he makes the most difficult kind Of
chances look easy"
All OF which makes it seem that Co.
miskey is to get his moneys worth out
Of Kamm
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20
Pacific Coast Experts Pick
Kamm to Star With White Sox

Coast League players are confident
that Willie Kamm will be a sensation in
the American League in 1923.
kamnl. it will be remembered, is the
player for whom Chicago paid something
like 100000 and gave three pitchers,
Hodge, Courtney and McWeeny.
hamm is a third baseman. and If he
is nearly as good as his advance notices.
VIII play that position for the Sox, sup
planting Mulligan and Mcclellan, who
divided the time around the difficult
corner In 1922.
Frank Chance says there is no question
about Kamm's fielding. There is a slight
doubt as TO his hitting, according to
Chance. However, he figures Kamm
viii prove 50 valuable afieId that he will
be a great player in the American
League If only able to hit around $50
Oscar Witt, mighty good third base
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20
Mobile and Naval Reserve
Play to o. 6 to 6 Tie On
Field of Mud and Water

MOBILE. Nov. 1s.-(special)-U a
pigskin as slippery and as elusive as the
well known little porker, the Mobile All
Stars and the Pensacola Naval Reserve
elevens literally swan through a 6 to 6
tie game Sunday afternoon at Monroe
Park in game replete with many fea-
lures and stellar playing on the part
of both sides despite the sea of mud and
water they wallowed in.
Due to the condition Of the field it
would be unjustifiab1e to judge or criti-
cize either team but it must be said
the Navy had an impenetrable defense,
while on the other hand they torpedoed
the local line with reckless abandon.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20

During the first half It was almost i'm
possible to hold the pIunging gobs. When
the ball was snapped it seemed as if
mess call had been sounded and they
tore into the Mobile team at will. Clever
and resourceful generalship on the part
of Moon Ducote was responsible for
Mobile tieing the score after the Reserves
marched across the field like the marines
took Chateau Thierry. Despite the over
cast skies and intermittent rain a good
ly sized crowd turned out to witness the
game. About 100 sailors accompanied
the Pensacola team and they made their
presence known with many facetious
quips and some prancing.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20

away a golden chance for victory in the
second period by being penalized 10 yards
for holding on a play which had carried
the pigskin across Browns goal line.
Harvard appeared disheartened after this
break. while Brown braced. kept its own
goal line out of danger for the rest of
the game and tailed the winning points
from the field in the last quarter.
Penn and Pittsburgh accounted for the
other reversals. The Quakers, displaying
the sort of dash that carried them to
triumph over the Navy, downed Penn
State by the margin of a goal from try
after touchdown, to 6. Glenn Warmers
Panthers sprang another spectacular sur
prise by cut-playing the indicated
Washington and Jefferson eleven, 10 to 0.
Outplayed and out-rushed by Colgate,
breaks of the game gave Syracuse a II
to victory over its traditional rival Co
lumbia battled Dartmouth on even
terms for more than two periods but the
Green ran away with the game in the
final period to win. % to Z. Cornell
trounced Albright. 4S to II.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20
Van Pelt Loses
Singles Match to
Herbert Fuse.

ST. PETERSBURG, Nov. 19.-PlzT.
continuously for more than three h9u
P. J. Van Pelt Of Tampa, lost his sing.
match TO Herbert Russell Of St Peter
beurg after the two had established "
is probably a Florida record fer t9r
ment play, by the score o. 81, 4
1917. Forty nine games in all ~
played by the two men in their II.
sets. the last one lasting two hours T
meeting was that between the Tn,
and st. Petersburg Tennis teams II {,
play Of the Fourth district Of tie Sol
Florida Tennis Association, s. Peter
burg lost its other singles match out "a
the doubles, Cole losing TO Bryan q
Cole and Fuller beating Freemau q
Bryan.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20
TIGER VISITOR
TO The Home
ROOSEVELT
War Premier of France
Lays Wreath on
the Grave of Big
Stick Wielder.
(By Associated Preasl

NEW YORK, Nov. 1e.-George Clemen-
ceau, war premier OF France. motored
to Oyster Bay today and laid a wreath
on the grave Of Theodore Roosevelt.
The gray old Tiger, himself an apostle
Of preparedness, spoke no word as he
stood before the grave Of America
wielder of the Big Stick. But he was
visibly moved. His keen eyes took in
every detail Of the little fenced-in en-
closure that has become a shrine for
many Americans. Then he stood for a
moment more with a far away look,
deeply immersed in thought. Finally he
turned away and trudged slowly down
the winding path Of Young's Memorial
cemetery and motored to Roosevelt's
home.
While others Of the party rang the
opened, Clemenceau turned abruptly and
walked off down the broad veranda,
where Roosevelt used to sit and watch
the sail boats on Oyster Bay. He walked
all the way to the rear Of the house,
closely inspecting the long, low struct-
ure, stately. but simple, on the crest
Of Sycamore Hill.
Archie Roosevelt. who served as a
soldier in France, hurried to the veranda
to greet him and conducted him into
the house where Mrs. Roosevelt greet
ed him. He spent some time in Roose-
velt's famous trophy room. Then he
motored back to the Manhattan resi-
dence Of Charles Dana Gibson. which
he is making his home during his five
day stay here.
Clemenceau was accompanied on his
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20

NEW YORK, Nov. 19.-An uncon-
quered Princeton eleven today holds a
niche in cid Nassau's hall Of fame such
as few of it's predecessors have gained
standing out as undisputed champion
of the "big three" and also as a strong
claimant for eastern titular laurels.
Fresh from a hard-fought victory over
Harvard the Saturday before, 10 to 8. the
Tigers yesterday capped the climax of
their brilliant 1922 season by beating
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20
Princeton Stands Out As
Undisputed big 81 Champ

Yale, 3 to 0, thus accomplishing the
downfall Of its two great rivals in sue
cession for the first time since the spec
tacular Sam White crushed both the
Blue and Crimson single handed in 1911.
Harvard went down to defeat, 8 to O.,
at the hands Of Brown, in the most star
ting of three major upsets in the eastern
football dope. Without Buell.. Owen and
Chaplin, backf1eld stars, the Crimson was
outrushed by the Bunonians, but threw
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20
Saturday Is Open
Date For Tigers

Next Saturday will be an omen date
for the Pensacola High School football
team. The game with McGiu Of Mobile
has been cancelled and the team win
have long rest before their final game
OF the season with wrights here in two
weeks.
A post-season game between Milton
and Pensacola is likely as both teams
are anxious to show their supremacy.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20

visit to Oyster Bay by Colonel e. NJ.
House, director Of his tour OF the United
States, Mrs. House, Mr.. and Mrs. Oh
son, and Frank l.. Polk, under-sacre-
tary of state in the Wilson administra-
ton.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20

Those words speak Ioudest which IS
to action-The words in the Wan 4
lead to action for many.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20

Prohteers were charging so hard when
the armistic was signed they haven't
been able to stop yet.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20

Don't you think it would pay you 70
become reader and user CT the Want
Ads?
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20

Here's an oddly in major football cir
cles. Presenting the Meyer brothers,
who are twins and who hold down the
end positions at Union College.
The Meyer twins are husky chaps.
Both are exceptionally fast and sure
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20

France is threatening to send some lee
turers over here.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20

We all can be thankful this T5stH
giving that mirrors can't tax.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20
LEFT EARFUL

She sat up at the counter
This dame was no mans fool
She had to show her new fur coat
while
ice cream kept her cool.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1922-11-20
RIGHT EARFuL

He stood upon the sIdeILnes.
His face was one of slee.
He couldn't lose, he filled the s.u
Full up with T. N. 7,
The Lamar register., 1922-10-11

BEST SOURCES OF
FlLAMENT CURRENT
Storage Battery in Conjunction
With a Rectifier Forms the
Ideal Power Supply.

When the filament current of
vacuum tube is adjusted at normal
rated value 4 small change in fila
ment current will cause large
change In the plate current Suppose
certain tube is used In g regenera-
tive receiver circuit. Not only does
variation In filament current
change the plate current and cause q
sound In the telephone receivers. but
the plate impedance IL changed, and
the energy fed back to the grid cir
cult is changed, which causes the vari-
ations in plate current to he anpli-
fed.
In order, then, to maintain the plate
impedance constant and also TO re-
duce tube noises to minimum. e--
pecially If the receiver is used for
radiophone reception. the ideal source
OF filament current should be at
constant potential A storage battery
represents the best source of constant
potential for flament current supply.
Fer those who have alternating cur
rent available and want the bes; re
suits, storage battery In conjunc-
tion with Il rectifier forms the ideal
power supply for the filaments Of the
tube. This Il especially true n am
plifiers are used in conjunction with
the receiver, for any variations in fila-
ment current causing noises In an sun
plifier set will be amplified by the
successive tubes until the original
noises become a veritable roar.
II single tube Is used for recep-
don without smpliners II is possible
The Lamar register., 1922-10-11
Composed for Washington.

Hail Columbia has the honor of
having been composed for President
Washington. The father q his coun-
try was fond of the play and some
times attended little rickety theater,
one OF the besr available, which had
the enormous" capacity Of 800 persons
piece called The Presidents
March" was composed by the leader
of the orchestra for one Of those oc-
casions and IL was played on the en-
trance OF the President and his friends.
II was afterward slightly altered and
given the name of Hall Columbia."
On that same night there were lines
in the play that referred TO Americas
chief which made the subject Of them
somewhat restless, for he was modest
and not fond, OF compliments.
The Lamar register., 1922-10-11

to use alternating current as source OF
iilament current There will always
be present In the telephone receivers
60-cycle Lum, out by the use OF Ger
tain circuits and auxiliary apparatus
this 6O-cycle hum can be reduced TO
a minimum.
The use of alternating current as
source Of power supply for the MIA
ments OF the vacuum tube has its
greatest advantages In cheapness. low
maintenance, and the small amount Of
space needed for Its apparatus A
small stepdown transformer OF such
ratio as to reduce the house lighting
current to six volts, and Of sufficient
capacity TO light the filament of one
tube. can be mounted inside receIv-
ing cabinet as an integral part NJ the
set
The greatest disadvantage OF using
alternating current on the filament Of
a vacuum tube is the ever present 80
cycle hum. and since the supply cir
cult potential is not absolutely con
stant. the flament current will vary
from time to time, making IL neces
sary TO frequently adjust the tila-
ment rheostat
The simplest method of using al
ternating current for filament current
supply is to connect the usual "A"
battery leads from the receiver to a
toy stepdown transformer which will
deliver six volts, as shown In Figure
r. This connection. however. will
cause a very loud hum In the recelv-
ers. Even though the incoming signal
will be just MS loud as though direct
current were used on the filament the
alternating current hum Is so loud that
II will drown ont the average signal
Standard vacuum tubes require a po-
tentlal drop across the dlament OF