davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-01-02

learned every day. Only recently, an
actor of perhaps GU years experience
OH the stage, told me he had learned
more while working i'll a movie pro-
duction than he had ever done i'll hi.
whole career.
Casting Director Must BE Courteous.
Concerning my own work-it is a
ncrve-taxing job, because | como III
contact with more people i'll d day
perhaps than anyone else i'll the studio.
| must be uniformly courteous, because
can never tell when | will need
Sc income badly and | must retain tho
confidence and good will Of every per-
son who comes TO my office. Thus /
can not indulge the luxury of ttmpcr-
amcnt ever if l wish to. l must pre-
sent a smiling face to the world and
always be ready with a friendly greet
ing-no matter how great a pest the
individual may happen to be with whom
l am talking. People one likes least
arc very often very necessary and 50
nc casting director nay permit his
likes and dislikcs to be apparent. he
must be i1npcrsonal to a degree:
Actors Considered Mere Material.
Every actor must be regarded, be-
cause of the peculiaritics of tho cast
ing directors position, as merely so
much material for the pictures. Just
like a piece of lumber, in brief. To
protect the company and himself, the
casting director, however hard it may
seem must make few friends in the
profession. lie must never risk the
accusation Of playing favoritcs. He
becomes an isolated individual, forced
to seek acquaintance with those who
are least interested or informed in the
profession with which he is most in.
tensely concerned in his working hours.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-01-02

A lot OF Mexican bandits" and
"cow-punchers' were sccatcd Oh the
Gloria Swanson set at Hollywood the
other day helping film The Husbands
Trademarks
I'm for actors what are rcs'lar,'
said one.
"How dye mean
why was the answer take Wallv
Reid o. Jack Holt or chaps Ike them.
They'll come up and ask you for the
maklns an roll a cigarette and talk
to you like YOU was one of en-. That,
tho kind of actor l like"
A Wild West exhibition rivalling
Tho Frontier Days at Cheyenne, was
staged i'll connection with the filming
of Gloria Swanson's latest picture,
The Husand's Trademark" Broucho
busting, rope throwing and bulldogging
of steers by cowboys and Mexicans
helped make ono of the big scenes at d
Spanish ranch house. An old-fashioned
Spanish barbecue followed.
Dorothy Dalton will pretty nearly
forget how to wear feminine apparel
by the time she finishes the feature
role in moran of the Lady Lefty
She dresses mostly in male attire and
fights like a man, too Rudolph Nale1-
tino i'll the male lead starts ou, as a
veritable exquisite but gets into rougl,
and ready toys later on and also gees
into a few scraps: They're all UP
north on location. Z
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-01-02

camcl's hair shawl, a black Spanish
mantilla,; two luncheon sets and Il ma
dcira table cloth,
# u ~ ~
Young actor at the west coast stu
dos arc having a rare treat these days
listening to William ]. Ferguson, ono
of Americas Oldest actors, who is
playing All important part in The
Champion When John Wilkes Booth
shot Lincoln, Ferguson, a call boy in
the SFord Thcatcl i'll Washington, was
standing i'll the wings with Laura
kccnc waiting to go on. In making
his escape Booth ran between Fergu-
son and Miss kcenc. Ferguson had
been pressed into service to play Il
small part because of the illness of all
actor. He had ten lines in all to speak,
but only uttered two of them in the
first act. y y =
Clarence Burton, who is playing the
par! of the Mexican bandit in The
Husbands Trademark" has dapatcd a
makeup almost exactly reproducing
that used by Ho!3rook Blinn in Tho
Bad Man"
This is the first Frencll-C Canadian,
story I've evex. seen without a mounted
policeman i'll it," says Agnes Ayres, re-
fcrring to The Lane That Had No
Turning" The picture is all adapta-
ton Of Sir Gilbert Parkcr's novel by
the author and Eugene Mullip. Theo-
dore Koslof has a remarkable charac-
ter role. and Mahlon Hamilton appears
iii a leading role.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-01-02
How the Other Hall
Lives-A Round Trip
in Thirty Minutes

a ROUN-TRIP to five countries,
~ Canada, Mexicp,A Scotland,
- England and American 80
minutes sounds like an i1npossibility,
but visitors at a western studio these
days arc enjoying just such a trip.
There arc no railroad fares or steam
ship bills to pay.
When the globe trotter gets by the
door man at the huge studio and walks
ON set" as they say, it is just a dozen
steps to Canada. Pontiac, a little vii
lagc near Quebec, is the home Of
Agnes Ayrcs and a company of players
who are making Sir Gilbert Parker,
story, The Lane That Had No Turn
ing into a motion picture.
AMIDST next door one can find Jack
Holt at a Hudson Bay trading post in
the Canadian Northwest. French Ca
nadians and Indians minglc' with their
white brothers from the South in max
ing The Call of the North"
For a quick change in temperature,
although the thermometer registers the
same, the visitor walks around a few
"Aats'-not apartments, but just
pieces Of ~sccncry-and steps into
Mexico. Here one finds Gloria Swan
son surrounded by Mcxicans, rangers,
and characters of the border country
i'll The Husbands Trademark"
1t is only a few steps over. TO Scot
land. where kirriemuir, the Thrums
of Sir ]. NJ. Barrie's stories, is shown
for scenes i'll "Thc Little Minister"
Betty Compson as Lady Babbic can be
seen surrounded by the quaint Scotch
characters of Barric's famous book
and play.
One doesn't even have to get on q
train to get from Bonnie Scotland to
England in this land of magic-the
modern movie studio. In the country
of pipes and tea Wallace Reid is busy
making scenes for his latest picture,
"The Champion"
And last, but not least, the visitor
gets glimpses of American life while
matching Thomas Mcighan in IF You
Believe It, It's So" and Will Rogers in
another fanciful farce called "One
Glorious Day"
Who said life in the movies wal
dull?
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-01-02

I'm some ways a casting director
of a motion picture studio is un-
~ fortunate and deserves all that
he may, receive in the way of COM
pensation to repay him for the pc
culiar manner in which he is obliged
to shape his life. On the face OF it
this may seem odd, but the fact re-
mains. as Louis M. Goodstadt, who
has for a good many years held this
position at the Lasky Studio in Holly
wood, Cal, will make clear in the fol-
lowing brief chat.
He can not make friends indiscrim-
inatcly and especially must he be wary
in becoming intimate with members OF
the acting profession, for obvious rea-
sons.
He is denied the luxury 0 fAtemper-
ament. u
He always has to exhibit IN exterior
unrufAed and genial no matter what
he may be thinking.
he mas 10 DC a ulplOnndt dnu Oh
astonishingly accurate judge of human
character. sss
Casting Director Must Be Diplomat.
He would make a mighty fine men,
Der of any diplomatic service for lie
has learned the art of being all things
to all people.
And the funny thing about it all, III
the case of Mr.. Goodstadt, is that lie
is one of the most w~holc@souled, affa-
bic and kindly men in the world, who,
were it not for the cxigcncies of his
position would probably be the most
open individual that could be found i'll
a month of Sundays
after. graduating from Johns Hop
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-01-02

MANY famous people-that is, they
have since become so-have conc
through the casting office door as hum
bic extras and I could mention many
who received their first engagements
through me. There are numerous
youngsters who are, so to speak, com
ing up and will one day be heard
from.
Gas to my method of watching the
people and judging of their possibili-
ties, needless to say, / am always en-
gagged in keeping an eye out for prom
Using material. l see the daily runs
of pictures in the making and watcl,
carefully for signs of promise.
when a script is prepared l receive
a copy as soon as the director, read It
and Suggest the cast. Then there is
is a conference with the director and
supervisor and finally the cast is
okeyed by the general manager"
Adam Hull Shirk.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-01-02
Donald Crisp Learns
Uressmakins
~ ~

Adaptability is necessary for the mo-
ton picture director. Donald Crisp,
who both directs and plays the lead in
his new picture of Ian MacLarcn's
1.-THE Bonnie Bricr Busll," has proved
that fact in his own particular field. /.
When Mr.. Crisp found that. lie could
not use clothing of the period Of the
SOS i'll the picture for fear people
would laugh at. the leg % mutton"
sleeves. pork pie" hats and absurd
'bustles," he promptly changed the
period to l86o-ls7O, after consulting
with tile authors son, Frederick Wat
son. ~ 81
Then Mr. Crisp had to learn dress
making. In fact, ne entirely took over
the responsibilities Of the wardrobe
designing department in the dressing Of
the picture. For weeks he nosed
around the famous old bookstores in
the Holborn district Of London, finally
succeeding in finding a fine collection
of colored London and Paris fashion
plates Of 1869 All the costumes he
needed were made directly in accord
ance with the designs he found, only
the colors being altered slightly to make
them conform more suitably to photo
graphic requirements
MI Crisp prepared his W schedule
of the scenes in which the different
costumes were to be worn As q result
Of his weeks of study, he felt he could
easily go into business tomorrow as
an expert in feminine fashion-if he
we're only living in 1869 instead .,
D2l.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-01-02
BIG TREET- 5ENRG4H hlZzHLz2QR
Nm

kins," says he, Il got into the chorus
of one of George Lederer's musical
shows and from that went to Klaw &
Granger where / spent six years and
went from the chorus to the assistant
managers job. l learned there a great
deal about the show business and the
people in (which has been of i'm
msnse value to me in my present
work. 1 was also with Nixon & Zim-
norman in a business capacity anu
managed the Ben Greet Players for
five years. I was associated with
Charles Coburn and interested in vari-
independent ventures Of a theat-
rical nature. In this way I. learned
more and more, storing away the data
! gained with. nc thought then as TO
how i would Use it. ! ~
Looked Longingly Upon Movies.
Il had known Cecil B. De Mile for
a number of years and after l had
two theatrical failures l was ready to
try anything for a change, so l looked
longingly upon the motion pictures
which seemed to be coming to the
front. I wrote MI. De Mile, who was
in Hollywood and received a wire
telling me to come out west and there
would be a job for me-.
II received the wire on Sunday and
Immediately telegraphed all acceptance.
! had a home in Dobbs Ferry, and by
Monday l had stored my Stuff and was
ready to depart i'll the evening. Ar
rived at Hollywood, I was informed
that they desired to establish a Cast
ing department And, they further
told me, it was up to me to establish,
it in my own way, as they hadn't any
suggestions to offer. 4
Index Card for Every Actor.
so l created it, actually, along
ideas Of my own. At. that time the
directors mostly were CLOSING their
own casts and Marshall Stcadman at
Universal was about the only actual
casting director i'll existence. But l
went 70 work and among other things,
l devised a system for passing extra
people to the studio, using their
check vouchers, received the night be-
fore, as passes. I also perfected the
index system: We have a card for
every player who has ever appeared
in II of the pictures made here. Also
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-01-02

a ROUN-TRIP to five countries,
~ Canada, Mexico,: Scotland,
- England and America-in 30
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-01-02

I'm order 10 live up to his role as
The Champion i'll the new pc
- turc of Grant Mitchell,s Broad
way success, Wallace Reid has gone in
training as a boxer. Here is his
daily schedule:
Breakfast, ! a. m. :
Twenty minutes road work.
Twenty minutes bag punching.
Ten minutes shadow boxing.
Plunge i'll outdoor swimming pool.
Auto ride 10 studio and makeup at
9 a. M,
Three hours before camera,
Lunch.
Five hours more before camera
Thirty minutes boxing. with any Nic-
tim he can find.
Twenty minutes witt, THE weights.
Rub down and bath.
Dinner. d.
To bed at o:30sp. m.
Wallace Reid, until a short time ago
always had an automobile scene in his
pictures. Now. it appears. he is il. for
a siege Of fox hunts. In Forever"
a picture adapted from Peter Tibet
son" there was a fox hunt scene.
In "The Little Minister" Betty
- ELNH Lz TtF -
Compson wears a collar Of rose point
lace almost as old as the period Of
which the author wrote The LACE was
a gift Of Mrs. Amelia Bliss. of Chica-
go, and admirer of Miss Compsoan's
work on the screen. With the lace
Mrs. Bliss sent the pretty star q rare
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-01-02
oOT TxRES

in most cases, their photographs. The
latter bear the descriptions OH the
backs, while the cards have all avail
able data, as to size, height, weight,
complexion, type, and so on. There
arc cross indexes for about 20 differ
ent subjects and i'll ali l suppose We
have more than 5000 players listed.
1T is not all cxaggeration to state
that in II hour, 1 could supply a ma
tive from practically every country in
the world, not excepting the Eskimos
or natives of every Oriental cline. Just
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-01-02

recently a native of Patagonia, a very
giant of a fellow, came in and regis
tered.
And nov let me i%ntcrpolate a few
words concerning those who seek work
i'll tlc pictures:
Intelligence and Energy Necessary.
The qualities most in demand are
intelligence, youth, ambition, energy
these aside of curse from natural tai
cnt for acting.
Young people, susceptible Of de-
%vclopmcnt, are most in demand be-
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-01-02

cause there is time for them to grow
into valuable actors if they have the
ability and necessary screen presence.
but those who have had some stage
experience have the best chance,
always. 7..
There are now SO many expert
cnccd actors from the stage world
seeking picture employment that it is
easy to fill character and elderly roles,
so the middlc-aged person without
experience has small chance save as all
extra.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1922-01-02
81 me

First, last and always, acting is an
art, with just as much technique as any
other art of profession and requires
just as much time to develop pro-
fciency. Education and especially in
tclligcnce beyond the average of that
required by other professions, is es-
sential to real success.
"Thcrc is something new to be
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-19
Trn hby g Mi'N
8 & 7 8s

2..... OS
Ut Nm Rly lst
10. 90
Great Sorth'u
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-19

D lovc1ufDfal.Brn0. 81 NJ. ssd Mrs.
zssIs.l Ss!SS 81 FGslS sss e THi,''i Hl tthfsl Z
m ntEasODfAM
wILHELMf.--ln lovIhg remembrancs Of
our Gear mother's bIrth6ay. ay.,urr.,~,sr
AeafhS

AogTER. April is. JOHN. husband .ef
Relativcs and friends, also all societies Of
snS nafn sSs.r: =: wr' .S rom the % psl ar
lore Of Wstssi q Son. 2sSs Germantown ave.
~ ~ e. issfi si.s A1ossCe ;S:. eus
ss.d s2, Rslstives ana friends. ai:o 2. p;
sStsnd fu9srsL ssryices st b: Late residencs.
sis:iy & mt E n. ays ysrnSa ' Gem. Friend: may may
''a 'aslTJJkskiI..o TJksk T. = : ripM.ii N ,s. CAROLINE ,n..
S,sns%:n S.Sssls .s.S S q Year.. s' s .,vss sdsrss Sa
n' Wiz chaleS. % @ invissd 70 funeral Fri. $40
M.ry NJ sSner srS her sos % M.S
mass ct ST Ludwirs Church S:ao o'clock.
ini nBiuSGacrNYr.@suddsn,y, SacrNYrs April II. 1922, JULIA
III sriends ' invited " 10 % fun.r.i. FL. $40 A. H..
.Su. r.S% mas: sss csihedrsi 70 K r. ins
aJ5S sss:: S;% ~ n;r late ...,ssrs: %
Stephen NJ: Burns (nee CARR. Notice OF
s0# ss:s T.; sSy:sHx s.r
2. n. late re.idence, 80 w; Maple ave-.
NM Ins H.SsSh Nav Sisow Ss o,
and Anna NJ. Whit. Funeral services Fri.
4 p. M, at her parents, residence. 20 r..
c'sai HsErxnr G Many INT Sow
John Casey. Relatives and friends invited
residence re- - 200 woodside ave. Narberth
sssmn requiem mass ss GbusSn
CHRrsrEsoN. N.-suddenly. on April IS. a,
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-19
Little Benny,s
Notebook
BY Lee Rsss

My cuxsin Artie stayed at my house
al mite last mite, and we ,myed in bed
waiting to 30 to sleep and tawkinl
about di6rcnt things sutch as who wa.
the tuffest fello in the nayberhood and
who was the prettiest gerl and wat
things we would drather eat II we had
our choice Of eny 3, and started to go
to sleep and in another minnit would
Of bin. and Artie sed, Hay Benny, hay
Benny?
And he kepp on saying It till I sed
Heb? Watts you wunt, / was asleep
then, watts you wunt?
Ware was Moses wen the lite went
out? sed Artie.
And he started to latf as II lie thawt
It was funny as enythins. Him being
the ony one thawt 80. and jest wen
was almost asleep asen he sed, ha,
Benny, Benny? :.
Me not saying enything, and Artie
kepp on saying, Hay Benny for min
nits and sed, .Ay shut up, cant you
leeve fello stay asleep wen he's all
most asleep, watts a matter, watts you
wunt?
Down the celler eating sour kraut,
sed Article lafing even harder than
wat he did the ferst time. Me think
ing, All rite for you. you. wait till !
have my rcvendge. And waited till
Artie stuck his nose down In his pillo,
proving he was asleep, and sed, Artie,
hay Artie?
-Artie not saying enything on account
Of him being one Of the tightest Sleep
ers there IL, and started to shake him
hard as enything, saying, Hay Artie,
hay, hay. Artie. Wich after about the
10th shake Artie took his nose out Of
the pillo, saying, Heb? Wat, wat? and
l sed. jest wunted to know If, you
was asleep, was you? Wich the 3D.
time woak him up to ask him he got
so mad he grabbed me by my hair and
grabbed him by his and we was
making fearse noise telling each other
to leeve 60 wen pop came in with a
rolled up newspaper and gave us each
crack some place with 1t saying,
Now let that suffice.
Wich 1t did, and the next thing l
knew We was both waking up this
morning.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-19
DEy1 1CEDE " DAl2LvCDANCERS
THESE GIRLS. .IvAllERlCA
SousherT Cir6 sssl Only Way Spsak English Member
~ Oxford d.Cambfidss Lacrosse Tsam Say

that IN this country 90 per cent Of the
students In the co. .sducatiUna institu- :
ti6ns are engaged to each other when
Speafin9 Of the comparative intel
lect OF the GIRLS Of eur land and 0i
EnsIand. one Eng1ishman said:
1.-THE English girl knows how. to tall
better than tie Ameeican girl. She
uses BID words there be Indicated length
by showing his lacrosse stick. She
can talk weil--thoush she may NOT
"Surely You you can't deny that the
American siri has ideas, the challenge
He answered siowl- after quiet fore.
SThe American girl,' he returned,
"may have ideas, but how in the bloom.
Ing continent Is one to know It, when
she slops them all over with slangr
Her rouge, the Britishers painted. %
|unbec0ming, and as overcoming ~ her
''is it really proper" they queried.
'.for girls to use splashes Of rouge on
their faces when they 80 to dances
Why, some Of them have a great spot
on each cheek"
Over the English girls fresh com :
plexion they become out Of the ordi-
narily eloquent and enthusiastic.
Just one thing brought forth en-.
thusiasm; and they said 1t in con-
cluding.
1.-THE onlv way to speak English is
the way the Southern girls here drawl
S'H.o.n-e.y.' That's languagcV'
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-19

..Deucedly daring dancers. I, ~.
I Members of the Oxford. Cambridge
lacrosse team. who have been playing
American colleges, gave this o6serva :
tion upon the A0efican girl; then they
smiled and added that they "en3oyed
it. ~ ss, ltt..SS s 1 a
After playing .eamss with TIE Uni
land nov being - Q safe distance from
both.--they expressed amasement at the
amount Of dancing IN American cloistefz
At Oxford and, Cambridge, they sald,
they were allowed only two dances q
semester. But back to the American
girl-- 6
the English siri, but she 10 also q better
dresser" they declared.
Here IN America, they. went on,
.'all women seem TO be we'll dressed.
In England, you can always tell blue
blood on the street from one not OF the
They were particularly surprised to
6nd the tolleee girl here attractive.
The idea II novel to them.
It was James Barrie. an Englishman,
who said ;.'sWhy should a woman have
education - she has charm. she
doesn't need. education; and II she
hasn't. charm, education can't help
College m England. the visitors said,
IL the hope Of the matfinsonially hope
less Of the. Hopeful Fair" but here It
seems to be just the opposite. Already
they have gotten hold Of q statement
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-19
WAR ON MOSQUITOES URGED
New Jersey Asked to Spend $1,000,
900 70 eliminate Pest

Trenton, April 19.--A determined ef.
fort is being put forth by the New Jer.
sey Board Of Conservation and Det elop.
ment to rid the State Of mosquitoes.
The board, in it's annual report for the
fiscal year 102O-21.. recommends to
Governor Edwards that the State spends
500 900 q year for five years for ex-
termination work. -. .
It IL pointed out that with q total Of
less than 81 ,OOO. 900 and the employ.
ment Of penal labor ''the burden that
rests upon our people and the discredit
in which we stand can be removed at
q stroke"
Year by year, says the report, "the
conviction has grown that New Jerseys
greatest burden ID the mosquito pest,
and year by year has increased the as.
surance that the burden can be thrown
of at no great cost a"d within a short
time, Nine. .tenths of all our mos.
quito troubles are caused by the species
bred on 288. 900 acres Of salt marsh,
and are capable Of flying forty miles in.
land, and that onesthird Of the whole
marsh area has been virtually freed Of
mosquito breeding"
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-19
ATHLETICS FOR PUPILS
Physical Education Extended to the
Lower Grades In Bethlehem

Bethlehem. Pa, April 19.-Believins
in physical education for all the $500
school children of this city. and not
especially for high school athletic teams,
the local School Board has taken step
In advance, the first city in the Lehigh
Valley to do so, and Mt u meeting yes
terday provided in its yearly budget
the sum OF $4,000 which will be de.
steal educator and several assistants.
From the bottom up. physical cul4
ture will next fall become part Of the
curriculum. The board is spending
many thousands Of dollars in laying out
part Of the twelve acres that surround
the new 81 800 600 Liberty High School
as a modern athletic field. The ground
will be sunk 80 that it can be flooded
in winter for skating. The School
Board yesterday reduced its tax rate
half mill to 121a mills.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-19

1. '':.ls, ". lioH All A':oas coas. sss7,,o, =
WV ! "a g.. 1904 ]
spoa,sr,S. ~ AWc Fruit Is @
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1922-04-19
$4,000 PLAN DISCUSSED
47th and Pine Streets Association
MAY Have lts Own Country Club

Giving a dinner last night in the
Adelphia Hotel, the Forty seventh and
Pine. Streets Improvement Associa tion
discussed plans for buying the south
side Of Lafchwood avenue between
Forty seventh and Forty eighth streets
for a country club and general com
munity center. The cost would be $50, .
OOO..
The suggestion met the hearty ap.
proval Of oil the members, who pledged
their aid in making it a success.
The tOastmaster of the evening wa.
Grover G. Ladner, and other speakers
were the Rev. DR.. William s. Mitchell,
pastor of 'alvary Methodist Church :
r.. J.. Cattell. James J. Walker. Harry
A. Mackey and Francis +. Burch,