davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Great Falls tribune., 1922-04-21
Drunkenness Growing
in New York, Police
Keep Marching Along

New York, April 20.-More per-
sons we're arrested for intoxication
In New York City In 1921 than in
either Of the two preceding years,
It was revealed In advance statis-
tics of the police departments an
nuaI report. The number for 1921
was 8,i69, the year before 1904,
and in 1919 II was 1923.
Drunkenness also increased
among members of tho police force.
Great Falls tribune., 1922-04-21
REVIVAL WILL COME
WHEN PRICES FALL.
McCUMBER ADMITS
Protection Will Not Unaided Bring Back Old
Time Prosperity, Senator Says in Launching
New Bill; Need Buying Power.

Washington April 2O.-Launchng the administration
tariff bill Thursday in the senate Chairman McCumber of
the finance committee warned manufacturers factory lab
and retailer alike that protective tariff would
not bring revival of business; that there be
duction of costs to within the reach of the
pocketbook before there could be return to old time
Great Falls tribune., 1922-04-21
STATE OVERLOOKED Sl5000 :
CREDIT IN C0NLEY RANCH|NC
Former Prison Warden Makes Dent in Case bv
Calling Attention to Potato and Oats Crops
From A.C.M. Property; Shows 1918 Profit.

Helena 2o-(8y Press-Transacions of
former Warden Con
OF c. NJ stateeased
Of
the suit accounting the
a j. Horsky - - " 'N
While Attorney General Wellington getting
into the records
vasy controlling ranch the defense
mdaey adduced testimony neglected
than $4,000 -
Great Falls tribune., 1922-04-21
COMMUNICATION OPENS
between PACT MAKERS

Helsingfors. April Cot is re-
ported from Moscow that direct rail-
way postal and telegraphic communica-
tions has. been opened between Ger
many and Russia by way Of Dvinsk.
Great Falls tribune., 1922-04-21
1900 BURIED
IN 0NF: GROUP
IN EXPLOSION
At N0NAST|R
Blowing Up of Allied
Munition Dump Kills
Hundreds, 1000 Hurt.
Children and Soldiers
Perish in Buildings;
American Missing.

Belgrade, April 2O.-(By
The Associated Press.)-Sev-
eral hundred persons we're kill
ed, about 1000 wounded and
10000 made homeless as the
result Of the explosion of war
material stored at Monastir,
according to reports from that
southern Serbian city. The
disaster was one of the great
est of the kind in history.
HUNDREDS OF CHILDREN
AND SOLDIERS BURIED
Hundreds of children were
buried in the ruins of a church
on which shells fell and it was
believed 1900 soldiers were
buried in the ruins of their
barracks, which were demol-
ished the advices stated.
The soldiers were having
dinner when their barracks
were destroyed and a large
number are known to have been
killed Fires Immediately broke !
out in several places, and the |
inhabitants fled in panic as
the entire town was endanger-
ed.
FIRE FOLLOWS BLOW-UP;
PEOPLE FLEE TO HILLS
Immediately after the ex-
plosion fire broke out in var
ious parts Of the city. The
stricken inhabitants fled to
the nearby woods and noun
tains, from which they watch
ed their homes burn. All tele-
graphic and telephone COM
munication from Monastir with
the outside world was cut off.
The first news Of the disas-
ter reached Belgrade from
refugees who managed to reach
Prilep, 80 miles northwest of
Monastir. Several Serbian re-
lief units Immediately We're or
ganized and started for Mona
stir. +
Six American women doctors I
of the American Women's hos
pital at Velos left Immediately {
for Monastir and reached the Il
stricken city Thursday even
ing.
Mrs. William Brewster, of I
New York, who conducted an !
American missionary school in j
the center of Monastir, has not !
been heard from since the ex- t
plosion. 6
The damage will amount to :
many millions of dollars. The Il
blew up a number of =
dumps in which are gathered 4
ali the ammunition Of the al t
les in the near east. The pop :
llation of Monastir, which is {
composed of Serbians, Turks
md Bulgarians, fled in panic in
III directions, principally to-
ward Salonika and Prilep.
The American Red Cross at !;
Belgrade is rushing relief to v
he stricken community. 6
ING SENDS MESSAGE; a,
SOLDIERS DIG OUT DEAD Sc Sc
King Alexander has sent m n,
aessage of sympathy to the
ictims and the government is n
ispatching large sum of al
1oney for the immediate re- m
eff Of the homeless. p
The last reports are to the St
fleet that soldiers and gen. NJ 1a
armes are engaged in rescue G
'ork. The exact number of ta tl
(Contlnued on Page Two.) lpr
, 1922-01-16
Instructors In
Colleges Get
Salary Boosts

CHICAGO. Jan. 1e.-rhe salaries of
presidents and faculty members In
state colleges and universities have In
creased SO per cent since the school
year of 1884. Commissioner John ].
Tfgert OF the federal bureau of educa-
ton said In an address before the
eight. annual meeting of the Associa-
ton OF American Colleges.
I'm the collegiate year 1913-14." he
stated, "the average salary OF the
presidents Of the state institutions was
SIS .24e. In 1g21.22 we asked the pres.
dents to estimate the value OF the rent
Of the hoasS 80. In addition to the
salary and to d 1t to h salary In
this way we arrived at an average
salary OF 1851 from "a reporting"
, 1922-01-16

WASHINGTON, Jan. 1s-The
right of the United States Steel cor
poration and Its subsidiaries to oper
ate steamships by way of tho Pan
anna canal is upheld in a tentative
report submitted today to the inter
state commission by the
examiner designated to take evil
dence. The examiners report. IL
sustained by the commission will
settle the controversy Ringing about
that point.
Steamship lines, operating through
the canal attacked the steel corpora
TONS right to participate in the bust
ness on the ground that it was also
owne OF n number OF railroad lines,
some OF which are engaged In trans
continental traffic. Railroad lines
so engaged are prohibited by law
from entering into direct competition
with ships in the canal trade
The examiner decided that none
Of the corporations railroads would
, 1922-01-16

dent Harding urged immediate ac-
ton by the government looking to
the treatment OF all such cases in
federal institutions. Neglect OF these
cases in state institutions. tho me
mortal said. Is committing to perma'
nent insanity many OF the victims
who by timely treatment probably
could be cured. Describing the con
dition OF contact" cases OF this
class in the institutions Of the state
Of Ohio as typical Of those IN "prac'
tically every state" the memorial as
serted the government had "fnrmed
out the insane ~ex-service men OF
Ohio to state asylums which are no
toriousiy o~vercrowded. undermined
and inadequately equipped to treat
and are for them" while It has not
provided one federal institution for
this purpose in the state.
The Longvfew asylum OF Hamilton
county. Ohio. the memorial said. "ts
so overcrowded that $40 inmates
sleep on the floor like cattle every
sr:ght-"
OF the mentally disabled placed in
all tho institutions OF the state, Of
whom, It was said, physicians believe
half might be cured by treatment,
one. tho memorial asserted. was
receiving medical treatment Of any
kind for the mental diseases and u
able cases are being daily doomed to
permanent insanity, None OF the In
situations. 1t was further asserted. sc
gregate their tuberouiar patients.
IAN average profit Of $500 on each
patient out Of the s541.5o annual main
tcnnnce fee paid by the government
was shown in figures for the air in
stitutions OF the state cited in the
memorial.
In hundreds OF cases. It was assert
ed. relatives are refusing to commit
ment many disabled veterans who
might be restored to useful citizen.
ships. to conditions in the Contract
asylums. most of which. the memorial
said. are nothing mor than lock.
ups"
Congress was rsfsed to take early
action to remedy tho situation.
, 1922-01-16
SLAYER GIVES
UP T0SMERIFF

CHARLESTON. H., a 1s.-By
The Associated PressSB. #. Mon
ronri, a farmer. surrendered to Sher-
if Vincent Aye today and told him
he had killed his wife. son and daugh-
tel with an axe in an effort to ex-
terminate his entire family because
of financial worries. Ho took the
sheriff and his deputies to the Mon
ronrl home and showed them the
bodies.
II killed them while they slept
Monronri said. "I killed my boy first,
then my wife and then my daughter.
They didn't know anything about It.
Then I went to the barn and tried to
hang myself with this window cord.
but the knot wasn't big enough and
it wouldn't stick. so I went to hunt
you"
Monronri was locked up.
, 1922-01-16

Provisions which were stricken out
called for semi-annual interest pay
ments and for interest at a rate not
less than s per cent Under the pro
visions Interest payment would have
fallen due within SIX months after
the refunded bonds had been negotiated
whereas the treasury desired to have
the authority to defer interest pay
ments in the case OF some countries
not in n position to begin making
those payments within possibly a year
or two.
The provision limiting the life of
the bonds to be accepted from the
foreign governments to rs years re-
manned in the bill. The sets
up a commission with authority. sub
ject to, the approval Of the president
to refund or convert and to extend
the time of payment of the principal
or the interest or both.
The treasury secretary would be
chairman of the commission. the other
members to be appointed by the presi
dent subject to senat continuation
, 1922-01-16
SUMMARY OF
night News

PARIS. Jan. 16.-MiIIerand ac-
cepfs ministry names presented by
Poiucare 10 succeed BRAND.
RED BANK, n. j., Jan. 16.-Run
away airplane killed woman. Injured
several when it crashes into crowd
OF skaters.
MExIA. Jan. 16.-F1re loss esti-
mated at se5O.0oo. Troops patrolling
streets.
PEKING, Jan. 16.--Goy. WI Pei
Flu, inspector general Of Human and
Hupeh sends ultimatum to Peljng
giving LANG cabinet three days to
resign.
MANCHESTER, KY, Jan. L.
Fifty armed state guards to guard
courthouse when alleged feudist,
charged with murder. goes to trial.
Los ANGELES. Jan. 16.-Burch
judy tells judge there Is no posi-
bility of agreement after being out
Sc hours.
, 1922-01-16
PISTOL DISCHARGED IN
FALL TO FLOOR KILLS
RANCHER 1T GILLETTE

GILLETTE. wyo.. Jan. 1.-THE
funeral of Grover Goodman. a rancher
who formerly lived four miles ives;
of Gillette. was held today under the
auspices of the local post Of the Am
erican Legion. Mr.. Goodman acct.
dentaliy shot himself yesterday when
an automatic pistol dropped from his
pocket and was exploded. the bullet
striking him in the abdomen. He died
about is minutes later. His wife then
saddled a horse and rode into town
through the deep snow for help A
coroner's jury rendered a verdict OF
accidental death from gunshot wounds.
, 1922-01-16
DAVIS DENIES
MAKINGcHARGE

CHICAGO, jar. 1s.-Demanding that
he reveal correspondence with Herbert
Hoover. which newspaper reports
from Boise. Idaho. said formed the
basis OF a statement by Governor Day
is attacking the American committee
for Russian relief. that committee to-
day received a telegram from Gov.
|ernor Davis saying that he did no,
understand any changes had beer
made"
Governor Davis was quoted Is say.
Ing he believed the American commit
tee for Russian famine relief was one
of. several organizations designed to
lg1ve relief In Russia to soviets only.
This statement was denied by W. W.
Liggett, acting secretary OF the com
mittee-
, 1922-01-16

Kammon. A ]. Cunningham. r. C.
Gather. w. J. Bailey and George
Nelson. Tho purpose Of h address
from these gentlemen Will DO TO
emphasize the service financial In
situations render In a community and
the benefits OF doing business with
them.
on January IS. Budget Day the
following speakers have been Sc
lected; A. A. slade. J. C. McGlade. ID.
w. ogiibee. William Cobb and d. NJ
Lobdeil. The purpose of the address
from these gentlemen will be to en-.
phasize the Importance OF planning
expenditures In advance. buying snd
investing wisely and keeping n rec
ord OF expenditures.
, 1922-01-16
GOES TO UNIVERSITY II
YEARS, STUDENTS CONFER
DEGREE OF OWN MAKING

NEW YORK, Jan. Is -Forty-one
years ago wiliam Cullen Bryant
Kemp became a student at Columbia
university. Today he Is still n stu
dent and has not missed a semester.
Having studied everything worth
while and exhausted all of the "oio-
gies' Student Kemp, who is ove so
years Of age, Is spending his time
this year learning all about the
photographic development of
North America.
, 1922-01-16

on january 10. National Life In
suranco Day.'' the following speak
ers have beer reiected: r. T. Kemp.
]. J.. Gihlln. L. X. Price. c. r. Nc
Grew. A. w. Petit and Guy Coy.
Tho purpose OF tho address by these
gentlemen VIII he to emphasize the
importance OF protecting loved ones
by creating n life insurance estate.
on Janury 20. ''Own Your Own
Homo Day. tho following speakers
scherck.. y. A. Burns. Harry Free. NJ.
T. Wheeler. William Bernard. II. w.
Baker and Fred Van Gordon. Their
addresses will emphasize the impor.
lance of living under the shelter OF
ones = home.
On January 81. Make a win Day.
the following speakers have been Sc
lected: C. FL Winter. H.. B. Durham,
W. o. Wilson, A L. Etirrett, George
weideii. Henry Il. Perkins and Z. H
Foster. They VIII emphasize the
value Of planning for the future wei
fare OF ones csfendents by making
a v-t:.
On January %. PAY Your Bill.
Promptly Day" the following speak
ers have been selected: John W
Lind, Earle d, Holmes, Lew NJ. Gag
o. G. johnson. Ben II. Peiton. Tkes
.Lenuemen emphasize the value o
credit and the moral obligation o
paying bills promptly.
On January %. Share With Other
Day. tho ministers have been aske'
to prepare special
, 1922-01-16

dies, Carmen. WORKERS union VIII
meet tonight to consider tbs citus-
ton
Each side 10 the controversy ap-
parentIy Is satisfied that II hiss won
n victory. Resumption OF wosk I'M
der old conditions, as k~uEgestde BIZ
, 1922-01-16
GOOD ROADS MEET OPENS.

CHICAGO. Jan. 1s.-Thousands OF
delegates from all parts of the United
States and Canade. were in Chicago
today for the opening Of the annaal
Good Roads congress and good roads
show In the Coliseum. They included
governors. federal. state and county
highway officials. traffic experts and
other leaders in the building and
maintenance OF roads.
, 1922-01-16
G6EaNOR WILL ATTEND
AGRICULTURAL MEETING

CHEYENNE. wyo.. Jan. 1s.-Gov-
ernor Robert d. Carey OF wyoming.
will leave Tuesday for Washing
ton, where ne will attend the agricul-
tural conference called by secrettry
wallace
The governor Will be accompanied
to he cast by his father. former Sen
ator Joseph NJ. Carey. who is in poor
health. and Mrs. J. NJ. Carey.
, 1922-01-16
|BURCH JURY
STILL OUT

Los ANGELES. Jan. 16.-The 10
ome and two men composing the
jury In the Ease Of Arthur c. Burch,
charged with the murder OF j. Bel
ton Kennedy August 5 last, returned
to Super Judge Sidney n. Reeves
court today to resume their deliber-
atoms as to the fate of Burch. The
jury had been out since 1857 p. M.
last Friday
, 1922-01-16

He Is many degrees. including a
ID. r. NJ Doctor Of Perpetual Mo-
tom conferred by his fellow stu
dents.
Some say that William wouldn't
study when a boy. so that n wise
uncle left a will providing for him
a long as he was a regularly en-
rolled university student.
Student Kemp wont talk, only to
say.
Tho you learn. the more
you know"
, 1922-01-16
Kidnapped Pair
Taken to Burial
Ground, Robbed

DENVER. Jan. 1e.-Georse Ogden
n F. Pecan were kidnapped by hve
masked men early this morning while
they were walking on Marion street
in the exclusive Capitol Hill district,
and taken to Riverside cemetery
where they were robbed OF their
money. jeweiry and neckties. Follow
ing the robbery the men were thrown
out OF the automobile and were forced
TO walk back to the city. No trace OF
the k%idnapers has been found
, 1922-01-16

WASHINGTON, Jan. 16.-with
the provisions objected to by Sec
rotary Mellon eliminated. the allied
foreign debt refunding bill was fa-
vorably reported today TO the sem
alto by It's finance committee Chair
man McCumber said It was the pur-
pose TO press the measure for pass
age without waiting for the adjourn
ment Of the arms conference.
, 1922-01-16
ILLINOIS WOMEN LAUNCH
NEW POLITICAL MACHINE

The incorporates are Chicago and
Oak Park I'M
The incorporation certificate says
the new party will nominate or sup
port candidates who s=s not sub
iect to domination Of invisible gov.
, 1922-01-16
Disabled VETS ARE
NEGLECTED., CHARGE
Yanks Stop At
Basel for Day

BERNE. Switzerland. Jan. 49, Tho
company OF troops from the Amer
lean forces in Germany. OF It's way
to Italy 10 take part in the ceremon-
les incident to tho bestowal OF the
American congressional medal Of
honor on the Italian unknown soldier
by Mai. Gen. Henry T. Allen on Jam
uary is. arrived today at Basel.
, 1922-01-16
OHIO WILL SEE
RENEWAL WET
and DRY FIGHT
Liquor Interests Plan Fight to
Repeal Volstead Act With
Ohio as Battle
ground.

CLEVELAND, Jan. ia fight to
repeal the Volstead act and permit the
sale of 2.75 per cen beer and light
wines will be carried to the voters OF
Ohio this fall under the terms OF he
referendum law. according to Captain
William II. Slayton. managing vice
president OF the national association
against the prohibition amendment
Petition Will be circulated n a Wig
orous campaign waged to determine
whether public opinion has changed
changed since the act became effec-
tive.
CHICAGO. Jan. ia continuous
succession OF dry victories have
marked the last two years. Virgil Hin
shaw. chairman of the prohibition ma
tional committee declared today in a
statement issued in connection with
the the second anniversary Of national
prohibition.
Vets have been overwhelmingly de-
feated, at every appearance I'm tho
courts, while congress has defeated
their efforts to bring back beer and
light wines and state and municipal
authorities have combined against no
propaganda favoring reinforcement
OF the law. the statement says.
1.-THE joke is turned" Mr.. Hinshaw
says. upon the half hundred anti
prohibition societies attempting TO
capitalize tho waning appetites OF some
old soaks who still cry for their booze.
Prohibition is here to stay"
, 1922-01-16
COST OF LIVING
IS ON DECLINE

WASHINGTON. Jan. 1s.-The
cost of living decreased. between June
1, 1920. and December. 1921. 22.7 per
cent at Detroit, 1871 per cent at Chi
cago, 10 per cent at washington. 1871
per cent at New York. and 1874 per
cent az Philadelphia, the burau of Ia
Dor statistics announced today.
, 1922-01-16
FRUIT J0BBERs N SESSION

FORT WORTH. Texas. lar. 49,
One thousand delegates had register.
ed here today for tho opening SEES
sion of the Western Fruit Jobbers'
association. Pacific coast and Chlca-
go delegations came by special train.
Salt Lake City, Chicago and New Or
leans are waging campaign for the
1923 meeting.
, 1922-01-16

SPRINGFIELD, ILL.,, Jan. 16.--A
new political party to be called the
Roosevelt Progressive party" and
run entirely by women, fled incor-
poratiou papers today with Secre-
tary Of State Emmerson Of Illinois.
, 1922-01-16
STEEL CORPORATION SHIPSA R
GIVEN PASSAGE THROUGH CANAL

be considered competitors for trans
continental business and that the
ownership OF merchant vessels by
the manufacturing industry had not
been forbidden by congress.
, 1922-01-16
MExIA SWEPT BY
RATION

MEXIA. Texas, Jan. 16-Clearing away of debris from
Saturday nights fire which destroyed seven two-story build
ings on Commerce street here was to begin today. The est,
Texas rangers. sent nels g enforce martial law proclaimed
oil fields of alleged law breakers, maintained guard over the
burned area.
, 1922-01-16
GARMENT WORKERS WILL
GALL OFF N. Y. STRIKE

Secretaries Hoover and Davis, tenn
p~orariIy continues the 44-hour week
and piecework, which the union de-
sired, while the employers expect an
Investigation Of labo; conditions.
which. they assert. need remedy
Ing.
, 1922-01-16

ernments or to the CONTROL, dicta-
tion or domination Of political
BOSSES"
The incorporators include; Anna
Myers MckenGry and Emma Il.
Lewis Of Oak Park
, 1922-01-16
CUT ORDERED BY
Commission TO
BOLSTER MART
Traffic Light Now But
May Improve After
April
WASHINGTON, Jan. 1e.-

WAOr1ANG1ON, Jan. u
Railroad rates on gasoline
from a number If producing
noirte IN Salt Lake Citv Oo-
P.J n-~uo II+oE
uen anu Ceah, nSAS
ordered reduced today from
10 to 20 per cent effective April II,
by the Interstate commerce. commits
sion.
New rates e prescribed, which
the commission said. should not ex'
coed s. cents per 100 pounds from
, 1922-01-16
Friday the 18th No.
Hoodoo to Literary

CHEYENNE. wyo., Jan. 1s.-The
Young Mems Literary club. an organ
jzation OF prominent Cheyenne men
ranging in age from 81 to rs. defied
the hoodoo associated with Friday
the 18th by holding its annual banquet
at the Plains hotel Friday night.
, 1922-01-16

NEW YORK. Jan. 16.-The gar
ment workers. strike which has dis
rupted the Industry in New York
since November II and has kept
thousands idle, is expected to be
called on. Members Of tho strike
committee Of the international La-
, 1922-01-16
EXPLORER DEAD.

LONDON, Jan. 16.-Sir John Kirk.
80. who was chief officer on the gov
eminent expedition OF David Living
stone TO Africa y 1853. died yestsr-
day.
, 1922-01-16

DUBLIN, Jan. 16.-(By The Ass,
ernmental powers for Ireland, as
thorities at Dublin Castle were turne,
~visional government of Ireland, as co
under the A~nglo-Irish treaty. The trai
count Fitzalan. the lord lieutenant
, 1922-01-16
Treatment in State Hospitals "Black'
Reproach to Nation, Segpice Men Say
in Petition to President

WASHINGTON, Jan. 1e.-Asserting that the more than
g, 900 mentally disabled former service men now placed in
state institutions were victims of such gross neglect, indif-
ference and profteering' as constituted a BLACK reproach
of the honor of the nation" the Disabled American Veterans
of the World War. in a memorial presented today to Presi-
, 1922-01-16
THRIFT WEEK VIRTUES TO BE
EMPHASIZED in FOUR minute
SPEECHES. AT THEATERS here

Four-minute speakers for Thrift Week who have been
selected to give addresses at the moving picture shows will
carry home the message of thrift and show the benefits of
home owning.
Tomorrow, National Thrift Day or Bank Day. the fol-
lowing speakers have been selected: B. B. Brooks. Ralph
, 1922-01-16
DEFERRED PAYMENTS TO BE
INCLUDED IN FUNDING BILL
Secretary of Treasury Has Authority to
Grant Time Extensions to Powers in
Provisions Okehed by Committee

Except for a provision that the
refunded bonds 20 be accepted from
the foreign governments shall ma
ture not later than january Is, 1947,
the measure virtually is in the form
in which 1t was passed by the house
last October.
No soldier bonus provision was
added to the bill and wss not dis
cussed.
, 1922-01-16
NOMINATIONS MADE.

WASHINGTON. Jan. 1s.-Nominn-
tons for -postmasters included: Hugh
w. J. Judd. Watsonvi11e. Cal, and
Bert NJ. Weaver. Goldfieid, Nav.
, 1922-01-16

Jan. 16-The allied debt funding bill
was approved today by the senate finance committee after
most of the provisions objected to by Secretary Mellon of the
treasury department had been eliminated. Democratic men,
fected form
, 1922-01-16

chamber
The vicer, morning awaited a
telephone m z, announein that
the new min 2 had arrived at the
castle but = les o'clock this
afternoon did ~ GERS OF tina crowd
outside announ~ the arrival of
Michael Collins. president. John Nc
Neil. p. J.. Hogan. Joseph MacGrath.
Kelvin oEsiggins and William Cos.
grave. Immediately afterward Wis
count FJtzalan with two aides arrived
and they all proceeded to tho privy
council chamber there the transfer OF
powers was effected.
From an early hour this morning
all approaches to the castle were
blocked by good humored crowds
watching fer what was described as
the fall of Dublin castle" The
metropolitan police dealt In a friendly
iliaries in uniform watched tho pro
whore they had examined so mani ar
rested Sim Feiners.
LONDON. Jan. 1e-By The Asso-
ciated Pressl=The English political
situation. especially the question ms
TO when the governor is going TO call
a general election. has again been
brought into prominence through the
return from France OF Prime Minis.
ter Lloyd George and the removal
from the foreground o the Irish situa-
ton.
There was d fairly general opinion
among political writer's In this norm
ing's newspapers that the election. re
Gently foreehadowed for February
probably would not be held before
May. 1t was said that Mr.. Lloyd
George has become convinced that m
early election was undesirable.