davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
South Pacific
Island Lures
British Youths

LONDON, Aug. l2.-Discouraged
AT tn, outlook in this country, dis
satisfied with the atfter-war Britain,
but actuated mainly by love CT ad-
venture, about dozen engineering
students OF Loughborough College
are setting cut GIN September ! for
AN unfnhabitcd Pacific island belong
ing 20 Ecuador.
Most CT thssm arc ex-officers.
Among them is an author. ID. l.. Da-
vd. who wrote IVA Brot." He ex-
poets to find in the new settlement
work for his pen as well as MS
hands. A 90-ton veasel is being
made ready for the expedition.
The chef mor.s of existence they
hope to find by utilizing the re-
sources of the island itself; the de-
velepment OF fruit growing and the
bres Nng CT. cattle.
All hands win be required to work.
aFsh ough climatic conditions. ii has
been asr,-r.aired. are idecl ard all
they via need for food can be OBJ
tah-,-i wfiIout working. II they arr
cops--t juat to loaf and Invite their
souls"
Their destir-ed home, the adven-
tvr5as say. is abou. 500 miles frcm
the Panama Canal.
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
OF
ALASKA FORESTS
CERTAIN, CLAIM
Associate Forester Sherman
Says Will Be Large as
Was Ever Expected.

That the development of pulp max
ing and paper manufacturing in this
region will be as large as war orig
inally expected but somewhat slower
to materialize. is the view taken by
A. E. Sherman, Associate Forester,
who arrived here today in company
with District Forester Charles Fl.
Flory and Assistant District Engineer
C. w. Cheatham. both of this city.
on the Northwestern They have just
completed trip into the Interior
over the Richardson Highway to
Fairbanks. returning over the Alaska
Railroad to Anchorage. stopping en-
route at the Healy River coal fields
and the Agricultural Experiment Sta
zion at Matanuska They are all
enthusiastic regarding the possibility
of future development for that re-
gion.
No Material Change
When asked what progress is being
made toward the establishment of
he pulp and paper industry in South
eastern Alaska. Mr.. Sherman stated
that the situation has not materially
changed since he was in Alaska last
year. CAS- matter of fact" said
he when seen by a representative of
The Empire. "thc market and eco
monte conditions have been very un-
favorable for the extension of the
pulp and paper industry ever since
the middle of 1920 The paper in
dustry hls becn passing through the
same process of depletion that has
benn imposed upon other lines OF
husin.css. Tine paper manufacturers
have I'm many instances been placed
in desperate straits to salvage a
small part OF the tremendous profits
made During the war and during the
first Is months following the armis
tice During the period OF cxcep-
tionaI rrices for newsprint wood pulp
reached levN.s heretofore unprece
danted The sro. market for news
rrint paper wc's as high as $3.50 a
ton before the peak was reached and
the break came in the middle OF
1920. Ii has dropped from that high
figure to She present rate, which is
somewhere between $40 and SIS per
ton During the period Of high
rr!ces ground wood rulp. such as
that produced at the Snettisham
rlant, sold as high as $145 a ton
Had prices continued at such level
or anywhere near 1T, there would be
undoubt eddy today active construc
ton work being carried on in the
building OF malls in this region. As
1t is this cannot be expected until
the indu1'ry generally has passed
through the shaking down process
necessary to reach normal conditions.
Situation Is Improving
''Tho market situation for pulp and
piper y being Improved along three
lipos: FIRST. THE demand for news-
rrint, as shown by the market re-
ports of recent months, is higher
than any time since July. 1920, dn-
dicaFtng that the period of reduced
CONSUMPTION has passed.; second, the
labor market in the industry is get
th
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
Mine Mules Long
In Darkness 1
See the Light

HAZLETON. Pa, Aug 12-Ths
coal mine mule. which ordinarily
spends years CT his life In the dark.
ness of mine tunnels far unde-
ground rctairs his eyesight even
though he does net use his eyes.
So veterinarians in the anthracite
region have determined following
examination OF many OF the mules
which have been brought TO the sur
face since the mines closed dawn
last spring With this announce
ment the veterinarians exploded a
theory held by many for years.
that because he did not have any
use for his eyes, the mule lost his
sight.
The coal mine mule usually begins
life like any common farm mule.
Once he becomes mine worker.
however, things change He Is sent
far underground into the dark work
ings OF the hard coal mines and
there he stays. often for the remain
der OF his life. Being a hardy ami
nal. he sometimes remains in the
mines fer 30 years without seeing
DAYLIGHT.
When the mulcs were hoistei tn
.he surface and turned looss snpo1
he companies' rrpTerties soma IT
them bltnked a bit az the s"-fght.
Whom the vetersnar'srs looked them
over thev found their eyes wees
there and as good as ever.i'-
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
OIL OPERATOR
INSISTS TRIP
IS VACATION
Edward L. Doheny in Juneau
with Yacht-Says No Bust
ness Connected with Cruise

F.s Ir.sh eyes tw.nkling behind a
pair of spectacles. a gray little
man with stubby mustache, with his
white4opped cap pulie1 down over
his brow, looked around at the noun.
tains and up at The clear blue sky,
ard laughed.
Business? Oil interests? Mines
Not bit of it I'm on a regular
vacation, a pleasure trip and | am
enjoying it TO the utmost. in one
OF the most beautiful lands ! have
ever visited
1t was Edward L. Doheny of Los
Angeles, largest Independent oil man
IN the United States. who with a
garry of guests was in Juneau this
morning on a cruise in Southeastern
Alaska On MS big steam yacht,
Casiana. The Casiana arrived in
the Channel last evening.
Denies Rumors
Mr. Dohony himself emphatically
denied the rumor that he is in Alaska
on an oil hunting expedition and
that he is on his way to the West
ward
There is nothing in these rumors,"
he SAID. 81 am on this cruise to es-
cape from work and worry, and |
will treat no industry with an eye
for business | am interested in
the mines in this vicinity and If |
have the time hope to visit them.
but it will be with no thought OF in
vestment.
"As for oil interests, | knew there
was oil in Alaska years ago. II |
had been interea.ed | could have
gone after II then.
Not Going West
81 am net geing to the Westward.
Todly at noon We leave for Skag-
way and will return here "Wednesday
when I VIII call on Governor Bone
whom under5'lnd is absent from
the city at the present time. From
juneau we will go TO S'tka and sail
srom -he-c Ground Baranof Island
.ih~ore.h Frederick Sound and to Sc
attle"
Mr. Dohcny said he has always
been Interested in Alaska He was
ongaged IN mining al the time Of the
f'--t gold rush 10 this country and
knew a number ~ the carly pros
nec'ors to the StihTne River country
81 rermember when Ed Everman
hutr his boat and brought Il up to
the Taku River. going into the Attn
country by WA ~ the rivcr," he said
Enjoy Trip
"Alaskl f. b"lp'iful cyr"'-v and
I'm mfghty glad I nm finally able Z
mpka .he tr'n Nv eueT.s are mos
erth,rsFa site over your mOun.9 ins
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
Survey Of Salmon Operations
for Year Is Made by
Fisheries Agent Ball.
ESTIMATE INDICATES IS
RETURNING TO NORMAL
Estimates SoutheasternAlaska
Will Put Up 100000
' Cases for Year.

The salmon PACK or the Territory.
1T lis estimated by E. NJ. Ball, AS,
sistant Fisheries Agent, will total
approximately 4,043,000 cases this
year. Mr.. Balls estimate is based
on reports received from agents of
the Bureau of Fisheries in all sec
tltons of the Territory in which can
nerifes are located. personal obser-
walton and reports in some instances
from the operators themselves.
If this estimate is approximately
correct, and Mr.. BAH is confident
that it will be, it is evident that
the salmon pack is virtually on
normal basis as compared with the
pack of every year since 1914. 1t
viii be less than the two big years,
1917 and 1918, but in excess CT last
wears production by 1,446,174 cases,
the 1921 pack being reported as
1886 1926 cases.
Previous Years Pack
The pack for the past eight years
by selaon as shown by the records
of the Bu,oau Fisheries was:
1914 4,056.653 cases.
1915 $500, 1893 cases. =
1915 4.900,627 cases,
~ 19i sas,saay2se CASTS.
1918 ,835 cases.
1919 ASSESS cases. ri
1920 4.429.4 63 cases.
1921 2,596.826 cases.
The pack in 1917 and 1918 is con-
sid arsd Abnormal and was produced
by the heavy demands for fish
cauaei by wartime conditions.
Pack by District
The Burelu of Fisheries for pur-
poses of administration and record
ccnstdenls the fishing industry in Al
,aska as divided into three d!stinct
districts One of these. known as
Wttztp A'n,skl. comprises BRISTOL
Bay s.d The rcci-hern coast OF the
Alaska Peninsula. Tho second is
krown es Central Alaska and conn
phi the southern coast of the Al
ask1 P-f~ir~,tIa. Kodiak. Cook Inlet,
Price Will!am Sound and Copper
Riv5r. TT, third district IS known
as Southern Alaska and comprises all
e1 Southeastern Alaska from Yaku-
tat to the sou.hcrn border of the
Territcry.
The la ri-m~d d4.r'c.. - is csti-
mated by Mr. Bell. will produce this
year 1,672,0OO cases of s0lmon, lead
ing in quantity production. 1t IS
estimated that Western Alaska viii
produce 100000 cases. This est
mate is believed to be conservative
as Dennis VIM. Fisheries Agent for
Alaska, who hes been in that dis
trict this season. reported that on
July Is the Gamers there had put
ND 1850 900 cases and thousands ol
cases have been put up since that
time. Central Alaska. Mr.. Ball esti
nrates. will have pack this year oil
$4,000 cases.
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
LEGISLATION ACTION.

WASHINGTON, Aug. 12.-Chair-
man Cummins of the Senate Inter-
state Commerce Committee, admit
ted today that legislation is under
consideration to empower the Presf-
dent to take over the railroads IL
transportation becomes paralyzed.
Late this afternoon President
Harding is said to have abandoned
at least temporarily the plan to ask
Congress for legislation regarding
the railroad strike. IA
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
STRIKES ARE REVOLUTION.

The United States Railroad Labor
Board in trying to force compul-
sorry arbitration down the throats
of labor" has compelled the workers
to defy the laws declared James
Murdoch, Dominion Minister OF La
Dor at a gathering of Liberals here
last night. Murdoch called the
situation a revolution in the guises
Of strikes"
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
Seattle Property Will
Probable Get Big Boost

SEATTLE, Aug. Owners OF
scores Of pieces OF downtown real
estate have been rOtified TO appear
before the Board OF Equalization on
August % and show cause why there
should no. be an increase in valua-
items Agents OF property in the
south erd district charged that the
land north OF Seneca Street was as
sGsssd too low.
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
FIRE ABOARD YACHT

LAKE GEORGE, y. Y. Aug. IL
The motor bout Crusader. with Gov
crnor Nathan L. Miller, Adolph 8.
Ochs. publisher OF the Now York
Times. and Charles j. Peabody, OF
The firm OF Kdder. Peabody Co.
atoard. caught fire or the lake dur
ing the night and hurriedly locked
All passengers aboard were landed
safely
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
Harold Mccormick and
Madame Walska Welded

PARIS. Aug 12.-Harold F. Me
"c,-rick. former head of the HaryeJ-
'cr Comoany. OF Chicago. and father
Z Ma'hilde Mccormick. who Is soon
o W Max Oser. was today married
% Madame Gamma Walska. orcra
niger. Tho bride was recently d.
yorced from a millionaire. McCor-
nick recently was divorced by a
laughter OF John ID. Rockefeller.
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
Body Of Missing Man
Found Near Anchorage

ANCHORAGE. Aug. 12.-While
picking berries. Anchorage parties
discovered the body of man be-
ieved to be Pete Valcne, missing
bullet hole in the left side of the
head and the right side of the head
is crushed Valene came to An
ohorage from Cordova. The Federal
Territorial and city authorities are
Investigating.
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
R. R. YARDS ARE
B0MBED;CREAT
HOLE IS MADE
Guards Fire in Direction and
Are Answered by Return
Volley of Shots.

ROSENILLE, Cal, Aug 12.-Five
bombs were exploded in the yards
of the Southern Pacific early this
morning. The explosion tore a
great hole in the ground near the
plant of the Pacific Fruit Express
Company. Guards fired in the di-
rection of the explosions and receiv
ed an answering volley.
was fired on with a shot gun when
he rushed into the yards after the
bomb explosions The shots pierced
his leg and made holes in his hat.
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
Moonshiners Assailed
By Pastor; He Is Dead

Somerset, KY, Aug. 12.-Abe
Nolan. lay pastor, and Ester Dykes,
a farmer were killed. and Ellis
Richardson. another farmer were
wounded in a gun fight at the close
of religious services rs miles north
of here last Thursday night accord
ing to advices received here today.
The pastor was a newcomer and as
sailed moonshiners.
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
ADJOURNMENT TAKEN.

WASHINGTON, Aug. IL. - After
several hours in conference behind
closed doors. the chief officials OF
the railroad labor organizations adj
jcurned late last night until this
morning. declaring they were not
ready to make any response to Presi-
dent Harding's final strike settle
ment offer or the policy of the
unions. not now on strike intend
to follow. s9e
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
Million Dollars Wanted
In Breach Of Promise Case

SARATOGA SPRINGS. Aug. r.
One million dollars is sought by
Eva Burrows Fontaine in a breach
of promise suit against Cornelius
Vanderbilt Whitney, son of Harry
Payne Whitney. This was the state
rent made here today by the
woman's attorney in argument on a
motion.
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
R. R. HEADS RECEPTIVE.

NEW YORK, Aug. T.. - The ex-
ecutive heads of 48 railways last
night conditionally accepted Presi-
dent Harding's second proposal in
the strike settlement and a COM
mittee was appointed to wait on the
President today
The proposal provides that the
railroads take back as many strikers
as needed to bring their forces to
normal and the Labor Board will
later determine whether the strikers
will regain their seniority rights.
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
ADDITIONAL BOMBING.

SAN BERNARDINO, Cal, Aug.
l2.-Four additional bomb explo-
sions occurred in the Santa Fe yards
here this morning. Twenty-six
bombs We're exploded yesterday
morning.
One lieutenant and six men of the
Federal Army forces are patrolling
the streets in an armored car.
The temperature is 120 degrees
here today.
Food is becoming short for ma
rooned passengers on trains at
Needles and Barstow
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
WALK OUT UNAUTHORIZED.

NLEN ELAND, o., AUG Il
President w. G. Lee, of the Broth
erhood Of Trainmen, has telegraphed
his general chairman and general
secretary on the Santa FEE coast
fines at Los Angeles, that the walk
out of trainmen on the Santa Fe
was unauthorized and regular pro-
cedure should be carried out before
suspension of work.
The trainmen struck Tuesday
midnight as protest to armed
guards patrolling the railroad 5
property.
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
Ban Of Vodka Expected
To Be Lifted Shortly

MOSCOW. Aug u. \ decree an
thorizing the sale of vodka. which
has been prohibited since 1914, is ex-
pected TO he issued very soon.
The pre-war streng h OF vodka was
AS per cent alcohol.
Under the new decree. the strength
will be 80 Per cent and the manu-
factufe will be undertaken on state
monopoly, Il was stated.
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
Anthracite Coal Shortage
Will Be Hard to Relieve

WASHINGTON, Aug. 2. The
shortage of anthracite coal already
clreated by the strike cannot be
made up in year said Secretary OF
Labor Davis today while awaiting
the result OF the bituminous coal
conference in Cleveland. -..
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
LIEUT.. GOVERNOR WORKING.

LINCOLN, Neb., Aug. I2.--Per-
ham A. Burrows. Lieutenant Gov
ernor OF this state and for the past
week executive in the absence OF
Governor McKelvie. also is working
on the Burlington Railroad on strike
guard at IS per day. He is entitled
to the Governors pay but there Is
no money available. Burrows SAYS
McKelvie told him to keep his job.
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
R. R. UNIONS REPLY TO HARDING
More Oil Drilling
Equipment to Be
Sent to Cold Bay

SEATTLE, Aug. 12.-The sec
end Gil drilling expedition leaves
next week Friday on the freight
err Redondo. This outfit is be-
ing sent to Cold Bay. The
freighter Juneau is now at Cold
Bal discharging 1850 tons of
oil drilling equipment for the
Associated Oil Company, which
has a lease on the holdings of
the Alaska Oil Company.
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
EXPLOSION ON
YACHT AT SEA
COSTS 5 LIVES
Fire Follows Explosion and
Converted Yacht Destroy
ed : Seven Fatalities.

MIAMI. Fla. Aug. 12.-Fivc per
s0ns Ne their lives and two others
are believed 20 have boon drowned
when an explosion and fire destroyed
the converted yacht sharon last night
three miles off the beach here.
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
Underwood Wants American
War Claims Commission

WASHINGTON. Aug. 12-Ths an
nouncement of the signing OF ain
agreement in Berlin for an Ameri-
cam German co.nm.s .o1 on war
ella inns was followed today by a
settlement by Senator Underwood
that he Intends to Pr 9 a bill for
an American instead q mixed com.
mttee.
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
Flexible Tariff Plan
Is Approved by Senate

WASHINGTON. Aug. IA flcx
ible tariff plan proposing authority
for the President TO increase or de-
crease tariff ratcs in the pending
bill until July l. 1924. was approved
by thee Senate last night
The Jones amendment proposing a
scientific tariff was rejected by a
vote Of ~ TO 20. es-s ifiets
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
Irish IrreguIars Storm
Dublin P. O.; Start Fire

DUBLIN, Aug. 12.-Twenty Irregu-
lars entered the post office on
Amiens Street last night. disarmed
the sentry at the entrance, ovcrpow-
cred tn inner guard of seven soldiers,
who were all seriously injured. then
rushed to the instrument room, scat
tered gasoline and set the place
lafire
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
TIE-UP IN WISCONSIN.

MILWAUKEE,, WIS, Aug. Il
Leaders of the Big Four Brother
hoods meeting here announced last
night that complete tie-up Of
transportation in this state will
probably follow as walkouts are
planned for tonight.
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
CONTINUED on Page sevsn =,

sEATTLE-The will Of Harr''
whitney Treat. killed in an auto
accident recently in British Column
bia. was admitted to probate today.
The will leaves all property to the
widow. The petition Gays the value
10 unknown yet. "a.
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
EXPLOSION ON LINER

NEW YORK, Aug. 12.-According
10 wireless from the steamship
Adriltic, off thc New England cJast,
an explosion in the reserve coal
hatch killed five members of the
crow and injured -four others. The
explo- ION was caused by spontaneous
90 nbus,ion. Not a passenger was
hurt
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
Twenty Five Million
Dollar Crop Threatened

WENATCHEE, Wash. Aug. IA
Believing an early settlement of the
railroad strike is necessary to save
the $25, 100000 apple crop. a mass
meeting has been called here for
next Monday night.
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
WALK OUT. ON S. P.

SALT LAKE CITY, Aug IL
Members of the Brotherhoods of Lo-
comotive Enginemen and Fremen
employed on the Southern Pacific at
Ogden, failed to report for work,
This tied up four passenger trains
and nine freight trains.
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
EMBARGO PLACED.

SAN FRANCISCO, Aug. 12.-An
embargo on livestock and other per-
ishable freight through the Ogden
gateway is announced by the South
ern Pacific lines here.
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
TRAVELLERS NARROWED.

OGDEN, Utah, Aug. 12.-SeyeraI
hundred travellers are still marooned
here on account of refusal OF the
Southern Pacific firemen to take out
the trains.
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
MORE BIG FOUR MEN QUIT.

Los ANGELES, Aug. l2.-Mem-
bers of the Big Four Brotherhoods
have gone on a strike at Prescott,
Arizona. according to word received
by Santa Fe officials here.
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12

CONTINUED on Page Two)
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12

Continued on tage Eighth
The Alaska daily empire., 1922-08-12
Enjoy Trip

"Alask1 f. b"lp'iful cyr"'-v and
I'm mfgh,y glad I nm finally able Z
mike .he .r'n. Nv pue''s are mos
enthusiastic over your mountains
Evening journal., 1922-08-17
Country Boy Has Advantage Orer
City DrUelIer in Radio Reception

/ eriy arranged. mako a very good
aerial. There are no steel buildings
to absorb the feeble impulses.
No Lightning Fear.
The farmer has no fear OF light
ming. He has lived in the open with
Il. He knows that the wires which
pick up the radio signals will bring
no more lightning than the tele-
phone line.
During winter months when life
on the farm has the least TO offer.
radio is offering most The long,
cold nights bear signals from far
and near. Entertaining programs can
be selected at will from any one of
two dozen stations within a radius OF
1000 miles if a good type OF regener-
atlve receiver Is available.
News OF the day. weather reports,
market gossip, entertainment OF
great variety. fashion talks for the
women-all tend TO make radio pop
ular IN the country.
As with the automobile and tai
ephone, 80 with radio. The rural
dweller viii find the greatest need
for II, and put it TO the most use
ful service. He will learn most about
It, too. The tendency on part Of the
youth OF the farm toward operation
OF amateur telephone and telegraph
stations for communication from
county to county and State to State
seems a natural one.
More Coming.
Thousands OF them are doing n
now and 1923 promises 20 bring
many thousands moro into the game.
A group of young men IN a small
town IN Washington by their con-
certed efforts have Just been able to
report the reception OF almost two
dozen stations IN the central States
on a fence wire 1900 feet In length
This feat was accomplished during
the worst season OF the year for
radio.
Their experiments win be dupii-
Gated the country over.
Evening journal., 1922-08-17

erp and Practical. a suoteot OF in
terest to woman. Thoroughly covered
by Miss Harriet Webster. of the
Joseph Horne Company, Ptttsbursh.
United States Public Health Service
Semiweekfy Bnoedoast.
9 D. m.-Margery Maokey. so
prano; Richard r. CASTOR. baritone;
Isabel Palmer. pianist. and Robert
Arthurs. violin. Program: Soprano
solos, 'Serenade," Schubert; Aria
from ''Mlgnon." Thomas; Trees"
Rasbsth; Dawn" Currsn; '.Ali for
You" Maroin- Baritone solos, ship"
little Irish Girl" Dohr; ~Or to
Philadelphia" ',Give a Man a Horse
He Can Ride" Geofrrey OHara.
Piano selections TO be announced by
Radiophone.
Evening journal., 1922-08-17

The conductor caiied an inspector.
The whole wordy dialogue was re-
peated. Then the inspector called a
cop. The cop arrested Percy and
took him TO the station. They walk
ed along the street and a crowd
saw Percy and his penny In Gus
tody.
Percy was told that he could go
TO his work, but that he must come
the next day 10 face tho charge.
The next day he was dismissed as
the charge brought against him was
declared a foolish one. The thing
was ended. said the police.
Nat. nae" said Percy. ''rr's
fsir-r-r Just beginnin'."
It was. Percy brought suit against
Glasgow for $4,000 damages.
Evening journal., 1922-08-17

ont Scotsman had . case. Having
been marched along the public
streets as II he were criminal. It
was ruled he was entitled to be full
ly heard. The Scotch lords were
ordered TO hear him.
Percy is waiting for the case to
reopen. He wants to get full run
for his penny.
Evening journal., 1922-08-17

The lord ordinary heard the case.
deemed It sufficient and sent It to
the first division OF the Courts OF
Scotland.
But here the lord president and
three other lords solemnly came TO
the conclusion that thepe was no
case against the city as the em-
ploye OF the tram line had exceed
ed the authority given him by the
city ordinances.