davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington times., 1922-07-09

trical disturbance which passes as a wave
along the optic nerve to the cells OF sight
located In the brain, at which point what
ever image the eye beholds is correctly
interpreted.
This electrical disturbance persists even
after the image has faded from e eye,
and Is called "after vision" The eye
grasps only the obvious details of the
image resting on 1t by leaps and pauses.
Imagination and former experience with
like objects furnish in the brain other
details of the image.
Thus a series of images projected from
the retina flow into the brain along the
optic nerve, and persisting as "after
vision" for an infinitesimal period of time,
link up in association with each other,
giving the appearance OF real motion to
the movies.
This is in the nature of a mechanical
explanation, but there is another reason
why the motion picture gives us the illu-
sion of life and motion, and this reason Ia
largely a matter of psychology. The
mind connects the successive images.
which are slightly different, and makes
to produce those changes.
The eye is constantly in motion; It is
never at rest for more than a few hun.
dredths OF a second at a time. In reading
a line OF print, for example. the eye does
not progress evenly and smoothly but
makes five or six irregular Jumps accord
ing to Professor Laird-other scientists
find a somewhat different speed Partial
blindness characterizes the eye during
these periods OF motion. At most. It
senses only vague. indefinite. hszy blurr.
Professor Edmund Burke Huey OF Har.
ward, actually attached a little cup to a
persons eye and by means Of this machine
recorded the number OF movements of a
persons eye in reading line OF type. A
string attached to the cup moved a pointer
which rested on a drum Of smoked paper
and kept record Of the number of move
ments.
Professor Huey found that the move.
ments occupied about a twenty.fifth Of q
second each. and that they varied widely
in extent, although they occupied nearly
the same time.
The speed Of these movements of the
eye differs considerably in different indi-
viduals, as some are quicker seers or read
ers than others, but the Investigations of
several scientists have proved the spas.
modiC jumping movements and the inter.
mediate blurrs
The same filing in activity OF the mind
is at work in reading. Only a very few
Of the letters in any line are really clear.
ly seen; the remainder are supplied by the
mind. II is for this reason that an mex.
perienced proofreader passes over many
errors which an experienced one catches.
Why is it that the moving pictures seem
continuous when, as q matter OF fact, there
are sixteen different images on the screen
in a second. and the screen IL In total
darkness sixteen times q second and in
partial darkness sixteen additional times
each second? -
This result is attained prinftrilr through
the mechanism Of the humarFeye, and
especially through the persistence OF yis.
The Washington times., 1922-07-09

few inches and hence each eye sees a
given object at a slightly different angle
from the other You can demonstrate
this by holding closed book at arms
length with back toward you. Look at It
first with one eye and then the other. The
difference between the two views is
marked and in each case lacks Elasticity
or depth. When the book Is seen by
both eyes the two views are fused into
one, which has depth and relief
This principle OF disparity is used in the
ordinary stereoscope. The two pictures
Nn the card are taken from a slightly diff
ferent angle. When viewed through the
stereoscope the prismatic lenses bend the
rays of light so that the pictures are seen
by each eye as II they were OF a single
object in front Of them. Since the pic.
lures have the requisite disparity the re.
sulting appearance is one Of a single OBJ
ject in clear relief.
Il is not known how II is that these two
images which are physiologically differ
ent still combine to form a perception
that possesses the quality OF depth. The
important thing, however, is that such Is
the fact. And in this we again have an
The Washington times., 1922-07-09

TT is said on good authority that nine.
tenths of the American people are
= confirmed movie -goers. But among
the millions who are Unsuitable movie
fans" there are perhaps only few hum
dred who have any clear idea why the
movies seem to move and Of the many
other scientific problems involved in the
production of the finest up-to-date motion
pictures.
The average rate at which pictures in a
regular motion play are thrown on the
screen is sixteen in a second. This means
that you see $50 pictures in one minute,
$1,000 pictures in an hour, and $4,000
pictures in long photo play Of two hours
and a half.
This is one of the most amazing facts
in modern science and industry. But 1t
requires some modification. You do not
see quite 144 900 pictures, for science has
discovered that the eye moves in irregular
Jumps averaging five or six to the second,
with momentary blurs in between. Hence
YOU miss $4,000 pictures in the course Of
two and one.half hours, but the mind fills
in what has happened and does not know
what it has missed.
Rut eXpcrt movie gocrs learn to sec bet
ter. They miss fewer Of the pictures. and
when they are running at only sixteen 10
the Second the pictures begin TO appear
slow and stationary to them. TO meet
these needs II is proposed to increase the
rate of projection to twenty-five to the se"-
ond. Rut that would increase the cost OF
production 25 per cent-an increase of hun
dreds of millions Of dollars.
Professor Donald A. Laird, Of the Uni
varsity of Iowa, has written in The Scien
tiic Monthly a highly interesting yet scien-
tifc explanation of "Why the MOVES
Movie" and some Of the other problems in
voIyed Some of his explanations have
been used in this article.
Moving pictures move because they fol-
low in a way, the same laws that Nature
has nut into the human brain for connect
ing up images In action. Contrary to the
universally accepted idea. we do not see
with our eye-thc sight centre in the
brain performs the most important func-
tions which take place In the human
mechanism when we see.
The eve itself Is, by way of speaking,
q movie camera 1t also projects pictures
70 the sight centre" OF the brain, which,
in a wav acts as the screen upon which
2 series Of pictures gradually fade out
According TO the latest theory of vision
now being investigated by Professors
Chaffee and Bowie, Of Harvard University,
the eve itself does not see" the image.
The eye contains a crystalline lens in the
front part which conveys the image to
cones and rods in the retna, or back part
of the eve. which in turn are sensitive to
light and make an inverted picture of the
image corresponding to the negative on a
Photographic plate. This is only the be-
ginning OF sight.
There are about 1000 900 Of these cones
connected by as many fbres. which con.
stitute the optic nerve that leads from
the retina 10 the region Of sight" in the
brain. The light reflected from the image.
passing through the eye to the cones and
rods in the retina, also sets up an elec-
The Washington times., 1922-07-09

The eye really eamera" and projeetor Rays of light
passing the crystalline lens the front the
focused rena () in the back Of the
which corresponds the plate film esmeraand make
upside picture the This
really made by the action Of light what anstomists call
the rods and Of which the retna largely composed
Furthermore the Of light coming from object when they
mpinge these rods and impulse which
ries this from the rena along the optic e.
and g.. This impulse in the Of electrical dis
turbsnee and along the much In the
The Washington times., 1922-07-09

ion, or what Is known
more exactly as the
persistence of the re-
final image or after
vision" already re-
rerred to.
Nature has provided
the human camera with
a chemical substance
sensitive to light which
automatically renews
itself. This material
Is called "rhodopsin."
or visual purple. from
its appearance In fresh
ly dissected eyes.
Every impression that
reaches the reuna pro-
duces a ch e m ical
change in this visual
purple, just as an ex-
posure to light pro-
duces a ch e m | c al
change In the photo
graphic Aim. But the
human retinal image
cannot be taken away
and dpyploned and IN
The Washington times., 1922-07-09

than would otherwise
be the case.
Close one eye and
look around the room
and you will see that
the furniture all looks
fiat and on one plane.
If you walk around
with the same eye
closed you will find
your perception of
distance inaccurate.
Try to bring your two
forefingers together
about a foot In front
Of your eye and you
will find you miss by
two or three inches.
Then try with both
eyes and you will
bring your fingers to-
gether at the first trial.
Our two retinal i'm
ages are separated nv
The Washington times., 1922-07-09

Clearness, freedom
from flicker and illu-
sion Of motion are
all furthered by the
addition of a special
shutter. This has one
large blade and two
small blades. II re-
wolves In the path Of
light OF the protector
and is timed so that the
large blade completely
cuts of the light while
the intermittent move
ment Is pulling down
The next picture. The
iilm is thus not seen
while In movement, but
only after Il has come
10 rest.
This shutter cuts the
light completely on
from the screen while
each picture is being
jerked into place. Six
teen times in each sec.
ond the screen Is in
complete darkness. In
addition to this there
are the two small
blades which partially
shut of light and pre-
vent flicker,
The Washington times., 1922-07-09


He Broke Releasing the Shutters and the Record Appeared
resaveP l Shmlaro o o Eye
in Percevin
The Washington times., 1922-07-09

moving picture protector flashes continuous series
Of pictures the
the sake Of clearhess in this photo diagram Of
used indicate the continuous flow Of images
When this electrical disturbance reaches
(7) where the optic the sight centre
(s) Of the BRAIN complete of cells in the brain
upside Transforming right side
Interpretation of the original image the perceived
This electrical msuse after the moved from
original object perception and picture started
brain, and is called latter vision Thus series
10 developed by this latter vision" in the sight
centre Of the brain, which forms the conception Of
men from Q series Of momenary still pictures
The Washington times., 1922-07-09

to see motion help US to see depth in the
fiat. two o-dimensional world Of the photo
play. In this we also are assisted by our
binocular vision. Two eyes make us much
more accurate in the perception Of depth
The Washington times., 1922-07-09

CCI 1899, by American Weekly. Inc. G
Iron County record. [volume] (Cedar City, Utah) 1893-1982, 1922-12-29


committee, he advocated financial
policy which was largely responsible
for Georgia's obtaining the largest
membership increase of any depart
ment during 1922. Mr.. Cooke is al.
ternate national executive committee
man from Georgia and represented
his state on the committee at the Lee
gion convention In New Orleans.
Mr.. Cooke was graduated from the
University OF Georgia, where he was
manager of the football team and
was prominent in college activities. lie
was professor of mathematics and ath-
letlc director at the Eleventh District
Agricultural college and later at Cor
don Military college.
During the war, the Legion officer
served as second lieutenant with
the Sixteenth Machine Gun battalion
In the Gerardmer sector of the Vosges
mountains, a defensive sector and In
tho Meuse-Argonne offensive. Since
discharge he has been state editor OF
the Macon (Ga.) News and managing
editor Of the Athens Banner. He Is
now a farmer and real estate man.
Iron County record. [volume] (Cedar City, Utah) 1893-1982, 1922-12-29

headquarters shall De able TO stand
upon Its own feet without mourning
any outside obligation forcing the Lee
gion to lose bit Of It's independence
and freedom OF action.
General Tyndalls message to Le-
gionnaires this year is reiteration OF
his advocacy OF financial independence
with u request that Legion members
pay their dues early In order that the
posts may find themselves free to
carry out the program of relief for
disabled, Americanlsm and other I'm
portant measures. General Tyndall
believes that too much energy Is ex-
pended in tho collection OF dues which
should be paid to the post finance
officer upon notification Of the men,
Der.
The military career of General Tyn-
dali dates back to 1897, when he en-
listed as a private. He served in
Porto Rico during the Spanish-Amer-
lean war, on the Mexican border as
commanding officer of the One Hun
dred and Fiftieth artillery OF the
Forty-second (Rainbow) division In
the World war. participating in all
major offensives. He now com
mands tho Thlrty-eighth National
Guard division.
Iron County record. [volume] (Cedar City, Utah) 1893-1982, 1922-12-29
NOT TO ASK RED CROSS AID
American Legion Posts Will Not Re.
quest Funds in the Hands Of the
Local Chapters.

Funds In the hands OF local chap
tiers OF the American Red Cross will
not be asked Tor by American Legion
posts, according TO Lemuel Bolles, Lee
glon national adJutant.
"I'he American Red Cross Is cooper
ating with the American Legion In ey-
cry way in the furnishing of funds for
service to the sick and disabled, and
In many localities Is furnishing direct
relief to service men and their fam.
llles," Mr.. Bolies said. Funds In the
hands of local chapters of the Amer.
lean Red Cross should not be confused
with the residue funds Of the war
chest, or other emergency war organl.
cations which. during the war raised
money for work among soldiers and
sailors, but which ceased to function
at the conclusion OF hostlllties"
Based on court decisions at Athens,
o.. and Vevay. Ind, the Legion has dl.
rected Its posts to obtain all funds In
the treasures Of emergency organiza.
tons which are no longer. concerned
With relief Of World war fighters.
Iron County record. [volume] (Cedar City, Utah) 1893-1982, 1922-12-29
WELL RECEIVED IN HAVANA
American Legion Men Report Marked
Hospitality While on Recent
Visit TO Cuba.

Tales OF excellent hospitality from
American Legion members In Havana
have been brought to this country by
Leglonnalres who jOurneyed to Cuba
following the recent national cOn4en.
tion In New Orleans.
The program held by the Havana
bubbles included a visit TO Legion
headquarters, trip to the jail alai
game at the Havana-Madrid FrOnton
which provided front boxes for the Wis
ltors and visits TO Moro castle, Ca.
banas fortress and other interesting
points. Hotels and restaurants wei.
coined the Legionnalres with elabOr-
ate decorations and special rates In
addition to providing information
booths and other cOnyeRIences.
Havana has one OF the lnrgest for
eign posts Of the Legion. II Is com.
posed OF veterans from nearly every
branch Of the service. The reception
arrangements were conducted by Capt
George 7. Street. post commander, and
John Blavka.
Iron County record. [volume] (Cedar City, Utah) 1893-1982, 1922-12-29
They Were Honeymooners.

She had said something that dis
tressed him and, seeing the look on his
face, she exclaimed: "Oh. my darling,
I'm afraid have hurt you"
mo, dearest" he replied, gravely,
1.-THE hurt I feel Is due to the fact that
I know 1t hurts you to feel that you
have hurt me-"
"Ah. mol" she said. "Do not let that
hurt you for an instant. My hurt ia
because / know It hurts you to feel
that have hurt myself hurting YOU"
mo, no, my preclous My hurt 10
because you are hurt over feeling that
| am hurt because you feel that you
have hurt me and are therefore hurt
yourself and"
But let us leave them, dear reader.
They will get over 1t In tlme.-Boston
Evening Transcript.
Canada's Canai systems.
There are six canal systems under
the control OF the Dominion govern.
ment, the most important of which Is
that between Fort William and Mon.
treal. The other systems are between
Montreal and the international boun.
Diary near Lake Champlain; Montreal
and Ottawa, Ottawa and Kingston, the
st. Peters canal from the Atlantic
ocean to the Bras dor lakes Cape
Breton and the lncompleted canal from
Trenton to Lake Huron.
Iron County record. [volume] (Cedar City, Utah) 1893-1982, 1922-12-29

oCi Vu captain Va
artillery In the One Hundred Sixteenth
ammunition train. composed of two
battalions OF the old Third Wyoming
infantry, remaining fifteen months In
France, where his organization was a
part OF the Forty-first division.
An organizer of the George Vro-
man post OF the Legion at Casper,
Mr.. Plummer served as its first com.
mander. He was active in QUILTING
clubrooms for that post and in Its
general development. A fighter for
the rights Of disabled ex-service men,
Mr. Plummer's activity In their behalf
obtained national recognition, result
ing In his election as national execu-
tive committeeman, and later as ma
tional vice commander. He Is law.
yer, was educated at the University
Of Illinois and is proud OF the fact
that he Is a fraternity brother OF Alvin
NJ. Owsley, Legion national com
mander.
Iron County record. [volume] (Cedar City, Utah) 1893-1982, 1922-12-29
Tho Homecoming Turtle.

For several years a turtle, although
owing to damage done 1t was removed
several miles from Milford. N. j., had
been coming back to tomato patch
In that city Scientists became Inter.
ested and 1t was taken several miles
beyond the Delaware river. After four
years 1t was again found among the
tomato plants.
Iron County record. [volume] (Cedar City, Utah) 1893-1982, 1922-12-29

Is thoroughly dependable. Thi. Is un.
fortunate for there are undoubtedly
many reliable selling agencies. How
ever, the failure TO establish suitable
connections and the general luck OF
confidence among farmers organiza.
ton In existing marketing agencies
has led the American Farm bureau
Federation. through various corpora.
lions which II has fostered to estab-
fish at various markets selling or.
CARNATIONS which are supposed TO
represent the organized farmers di.
rectly. Thus livestock commission
houses have been established in sew.
eral of the principal livestock mar.
kets. II Is the sim of these commits
sion houses to connect up with coop
erative livestock shipping associations
IN such way as to handle all ship
ments made by these organizations.
Already. a large volume of business
has been handled in this way. 10
a less extent but In a similar manner
grain is being marketed through
agencies that are supposed to be d.
rectly representative of the organ.
I'D farmers themselves. The point
to be noted Is that these cooperative
selling agencies becom available to
farmers only after they have perfected
local organization to do the things
indicated in the earlier part of this
discussion.
Up to the present time an effort
has been made to set more or loss
we'll defined limits to The field OF
cooperation. Before concluding Il
should be pointed out that there are
few fundamentals upon which all
successful cooperation must be has.
ed. These principles must be adj
hered to whether the organization be
large or small. They may be briefly
stated as follows:
First there must be intellectual
or spiritual cooperation before there
can be successful material coopera.
ton. To be good cooperators, men
must be thoroughly convinced OF the
value OF cooperation. For this rea.
son II Is much better that the move
ment be initiated by the people i'm
mediately concerned than that It be
brought to them by some one from
outside.
Second, : the physical conditions
must be favorable. There should be
a sufficient volume OF business, ac-
tual or potential. to warrant the for.
nation OF an organization. Only one
commodity or small number of sim.
liar commodities should be handled.
Third, no business, cooperative or
otherwise. can succeed without rea-
sonably goo management. As volume
OF business done or number of func.
lions performed increases arrange
ment becomes more and moro impor
tant.
Fourth, there must be absolute
loyalty on the part OF the member
ship toward the organization. To this
end the association sould have definite
objects in view and there should be
n common understanding as to what
these objects are. Where there ia
any doubt as to the loyalty OF mem
Der there should be a binding con.
tract between them and the assocla-
ton.
The thousands OF highly successful
organizations in this
show concIusively that coop |
Grafton among farmers is both feas-
bile and profitable If they will but
recognize their limitations and adj
here to sound fundamental principles.
Iron County record. [volume] (Cedar City, Utah) 1893-1982, 1922-12-29
Hear Radio Address.

When representative OF the United
States Veterans bureau broadcast a
radio talk on the Possibilities of q
Rehabilitated ExServlce Man" at At
lanta. under the direction OF Joe
Sparks. the new chairman OF the Amer
lean Legion's national rehabilitation
committee. his remarks were listened
to with interest by 200 veterans In a
training school at CoOlrville. Tenn, 300
milea away,
Iron County record. [volume] (Cedar City, Utah) 1893-1982, 1922-12-29

can Legion, typifes
the spirit or the
West In the World
war. Although he
W as thirty-eight
years old at Its out
break, he couldn't
stay out Of the
scrap. So he threw
away his four-gal
Ion chapeau am
donned a campaigi
hat. spending TWEEN
ty-twO months II
the service.
Iron County record. [volume] (Cedar City, Utah) 1893-1982, 1922-12-29

members of the Belgian ex-soryice
mems organization.
The Louisiana men acted as hosts
to the Belgian delegation at the New
Orleans gathering. Presentation was
formally made by NJ. Joseph jaime, as.
sistant minister of labor for Belgium.
"a vice president Of the association and
commander of the Belgian Legion.
The diploma and badge will be pre-
sented to the Americans by King AL.
bert at the next association gathering
at Brussels In 1923.
Iron County record. [volume] (Cedar City, Utah) 1893-1982, 1922-12-29
H0N0RS FOR TWO AMERICANS
Louisiana Men Are Named az Honor
AIRY Members Of the Belgian
Veterans Legion.

The signal honor of being made hon.
orary member OF the Belgian Vet
Grams Legion came TO Clarence ].
Bourg. Louisiana American Legion ma.
tional executive committeeman, and
Mayor Robert Mouton of Lafayette,
La, during the Interalled Veterans
association convention In New Or.
leans. There are only five honorary
Iron County record. [volume] (Cedar City, Utah) 1893-1982, 1922-12-29

Legionnaires to
Maj. Gen. Robert
Tyndall of Indian
apolis, recently re-
appointed national
treasurer of the
ex-service mems
organization.
At oil national
conventions and
Legion gatherings
of various kinds.
General Tyndan
has insisted upon
the adoption of n
financial p Obey
vherehy national
Iron County record. [volume] (Cedar City, Utah) 1893-1982, 1922-12-29

financial poll cies
have been the hob
bies OF II. Earle
Cooke of Dawson.
Ga. national vice
commander OF the
American Legion.
Mr.. G, cke was
one of tho founders
of the Georgia de-
partment of the
Legion and has
been active In Lee
glon affairs ever
since. Serving as
a member Of the
Iron County record. [volume] (Cedar City, Utah) 1893-1982, 1922-12-29

ms Make information on uues,;onn
ar, pushing you will be pleasure and privilege
ana promptly all questions submitted Your questions nu,t be
ed to 0o and Jul must each Letter.
special information send stamped envelope All will
always be held in absolute confidence " - ~
u, lee; should be addressed plainly pen
O0Ns' poA wv oaH Lake ILty 81 n
Iron County record. [volume] (Cedar City, Utah) 1893-1982, 1922-12-29
Through tho Little Window.

$50 you're back from your vacation.
ehT we remarked to our favorite
postal clerk.
EYES," he replied. "back to the old
stamping ground" - Boston Tran.
script
Iron County record. [volume] (Cedar City, Utah) 1893-1982, 1922-12-29
PenalNa.

what are you girls going to do
nextr
what nowr'
Just saw enc standing In front of
barber shop rubbing her chin."--
Louisville Courier ourpRL