davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12

formally at luncheon at the Shore
ham yesterday.
Miss Winifred Mallon will enter
tain at a tea on Saturday October
IA from to o'clock at the Wood
ward.S
Mrs. Lewis Perrine. who Is a gues,
of Mr.. and Mrs. l.. l.. Nicholson, IT..
at their place near Rockville. Md,
will return today to her home IN
Trenton, n. ]. Mrs. Perrine is a
delegate to the American Red Cross
conference.
Mr.. and Mrs. Charles X. Lindsay.
jr., who are in Canada. will return
in few days to their home in Edge
moor, Md.
Lieut. Charles A. Cameron. of Nor
folk. Va, is the guest of b. D.
Raines and Paul Engstrom in their
apartment at Wardman Park Hotel.
Mrs. Elizabeth Scott has arrived
from Cincinnati to spend several
days at the Lee House.
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12
GAMBLERS JILTED
FIANCEEWILLTEST
SOUTH'S CHIVALRY
Aged Millionaire Must
Tell Who Told Tales,
Says Mrs. De B0uchel.
BLAMES HIS FAMILY
Attorney Hints at "Cold-
blooded Conspiracy to End
Engagement"

ATLANTA, Ca, Oct. 1.-THE hght
of Mrs. Onezima de Bouchel. beau
tifuI New Orleans divorcee, and
Tilted fancee Of Asa @. Gambler.
coca cola king. will test the vaunt-
ed chivalry of the South. accord
ing to her legal advisor. Harry
Gamble.
Gamble. who arrived in Atlanta
today, issued a statement. after a
short conference with his client.
making IL clear that Mrs. De Bou-
chel will make every effort to uh-
mask those she believed to have
conspired to cast shadow over
her name.
This lady has been waylaid,"
Gamble declared in his statemen.
The tracks about the ambush lead
as straight as a bullets path to
the portals Of the Gambler family.
The only question in the mind of
myself and client is was this a
cold -blooded conspiracy designed
against both principals by an un-
grateful family. or did Gambler also
become a party to it?'
Faces Painful Decision.
Never in the South, perhaps IN
the nation. has a woman had so
painful a decision confronting her
as has Mrs. De Bouchel. Told that
there are men at large in Atlanta
degrading her name. that for her
to appear in Atlanta is an insult.
she could retreat in silence and
let this pestilence follow her wher-
ever she might go. or she could
bring her enemies out in the open,
''She was warned that resistance
I" the Gamblers on their own
grounds was perilous. She already
has a sample Of their methods.
The battle is unequal. but she feels
secure In that she is right.
we will have to admit that the
South is not as it once was. il
the people fail to rally to the de-
fense of Mrs. De Bouchel. We can
only hope that the enormity OF
the offense against this woman has
fully penetrated the public con-
science"
Bring S!anderers to Justice.
Accordingly Mrs. De Bouchel and
her counsel have made IL clear
that her purposes are to bring
to justice those alleged to have
slandered her. Said to be wealthy
in her own name and to have de-
Scended from French aristocracy
on both sides of her family. Mrs
De Bouchel would seem TO have
set up as her objective satisfao
tion of her heritage of pride rather
than any pecuniary gain. Thus
far statements emanating both from
herself and her counsel have
stressed the point that Gambler
mus tell who originated the SLAM
ders against her. or deny that
such rumOrS constituted the basis
"f his calling off his engagement
to Mrs pe Eouchel.
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12
Traction Line Bankrupt.

CHICAGO. Oct. ll.-Good roads ~ 4
motor buses connecting Chicago ard
smaller cities have forced another
trac,ior line to file suit in bank uptcy.
Bill for a receiver and $3.50 0C9
mortgage foreclosure was filed here
today against the Chicago and Inter
urban Traction Com7GnT. TIL. 'ine
extends from Chica=J to Kankakee.
The company has been unable 10 m~et
Crer ating expenses.
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12
"Wizard" Goes to Asylum

George F. Burgess. Colored, 1873
Corcoran street northwest who told
Judge Hardison yesterday in Polio"
of seventh son ard possessed such
marvellous powers that he had man.
a ged to teach eight carrier pigeons TO
run a lawn mower. was sent to the
psychopathic ward at the Washing
ton Asylum Hospital for mental obscl.
vation
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12
By EVELYN C. HUNT.

ly Miss Marion Drain and is the
daughter of Mr.. and Mrs. James A
Drain.
b Paul Gardner Tchernikoff will en-
tertain at a reception on Tuesday.
October "a. from to o'clock at
his studio at 1908 S street north
west.
Mrs. Bayard Halstead entertained
at tea yesterday afternoon at Ward
man Park.
Mr.. and Mrs. +. L. Hart, jr., of
Wichita. Kans.. are at the Burlington
Hotel for an indefinite period.
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12
LIEUT.. GOVERNOR GRANT
ARRIVES FROM HALIFAX.

Lieut.. Gov MacCallum Grant and
Mrs. Grant have arrived from Hall
fax. and DR.. II. s. Beland. of Ottowa,
have Joined the Sulgrave Manor dele
gates at the Shoreham.
The marriage of Miss Sara Alice
Latimer. daughter of Mrs. Ashbury
Churchwell Latimer of Bolton. $. C.
and Robert Clement Watson took place
last evening in Bolton. The ceremony
was performed in the Latimer Memo-
rial Church at o'clock, and was fol-
lowed by a reception in the home of
the brides mother. Mrs. James s.
Patten. of Washington. sister Of the
bride. was matron OF honor. and her
cousin. Miss Anna Dean. was maid OF
honor Among the other attendants
will be Mrs. Henry Parsons Erwin. of
Washington. who. with Mr.. Erwin. one
of the ushers. went to Belton n fort
night ago. A number of Miss Lati-
mer's friends in Washington went
South for the wedding. Mr.. Watson
and his bride will make their home
in Washington.
Mrs. Lewis Williams Cass and Mrs
Paul Trapier Hayne entertained yes-
terday at a bridge tea at Wardman
Park Hotel. Mrs. ]. c. Welborn. Mrs.
H. 5. Mulliken. Mrs. w. c. Babcock,
and Mrs. G. S. Norvell assisted the
hostesses in receiving the guests. Mrs.
II. {. Crosby and Mrs. John T. Sayles
presided at the tea table.
Mrs. August Belmont. of New
YORK. entertained company of
elsht at the Shoreham at lunch
con yesterday. her guests being
largely from delegates to the Red
Cross convention.
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12
BANKING WOMEN
ATTEND DINNER,

A group of 100 women engaged In
the banking business here had a
get-together dinner last evening at
the Lee House. The purpose of the
dinner was to interest women in the
American Institute of Banking,
which is a part of the American
Bankers Association. Miss Helena
ID. Reed. of the Commercial National
Bank, is the chairman of the wom-
ems committee of the American In
stitute of Banking, and presided a,
the dinner, which was the second
under the auspices OF the women's
committee.
DIR. and Mrs. Benjamin Rush Lo-
gle and their daughter, Miss Tay-
lor Logic. have moved from Ward
man Park Hotel to the Highlands
where they have taken an apart
ment for the winter.
Mr.. and Mrs. Edward Osborne
Craig have sent out cards for the
marriage of their dauglI, ar. Marga-
ret Osborne, to William Addison
Rogers. md. S:ttLrdaJ rvering, Oc-
tober - at S n'Clcrk at .St Mar
garet's Church. The ceremony will
he fp,iCwrd 1y rscaptior 1.
Rausch.rI
Mrs. Clarence T.. Calhoun is at tho
Hotel Lorraine. New York, for a
week.
A class in dancing for adults. un-
der the auspices of the Catholic
Women's Service Club. viii be hello
at the Catholic Community House.
COL f street northwest. tomorrow
evening at 1:3O o'clock. General
dancing at o'clock
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12
WASHING TON SOCIETY
BY EVELYN c. HUNT

.HE Postmaster General and
Mrs. Hubers Work viii enter
i tain at dinner Saturday eve
ming at wardman. Park Hotel In COM
pliment to their daughter. Mrs. Albert
Bissell. OF Chicago. who will spend q
fortnight with her parents.
Yesterday afternoon Mrs. Work en-
tertained a small company at tea in
her apartment at wardman Park,
when her guests were asked to meet
Mrs. Bisseii. Among those who as
sisted were Mrs. Merritte w. Ireland,
wife Of the Surgeon General, U. S. A.;
Mrs. Robert E. Noble. wife of the
librarian of the Army Medical Mu-
scum: Mrs. John II. Bartlett. wife Of
the First Assistant Postmaster Gen.
eral: Mrs. Warren Irving Glover. wife
Of the Third Assistant Postmaster
General; Mrs. Delaney. wife of Col.
Matthew A. Delaney. and Mrs. David
Mulvane. OF Kansas.
Secretary OF Commerce Herbert
Hoover will leave here Monday for a
short trip to Toledo. Ohio. He will
stop in Grand Rapids and Detroit on
his waN home.
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12
Fire Causes $500 Loss.

Fire Of undetermined origin early
yesterday in the feed store of James
~. Ford. 1850 First street southwest.
resulted in loss estimated at $500.
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12
MR.. AND MRS. GIST BLAIR
WILL SPEND WINTER ABROAD.

Mr.. and Mrs. Gist Blair. who are
in their home on Pennsylvania ave-
nue. for a short time. will sail from
New York on board the Mauretania
on November for Europe. where
they will spend the winter They
spent the greater part of the sum-
mer at Portland, Me
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12

Mrs. William Metcalf Bliss is at
"ardman Park Hctcl. where she
Will remain a week while opening
her house in 2s45 Connecticut ave
nue..
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12
MR.. AND MRS. COLLADAY
WILL MOTOR TO NEW ENGLAND.

Edward F. Colladay, Republican
national committeeman, and Mrs.
COlladay. will leave tomorrow by
motor for New England wher. they
will visit their sons. Edward F. Col
laday. jr. md David Colladay, who
are students at Phillips Exeter
Academy They will return via New
York and will go from there to the
Sea View Golf Club at Absecon,
y. J.. for several days. Miss Ellen
Newton will leave here Saturday.
Get. 81, to join them at Absecon
for few days and to motor back
TO Washington with them the fol-
lowing week.
Brig. Gen. and Mrs. Charles
Farnsworth entertained last even
ing at a buffet supper when their
guests were the members of the
class of 's7 of the Military Academy.
now stationed in Washington, and
the ladies of their families The
company numbered about twenty.
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12

Capt, r. II. Ballard. Of Washing
ton. and Capt. H. NJ. Mahon, of Camp
Dix. N. j. have engaged apartments
at the Burlington Hotel
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12

Eugene Meyer. jr.. OF the War
finance Corporation. has left for
trip West, going first to New
Mexico.
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12

Nlscountess Fenelon. accompanied
ny her son, has arrived at wara.
man Park Hotel to spend month
or more.
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12

MIR. and Mrs. Edward II. Alison
we're among those entertaining in
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12

Mr.. and Mrs. G. A. Hemphill. of
New York. are receiving congra tu-
Iations upon the birth of a son last
Friday. Mrs. Hemphill was former
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12

cant Francis Tottenham. newly
appointed naval attache Of the Brit
ish Embassy. arrived in Washing
ton last evening.
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12

Mrs Clarence Norment has re-
turned to her apartment at Ward
man Park Hotel after having spent
the summer at their place at Mar
has Vineyard.
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12

Dr. and Mrs. James r. Mitchell
VINO spent the summer and early
autume at Rar Harbor. Me. have
returned to their residence in Du-
pont Circle.
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12
SECRETARY ROOSEVELT PLANS
TRIP TO WEST VIRGINIA.


Secretary of the Navy. will leave
the first of the week for a trip to
West Virginia.
Mrs. Charles Bromwell, who is
staying at Wardman Park Hotel
for month or more. has gone to
New York to meet her son-in-law
and daughter. Capt Sidney X. Bal
ley. naval attache of the British
Embassy staff. and Mrs. Bailey. who
are due there this weekend from
Brazil. They will all come directly
to Washington and will stay at
Wardman Park Hotel for several
weeks.
Sir Charles akefeld, Mrs. Wake
field. and Miss Wakefield and Sir
Arthur Ha=worth and Lady Har-
worth. Sir william Let's. Harry S.
Paris. Harold Spencer and Capt.
w. L. De Voto. all of London. are
among the twenty-eight delegates
of the Sulgrave Manor Commission
who have arrived in Washington.
and all o: whom are stopping at the
Shoreham.
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12
MRS. WALSH ENTERTAINS
RED CROSS DELEGATES.

MIS- Thomas +. Walsh gave a
large buffet luncheon yesterday for
tne delegates to the convention of
the American Red Cross. which is
beinS held here this week.
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12
BRITISH AMDAsSADOR
ENTERTAINS AT LUNCHEON.

The British Ambassador and Lady
Geddes entertained at luncheon at the
embassy yesterday. having as guests
Surgeon Rear Admiral and Mrs.
Beadneu, Mr.. and Mrs. John Joyce
Broderick. Mrs. r. Leslie Craigie and
Hugh ". Tenant, secretary to the
Ambassador.
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12

Mrs. James W. Wadswortb tr
and Miss Evelyn Wadswortb have
returned to their home in Six
teenth street after spending the
summer on their farm in New York
The Washington herald., 1922-10-12

Ambassador.
DR.. and Nine. Meach Ragusin. Of
Argentina, arrived in Washington yes
terday for a short stay and are stop
ming at wardman Park Hotel. DR..
Ragusin Is a delegate to an interna-
tional medical conference to be held
shortly in Chicago and has come here
for visit en- route to that city.
Gen. Pershing was a luncheon guest
yesterday of Mr.. and Mrs. James G..
McNary OF FL Paso. Tex, who are
staying at the Shoreham. and who en-
tertained there Yesterday.
Rear Admiral and Mrs. Harry S.
Rousseau entertained a distin-
guished company at dinner last
evening at the Chevy Chase Club
in compliment to ]. T.. Lefevre,
newly appointed Minister of Pan
anna to South America.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1922-12-14

can be fastened either to a small post
or to peg driven into the ground.
Due TO the fact that the wires of
the umbrella-type antenna cover a
large area of ground, the capacity Of
the antenna is very large. The total
inductance, however, Is only little
greater than that of the vertical por-
tion Of the antenna.
The umbrella-type antenna has not
found very wide field of application
in commercial or amateur telegraphy.
During the war 1t was used TO some
extent In portable army sets. Due to
Its dlrectlonal characteristics, which
are nil-or in other words, energy is
radlated equally In all dlrectlons-it
has found some favor with some high
powered commercial stations for trans
oceanic communication.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1922-12-14

prettI appearance, II Is true, but un-
pr4tty does, and It takes more than
any artistic appearance to do the
work.
One of the so-called advantages Of
the cage is that high tension corona
losses are reduced to a minimum. If
the amateur is using undamped oscll-
lations, that is, using vacuum tube
transmltter, he need not be concerned
about corona losses. However, II a
damped or spark transmitter Is used,
the cage antenna will be 'vlsable.
Also uniform current distI.. tion Is
secured by the use of the cage an
tenna. This is not the case with the
fiat-top antenna, where the currents
are not equal, the outer carrying more
current than the inner wires. From
the foregoing 1t may be said that the
cage antenna is to be preferred to the
flat-top only because Of the reduction
of the hlgh-voltage corona losses and
because OF the uniform current distri-
button.
1t has been shown that antennae have
certain well defined directlonal char
acteristics. The one having the most
clearly defined characteristics Is the
loop antenna shown In Figure 8.
In actual practice very satisfac-
tory type of loop antenna for recep-
tional purposes consists of eight turns
of No. 10 wire. spaced one-eighth, and
wound on frame 80 inches square.
The fundamental wave length of this
antenna is approximately $50 meters.
Obviously loop antennae need not
be square. They may be triangular,
circular, or any closed shape, and
their linear dimensions are not nee
essarily fixed. Due to their small
dimensions, the amount OF energy
picked up by them Is also small, and
therefore they should be used only
with several stages of radio frequency
ampllficatlon before the detector. See
Figure 8, In which the loop is shown
with only detector
In the hook-up, l. is the loop anten-
ma, and forms the inductance in the
Dscillating circuit. @ is the variable
condenser connected across the loop
terminals and is used to tune the loop
TO the proper wave length.
A loop antenna in this manner has
extremely sharp directlonal character
istics and receives signals only from
stations in the plane,of the loop. That
is, the loop must be parallel to the
direction of travel OF the wave sent
out by the transmltter.
Many good circuits have recently
been devised whereby loop antennae
are used with success In eliminating
static Interference. This elimination
is accomplished partly by the small
linear dimensions Of the loop and
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1922-12-14

partly by Its inherent characteristics.
One OF the most important appli
cations Of the loop antenna ls as n
radio compass, for ship. alrplane and
submarine. By means of the Belllnl.
Tosl system, in which two single wire
antennae, erected at right angles to
each other, are used, the exact bear
Ing Of n distant transmltter may be
determined This system is the one
used by the numerous naval radio
compass stations along the sea coast.
The umbrelia-type antenna, as Illus.
trated in Figure 10, receives Its name
from its general shape and similarity
to an umbrella. Referring to the fig.
ure 1t will be seen that this type of
antenna consists of number of wires
connected at the upper end Of yer.
teal mast and radlatlng from this
point in several directions. The lead.
in is taken from the central point Of
the antenna system.
In general, length OF the raJlating
wires or "ribs" of the umbrella is
about two-thirds the total height of
the mast, although this dimension Is
not fixed. and different ratio may
be employed with success. As can be
seen in the illustration, lnsulators are
placed about One-third of the way from
the top Of the "rib" wires, so that the
actual antenna will be some distance
above the ground. The overall length
of the 'rib" wires, including the guy
wire, should he several times as long
as the mast is high. This guy wire
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1922-12-14
RADIO FLASHES

The New York-to-Brazil air
plane carried a two-stage radio
receiving warnings, time sig.
nails, news bulletins and enter
tainment.
All ships sailing from Ameri-
can harbors and carrying 80 per-
sons are required by law to
maintain and operate a radio
set capable Of covering at least
100 miles.
Every one OF the Is air-mall
stations in the United States is
radio-equlpped. 1t is planned
to provide few Of these with
radio telephone. as well as ra-
dio telegraph, service.
Montclair, N. j., has Installed
In its high school an aerial equal
In size to some Of the broad
casting stations. The receiving
set is In the physics department
and many Of the pupils are II.
censed operators.
1t is reported that government
experts have noticed that high.
frequency waves from radio
broadcastlng stations nearby
have caused vegetation to take
on larger growth and reach
maturity sooner than under or
dlnary conditions.
1t Is proposed to Increase the
facilities for broadcasting by
varying some OF the many 800
meter stations by 25 or more
meters. 1t is believed that this
arrangement would permit more
OF the stations to operate at the
same time and make II unneces-
sary to divide the time into SO
many rather short periods of
operation.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1922-12-14
RADIO
ANTENkAE OF OTHER
TYPES ARE DESCRIBED
Cage, Loop and Umbrella Forms
Have Each Certain Advan-
tages and Special Uses.

Some OF the newer generation of
fodlo amateurs may have been led to
think that the cage antenna is more
efficient than other forms. One of
the arguments advanced for their use
Is that they have been adopted by the
United States navy on all ships. There
Is a good reason for the adoption OF
this type OF antenna for the navy, but
1t is not because Of the great efficiency
of the cage type. In fact, the only rea-
son the cage type is used at all in the
navy is because OF the fact that 1t
would be difficult for an enemy shell
to carry away the antenna with a
single shot.
There seems to be a good deal OF
mlslnformation on the merits of the
cage-type antenna. They make a
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1922-12-14
The KITCHEN
CABINET

90. ig22, Western Newspaper Union.)
Thy name is Hasty Pudding. thus
our sires
Were wont to greet thee fuming from
their fires:
And while they srgud in thy just de-
fense
With logic clear. they thus explain'd
the sense
In haste the boiling caldron DER the
blaze
Receive and cook the ready powdered
nIaise:
In haste 'tis served and then In equal
haste.
With cooling milk. we make the sweer
repast.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1922-12-14

from the family. The meat itself is
not what is missed in meatless meal,
but the fiavor-the extractives OF the
meat. which add zest to It. Meat in
large quantities is not necessary or Is
It even healthful for us, so by using
small portions of meat for flavor. the
appetite is satisfied and the expense
for the table lessened.
Stuffed Tomatoes.-Wash six toma-
toes, cut a slice from the stem-end,
scoop out the center, invert to drain.
To one-half cupful of soft bread
crumbs add the tomato pulp. one-half
cupful OF cooked chopped ham, one.
half tablespoonful Of chopped parsley
and one-half teaspOonful of salt Sea-
son the inside of the tomatoes, fll
with the ham mixture. Do not press
down lest the tomatoes crack while
cooking. Place in a shallow pan and
bake 30 minutes In a moderate oven.
Pastry Rolls.-Put one cupful of
meat through the meat chopper, add
one-fourth Of cupful of bread crumbs,
one teaspoonful OF salt. one teaspoon.
full of Worcestershire sauce and beef
stock TO molsteH. Add one tablespoon
full OF chopped parsley and shape into
small rolls. Make "a plain pastry, roll
thin and wrap strip around each roll
OF meat. Bake in hot oven and serve
with a brown sauce.
Beef Raeout.-Take one pound of
beef, cut 1t into one-lnch cubes and
slice one onion very thin. To two
tablespoonfuls Of fat In a frying pun
add the onion and meat. stir and cook
until well Drowned. REMOVE from the
fire and put the meat with the onion
into kettle Add one bunch Of celery
cut fine. two cupfuls OF tomato. one
half package OF cooked spaghetti. one
teaspoonful of salt, one-fourth tea
spoonful OF pepper and let II simmer
for three hours, or until the meat Is
very tender. Add little hot water II
there is danger Of scorching. but cook
very slowly. Serve on a platter;
sprinkle with cheese finely grated just
before serving.
N.a hlAx ~t,Q
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1922-12-14

but II 1t Is cooked In double boiler II
needs no stirring and will cook with
out Jumping. When taking out of the
the direct heat to be sure that the
starch Is all cooked. Take three and
one-half cupfuls of cold water, one tea
spoonful of salt, and one cupful Of
cornmeal; place over hot water and
cook until smooth. Some cooks give II
good beating with an egg beater just
as II begins to thicken. When serving
the "mush and milk" dip the spoon
each time into the milk, then each
spoonful Of the pudding will be sep
arate in the bowl. If you are skillful,
the water may be boiling hot and the
cornmeal slfted In little at time
with the left hand and the right stir
ring vigorously to keep 1t from lump
ing. Salt and stir often, cook In an
iron frying pan and the pudding Will
not burn on. Cook long time to bring
out the flavor Of the corn.
Corn Dodeers.--Scald cornmeal with
boiling water. adding n teaspoonful Of
salt and tablespoonful OF fat 10 each
quart OF cornmeal. When cool form
into cakes one inch in thickness and
bake on hot griddle very slowly so
that they may be cooked all through.
Dodgers are broken, never cut, and are
served with butter or gravy.
Polenta.-Polenta Is the italian way
of serving mush. 1t is cooked two to
four hours. Stir in three-fourths Of a
cupful Of grated cheese and stir until
II melts. Pour into long tin to cool.
sprinkle with cheese and when cool
cut In squares and bake 10 minutes.
Corn Pone.-Into quart of boiling
water, salted, stir enough cornmeal to
make q stiff dough. Shape into small
cakes and bake one-half hour in hot
oven. The pone should be brown on
all sides.