davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The spectator., 1922-05-16
(Preparsd by the United States Departmen,
 of Agrculture.)

(Preparsd by the United States Department
 of Agriculture)
 The cost of power on tractor farms in the winter wheat belt is somewhat greater than when horses are used for all the work. according to the results of survey by the United States De mary report just issued shows, how ever, that three-fourths of the tractor owners were of the opinion that their tractors were proving profitable.
 This survey shows differences in the cost of power and labor due to the use of tractors, the work done with them, and the cost per acre for different op- eratiOns both with horses and tractors. Some 354 tractor owners in northern Oklahoma, Kansas and southern Ne braska were visited and q complete record of all work done with tractors and horses during the year was ob- tained, together with statements con- corning the farmers opinions of the advantages and disadvantages of using tractors. The farms averaged about 800 acres in size. on which 352 acres of crops were grown in 1921, nearly three-fourths of the crop area being in wheat.
 The cost of using tractors for draw bar work on these farms averaged S+S4 for the year. or S1.0O per hour. These farmers were keeping an average of S.3 head of work stock in addition to their tractors and the cost per farm of keeping the work stock for the year was S541. Thus the total annual cost of power for drawbar work was S1 ,o25. The tractors furnished the power for 40 per cent of the drawbar work.
 Variations in Cost of Power.
 There were great variations in the practices and costs on individual farms and the results indicate that often the cost of using the tractors and keeping the work stock was excess
The spectator., 1922-05-16
[;!zz!Nz DO
THINGS BEGINNERS
 MUST LEARN FIRST
Explanation of Terms Used in Radio and of Its Basic
 Principles.

Due to the great interest taken in ra. dio since broadcasting stations have been started. many radio terms are seen and heard that may be unfamiliar to the novice. Some of the most com monly used terms are explained and defined below.
 Like light, heat and sound. radio energy is propagated in the form of a wave motion. Every one is familiar with the wave motion set up on the surface of still body of water by the dropping of stone into it.
 Every time point on the surface Of the waves goes through a complete set of motions and starts to repeat those motions the wave is said to have gone through cycle.
 The number of complete cycles gone through per second is the frequency.
 The human ear is responsive to sound frequencies up to few thousand cycles per second but is not capable of responding to the higher frequencies encountered in radio. Arbitrarily a frequency of less than 10000 cycles has been called an audible frequency one which can be heard-and frei Quencies above 10000 cycles, radio or inaudible frequencies-because they cannot be heard by the human ear
 The particular type of wave which propagates radio energy is an electro magnetic wave. All of us have seen bits of iron and steel attracted by the little toy magnets made up in the form of horseshOes. This attraction of the magnet for the bits of iron and steel showed the existence of magnetic
The spectator., 1922-05-16

electrical resonance. Stations trans mitting on any wave-length other than S60 meters will not cause a current to be set up in the receiver.
 The portion of radio receiver that changes the wavelength at which 1t is electrically resonant is called a tuner. Suppose that "A" station trans mits on wave-length of POO meters and "B" on wave-length of 360 me ters. By adjusting the tuner until the constants of the receiver make 1t cleo trically resonant to 20O-meter wave or n 360meter wave, either of the two stations can be picked up, but both stations cannot be picked up simulta- neously This is the reason that more than one transmitter can be operating at one time and yet only one can be heard on receiver without interfer- ence from the others.
 The other necessary part of a radio receiver is the detector. The function of this portion of the receiver is to utilize the small currents in the tuner that are set up by transmitting sta tion and make them audible through the medium of telephone receiver. If the telephone receiver were connected directly to the tuner the high-freQuency current would not operate the dia- phragm of the receiver and even if the diaphragm were set in motion it would be too fast motion to be picked up by the human ear.
 In a simple receiver the detector us- ually consists of two pieces of mineral in contact or piece of mineral in con tact with a metallic spring. Either combination is known as crystal de- tector. detector of this type is noth- ing more than "a rectifier; that is, when an alternating current is applied at the terminals the current is allowed to flow only in one direction.
The spectator., 1922-05-16
IIIIIlII'IlIllllIIIIII.

try 1t. now feel fine and can do my housework without any trouble at all. You can use this letter for the sake of others if you wish. Mrs. WELDON c. HATFIELD, R. R. 3, Sabina, Ohio.
 Housewives make a great mistake in allowing themselves to become so weak and nervous that it is well-nigh impos- sible for them to attend to their neces- sary household duties.
 Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Com pound should be taken when you first notice such symptoms as nervousness, backache, weakness and irregularity. It will help you and prevent more serious trouble. Give it fair trial. It surely helped Mrs. Hatfield, just as ithas many, many other women.
The spectator., 1922-05-16

The high-frequency current Is known as the carrier-wave and it's function is to radiate into space in the form of electromagnetic waves and by its va riation in amplitude carry with it the variation in the tone at the transmit ting station.
 It is the frequency of the carrier wave that determines the wave-length on which a radiophone station is trans mitted. By experiment it has been found that electromagnetic waves travel at the same velocity that light waves travel, that is, 1S6,0O0 miles per second. Wave-length is the distance between any two similar points on tive successive waves; for example, the dis tance from crest to crest of any two successive waves in the same direction, measured in meters. unit of length equal approximately to one and one tenth yards. Converting 1S6,000 miles to meters, the equivalent is 30OOOO,000 meters The length of an electro-mag- netic wave is equal then to 300 100000 divided by the frequency. Suppose a station was transmitting on wave length of 360 meters. The frequency of the carrier-wave would be approxi- mately S35.OOO cycles.
 Just as a violinist tunes his instru- ment, that is, makes n certain string emit note of higher or lower pitch, or, technically speaking, a sound wave of higher or lower frequency, by ad- justing the tension on the string, so may the electrical constants of the antenna circuit of a radiophone trans hitter be changed in order to have the station emit carrierwave of different frequency.
 If a tuning fork having natural period corresponding to middle c be placed near violinist who is playing, the fork will vibrate when the musi- clan plays middle c, but all other times 1t will remain quiescent. This phenOm- enon of the tuning fork vibrating whenever the musician plays the cor responding note on the violin is known as mechanical resonance. If a radio receiver be adjusted so that electrically its natural period of vibration will be S35,0OO cycles (360 meters wave length) every time station transmits on wave-length of 360 meters. cur rent will be set up in the receiver by
The spectator., 1922-05-16
How One Editor Uses Radio.

The editor of q paper in an iso- lated town in the northwest is using the radio in most ingenious and eff fective way. An aamateur radio friend in big city 50 miles away buys the latest editions of the city papers as soon as they are off the press, reads the best news into his transmitter. and a typist in the country office copies the news as it comes in over the office re- ceiver. The editor. through this in genious plan. is always First With the Latest" h his home town.
The spectator., 1922-05-16
Inside Facts.

Alice had been to Sunday school for the first time, and had come home filled with information. She was over heard to say to her six-year-old sister, as she laid a wee hand over her heart. you know it is conscience whispering to you"
 "No such thing" responded the six year-old tits just wind in your tum- my."-Philadelphi Ledger.
The spectator., 1922-05-16

sive for the amount of work done. Many tractor owners have not deter mined exactly what work they can use their tractors for most protitably and what should be done with horses.
 The average cost per crop acre was S3.57 per year for drawbar power for all the farms. This cost ranged from S2.2l as the average for the fourth of the farms with lowest costs to S476 for the fourth of the farms with high est costs.
 The tractors had been in use for g months on an average and the first cost had been S1,473, about one-third higher than the present price of trac- tors of the same size and type. Dur ing the year covered by the investiga- tion the cost of fuel and oil was also somewhat higher than ut present On account of these lower prices it Is estimated that the present cost of op- erating tractors purchased at current prices would be something like 25 per farms.
 Tractors Reduce Horses and Labor.
 The effect of the addition of the tractor to the farm equipment was shown in changes recorded after the purchase of the tractor. On an aver age. these farms had been increased by 50 crop acres and there had been reduction of IA months in the amount of regular labor used, Three and one-third head of work stock in addition to those on hand at the time of the Investigations would have been necessary if the work had all been done with horses. The tractor owners considered that they needed in addi- ton to their tractors an average of only 6.5 head, whereas they were actu- ally keeping S.3 head.
 Effect of Use of Tractors on Power
 Costs.
 There was net increase of $200 per farm in the combined cost of power and labor due to the use of the tractor. after deducting the cost of keeping the work stock which had
The spectator., 1922-05-16

been displaced and the value of the family and hired labor saved
 Had all the surplus horses been sold there would have been further reduction of about S115 per farm in the cost of horse labor On many of the farms there had been reduction of feed for work stock due to the use of the tractor, and if this had been taken into account a further saving of about S47 per farm would have been shown.
 The analysis of the cost per acre of power and man labor for different operations when done with tractors and horses gave the following aver ages:
 Flowing spring and fall with
 tractors .......................s199 q 99 per acre Flowing spring and fall with
 horses .....................1. 1.SS per acre Listing with tractors ......... 1 10 per acre Listing with horses .......... los per acre Disking (tandem disk) with
 tractors ....................,.. .el per acre Dtsking (tandem disk) with
 horses ......................... 1o5 per acre Drilling with tractors ........ .6S per acre Drilling with horses .......... 52 per acre Drawing binder with trac-
 tors ........................ .S per acre Drawing binder with horses. .56 per acre
 Cost of Power on Horse Farms.
 A group of S farms where trac- tors were not owned. but comparable in size to those where tractors were used. were surveyed in order to ob- tain direct comparison between costs on farms where tractors are | owned and costs on farms of similar size and type where tractors are not owned. There was an average of 10.5 head of work stock on these farms, of which 10.1 head were needed for the work. One horse was needed for each 33 crop acres while the tractor owners were keeping one for each 42 crop acres and needed, in addition to their tractors, only one for each 54 crop acres.
 The cost per head of keeping the work stock was S66 per year where tractors were not owned and S64 where they were owned. The horses worked iS2 hours per head on the tractor farms and 624 hours on the other farms. The cost per farm of power for drawbar work where trac- tors were not used was S701 as com pared with S1.025 where both tractors and horses were used.
 What Farmers Think of Tractors.
 The owners opinions regarding the use of tractors showed that 75 per cent of the farmers interviewed be lieved that their tractors would be profitable investments, and 72 per cent of them intended to buy others when needed. The principal advantages mentioned were the ability to do more work in a given time, and the saving of horses In hot weather Among the disadvantages. the first cost and de preclarion and the running expenses were mentioned most frequently. The tractor was used as the primary source of power for field work by 50 per cent of the owners, while fl per cent used the tractors as supplement tary to horses. In 2l per cent of the cases the tractor owners believed that the tractors had been responsible for some increased yield per acre.
The spectator., 1922-05-16

field about the tips of the magnet and this same kind of field propagates the electromagnetic force. except that unlike the toy magnet, its power comes on in the form of wavy motions. This electromagnetic force propagates ra- dio energy in all directions.
 The medium that transmits the cleo tro-magnetic waves is the same me dium that transmits light-the ether. This medium is supposed to fill all space. even that occupied by fluids and solids. Little is known about its prop critics.
 In radio 1t Is more common to speak of wave length than frequency. The wave length of any wave motion is the distance between any two successive crests in the same direction. The wave length depends upon the ire quency. If the frequency is high the wave length is short. On the other hand if the frequency is low the wave length is long. Numerically the wave length Is equal to the distance trav- eled by the wave in one second divided by the frequency. Suppose, for ex- ample. that 1t were desired to know the wave length of an electro magnetic wave having a frequency of S35.0OO cycles. Electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed as do light waves. that is, 1S6OOO miles per second. Di- viding the 1S6, GOO by S35.0O0 the wave length would be .223 miles or 396 wards. In radio work it is measured in meters. A meter is equal to ap- < proximatelv II yards. Converting 396 wards into meters the wave length would be 396 divided by II or 360 meters This is the wave length on which KDKA operates. It also means that the electromagnetic waves sent out from this station have frequency of S35.OO0 cycles.
 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
 In radiophone transmitter there are two requirements that must be fulfilled. First, there must be a source of high frequency current say, between 15OOO and 100000 cycles So con nected to an antenna and ground sys- rem that energy in the form of electro magnetic waves will be radiated. See ond. there must be some method of controlling this high frequency current or modulating 1t so that the variations in the amplitude of the high-frequency current will be directly proportional b the voice or muslc to be transmitted.
The spectator., 1922-05-16

ness and irregular. ty. 1 was weak and nervous and could hardly stand on my feet long enough to cook a meal. 1 was this way for about . year and had tried several medicines and had a physician. but to no avail. My sister as taking
 your medicine and GDo1lu pI,,cod vvno <o
The spectator., 1922-05-16
Different Now.

Aren't you aware that all these so- cialistic schemes of yours have been tried out at one time or anotherT
 'I am," replied the man whose whis- kers look as If they had been starched.
 And they all failed"
 simply because I was not on hand to take chargps
The spectator., 1922-05-16
Worth the Price

Mir. Homebody-Did you hear about it? A footpad stopped my wife last night and beat her up badly. And all he got for it was s.
 Mir. Peewee-Can you give me his address? l might do some business with him.
The spectator., 1922-05-16

Baby's little dresses will just simply iazzle if Red Cross Ball Blue is used the laundry. Try it and see for your- elf. At all good grocers.-Advertise- nent
The spectator., 1922-05-16

If one cant say it in prose, he can't say it in poetry.
The spectator., 1922-05-16
MRS. HATFIELD
 SAB|NA, OHIO
In Pitiable Condition when she Began Taking Lydia E. Pinkham's
 Vegetable Compound

Sabina, Ohio.-'T took Lydia E. Pink. hams Vegetable Compound for weak.
The spectator., 1922-05-16

There was net increase of $208 per farm in the combined cost of power and labor due to the use of the tractor. after deducting the cost of keeping tho work stock which had
The Washington times., 1922-04-14
PROBING.
DEATH Of WHITE.
MAN IN CHANNEL.
Victim, Forty Years Old, Bears
No Clue TO ldentity-ln-
vestigatlon by Coroner.

The police today are investisa'
ting the drowning Of an unidentified
white man, about forty years old,
whose body was found yesterday
floating In the Georgetown channel.
800 yards south OF the railroad
bridge.
Discovery OF the body was made by
Policemen Carl Scherer and j. II.
Langley, who were patroling the har-
Dor in the police launch. II was re.
moved TO the morgue, pending the
investigation being conducted by the
police and DIR. ]. Ramsey Neyitt,
District coroner, DR. hewitt has or
dered an autopsy ON the body TO
determine the exact cause OF death.
The man is described as being
about 5h feet tall, weighing about
$50 pounds. He wore brown low
shoes, brown suit. with pink stripes,
and on collar he wore were found
the laundry marks "30-H- -40.40." Po'
lice hope to identity him through the
laundry marks.
The Washington times., 1922-04-14
RAID ON HOTEL NETS
TRUNkFUL OF LIQUOR

A raid on the Rochester Hotel, slo
e street northwest, yesterday, netted
the police of the First precinct ana
Internal Revenue men trunk full OF
LIQUOR. James j. Lake, thirty.nlne
years old, proprietor OF the place,
and two clerks, who gave their names
as Earl l.. Eadie, thirty-six years
old, and Emile Cross, thlrty-seven
years old, were locked up ut tne
First precinct. All were released on
bond.
Captain Brown and Precinct De-
tectives Mansfield, Lowrey ana WI.
son who conducted the raid say
thew found the trunk on the fourth
floor In a bedroom.
The Washington times., 1922-04-14
Young Mems
and Mems Suits

are Excellent, Guaranteed Quail
ties. Wen stand back of every one.
You'll find Smart Tweeds, Serges,
Cassimeres and Fancy Worsteds, in
the snappiest Sport Models, Single
and Double-Breasted Styles; also
plenty of Three-Button Conserva-
tive Suits, The price is interesting,
too. Very special at
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1922-07-06
Under Difficulties

Americans readily fall into the
habit Of blaming the railroads. The
commuter snarls at the conductor
when his train is ten minutes late
in getting in. The tourist bitterly
reproaches the baggage man when
his trunk doesn't arrive on the same
train that he did. Both believe, or
pretend to believe, that in railroad
administration Encouragement is
the rule, and that the chief object
Of railway officials. from presidents
down TO ticket collectors, is TO devise
new and ingenious methods Of max
ing life uncomfortable for the travel
ing public.
This being the case, il is only fair
to give the railroads credit when
they deserve it, as they often do. de-
spite a widespread conviction TO the
contrary.
With a serious shop strike in
progress the railroads with termini
in New York moved hundreds Of
thousands Of people out of the
city on the three days preceding
the Fourth, and brought them all
safely back on the Fourth and the
9th. A few trains were late be-
cause the congestion made it neces-
sary to run some Of them in as many
as seven sections.
The task Of carrying more passen-
gers than ever had been carried be-
fore in such brief space Of time
was performed with little friction
and with the minimum Of discom-
fort. Under the circumstances it
was a remarkably good job and
ought to be appreciated, although it
is greatly to be doubted if it will be.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1922-07-06
More Truth Than Poetry
By James J. Montague
Altered Views

Time was we viewed a rattle
snake
With utter fear and loathing;
In camp we often rose TO shake
These reptiles from our cloth
ing.
To find one in an outing suit
Was certain 20 alright us;
It struck us numb 10 think the
brute
Might bite US.
But since the laws have made us
dry,
No more we've frisked our
garments,
Or cast about a wary eye
For these cnvenomed varmints.
II in our flesh their fangs they
set,
We knew IL might be risky,
Yet, Notwithstanding, we would
get
Some whisky.
But science now has found way
Beyond the reach Of error
By which practitioners may stay
This serpentilian terror.
In vain the writing creature
gloats-
His victims quite protected,
The moment that an antidote's
Injected.
Once more on rattlesnakes we
gaze,
With vigilance redoubled,
And let them go their Shiny ways
Unworried and untroubled.
What time we hear their rafting
threat
We're bound TO own we fear
en-,
For if they bite us We will get
A serum.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1922-07-06
Rather Bold
"The New Republic" discussing the
Rathenau murder, remarks:

"The New Republic" discussing the
Rathenau murder, remarks:
ANY German statesman who tries
TO carry out the treaty Iof Versailles !
without securing in return some as
surances that Germany will be per
mitted TO live will be assassinated."
The assurance required, Of course,
is that the treaty will be revised so
as to relieve Germany population
60,000,000) of the burden Of repair
ing war damages, which then must
be carried by France population
4O,oOO.ooo).
Any German statesman who does
not insist on so unjust transfer Of
a load which must be borne by lesser
France If bigger Germany does not
bear it is duly warned that he will
be killed-must face a pistol or a
knife in the hands Of an indignant
assassin. 1t is not openly said that
Rathenau met his just deserts for
daring to suggest Germany should
pay, but this or something near to it
seems the idea. The death of such
as he is predicted as an inevitability,
as an effect bound to flow from an
irremovable cause.
Rather bold language is this, for
if the slaughter of Erzberger and
Rathenau is presented as inevitable
the differences to be drawn from the
prediction seem unacceptable.
Why does not Germany honestly
try to redeem pledge she has re-
peatedly made? One reason is be-
cause she is informed by foreign
publications of presumed influence
that she needn't-that it is recog-
rized why Germans Of the Rathenau
type cannot be allowed to live.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1922-07-06
The Central Park Question

To the Editor Of The Tribune.
Sir: Complying with the request OF
your correspondent F. NJ. Page for
other opinions OF his suggestion for
divertiug a portion Of Central Park
from lis original design, il seems to
me that the two reasons ne gives are
self-condemning.
Is it sound logic to say that the land
will not cost the city anything? Isn't
Central Park the most valuable land
the city owns and n source Of great
revenue from Increased taxable values
Of all nbutting property due wholly TO
the fact that II is parkl
And isn't use "in a scenic way
which he belittles, the real fundamen-
tai use for which Central Park and all
parks In cities are acquired!
ALBERT =. DAVIS.
New York. July /. 1922.