davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Caledonian-record. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1920-current, 1922-12-29

ural products OF the Black Sea
area. AS a result of this growing
demand for access to the products
of this great fertile ca, the Turk
ish Government during the last
century granted through special
treaties with the various countries
the privilege of maintaining COM
mercial fleets, consuls and other
paraphernalia of trade, finance and
banking in the Black Sea and
Straits, and these privileges were
later extended to commercial coun-
tries having no frontage on that
sea but interested in the trade of
that area. Approximately one-half
of the quantity of merchandise ex-
ported from Russia in 1918 passed
through the Black Sea and this
was especially true of foodstuffs
and mineral oils, and the very pow
er possessed by Turkey to con-
troll this trade, especially in case
OF European or world wars, Of
fered enormous possibilities in the
formation of secret or open diplo-
matte relations with the country
possessing such power, and added
to tie uneasiness of other Euro
pean powers as to the effect of
these secret treaties upon inter-
national relations. The possible
importance of the control of large
quantities of foodstuffs and raw
materials in case of war by the ac-
ton or attitude of a single power
intensified the desire of not only
European but certain non Euro
pean countries for termination of
the conditions under which access
to this important area was retained
in the hands of one-and especially
a non-commercial, power, nr al
though more than onc-half # the
Black Sea merchandise was car
ried under foreign flags it was still
within the power of single coun-
try, Turkey, to terminate the privi-
lcges under which such service by
the shipping of the various nations
was being performed The area to
which access might at any moment
The Caledonian-record. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1920-current, 1922-12-29
Treaty Not Officially Ratified

This provision Of the Sevres
Treaty declaring specifically that
navigation of the, Straits shall in
future be open both in peace and
war to every vessel OF commerce or
of war was looked upon as likely
to terminate the 467 years of Turk
ish control of that great water
, way, and the provisions of the
treaty for the freedom of COM
merce OF the Straits have since
been put into operation by the
Commission appointed for that
parrose. Recent developments,
-2o wever, have made it apparent
taat the question as to the ac-
ceptance by the Turks of the
5eVres Treaty is still an open one.
The Government of the Sultan at
Constantinople failed to ratify the
acts of its Plenipotentiaries whose
signatures were attached to the
Treaty of Sevres, and the States
man S Year Book, an accepted au-
thority, states in its 1922 edition
that The Treaty Of Sevres al
though signed August 10. 1920, is
not yet ratified by any OF the
parties
The Caledonian-record. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1920-current, 1922-12-29
Against Single Nation Contro

Against Single Nation Control
50 it has happened that during
tie 400 years since Turkey asserted
her claim of the right to control
the navigation Of the Straits OF the
Bosporus and Qardanelles Of
which both frontagcs still lie en-
tirely within her territory, there
has been 4 growing desire that the
products and commerce of the
Black Sea area of 000,000 square
miles, now including the homes of
100000 goo people and an annual
commerce OF over Sl.000,000 600,
should not be controlled by any
one nation. The LassageWays be
tween the other great inland seas
Of the world and The oceans over
which commerce may pass freely
have one by one been held as in
Violable by the control OF any one
nation. The right OF vessels of
commerce or military service to
enter the Baltic has not been ques-
toned Tor many years; the en-
trance to the Mediterranean is
open TO the commerce and military
vessels of all nations: the Suez
Canal through which the Mediter-
ranean is connected with the In
dian Ocean is, by the Suez Canal
Convention OF 1888, TO be open in
time of war as in time of peace to
merchantmen or war vessels OF all
nations" and this same rule APP
plies with slight modification to
the Panama Canal. The Straits Of
Magellan. which connect the wa
tiers of the Atlantic and Pacific, at
the southern end of South America
although passing through the ter
ritory of Argentina and Chile were
by the treaty of Buenos Aires in
1881 "neutralized forever and free
navigation granted to the flags Of
all nations" while freedom of pas
sage in the Strait of Malacca. con-
meeting the China Sea with the In
dian Ocean, does not seem to have
been called in question. Even GER
tain great navigable rivers which
serve as carriers of commerce for
several nations whose territory
they touch have been subjected to
international control as to free
dom of navigation through the
services of commissions appointed
by the respective states through
which they flow or which they
touch. Among the rivers on which
The Caledonian-record. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1920-current, 1922-12-29

Angora Government, which now
claims to represent all of Turkey,
upon this subject is one of the inn
portant factors of the approaching
conference to be held at Lausanne,
Switzerland, and which is to be at
tended by the Turkish Nationalist
Foreign Minister, sIsmet Pasha, and
staff of experts. Reports from
Constantinople indicate that the
Sultan, who does not accept the
Angora decree for his abdication,
has decided not to send delegates
to the Lausanne conference. Re-
cent dispatches also indicated that
the Russian Soviet Government has
been invited by the Allies to send
delegates to Lausanne to partici-
pate in the discussion relative to
the freedom of navigation in the
Straits. Nothing is stated as to
whether the recently organized
governments on the northern front
age of the Black Sea including
Ukraine, Taurida, Kuban, Georgia
and the Don Republic have been
invited to attend. but as the States
mans Year Book of 1922 describes
them asshaving close relations with
the Government of Russia it is pre-
sumed that the Russian delegates
at Lausanne will present their
views on the question of freedom
OF commerce both on the Black
Sea and in the Straits which con-
meet it with the Mediterranean and
the great oceans of the world.
The Caledonian-record. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1920-current, 1922-12-29
Protests Against Turkish
Control

The continuous control by Tur-
key of this passage between the
Mediterranean and the Black Sea
has not been acceded to without
protests of European and other
countries. Russia, for example,
after obtaining a large frontage on
the northern shore of the Black
Sea became especially anxious that
the sea and the straits which con-
nected it with the Mediterranean
should be thrown open to her com
mercial as we'll as military vessels
or at least that she have special
privileges for the movement Of
her great supplies OF foodstuffs,
mineral oils, and forest products to
the waters of the NJ Mediterranean by
which they could be moved to the
markets of southeastern Europe.
Her wheat, meats, mineral oil, lum-
Der, fax and other natural products
were wanted by all of Europe and
she wanted European manufac-
lures in exchange. But as her ter
ritorial and commercial extension
was creating commercial and polit-
ical jealousies among certain OF
the European countries it was easy
for them to form secret treaties
with Turkey which would encour-
age her in insisting upon her claim
to the control of the Black Sea
and its exit, especially as the Turks
were adopts in the art OF diplo-
macy in maintaining their claim.
The Caledonian-record. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1920-current, 1922-12-29
THE STORY of THE DARDANEZlES

include that comparatively narrow
strait known as the "Dardanelles."
AZ miles i'll length and from to S
miles in width, extending in a
northeasterly direction from that
arm of the Mediterranean known
as the Aegean Sea to the "Sea of
Marmora" about 100 miles in
length, which in turn is connected
with the Black Sea by the narrow
waterway known as the "Bos-
porus,' Is miles in length and from
one-half mile to " miles in
width. The entire navigable
length of this complete waterway
between the Mediterranean and the
Black Sea, geographically known
as the Straits of the Dardanelles
and Bosporus' is thus about 220
The Caledonian-record. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1920-current, 1922-12-29

fronting upon this vast body of
water, the Black Sea, which of it
self is double the size of all of the
Great Lakes of the United States
i'll combination, began to pass
from Turkish hands to that of
other nations, the protests against
the control commercially, as we'll
as otherwise, of that area itself, and
of the only waterway BY which it
could be connected with the oceans,
grew more numerous and espe-
cially so as the comparatively level
land area through which the Straits
passed offered the easiest route of
access between the European coun-
tries and the Asiatic Continent,
of which Europe is mere PENN
sula.
The Caledonian-record. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1920-current, 1922-12-29
BY q I AUSTIN
Stati5tician, The National City
+, Bank OF New York

Tic problem OF the Dardanelles
lad Bosporus has been an issue
zmong the nations Of the world
since before tie discovery OF
America In 1855, thirty-nine years
before, Columbus made his first
voyage across :hc Atlantic, the
Turks, who had loag held the east
SIN shores @! the Dardanelles and
GosporuS, obtained control of their
western frontage b. the capture OF
Coustsnt;uople ;nd adjacent areas
a.ild thus, asserted the right to con.
uol the navigation of that water
way in view OF TIE TACT that its en-
tire length from the Black Sea to
the Mediterranean fell within
Turkish territory. When a few
years later they extended their ter
ritorial control in Europe to in
clude the entire area fronting upon
the Black Sea, the Turks calmly
informed all commercial and diplo-
matte 'inquirers that the Black Sea
was a "chaste and pure virgin in
accessible to commercial, military
The Caledonian-record. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1920-current, 1922-12-29

every vessel of commerce or of
war without distinction of flag"
and'the area thus outlined has been
officially shown on maps OF that
area under the title of Zone of
the Straits Under this treaty the
Encyclopedia Britannica in its 1922
edition says:
'The Straits Dardanelles and Bosporus)
were thrown open to all navigation in peace
or war without distinction OF fias blockade
OF these waters was prohibited; an Inter
national Commission Of the Straits was es-
tabhshed to control the waterway, and de-
miitarized ZONE Of the Straits created to
embrace adjoining coastal territory.o
The Caledonian-record. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1920-current, 1922-12-29

western frontage through the cap
ture OF Constantinople and ada
cent territory they assumed the
right to reserve for their own ships
of commerce or of the military
service the exclusive privilege OF
navigation upon its waters over the
entire length from the Mediter-
ranean to the Black Sea, or to at
The Caledonian-record. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1920-current, 1922-12-29

March 10, 1920. 4 date preccdil r
that OF the Treaty of Sevres. O:he
dispatches from Angora state ira
the Government has proclaimed IT,
death penalty against the Tu:ld.
officials who signed the Treaty c.
Sevres.
While Mustapha Kemal, TIC
President OF the Angora Assembly.
has been unofficially reported OF
several occasions as expressing
Willingness to assent to the termi-
nation of Turkish control OF the
commerce OF the Straits, the en-
tire question of the attitude of the
The Caledonian-record. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1920-current, 1922-12-29
Treaty of Sevres

This international desire to ter
inmate an unusual and abnormal
control OF world commerce by a
non-commercial power, while it
could not be successfully asserted
by single country, found oppor-
tunity for joint expression upon
that subject by several great com
mercial nations of the world when
the League of Nations at the close
of the World War met at the city
of Sevres, France, to frame
peace treaty with Turkey. The
principal participants in that con
The Caledonian-record. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1920-current, 1922-12-29
4 Remarkable Vista Over the Minarets
of Stamboul Showing the Bosporus and
the pomes of Pera Beyond

Thus, the entire question of the
pcrmanencc Of the freedom of com
mercc IN the Straits (Which still lie
in entirety within Turkish terri
tory) is to be further considered by
the Lausanne Conference, though
meantime the allied forces continue
The Caledonian-record. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1920-current, 1922-12-29

miles, and its width ranges from
one-half mile to Y miles in the
Bosporus and from l to miles
in the Dardanellcs, while the width
in the Sea of Marmora is about
IS miles. The eastern frontage of
this entire waterway had long been
held by the Turks and when in
1853 they obtained control OF its
The Caledonian-record. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1920-current, 1922-12-29

war more than a billion dollars
year, and of course accompanied
by the necessary transportation, in
dustrial and banking equipments,
largely controlled by financial in
terests outside the area in ques-
ton.
The Caledonian-record. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1920-current, 1922-12-29
Trade Privilege Treaties

1t should not be assumed, how
ever, from al. this that all Of the
commerce of The Black Sea OF of
that passing through the Straits
was actually carried by the Turks,
non-commercial people. The
necessary trade and trade require
ments of the countries fronting
upon that bod OF. water had grown
so large that it demanded facilities
of transportatio. aId finance which
the Turks could not themselves
supply. This demand came espe-
cially from tie several countries
having large '-ontages on the
Black Sea, not.bly Russia. Bull
garia, Rounania. anc the sections
OF Turkey still occupying the
southern frontage cI that area, and
later came also from the great COM
mercial countries OF western
Europe which required the nat
The Caledonian-record. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1920-current, 1922-12-29

waterway in question over which
this commission should have con-
troll III order to insure perfect free
dom OF commerce and including
The Caledonian-record. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1920-current, 1922-12-29

be suspended aggregated, as above
indicated, 100000 square miles,
its population l00,000000 and its
normal trade prior to the recent
The Caledonian-record. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1920-current, 1922-12-29

tons without serious protest, even
though it included control OF
waterway connecting the two
greatest seas ol the world. the
Mediterranean and the Black,
and placed under the absolute CON
tro, OF non-commercial nation the
The Caledonian-record. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1920-current, 1922-12-29

navigation is so controlled are the
Danube, the Rhine, and the
Schcldt.
220 Miles of Waterway
The Straits of the Dardanelles
and Bosporus.' as is we'll known,
The Caledonian-record. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1920-current, 1922-12-29

tire frontage by the Turkish Gov.
eminent.
The Liberal democrat. [volume] (Liberal, Kan.) 1911-1924, 1922-09-07
EPISCOPAL CHURCH

Next Sunday the pastor will preach
both morning and evening. The morn
ing subjet will be, "The Program Of
a Progressive Church" This will be
a message for September start on a
New Church Year. At the evening
service the subject will be 1.-THE Ku
Klux Khan" The organizer has been
in our midst. We ask you to study
this with us. It's organization, plans
and purposes. Do we want it in our
community? viii it be helpful or
harmful? Does it make for Chris
tian life and Brotherhood? These
are questions worth considering,
At 9:45 the Sunday school hour.
We have completely graded school in
its work and would be glad to have
you with US.
At Z o'clock the Epworth League
invites all young people to its devo-
tional hour. Subject, "Savonarola;"
Leader Elizabeth Lease. You will be
welcome all day.
The Liberal democrat. [volume] (Liberal, Kan.) 1911-1924, 1922-09-07
THOUGHT "GUM" WAS DRAWN
Western Bad Man Deceived BY Pc
elton In Which His Enemy Hap
pened to Have Hand.

Tazewell Woody. famous a. Colonel
RoOsevelt's guide In the West, was
standing In a saloon with left elbow
on the bar. right hand hanging by his
side, and eyes luckily pointed at the
mirror behind the bar. He caught In
the mirror the reflection of head
pOked momentarily into the saloons
doorway, and belonging to man who
had publicly stated his purpose Of kill
Ing Woody at sight. This man hav-
Ing apparently thought the coast to
be clear, and that the saloon con-
tanned sufficient audience, turned his
horse, rode through the doorway, and
boldly said: HAS any gent here seen
that Teller Woody? I'm huntin' for
him." At that instant the man real
lied, for the first time, that Woody
was In the room, and he realized also
that, though he himself was facing
Woody's back, the mirror negatived
this advantage. He saw that right
hand hanging idly down. Woody did
not move a muscle. The mans jaw
dropped. He remained quiescent for
a few seconds, then back out through
the doorway, and on his own Initiative
rode out Of the state.
These preannounced attempts on
human life were far less bloody than
were the Onslaughts by the real "kill-
ers," the actual bad men," These
latter men did not announce. They
merely shot. Billy the Kid, at TWEEN.
ty-three years of age, had committed
% murders, and had made the ques-
tion Of his determination a political
issue In New Mexico. Incidentally,
the sheriff, elected to get" him, load
ed a weapon and got" him.
In the SOS some "rustlers" "holed
up" in a cabin at the outlet of jack
son lake In Wyoming Range detec-
tves surrounded them. One of the
"rustlers," wondrously accurate
shooter, seeking to escape, rushed
from the cabins door. and, without
warning, began to fire. At each shot
he CROSSED" his rlfie-that is, he fred
alternately from his right and left
shoulder, thus increasing the width of
his zone Of fire without making him
rotate his body, and thereby unduly
affect his running He hit FIVE men
before he dropped dead at the end Of
his race Of but few feet.-The Cow
boy.
The Liberal democrat. [volume] (Liberal, Kan.) 1911-1924, 1922-09-07
LOrena Items

D. E. Strickland began building ,
five room bungalow. A Liberal con.
tractor'is doing the work.
Born, to Mr.. and Mrs. R. w. Vog
August 2, boy to whom they hav,
given the name Robert Everett. Thii
is the first boy in the Vogt family
by the name of Vogt for about sc
years.
Mr.. and Mrs, L. A. Richardson re-
turned from near Meade, Kan, where
they have been visiting, and on g
business trip. They expect to leave
in about three weeks for California
Mrs. W. Burch and daughter Of
Lorena were county seat visitors
Tuesday, being here on school mat
tiers. 1t will be remembered that
Mrs. Burch was the woman who dro.
cheted the silk American flag dur
ing the war days, for the benefit OF
the Red Cross. The flag was pur-
chased by the Betham branch, they
being highest bidders, but after the
war, was. delivered to Chapter head
quarters and it is the plan to later
display the same at national head
quarters.-Beaver Herald.
If we remember correctly the
flag brought $17O0 for the Red Cross
fund in Beaver county.
l can write your Oklahoma farm
loans at 61s %. Attractive options,
prompt inspections, money waiting,
1t will pay you to write phone, or
come see me. Griffith at Griffith &
Baughman's Liberal, Kan. Phone 121
Clara May Stephenson and Vinsel
Sanford are attending high school in
Liberal.
Mr.. and Mrs. Hopke and family
have moved to Liberal. The chill
dren will attend school there this
term. Miss Matte is in high school.
Celie Belle Nickerson, Cleo and
Nina May Combs, Adair Smith, Leila
Young and - Randall went to
Goodwill to attend school this win
ter.
Robt. Pilgrim and wife of Colo
RADIO, are here visiting Mrs. Pilgrims
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. Elliott. They
may spend the winter here.
The many Lorena friends of R.
W Dickerson and family extend
their heartfelt sympathy in this sad
hour of bereavement in the loss of
wife and mother.
The dry weather is damaging the
feed crop, many farmers are cutting
The Liberal democrat. [volume] (Liberal, Kan.) 1911-1924, 1922-09-07
NEW HIGH SCHOOL
FINISHED AT PRESTON

Preston is planning an agricultural
meeting co-incident with the dedica-
ton Of the new high school building
some time the latter part of October,
according to Virgil McFerrin of Pres
ton. The tentative date is Oct. 81.
The school building is practically COM
plete now. The inside work is about
all done, and the seats are expected to
be put in this week, after the building
has been cleaned up. Some of the
seats have already arrived and the
new ones are expected immediately
Hutchinson Gazette.
The Liberal democrat. [volume] (Liberal, Kan.) 1911-1924, 1922-09-07
Did You Ever Stop
to Think

THAT NEWSPAPER ADVER-
Using is botr whip and spur
for trade.
THAT your money loses no val
liable time when it is earning
interest in some bank or city
investment.
THAT every citizen, full Of
PEP is an asset to himself, his
business and his community.
THAT through printed words
in your newspapers, you can
talk to the people of your COM
munity most forcibly.
THAT buyers Judge merchant
by the merchandise he sells.
THAT upon the foundation of
faith, does the public scpport
conscientious merchants.
THAT there is much comfort In
the knowledge that no matter
what happens your home Is
your own.
THAT your help to make your
city Buster and BIGGER, as
well as BETTER, is needed.
THAT farming is a business.
THAT dairying, profitable az It
is, is generally confined to a
few counties in each state, but
in those counties, live prosper
GUS farmers are found.
THAT the country where you
see dairying, poultry raising and
hog raising, a big part Of the
farming industry, you see q rich
and prosperous country and .
country full Of contented citi-
e. R. WAITE
Shawnee, Oklahoma, Board Of
Commerce.
The Liberal democrat. [volume] (Liberal, Kan.) 1911-1924, 1922-09-07
PROGRAM COUNTY CON-
VENTION w. c. T. u.

Friday evening, September 8
1922, at $3.50, Pleasant Valley Bethel
Baptist church.
Devotionals-Mr Ralph Heath.
Song Service-Pleasant Valley.
Address-Rev. R. A. Henry.
Address-County Health Nurse,
Miss Bourne.
Reading-Mrs. F. o. Rindom.
Short address County President
Mrs. v. H. Grinstead.
Miss Roma Brown of Arkalon was
shopping in Liberal Tuesday.
Born, to Mr.. and Mrs. Roy v.
Pile Saturday, Sept, 2, twin girls.
Theodore Ashlot made a business
trip to Dalhart Tuesday.
Miss Geraldine Bowers returned
Tuesday from Mullinville, where she
has been visiting friends.
Mrs. John Bane and little daughter
returned Tuesday from Wichita,
where they have been visiting rela-
tives.
can write your Oklahoma farm
loans at 6h %. Attractive options,
prompt inspections, money waiting.
1t will pay you to write phone, or
come see me. Griffith at Griffith &
Baughman's Liberal, Kan. Phone 121
"Rits II with Ray"
The Liberal democrat. [volume] (Liberal, Kan.) 1911-1924, 1922-09-07
New Name Tor pr.vaIIln. stvI.

Mary's home is In the country and
she was unaccustomed to seeing chill
dren wear half hose. During re-
cent visit In the city. at which time
the prevailing style impressed Mary
greatly, she exclaimed, 20. mamms,
won't you p'ease buy me some low
down stockingsf''
The Liberal democrat. [volume] (Liberal, Kan.) 1911-1924, 1922-09-07

feed now.
Some few have begun drilling
wheat, even tho the ground is dry.
Mr.. Wallin finished the well at
Friendship Schoolhouse. School may
begin next Monday.
The Liberal democrat. [volume] (Liberal, Kan.) 1911-1924, 1922-09-07
FOR SALE OR TRADE

REQ Speedwagon, has run less than
1000 miles; equipped with canopy
top, side seats and 75 bushel grain
bed. Good terms with security. Her
bert Dir
The Liberal democrat. [volume] (Liberal, Kan.) 1911-1924, 1922-09-07

POSITION WANTED Experienced
clerk wants position in grocery
store and clothing department. High
school graduate, can give good ref
erences. Inquire at Democrat office.
12tlpd
The Liberal democrat. [volume] (Liberal, Kan.) 1911-1924, 1922-09-07

STRAYED-From my pasture, 10
miles northeast of Liberal, about
August LIST, IL head of yearling
calves, mostly mottle-faces, top of ear
cut off, some right and some left ear.
Reward for information leading to
return. John Schmidt, Route G,
Box II, Liberal. 11t3p