davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The New York herald., 1922-09-24

the relief workers said. "If there are
any wounded we didn't see them. We
saw only dead bodies
Later Miss Corning cared for 600
refugees. who were taken to Salonica
by the destroyer Edsall.
Refugees in Safety
On American Ships
Before night small boats and Ameri-
can destroyers were transporting refu-
gees from the quay to the safety of
American ships standing half mile
off shore. The first to be taken were
naturalized Americans and the families
of native Americans, they being placed
on the destroyer Simpson bound for
Athens. They included Consul-Gen-
eral Horton and his family, college
teachers, Y. NJ. G.. A. workers and
Standard Oil Company employees.
Meanwhile the Americans on shore
We're doing heroic work. The bakeries
which were supplied with flour brought
from Constantinople by II. c. Jacquith
of Darien. Conn, managing director
of the Near East Relief. falling vic
tim 10 the flames dry s-ations of flour
were issued to the refugees. Building
individual fires wherever they hap
pened to be, the refugees mixed the
-four with water and baked in i'm
provised pans by the thousands.
This ration proved the only food for
days. Capt. A. III. Hepburn, q. S. NJ.
of Philadelphia, in charge of the
American relief work, was accorded
splendid cooperation by committee
of twenty leading American residents
OF Smyrna who had organized as soon
as there was danger of Turkish oc-
cupation, and. therefore, were thor
oughy prepared for an emergency.
The life OF this American group was
Chester Giiswold of New York. an i'm
porter long a resident of Smyrna, who
proved to have a genius for organiza-
ton and won the plaudits of his CO.
workers for his tireless efforts to over
come all obstacles and alleviate the
sufferings of the unfortunate refugees.
The Americans had established their
headquarters in the Waterfront The
ater. described by one of them as the
best they had seen in the East. The
fire reached 1t eleven hours after the
outbreak one and a half miles away.
Before the wall of flame which they
saw sweeping toward their headquar-
ters Jacauith and Griswold beat re-
treat to the destroyer Litchfield, an
chored in the harbor half mile dis
tant.
mo sooner had we reached the de-
stroyer," said Jacquith. than there
was a muffied roar and a great flash
from the theater. The gasoline tanks
stored with the parked cars in front
of the building had caught fire, which
spread to the cars and then to the
theater. Through the light of the
blazing building we saw our large
American nag waving over the en-
trance. 1t was a wonderful sight in
this awful nightmare. and we instinc-
lively lined up with a salute on the
deck of the Litchfield and sang The
Star Spangied Banner Completely
worn out, we then dropped off to sleep
in our clothes. Imagine our surprise
the next morning when we saw the
flag still there. The wall supporting
it was all that remained standing.
Two American sailors took il down
and placed 1t over the new consulate.
the old one having been destroyed in
the night
At the height of the fire 100000
refugees crowded on the quay. the only
place of refuge. Many went insane.
The New York herald., 1922-09-24

| the German army were made so as to
win the victory on the northwestern
wing.
within a few days it was rec
ognized that the the hope of breaking
through the center of the enemy front
could not be realized, that neither
Verdun nor Toul nor Nancy would be
evacuated nor would the western
French armies retreat to Paris, but
that Paris and Verdun were going to
become strong supports of the still
unbroken front of the enemy. The
plan to push the right German wing
to the south bank Of the Seine east
and west of Paris for the purpose of
destroying half OF the enemy forces
through isolated operations proved to
be impossible of execution.
Therefore, the German High Com
mand issued on September 2 this or
der: The French must be pushed
away from Paris in southeasterly
direction. In echelons, the First
Army follows the Second, and con-
tinues to protect the flank of the
army
"That order which sprang from too
OF the enemy, expected too great mo-
bility from the right wing of the Ger
man army, which suddenly had to
change the direction OF it's advance,
although the command of the First
Army, already on August 81 had
given up the advance against the
lower course of the Seine and turned
to the direction Of Compiegne and
Noyon. That measure had been APP
proved by the German High Com
mand, which, therefore, had already
then arrived at the conclusions that
caused the High Commands order of
September 2. Because it was issued
too late and, therefore, could not be
executed, that order carried in itself
the germ of failure.
THE enemy had already made Paris
the support of the left flank of his
left wing. When the right German
wing crossed the Seine east of Paris.
the roles were exchanged. The Ger
man wing, instead of the French
wing, was outflanked. Kluck's (the
First Germany army did not any
longer push against the wing and
flank of the French, but against their
front. .r .
Originally, General Joffre had not
intended to accept a decisive battle
south of the Marne. He had planned
to draw the German armies farther
to the south in order to weaken their
front lines still more. But the Eng
lish did not like the growing distance
from their coastal base and the Flan-
ders coast, the point of their conti-
mental interest. Thus. Sir John
French commander of the British eX-
peditionary forces) insisted on action
being taken by Joffre when the Ger
| man front was contracted in execu-
tion of the order of September 2 and
the flank of the right German wing
was open to an attack.
The New York herald., 1922-09-24
General Harrington Holds Fate
OF ConstantinopIe in His Hands

One man holds for the time the fate
Of Constantinople In his hands. and 1t
is n task that win put his nerve and
craftsmanship as well as his military
genius to the highest test. That is
Gen. Sir Charles Harrington, COM
mander in chief Of the allied Powers
at Constantinople. During the war in
France and Flanders he was chief of
STAFF of the Second British Army, and
by common consent of British officers
and men he was the one General who
made staff work q perfect science.
Well do remember many battles
when Gen. Harrington outlined all
preparations he had made for attack
and revealed the minute detail with
which he had organized the whole vast
business involved in movements Of
masses OF men and guns with trans
ports and supplies. HIe had cold
precision which was wonderful. an in
tense nervous energy absolute knowl-
edge of his enemies disposition,
strength and moral state.
I remember those conferences at
night time In headquarters at Kassal,
enc for hours under glass roof upon
which always the rain beat down, anil
though hated the thought OF the
The New York herald., 1922-09-24
100000 Refugees Awaiting
Transport; Two thirds
of City Destroyed.
SHIPS MOVE TO SAFETY
Headquarters in Theatcr
IA Goes Up in Flame, but
Flag Still Waves,
az
TURK GOVERNOR HOSTILE
Armenians Marked for Venge-
ance-Two Americans Are
Robbed and Shot At.
TURK GOVERNOR HOSTILE
BY FRANK AMERICA.
OF the Near East Relief Contin-
gent Now In SMYRNA

Special Gable to TIE NEW YORK HERALD.
COPYRIGHT. 1929, by THE New YORK HERALD.
i SMYRNA, Sept iS.-On the quays at
Smyrna tonight are 100000 refugees
of war and fire waiting for promised
boats to take them safely away. The
ships are coming under American
auspices as the result of intervention
by the United States Government. and
they will take the unfortunates to
Greek ports, to be the charges OF the
Hellenic Government. Their evacua-
tion will practically depopulate the
Smyrna region of Christians whose
ancestors founded the historic city
$500 years ago. M
Major Clahin Davis of Boston police
strike fame. heads the little group OF
intrepid Americans who are working
courageouslys for the refugees, who
are cold and hungry. Hundreds are
in need of medical care and all have
their backs turned on the nightmare
of the ruined city and their eyes to-
ward the sea. The terrified refugees
have turned their backs on the ashes
OF 10000 buildings of all kinds.
Two-thirds of the city was wiped
out by the fire. which is still smol-
dering at opposite ends OF the quay.
The majority Of the principal resi-
dences and business buildings facing
the quay street between this point and
the Government house, or konak. were
destroyed and the entire Greek and
Armenian quarters are no more. Only
the Turkish quarters. which stand
higher than the others on a sloping
hillside and We're out Of the path OF
the conflagration, escaped.
After the confusion of the first days
It is now possible TO place the loss
0f life through killings by Turkish
troops and through the fire at 10000,
but owing to the tremendous influx
and refux of refugees from the hinter-
land the exact number probably will
never be known.
The American relief workers esti-
mate that $4,000 Greeks and Ar
menians have been evacuated by sea
before or since the fire began. and
that during the narrowing scenes that
followed the outbreak $4,000 Christians
were driven TO an unknown fate into
the interior by the Turks.
The New York herald., 1922-09-24
Fire Had It's Origin
In Armenian Quarter

The fire originated in the Armenian
quarter a mile and a half inshore. at
J o'clock Wednesday afternoon and
spread rapidly. Before the outbreak
the Americans rad decided to evacu-
ate American women and children to
the American destroyer Simpson. and
this continued uninterrupted while the
Turkish soldiers and civilians were
looting the Armenian bazaars and
homes and tho streets were strewn
with bolts Of silk. clothing. mattresses
and other infiammable materials.
In the doorways and buildings were
many bodies of, Armenians killed dnr-
ing the piliage. The Armenian Cathc-
frul of st. Etienne was one of the
first important buildings to be de-
stroyed and many people who had
sought refuge there lost their lives.
IN two hours the flames had reached
the Greek quarter and the first efforts
were made by the occupation forces
to fight them. But they were too late.
The fire was famed by strong wind
blowing up the quay from the south
east. Scenes Of frantic terror followed
the realization that the city was
doomed.
People who had kept indoors since
the occupation on the previous Satur-
day now fed into the incredibly III
paved, crooked streets, only 10 be shot
down or butchered by the Turks. The
shots rang out above the roar OF the
burning and falling buildings. The
narrow streets and alleys were choked
with terrified people. all heading for
the waterfront. Mothers, separated
from their children, ran aimlessly
about. pulling their hair and calling
the names OF their little ones In pitt
ful cries.
The quay became dense mass OF
pushing, shouting people, with the
burning city just behind them and the
water in front Mothers and fathers
dashed madly 10 and fro calling their
children. Many reached the quay
dragging baggage or household goods,
and there were others who turned
back into the fire zone for some for
gotten treasure but never returned TO
their waiting families or relatives.
American bluejackets In a landing
party under Capt. Knouse OF one OF the
American destroycrs did splendid-wo
in reassuring the terror stricken peo-
pie. They found many Greeks who
had lived IN New York or Chicago and
spoke the language These they requi-
sitioned to assist in quieting the
frightened women and children. These
refugees were soon augmented by 1000
more from two large concentration
camps near the fire zone. Becoming
panicky. they made dash for the
water, tho Turkish troops shooting
many as they ran.
Tha progress OF the fire forced tho
abandonment Of hospitals the Ameri-
cans were preparing to take over and
place in charge Of two Red Cross
nurses--Aenes Avon or Detroit and
Sarah Corning of Yarmouth, Nova
Scotia. TO an emergency tent hospital
on the quay they brought medicines
from Constantinoplc. but they didn't
have much use for than.
I'VE should have brought embalm-
ing fluid instead for the dead" one Of
The New York herald., 1922-09-24

Others drowned themselves. American
sailors moved among them, doing their
best to comfort grief stricken mother
who had lost her child or a wife who
had lost her husband. There were
many cases of severe burning from
flying embers and some had their bag
gage destroyed.
One of the American sailors guard
ing the American College in the suburb
of Paradise said he saw 500 Armenians
being led. At Tireh he was talking to
some Turkish soldiers when there
came the sound of firing from many
parts of the town. The Turks said
it was ammunition blowing up. Later
tour of the areas as yet untouched
by the flames revealed hundreds of
bodies in the streets, the piles OF dead
receiving frequent additions,
Governor Not Friendly
To American Workers
Americans have met with undis-
-guised hostility on the part of Gen.
Nourredin Pasha, Military Governor
of Smyrna, in their efforts to save
refugees. The Armenians seem to
have been singled out for vengeance
more than the Greeks. The Turks said
that throughout the war the Anatolia
Armenian Defense Society worked
against the Kemalists, who have list
of 1000 they intend to punish with
death. 1t is reported that the General
has refused protection to the Chris
tians who fled from their homes to
the interior, and that the Americans
have succeeded in getting their Gov
ernment to help in a wholesale evacua-
ton as the only salvation for the
refugees.
All of the terrifying scenes of this
tragedy at Smyrna are surpassed by
the events OF the third day Of the fire.
The blaze was at it's worst and Ameri-
can destroyers were instructed to take
off refugees Edward NJ. Yates OF
Richmond, Va. an official of the Gary
Tobacco Company, since the Turkish
occupation rescued eighty people who
were cut off from the town. They
were mostly British from the suburbs
of Paradise. Boidja and Bowinatat.
Yates said: II cannot forget the
sight OF those 100000 frenzied people
shrieixing frantically to be saved. Their
cries are still ringing in my ears. Like
human wall two miles long they
were silhouetted against the back
ground OF flames, their arms waving
wildly toward the sea. Many plunged
into the sea and were drowned. !
never want to see such a terrifying
spectacle again. 1t Is small wonder
that many went mad"
American sailors had great difficulty
in preventing the small boats from cap
sizing from overcrowding. and armed
guards frequently were obliged TO use
force to keep the hysterical women
from throwing themselves into the sea-
AS boatload after boatload of refugees
were taken out to the destroyer Simp-
son the women ashore would plead
with the American sailors to take
their babies to safety I'VE will re-
main ashore. but please save the
babiesi' they would cry.
AS the Litchfeld was being filed to
capacity with 500 Armenian boys res
cued from the fire many disappointed
men and women plunged into the sea
and swan to the destroyer. One young
Greek already on board the Litchfield
dove from the destroyer's deck three
different times and each time brought
IN young Greek who had essaycd the
half mile swim and was giving up a
few hundred feet from the goal
The New York herald., 1922-09-24

A middle aged Greek woman dove
from the quay and swan to the Litch-
field without removing her shoes or
clothing. One pretty girl was allowed
to go on the Simpson to Athens be-
cause she had a passport vised to New
York when the Kemalists arrived in
Smyrna just before her departure.
She knew English and became great
favorite with the bluejackets, who as
sured her that when she got to Amer
lea she would be safe from starvation
or massacre.
The Litchfield took her orphan boys
to Constantinople and the Wiona took
1900 Armenian orphan girls to Athens.
They are in charge of Miss Gene
Christy, Red Cross nurse of New
York. The destroyers Lawrence, Ed
sail and Simpson are back in Smyrna
preparatory to making off with more
refugees. The Litchfield's orphan boys
were brought to the quay the day the
fire began and were obliged to remain
there unsheltered until Friday. They
slept on the cold tagging of the quay
under the protection of an American
flag
There being no place to secure the
flag they took turns at standing watch
with 1t, thus keeping it flying all dur
ing their sojourn on the quay. The
flag was given to the orphan home by
the Near East Relief three years ago
and the boys believed it would be use-
ful some day.
DR.. Post of Princeton
Acts to Prevent Epidemic
The danger of a disease epidemic in
Smyrna is believed to be past, thanks
to the quick action of DR.. Post OF
Princeton, N. j.. AS a result of his
strong protest to the Turkish COM
mandant the local authorities have be-
gun to clear the streets of bodies and
to investigate meat shops. which have
been closed almost continuously for
the last five days. Dr.. Post Is re-
maining here for the purpose Of work
ing out a sanitary system in coopera-
ton with the Turkish authorities. He
worked night and day among the
refugees and greatly improved their
morale.
A dozen naturalized Americans are
still missing and their fate probably
will never be known. The day the fire
began people left Smyrna with any
thing that would carry them away
from the Turks. Some started away
for Athens in nothing larger than a
rowboat. hoping TO reach one of the
Greek islands. Many possessed enough
money to induce owners of launches
and larger craft to risk a call at
Smyrna and take them off, put Turk
ish soldiers invariably robbed them Of
all their funds.
Two of the first victims of the
Turks were Americans-E. G. Fisher
and T. o. Jacobs of the Y. NJ. c. A. AL
though they wore Red Cross bras
sards stamped with the consulate seal,
through arrangement with Turkish
officials, they were deprived of their
funds and told~to flee, the Turks firing
at them as they ran
There are more than 100000 refu-
gees of various nationalities destitute
of food and shelter in Mudania. Guem-
lik and Pandermo. in Asia Minor, and
$4,000 suffering intense hardships al
Rodosto owing to lack Of sufficient
food.
Since the filing of the above cable
dispatch most of the refugees have
been removed from the waterfront
TO concentration camps in the rear
The New York herald., 1922-09-24
English Traders Uphold Turks;
Have No Sympathy With Greeks

Nevertheless 1t is only fair to say
that English traders in the colonies in
Asia Minor still upheld the Turk and
hal no sympathy whatever for the
Greeks, still less for the Armenians,
whom they accused Of being lying
dishonest. cutthroat, race. So ! am
The New York herald., 1922-09-24

lowered in Asia Minor upon all shores
Of the Mediterranean. The Greeks /
met were stirred by old dreams, their
race looked toward Constanfinople as
fulflllment of their destiny. II was
a dream which / never believed would
come true. and now they have had a
bitter awakening.
The New York herald., 1922-09-24
Disturbing the European Nations,
Pleases French and Many English

In Germany 1t has already had a
disturbing influence. Germany has
also had friendly relations with Mos
COW, and the Turks were Germany's
allies in the world war. II Turkey can
entirely reverse her defeat with Rus
sia, there are some organs of the old
junlSer class-though not, l am GER
tain, the masses in Germany-who
may be driven to the same war to
escape humiliation. Anyhow il will
lead to intrigues and plots OF a dan
gerous character.
why France does not see this !
cannot understand. The French peo-
pie arc frankly rejoiced over the Turk
ish victory, but France Is not Mo-
hammedan Power. like England, and
therefore involved in Mohammedan
unrest, and France Is above all ma
tions suspicious of the Russian al
lance with Germany. She cannot help
feeling some jealousy Of the British
mandates in Palestine and Mesopo-
tamia, which have cost the British
taxpayers many millions of wasted
money and made the French people
forgetful of their own responsibilities
in Syria and Morocco.
The French people have always had
sentimental regard for the Turk,
partly owing. perhaps. to the works
OF that literary genius Pierre Lott
They also dislike the Greeks intensely,
and, with the italians. resented the
new power they had assumed In the
Mediterranean. 1t Is curious that al
though official British policies have
been pro-Greek of late--and It was
undoubtedly due to this policy that the
Greeks bit off more than they could
chew, TO use a vulgar expression-pop-
ular England has also been, like the
French, anti-Greek and pro-Turls.
In spite OF war, where thousands OF
British soldiers fell fighting the Turks
at Gallipoli. the sentiment Of admlra-
tion. even affection. for the "wooly old
Turk" persisted among many intelli-
gent folk. IL Ia not based on q long
tradition of friendliness which was
broken first in that war after many
years. There is still n belief that the
Turk IN ''the only gentleman In the
Balkans" Undoubtedly the Turk has
aood qualities like most people. espe-
cialiy like most peasants.
saw something OF the Turk SOL
diers and peasants In the war In Bull
garia and Turkey In 1919. l saw more
when | went to Constantinople and
Asia Minor not long ago. They are
simple. brave, sturdy men. faithful to
the belief in Allah and his prophet,
and. in time of peace, law abiding and
honest. In time OF war their fanati-
cism makes them ruthless OF human
life. Last week ! alluded to their
massacres Of Greeks and Armenians in
the late war and the story OF what
happened to those Christian communi-
ties as the most horrible thing in
history.
The New York herald., 1922-09-24
German Plan Proves
An Imposyibfe One

''This time we had creative vision;
but the means to carry out the plans
were lacking while on August 20 there
was an abundance of means but the
vision was missing. The situation had
tragic aspect. The dispositions of
The New York herald., 1922-09-24

Since the filing of the above cable
dispatch most of the refugees have
been removed from the waterfront
TO concentration camps in the rear.
The New York herald., 1922-09-24
gibbs Sees DANGER
TO ALL OF EUROPE
in MTURKlSH VICTORY
Step Backward Which
Threatens to Reverse All
Gained in Great War.
LEADS TO DARK PLOTS
Britain's Policy ro-Greek,
but Turks Popular, as
in France.
HONEST IN PEACE TINE
But Turks Cruel and Ruthless
of Human Life When
at War.
HONEST IN PEACE TINE
BY SIR PHILIP GIBBS.

Special Gable to THE NEW YORK HERALD.
LONDON, Sept. 23.--It is idle to dis
guise under optimistic phrases the
very grave situation not only in Eu-
rope but throughout Asia caused by
the overwhelming victory of the Turks
over the Greeks. 1t is one step back
ward in a series of reactions which
threaten to reverse all that was
achieved by our victory in the world
war. One Of those achievements
seemed to be thrusting forth Of the
Turk from Europe, where he has been
like a dead hand upon all modern
progress among the Christian peoples
in his clutches, and where with a
bloody hand he made the Balkans an
area of continual war.
The imprint of that bloody hand,
now carved in stone where Mohammed
Of the Christian defenders of Con-
stantinople in 1853, was shown to me
when I was there two summers ago
on pillar of the great mosque, which
was once a Christian church, which is
that symbol now used by the Sultan
on all his stamps and seals. The COM
ing back of Islam will once again be a
spearhead in eastern Europe, into
which the Turk or the Ottoman, as he
was then called. penetrated once un-
der Solyman the Magnificent to the
sun gates of Vienna.
What now gives all good Europeans
a sense of grave uneasiness is not
the immediate victory of the Turk
over Greece in Asia Minor, but his
claim to make a private lake of the
Dardanelles through which no ship
must pass into the Black Sea; his de-
mand to resume all sovereignty at
Constantinoplc and his dominion over
Thrace. More serious still is the ac-
knowledged fact that the Turks VIC
torious onslaught was aided by money
from the Government at Moscow. That
| is an unholy alliance which -forbodes
no good to European civilization and
peace.
The New York herald., 1922-09-24

Another instailment of Capt.
Ritter's book will be printed in
The New York Herald next Sunday.