The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1921-01-05
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS


January 10 0when Germany and four
teen OF the powers allied against her
In the war exchanged ratifcations of
the Treatytof Versailles, at Paris. The
United States. however was rot
among thenatIons participating in this
ceremony,Sas the treaty had not been
rutifed by the senate.
The League of Nations came into
nctual being at Paris January 16 when
the executive council held its first
meeting with representatives from Bel
gigm, Brazil, England. Italy, France,
Japan, Greece and Spain partlcipat-
ing.
The Russian government made
step toNhrd securing peace with It's
warning neIghbors by concluding
treaties with Ukraine and Esthonia.
The Turkish peace terms were com.
pleted on March 3, and week later
the Allies decided to use force to i'm
pose the terms upon Turkey, sending
troops TO occupy Constantlnople. The
allied forces occupied the Turkish
capital without opposition
Polish troops began n spring offen-
slve against the Russian Bolsheviki I'm
the Baltic region on March %. Warsaw
reported heavy fighting at many points
on the 4OO-miie front. Three days lat
er Poland offered peace terms TO Rus
sia, providing for restoration of the
Kingdom of 17I2, return of art and
other treasures. and an indemnity for
inyasions since 1914. Polish troops I'D
nlinlstered a severe defeat TO the Boil
sheyiki at Podolla April Is.
The Poles and Ukrainians negotlat.
eel treaty on April %, recognizing
. rkralnian Independence from Russia.
A combine'i army OF Poles ana Ukra!n-
ians then launched nm offensive against
the Russian "Red" forces. capturinp
kiev ON May 8 and the great port OF
Odessa on May IL.
Bolshevik troops invaded Persia at
Astara May Is, forcing the withdrawal
OF British troops. Bolsheyik troops
ON the Polish front were REINFORCED
and launched an attack on u ninety
mile front, seeking to open communl-
cation with East Prussia. On June 3
they succeeded I'm fianklng and driving
back General PilSudskl's Polish troops.
The supreme council continued Its
efforts TO complete the peace settle
ments. The treaty with Hungary was
signed June 4 ut Versailles, Ambassa-
dor Wallace signing for the United
States. Turkey was granted fifteen
days additional time to present its
views regarding the treaty with that
ABtry.
hile these peace negotiations were
rogress, fighting continued at many
hts. Over 300 Italian prisoners were
led by Albanlans at Tirana on June
I'm retaliation for the assassination
kssad Pasha In Paris on June 13.
Supported by British troops and bat
eships at Malta and Constantinople.
nc Greeks began a campaign to oIst
he Turkish Natlormllsts from parts OF
Asia Miner.
ON July the Bolshevlk troops cap
tured Rovono. throwing the Poles into
retreat on the entire front. Poland
opened negotiations for an armistlce
md these continued for week when
AZ was reported that Russia had or
dered the postpOnement of the nego.
tiatlOns and the capture of Warsaw.
Bolshevist troops captured Lomza and
Hrest,Lit0ysk, and began drive ON
Weinberg August 1. During the next
rVo weeks they continued 10 adYence
n on August IL were within twelve
OF Warsaw. The Polish capital
"a doomed. but on the 18th the
lauached a great counter-of-
6ni drove the Bolshevllsi back
III, Heortencd by the crush
given the Russian forces
Vjected the Bolsheyik peace
nIlgs, On Ausu, IN, tn.