Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1921-05-12
sprayer in operation for Of Cooling

Gasoline Power sprayer In operat
prepared by the United States Depart |
ment OF Agriculture)
Spraying, compared with its cost, is
one of the most profitable, forms of
orchard work, and one of the most
likely to be neglected or misdirected
according to specialists Of the United
States Department of Agriculture.
There is need that fruit growers have
a more intimate knowledge Of spray
ing materials, spraying machinery, and
especially the why's and wherefores
of spraying. The up-to-date orchard
list must know just what each spray
application will do and the proper
time and method for applying It,
Necessary to Know How Insects Feed.
A better knowledge of the life and
habits of the more common insect
pests and of the nature of insecticides
will add much to the efficiency of con-
troll measures. The general character
Of sprays to be used depends on the
character of the mouth parts of the
insects.
Broadly speaking, all insects secure
their food in one of two ways: (l)
BY actually biting out and swallowing
portions of the food material; (2)
by sucking out the juices. The first
type includes caterpillars or the
larvae of moths and butterflies, adult
beetles and their grubs, grasshoppers,
crickets, sawflies and their larvae,
bees etc.
All biting insects are subject to de-
struction by arsenicals or other stom-
ach poisons. Some biting insects,
however, such as borers and certain
root-infesting forms, do not feed in
situations where poisons may be APP
piled, and for these a different treat
ment is necessary.
Among sucking insects may be list
ed plant lice, scale insects, leafhop-
pers, the pearpsylla, and the true bugs,
all very important enemies of the fruit
grower. For their control the So
called contact sprays are used, sprays
that corrode the body or permeate the
| breathing spores Of the pests or other
! wise effect their destruction.
| Biting and sucking insects often oc-
| cur in a way to permit their destruc-
| ton by poisoning the air which they
breathe, as with hydrocyanic-acid gas
or carbon disulphide, but in many
cases the expense and danger make
this method impracticable.
Summer spraying is directed against
I bud, leaf, and fruit-eating insects, and
| for these arsenicals chiefly are used.
employed in the control of certain in
sects, such as aphids, red bugs leaf
hoppers, etc.
The arsenicals in most common use
are arsenate Of lead, paris green, and
arsenate of lime, used as strong as
the foliage will stand. The foliage
of stone fruits, as cherry, plum, and
peach, is on the Whole quite tender,
and on these arsenicals must he en-
ployed with caution.
The important Insecticides may be
grouped principally into these three
series:
Stomach poisons for biting insects
arsenate of lead, paris green, arsen-
ate of lime, arsenate of soda, ARISEN
lite of lead, arsenite of lime, arsenite
of soda, Scheeles green, London pur-
pie, white arsenic, hellebore, etc.
Contact sprays for sucking insects
lime-sulphur solution. self-boiled lime
sulphur mixtures, tish-oil soap wash
kerosene emulsion, crude-petroleun
emulsion, distillate emulsion, nicotine
solution, pyrethrum, caustic soda
caustic potash, carbolc-acid emulsion
sulphur spray, resin, resin wash
For fumigating, the specialists rec
ommend hydrocyanic-acid gas, carbo
4 disulphide, or sulphur dioxide. 'rles
are effective against all classes of in
sects when it is desirable to use then
Arsenate of Lead Most Widely Uset
Arsenate of lead is the best know
and most extensively used stomac
poison for insects. 1t has wide
range of usefulness than any othe
internal poison now available. 1t
safe for use on the foliage of mos
plants, has good adhesive qualitie
and owing to it's fiEeness, remains
SUSPENSION well in water. Moreove
it can be safely combined with ce
tain contact sprays, as nicotine, Ike
osene emulsion, soaps, etc, and wit
number of fungicides such as lin
sulphur mixture, and bordeaux mi
Iyture. 1t should not be combined wit
sodium or potassium sulphdes.
Commercial arsenate OF lead mi
l,o ot,+o,pol sc haste or DOwdar Pc,
dor .s coming int extended use