davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington times., 1921-04-17
The Holy Ark Of the Covenant.

stones and rocks. On the outside It's color
is grayish yellow, but, when broken, the
interior is white rs q crushed grain, of
wheat.
AS It gets older It lcosens its grip on
the rock, its edges roll back. and soon it
becomes detached altogether. forming a
rounded body with central cavity. It is
feather-light, and the slightest breeze will
blow it hither and thither.
Thus 1t often happens that wind-storm
carries great quantities of these lichens
long distances, and afterward they are
found piled In heaps and windrows. 1t
appears as IL they have fallen out of the
sky, and ignorant people assign to the phe-
nomenon q supernatural cause.
In the desert regions where these Itch
ems grow, heavy rains usually follow long
dry season. Rivulets wash quantities of
them into depressions In the ground, and
subsequent evaporation of the water leaves
heaps Of them behind The superstitious
natives consider such happening mirac-
ulous.
Great "rains" Of mama are recorded as
having occurred In 1894, in 1923, in 1S41, In
1916, in 1853. and In 1864 All OF them
arrived II Is noticed, between January
and March, the season Of heaviest rain
fall in the regions where the lichen grows.
This circumstance is at least sugges.
tive; but the Inhabitants were IN each in
stance fully persuaded that the mamma
dropped from heaven.
Mamma rains" occur not infrequently
in the steppes and deserts Of Armenia, the
Caucasus, Persia, Kurdistan, Arabia and
northern Africa. Since prehistoric times
they have furnished food for man and
beast In seasons Of scarcity. This Is es-
pecially the case in the highlands of south
The Washington times., 1921-04-17

whittier to direct his route, having prob
ably little knowledge OF geography, and,
as result, the unfortunate migrants wan
dered In sort of aimless fashion all over
the peninsula. journeying southward nearly
to the southern tip, and, after circling
Mount Sinai, pursuing a track which, a.
marked out by modern Bible students,
resembled the meanderings of fly crawl
ing over table. That they ever reached
Palestine at all seems a marvel.
The miracle of the mamma rain seems
to have first occurred after the children
of Israel had left Elm and had come into
the Wilderness of Sin, which was IN the
western part OF the Sinai Peninsula and
more than one hundred miles south OF
the point where they had crossed the Red
Sea. 1t happened on the fifteenth day Of
the second month after their departure
from Egypt.
Thence they made their way northward
to within less than one hundred miles Of
Jerusalem then a town of the Jebusites),
but turned hack and all but reached the
Red Sea at the place where they had
Great Britain Rishs SsssvsA
The Washington times., 1921-04-17

crossed n. Again they turned and wan
dered IN a southeasteriy direction until
they came to Eziongabsr. on the other
side Of the peninsula. at the head OF
what II now called the Gulf Of Akaba.
Thence north through the wilderness of
Sin; back again toward the south ana
around the mountain chain lying to the
east and final trek" northward to the
Promised Land Infants newly born when
the Israelites left Egypt were middle-aged
men and women by the time they arrived
in Palestine.
Just here it seems worth while to pause
a moment and ask the question, What Is q
miracle?
The flying machine Is not miracle.
Wireless telegraphy Is not miracle. The
essence Of miracle Hes in the super
natural
When mysterious phenomena, which
have been regarded as miracles. come to
DE understood, they cease to be supernat.
ural. and are recognised as representing
the working OF natural laws. Lightning,
for instance.
But in former times very little Was
The Washington times., 1921-04-17
-YHAT was this "manna" the Israel
NJ ties ate?

rrYHAT was this "manna" the Israel
w '':. .ss, 80,
"manna," and was it miraculous in its
origin?
Science is able to confirm the Scriptural
story OF the food which saved the children
OF Israel and to explain the astonishing
like rain.
OF it's edible quality we may have
chance to judge for ourselves, inasmuch as
the American Consul at Jerusalem, Oscar
S. Heller, has forwarded sample to the
Department of Commerce at Washington,
with a suggestion that the stuff might be
obtained in commercial quantities, for sale
IN this country, from merchants in Mosul
and Bagdad.
He says that in these modern days
mamma is found in upper Mesopotamia
and Kurdistan-the same wonderful and
seemingly miraculous food which sus-
tanned the children Of Israel during their
wanderings in the wilderness. "It falls
so he states-"in the form Of dew, which
hardens and assumes the shape Of a
grain" When gathered. 1t Is stored for
Winter use, or shipped to Bagdad for sale
in the markets.
In Bagdad and Mosul the mama rs
cooked with sugar and made into little
round white cakes three inches in diam
eter and half an inch thick. with a sprink-
ling OF wheat flour on the outside, These
are sold as candy by street vendors, and
are much esteemed by Europeans, as wen
as by the natives, for their delicate aro,
matte flavor,
II is cakes Of this kind that have been
forwarded by Consul Heller to the De-
partment of Commerce as a sample.
This is indeed the very same mama
which kept alive the children Of Israel In
the wilderness Science now knows that
this remarkable foodstuff, which was the
veritable mama of the Bible, Is In reality
a kind of lichen-a humble plant which
forms wrinkled and warty crusts on
The Washington times., 1921-04-17

can absorb from that source S5 per cent Of
its weight in three days. On the other
hand. 1t surrepders moisture with equal
rapidity and, by the time II is ready to
detach itself, 1t Is almost absolutely dry.
Hence its remarkable hghtness.
Only small quantities Of mama are
found nowadays in the region traversed
by the Israelites on their Journey from
Egypt to Palestine-a fact which botanical
experts are inclined to-attribute to a rad
ical change in vegetation that has since
taken place. In the days Of the Exodus
vast tamarisk forests covered most Of the
wilderness" spoken Of In the Bible. These
forests have been destroyed by the Arabs,
largely for the production Of charcoal, and
the territory has become desert and des-
olate.
AS the Bible tells us, Moses and his
people wandered for forty long years be-
fore they finally reached the land Of
Canaan"
After they had crossed the Red Sea.
Moses and his people found themselves
In the Sinai Peninsula. Hs did not know
tC) ts2l International rssturo srrvses Iar
The Washington times., 1921-04-17

known about the laws Of nature, and hence
everything that Was not understood was
attributed to the supernatural An cpl
demic Of disease was attributed to angry
gods. Moses. whom he failed In his ef-
forts 10 persuade the Pharaoh to let the
children e lsrael 90. may have pretended
that Il ives through his own influence that
certain plaques we're brought upon the
land.
That the Israslites In the wilderness
should have hooked upon rain of food as
a miracle b not IN the least surprising
ScientsSc investigators have made it en-.
tirsay clear what the mamma was and how
it came to appear hke rain from heaven.
During an the forty years Of their wan.
dsrinss they were sustained at least to
some extent by mama. Doubtless on oc-
easions II kept them from starving
And wen Il might. Analyses have
shown that the dried fichens contain SIS per
cent Of oxylats Of lime and Is per cent
Of starcAlfks and highly nutritious sub
stance which is also found in the moss
on which reindeer feed in far northern
iatitudes. and which in the latter case is
the chief food element. Moses and Itch
ems are nearly related botanicaliy
Since time immemorial mahna has had
important economic value as famine food
IN desert regions an the way from Algeria
to Tsrtary
In 1879, during the war between Persia
and Russia, there was acute famine in dis
tricts southwest Of the Caspian Sea. One
day, after a violent wind storm had been
raging, the surface of the country was
found covered with food which 'reli down
from heaven Sheep devoured It greedily.
thereby Suggesting to the Inhabitants that
1t might be good for them to eat They
ground II to four and made bread, which
proved palatable and nourishing.
The naturalist. Parrot, in 1925 had an
opportunity TO observe q shower of mama
IN Persia which covered the ground to a
depth Of six inches. IL was undoubtedly
carried BY storm-winds from somewhere
far distant
tonishing fall Of mama near Lake Van. In
the eastern part of Asia Minor, covering
many square miles to q depth of four In
ches. Twas gray IN color and pleasant to
the taste. White meal prepared from 1t
was made into bread. which was declared
to be little inferior to wheat bread.
A similar fall occurred in the western
part o. Asia Minor IN 1S46, lasting some
days. 1t was most opportune, inasmuch as
there was serious scarcity of food at the
time.
In the following year General Jussuf.
commanding q body of French troops en-.
gagged in military operations in Algeria
officially reported that during the cam,
paign mama had been a most valuable
help. furnishing food for his men and their
horses.
Thus It would seem that mama is even
now no great rarity, and that It's produc-
tion is not necessarily q miracle. As al
ready suggested. we may have an oppor-
tunity to taste It ourselves and to decide
whether II Is worthwhile article Of food
In the form of eandy-cakes or otherwise.
The time may even arrive when we can
buy n In paper boxes at the delicatessen
shop around the corner,
And so once again science confirms the
Scriptures and the further away we live
from Bible times the more we know about
them.
The Washington times., 1921-04-17


So plentiful is the supply
obtainable on occasions that
one man In a day can col
lect from $4,000 to 10000
pieces of mamma five to
eight pounds), varying from
the size of a pea to that of a
Brazil nut, Their average
weight is about one-third of
a dram.
The lichen growing on a
rock derives its water supply
from the atmosphere. II
The Washington times., 1921-04-17

A Plant knovsn as "Manna, !" FoSnd
in the Sinaitic Desert. Aecordna
to Professor Peloubet, but Seisa'
lists Have Now Found That Il Wa
Another Plant-a Kind Of Fungus
on Which the lsraelites Fed
5000 Years Ago
Numbers. Chae. H.. ~. S-3e.
8. We rssaembsr the fish. whssA ~ - -
ons,, ana the iseks. apd the onion, and shs,
q, But .sv eur ssel 10 drlsa sway,. thsss
Is nothing at an. besias tha msnas. before
sar eyes.
and i. t.. .o.:, 4. .:. 4: e 3 ss s
Gah..
=. Aad the people went aAsat. and sasAersa
nrd gr"und II In mills. or beat Il in NOR:
,sh oil.
o. And when the dew fell upon the camp
Ia the nixht. the nAanna fsn upea n.
,.rs..sost sss'r i.nil;ss. ever, M ~ss in " sss
dsrs sf his tent; and the anger Of the LORD
k'ndisd greatly; Moses siso was sispleased.
i
iS. A.d The LORD said ssso Ms,ss. say
'',oIi unto the people. ssuetify ysasselves
aganst tc~wo.rcw. and ye shah eat fiesh, for
=" nav, wcp4 In the Qrs OF the LORD, say
ing, Who shan give hesh to eatf for II
well with us h Exypt: therefWe ~ LORD
VIII give you nesh. and ye shall eat.
10. We shall not eat one day, nor two dayA
nor five days. netthes ten days, nor twenty
days;
60 But even q whole month. until u come
out at your nostrils and IL be leathseWAs unto
you: because that ye have despised the LORD
which 10 among you, and have wept before
Him, saying, Why came we forth eat Of Egypt
81. And. there west forth . wiAl freus the
LORD and brought quails from the see, and
let them fall BY the camp, b were . days
journey this side. and II were o days
Journey the othe< alde reunA
about the camp. aud II were
two cubits high upon the face
Of the earth
32. And the people stood up
all that day. and all that night.
and all the next day. and they
gathered the suails: he that
gathered least gathered ten HON
srs, md they spread them an
The Washington times., 1921-04-17
" . st ern Asia.
A&s<ea ~ ~ ~ AAss~aa~

W Q St ern Asia.
where mama is
used as a substi-
tute for wheat in
years of famine,
being ground in
the same way and
baked intO bread
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1921-06-09

plan to have two men working together
to round up the lunches, since more
can be accomplished than when each
works alone.
1t is q waste of time to pitch hay
onto small hayrack on high-wheeled
wagon. Use a large hayrack on
low-wheeled wagon.
Loading hay with pichforks is the
hardest, slowest, and most expensive
way. The men are working constantly,
but the horses are doing nothing most
of the time. II q loader is used, the
hardest part Of the work is done by
the horses and the men can handle
about 30 per cent more hay.
Save Labor on the Stack.
The push rake furnishes the most
economical method Of hauling hay to
the stack, barn, or hay press if the
distance is not much more than one
fourth Of mile. One man, or boy;
with good push rake and a team
used to the work will handle three
times as much hay as two men with
small rack on high-wheeled wagon.
Stacking hay with push rake an6
an overshot stacker mounted on wheels
eliminates nearly all of the back
breaking work of the old pitchforl
method. With yield of one to one
and half tons to the acre, two men
on the stack can easily handle all the
hay brought in by three push, rakes.
accomplishing vast saving in labo,
and hay over the pitchfcrk method
Another method not SO good but still
vastly better than the pitchfork method
is q stacker equipment with double
harpoon fork. The outfit can be made
at home and will cost very little com
pared with the labor it saves, but
harder work is necessary to get the
hay on the stack than With the over
shot stacker
When hay Is to be baled from the
field, one man by working In the after
noon, can round mp enough hay which
has, been punched by push rakes to
keep the press going next morning
until the dew is gone from the hay IN
the windrow. When the hay Is not
thus rounded up the crew will lose
two bours or more on MORNINGS when
there Is a heavy dew.
Carelessness In setting the press may
result In loss OF labor When the press
is properly set two men can get
plenty Of hay to 1t from the stack.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1921-06-09
A Feeling Of Security

You naturally feel secure when you
know that the medicine you are about to
take is absolutely pure and contains no
harmful or habit producing drugs.
Such a medicine is DR.. Kilmer's swamp.
Root, kidney, liver and bladder remedy
II The same standard Of purity, strength
and excellence is maintained in every
bottle Of Swamp Root.
It is scientifically compounded from
vegetable herbs.
It is not stimulant and is taken ia
teaspoonful doses.
It is not recommended for every thing.
It is natures great helper ii relieving
and overcoming kidney, liver and blad-
der troubles.
A sworn statement Of purity is with
every bottle of DR.. Kilmer's Swamp
Root.
If you need medicine, you should
have the best. On sale at all drug stores
in bottles of two sizes, medium and large.
However, if you wish first to try this
great preparation send ten cents to DR..
Kilner & Co., Binghamton, N. T., for
sample bottle. When writing be sure and
mention this paper-Adv.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1921-06-09
REDUCE LOSSES IN SHIPPING
Moro carefui Il aii,si::Isii
and Packing Spinach Is Urged
by Specialists.

Losses In long-distance shipments
of spinach can be greatly reduced by
careful handling in harvesting and
packing together with effective re-
frigeration In transit, according to
specialists Of the bureau Of markets
Of the United States Department Of
Agriculture. Decay and deterioration
In transit caused by the development
OF Shiny soft rot cause serious losses
to shippers IN some sections.
This decay develops rapidly In.
transit when temperature condi ticnss
are favorable shy investigators Of
the bureau. s. It starts at places where
the leaves have been bruised or.
wounded, and 1t very frequently fol-
lows attacks OF blight Or other Held
diseases. Other causes Of deteriora-
ton in transit are following and Wilt
Ing Of the leaves. Prompt handling
and shipment at low temperature
I l.:ssssssel reduce losses from these
causes.
When barrels are used, It u adyis-
ssbie to scatter crushed ice IN several
layers through the Scontainer, q large
layer being placed on top Of the spin
ach next 70 the barrel head. Holes
bored In the bottom cf the barrel pro-
vide drainage. Shipments Ii baskets
Tor crates carry best with d layer Of
crushed Ice IA the center Of TIN con.
taiAer and another. layer on TOP 81
the spinach JUST under the cover.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1921-06-09
Business Of the World Would Stop If =
Mathematics Were Wiped Out
b. PROF DAVID E. SMITH, Columbia University

Let imagine if can that by mighty
should be wiped off the face the earth tonight book at
ma every mathematical symbol every every page
written sheet which trace Of mathematics and machine
computing recording numbers What would happen?
Every mill the whole world would
would close until could replace its accounts statistical material
its formulas work. its tables and its computing
schinery
Every would guess the
ship the would be stricken with blindness
aow helpless awaiting the probable starvation Of its
would be driven scraper New York
tho Orders would have lost their numbers Wall would
it's portals the engineering world would awaken morning
living death would relapse
condition Of barter the days Of
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1921-06-09
ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME
Infamous Buildings Occupy
Sacred Sites in the Old capital
of the World"


Ancient Rome was built on the hills
south Of the River Tiber. Tradition
regarded the Palatine as the site OF
Nomulus' Urbs Quadrata Excavations
have brought to light remains Of
earlier settlement and a prehistoric
metropolis. The capitoline was the
center of republican and imperial
Rome. One Of the principal ancient
monuments is Hadrian's mausoleum
which, as the castle of S. Angelo. was
the citadel of medieval Rome. West
OF this stood Caligula's circus in which
Nero tortured the Christians; it's site
is now occupied by ST. Peters, the chief
shrine Of Roman Catholicism, reputed
to be the largest church in the world,
occupying $4,000 square yards and
measuring 435 feet in its highest part.
North Of st. Peters is the Vatican
palace, which covers 1919 acres and
comprises over 1000 halls, chapels and
rooms The pantheon, built by Agrip-
pa in II 3. G. and restored by Hadriap.
is said to be the best-preserved ancient
building in the city. &
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1921-06-09
BIRDS AS STREET cLEn. FRs
vultures Employed for the Purpose in.
Costa RIGA, and Traveller Says #
They Are Efficient.

b Z ~
Garbage collectors in Costa Rica en-
Joy their occupation, because they eat
what they find. In his book, Sailing
South" Philip 5. Marden writes as fol
lows
Il was awakened on the first morn
ing in town by sound of wheels in
The street below, and looked out. It
was an Impressive sight. The garbage
man was abroad on his scavenging
rounds. Ahead of his open wagon
walked in a sober platoon four enor-
nous vultures, All in sable and main
tanning the chastened dtneanor Of I'M
dertakers at an open grave. Behind
the wagon walked half dozen other.
yultures similarly sedates And around
the rim of the cart, perched in sol
emn row, sat twenty-one other birds
OF the same species and same somber
hue. i would fain have immortalfzed
the scene, but. the camera, alas, wasn't
loaded. began to understand why
the streets of San Jose, which leave
much to be desired in other respects,
are at least so notably clean. The buzz
Yards attend to that!"
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1921-06-09

1t should that able up twenty-one
oopa home without servants all Of the family
child and still do best to attend to social duties wife
governor of state.
home systematically and have the by
o'clock Then instead Of wondering pass the time
work on big correspondence cleaning Closets pressing clothes
OF grooming myself, as all wives do, suppose
about forty telephone calls each accept many
possible from people organizations
hardness wife when she sorry
put the laundry to soak
try to live the traditions of ancestors who believed
and earning right to exist living constrcve
live three months of each year the woods prime
Gods production his clans for the rest Of
the year, with my feet on the ground
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1921-06-09

prepared by the United States Depart
ment OF Agriculture.)
The hay crop, even when the labor
supply Is normal, causes more worry,
anxiety. and disappointment than any
ether crop. The time for harvesting is
comparatively short. Other crops re-
luire attention at the same time And
the weather is to be reckoned with.
a great deal Of labor is wasted every
year during hay harvest, say special
lists OF the United States Department
1dleness on the part Of the workers,
but because labor is expended unnec-
kssarily on operations that do not
utilize 1t to the best advantage. II an
old method can be superseded by a
new one that will enable the same
number of men to accomplish more
work In the same length of time Or
fewer men to accomplish the same
work in the same length OF time, it
will mean more hay saved, more
profit to the farmer, and better con-
Aition for the country.
Osutt 9uiaSIl iTOIU wan 20 t1OFSos7
Although there is scarcity Of man
labor, there are still plenty Of horses
on most farms, and herein largely lies
the solution Of the problem. On farms
where consid erable hay is grown
methods must be adopted by which the
greater part Of the heavy labor is done
BY horses. This will necessitate the
general use Of certain types of labor
saving machinery, some Of them not
20 common In the East, which have
been thoroughly tested and proved
satisfactory in the western part Of the
United States. The small hay grower,
however, need not make a very heavy
Investment in new haying apparatus,
Tor by rearranging the working Of his
crew and using little more horse
labor for the hard work he can add
consid erably to the efficiency Of his
crew.
Here are some suggestions made by
the specialists for avoiding Of labor
n haynaking.
Do not run two or more mowers
elose together. II the front mower has
any trouble that causes it to stop, all
&0f the mowers Usually walt while re-
pairs are made on one. There Is a
tendency. also, for drivers to waste
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1921-06-09
ASPIRIN
Name tBayer" on Genuine

Take Aspirin only as told in each
package Of genuine Bayer Tablets of
Aspirin. Then you will be following
the directions and dosage worked out
by physicians during q years, and
proved safe by millions. Take no
chances with substitutes. If you see
the Bayer Cross on tablets, you can
take them without fear for Colds,
Headache, Neuralgia, Rheumatism,
Earache, Toothache, Lumbago and
for Pain. Handy tin boxes Of twelve
tablets cost few cents. Druggists also
sell larger packages. Aspirin is the
trade mark Of Bayer Manufacture of
Observation-Disclosures Of Salicylicacid.-
Adv.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1921-06-09

Of the best thrift many
thrift they began saving money
with this worthy end
needs homes and home She
but the sabzing
home ownership social and economic life.
little OF The
Of the orderly society
example of the
qualities He has solid which
He proprietary independence thai
cannot fail 10 sdd Is his own rghtful esteem.
It Be- That plans Tor home
going yonr then
thsse worthy and TIE dictates good judgment
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1921-06-09
There You Are.

"What is the shape of the world?'
asked the village schoolmaster.
"Don't know sir" piped the class.
'Well, what is the shape Of my
snuff box?''
Square, sir"
mo, no; don't mean that one. l
mean the one use on Sundays"
Round, sir"
"Now, then; what is the shape of
the world?"
Square on week days and round
on Sundays, STRIP