davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1921-08-28

included in order to determine no
only the conditions under which in
tants died, but also the condition.
under which they survived. Tn,
agents have gone into the homes Of tn,
rich and poor alike. The greatest car,
was taken to make clear that the gov
crnmcnt does not desire to intrud,
upon the privacy Of family life, bu
that it asks the cooperation of Amer
can mothers in an effort to Safeguard
the lives Of babies. How far the gooe
VIII of the communities was secured
is indicated by the fact that in only
fifteen out of more than thirty thou
sand cases were the agents refused the
information.
Poverty and Ignorance
Causes of High Mortality
All the infant mortality reports
bring out the hazards to the lives OF
their offspring which individual
parents cannot avoid or control be
cause they are remediable only by com
munity action. high infant NOR
tality rate appears to be everywhere
coincident with underpaid fathers and
overworked and ignorant mothers, the
reports show.
Much Of the other work of the
bureau, during the carly years, par
tlcularly, grew out of its studies of
infant mortality. Thus its first publ
cation was upon the subject of birth
registration and was inspired by the
fact that its infant mortality studies
could be carried on only in those areas
where births were accurately recorded
When the bureau began its work only
eight states registered births with suf-
ticient care and accuracy to be accept
able to the Bureau of the Census for
statistical purposes. In cooperation
with the Census Bureau and with
womcn's organizations the Childrcn's
Bureau Mt an early date began an in
quiry in many states as to the com
pletencss of birth registration. A con-
slant and persistent effort has been
made to educate the general public to
an appreciation of the vital Importance
cf birth records.
The bureau early began n series Of
popular pamphlets on tho elementary
principles Of hygiene as related to
mothers and children. No attempt has
been made to invade the fields of the
medical and nursing professions, but
an effort has been made to furnish in
a form which the average mother can
readily understand the information
which every mother should possess
IN further effort to report to the
New-York tribune., 1921-08-28

PARIS. August 81
kkHHE United States will in
q evitably witness a telling
reaction against the kind
of prohibition which the
government IS now trying to enforce. y
said Jean Finot, noted French author
magazine editor and leader of the anti
alcohol forces of France, in an inter
view with The Tribune.
IF l may be permitted to say So"
continued Finot, "the prohibition sys-
TEN In America is stupid. You can't
wash all the spots off the leopard in
single bath. After generations of al
cohol you cannot change nature so
abruptly as American prohibitionists
have tried to do. 1t is not possible
from the psychological point of view.
There IS momentary triumph, but what
about the reaction? ~
And, according to NJ. Finot, it is
just as sure that America will evcntu-
ally get back to light wines and beer
as 1T is sure that the sun is going to
keep right on rising and setting for a
considerable time to come.
While there has been a flourish of
publicity in Americas "dry" efforts as
in the present campaign in the British
Isles, the French campaign against
demon rum is perhaps as interesting as
any of them, involving as it does g
complication of questions ranging from
woman suffrage to the rising genera
ton, from the possibility of future
wars to politics in the heart of the
Chamber and Senate.
The prohibition forces of France in
volvc such names as Alexandra Mile
rand, President of the Republic; Paul
DeSchanel, former PRESIDENT; Ray
nond Poincare, former President and
Premier and now leader in the SEN
ate; Henri Bergson, famous author
philosopher and member Of the Acad-
emy; Leon Bourgeois. President of the
Senate; Senator Alexandra Ribot,
Academician and former Premier;
Nine. Jules Siefried, president of the
New-York tribune., 1921-08-28
Chlrens Bureau, Monument Julia lathrop New Chic

nine crowded years for the former d.
rector, Miss Abbott declared she ap-
preciatcs in the fullest the magnitude
Of the job she has taken.
"My job is plainly marked out. The
way has been clearly defined by Miss
Lathrop, and shall attempt no innova-
tions, but put in my time endeavoring
TO measure up to the pace she has set"
she said and then turned to the heap
of papers, letters and other matters on
her desk
Under Miss Lathrops direction the
{ Children's Bureau has had twofold
poicy-hTst, to secure within the field
given it by law accurate, reliable and
scientific data upon various subjects af-
fecting the welfare of children and child
,fc a,song all classes Of people, and
81 ond, to rse all re sonable methods
within its power to make available TO
as large a proportion of the citizens
oi the country as possible the results
Of it's scientific inquiries.
She has carried out her work with
the belief that in the main local
initiative and responsibility can rem
edy any evils, once they are clearly
defined and marked out
"Of course, the bureaus functions
have been and will continue to be
fundamentally based upon the lines
indicated in its creative act, making its
primary purpose the business of i'm
proving the welfare Of all the children
Of the nation" said Miss Lathrop. at
has not forgotten children needing
special care and has made productive,
practical studies in these fields. But
at the end Of eight years its studies
justify the statement that, while ef-
II rts for special children must be
undertaken in the name Of humanity,
ii osc activities which sustain the
Whole social fabric and improve the
general welfare Of children are the
measures which promise most for les
sening defect, dependency and de-
iinQuency."
The Children's Bureau was created by
AN act Of Congress- approved April 8,
1912, and began work as soon as its
appropriation became available in Au
gust. Originally "A part Of the Depart
inent Of Commerce and Labor. whan
that department was divided in Marcn,
1919, it became one of the bureaus of
the Department of Labor. For two vcnrs
It's STAFF consisted Of fifteen persons:
but, in July, 1914, an additional appro-
priation mndc it possible TO increase the
staff to scventy~six persons.
The establishment Of the ChIldren's
Eurcau was the result OF ten years
New-York tribune., 1921-08-28

mote counties of the same state every
facility for such care and protection
may be lacking.
A report on children before the
courts in Connecticut has been fol-
lowed by questionnaire study of all
the courts of the United States hear
ing chldren's cases.
The first work upon the subject of
child labor undertaken by the bureau
was compilation and analysis of the
laws in force in all the states and
other political divisions of the United
States This compilation was request
ed by several organizations interested
IN the problems Of the child in indus
try
AS in the case of all legislation.
however, the enactment of legal stand
ards for work is only the beginning Of
the actual protection Of the child. The
bureau soon recognized that in order
to discover to just what extent chill
dren were actually protected from too
early and too long and heavy labor it
must study the methods of administra-
ton of child labor laws. The most
important feature of this administra-
ton IS the employment certificate sys-
TEN, and, accordingly, series of
studies were made by bureau agents
in several states selected to show the
workings Of various types Of employ
ment-certifcate systems in large and
small communities.
War Spurs Activity in
Collection of Information
The entrance of the United States
into the war affected at once the bu-
reau's activities. BY that time a con-
siderable mass of information was
available, bearing upon the special
dfngers to the children Of the various
European nations in war time In
mediately upon the declaration Of war
by the United States special corps
Of translators and readers was set to
work by the bureau to make this in
formation available to the American
people.
Soon after the declaration Of war
the bureau also put forward n brief
war time program in which it at
tempted to embody tho pressing es-
sentials OF reasonable child welfare
standards. This program was con-
densed under four heads: CD Public
protection OF maternity and infancy;
CD provisions to enable mothers of
older children to afford the home com
fort and protection which are the best
safeguards against delinquency; (3)
enforcement OF child labor laws and
full schooling for all children of school
age, and (4) recreation for children and
New-York tribune., 1921-08-28

written simply but forcibly, on the
most terrible ravages of strong liouor
among strong men. Posters depicting
drunken father and a destitute
mother and four very destitute chill
dren have been "affiched' throughout
France, bearing the names of Raymond
Poincare, president dhonncur, and
Jean Finot, president of l'Alarme.
which society takes the responsibility
for distribution. These posters make
an appeal against the death rate at a
time when the birth rate is lowest in
French history and when the latest
national census shows a loss Of $780,
600 inhabitants. Alcohol is charged
with much of the situation, inasmuch
as the posters warn
Condition Would Kill Half
Of Population in Three Generations
The decrease of births and the ter
rible mortality of France foreshadows
the reduction Of the population from
forty to twenty million in three gen.
tIdllOuS ana TO Ten mllIlOnS III SIX
generations. Alcohol has killed since
1870 about nine millions Of inhabi-
tants and ruined more than hundred
million. Among other statements the
poster appeals:
"Citizens, citizencsses, young peo-
Pile, in the name Of the nation in dan
ger, abstain from alcohol and impress
upon all this sacred duty"
Meantime, the campaign goes on in
side the lawmaking bodies Of France
in Paris. Silently and without pub
licity, the Chamber and Senate have
begun, under powerful influence, to
tax strong liquors out of existence On
the other hand, taxes on light wines
and beer have been steadily lightened
in order to wean the Frcnchman, who
will not have things thrust upon him
suddenly, away from the stronger
and moro fiery draughts. The psycho-
ogy Of the mass is studied in this
regard because more than ever with
Latin peoples, and especially the
French, reason lies in the pocketbool:
New-York tribune., 1921-08-28

parents of the nation in clear, popula
terms the standards of child welfar
worked out by experts the bureau no
long after its organization began t.
prepare exhibits and soon adopted, il
connection with its exhibits and alss
in connection with many of its fielt
Investigations, the method of the chile
health conference. One distingui 5hille
feature of these conferences is the en-
tire absence of any competitive ele
ment. Because no contest in which
their children might make poor rec
ords is involved, parents bring chill
dren about whom they feel a specia
need Of advice. The physician ir
charge Of the conference gives no med
cal prescriptions, however, but refers
children in need of medical care to the
family physician.
Welfare Work Not Philanthropy,
But Important Public Issue
The bureaus studies have revealed
however, that public instruction is not
the only method needed to combat in
fant mortality. Community action is
essential and should be based upon the
clear recognition that child welfare
work is not a philanthropy, but pro-
foundly important public concern. Ac-
cordingly, the bureau has made special
studies of the methods used both in
this country and other countries to
prevent infant mortality.
Early in its work the bureau was
forced to recognize the close connec-
ton between the welfare of the child
and that of the mother. Not only
was it found that motherless babies
were much more likely to die in in
fancy than babies who were cared for
by their own mothers, but also that
motherhood brought with it in this
country greater probability of death
than IN any, except two, of fifteen
foreign countries. Although these
deaths are largely preventablc. the
maternal mortality rate has not been
decreased as have the death rates from
other preventable causes, such as
tuberculosis and typhoid fever.
Infant and maternal deaths are less
frequent in rural than in urban COM
munities. Nevertheless. letters re-
ceived by tho bureau showed that in
many country districts fresh air and
wholesome surroundings we're often
overbalanccd by isolation low incomes
and lack of medical and hospital facili-
ties.
Big Educational Plan
For Mothers Is Prepared
A study was made Of the methods
uanl in all forc;esr
New-York tribune., 1921-08-28

aiss Abbott has for Il number Of
years been one Of the most active CO
"'fkefs of the bureau. She was for Il
''ane executive Of the Illinois State In
migration Commission. During II z
Psf'pa the child labor act was in opcr-
ann ene mas director OF the child
'ab'f division of the Childrcn's bureau.
yDSse4aentjy ebc MAJ an odyiser II
'.e var 'aDor Policies Board, director
~ me Chicago j~aQue for the Pro.
pe''"n of Smmigxants and secretary II
INC cbild Welfare standards Confer
snce.
Upon accepting from Miss Lathrop
sns ossk that has been the center Of
New-York tribune., 1921-08-28

bearing, and as result of the accumu-
lated experience and information avail
able IN the bureau a plan was prepared
tor the public protection of maternity
and infancy with Federal aid The
program proposed includes instruction
IN hygiene for mothers and children
through school, university and extern
sion teaching; the provision of public
health nurses, who shall be as avail
able for instruction and service as
public school teachers, child health
conferences, adequate confinement care
and convenient hospital facilities.
The creative net specifically requires
the study of laws, and as soon as the
bureau was able to undertake the mat
ter, work was begun upon an index and
analysis of all legislation pertaining
to children in the various states and
territories. This elaborate and pains
taking study has now been made of
the laws of the majority Of the states.
and copies have been furnished upon
request to commissions and individu-
ais working upon the codifcation of
children's laws.
From the outset the bureau has TAX
en- as its province the interests of all
children-of normal children as we'll
as abnormal. The problems of de-
pendent, defective, neglected and de-
linquent children and the methods of
caring for them have from the begin
ming, however, received special atten-
tion. Service to handicapped children
has been recognized as an aid in lay
ing the foundation for service to nor
nal children.
AS result of its work in the field
of child dependency the bureau has
issued a compilation of mothers PEN
sion laws in this country and in GER
tain foreign countries.
The problem of illegitimacy has been
studied, both in the Office and in the
fed, and a report on its social aspects
has been published
Special Study Is Made
OF Juvenile Delinquency
Various phases Of Juvenile delin-
qucncy have been studied, particularly
the treatment of children brought be-
fore the courts. In this case, as in
the matter Of birth registration, the
studies conducted by the bureau
especially one Of Juvenile delinquency
in rural New York-havc shown that
the best law will fail in its purpose
unless it is given wise and efficient en-
forcement. Even in large cities, where
special provision easily can be made
for the proper care and protection of
juvenile delinquents, the administra-
tive difficulties are great, and in re-
New-York tribune., 1921-08-28
Miss Grace Abbott, Aid TO
First Director, Takes the
Reins to Send Aid to u.
5. Mothers and Infants
By Mason Mcclure
WASHINGTON. AUGUST

WASdlNGION, August 81.
one Of the most important jobs in
Washington, in so far as the America
Of the future is concerned, changed
hands this week without being marked
BY the slightest semblance Of cere-
mony.
The bureau Of the government whose
business it is to guard the welfare Of
the 100000 children Of the country
VINO, as the men and women Of the
years 10 come, Will decide the course
ana make the future history Of the na-
non, has new pilot. Miss Grace Ah-
'o't, Of Nebraska, took over on Friday
'fom Miss Julia Lathrop the desk Of
she director of the Children's Bureau
Of the Department Of Labor.
nIss Abbott's naugura! consisted Of
handshake and best Of luck" from
'ne retiring director, who has just
rounded cut nine years service in that
Capacity and resigned to take az
extended and much-necded rest at her
1eme in Rockford, III.
Inc ncw chief, by remarkable coin
e'aence, also claims tho State Of Hi
nos az her home. While she is y
native Of Nebraska. she has spent the
'et'@r part Of her time as leader in
en'id welfare work in Chicago. Miss
HnDost is thoroughly energetic and
ous'aesslike person. She is paid the
s'gnest commendation by The former
director, Miss Lathrop, who, with real
admiration, declared she has earned
me place through sheer ability and
merit.
New-York tribune., 1921-08-28
In the direction of sorrow-a
French poster

mails are affected by alcohol; how un-
der its influence even harmless Young
rabbits and guinea pigs become even
more "bete" than men who drink. 1t
is not only the animals which have i'm
bibed alcohol which suffer afterward,
put their little ones which pay by suf-
ferings Of all kinds for The poison con-
sumcd by their fathers and mothers.
The children are given table to
study showing researches of Professor
Demme, Of Berne, indicating how with
in twenty families children were af-
tected through alcoholic parents and
non-alcoholic parents. Here is his con-
slant appeal for q greater French pop
ulation. The table shows that fifty
children out of sixty-one were normal
where parents were non-alcoholic in
the case Of ten families, as against
only ten normal infants out of fiftv-
seven born to parents who consumed
alcohol. OF the sixty-one children born
to abstemious parents Of ten families
cnly tive died at an early age, while
of the fifty-sev born to the ten alco
hoiic families twenty-five died in in
fancy, seven were imbeciles, five we're
subject to epilepsy and ten more were
not normal and healthy as children
should be.
Nansen the Explorer
Drinks Nothing but Water
The author invokes the story of
Nansen, the explorer, who was asked
whether he had ever resorted to al
cohol in his experiences with the TEL
rible frigidity. Nansen replied: "If +
had taken alcohol l would never have
been able to complete my discoveries
and would have doubtless died in the
land of ice. There is but one means
to resist the terrible Arctic colds which
reign in the districts where have been.
and that is to drink only water The
strongest animals, and even the cog,
who rendered SO much service, drink no
other liquid
This unique appeal against strong
New-York tribune., 1921-08-28
Big Educational Plan
For Mothers Is Prepared

A study was made Of the methods
used IN "ll foreign countries to assist
mothers at the trying period of child
New-York tribune., 1921-08-28
By Wilbur orrest
p Pts Ave-

PARIS. August q.
United States will in
evitably witness a telling
1 reaction against the kind
New-York tribune., 1921-08-28
France Fights Alcohol Through Fducafion

eader OF the Prohibition Movement There
ana That Reaction Certain Set I-French to Eliminate
fu Hard Liquors. but Do Not Strike Beer-Poli
and Authors Join in Campaign Which in Public Sc
The Cordova daily times., 1921-11-09
NAOMI PLACER

Beginning at Cor. No. I. idcnti. cal with Cor. No. Humdinger Placer of this survey. whence |. <. l.. NJ No. 44 bears $. 3i deg ol min. F. 2C4S feet: thence s. S9 deg. II min w SS1 fl. to Cor No. 9, identical with Cor. No. ,. Survey No. lOS0 Marion Placer. Cor. No. 3 HumdinEcr and Cor No. 1 Fraction Bench Placers of this survey: thence \. 3l deg. 42 min. F. l0S5.Go ft. to Cor No. 3. identical with Cor No. i Frac- tiou Bench and Cor. No. l Fanny Bench placcrs of this survey: thence <. 9 deg. Ol min. W. 429. iO ft to Cor No. 1. identical with $. w. Cor. Snow Placer uusurycyed, Charles Kracmrr. Claimant: thence s. &4 deg. B min. F.. 5S5.S ft to Cor. No. 1, the place of beginning.
The Cordova daily times., 1921-11-09
HARD LUCK PLACER Survey No. 140.

Beginning al Cor. No. l, iden- tical with Cor. No. 1. NJ. $. No. 10SO, Marion Placer and Cor. No i. Tenas Fraction Placer. whence T.. s. l.. NJ. No. A bears $. 51 deg. 40 min. E. 3796.3 1t; thence s. 5S deg. 20 min. w, 223.S it. to Cor No. ., thence x. Gl deg. 49 min. w. 775.3 it. to Cor No. 3, thence x. 40 deg. IS min. w. 6l2.27 ft. to Cor No. 1, thence N. S6 deg. IS min. w. 924.6 ft to Cor No. 5, thence N. S7 deg. 39 min. W. S63.S 1t to Cor. No 6, thence x. G. deg. II min. w. G1769 ft to Cor No :, thence N. T deg 01 min. w. 597.3 ft. to Cor No S, thence x. 75 deg. 51 min. W. I2lT63 tt. 10 Cor No. 9. thence N. B deg. 70 min. r.. l4i770 ft to Cor. No. 10, thence <. TS deg. o5 min F.. 4agS.9i ft 10 Cor. No II. thnuc" $ 25 deg 52 uin. W. 1f1'.N r'. to Cor so. 1. the place If beginning.
The Cordova daily times., 1921-11-09

ST. LOUIS. Mo, Nov. 9-Teaching the young idea how to shoot in fash ionablc girls boarding school in St. Louis is not half so exciting as learn. ing how to shoot up" gophers. snake, and other rodents and reptiles that infcst the average homestead. So says one who has tried both Mrs. Elma II. Benton. for nine months each year principal of fashionable IIosmor Hall at St Louis. the other three month, being spent in improving her homostcadod land in Montana
 Loft widow several years ago with two sons to support Mrs Benton be- gan to look around for some place where she rouI maN. m investment that should nonrC, nnr boys during
 uwnor m.uah,. and wov.1. Ewing for h.r when she wtr rh. teaching pro. f..mu N that rw. .nn aa~ oouM superintendent oC .uo.l. in onn nr Wt-rou.m'+ leading countless She had heard os s.Ion. business and pro. fr.-..u women who had "aona west" to try homost.mu- ouc given up later on account of moi being able to carry ir through
 With her two boys and some cash sho went west our summer and ,stokod" off som. land and began at once to have "sharR" erected to comply with her contract The i'm. proycmcnts have gone steadily on until at present she has a good house. outbuildings and 22o acres of land in her name Part of the land is sown to alfalfa and some to rye There she journeys every summer with a party of friends and her faithful dog Bob During the last summer she procured her final deed and no prouder home stcadcr exists. She has been head of Hosmcr HaU several years and much as she loves her work is not ayerse to saying that she intends to return to the west some day for good Teach ing seems quite tame by comparison in her opinion
 Not even the problem of coping daily with ninety lively up-to-date girls