davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1921-03-11
Pine TREEC0N|!!PANN
DENIED new TRIAL
JUDGE ROEsER REFUSED RE
TRIAL IN WAII.ACE-LAXED
OVERFLOW CASE

Judge Roeser of St. Cloud, district
Judge, yesterday fled with Clerk of
Court Stou an order denying new
trial in the case Of John G. Wallace of
Bemidji vs.. the Pine Tree Manufacture
ing Company of Little Falls. This case,
which was tried at the April term OF
court in 1920, was suit for $4,000
damages which the plaintiff was caused
to his land as the result of operations
by the defendant which caused the riv-
er to overflow onto the land. He was
awarded $4,000 damages by. the jury.
The attorneys for the defendant made a
motion for new trial or judgment not
withstanding verdict, but the judge in
his order denied both. The case will
likely be carried into the state supreme
court by the defendant.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1921-03-11
kfensburq

f1ensburg
Presidential. j. McRae.
Trustee-Frank LuhasavitZ.
Clerk-John Super.
Treasurer-Nick WojciechOwski.
Assessor-Walter Karpinski.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1921-03-11
Granita

Granite
Supervisor-Christ Schlegl.
Clerk-Peter H. Gross.
Treasurer-Peter j. Gau, Sr.
AssessOr-M. SchOmmer.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1921-03-11

Rail Prairie
Supervisor-M. L. MAender.
Clerk-F. J. Prosser.
Treasurer-Wm. Fosdick.
Assessor-Frank Kunkel.
Justice w. Snow.
Constables-Philip Webster, George
Stroming.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1921-03-11
Green Prairie

Green Prairie
Supervisor, 3 years-Geo. Hender-
son. 2 years-Frank Burr.
C1erk-J. w. Hanson.
Treasurer-Ed. Nelson.
Assessor-Arthur Anderson.
Constables, 2 years-Dave Swanson,
1 year-Henry Henderson.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1921-03-11

Randall
President-Geo. 0. Nelson.
Trustee-Wm. Burt.
} Clerk-H. e. Ritter.
Treasurer-S. G. Cochran.
Assessor Schwanke..
Constables-H. L. Decker, Carl J.
Dahlquist.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1921-03-11
Buchanan Village

Buchanan Village
Mayor-John Schmolke.
Trustees-Aug. Dehler, Peter H.
Mueller and John Hesch.
Clerk-Jos. Grandmother.
Treasurer-Peter j. Brausen.
Assessor-Martin Schirmers.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1921-03-11

CIough
Supervisor-H. A. Dingman.
Clerk-Chas. e. Nichols.
Treasurer-E. r. Hall.
AssessOr-Ben Nichols.
Justices-J. J. Garin, Cynthra
Gourd.
Constables-James MCGUIRE, Geo.
Thesing. =
Voted new town hall.
Voted 2 mills for purchase of trac-
tor.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1921-03-11

scandia Valley
Supervisor-John Johnson.
Clerk u. Goodrich.
Treasurer-Max Meyers.
Assessor H. Bergstrom.
Justice-Elmer Nelson. =
COnstable-Wm. Deurr.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1921-03-11

Parker
Supervisor-C. J. Hagberg.
Clerk-D. j. Martin.
Treasurer. E. Wise.
Assessor-Ge0. Fl. johnson.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1921-03-11

Culdrum
Supervisor-Arthur Anderson.
Clerk-Alfred Lundgren.
Treasurer-Wm. Hartwick.
Assessor. e. Morrison.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1921-03-11
Bun

Bun
SupervisOrs-Peter Tretter.
Clerk-F. COenen.
Treasurer-JOhn BOser.
Assessor-Edward COenen.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1921-03-11

Cushing
Supervisor, years-O. o. Kjelder-
gard. year-L. E. Bergman.
Clerk-A. K. Johnson.
Treasurer-L. J. RamlO.
AssessOr-A. Eckblad.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1921-03-11
HiIlnan

HiIlman
Supervisor, 3 years-Henry Boltin.
Clerk-Al. Dominick.
Treasurer-Charley Lust.
Assessor-Math Meyer.
Just1co-Christ Lust.
COnstable-J. ], Pinka.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1921-03-11

SobieSkl
President John Palas1ewski.
Trustee-John Vavarek.
Clerk-Anton KOZiOl.
Treasurer-Frank Lashinsh.
Assessor Peter Javorski.
Justice George Slapinski.
Constable Martin Paycer.
Swan River
Supervisor Frank Kruxel.
Clerk. II. Hander.
Treasurer Joe Scepurek.
Assessor Frank Scepurek.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1921-03-11
Little Falls

Little Falls
Supervisor-Jos. LaFond.
Clerk. r. Claassen.
Treasurer. I. Pedley.
Assess0r-Louis Boisvert.
Justice H. B. Bach.
COnstable-JOhn Schneider.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1921-03-11
Morrill,

Morrill,
Supervis0r--Frank Wyatt.
Clerk-Frank Yatckoske.
Treasurer-Wm. Miller.
Assess0r-Frank Yatckoske.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1921-03-11

(0oat'l t;iInnsd ! g J 8 p'slgI,s 8
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1921-03-11

township are disqualified because they
are residents of the village. The only
officer who qualities is Ed. Barton,
elected trustee for three years. The
vote on separation resulted in the cit
liens voting for separation by 2l5 to
1853. The vote in the village was 137
against separation and l12 for and the
township vote was 2G against and 1O3
for. The vote by the village on the
proposition to issue $4,000 worth of
bonds for the erection of village hall
was defeated.
Bun
Supervisors-Peter Tretter.
Clerk-F. Coenen.
Treasurer-John BOser.
Assessor-Edward COenen.
Belle Prairie
SupervisOr-JOe Leblanc.
Clerk-Albert Johnson.
Treasurer-John Bastien.
Assessor-Jos. Picotte.
Road Overseers-Dist. 1, Gilbert
Anderson. Dist. Frank Sweeney.
Buchanan
Supervisor-Peter Denzen.
Clerk-John A. Zenner.
Treasurer-N. II. Mueller.
Assessor-John P. Mueller.
Justice-John Poster.
Constable-M. E. ,Hesch.
Buclnan Village
Mayor-John Schmolke.
Trustees-Aug. Dehler, Peter II.
Mueller and John Hesch.
Clerk-Jos. Grandmother.
Treasurer-Peter j. Brausen.
Assessor-Martin Schirmers.
Culdrum
Supervisor-Arthur Anderson.
Clerk-AEred Lundgren.
Treasurer-Wm. Hartwick.
Assessor. E. Morrison.
Cushing
Supervisor, years-O. o. Kjelder-
gard. year-L. E. Bergman.
Clerk-A. K. Johnson.
Treasurer-L. J. Ramlo.
Assessor-A. Eckblad.
CIough
Supervisor-H. A. Dingman.
Clerk-Chas. e. Nichols.
Treasurer-E. F. Hall.
AssessOr-Ben Nichols.
Justices-J. J. Garin, Cynthra
Gourd.
Constables-James MCGUIRE, Geo.
Thesing. -
Voted a new town hall.
Voted 2 mills for purchase of trac-
tor.
Dariino
Supervisor, years-Emil Ander-
= son, I year-Fredolph Johnson.
Clerk-Herman Lemnitz.
Treasurer-John Thelander
Assessor-Oscar Larson.
Justice-Alfred FredericksOn.
COnstable-Elmer Anderson.
i1ensburg
President-A. j. McRae.
Trustee-Frank Luhasavitz.
Clerk-John Super.
Treasurer-Nick Wojciechowski.
Assessor-Walter Karpinski.
Granite
Supervisor-Christ Schlegl.
Clerk-Peter H. Gross.
Treasurer-Peter J. Gau, Sr.
Assessor-M. Schommer.
Green Prairie
Supervisor, 3 years-Geo. Hender-
son. 2 years-Frank Burr.
Clerk-J. w. Hanson.
Treasurer-Ed. Nelson.
Assessor-Arthur Anderson.
Constables, years-Dave Swanson,
1 year-Henry Henderson.
HiIlman
Supervisor, 3 years-Henry Boltin.
Clerk-Al Dominick.
Treasurer Lust.
Assessor-Math Meyer.
Justice Lust.
COnstable-J. ]. Pinka.
. Little Falls
Supervisor-Jos. LaFond.
Clerk. e. Claassen.
Treasurer-J. I. Pedley.
Assessor-Louis Boisvert.
Justice B. Bach.
Constable-John Schneider.
.-. Morrill,
SupervisOr-Frank Wyatt.
Clerk-Frank Yatckoske.
Treasurer-Wm. Miller.
Assessor Frank Yatckoske.
Town Of Motley
Supervisor John Scherling.
Clerk-D. W. Berglund.
Treasurer A. E. Berglund.
Assessor Mc0lashan.
Justices Of Peace u. a. Winslow
and n Norton.
Constable 1audotph 1sysrsn. and
$8Sv vaitss
The Birmingham age-herald., 1921-01-09
". M. U. DISTRICT MEETING

Tho district meeting of the Woman's Missionary union and the quarterly meeting of the Birmingham Baptist as- sociation will be held at the First Rap- tist church Thursday morning. beginning with the executive board meeting at 9:So clock.
 Mrs w. H. Sanford of Montgomery. the new state president of the Woman's Missionary union. will speak and Mrs. w. C. James president of the Woman g Missionary union for the Southern Bap- tist convention, will also make an ad- dress. Mrs. James is a distinguished speaker and a new conner in Birming- ham,
 Lunch will he served at 1 o'clock by the Young Womens auxiliaries of the district under the direction of Mrs. James G. Smith.
 The afternoon session will be given , over to a reception in honor of Mrs, James and Mrs. Sanford. All the women of the district arc in- vited.
 This meeting was to have been held at the Ensley Baptist church, and the
The Birmingham age-herald., 1921-01-09

I7EdHE exhibition of prints, copies Of
 famous paintings, will be open
 for one week longer from to 3 o'clock every afternoon at the rooms of the Art league in the Watts build ing,
 During this week the various churches, clubs and schools will have committees present during these hours to act as hostesses and receive the visitors Hundreds of people have al ready visited this exhibition, and many more are expected to avail themselves of the privilege of seeing these pictures during this week.
 An art exhibition is one of the most democratic expressions of personalities imaginable. Here a pictured princess may calmly and serenely occupy po- sition by the side of an old woman peeling potatoes, a peasant boy, a gipsy fortune teller or beggar by the fountain.
 Miss Margaret McAdory, who is in gcharge of the exhibition. tells Of the pictures which are the favorites at this exhibition and describes those which are among the most admired.
 There is the Home of Heron,' py
The Birmingham age-herald., 1921-01-09
AUXILIARY OFFICERS ELECTED

No. 17s2, United Confederate Veterans,
 announces their election of officers as follows:
 Mrs. II. l.. Bumstead, president; Mrs. A. Nj. George, virst vice president; Mrs. Guy Harris. second vice president Mrs. Lillian Gloezier. third vice president; | Mrs. w. T. Whited, recording secretary Mrs. Ben l. Dilger, corresponding sec retary: Mrs w. G. Martin historian; ' Mrs. T. Thompson, custodian; Miss Mary l Rush, organist.
 This organization was officially adopt ed by the camp. Subcommittees will be announced later. This auxiliary was or ga nized with % members.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1921-01-09
UTOPIAN CLUB
 ELECTS OFFICERS

At the weekly meeting of the Utopian club Wednesday evening the follow ing new officers were elected: lsham Gillespie, president; Hubert Watkins, vice president; J. R. Gardner, secretary; George Mcclellan, treasurer.
 Other members of the club arc Luther Busby Clovis Pearce. Thurston Shur- man, Walter c. Blackwell, Hartwell Holt, Frank Merritt, Robert Strickland John Craig, Alten Goods. William Mar tin and William Shepherd
 The club is planning many social events for the ensuing year. Already plans are being made for the next dance to be given the latter part of February. Formal announcement of this dance will be made within the next few weeks. Every member of the club is working hard to make this. the clubs br.shteSt year
The Birmingham age-herald., 1921-01-09
FORTNIGHTLY SHAKESPEARE
 CLUB

Mrs. Earle Hargrove was hostess to the members of the Fortnightly Shakespeare club at her home Thurs day morning.
 During the business session plans were perfected for an afternoon of readings and sonE. to which the public will be Invited, the date to be an- nounced at the next meeting
 Miss A. Bess Clark addressed the club, her subject being: Modern Amer ican and English Drama" Her talk was very interesting and instructive.
 Mrs. H. E. Whitesides gave a humor- ous reading, and Mrs. Powell sang two charming songs.
 The hostess was assisted by Mrs. Charles Mcdonald, Mrs. Hues Smith, Mrs D. c. McMahun and her mother Mrs. ]. T. Huff. A delicious salad nlate was served
The Birmingham age-herald., 1921-01-09
CAMP WILCOX CHANGES
 MEETING PLACE

Mrs. H. l.. Bumstead, secretary of Camp Wilcox No. 17S2. United Confede- rate Veterans. announces a change of meeting place from the Chamber of Commerce to the Young Mems Chris tian association Members can take the elevator to the fourth floor
 The first meeting of the new year will be held Friday a t 2 o'clock.
 Acting Commander J. l.. Fletcher will preside over the meeting and all members are urged to be present.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1921-01-09
WOMAN'S RELIEF
 CORPS MEETING

The regular business meeting of the women's Relief corps, George A Custer post. No. 1 and Sons of Veterans, will be held on Tuesday evening at 7:ao o'clock at Fraternal hall. The afternoon meeting being omitted.
 There is to be Joint public installa- ton of officers.
 A good programme has been arranged and refreshments will be served. Friends and relatives of Women's Relief corps Post No. and Sons of Veterans are cor dally invited to attend
The Birmingham age-herald., 1921-01-09
R. D. JACKSON CHAPTER

Mrs. McElreath entertained the mem bers of the R. D. Jackson chapter, United Daughters of the Confederacy, Friday at spend -the-day party at her home in Norwood. The house was rrettily decorated for the occasion. Al the close of the session an interesting programme was enjoyed. which was followed by social hour. Lunch was served at o'clock to about 30 members and friends.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1921-01-09

Primitive Baptist paper and decided to try it. Ihave used Lydia E. Pinkham' s Vegetable Compound and Lydia E. Pinlham's Liver Pills for about seven months and now l am able to do my work. I shall never forget your medi- cine and you may publish this if you want to as it is true. "-Mrs. !. F. HURSEY, Star, N. c.
 Here is another woman who adds her Testimony to the many whose letters we have already published, proving that Lydia D. Pinkham's Vegetable Com pound often restores health to suffering women even after they have gone so far that an operation is deemed Advisable. Therefore it will surely pay any woman Nde lp3 3efa from ailMents peculiar to her sex to give this good old fashioned remedy a fair trial.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1921-01-09
MISS WILSON CONTAMINATED

Miss Florence Robertson was hostess at party luncheon at the Southern club honoring Miss Rosa Wilson. d popular ide-elect of this week. The table was centered with lovely bas- Set of Russell roses. Each guest was presented with an attractive French corsage and hand painted card $ marked places for the following, Miss Wilson. Miss Anita Sloss Miss Ann Major, Mrs. Douglass Mcqueen and Mrs. J. IT. Robertson
The Birmingham age-herald., 1921-01-09
The Tell Tale
 of Gray y Hair

To be judged ten years older than you actually are, is the tell-tale of gray. streaked hair, which detracts from youthful appear ance as much as wrinkled face does.
 Women. everywhere, prefer the easy, harm less "Brownatone" method that tints gray.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1921-01-09

streaked. faded or bleached hair, instantly to any shade of brown or black.
 Without injury to hair scalp, Brown atone" imparts natural, lasting colors that defy detection. Does not rub or wash off 1; and requires just few moments to apply.
 Guaranteed absolutely harmless. Drug gists everywhere sell and recommend ~Brovnatone." Two sizes soc and s1.5O with easy, complete directions. Two colors- shading from Golden to Medium Brown" and Dark Brown to Black"
 Special Free Trial Offer
 For free trial bottle of "Brownatone'' send to The Kenton Pharmacal Co.,. 500 Coppin Bldg. Covington. Ky, enclosing He to pay postage. packing and war tax.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1921-01-09

Among those entertaining at the Coun- try club last evening were Mir. Will Ken non, MT. E. K. Boln and Mir J. c. Kim ball.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1921-01-09
CATHOLIC WOMAN.s CLUR

feature of the regular meeting of the
 ] Catholic Won1ens club. Wednesday aft
 1 ernoon at 2.30 o'clock. in the home of
 Mrs. Charles Lichty, on Tuscaloosa ave-
 nue.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1921-01-09
RECEPTION FOR BRIDE ELECT

Mfr. and Mrs A. Lipsitz will receive this afternoon from to o'clock and this evening from 8 to IT o'clock at their home 2225 Arlington avenue, in honor of their daughter, Dorothy, whose engagement to Mir. David Alper - Is announced.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1921-01-09

they would last two w e e ks. II W a 6
 treated by two doc tors without relief and they both said I would have to have
 an operation. had my ytroublef fouryears and was unfit to do anything, and had given up all hope of ever getting any better. I read about your medicine in the
The Birmingham age-herald., 1921-01-09
Society News and Activities of City and Suburbs
COUNTRY CLUB

women of the district will please note the change.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1921-01-09
WOMAN AVOIDS
 AN OPERATION
Hope Nearly Gone, but Lydia
 E. Pinkham's Vegetable \ Compound Saved Her

Star, N. C.-"My monthly spells gave me so much trouble, sometimes
The Birmingham age-herald., 1921-01-09
BAKER-WRIGHT
 WEDDING PLANS

A wedding of interest to many friends in Birmingham will be that of Miss Sarah Wheeler Wright to Mir. Kenneth l.. Baker of North Carolina. The wedding will take place at the home of the brides parents on High land avenue the evening of January 13 at S:30 o'clock.
 The bride has chosen as her attend ants her sister. Miss Mary G. Wright, as maid of honor; her cousin, Miss Marion Wheeler, as bridesmaids little Virginia Wade as flower girl. and little Dave Bucks, Jr., as ring bearer. Mir. Baker has chosen as his best man MT. Oliver Trebing of Nashville, and Mir. Fred Smith ass groomsman.
 An appropriate musical programme will be rendered by Mrs 0. w. Colgan as pianist, Mir. Harry Stefnmehl as vio- llnist and Miss Gladys Crawson as VOL calist. The parents of the bride will give reception after the ceremony. AFTER-REHEARSAL PARTY
 MT. and Mrs. John M. Wright win be hosts to the members of the Baker Wright bridal party at a buffet supper Iuesday evening, following the rehearsal for the wedding.
 BOX SUPPER
 A box supper is to be given at Sunny side Methodist parsonage at the home or the Rev. F. l.. Newton tomorrow evening for the benefit of the Woman's Mission Eary society of the Methodist church. Everybody invited to come and enjoy q pleasant evening.
Indiana daily times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1914-1922, 1921-03-18
Fair French Water
Expert Coming for
Yankee Competition
Suzanne Wurtz, DiUing, Dash
and Distance Champ, Has
Eliminated All Rivals.

PARIS, March Miss Suzanne WurtZ
champion girl swimmer of France. plans
to visit the United States for the first
time next year and compete in a number
of aquatic events.
Miss Wurtz celebrated her twentieth
birthday on Christmas day, 1920 Despite
her youth, she was beaten with ease every
French woman swimmer competing
against her and nearly all the men. She
succumbed the first time against a woman
when she swan against Miss Susan Bleib-
trey, the American star, after the Olym-
pic games.
The little French star-for she is very
slight of build compared with most
woman swimners-first learned to pad
die at the age of eight. When she was
twelve years old she won second place
in a championship race, being beaten
only a yard over a distance of 500 metres.
In 1913 she won the French women's
championship and she has held 1t ever
since. Five times she has captured the
famous five and eight miles swim across
Paris, beating male and female swimmers
In the annual Seine swim in 1918 she fin
ished fourth behind Norman Ross, the
American worlds champion, beating all
French men entered, and in 1919 she I'm
ished second, being beaten only by Lieu
tenant Duvane, champion of the French
army.
Miss Wurtz holds all French records
from 100 meters to five miles Further
MORE she has won eighteen diving cham
pionships and holds the worlds record
for high diving for women. Last August
she created sensation in the swimming
world by doing a "corkscrew" dive from
the top of Lavillette bridge, a height of
about eighty feet.
Indiana daily times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1914-1922, 1921-03-18
HOG MARKET
CLOSES HIGHER
Fairly Active Demand for
Cattle-Calves $1.50 Up.
RANGE OF HOG PRICES.

Due to light receipts and a strong de-
mand, hog prices were 50@75c higher
at the opening of the local livestock ex-
change today.
There was top of $11.50 on some ex-
ira fancy light hogs, while the bulk of
that grade ranged at S11.25@11.50. Light
mixed hogs generally sold at $11.25, while
few of that class brought prices near
the S11.50 market.
There were few heavy hogs on the
market, but what sales there were ranged
at $1025@1075.
Pigs and roughs were higher, reflect
ing the strength of the general market.
Roughs brought 50 and down and pigs,
S11.5O and down.
The bulk of sales for the day ranged
at $11@11.25.
With close to 700 fresh cattle on the
market, prices were steady on all grades
except steers, which were generally 25c
lower and in cases SOC down.
Trade was only fairly active and 1t
was anticipated that there would be only
a fair clearance for the day.
With an active demand by the shippers
calf prices were 81. 80 higher, with top
of SIG on a few extra fancy choice calves
and the bulk Of that grade at $14M15,50
Other grades were higher in COMPARE
son.
There were no sheep and lambs on the
market.
Indiana daily times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1914-1922, 1921-03-18
Was There Plot to Make
Man-O'-War Lose Race?

NEW YORK, March lots of pc
culiar things happen in the racing game.
Some can be explained; others cannot.
Among the latter may be recorded the
breaking of a strap holding one of
Jockey Clarence Runners stirrups as
he was plotting Man War to victory in
his $4,000 race with Sir Barton in
Canada.
That the break occurred Just as Kun
mer was pulling his horse up at the end
or the contest does not serve to Tighten
the belief OF many who heard of the
matter that there was a deliberate at
tempt made to keep Man-o'- War from
winning.
The saddle used by Hummer in this
race was practically new, having been
used only twice previously.
This shows that the precautions taken
to protect Man-o'-War were fully justf-
fed. The slightest tampering with any
thing concerning such an animal might
spoil his entire career and cause his
owner heavy financial loss
If the strap had broken earlier in the
race the result might have been re-
versed. 1t Is understood that ever since
the race a quiet investigation has been
in progress to learn what strangers
were about Man-oWar's stable before
the race. If there was a plot to inter
fere with the race it is believed some
gambling syndicate was responsible.