davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The New York herald., 1921-05-02
I Totals. .31172T 10 4

TOtnla. III 7 y 1b
.Batted for Mogridge In the sixth inning.
fBatted for Schacht in the eighth inning.
tilode,nbia o. OIL % o o-5
Ia alrna.Nf q o q % % U-l
The New York herald., 1921-05-02
NATIONAL LEAGUE.
AMERICAN LEAGUE.

sTie game. Friday, April 20.
Evening star., 1921-10-20
FOR SALE-HOUSES
CLEVELAND PARE

Attracfively located detached home. having
9 rooms. = baths INV h.. electric lights. Nirl-
wood floors; breakfast and sleeping pprcles
has just been newly r,.,ircora ;rd: large loi.
trees and stlruhbery; garage. Pune. $ls.5hu.
Terms if desired.
HEDGES & MInnLETpN iNr..
1924 ii Il NV plume Main los
Evening star., 1921-10-20
APARTMENTS TO LET

UNFURNIsHED-Co
FIVE ROOMS AND BATH; HEAT. ELEc-
tricity and janitor service. 1880 w st. NV.
Price. $75. Phone Main 1869.
The Parkwood Apartments.
Immediate Possession.
Beautiful apartment of seven large rooms
and bath in the high-class Parkwood Apart
ments. l748 st. NV.
Close TO Conn. ave. and withip walking
24-hour elevator and switchboard service.
This apartment is for sale under the Walker
cooperative plap for less than 1t costs te
Moderate first payment, Monthly payments
Of $113.50 makes this beautiful apartment
your very own.
Ask any cooperative owner.
Allan E. Walker & Co., Inc.
s13 18th St wv. Main 24s0.-
The Avondale, 1884 P St. NV.
Circle, with "a hour elevator service.
six-room and bath apartment: large rooms,
porch. fireplace. and many other desirable
Moderate down payment and $1o5 per month
buys this apartment and makes 1t your very
Immediate Possession.
Ask any cooperative owner.
Allan E. Walker & Co., Inc.
s13 18th st. NV. Main 2430
The Lambert,
1871 Lanier Place NV.
Immediate Possession.
Lovely four-room and bath apartment In
this splendid building. Reasonable down pay.
ment and the balance in monthly payments or
$526S.
Under the cooperative plan you acquire
absolute ownership instead Of rent receipts
and for less money.
Ask any cooperative owner.
Allan E. Walker & Co., Inc.
sl3 18th st. NV. Main 243O
IN ONE OF THE REST NORTHW EST APART
ments. Of freproof construction. located at
New Hampshire ave. and ST.. known MS the
Northumberland. On cooperative plan enables
the purchase and occupancy Immediately. at
less than present rental. your own to Z room
and bath home, with day and night tele-
phone and elevator service. Apply to man
ager on premises for inspection.
UNION REALTY CORPORATION.
1910 G street. Main S415.
GEU. ". LINK1NS.
1718 K Ut.
718 10th at. NV. 3rd door: rooms and 400 ~,
h.&L
Evening star., 1921-10-20
FOR lighthouses

CONN. AVE. NEAR CHEVY CHASE CIRCLE
Beautiful detached. hOllow-tie home; 1o
rooms. 2 baths; large grounds: every conven-
14OO IL ST NV.
COMPREHENSIVE BRICK: 8 ROOMS
and bath; newly papered; rent 500. DAVID
f. BARRY. 1907 st. Main 1901.
NEWARK ST. CLEVELAND PARk-Nine
rooms and bath; $3.50 per month
McKEEVER 4 GOSS,
14o5 Eye st. Main 475e.
7th ST. S.E.<-Six rooms and bath. for colored.
Apply
McKEEvER & Goss.
1905 Eye ST. Main 4752.
8 ROOMS AND HATH; CENTRAL LoCA-
tion. Room 300. ITO 14th st.
$3.50: FRAME: SEVEN ROOMS: NEWLY
towner, North 1911. 22'
1902 RIVER ROAD N.W.-s ROOMS AND
bath bath; o.water heat -- electricity; sleeping
WILLIAM r. ELLIS, 1+12 st. nv.
AN s-ROOM AND BATH, MODERN. SEMI
detached house in Cleveland Park: large front
porch and screened sleeping porch. In excel
Allan f. Walker & Co., Inc.
81S 18th St. NV. Main 24so.
14os 2lst sP. NW-s RMS. AND BATHS;
ami: $3.50 per month; now vacant: b. r.
SAUL CO.. 14l2 Eye st. NV. Main 2l00.
SOMERSET. Md ROOM MODERN HOUSE
with acres of land; immediate possession !:
800 per month. SHANNON & LUCHS. 713
14th ST NV. Main 234j.
CLEVELAND PARK-ATTRACTIVE BTNGA,
low containing rooms, bath and sleeping
porch: in good condition; immediate posses
sion; $50 per month SHANNON & LUCiiS,
713 14th st. NV. Main 2345.
FOR RENT-63s PENNA. AVE. Sc: THREE
rooms and private bath, third floor; heat fur
nished: hOt-watpr heat. Rent. $40
John SCRIVEVER A. RR0
9l4 q ST. NV.
y. 7. AVE. RETWEEN 9th AND 10Th \ W. !;
10 rooms, bath good business location; Sl2J.
Call OWNER. Col. 277J-W. cGs
FOR RENT-737 HOBART ST. NV
Vacant: 9 rooms and bath: year rent in ad-
vance. 5000. {. +. WARING. 323 Bond bldg.
SNUG LITTLE DETACHED HOME IN Pet
worth. consisting of rooms and bath tthree
bedrooms living room, dining room, kitchen
and den, with open fircpace); cellar under en-
tire house. fully equipped with laundry facli-
ties gas and electricity: large closets: imme-
diate possesson; $92. so month. Address Box
S11-B, Star office.
Evening star., 1921-10-20

BEAUTIFUL CHEVY CHASE. u. c.
You can save money on this home ny buying
oow. rooms and baths; AMI; 2-car ga
rage. lot 5Ox130: southern exposure. Gail
Mr. Mitchell, Cob els.
Evening star., 1921-10-20
BY ON NI:R.
18th STREET HIGHLANDS

Attractive Groom house. rer"p. hall. bath ard
sleeping porch: ami: Laundry and maid :
room in basement; immediate p"ss,,SSi1n: rra
sonable for quick sale. .i2s 18th II. NV. -
18th STREET HIGHLANDS
Ideally situated new home. detached. "n
large lot. HOUSE nf hollow tile construction
has 10 rooms and baths: oak floors first and
second floors: all latest Improvements. Prr",
ST. 900. Terms IL desired
HEDGES Il MIDDLETON. INC,
1884 II ST NV. Thune Main 1d2s
Evening star., 1921-10-20

Washington Heights-Corner..
Ideal section; excellent apartment
building: annual rental at low figure.
S. 334, based upon a scale Of only about
SIC ROOM 4 bargain at $4,000.
Evening star., 1921-10-20

FRONTING RESERVOIR. pAEk
View section: r. ami L.: hands Duieiv
decorated: poTrh-s; garag": rental 10y
month. So: price only $3.50, Sl.Uo1
cash. balance easy.
in Petwor;h vacant: Ss.I:Ji: terms.
Nr. Colorado ave. and ipE-iri!"w
possession: snap 1T $1,000: terms.
Columbia Heights: reasonable pay
men:s like rent. :, numh"r uf others
in different sectiuns: also Il cfuzrn
select homes f9r r"fned colored.
terms.
n. L. RNON Co. INC.
Successors to New York Really BROKERS.
Main 4J.,I lie3 L st.
Evening star., 1921-10-20

FIVE ROOMS AND BATH: HEAT. ELEC
tricity and janitor service. 1890 w st. NV
Price, $73. Phone Main 1869.
Evening star., 1921-10-20
FOR RENT.
FOR SALE OR RENT.
" AN'tfD.

WANTED-AT ONCE, = GOOD LuTS, VICIN-
ity Of Chevy Chase Circle. Maryland side. for
flee.
COUPLE without children want ~iuall house
or part house: rent must he reasonable: ref
erences. Address Box !7-D. Star office. 2a-
Evening star., 1921-10-20
STsEI- Al.


Exceptionally guud hGy in brick bunEa
low. convenient 10 Conn. ave. ear me Their"
are rooms ~ brdrnum-I and baths: INV h. /:
eiec lights: hardwood fours: lot u < l3n. own
er leaving city and must sell Price. $40. 100
HEDGES 4 MIDDLETON. INt..
1884 II 81. n W. rhnnn Main 1nas.
Evening star., 1921-10-20

ACT QUICKLY.
One of the most delightful. picturesque and
cozy homes around Washington. at Woodside
Md: 6 roomy rooms and bath: ami; about
one acre ground; garage; lovely trees. shrub
berry. flowers: near cars Price is right: con
venient terms. Vacant: immediate possession
(65S624 ---
o. r. ZANTZINGER, Realtor.
10Th NV. Main o3II.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1921-02-11
HARDING TURNS TO
TRAVEL BY LAND

ST. Augustine, Fla, Feb. TO-
Abandoning his houseboat cruise to
begin a final period of consultation
on the personnel and policies of the
coming administration. President
elect Harding returned by automo-
bile tonight to St. Augustine; where
he will spend most of the time until
Inauguration day.
The president-elect left his house
boat Victoria late in the afternoon
at Daytona, rs miles to the south.
after several changes in plans based
on the uncertain progress of the
vessel up the Indian river. Although
she was dislodged early in the day
from the mud bank which had held
her captive in Mosquito lagoon, her
days run was not promising and
Mr.. Harding decided he could not
prolong his vacation further.
With his return here Mr.. Harding
is to take up not only the final selec-
ton of a cabinet, but many other
questions that must be settled be-
fore he takes the oath of Office on
March 4. Although he has more or
less definite idea on most of these
subjects, T. is known that the crucial
decisions are yet to be made. So far
as the cabinet is concerned, he is
holding his mind open on virtually
every one of the ten places.
During his houseboat trip to Miami
which began on January %, he has
declared official business taboo and
only them ost importa st an shsh
only the most pressing kilograms
have been forwarded to him: When
he reached his headquarters he
found that more than 100 tele-
graphic messages on a single subject
were waiting for his perusal, and in
addition there was a great mass of
correspondence by wire and mail re-
lating to about everything that may
hold the interest of a president
elect.
In preparation for this task, Mr..
Harding believes he has had a thor
ough vacation. He returned to st.
Augustine wearing a thick coat of
tan and looking Thoroughly refresh
ed and confident. He is making his
home at hotel here.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1921-02-11

wages was rendered last July Judge
Barton said and the rules hearing
convened on JanuaryS1O.
''The board assumed as the basis
for this decision the continuance in
full force and effect of the rules,
working conditions and agreements
enforced under the authority of the
United States railroad administra-
tion," Judge Barton, said he made an
exception of any mutual agreement
between carriers and employees and
declared it was the boards desire to
render a decision at the earliest pos
;ible date.
The ruling this morning held that
all questions involving expense of
operation were outside the jurisdic-
lion of the labor board.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1921-02-11
TYPHUS DISEASE
PRESENTS DANGER

Washington, Feb. 10.-Alarmed
by the increasing number of cases
of typhus among immigrants ar
irving in the port Of New York, fed
eral health authorities tonight were
engaged in a study OF methods to
prevent introduction of the dread
disease in the United States. -.
The situation at New York, where
more than 80 immigrants are
aboard ships suffering from typhus,
was brought to the attention of
President Wilson today in tele-
gram from DR.. Royal S. Copeland,
New York health commissioner. DR..
Copeland called the presidents at
tention to provisions of the quaran-
tine act of 1898 granting the pres
ident authority in the interest of the
public health to prohibit in whole OF
in part the admission to the United
States of persons and property from
such countries or points as he may
designate and for such a time as he
may deemsnecessary.
The telegram from the New York
health commissioner on receipt al
the White House was forwarded to
the treasury department which has
jurisdiction over the public health
service and matters of public health.
Assistant Secretary of the Treasury
LaPorte, in charge of the public
health service, said tonight the pro-
visions of the quarantine act refer
red to by DR.. Copeland had been
the subject of study for several
days, but as the withholding of gen.
eral permission to enter the country
would be a drastic step, officials
hesitated to put it into effect. Most
of the typhus cases have been found
among immigrants arriving from
southern Europe, especially from
Italian ports. %
Assistant Surgeon General R. H.
Creel, Secretary 'LaPorte said, has
been sent to New York to make a
thorough study of the situation and
to cooperate with health authorities
there in handing the typhus prob
lem.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1921-02-11
BIGHAM is CHARGED
WITH FIVE MURDERS

Florence, Feb. 10.-Warrants
sworn out by Coroner w. Marvin
Smith charging Edmund Bigham
with the murder of five persons, all
members of his own family except
the two McCracken children, who had
been adopted by his dead sister, were
read this afternoon to Bigham. There
were five separate warrants, covering
the murders of MRS M M Bigham,
Mrs Margie Black, Leo McCracken,
John McCracken and L Smile Big
ham, and they were taken out by the
coroner in accordance with the ver-
dict the jury of inquest rendered
on the night of January 26 after an
entire day had been passed at Pam
plico in the taking of testimony.
Deputy Sheriff and Jailer Jacob S.
Cook read the warrants to Mr.. Big
ham, while the accused man stool
quietly in his cell in the Florence
county Jail.
"Who swore out the warrants?"
asked Mr.. Bigham at the conclusion
of their reading.
Coroner Smith," answered the
deputy.
This was all that passed between
the two men. 1t is stated that the
pallor of Mr.. Bigham's face increased
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1921-02-11
TO
MEET MARCH SO

Greenville, Feb. 10.-More than
one thousand laymen from the Pres
byterian churches of Georgia, Flori'
da, North Carolina and South Caro-.
lima are expected here March 9th
and 9th to attend the convention OF
the Laymen's Missionary Movement
of the Presbyterian church in the
United States, according to announce
ment made today by the general com.
mittee on arrangements. Instead Of
selecting one central city, on account
Of the high cost of travel this year
the movement has decided upon five
regional convention cities in order
that the cost to the delegates may be
reduced to a minimum and at the
same time enable the convention tt
touch the entire church. The Seventh
General convention will be held ir
the cities of Meridian, Miss, Febru.
ary 17-18; Nashville, Tenn, Febru.
ary 21-22; Staunton, Va, February
24-25 and will close at Greenville
March SO.
Five Presbyterian churches here
with a combined membership of l.
700 will unite in the entertainment of
this convention, and as the sessions
are to be open to all denominations,
arrangements have been made to hold
the meetings in the magnificent Tex
tile Hall, which will seat 1000. The
Woman's Auxiliary of the movement
will convene simultaneously with the
laymen.
The Laymen's movement is COM
posed almost entirely of business men
and the convention here will be de-
voted to the relation of the church to
industrial, commercial and interna-
tional problems. "There never was
time when convention is more
urgently needed" says a statement
issued relative to the meeting. "Men
are saying on every side, What is the
matter with business?" There are
leaders in the world who frankly ad.
NIT today that the sore distress is
because Christ and His principles
are not permitted to govern and di.
rect business as they should"
The list of speakers includes some
of the most important men and wo.
men in the United States.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1921-02-11
RAILROADS ARE PAID OVER
$5,oo0,0oo BY TREASURY

Washington, Feb. 10.-Paym ment
of $5,280,223 to railroads under va.
rious provisions of the transportation
act was announced today by the
treasury.
The payments consisted Of loan:
from the revolving fund, including
S1,000,000 to the Virginia Railway
Company $237,9OO to the Central OF
Georgia Railway Company; advances
1nder the guaranty provision of the
net $611, 700 to the Norfolk and Sou
.hern Railroad Company.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1921-02-11
FARMERS. FAVOR
MARKETING PLAN

Roanoke, Va, Feb. 10.-Coopera-
tive marketing of farm products by
marketing association of growers
was indorsed here today at the clos
ing session of the group conference
of farm extension workers from
Kentucky, Maryland, Tennessee,
Virginia, West Virginia and North
and South Carolina.
Following addresses by W. A..
Wheeler of the United States bu-
reau of markts and DR.. a. C. True,
head of all extension work in the
United States, the conferees adopt
ed a marketing policy drawn up in
the form ora statement by special
committee. The statement, which
attacked, the present methods Of dis
tribution Of many farm products as
being Sin some respects wasteful
and causing enormous loss to the
grower, as we'll as the consumer"
outlined how the proposed market
ing associations should operate.
The statement in part follows:
"Such marketing association
should be organized along purely
cooperative lines, preferably on the
commodity basis, having member
ship composed solely. of growers
! and landlords, receiving part of the
crops as rent. We indorse ythe bind
ing crop contract plan as an impor-
tant feature of cooperative market
ing.
"Such marketing association
should embody the principle of pool
ing of commodities by grade or
quality.
Experts should be employed un-
der the supervision OF duly elected
directors to manage the operations
of the marketing for the associa-
tions. The directorate should in
clude representatives of the public.
Extension workers should ac-
quaint themselves with the princi-
Piles of cooperative marketing and
should encourage movements look
ing toward the organization of
growers cooperative marketing as
sociations where conditions seem to
warrant.
Extension workers should 60 on
record that cooperative I marketing
will not and should not enable grow
ers to realize arbitrary prices for
products, but at best will tend to
permit the law of supply and de-
mand to operate without specula-
tive hindrance and will eliminate
certain wastes in the handling of
farm products"
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1921-02-11

Mrs. D. A. Rogers is spending to-
day in Atlanta shopping.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1921-02-11

as the reading of the warrants pro-
gressed. He was quite pale when the
deputy turned to leave.
Until the coroner's warrants were
served on Mr.. Bigham this afternoon
he had been held in custody under a
warrant taken by John McCracken,
the father of the two dead children.
1t was at first decided to stay serv-
ice of the coroner's warrants until
the accused man should make appli--
cation for bail and then, in the event
that he should secure his freedom,
again arrest him under the several
charges of the coroner's jury. The
effect of this would be to largely in
crease the amount of bond which Mr..
Bigham would have TO furnish. To-
day, however, the officials concluded
to serve the warrants and they were
read by Mr.. Cook.
1t was stated authoritatively today
that Mr.. Bigham so far had not ar
ranged to secure legal representa-
tion and, therefore, made no applica-
tion for bail.
When the case will be called is of
course, undetermined as yet. The
next term of the criminal court will
be held in Florence beginning
March 21.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1921-02-11
DEATH OF MRS. Bolts

Mrs. Ed. Bolts died at her home
IN Long Cane township yesterday
and was buried today at Gilgal
church, of which she was a member.
Mrs. Bolts was Miss Richardson
before her marriage, and was born
and reared in the county.
The deceased is survived by her
husband and two sons, Mason and
Mack Wright, the sons of former
and by many kindred who
reside in the county.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1921-02-11
THE COTTON MARKET

The market has been stationery
for the past few days, except for
small changes. Yesterdays close was
about 20 points down on futures
with spots off in New York about
the same amount. Today there was
little change, the close being at
about 2 to 10 up.
Little cotton is offered locally.
The best offers today were from
IA 1-2 to Is cents for the best
grades offered.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1921-02-11
REPRESENTING WINTHROP

Miss Margaret Wilson, who is a
senior this year at Winthrop, has
been honored by the student body
in being selected as one Of the repre-
sentativs of Winthrop at the Young
Woman's Christian" Association con
ference which is to be held at And
erson this month. Miss Wilson is the
daughter of Mrs. J. D. Wilson of
Abbeville and is a young student of
whom our people are proud.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1921-02-11
DEATH OF MRS. J. H. PARKS

Mrs. ]. H. Parks died at her home
in Anderson this week following an
operation which she underwent
about week ago. Mr.. and Mrs.
Parks lived in Abbeville few years
ago, making their home on Green
vile street in the Lyon house. Mr..
Parks was manager at the Oil Mill.
Mrs. Parks is survived by her hus-
band and five children.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1921-02-11
TOLL OF LIFE CLAIMED
BY GEORGIA TORNADO
COMMITTEE
DISAPPROVES HOUSE
ONE YEAR MEASURE

Washington, Feb. 10.-The house
immigration bill which would have
virtually stopped immigration for
one year was disapproved today by
the senate immigration committee
by vote of to 4. The committee
agreed to adopt a sub-measure to-
morrow restricting immigration on
e. percentage basis.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1921-02-11
AROR BOARD REFUSES
REQUEST OF RAILWAYS
BRICK WORKS
RESUME AFTER A
WEEKS SHUT DOWN

Augusta, Ca, Feb. 10.-With two
of Augustus twelve brick manufac-
turing plants having resumed opera
tions this week after shut down of
four months, officials OF several OF
the other companies today an
nounced preparations to start dur
ing March. The plants give employ
ment to several hundred men.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1921-02-11
TWO WHITE PERSONS AND
THIRTY NEGROES KILLED.
: TERRITORY FIVE MILES LONG
AND ONE-HALF MILE WIDE
LEFT GREAT DAMAGE
TO PROPERTY


Oconee, Ga, Feb. 10.-A tornado
that struck the Gardner settlement
one mile from here shortly after the
noon hour today, brought death to
two white persons, and nearly 80
negroes, and serious injury to five
white persons and more than a score
of negroes. -
A stretch of land extending from
Oconee almost to Toomsboro in
Washington county, nearly five miles
long and about one-half mile6Wide is
as barren as prairie tonight, not
building nor tree being left stand
ing.
Among the dead is Benjamin
Franklin Orr, IA year old youth who
was decapitated. His head had not
been found at late hour tonight.
The only other white person who
met death in the tornado is the three
year old daughter of E. L. Minor.
manager of Shepherds commissary
at the plant of the Cleveland -Oconee
Lumber company. -.
Eighty-two children and three
teachers were in a school building on
the edge of the Gardner settlement
when the tornado struck. The build
ing was literally twisted to pieces
and the fragments scattered for
miles, around. Children were picked
up by the wind and carried for some
distance, but it is officially announc-
ed tonight that only one child was
seriously bruised.>
Approximately 40 houses were
blown down in the Gardner settle
ment. The Shepherds brothers CON-
missary at the big lumber plant was
reduced to kindling wood, Orr and
four negroes meeting death there.
Ten feet away from the commissary
was the general Office of the Cleve-
land-Oconee Lumber company which
was untouched by the storm.
Freight Train Helps
Ten minutes after the. tornado
wiped out the Gardner settlement
Central of Georgia local freight
train, running from Savannah to Ma
con, arrived on the scene. W. o.
King of Wadley, conductor, in
.harge viewed the bodies scattered
lbout the ground. The conductor or
Tered his locomotive detached from
le train and with his crew hasten
ID to Tennille, II miles away, for
aid.. Coaches were commandeered
from the Wrightsville and Tennille
,ailroad, four doctors and 46 persons
were obtained in the relief party. The
srain returned to Oconee as speedily
as possible.
Find Bodies in Trees.
The bodies of several small negroes
were found in trees, out of the path
of the tornado, being suspended on
the limbs by their clothing.
The bodies of grown negroes were
thrown into the field in semi
circle, and in the center of the group
was a goat. who stood like a statue,
too frightened to move for hours
after the storm passed.
One carload of dead bodies was
sent to Tennille tonight, while on the
came train were number of injured
who will be taken to hospitals at
Tennille and Sandersville.
The Red Cross is sending supplies
from Atlanta to Oconee to relieve the
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1921-02-11

Mrs. G. E. Martin and little Dor
othy, leave Saturday for Atlanta
where they will spend several days
with relatives.