Evening star., 1921-12-31
FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

year the guerrilla warfare between the
republicans" continued unabated.
Murders by the Sim FeinerS and re-
prisals by the British were of almost
daily occurrence. The Irish were espe-
cially eXaSperated by the execution of
a number of prisoners convicted of
completely in the killing of soldiers.
The appointment of Lord Talbot, lead
ing British Roman Catholic, as lord
lieutenant of Ireland, failed of its ef-
feet. On May 25 the Sim Feiners
burned the Dublin customhouse, and
on June 80 they reelected Eamonn
De Valera president of the Irish re-
public" Meanwhile the new govern
ment of northern ireland was organ
ized, with Sir James Craig as premier.
and on June % King George went
across to open the Ulster parliament.
De Valera on July 10 accepted the in
vitation of Premier Lloyd George to
a conference in London, and truce was
announced. Then began the series of
negotiations that lasted through the
remainder of the year. Offers and
counter offers were made, and finally
Britain proffered Ireland full status
as dominion within the empire. with
reservations concerning tariff and
naval facilities.
Charles, ex-emperor of Austria
Hungary. made two futile efforts to
regain the Hungarian throne. On
without forces and claimed the crown,
but Regent Horthy refused to step
aside. Czechoslovakia, Jugoslavia and
Rumania mobiliZed to Illustrate the
coup and the allied council of ambas-
sadors warned Hungary that the res
toration of the Hapsburg regime
would not be tolerated. So Charles
fn u NIL Of in
Switzerland. But he was not through.
for on October 81 he and his wife
Zita went by airplane to Hungary
and rallied a considerable number Of
supporters, who proclaimed Charles
king. Again the little entente" pre-
pared for action. but Regent Horthy
led his army out of Budapest and de-
feated the Carlists in real battle.
The former emperor and empress were
taken prisoners, as were number of
prominent Hungarian mobiles. The
allies decreed that Charles must be
exiled, and in November he and Zita
were taken to Funchal. Madeira.
Russia's Year OF Fighting.
Russia's year was one of fighting,
famine and efforts to resume rela-
tions with other nations. The soviet
government held its own against re-
peated revolts which included risings
of the workingmen of Moscow. of
peasants under Antonov and an in
vasion of the Ukraine by Petlura,
which for a. time threatened to be
successful. Failure of the crops
brought a terrible famine in the
Volga region. Many thousands starved
to death and even the American re-
lief administration, which took charge
of the situation, could only partially
check the disaster. In seeking to
break through the ring of isolation
surrounding it the Moscow govern
ment gradually receded from it's COM
munistic principles. 1t sought the
aid of foreign capital, and on August
9 1t abandoned state ownership of
tries. Treaties were made with the
Baltic states and with Turkey, and
tempting offers of concessions were
held out to other nations. In nota-
Bile pronouncement on October 81 Pre-
mier Lenin admitted the economic
defeat of communism.
Old King Peter of Serbia died in
Belgrade on August II, and four
days later his son Alexander was
proclaimed King Of Jugoslavia. He
was reluctant to leave Paris, how
ever. and it was not until November
sumed his crown. Portugal was up
set by several revolutionary move
ments toward the close of the year.
On August 19 the ministry was over
thrown by a military coup and sew
eral cabinet members. including Pre-
mier Granjo. were assassinated. A
few days later a plot of the royalists
was uncovered, and in November
Carvalho Mesquita led a revolt. Be-
cause of these disorders and Of the
spread of bolshevism the powers be-
gan consideration of a plan for in
tervention. Spain had rebels also
the tribesmen of Morocco. Against
them she maintained a wearying and
expensive warfare for months. And
while on the subject Of rebellion
mention must be made of the revolt
of the Moplahs, on the Malabar coast
of India, which caused the British
government much annoyance and not
a few lives. The chief sufferers
there aside from the Moplahs them
selves, were the non-Mohammedan
natives of the region. There was
unrest throughout India and the
Prince Of Wales was sent there. His
arrival in Bombay was signalized' by
bloody rioting.
On February the Islamitic con-
gress- at Sivas deposed the Sultan OF