davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
TARIFF SIDE TRACKED
FOR SEVERAL Weeks
Senate Finance Committee
70 Prepares TO Take Up
Revenue Bill.
IBy Associniod prossl

WASIiINGTON. Aug. 3l.-TarIrf
questions had their last inning for
several weeks before the Senate FL
nance Committee today, and the COM
mittec made ready To take up the
House revenue bill tomorrow
The tax measure will hold tho cen
ter of the stage until final committee
action has Keen taken and il is ready
for the Senate. Leaders said today
it would he possible to complete com
nittce action in two weeks, although
thcir plan contcmDlatcs only having
the bill ready for submission when
the Senate reconvcnes September 21.
No open hearings on taxes have
been announced, the committee, UNI
der present plans, intending to work
wholly behind closed doors, discuss
ing the subjects with treasury Of
ficials and tax experts Secretary
Mellon has been asked to be present
on September z.
Little Indication has Eeen given as
to what changes, &c any, may be
made in the House bill. The commit
tee, however. will have for its con-
sideration new tax program an
nounced yesterday by Senator Smoot.
Republican, Utah. which he will seek
to have substituted for tho House
bill. .
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
ON. ow, Trade Weakness

n ECRETARY HOOVER reports that Ger
y man competition in the field OF foreign
trade is showing signs Of Weakening, Whiie
REPORTS to his department tell OF strenuous
German commercial activity in various parts
Of the world, including the western Hemis-
phere where we ought to mold the auVah-
iage these reports indicate that the Ger
mans are having difficulties i'll handing
the business obtained through their nttrac-
tive price quotations by reason of the heavy
inroads made on their supply of raw ma
terial in meeting PREPARATION demands, limit
ing their ability 10 fill large contracts. rms
admission as to the strength OF German
connection, in the face of the imp0veriSh-
ment brought to il by the war and the
settlements imposed on it, amounts TO a
confession OF the weakness of our own
commercial system under the operation Of a
burdenSomc tariff.
Recent statistics OF our foreign trade
show a decline altogether out of proportion
TO what il ought TO be. even under the adj
verse conditions Of foreign trade incident
To the havoc wrought by war. This de-
cline has been accelerated by the so-caled
emergency tariG'' now in operation. But
It's future is further beclouded by the
shadow. OF the impending permanent tariff
bill now hung up in the Senate. If that
branch OF Congress does not radically re-
write the measure and take out the poison
in it, no amount of world trade recovery
will enable us 10 compete for that just
share Of commercial exchanges which
righifully belongs to this country.
In particular the American valuation
plan must he eliminated. That plan is now
pretty generally undcrst God to be nothing
less than scheme TO raise duties To a
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01

sary after noon today 10 send its soldiers
into West Virginia, It should be but the
first step toward n thorough cleaning up of
situation which has become disgraceful
The task of the Federal troops will be COM
paratirely easy. although II may not be
bloodless. But the task will not be COM
pleted with the disarming and dispersal of
the miners. Nothing short OF an inYestigu-
ton that will determine the cause of this
and former outbreaks and bring about their
permanent removal will suffice. Even that
will fall short if West Virginia itself can
not be awakened to its duty in imposing the
laws firmly and yet with equal justice upon
the men who labor in the mines and those
who operate them.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
Cumming the GnntIrt..

Inquirer, Pulaski.-Thc custom Of
Furnishing culprit by forcing him
to run the gantlct" is said 10 have
originated during the Thirty Years
War t6iS-4S). and to have been
adopted by European armies as n
mode of punishment. The culprit,
stripped to the waist, was Obliged to
run repeatedly between two lines OF
soldiers facing one another, each
of whom struck at him with a short
stick or switch. The word gauntlet"
ms here used. has not the meaning
usually given it-that of an iron
gioVe-but is simply corruption of
SantloDe or gatlope, and is derived
from the Swedish gatlopp. meaning
running down lane" Some
ctymolo sists. however. derive the
word from the German gassenlaufcn.
which means running the lane" and
others from the Dutch gangloopen,
having the same meaning.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
News of Fifty Years Ago

tFrom the Richmond Dispatch. Sept l. 1919
The state Conservative convention com
plctcd its work yesterday and early in trc
afternoon adjourned sine die. 1t provided for
tho thorough organization OF the Itarty
throughout tho State. and this done, it's mis-
.son was ended. 1t settled one question that
has heretofore created iissatisfaction-
that is 1t provided that the central executive
committee shall continue in Office until a
new state convention shall assemble and name
rs successor
The great desire to hear something from
some OF the distinguished gentlemen in A.
tendance upon the state Conservative conven-
ton was gratificd last night at Il grand mass
meeting ut Assembly Hall. The large hall
was packed with eager listeners although the
meeting was called short notice. The
Speakers Col. w. w. Walker of West,
morcland: Colonel John u. Baldwin of An
Euata: Major w. w. Giimcr. of AlbcmarIe:
Hon X. !. Montague, of Middlescx. and Eek
Governor William Smith.
The Board OF Public Works yesterday sold
the states interest in the Richmond and
Danville Railroad to the private stockholders
OF the road whole. The sale was made
under the act passed ut the last session of the
Legislature. The total amount owned by the
State was 81 ,O3i,a24; OF this amount 500 900
paid some months ago and the balance
s9a492D paid yesterday and the
states stock transferred to the company
that have been chartered by the York River
Railroad Company. TO keep up the connection
between this city and Baltimore, reached West
Point yesterday morning. bringing much
freight and good passenger list.
During the month of August. twenty-six
marriage licenses were issued in the Richmond
courts and fifteen In IIcnrico County.
Up 40 date the amount of the State debt
that has been funded under act OF the Legis-
lature is $12,014.203.i3.
Since August l. IFS deeds have been record
ed in the clerks Office of the Hastings Court.
and forty-onc in the Office of the clerk of
Hcnrco County Court.
Dick Warren (colored) night before last
shot and killed John Jackson (aso colorcd)
near Farmvile in Prince Edward County
Warren promptly surrendered himself to tho
authorities. tried before a magistrate
and bonded in the sum of $500 to await tho
action Of the grand jury. Warren stated that
he had been missing watcrmclons from his
patch, and that night he caught Jackson maxi
ing OF with n very largo melon. fired upon
him with his shotgun. killing him almost in
stantly,
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
EUROPE IS DISTRIBUTING 4
BOLSHEWST|C THEORIES
New York Financicr Com.
parcs Impressions Abroad
With Those Of Year Ago.
tHI Unltcl Nnwnl

tIS united NcwF.
NEW YORK. Aug. 3l-Compnrinr
ms Impressions OF Europc this yc,r
with those of 1870 otto ~ Kahn. New
York iinancicr, who has Just rcturuod
from an extended tour OF the cont
hrht, declares that the most slgniN-
cant chanEc In tho twelve months has
been the discriminating Of Bolshe
vist!c theories
These theories" he declared on his
arrival aboard the Olympic tod.y.
have ceased TO nc "A contagious in
i!ucnco and An article OF faith with
al! put Nmail fraction Of the bona
'h" WORKING people OF Europe
The eyes OF the Industrial nations
OF Europe are ON Russia as the now
land Of unlimited possibilities. and
thor" seems 10 he an almost universal
''corniticn. even in strongly an
.aEonistic quarters, that for the com
merclal penetration and the propt
economic ordering and dcvclopncn
Of "a rcgcncTatcd Russia. Tho activ
cooperation OF Germany liz rcnuIsit i,
and essential.
England and France are alive
the situation. and their financial nm,
Industrial leaders are astir. Amcri.
can cooperation would he welcome
at this time.
1T would seem 10 mo that this
situation should receive the careful
and prompt attention Of American in
dustry and finance. lest by standing
aloof too long we may ind ourselves.
forccloscd from desirable opportuni-
ties when the proper time arrives.
This suggestion Is, OF course. en-
tlrcly apart from the political or
moral qucftion OF according recogni-
ton Ia the Soviet government until
and-unlcss il be deserved by unmis-
taxable action through the free voice
OF the Russian people"
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
Sem ON THE SIDE
ny HENRY EDWARD wAaNna
The lturnltte,

The farmers life Is the life
Singing the livclong day,
Leaving the chickens ali to his wife
And 1oEfully pitching hay,
rushing the pillow and hoe,
RakinE the nelds-Oh. recr
ot the kinds of II life | know
The farmers life for me!
The farmers joy is the joy.
'citiIfg himself awake
Long before daybrcak alta boy,
And helping the day TO break!
working all day in the sun.
sweating. and rackng his back
railing to bed when the day is gone
TO sleep like tired tack.
Inc farmers life is the iife
Never a thing to do
Leaving the chickens all To his wife
And working. but not getting through,
ioiidays not for him.
Merry his life. and free
for carly TO rise ana sleep on n limb.
The farmers life for me.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
MOVES TO PAY U. S.
CLAIMS AGAINST HUNS
property Custodian Would Usc Prom
rrty Seized Here During
Wnr
NY Associated prcss.l

WASHINGTON Aug. 3l.-Recom-
"i'h"atlon that funds now in BOSSES
ZION "' me alien property custodian
d" use" IN the settlement of Amcri-
" '!"''nH "E"lhSt Germany was
n.'ue L" president Harding today by
Custodian Miller.
Most of the American claims. Mr..
Miller explained. resulted from ,ha
S!nhlnG OF the Lusitania ana other
ShipS prior To Americas entry into
the war. BOILED down. those now on
iac with the State Department.
amount to more than 800. 600, 00e MIR.
Miller said. The property held by the
custodian was estimated in value at
SAL 900. 600.
There was no intimation as to
whether the President had given his
approval
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
DECLARES MINISTER'S
DESERVE BETTER PAY
Snyn Church Cannot Afford to Permit
Situation to
Continue.

WINoNA LAKE, IND. Aug. 81
The clergyman OF the Christian
Church deserves better, pay than no
is getting today. and the community
and tho church cannot afford to per-
init him to continue underpaid, the
Rev. III. u. Ford, pastor OF the First
Christian Church at Houston, Texas,
told the international Convention OF
the Church of the Disciples of
Christ today.
Mr.. Ford said that 81 per cent of
the cicrSymcn in the United States
are receiving n third to a half less
than unskiilcd steel workers who
received the entirely inadequate wage
of sl,466 year. lie also advocated
retirement pay for aged ministers.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
Prince Edwnrh Islnnd.

NJ. b. c., Radford-Ali the provinces
of Canada were united ty the act
OF Parliament in 1867. provided n con-
stitution similar to that OF Great
Britain. Prince Edward Island was
admitted TO the confederation In 1871
Each OF tho provinces has q separate
Parliament and administration, with
n licutenant-Govcrno appointed by
tho Governor-General OF Canada. at
the head. They have full power to
regulate their own local affairs, and
dispose OF their revenue, provided
they do not Interfere with the action
and policy Of the central admits
tration. Prince Edward Island has
one legislative chamber. consisting
Of thirty members, and administra.
tive Offices, including a Premier.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
CALL FORD TO CAPITAL
TO DISCUSS HIS OFFER
secretary Weeks Seeks Further Facts
nS to Muscle Sh0nls
PROPOSAL.
by Associated Press.l

wASHINGTOS Anr ai.IDecision
10 ask Henry Ford to come to Wash
lhSton Tor conference with respect
20 ms offer for the Muscle Shoals
nitrate plant. erected by the govern
ment during the war, was announced
to-day by Secretary Weeks.
The War Secretary said there were
several features OF the Ford offer
which he desired to discuss with tho
automobile manufacturer. The Sec
rotary also Is awaiting n report from
war Department representatives sent
TO Muscle Shoals TO obtain various
hgnres and facts desired before ac-
ton is taken on the Ford offer.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
INFORMATION BUREAU

Inquiries regarding almost my
'"pir' cNceptjng ON IrEnI and nrdicnI
"hbJcrts, arr answered free. An nil
inquiries nrc answered directly Nv
rersonnl letter, scIf-nddressed,
STAMPED envelope IN required. Adj
arrss The Times ispntch Informal
lion Iturcnu, Richtnand. Va.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
Compliments to Doc n-o,,~

me honorable Doctor Brady of the adjoin
ing column recently advised his readers to
''' rieht In the blast OF an electric fan when
orerheated. and keep 1t going
That's Alright medically rrcn. Doc lint
Erttin' down 4 cases. our electric currcn, hilr.
plenty big enough now
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
MAIL ROBBERIES CUT
BY AIMING OF CLERKS
Post-0Hlce Department Reports Num-
her of IIoidupx Has Les
aenrd
IBy Associated Press.I

WASHINGTON, Aus. 3l.-Reduction
In mail robherics, due to the arminE
OF postal employees, was reported to-
day by the Post Office Department.. :.
The arming of line clerks, transfer
clerks, and registry terminal clerks
to guard the mails has greatly re-:
duced the number of hold-ups," a
formal announcement by the depart
-'~ntesoid. "ItifIe ranges and police
galleries arc being used all over the
county for thrget practice"
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
ElIis Islnnd onlcinl Qnits.

WASHINGTON, Aug. 3I.--The res
ignatlon of a. p. Schell, director Of
immigration ut Ellis Island, who has
been under suspension for some time
for alleged irregularities. WAS ac-
cepted today by Secretary Davis. ~
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01

The Newport News Times-ucrald suggests
IN explanation of certain queer performan nee
II says:
Not even the prospects of medical beer
could keep Congress in session when a thirty
days vacation doomed in view But mavbc
some OF the Congressman are better fixed
than most pcoplei'
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
ItIyhtos

ne fem'nist Orator was wound UP she
addressed the gathering of Mere Men
women she shouted. have in all times
and in all countries been the mainsprInr of
national existence Who tho worlds
greatest hero? Helen of Troy. Who was the
worlds greatest ruler? Queen Victoria. Who
was the worlds greatest martyr? Gentlemen
who. say, was the worlds greatest martyr?,
And with ono voice that immense crowd
OF men arose and cried:
MY wife,
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
Literary Note.

'oeksure, aren't they. the E!uo-inese?"
can; and grmny. suck a foui.dationr'
uh mean as what"
why heard EN- chewing the rag for
twenty minutes the other night as to whether
The standard Dictionary was written by
shakespeare Bacon"
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01

"Dispcrsc at once" says President Hard
ing TO West Nirginia's obstreperous miners.
and al noon today we will know il the
miners have yet learned enough OF the Eng
lish language 10 understand what that
means
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
I.orni Temperature Yesterday.

:. ~ VI. temperature. ......,.... ss
MhAimu'n tcmprrriurc 10 l.. Nj. o..
MMlniniun Temperature. 10 i. M. Z.
s.edh temperature" y"atcr,iay. $500. So
;sorma! t"nii"ratur" Tor this dstc.... IS
i.h'rss yesterday Observation-Disclosures, ia
t:'rs $tu'" NaTch l....-......... as
'A''As since January i.............. $50
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
The Weather
Furnished Il, U. $. wentt,er bureau,
Forecast: Virginia

Forecast: Virginia.
Generally 'fnir to-day
and tomorrow not
Uuiir 10 warm In east
n"d central portions to-
day.
North Curoilpn-I'nri-
Is cloudy today and to-
n,n-row: probahir seat
tered tlhunfirrsiip,ycrr
to-day not much change
la temperature.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
Spirit of Virginia Press

The norfolk Nirginian-Pilot made this brief
announcements:
The SiNty-scvcnth Congress goes on yacu
tion with four and II half months Of attend
ancc in legislative session to it's crcdit-ond
with little else"
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01

me Newport News Press offers n hint thus:
III Spi'e or the fact that the treaty OF
peace Is signed 1t were well for the Hun IN
restrain his manifestations Of friend,iness
until there has been trine more cooling
time"
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01

Al the Democratic committee meeting
Tuesday night harmony was so thick one
could cut it with knife. and there were
sixteen women taking part too.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
I.ngninliDc,

Proud purse makes pitfui poverty
lie who ovcrpraiscs himself will rue the
echoes.
1t takes nine tailors to make a man pay
his bill.
clf-nity is n poor way to hunt consolation
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
Abe Snys:

flhe looking girl that. Hon: but don't YOU
.nl"h me bottom Of her skirt Is too tight
around her neck"
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01

The editor Of the Bristol Herald -cou,ior
mas ms own peculiar way Of conEratulatng
his brother cdjsps as per the following:
Captain 7. .hnas l.. I"auntl,rov ,ss;s,,n,
editor OF the Memphis Commercial Aprcol
has taken unit" himself wife. 1t is cxpcctcd
now that Tom Will become real civilized oui,
wearing his trousers in his boots society
functions. and not bite off more than n half
plug Of store tobacco at a chaw''
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
Special Data.

InCttI JDsrTNntIOnr ut =. n. Nr.Icr,Iny
Wind direction. southwest. Wind 80
incIty, b Highest wind yesterday
weather At l.. ". partly cloudy.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01

OF course. a national conference on I'M
employment has Job ready for all appli-
canis for work, or else what is a national
unemployment conference for?
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
i0raI Rainfall,

Rainfall - hours ending u. Nj. %
I"ncicncy since March l......... 15
Deficiency since January I.... 10
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
Theater Calendar

BRoADW AY-Alice joyce, in
The Scarab Ring"
LYRIC - Carol Dcmustcr I'm
Dream street"
BlJou-poris Kcanc, in 'Ro-
Nance
lSia--NirG inia Brown Fairc. in
without Benefit or Clergy"
BLur:RIRD- shirley Mason. In
"LoNctime."
oDEoN--Alicc Lake. in over
the Wire"
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01

difference between Richmond and Congress
IL that the former makes it's output of ga
pas.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
Up With the Times
By u. d. II.

By u. o.. H.
North Carolina capital faced Nv v,,or
famin"--l Headline. Even nature seems tn have
icaGucd itself with the enemies of Mr., Vol
stead
our I'D. observes. Lee Trink,c 1T"
Well say he did.
Difference between Richmond and Congress
IL that the former makes it's output of gas
pay.
Police should look into activities of orr
cN-war proi,ecrs in Investigating diamond
cutting or plate glass windows Possession
OF diamond seems 10 point in that direction
T.. lie" Trinklc may have his Flood. bu,
just think OF the dcluge that MIR Anderson
has coming To him.
Since hearing about Reverend Robert S.
Nelson's sermon the private life of Win
chester. We have our own suspicious as To
why tina, city sends ont more snake stories
than another place in Virginia
Texas has abolished use of Chains on pris-
oncrs and is sorcly tempted to forbid use OF
bats In heating them. Sometimes that State
really shows flashes of civilization.
New York girl in bathing sui, is reported
I" have been shocked to dcath-thc first in
stance whore it has happened To tho wearer
Belfast. Dublin aud Logan W VA. are hav-
inn; spirited competition for leading position
on the first page
w. j. Il. recently rcma r<ed in joking mood
that his handicap had laid in his extreme
conservatism and looking over the present
product in Washington is inclined to
believe that At last he is right.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01

our own I'd observes. Lee Trinklc 1T
Well say he did.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01

The Blackstone courier makes Il timely suc-
gcstiOn as follows:
IA proposition is being made now 10 creatc
an aid for the President Ever since the
establishments OF the government the oucs-
ton of what 10 do with the Vice President
has bothered the American people. Why not
make him the aid to the Prcsilcnt?'"
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01

Police should look into activities of our
cN-war pr"iiiccrs in Investigating diamond
cutting Of plate glass windows Possession
OF diamond seems 10 point in that direction
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01

North carolina capital faced hy water
faminc--licadlinc. Evcn nature seems tn have
icaGucd itself with the enemies of Mr. Vol
stead.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01

t. lie" Trinklo may have his Flood bu
Just thmk Of the dcluge that Mr.. Andcrso,
has coming tn him.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01

The Scottsville News Is getting itself on
record as against the primary. Noting heavy
campaign expenses incurred by several can
ddatcs in the last one. il SAYS:
so We are confronted by at least one ra Their
telling count against the primary system
That is that no citizen OF moderate means
according TO Virginia standards can afrord
to become a candidate for State Office when
there is contest"
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01

circus. after ALL And a country fair, and n
mnstrei show. and Council meeting an
everything"
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01
Says the Petersburg Index-Appcal:

Says the Petersburg Indcx-Appcal:
The great majority of those who Join the
ku KluX become members with no improper
object In view But organization formed
for the purpose of taking into its own hands
the enforcement OF law accomplish its
purpose without violation OF law Tho mo-
mcnt any body Of citizens undertake to en-.
force any law, the law is violated then and
there
The Halifax Gazette is happy in telling of
great things for South Boston. 1t says:
well. well. well; were going to have
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01

New York girl in bathing suit is reported
I" have been shocked To dcath-thc first in
stance where il has happened to tho wearcr
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01

rgnLIsHEn every day in tho year o.. 10 South
SfnthS Sttsct. Richmond. Va. by The Times
dispatch PSDtishinS Co., Inc.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-09-01

Texas has abolished use OF Chains on pris-
oncrs ana is sorcly tempted to forbid use OF
bats In beating them Sometimes that State
really shows flashes of civilizations