Evening journal., 1921-09-16
DIRECTORY
FOR FLIERS
and Navy Prescribe
Use of Standard Aero
nautical Terms
LAYMEN OFTEN
ARE CONFUSED

t''N Aof use IN the army
ana navy Hereafter. the new order
states the officers OF the two air
services will use the regulation nom
enclature.
For some time, aerial experts point
out laymen have been calling anv-
thing that traverses the air as "air-
snip, whereas the word "alrcraftp
should be employed. They say that
all balloons, rigid and non-rigid air
ships or lighter-tan-air craft are
constantly being termed "blimps." a
slang word now obsolete, but origin
ally used 10 designate a non-ripid
airship, driven by an engine INSTALL
ed in an airplane fuselage slunr he
meath the gas bag. The word
"hydroplane" has often been misused
In referring TO a seaplane: HYDRO
plane" designates a sea sled. which
planes on the surface OF the water
but does not take the air. An air
plane has been called an aero"
which, It Is explained. is as wrong as
calling a boat a water" The words
'aeroplane." "hydroaeroplane" and
"dirigible" have been done away
with and "airplane." 'seaplane" and
"airship' have taken their places.
Term Aircraft Is AII-IncIusive.
According 10 the recent published
report OF the National Advisory
Committee, aircraft constitutes
any form OF craft designated to nav
igate the air and is divided into
"aerostats" and 'airplanes. Aero
stats comprise iighter-than-ai craft.
embodying a containcr filled with
gas lighter than air, such as hydro
gen, and sustained by its buoyancy
they include "airships" and "bal-
looms"
The word "airplane" Is now used
to designate craft heavier than air.
obtaining their support from the ac-
ton OF the air on the wings and
driven through the air by screw
propellers. Tractors" are airplanes
having their propellers in front,
'pushers'' having them in the rear.
Usually airplanes are equipped for
land work with wheeled landing
gear, but when fitted for alighting on
water with a boat or pontoon the
term "seaplane" is used.
Airships," as the craft formerly
known as lighter-than-air are now
called. are divided into three types:
Rigid whose form Is maintained
by metallic frame within the gas
bag or envelope; 'non-rigid. ."
whose envelope is kept taut by the
pressure OF the contained gas, and
"semi-rigid." maintained by a rigid
or jointed keel and also by gas pres
sure These three types are all pro-
PEELED by gas engines located in a
hull or car. or in individual engine
houses suspended below the support
ing envelope. and controlled by
means OF rudders and fms.
Balloons" the second division OF
the aerostat class. have no power
plants or means Of controlling their
horizontal flight. They include
free" or night balloons Of the old
style spherical type; Captive" Sc
cured by a cable to the earth;
"barrabe." captive balloons used in
forming an aerial barrage against
airplane attack; kite" elongated
captive balloons such as the Caquot
observation balloon. which has tail
fms to keep II headed into the wind;
nurse" a small. heavily fabricated
balloon used for storing gas and
filling service balloons; and pilot
and sounding balloons employed
in gathering meteorological data.
The heavier-than-air types OF air.
craft. now oncially termed "air-
planes" are divided into several
classes according to the number OF
planes or wings, which are usually
superimposed, namely. monoplanes
biplanes. triplanes and multiplanes
There is also the Langley type OF
airplane. which is still called the
tandem" from the arrangement OF
its double set OF wings on approx
mately the same level.
"Seaplanes." airplanes designed
to rise from or light on the water
are classified. in two groups: 'Boai
seaplanes," having a central hull moi
unlike a boat and float seaplanes.'
whose landing gear consists OF one
or more floats or pontoons.
Among the new and most otter
misunderstood terms are the follow
ing;
Aeronaut-The pilot Of an aero
state (airship or balloon).
Airdrome-A landing field equip
ped with hangers and shops.
Aviator-The operator or pilot o
heavier-than-air craft, such as air
planes and seaplanes.
Bank-To. incline a plane literall.
in turning to prevent skidding.
Ceiling-Maximum height &
which an airplane or airship cal
climb.
Fuselage-Body Of an airplane. in
cluding pagine and passenger seats
Glider-An airplane without u
power plant.
Heliocopter-An aircraft derivin
it's support not from wings but tn
vertical thrust OF propellers.
Nacelle-Inclosure for passenger
or engines. but unlike the fuselag
It has no tail unit.
Ornithopter-An aircraft derivin
its support and power from iappin
/ wings.
Pancake-To land by an airplan
by levellng off higher from the groun
than normal. causing Il to stall an
descend nearly vertically.
Side slipping-Sliding on a banl
toward the ground.
| Skids-Runners used with land
ing gear, also on lower wing tips. a
a protection.
ct-fadfrr- Cffdf,r ofdo,,-fe, ,..-,