davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Free trader-journal and Ottawa fair dealer. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1920-1927, 1921-03-14
Zo,cnzRe6

49,. g. . rt,,,t ~,
MISS Itolh"Ene M'h'!9 W '''' ',,
spent the "e'h emu F'S,,,"h ~, ',anno
MIS-. Ieo J." 'o'''S Va ,"'', uatn Of
iari McohenS,ocN VI w 'a, a, ,""i''
was ,"'ayeI,e F''l,o, r II" Street
MIS- J.. I, hr"i'u o. H"''' ~ ~ s,,a
went I" ,"''"Eo S'a,v, We" 80; war nothnr.
was '''''" 'N ''' "''''' W
lhInW, ,..,, piloo u,,s am
N''''''' w, VI ',,, "',a
o',""" ,'S,,o' S'','',', ,,. , r,sso,.
WIS. a. &C.,. w. ' ,hi, ,,,rnirg ''''.'
ger 'or ~, "so aus ,,.,Ln hu.ipoe.
mans "u' ''!'I, I',. ,, ,',,'
pll 10 M", ~ ,l'3 W. , 'l'''7 C,.,o, d,,o
n'o"'n, >, . ,,',u't mo I,st two or three
.,o, ~, U,"nnli, Sprjngs. Ala. re
t .n"m, hona saturday evening He
:" ~ frn h,,Itb and roports an enjoy
ahIo Time in fhe southern winter re
@ort
IN = n pu,trrGrld was a pasSon
ger for Chicago this morning.
j l.. Baue made a business trip t'
ta"o is looking after business inter
Free trader-journal and Ottawa fair dealer. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1920-1927, 1921-03-14
RESULTS Of CHURCH.
SURVEY ARE READ
BEFORE FEDERATION
INTERESTING INFORMATION CIV
EN- YESTERDAY AT BAPTIST
ETING-SHOWS POLL OF AT.
TENDANCE AT VARIOUS RELIC
IONS INSTITUTIONS.


Tho ,b,roh Podorotio, y, Ottawa 10
-. .....,.,.,, .o,;o
Nv" III h''9'''''i VI Il ''''i'',''
lous survey OF the city RIV'hE tue
names, addresses, religious aitiiation
mr. intolerance of every resident of OF.
,a,,o rho announcement, ,,,t euch q
,", .
"''c''''H mas '''" '""'P'''''
made Yesterday afternoon by W. r.
Pllchard AT JOINT meeting o. '"e
rhurrh Federation ana the YOUNG
fr"pieS CHRISTIAN mon
ne lleeuhE was held III tlo """I
'"''""l Vi ,"e r''S' puP'ia' 'h"' =" any,
vas "'''H"'" nN WY '"' ~ ''"''''t,
VI representatives. u an q" '''N III
me 'i'y. Mr.. frlchara SPoH" Oh '''e
'hurch feoeralioh teIlinB Oh 'i'' "o'h
u mas accomplished S'"'' Tvs "'E@'i'.
(a'ioh seVefai moh''S ago ne sd" III
part.
we are met 'oudy d. ''"'''',o''
oi the churcheS OF ottawa 10 "o'S"'P
ana praise God together. rms meet
ing Is almost unique IN 'hat no Su'h
gathering OF the different dehomiIt
tions organized for Christian work
has ever assembled before in our
city and 50 far as we know, nowhere
else has just such an organization
been effected, This organization rep
resents ten churches and the SALIVA.
ton Army. a most wonderful union
pt Christian npOnla for Gods work
Free trader-journal and Ottawa fair dealer. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1920-1927, 1921-03-14
SOVIET CARES FOR.
Chill DREN WHILE
PARENTS CO 7OWOaK
100000 ARE ENROLLED BY GOV
ERNMENT IN "CHlLDRENS
GARDENS" WHICH ARE OPER.
ATEO BY "PEOPLE'S GOVERN.
MEMO" e EFG&

MENou E7rux
| a An
|
|
'"i''"''Ph'"' M"''" w. ''''"'' ="
| gardens or colonies, in which boys
! and girls between the age Of 3 and
yaar. AFRO kan, throughout tbn dav
| ..,.,.. .,i,,,,, ,,,,,, -,
II P"'"' oAp''S'' 'o"',''"' ""'
| the most interesting phases OF 'he
| Soviet government of Russia, accord
| ing to information received by the
| american Friends Service committee
| Artbrre Watts English Friend
| ohio v.ith Anna uainas Of Norrcs
| town \ ! ig in Moscow ngpecting
| ngtitutions and distributing supplies
| ar mo American committee de.
| .crihee these colonies in = rnpOrt inst
| ,arivnd haro
| ..., ,,n, ,,,,,
| WI wave "a" '''"' '''.'
''o,Voo '''''"'''' "'' nrS'o',',u ~
| n'''!'" ga "'9 ~ va ''"1 p"' - ,'1
| i'uS9'a' 0oHfo 81 t'' S"I US , re-
| I'aliN i'''" ''''I"''" ''' U'''"' ,',S
o II the morning 70 ''' s"i ''',,
l
N America ana T'"'''h mere llI' u,
'"t the ""y' l"eE "'le"| 'l"7'eH'
'N'fc'5eS' play E"l"'S' eau '.'.,n anu
upper anu return "oi''T at ','F'''.
Inns f'Ii'''S me "o,H'I ", a 'I ,
mount "' responsibility an" u '''
wage Garner sue can ''l'''u !"
Ter idOoIN "''I""l ''''o'''''' - ''"
YER lamlIE ,..-
besldes ines" Gdr"enS' oI '"I"'I'eS'
mere ar" sPe''"l summer co'"'IeS
OF 'ItIIoreh '"C1'e" ''"N''l VI ,ouII.
ny ulatTIc'S. ne idiEeS, u 'Hr''
atIef Is al bE"isAoo SEQ Io'iy iIIIIeS
rom F''FoSia", where lIo E"'."Le"
| IRE lou&ed III Two pdld''S .Iat be
ohsea TO 'no Iate emperor Nl Yea ''i..>
was io' merry N"U"i "S t'' I"'
| village. 9''''aI houses "h''"
ofhiotfF D'IoHsra 10 l"e emperor
! oufteTS' nave o'eh converted 'h'o
hIIoreh colonies group "i 'hret
y Io"f houses forming y '"IonF ara
"ehtE-IINe po\7 an" RIlI'' "I"'T '"'
iHr,. ION Oh manager occupy '''"
building.
| Ihe~e '"IonIeS are 'onuU''t" vi
ne oo-r0"'a''oha' PA" "'''c" - pre-.
eITt' pe'a"9o u ''i' '"'uI@' COM
auSAlp n''"eeh boys anu sI'S'
| ol'e Oh ile 'oloDleS az RNet7hoe
SEQ - 'o''o'u''eo aIoi'E ,"e ''i'eS u
ne t'eoIEe JuloF hepooI', 'or NOR
NY uelec''Ne poEs anu gliIH'
| IaieH'S az" per niue" - ''0'' ''e'l
"',"i' ~ '''S "o'''' VI '"'"''i''
VA lne almi"sr"',g ~ MOI al an ~
| tltulIohaL MI watts says. II ~
Free trader-journal and Ottawa fair dealer. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1920-1927, 1921-03-14
B0LSHEVIK TROOPS
ADVANCE ON POLAND

Stockholm. March 14.-From eigh.
teen 10 twenty bolshevik divisions are
advancing against Poland says q Rega
dispatch
Free trader-journal and Ottawa fair dealer. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1920-1927, 1921-03-14
Sc per Pound

Ground peas, sweet corn and beans
Tor chicken feed. Sc per pound while
it lasts. Refor Hardware Co.
Free trader-journal and Ottawa fair dealer. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1920-1927, 1921-03-14
Notics

The Tuesday Study Circle will meet
Tuesday with Mrs. Gus knuesSl.
Free trader-journal and Ottawa fair dealer. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1920-1927, 1921-03-14

PUBLIC AUCTION SALE Tomorrow
morning Mrs. Carl Orsinger, 1924
W. Main street
Free trader-journal and Ottawa fair dealer. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1920-1927, 1921-03-14
Strictly Fresh Euus,

80 cents per dozen lall 10,
PAT SLATTERY.
Free trader-journal and Ottawa fair dealer. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1920-1927, 1921-03-14

WANTED Someone to invest money
in a local business which is doing
Wondo rlNl business, but lacks capital,
good opportunity for right party Ad.
dress f.. care this OCp
Free trader-journal and Ottawa fair dealer. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1920-1927, 1921-03-14

FOR Timothy seed, free from
weed seed, Also pure bred Hamp-
shire stock hog
FRANK FUNK. L. >.
The Washington herald., 1921-01-19
DID NOT WASTE
INCREASED PAY
Wage Farmers Purchased
Higher Priced Risk
Policies.

Despite popular misconception
that wage earners spent their high
er incomes in wasteful ways, the
real evidence is that much of the
increased income was expended
wisely in securing a more whole
some home environment, says the
Statistical Bulletin of the Metro
politan Life Insurance Company.
Department store records show
that wage earners bought heavily
such useful goods as furniture, bed
ding. carpets and other lines of
household equipment.
Both industrial and ordinary In
surance companies report unprece-
dented sales of higher priced plans
of insurance to wage earners. The
industrial" or weekly premium ap-
plicant became a candidate for 'in-
termediate" and "ordiriary" insur-
ance. Savings banks reported rec
ord-breaking deposits from this
group of the population. Lodges
and other fraternal associations
gained largely in membership.
Vacation resorts gave testimony
that the wage Garner took advan-
tage of his increased earnings to
provide healthful outdoor recreation
for his family. Skilled medical and
nursing care became available to
many persons who heretofore relied
upon free clinic and hospital facili-
ties. All these factors helped to
lower the death rate of the indus
trial population of the United States
and Canada.
The Washington herald., 1921-01-19

A"ss Rss #sppSna$e Ae d Rs sa2ess Gazan
LIFE INSURANCE PROVIDES
AGAINST OLD-AGE DRIFTING
BY EUGENE G. ADAMS,


d.
Thrift drift-which?
On depends only your happiness but the
happiness of those dearest you
Drift and follow the for Won TO believe IL
but only five OF hundred
competency So follow the hunch" saws somehow
will be the will be
the old stage will plenty of company:
of the old around followed lunches called
And and they aren't that pabe
work, you'll be treading the daily mill go
Drift and loved of
unrekoned mseres should be taken
they will plenty of One widows
for their Wingand the tragedy that millions these
mothers little children with somebody order
little child needs mother-no world
can do for them what she do
Thrift eliminates drifting. Thrift wisely planned
ing the universally popular of
savings with the American people.
Life insurance will do for loved today what
would you live years accumulate
competency. See that you have enough.
will help you definite be
paid you time elect will make old
Life insurance right here earth the castle you have
built the air for loved don't long enough
complete it for them yourself
Examine your life insurance of the income It Will
produce for loved taken from
yourself old If it isn't enough IN
comfortably good life insurance man today
and complete your program
Life insurance takes the if out of Thrift plans
Do you know you get it tomorrow!
dont-oday is yours
The Washington herald., 1921-01-19
Life Insurance Companies Would
Profit by Entering Accident and
Health Field, o Opinion of Official

The entry OF life insurance COM
panies into the business Of accident
and health insurance is discussed by
L. d. Cavanaugh, actuary and as
sistant secretary of the Federal
Life, who says:
From my observation and study
of companies writing both life in
surance and accident and health i'm
surance, I am firmly of the opinion
that under proper conditions and
with proper management, a we'll
established life company will profit
materially by entering the accident
and health field on a conservative
basis. The success or failure of
such undertaking may be attibuted
almost entirely to the management
of the company; it's underwriting
basis. which includes coverages, pre-
MUM rates and acquisition costs.
Hnd the quality OF the service which
it gives to its policyholders and
agents.
IF life company is to launch
into the accident and health bust
ness. it is necessary that the man
agement, particularly that part of
the management which will be di-
rectly responsible for the success
of the department. make a careful
study of the business, and, so far
as possible. analyze and be infiu-
enced favorably or unfavorably by
the conditions and methods of other
companies doing a similar business
so as to determine the reasons why
some OF such companies have made
success of the business, while
others have found it necessary or
desirable to cease writing it. We
can alf profit by occasionally an
alyzing the condition of other COM
panles, and any life company con-
sldering entering the accident and
nealth business should study care
fully the methods as well as the
underwriting and investment profit
and loss exhibits Of different com
panles and then reach a Conclusion
as to the cause or causes for the
variation of the experience of the
companies included in the ANALYSIS,
"A life company writing accident
and health insurance as COMPARED
with a company writing life insur-
ance only, in my opinion. is more
completely equipped to give better
ana broader service to the 'insuring
public, and. in addition, is in a DO
sltlon TO make the relationship be-
tween the agent and the company
more pleasing, profitable and per
manent. All realize that an agent
otten calls upon a prospect and
hnds that he is not interested in
life insurance, but is Interested {p
accident and health insurance or
vice versa II an agent writes life
insurance for one COMPANY and o.
cident and health insurance for an
other, 1t is but natural that he will
not be as devoted to either com
pany as he would be if he were
The Washington herald., 1921-01-19
Last Years Business
OUer Million and Halt

One Of the most profitable years
} since its establishment here was ex-
perienced last year by the local
branch Of the Connecticut Mutual
Life Insurance Company, of Hart
FORD, Conn, with ofaces in the
woodward Building. E. D. Samp-
son, general agent for this terri
tory said that during the year 1920
the Connecticut Mutual Office here
wrote insurance with a total ag-
gregate value OF s1,eo6,53o, which,
on an average basis, was $3.50 per
policy. The local office has six
agents giving their entire time, and
a stan OF brokers.
The Washington herald., 1921-01-19
Harris & Ewing.

working exclusively for one COM
pany writing both lines in it. The
old saying you cannot serve two
masters can well be applied in this
connection. The agent equipped to
write both lines in one company is
also more likely to devote his en-
tire time to such a company in de-
veloping the insurance business in
his community. Particularly in the
smaller country towns an agent
may feel that he cannot afford to
devote all of his time to the writ
ing of life insurance, but If he is
equipped to write accident and
health insurance, he will be able
to spend his entire time profitably
in soliciting such business.
ANY company writing both life
and accident and health insurance
usually has better underwriting, IA
Cilities, and both lines of business
can be more carefully selected"
The Washington herald., 1921-01-19

work. They entered into contracts
with the Metropolitan to give them
a standard policy for every employe,
man and woman, working in any Of
the industries of that city.
Kingsport business men, who were
interested in making their city as
good a place to live in as ii could
be, who were building houses which
they sold on easy terms, improving
health conditions, and doing many
kinds of welfare work, entered into
partnership with the Metropolitan.
and the Metropolitan not only gives
them insurance, but the nursing
service and whatever else the com
pany does for its policyholders-
The Washington herald., 1921-01-19
Branch Office
Opened Here by
Columbia Co.

The Columbia Casualty Company
Of New York has Just opened a
branch ONCE here at al Aibee
Building, 1895 @ street northwest y.
w. Porter has assumed charge OF
the Office as resident manager. He,
is an experienced casualty under
writer, well quslifed to render
prompt and efheient service in the
conduct Of the class OF business
which the company Undsrvritss
The Columbia will write all branches
of casualty and surety policies of
the most approved and comprehen-
siye character.
The Washington herald., 1921-01-19
GUARD AGAINST
DAMAGE SUITS
FROM ice FALLS
Now Best Time to Shift
Worry to Risk Com
panies.

The celebrated frozen face" may
be q source of profound grief and
dismay to the importunste lover, but
the frozen facade is a thing Of far
greater confusion and panic to many
a building owner whose throbbing
pocketbook (to say nothing of his
warm hesrO has been soreIy touched
by the coldly vindictive impact OF
an icicle upon the COCO OF a pas
serby, says the current issue Of the
Aetnaizer.
With ice and snow both under foot
and overhead il behooves all intrepid
adventUrers about the public streets
to look alive and watch out, but
even more doth IL behoove the
struggling owner or lessee OF i'm
The Washington herald., 1921-01-19

proved real estate 20 inscribe his
name upon the dotted line Of a pub
lie liability insurance application
ere gravity aided by a slippery walk
has sought to dent the stsr-streun
pavement with the head Of a pedes-
trian.
II It Is true that pride goes be
fore a fall, IL Is certainly no less
true that suits and claims for dan
ages follow after, whether the fsII
be upon or by the pedestriatinr
victim, and the defendant who is IN
prepared must pay.
The Washington herald., 1921-01-19
Here's a Self-Starter.

The agent had just started talking
to the prospect and hadn't vet mem
toned his business. Suddenly he
said:
BY the way-how long are you
going to provide for your wife?'
The prospect looked amazed ana
replied:
why I am going to provide for
my wife as long as I live"
Only as long as Won live >"
queried the agent. why not nro-
vide rfcr her as long as she iiyes7..
Then he went on with the selling
talk
very clever starter. Start a few
Tith u yourself.-weekly Bulletin.
The Washington herald., 1921-01-19
ContinentaI's Convention.

The annual convention of the rem.
resentatlves of the Continenta,
casualty Company will be held in
chicago. January 27 to 81. accord.
ing to an announcement at the of-
nee Of johnson and Adams. Rond
Sullding, Southeastern managers for
the company. -0i
The Washington herald., 1921-01-19
Metropolitan
Insures Whole
Town in South

The Metropolitan has insured the
whole town" This is what the news
papers say of what was done in
Kingsport, Tenn, where the bust
ness men wanted to do the best they
could in the care of the people who
The New York herald., 1921-12-09
GEN. DICKMAN DENIES
HORSEWHIPPING ORDER
Has No Knowledge of Re-
ported Theft Punishment.

SAN ANTONIO, Tex. Dec. s.-Major
General Joseph T. Dickman, retired
former commander of the First Army
Corps and later commander OF the
army Of occupation In Germany, to-
night denied knowledge OF an order ,hat
American soldiers Of the First Army
Corps caught stealing should be public
ly horsewhipped.
The denial was issued following the
publication here of statement that an
alleged memorandum on horsewhipping
American soldiers caught stealing had
been sent to Senator Thomas A. Wat
son of Georgia by Hugh r. Robertson,
former United States Attorney.
Major General Dickman said that he
had never seen the order. "Of course 7
cannot answer that Malin Craig. nv
chief OF stan, did not Issue such an or
der" said Gen. Dickman. But / am
certain that he did not That such an
order, absolutely contrary TO the ar
tlcles of war should be issued without
my knowledge Is about as unlikely as
anything can be-
The New York herald., 1921-12-09
Ireland's Home Folk to
Give Final Decision, Says
Father Duffy.
FIGHT WAS ANTICIPATED
Cohalan and Judge Rooney
Take Varying Side of New
Move in the Peace.

The apparent determinat tion oe cannon
De Valera to fight the Irish peace
terms is encouraging to Irish sympa-
thizers here who hitherto have ex-
pressed the fear that Ireland had lost
its fight for complete freedom.
Before De valera's statement reached
here yesterday. statements by several
Sim Fein organizations had condemned
the peace terms. From the office of the
Irish World, which reflects the opinion
OF many Irish supporters. went a cable
to the Mansion House. Dublin, asking
De Valera ito stand by the republic"
This feeling of antagonism was
tempered somewhat when 1t was learned
that the Irish leader had thrown his
influence against a ratification of the
treaty, several OF his former critics de-
claring that he had taken the only con-
pressed surprise and were inclined to
place no faith in the dispatches. LAS
much as they believed that the nesotia-
tions had been conducted by De Valera
with the full knowledge and sanction Of
his colleagues in the Cabinet and the
Dali Eireann.
Justice Daniel +. Cohalan of the Su-
preme Court, leader OF the Friends Of
Irish Freedom. said that his statement
published in THE NEW York HERALD
yesterday represented his final views
on the peace terms. but he regarded
the latest development as very inter-
esting." He said the people of Ireland
would not allow "the struggle of $50
years to be terminated with an imita-
tion of liberty" nor did they want to
see Ireland used to piece out falling
Empire"
Father Francis p. Duffy declined to
commit himself regarding the treaty.
He said whatever the Irish people de-
cided for themselves would receive the
support of the Irish-Americans here.
They've been through lot," said the
war chaplain. "and it isn't out part to
criticise any Of their actions. If they
want to go to war again. we're for them.
Whatever they decide Is all right"
Judge John Jerome Rooney. one of
the founders of the Friends of Irish
Freedom, was one OF those who placed
little credence in the dispatches, say
ing:.N
ut doesn't seem likely that De Valera
would repudiate the agreement, because
he was in constant communication with
his delegates. However II It is true
he has taken the only consistent posi-
ton. I hope he sticks IN it"
ROCHESTER, ". Y. Dec. 9.-"The pres
ent settlement between England and Ire
land rs only a preliminary step toward
the absolute independence of the Irish
republic. i had hoped that Ireland
would be a republic before l died. but
perhaps shall not live to see that day."
said Mrs. Catherine Wheelwright of this
city. mother of Eamon de Valera, COM
menting on the agreement reached by
the leaders of the strife between Eng
land and Ireland.
The New York herald., 1921-12-09

tug and every single one of them jumped
into the lifeboat. They all wanted to
be in the rescue party, but I ordered
them back aboard the tug again and put
Walter White, my mate. in charge and
save him three men. 1t was hard pull.
but finally they reached the submarine,
although they didn't dare to 90 along
side for fear their boat would be pound
cd to pieces.
Captain the Last Man to Leave.
After a time they got line from the
submarine into the lifeboat and one
by one the crew slid down. AS soon
as ons had dropped from the subma-
rine's bow those who were left there
would give three knocks on the hull
as a signal and another man would
crawl out through the torpedo tube.
Some cf them were pretty badly gassed
and cou.d scarcely make it, but they
all came through the tube without as
sistance. Capt. Austin was the last
man out and the last to leave her. He
was in tins navy for fifteen years and
got his training there.
Mate White made four trips between
the submarine and the tug and every
one of the forty-one men aboard was
taken off safely. The first trip meant a
long pull In q heavy sea and biting
wind. but afterward I came nearer
with the tug and the other three trips
were not as long or as hard. All hands
were drenched to the skin and nearly
frozen.
"All Of the openings in the submarine
are supposed to close when a button
is PRESSED. but something went wrong,
they said. and one OF them didn't shut
entirely. SO that water began coming
into the hull. Capt Olsen. who lives at
522 West l61st street. has been in the
Standard OIL Company's employ for
three years.
The New York herald., 1921-12-09

n Governor General and the financial
clauses. wornen's republican orgsniza-
tions are especially antagonistic toward
what they call a surrender to Eng
land"
On the other hand. in business and
agricultural circles throughout, the opin-
ion seems to be generally favorable
Trade conditions are poor and everybody
is looking to the settlement to improve
matters. Officials of the Dublin Chanf-
Der OF Commerce said that peace would
bring enormous relief and benefit to the
commercial community. which in late
years had hardly been able to keep
going. They expressed the hope Tor the
earliest possible settlement
Officers of similar organizations In
other cities expressed similar opinions
and prophesied a period of prosperity
such as the country has not seen for a
long time II the agreement is ratineo'
They believed. however. that there must
be some readjustment in the phrasing
of the economic and financial arrange
nents. AS an instance, they asked IL
Ireland would be empowered to adopt
free trade or protection as 1t pleased.
They pointed out that the terms as pub
lished imply full fiscal autonomy, with
power to establish tariffs against Eng
land IL wished but this, they said, Is
not explicit enough and needs elucida-
tion.
King Georges proclamation of am
nesty for Irishmen under internment re-
suited In the release to-day of many
prisoners who had been interned In the
Kilmainham and Arbour Hill camps and
the Mountjoy JAN.
BY this afternoon all the prisoners In
the Kilmainham Camp had been re-
leased The 1900 prisoners in the
Ballykinler Camp will be released to-
morrow
The New York herald., 1921-12-09
kALEM FILM STUDIO
DESTROYED BY FIRE
Great Blaze Seen All Ouer
Upper Manhattan.

The moving picture studio of Kalem
a. Co. Inc. at Cliffside, ~. j., caught
fire late last night and was destroyed.
making "A spectacular blaze visible from
Riverside Drive and upper Manhattan
generally. The cause of the fire was
not known and no estimate Of the dam
age could be obtained.
SO far as known. there was nobody
about the plant but "a watchman when
the fire started. though there had been
n considerable number In the afternoon.
The fire spread rapidly after the watch
man found n, and firemen from Cliffside
and Edge water could not get II under
control before the big glass enclosed
building was a mass of ruins
The Kalem company, one OF the oldest
IN the moving picture business, has had
a studio on the Palisades for ten years.