davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Alaska daily empire., 1921-06-13
NOTICE TO CREDITORS.

NOTICE TO CREDITORS. In Commissioner Court for the Ter 1itory of Alaska. Before c. P. Case, Commissioner and ex-officio Probate Judge, Chichagoff Pre- cinct, Division No. 1. Tn the Matter of the Estate oi JOHN HOVEN, deceased.
 NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, that the undersigned has been duly ap- pointed administrator of the estate of John Hoven, deceased. All per sons having claims against said es- tate are hereby requested to present the same, duly verified 'and with proper vouchers attached, to the undersigned at Tenakee,. Alaska within six months from date of this notice.
 Dated at Tenakee, Alaska, June 4, 1921.
 w. A. HART,
 Administrator. First publication, June 6, 1921. Last publication, June 27, 1921. PIANO instruction given by eX- neripnced teacher 75c per hour
The Alaska daily empire., 1921-06-13
PIANO FOR RENT-Phone l43
FOR RENI-Apartments

FOR RENT-Six room apartment. close in. Call 116 Second St., or Phone 902.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-08-21
ny Mrs. Charlie. II. Robins.

mere Is no more picturesque Incl
"sht In the history OF Virginia than
'H' merry adventure OF Governor Sir
alexander Spotswood and his knights
"i the Horseshoe, from J;crmanna to
Tue summit OF Swift Run Gap.
where they caught the first Anglo
saxon view OF the land beyond the
mountains known to us as the Shen-
ahn"nh Valley. What that fair land
'"htained is an oft-told tale TODAY
but away back in the eighteenth
century IL was Il riddle which this
"aunti"ss cavalcadc answered to an
induirinG world
Nor" than 900 years have passed
Since this rough. but eventual march.
#till no memorial! has ever been
placed I" emphasize the courage and
historic curiosity which suggested it,
Indeed although Spotswood was one
of the most intrepid ans constructive
OF all tn" Colonial Governors, there
seems 10 have been So far no fitting
memorial placed to his honor
The Colonial DANES OF Virginia
have assumed the work of placing
such a memorial. On the summit of
swift Run Gap September :, iTlG
Alexander Spotswood and his knights
drank King Georges health. and ut
mat same spot on September =. 1927,
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-08-21
TAZEWELL COUNTY HISTORY
ONE or BEST EVER COMPILED
william e. Pcndcion The Author Student for Many Years
of County Records, Writes in Mastery Way of
Traditions and Progress.

HE. well worthy TO be the subject
OF an pcic Mr.. pendlcton has placed
cue emphasis upon social customs
ana / believe he has interpreted the
early pioneer life successfully. lie
does not accept DR.. Doddridge's de-
scription of wedding in pioneer
days as "a fair sample OF pioneer Gus
toms. as so frequently has been done,
and most readers will agree that his
judgmcn, Is correct In this connec-
Lon. Mr.. Pendleton's words are we'll
worth quoting.
I'm social way all the first set
Tiers stood upon the same plane
ihcy had come here seeking homes
ana freedom. and they. each, had pre-
ciscIy the same occupation. that OF
nome -fnakcrs. Their duties as mem
hers of ihc community were idcnti-
cal TO build cabins FOR their families.
clear fields from the forests. and
from the fertile soil. win an abund :
ant subsistence for their dependents.
They ALL alike. had another import-
ant common duty to perform. that
was To help defend the Settlements
against the savage enemy. IL oilers
or criminals tried to fastca them
serves upon the community they
were forced to move on into the re-
mote wilderness, or to return to the
place from whence they came.
Ihcrc were no aristocrats among
the pioneer settlers: but they were
not iilitcrate Doors. as some his
torians would have us believe. They
were intelligent and fairly well cdu-
Gated farmers and artisans, and in
many instances combined both occu-
pations. The common purposes. in
terests and duties OF the pioneers in
vokeu amongst them n state OF social
equality as nearly perfect as IL can
be found in organized human society.
Thus were they and their sons pre-
pared To receive, accept, assimilate.
and uphold the great social truths
written into the Virginia Bill of
Rights by the fathers: THAT all
men are by nature equally free and
independent. and have certain in
hcrent rights. If which, when they
enter into state of society. they can
not, by any compact. deprive or di-
vest their postcrity; namely the en-
)oyment of life and liberty. with the
means of acquiring and possessing
property. and pursuing and obtain
ing happiness and SAFETY"
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-08-21
TOUNVEIL SPOTSWOOD
TABLET SEPTEMBER 5
Colonial Danes of Virginia Will Honor Memory Of: In,rcpd
Colonial Governor Of Old Dominion on Sunni,
of Swift, Run Cap.

monument concentrating ar,
unique incident in Virginia history
VIII be unveiled. The committees In
charge OF the work is composed q,
members OF the Colonial Danes So
clety. who are also descendants of
iov"rnor Spotswood. and are as fol-
lows: Mrs. Charles X. Robins. chair
man Miss Margaret StringfcIlow.
MISS Maudc Strincfellow.. Mrs VIII
nam Il Tompkius. Mrs. Charles A.
llanton. Mrs. j. J. Montague. Mrs
Mathew Bland Harrison. Mrs. Thomas
L. Alir!end. Mrs. John \. Hancock.
Mrs Charles T.. Picot. Mrs. Bland
Sp"tswood smith. Miss Mary Lyons
and AIRS Hugh Antrim. Of Richmond.
MISS Katherine Spotswood. Miss Mary
i'auI Roper and Mrs. Thomas Davis.
"f Petersburg: Mrs. James II. Oliver
"f Shirley. and Miss Elvira Henry
Miller. of Lynchburg
Invaluable AID in erecting this mon
um"nt has been rendered the COM
'nittec hy Mrs: William RuNin Cox.
president Of the Virginia Society az
Colonial Danes.
The ceremonies on September 5
VIII he in keeping with the spiri,
which has so successfully splaccd the
monument. There will be an open
aug prayer. and the monument will
Continued on Eighth Paye)
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-08-21

MANuflcTrnEas' NoTI: From TIE above aItisis
the reader must not infer tina, N1tatfd Iron viii
n.is giant in strength o. = worlds champion ogt
OF the average man: but SuSated iron viii greatly
increase the red blcoi corpuseles and by joipe
suppy Increased nerve force TO tEr -rIIc;Ra nerve
cells. You ran try NuSated Iron cur shss>s. Q
power and endurance in two weeks tiine ard give
You perfectly srtafartory Iesl!ts morey win bs
refunded. Beware OF substitutes. Look for tia
word Snsated' on every package. SuraeJ
Iron for the blood and nerves Is cold ~ all
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-08-21
FAMOUS VIRGINIA HOME
IS SOLD At AUCTION
For Second Time Warwick, .
Eastern Shore. Plantation,
Bough, by Stranger"
HOLDS ROMANTIC MEMonIE
Named by Arthur upshur, Who
Came of Fighting Blood. md Who
WINS Among First to Protcxt
Against Royal Tyranny,

Warwick" the famous old n,an-
tation in CpShur's Neck, on the East.
ern shore. haunted by many roman
tic memories. as we'll as the ghost
OF mad fox. and for generations
inc home of representatives, of as
sturdy lighting family as ever
came Of English stock, mas passed
into ''profanc" hands. II was sold
last week at public auction for n
second time in it's long history 1t
was first patented by Arthur Upshur.
one of the first English settlers in
virginia. and remained in the hands
OF ms descendants until n few years
ago when IL was sold TO outsiders
Last week II was sold again and for
the second time II was a stranger"
who secured possession
Protest to tho King.
Arthur tpshur named the estate
for Warwick. England He came Of
lighting blood, and when the Kings
representatives began to cut up di-
docs In this country, he was among
the first 10 enter "A solemn protest
and to serve notice that IL condi-
ions were not rcmcdied the King ana
his crowd might expect to have
trouble. In 1876. 100 years before
the signing OF the Declaration OF
Independence. he signed the North
ampton grievances. a paper dcscrib-
ing with great particularly OF de-
tail the grounds on which the colo
nists objected to the encroachmcnts
of the home government.
But although the coionists of his
day had their grievances. and were
VIKING to sacrifice their all to Sc
cure their rights. there was no out
orcak that could be described as
actual war and Arthur Upshur died
a natural death and was buried tc-
SIDE his wife in the family plot
Things went along with comparative
quictncss ut Warwick until the out
break of the Revolution, long after
Arthur had joined his fahers, when
the famous old manor was burned by
British troops.
Visit the manor today and YOU
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-08-21

viii have pointed out to you IA stone
in the yard. on which there Is a
lack mark. You will be told that
the black mark" was made by the
blood OF Il mad fox. which had bit
ten one OF the tpshmr women of the
very early days and which. in turn,
had Leon slain hy one al tic tpshur
men. Tradition says that the woman
became 'ravinE mad" and that. to
protect other members OF the fam
lily. as well as to put the sufferer out
of misery as humancly as possible.
she was smo;hcrcd to death. The
ghost" Of a mad fox"--a fox that
barkS liN" "A dog-haunts the vicinity
to this day. SO you will he told
Abel tpshur. II descendant. and
just n much OF Rrhting man as
was Arthur. distinguished himself in
the Revolution. His mother was n
sister OF Colonel Thomas Parker.
called "iiangman pom by the Tories
OF Revolutionary DAYS. Colonel Par
lScr was captured by the British in
Tn" battle OF Germantown. Alcl Up
shur was the leader o: the great re
hclIion AZ Princeton. He once set
tied in Richmond. bUt later returned
To his HON" Ia northampton, in the
hope OF being elected to Congress
lie was defeated for that office. but
was elected To the Virginia L"gisla
turc and made n namc for himself as
nm orator and d"batcr. lie was u
member OF the state Convention of
1S2a-30. which was called To amend
the Constitution OF lII6. and while
there advocated the mixed basis Of
Representative In his later years
he rcpudiat-d his earlier views. lie
became Secretary OF state In prcsi-
dent Tyler's Cabinet. succeeding no
less parsonage than Daniel Web
stcr lie was killed in the blowing
up OF the Princeton in 1874 and was
buried. in the sam" grave with cap
tain beverly KEENAN,. another victim,
OF the same explosion. in the Con
gressiouai Cemetery in Washington.
Played Pnrt In EARLY History.
The name Of Upshur Will lie found
affixed to many ancient and impor
tant documents. papers which played
| their part in the early history OF thu
United States and even before thi:
republic was established.
As characteristic OF the manner II
which the upshur blood runs. thu
following story is told: Thomas Tea
kle married Elizabeth Upshur an'
they made their home at "Craddock.
the ancestral home Of the Teakles
duriny the Revolutionary War. Mr.
| Take was lieutenant or caviar.
| -
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-08-21

vous strain. grief or too mnch excitement
yonr blood has become Impoverished and your
nerve force exhausted. You viii IND that n
short course NJ NnSated iron will often pro-
duce most surnrisirt results Ii has been used
and highly endorsed by former United States
Senators. Members 81 Congress. Judges OF
OF United States Courts and many prominent
pc"plc: even Rome having highly endorsed
It's n.c. II is now being used by over 1000 900
people Annually
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-08-21
1t Pays to Advertise;
Phone Rings 5 Hours

I.fNCHRuRG. VA. Aug. oo.-A
Lynchburger who wanted to va
cate an cight-room residence here
advertised that fact in a local pa
per. giving telephone number
for inquiries. The advertisement
appeared In the local afternoon
paper and by 9 o'clock in the eve
ming the owner, practically cx-
asperated, called the telephone Of
flee and asked that his phone he
put "out OF order" for the rest
of the night. His phone. he said.
had been ringing constantly for
five hours when he made the re-
quest.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-08-21

In the great fight Carpenter hit Dempse,
with swift IsJw erfui blows that had the speed
OF gun fire. The yelling mob saw him land
his famous right on Dempsey's jaw, yet
Dempsey never hinched hut rrlentlcssly he
tore after the Frenchman with his old rip
ping tearing. mercilesx power. landing ter
rifle punches on head, body and jaw until
Carpenter quickly weakened and then
another powerful punch and akuin DEMPSEY
showed himself to Ike the yupernlan OF the
age greatest Champion the world has
ever known.
The London Daily Mail. OF July 4th, quote,
Carpenter AS saying Dempsey is the most
powerful man have ever met in the RINK lie
is incredibly strong. To hit him is like hitting
mountain. take his punches is like feeling
the wallop Of M avalanche. II were asked
wha, lead 10 my defeat. | would say the
two tremendous blows Dempsey landed on
The nnpc nf my neck. was not the same
after that"
dempsey says Il feel won through grea Ter
power, endurance. lighting skill and strategy.
! took Carpenters hardest biows on my chin
and while they knocked inc back they did
not daKe me in the least. | am sure Carpenter
has not the endurance to stand the hard
BLOWS that I can stand, neither has he the
strength To deliver them. ] understand his
methods Of training are entirely different
from mine. While | believe in scientific box
ing still never lose sight OF the imnortout
fact that other things being equal n i, tbc
man who has the greatest strength, power
ana endurance that is going to win In build
INK mp these three most important things
There Is nothing like niling your blood with
GOOD Oh strength giving iron. In preparinr
for my great nght with Willard | used
Nuxated Iron as part OF my trimming. md
fcit That II was such irneft to me that after
wards ] used II. whenever I felt I was not
quite up to the mark. to help restore NV
strength. energy aud Niyor; and when
commenced training for nay nxht with
carpenter, the supreme test of my life
] again look NuxatsI Iron .nJ
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-08-21

bellevoSit was an I'M
portant factor in help
ing Inc TO win 50 easily
my great-victory and I
would advise people
who are in a weakened
condition to try this
wonderful strength
and blood builder"
When a man 20
strong and physically
ut rs Dempsey uses
Nnxate,i Iron. how
much more important
Is 1t that thousands
and thousands nfothcrs
WHO SO greatly mex
physical strength,
power and endurance.
should avail them
selves n its benefits.
NuSatcd Iron not only
contains strengthening
organic iron for the
purpose OF enriching
the blood but II also
the principal
chemical constituents
OF active living nerve
force in a form which
most nearly resembles
that In tho brain and
nerve cells OF man 30
that Surated Iron may
lie said to be both a
blood and u nerve food.
Ifthromgh worry, over
work, constant ncr.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-08-21

continued on Eighth Page.)
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-08-21
Mrs. winshorough to sneak.

CHRlSTIANSBURG VA, Aug. 90
Mrs. Evangeline Winsborough. of St
Louis. Mo-, will arrive here today
end deliver number Of addresses
Bore the Christiansburg Industrial
Institute and other bodies during her
few days stay here.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1921-08-21
INDIANS SLEW 347 BY
SAVAGE CHIEFS ORDER
Opcchancanoug Posed Firm Friend of White Settlers Dis
armed Their Suspicious and Then Directed Wholesale
Killing Chance Warned Jamestown.

Ia compilation Of statistics. bear.
'hg on the population and growth
oil Virginia from the landing at
Jamestown of the Founders Of
democracy. through the various PC
RODS as colony and STATED
Evening star., 1921-04-18
Ribbon Bracelets, 44c

Ribbon Bracelets. for wrist watches;
gold flled mountings; heavy silk ribbons
NO-PROFIT SALE price. l4c.-Jewelry
DeYt.
Evening star., 1921-04-18
Children's Stockings, 18c
Women's Stockings, Csc
Chldren's Drawer Waists, l9<

Children's Drawer Waists. with garter attach:
of Misses Silk Lsle Union Suits low neck and sleeve
less knee length crochet finish with tape; size Il
and 16 years: perfect quality. NO-PROFIT SALE
price, each, Ice. (IIimit four).-F1rst Floor.
Evening star., 1921-04-18
Mems Underwear. 33c

Mems Balbrigga Underwear, short
sleeve shirts, full-length drawers. with
double reinforced seat; perfect quality;
mostly all sizes. NO-PROFIT SALE price,
33c-Ffrst Floor.
Evening star., 1921-04-18
Women's Handkerchiefs, 7c
Table Napkins, Csc ! Doz.

1Sx1S Mercerized Damask Table Nap
kins. hemmed ends; assorted patterns
(Limit. 1 dozenD NO-PROF1T SALE
price, 65c.-FirSt Floor.
Evening star., 1921-04-18

a5-inch Striped Silks, for sports wear:
In navy, Copenhagen. brown and taupe
grounds with effective novelty stripes.
NO-PROFIT SALE price, <l.4o-Ffrst
Evening star., 1921-04-18
Black Satin Duchesse, S1.59

35-inch Black Satin Duchesse. heavy
S a t face. allsilk. wearguaranteed
blue and lavender. Ten yards in each
piece. NO-PROFIT SALE price, $:.I9.-
First Floor.
Evening star., 1921-04-18
Seamless Velvet Rugs, $19.75

s.sx1o6-ft- Large Room Size W. & J. Sloane's
Seamless Velvet RugA in floral. oriental and
medallion designs; light and dark color COM
binations- No-PRoF1T SALE price, $1a75-
Fourth Floor.
Evening star., 1921-04-18

Heavy Reversible Bon Ton Wool and Fiber Ru
size exist inches: rose. gray blue green and broy
PROFIT SALE price, $1.OO-F1rxt FIoor-BarE
T0ble.
Evening star., 1921-04-18
N-in. Dress Ginghams, liz

The assortment includes beautiful
p1aids. novelty checks and plain colors;
guaranteed fast colors. NO-PROFTT
SALE price. 11c-F1Hst Flo0r.
Evening star., 1921-04-18
Children's Waist Suits, Csc

Chfldren's Knitted Waist Suits low neck and
sleeveless knee pants: sizes to - years. NO.
PROFIT SALE price, 25c Oimit, four)-First Floor
Underwear Section.
Evening star., 1921-04-18
Boys Blouses & Shirts, 29

OF good quality percale: slightly soiled
from handling; blouses in sizes 6 to 16
years: shirts IL to IA neck measure. NO.
PROFIT SALE price, :,9c.-First Floor.
Evening star., 1921-04-18

Mems and Women's Umbrellas. good
quality rainproof American (cotton) tai
feta covers; paragon frames; good assort-
ment of handles. EO-PROFIT SA L E
price, S1.10-FirDt Floor.
Evening star., 1921-04-18
Au-Wool Storm Serge, &c

50-inch A1l-woo1 Storm Serge, a close.
doubletwilled quality, in black. navy
blue. burgundy, brown and copen. NO
PROFIT SALE price. 92c-First Floor.
Evening star., 1921-04-18

Women's extra size Crinked Seersucker Petti.
coats. assorted blue and stripes deep nounoeo
all lengths. NO-P OFT SALE price, 5pc.-TAird
Evening star., 1921-04-18
BOYS Wash Suits, "a,
Handbags and Purses, 81. 1.OQ

An assorted lot Of Women's Handbags
and Purses, good quality silks and leath-
ers; various styles and shapes No
PROFIT SALE price. Sl.OO.-FYrst Floor.
Evening star., 1921-04-18
Women's Union Suits, Csc

Women's Summer weight Cause Cotton Union
Suits. band crochet and bodice tops, tight, shell
and trimmed knee; also a few pinks with
band tops shell tight knees; regular and
extra sizes. NO-FROFIT SALE price. e5c.-
First Floor.
, 1921-11-30
FRENCH ARMY
is NOW $4,000

PARIS. Nov. so.-By The Associ-
ated Pres.SThe strength OF Frances
army was given as 5000 ~ a oc-
tober 4. by the report OF tho army
commission to the chamber OF dep
uties. made public today. Tho report
was made public IN connection with
the governments proposed law calling
the class Of 1874 10 tbs coiors In two
c~ontingents. one next May and the
other next November.
The report said q considerable part
of the class Of 1919 had returned to
their homes on crop furioushs or on
indefinite leave, making tho active
forces In uniform 500. 200 Or upwards.
with h balance subject to immediate
recall.
Tho commission estimates that the
government plan. which IL recon-
mended for adoption. would. through
tho release of various coutingents OF
the class Of 1890 and the Incorporation
OF the class of 1912 during next var.
give a strength of e4s.o0o men in the
spring.
, 1921-11-30
BANK LOOTED OF
$4,000, SEARCH
FOR BANDITS ON
Suspects Arrested in Connec-
ton With Parker, Colo,
Robbery Are Released
Monday.

PARKER Colo. nov. so.-sherifrs
posses are securing this vicinity today
for three armed bandits who yester'
day looted the Parker state bank OF
approximately 5000 in cash and Lib
erty bonds.
Two suspects. ARRESTED near Wat
kins, Colo, by Sheriff George Mich
son. after an automobile chase, were
released today when Miss Elizabeth
Shultz. clerk OF tho bank. failed to
identify them as the robbers.
According 10 the story OF the rob
berry told by Miss Shultz. WI men,
one dressed IN overails and the other
in khaki. entered the bank at closing
time. +. B. Hood. cashier. was in n
backroom md did not hear h men.
They ordered the girl to keep quiet
and then pulled down the window
shades.
Miss Shultz was locked in the vault
after the bandits looted the deposit
boxes. She ans a burglar alarm in
side the vault which attracted tho
cashier. who released her.
The bandits escaped in an automo-
lille driven by an accomplice.
, 1921-11-30
MINE OWNER
SHOT FATALLY

COLORADO SPRINGS. Colo. Nov,
5o.-Frank Roberts. IS. was shot five
times IN the back and probably fatally
wounded this afternoon at the coal
mine owned by him. G White Sta,
ton. IS miles east Of Colorado SPRING.
on the Farmers highway. Roy Ever
EFT. a cousin. alleged to have done the
shooting is being sought by a large
posse Of citizens and officers, headed
by Sheriff John Weir.
Roberts was taken 10 Calhan for
medical attention. but was uncon.
scious when he left White Station and
his chances for recovery are believed
slight Everett said to have done the
shooting. fled from the scene on foot.
and h posse expects to ave him un-
der arrest within q few hours. It
was reported that he had made the re-
mark that he would never be taken
alive.
A dispute over wages is said 10
have led to tho shooting.
, 1921-11-30
BURLINGTON EMPLOYEES
WILL Be vACC|NATED

According TO announcement receiv-
ed at division headquarters Of the Bur
iington here this morning. the com
pany physicians in all sections Of the
country viii vaccinate all employees
who desire TO be vaccinated without
cost. i
In a letter from j. A Denny, chief
surgeon for tho Burlington It was ex-
planned hat the object OF the vaccina-
ton is to protect the employees Of the
company against a smallpox epidemic
which seems to be spreading along the
company's lines.
II is understood that the virulency
OF the disease in Kansas City resulted
in a mortality record of approximately
one-third in hundreds of cases. DIR.
J. F. o'Donneli. Burlington physician
here has been provided with the serum
for the vaccination n is prepared to
take care OF Burlington employees or
their families without cost.
, 1921-11-30
PROPOSAL FOR REDUCTIONS IN
NANEsD|sCUssED B ExPERTs

day In armament conference ci--ics
for direct negotiations between the
Japanese and Chinese delegations Owe
S~hantunx.
The negotiations arc expected to
start Immediately and in order to give
the japanese and Chinese delegates a
free day for their discussions. the con
ference Committee on Pacific and Far
Eastern questions adjourned today un-
I'll Friday.
The question OF shantung came up
n the meeting today OF the Far East
ern committee and II was suggested
that h Chinese and Japanese dele
gates should talk over the subject
privately before other mem, srs Of the
committee took II up. Both the Chi
nesc and Japanese delegates agreed
to this n they are to meet tomor-
row and report to the full committee
on Friday.
The prospects were considered IN
American quarters as good indication
that the Japanese and Chinese rspre-
s~entafives would be able TO settle the
sh%antung dispute outside Of the con-
ference.
Tho Far Eastern committee did not
conclude discussion today of China's
request for withdrawal OF foreign
troops from China and the matter
went over. Tho committee took up
another Chinese request for restora
tons on the question of foreign tele.
graph ana radio systems