The gazette-times. [volume] (Heppner, Or.) 1912-1925, 1921-12-29
FOREIGN AFFAIRS

FOREIGN AFFAIRS
During the first six months Of the
year the guerrilla warfare between the
British forces In Ireland and the Irish
republicans continued unabated.
Murders by the Sim Feiners and re-
prisals by the British were Of almost
daily occurrence. The Irish were espe-
cially exasperated by the execution OF
a number of prisoners convicted Of
completely in the killing of soldiers.
The appointment of Lord Talbot, lead
ing British Roman Catholic, as lord
Lieutenant of Ireland, failed Of its eff
feet. on May rs the Sim Feiners
burned the Dublin custom house, and
on June 80 they reelected Eamonn de
Valera president Of the Irish repub-
lic." Meanwhile the new government Of
northern Ireland was organized, with
Sir james Craig as premier, and on
June % King George went across to
open the Ulster parliament. De Valera
on July 9 accepted the invitation of
Premier Lloyd George to a conference
in London and truce was announced.
Then began the series Of negotiations
that lasted through the remainder of
the year. Offers and counter-offers
were made, and finally Britain prof
fered Ireland full status as a dominion
within the empire, to be known as the
Irish Free State. A treaty to this
effect was ratified by the British par
lament and submitted to dail eireann.
Ulster was not consulted. but was
given the option of becoming a part
of the Irish Free state or retaining
her status Angrily she chose the
latter.
Charles, ex-emperor of Austria-Hun-
gary, made two futile efforts to regain
the Hungarian throne On March y he
in Hungary without forces
and claimed the crown, but Regent
Horthy refused to step aside. Czecho-
slovakia, Jugo- Slafa and Rumania
to Illustrate the coup and the
allied council of ambassadors warned
Hungary that the restoration of the
Hapsburg regime would not be toler-
ated. So Charles returned TO his place
of refuge in Switzerland. But he was
not through, for on October 21 he and
his wife, Zita, went by airplane to
Hungary and rallied a considerable
Of supporters who proclaimed
Charles king. Again the little en-
tente" prepared for action, but Regent
Horthy led his army out of Budapest
and defeated the Carlists in a real bat
tie. The former emperor and empress
were taken prisoner, as were number
of prominent Hungarian mobiles, The
allies decreed that Charles must be
exiled, and in November he and Zita
were taken to Funchal, Madeira.
Russia's year was one Of fighting,
famine and efforts to resume relations
with other nations. The soviet gov
eminent held its own against repeated
revolts, which included riSings Of the
workingmen of Moscow, Of peas
ants under Antonov, and an invasion
Of the Ukraine by Petlura, which for
a time threatened to be successful.
Failure of the crops brought terrible
famine in the Volga region. Many
starved to death and even
the American relief administration,
which took charge Of the situation,
could only partially check the disaster.
In seeking to break through the ring
of isolation surrounding it, the Moscow
gradually receded from its
principles. 1t sought the
aid of foreign capital and on August
8 1t abandoned state ownership of all
but a few of the largest industries.
Treaties were made with the Baltic
states and with Turkey, and tempt
ing offers of concessions were held
out to other nations. In a notable
on october 81 Premier
Lenin admitted the economic defeat
of communism.
Old King Peter Of Serbia died in
Belgrade on August IT, and four days
later his son Alexander was pro
claimed king of Jugo-Savia. He was
reluctant to leave Paris, however, and
1t was not until November 6 that he
went to Belgrade and assumed his
crown. Portugal was upset by sew
eral revolutionary movements toward
the close Of the year, On August 10
the ministry was overthrown by mill
tary coup and several cabinet men,
bers, including Premier Granjo, were
assassinated. A few days later plot
of the royalistS was uncovered, and In
November Carvalho MesQuita led re-
volt. Because of these disorders and
of the spread Of bolShevism the pow
erS began consideration Of plan for
Spain had rebels, also
the tribesmen of Morocco. Against
them she maintained wearying and
expensive warfare for months. And
while on the subject of rebellion, men
tion must be made of the revolt Of
the Moplahs on the Malahar coast Of
India which caused the British gov
ernment much annoyance and not a
few lives.
There were communist outbreaks in
Germany In March, and on August %
Erzberger the German states
man who signed the treaty of Yer
sailles, was assassinated. Doctor Wirth,
who became chancellor on May TO- re-
signed with his cabinet on October %,
but was persuaded to remain in office
and form a new ministry. In Novem-
ber there were riots in many German
cities due to the high prices of food.
The chauvinistlc element In Japan
was active, especially after the Wash
ington conference opened, and on No