davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1921-11-27

there months ago 1 would have witnessed some
thing that dare not describe Everywhere saw
acres of graves of the fallen. And these were the
results of the only method. the only organized
method that civilized nations have ever attempted
or established to settle disputes amongst each
other. And my feeling was: Surely 1t Is time.
surely it is time that saner plan for settling
disputes between peoples should be established
than this organized savagery I do not know
whether this will succeed. But if We attempt it.
the attempt itself will be success. and for that
reasonI should second the proposal"
X X X
At the same time. as we shall see later, he felt
that if the experiment of a league was to succeed
it was essential that the powers should do some
thing practical to demonstrate their own conf.
dence in 1t and their own trust in one another
The mere signature of high sounding document
not enough. Accordingly, he proposed that
the powers should strengthen the league by
coupling with 1t an agreement about armaments
which would prevent competition between them.
Here Is clearly brought out the difference be-
tween the two men. Lloyd George Is always the
practical statesman. His mind is instantly recep-
tive Of progressive ideals He is ever to be found
the side of reform, but his plans resolutely
limited to what he believes" the people are ready
to accept, and his active support for reform is
always conditional upon its being real reform
and not high sounding camoufiage. AS a popular
leader in his early life, he was reckless because
he saw that the changes he demanded were over
due~and had overwhelming support. As leader
in though energy and initiative itself, he was
cautious especially in securing unity OF COM
mand. because he saw that the supreme necessity
was to keep his own countrymen and the other
allies united and to carry chem with him in what
ever he wanted to do. AT Paris he was more cau-
tious still, because he realized that in the long
tension Of the war and the excitement of victory,
people had got things ont Of perspective and
wanted achieve by strokes fof the pen what could
only be accomplished by the slow education Of
public opinion Of many peoples.
That his insight was not at fault is shown
by the behavior Of every one Of the great peoples
of the world since the war;
X
President Wilson's interests, on the other hand.
were centered in the future He saw what the un-
speaking masses wanted-security from war. He
saw that nothing. real association of the ma
tfons to conduct together the worlds affairs. could
Evening star., 1921-11-27

lack of a market? What Is the sense
of a barrel of apples yielding a
farmer near Buffalo. N. Y, $3.50,
going through seven different hands
and costing the consumer in New
York city $3.50 per barrel? There
is just as much sense as my paying
is cents a quart for milk here in
Washington when a farmer out here
on hill in plain sight gets only
cents for it.
THE bureau of markets in Wis
consin recently made an investiga-
ton which shows that the milk dis
tributors in the leading cities of that
state returned in net profits one
third of their investmenet every
year, and the filled milk interests
returned SO per cent of their actual
invested capital every year. The
producers supplying milk to the city
of Chicago actually received $l.45
per 100 pounds, while 1t cost the con-
sumers of that city 1915 for 100
pounds"
Representative Beck urges that the
farmers and their city cousins should
be able to exchange their wares on
a just and equitable basis. each to
have sufficient of the products of his
own and the other fellows toll.
without having to pay excessive toll
to the fellow on the bridge between
the farm and the city
+ X *
What's to be done about it?" 1
asked Chairman Anderson Of the joint
congressional commission on agri
cultural inquiry, and he said:
The two principal elements inter-
ested in the cost of distribution are
the producer and the consumer In
the first place, the cost OF doing busi-
ness piror to 1913 was steadily in
creasing and has about doubled since
1913. Those costs include sorting,
grading. packing, bulking. trans
portation, hauling. storing, ware
housing, selling, delivering and all
the overburden of wages, interest.
rent, insurance and general admin
istration. All of these costs have
increased.
'As We see it. the problem of re-
ducing these costs is: % In elm
ination of waste in production and
distribution; CD in relating produc-
ton to markets in such a way that
overselling and overstocking will be
avoided and to speed up the turn
over; (3) in a general readjustment
of costs-particularly wages, rent
and interest-but other elements of
cost as well.
I'VE think that along with this
must go a readjustment of freight
rates to correspond with a general
lower level of prices of commodities.
"One of the elements of cost is the
great variation of quality. quantity
and variety of service. atmosphere
and environment. that the consumer
has come to demand. If the con-.
sumer telephones in TO have a spool
of thread or a loaf of bread deliv-
cred from one to FIVE miles II in
creases the cost. If the consumer
insists upon having facilities pro-
vided for writing letters while on
shopping tour he must expect to
pay for it."
Evening star., 1921-11-27

give it. and, ignoring forgetting in his zeal the
immense obstacles and practical difficulties in the
way and overriding the political and personal
factors in the situation. he endeavored, oy su-
preme effort of will. to shorten the years.
1t is interesting to recall one instance OF this
determination, probably one which had as much
to do as any with the subsequent failure OF his
plans. The usual practice Of the peace conference
was for the big four. they came to be called
the representatives Of France. the United States
Britain and Italy-to appoint international COM
mittees Of experts or ministers to near evidence
the principal problems before them and draft
proposals for their criticism or correction In
this way the work Of body of men working
continuously at the details of question was re-
vised and approved rejected by the supreme
body which had the shaping Of the peace settle
ment as q whole. In the case of the league of
nations commission. the other powers appointed
delegates like Gen. Smuts. Lord Robert Cecil, NJ
Bourgeois and M. Venizelos to prepare the scheme
while President Wilson appointed himself THIS
meant that when the draft came to De consiaered
by the council Of four, it gould no longer sit as
an impartial Judge Of the work Of the expert COM
mission; fore Of its members had been chair
man Of that commission. In point OF fact, the
structure of the league was never seriously de-
bated by the big four and the text of the
never had the wide political experience aud
sagacity Of NJ. clemenceau and ME- Lloyd George
properly brught to bear upon It Substantially,
it was the handiwork Of the league of nations
commission and not of the council of four
X X
+. It has often been said by his enemies that
Lloyd George is not in favor Of the league. That
IS a profound mistake He has: supported the su-
preme council during the last. two years because
he believed that body consisting Of the heats
OF the governments Of the principal European pow
ers were better qualified to deal with such prob
lens as the disarmament of Germany, the exac-
ton OF reparations. the boshevik invasion Of
Poland and so on than the league of nations.
which could not order armies to move and whose
time was largely spent in deliberaton.
But he is also convinced that the fundamental
idea underlying tho league is sound. If the world
is not to drift into armed camps and the diplomacy
Of force, there must be some organization where
the collective voice of mankind can find express
sion, where grievances can be ventilated, and
where the representatives Of the leading nations
can be brought face to face with one another in
Evening star., 1921-11-27

the day. Bernard Shaw long ago wrote book
called "A Handbook for Revolutionaries." In it
he made the case for catastrophe revolution which,
thanks to Lenin and Trotsky. is now familiar to
everybody. He said in epilogue that 1t was
unanswerable But even then he admitted doubt:
I'm not sure" he said, that the revolution in
human nature is not the only revolution which Will
do any good"
The revolution in human nature is, indeed. the
only road to progresses the founder of Chris
tianity saw. And this revolution takes time to
accomplish. 1t cannot be affected by the argu-
ments of politicians or the treaties of statesmen
1t comes from the gradual transformation OF the
human heart.
President Wilson slowly began to realize the
facts as he visited the leading allied countries
before the peace conference commenced. Col.
House has told how Mortified he was at the vfo-
lence of the political passions of Europe. He saw
that the feelings engendered by the injustice. op-
preston and bondage of long and bitter past
and bursting forth at fever heat during the war,
could not be suddenly composed in a few weeks
As he listened to the fierce speeches of the vart-
Gus national leaders, demanding this or that as
their right. without any consideration of the es-
sental unity of Europe, far less of the world, he
gradually came to recognize that the dream he had
entertained, and with millions Of others. of new
world in which violence and recrimination should
be more and nations and individuals would
settle their disputes in brotherly love. could not
: be brought fruition immedia tely, but must be
worked to gradually the hatreds and rnisnnder-
standings Of centuries died down and reason and
justice and mutual confidence took their place.
And as the prospect Of this Immediate new order
faded away the prospect Of league of nations
to remedy in the future the defects-the in
evitable defects-of the forthcoming treaty and to
build gradually what could only be founded at
Versailles. grew steadily in his mind BY the time
he reached Paris for the conference it had taken
the first place.
'- X X X
well remember one Of the hrst speeches made
at Paris by the President. It the occa-
sion when he proposed the setting up Of COM
mission to consider the formation of league Of
nations.
There are" he said. many complicated ques-
ttons connected with the present settlement which,
perhaps, cannot be successfully worked ont to an
ultimate issue by the decisions we shall arrive at
Evening star., 1921-11-27

here 1 can easily conceive that many of the
decisions we shall make will need subsequent al
terations in some degree, for if I may judge by
my own study of some of these questions, they
are not susceptible Of confident judgments at
present"
Here was the first note of warning that the
millennium still far off. remember COM
pairing it with the confident speeches and expecta-
tions of war and thinking what a tragic disl-
lusionment it implied. --
The President went to say:
1T is. therefore, necessary that should set
up machinery by which the work of the con-
ference should be rendered complete . In
coming into this the United States never
thought for a moment that she wasA intervening
in the politics of Europe or the politics of any
other part of the world = Therefore. the
United States would feel that her part in this war
had been played in vain if there ensued upon it
merely body of European settlements. We would
feel that we could not take part in guaranteeing
those European settlements unless that guarantee
involved the continuous superintendence of the
of the world by the associated nations of the
world" .
So President Wilson made himself the champion
of the league of nations, presided over the de-
lberations Of the league Of nations committee,
and made 1t probably his biggest single object at
the conference to bring it into effective being.
X X X X
Lloyd Georges attitude to the proposal for a
league Of nations Enthusiastically different.
Lloyd George seconded the Presidents proposal
long experience as practical politician he was
not so confident as the President 20. him the
league was an experiment, one worth making, but
still experiment. - :. ssl{s sS:EaJI
"I visited" he said, "a region which but few
years ago was one of the fairestsin an exception
ally fair land. found it a ruin and q desoation.
drove for hours through a country which did
not appear like the habitation of living men and
women and children but like sthe excavation of a
buried provnce-shattered torn, rent. I went to
one city where witnessed scene of devastation
that no indemnity ever repair-one of the
beautiful things of the world disfgured and de-
faced beyond repair. And one Of the cruelest
features to my mind what could see had
happened: Frenchmen, who love their land almost
beyond any nation in order to establish the justice
of their cause have had to assist cruel enemy
in demolishing their own homes. Had been
Evening star., 1921-11-27
VIsEING OF PASSPORTS
TO SWITZERLAND TO END

Persons going from the United
States to Switzerland will not be
compelled to have passports vised
after December 1. it was announces
Yesterday at the Swiss legation.
The decision to lift wartime re-
strictions on travel in switzerland
follows extensive agitation by busi-
ness men of that country for removal
of vises' and lessening of severity In
border regulations. The new law Is
not reciprocal in its application to
Swiss seeking to enter this country.
Evening star., 1921-11-27
By Philip Kerr
(His Secretary, l9l7-1920)
LLOYD <GEORGE-The Man and His Times

order to concert measures for the protection of
justice and the preservation Of peace III world
unity and world is to be achieved 1t Will ne
through some such means as a league OF nations.
and simply to destroy the league would. in his
judcmeat be to destroy of the best hopes of
mankind
He never thought, however. that the covenant
was very well adapted to the conditions of the
world as they were bound to be year or TWO
after the war. It In his opinion too amb-
tious and too elaborate, and he thought an agreS-
nent against competition in ornaments almost
important the covenant ITSELF He was fqWe
prepared to take the covenant as the basaS ifro4a
which to work toward something more pra9tcafF
effective but II is an open secret that when II ZIP
become clear that the United States did notanterf
to take the covenant it stood, Lloyd GeofA
hoped that it would call a conference to consiff
how the league could be remodeed so that II
should be acceptable to America and better adapt9
to the needs of the world of every day, than thk
one drafted in the hothouse atmosphere Of ~
X IL
- There for the moment the matter stands Pit
haps the Washington conference will pave the ~fa
for reconsideration of the whole problem Of II
ternational cooperation for peace. Lloyd Georsv-
rejecting accurately the mind Of Great Britain.
for league of nations. President Harding. SPEAK
ing for America, is committed to assoctattup
Of nations. France and Italy are both willing ~
herents. The league itself at Geneva has bega1h
to make good in a useful sphere. The passid1R
which centered about 1t have begun to die awa3
Both the supporters and the opponents of the cott
nant are saner than they were year ago. Nobdr
now believes that the league can in itself say
mankind. Nobody now believes that It can threat4
the liberties and independence of its members.
The Washington conference. indeed. is in ttsef
proof Of the necessity of international Gathering
of the leading statesmen Of the world. II thf
conference succeeds. as we all must hope that
will succeed in dispellng the dark political cloud
that brood the Pacific and the far east arp
in paving the way for reduction Of armame4e
by land and by sea. the experience there gaindf
may make possible the framing of better an
all embracing league. For it is only in resp4f
sible gatherings of the representatives of all m
nations of the earth that that spirit of sympathy
tolerance and understanding can be born which
will bring justice and lasting peace to men.
Copyright 1921 By Mcclure Newspaper syndieatsl
HBxT SuNDAY-Ehs Psaes Confsrsncs-0szzna1y.
Evening star., 1921-11-27
V.-Wilson, Lloyd George and the
League of Nations.

= IJovd George and Clemenceau were the out
standing war leaders on the side of the allies
President Wilson undoubtedly the spokes-
man of the idealism Of the peoples However
opinions may differ to his practical policy dur
ing the years 1s14-1s-1s. one will dispute that
his war speeches were accepted as emoooyihs the
general popular idealism Of the time
Accordingly President Wilson came to the peace
conference under a great advantage and great
handicap Because he had expressed in words the
hopes and dreams which had sustained millions
in the daily torture of the trenches or the monot-
ony Of the WORKSHOP, he was regarded wneh ne
reached Europe as a sort of saviour People paid
no attention to the fact that he gained a minority
of votes the election of 1913. He was the Presl-
dent the United States, he was Its oc1al repre-
sentative, and, under the Constitution he was the
only person with whom foreign nations could nego-
tiate They looked to him. therefore. not only as
the leading spokesman of the peoples. but as the
chief guarantor that the peace would fulfill the
expectations Of mankind
**
Unfortunately the facts of everyday life and
human nature do not coincide with the hopes OF
fdeasts Married life seldom fulflls the confident
certainties Of courtship and in the case Of the
great war; the expectations. all the more extrava-
CANT because Of the depth Of suffering and anguish
in which they grew, were foredoomed to disap-
pointment. People had come to believe that they
we're lighting for an immediate millennium. The
truth was that they were fighting to prevent the
triumph of the darkness of militarism and au-,
tocracy and that victory only laid bare the foun-.
dations on which and better international
order could be constructed during many arduous
years. The constructed nothing. 1t simply
left the edifce Of autocracy and militarsm in
ruins. Z
Lloyd George. the more practical and expert
enced statesman, had clearer appreciation Of
the realities of the President Wilson vas
more concerned with what ought to be. perhaps,
than with what practicable. Standing
olympian heights. he diseerned how the world of
men ought to behave If peace and freedom were
to reign earth. But living in Washington, he
was too remote from the passions and hatreds
Of Europe to realize how far the world of his
speeches was from the practical possibilities Of
Evening star., 1921-11-27
THE NEW AUSTRIAS
BY FRANCISCO NITTI,
Former Premier of Italy.


the freest opportunity for auton-
omous development. AS to Poland.
in the thirteenth proposal Wilson
confined himself to declaring that
it was necessary to have a Polish
state with an undoubtedly Polish
population, with free and safe ac-
cess to the sea.
X X X \
AS admitted by It's chief author.
the treaty Of Versailles has been
a means Of continuing the war.
and has brought to birth a num-
Der of states which are not ma
tions. but which make so many
Austrias. but with this difference
. that the populations held in sub
lection are the most cultured and
the most intelligent, and therefore
the least easily assimilated. In
stead of one Austria. there are
three or four Austrias, the Difficult
ties of existence of which will
shortly become intollerable. The
Fundamental pre-occupation Of the
treaty of Versailles was to distrib-
ute the greatest possible number
of Germans to the less cultured
populations. and reduce the great
groups of Germans to such condi-
tions of existence as should be
:intollerable, like that Of the, new
state OF Austria. A minor pre-
occupation was that of dismem-
bering Hungary and reducing the
Magyar state to an impotent con-
dition.
Part Of the German territory
has also been given to states
which did not take part in the
war. and had never asked for this
land.
Instead of an clinical Poland.
that Is to say. OF undoubtedly
Polish population, Poland has
been formed which does not con-
tain 1S.000,600 or $4,000. 600 inhab-
itants, but 81 100000. of whom $780,
900 are Ukrainians and Russians, and
more than 100000 are Germans.
But Of the 100000 Poles $780,
600 are Jews, who have never
been assimilated. and perhaps. are
not capable Of assimilation, and
often subject to bitter rule. Thus
the true Poles are in the minority.
and yet they claim to occupy fresh
territory, and obtain Upper Silesia
also, in spite of the plebiscite.
+ X X
Jugoslavia. or asAit is called, the
state of S. H. s.. has about 12, 200, 900
inhabitants on territory not much
larger than that of Italy: 5000, 900
are Serbs, little less than 5000. 900
Croats. 100000 Slovenes. 100000
Mohammedans. 100000 Macedonians.
100000 Magyars. 100000 almost Of
other nationalities. Before the Bal
kan war Serbia had less than 3.00o.-
900 inhabitants: afterward it reached
100000; from the ruin of Austria
Hungary another $500. 600 men have
been taken; the central nucleus Of
= Serbia has been quadrupled since
1913.
Czechoslovakia, which has arisen
entirely from the ruins of Aus
{ tria Hungary. is composed Of
population which has given many
proofs of seriousness, and give
good promise for. the future. They
are the most cultured. most per-
sistent and tenacious part Of the
Slav race. A Czechoslovakia of
eight or nine million Inhabitants
would have formed a compact
clinical unit. Instead of this, they
have been given 5.5oo.OOo people Of
the most diverse nationality, among
whom about 100000 Germans, to-
gether with some of the most Ger
man cities in the world. such as Pill
sen. Karlsbad. Reichenberg, etc.
German Austria has been re-
duced to 6.5Q0.Ooo. inhabitants and
CONTINUED on Third Page.)