The Holly chieftain., 1921-12-01

thrashers seek their insect prey on or nenr the
ground woodpeckers, nuthatches, titmiee, and
chckadees closely search the trunks and limbs OF
trees; vireos and warbers scan the leaves and
probe the flowers; and fycatchers and swallows
sweep their prey from the air itself Every few
minutes all day long the hungry young must be
fed and that they well fed their rapid growth
attests. The quantity of insects they and their
parents consume Is enormous. Not only orchards
benefit by the good work of birds. but gardens,
berry patches, and plowed and newly sown fields
well, While fields actually grown to tall crops
less freely visited all crops helped to some
extent and practically every farm pest has Its
bird enemies.
To learn exactly how and to wha. extent birds
are aids to agriculture horticulture and forestry,
the biological survey has been making scientific
study of their food habits since Its establish
ment In 1885. Its Investigations are carried on In
both the field and laboratory. All that can be
learned out OF doors by direct observation and by
study of the available food supply is valuable. but
there Is wny of finding out what bird
eats, namely, to look into its stomach It has
been repeatedly demonstrated that the nature of
the food and feeding habits OF birds Is such that
1t is impossible to arrive at definite results by d.
rect observation. On the other hand, the examine
tlon In the laboratory of the contents of the som
ach gives information that Is definite, exact, and
indsputahle.
From the percentages and the economic value
of the food items, the utility of a bird can be
closely estimated The biological survey is then
able TO recommend how 1t should be treated.
In the United States are found more than 800
distinct kinds of birds of 60 families of which 20
families clnssed as waterfowl Z as shorebrds,
4 as upland game birds, as birds of prey, and 33
as land birds. ss
The upland game birds comprise such familiar
groups rs the quail, grouse, ptarmlgan, wild tur-
keys, wild pigeons, and doves. The last two, while
usually harmless. sometimes damage crops to an
ufraSt I'm hoy he trDIi ad nd
economically they deserve less consideration than
the turkey, quail and grouse. These three kinds
of birds have feeding habits which are helpful to
agriculture They may be hunted but their num-
bers should not be reduced below the normal pop
ulatiOn for each type of country.
Hawks and owls, though not closely related,
may be considered together account of the sim
ilarity of their feeding habits. Feeding chiefly up
on living animals smaller than themselves nntur.
ally they sometimes prey upon of the domes-
tcated kinds, particularly poultry This has given
them bad reputation with farmers, so long estab-
iished MS to amount to traditional prejudice Sci
entic investigation of their habits shows that only
few species of hawks and only one owl feed chief
sy. or even largely, upon birds. and therefore to
ANY great extent upon poultry The birds of prey
regarded us chiefly injurious include the sharp
ehinned, Cooper and duck hawks, the goshawk, and
the great horned owl. The great horned owl, which,
like most Of Its relatives feeds at night gets only
poultry that Is improperly exposed, and when pre-
vented from doing this, its habits largely bene
hcal.
The remaining species of hawks and owls more
than 500 in ALL have uyeful habits. They feed on
a great variety OF rodents and have tremendous
effect In controlling the numbers Of these pests.
Their staple food consists for the most part OF
meadow mice, but 1T includes also many other de-
structive rodents. such rabbits. ground squir.
reis. prairie dogs. pocket gophers and house rats
and mice.
d. n he
birds of this group Its food Is easily studied by
examination Of the pellets, made Of the hair and
bones Of Its victims, which accumulate about Its
roost. In 675 bnrn-owl pellets collected in Wash
ngton. ID. C.. We're found the remains Of LILO