davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1921-11-09

Dr. Edward Howard Griggs. one
Of the most fluent speakers on the
lecture platform. will appear for his
third successive lecture in the Prog
ress club rooms. DR.. Griggs has
chosen for the subject OF his course.
The Poetry and Philosophy Of
Browning which Is divided into
six lectures. which will be given
each successive Saturday evening at
s O'Clock. beginning Nov. y.
Following are the sub-titles:
Nov. II, The Life OF Browning. :"
Nov. 10. Music and the Spirit"
Nov. &c, The study Of Personal
ity."
Dec 3. THE Tragedy Of the Pur-
suit OF knowledge"
Dec. 10. "Browning's Philosophy
Of Art and life"
Dec. II, The Jewels OF the Ring. 8"
This promises TO be the most in
teresting course yet given by DIT.
Griggs. Or. Griggs has been a pub
lie lecturer since 1899. is president
Of philosophy of Brooklyn Institute
Of Arts and Science. and is q mem
bcr Of the American Academy or
Political and Social science. DR..
Griegs is an author as we'll as a
lecturer. He comes to South Bend
under the auspices Of the Progress
club and tickets are for sale by the
board Of directors Mrs Hugh p
DunnahoO. chairman.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1921-11-09
Series Of Recitals Are
Planned by Prof. McHenry

a series OF studio recitals has been
arranged by w. P. MoHenry TO be
held in his vocal studio. 23O W.
washington av.. at which his pupils
will entertain a few invited friends
They will last about an hour be-
ginning at $3.50 O'Clock on each Sun
day afternoon.
The special feature OF next sun
days musical hour will be a half
hour with Miss Marjorie Herald.
whose Indian songs at the Oliver
Rotary room last May created much
favorable comment She Will be
accompanied by her mother, Mrs.
y. 4. Herald Of Elkhart
These little musical affairs will
be over in time for those who at
tend to secure good seats at the
Symphony concerts. and are design
ed particularly for practice ana pre-
paration for Mr.. McHenry's larger
recitals to be given later in the sea-
son in the Tapestry room at the
oliver.
Miss Elsie Winterhoff Will be the
soloist for the following Sunday and
her program will include The
Wren" and the Shadow Song" from
Dinorah. A South Bend artist will
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1921-11-09
SURE WAY TO GET
RID OF BLACKHEADS

There is one simple, safe and sure
way that never falls 90 get rid cf black
hePds and that IS 70 dissolve them.
To Go this get two ounces o. calonite
powder from any a-uc sprinElt
a little on a hot. wet sponge-rub over
toe t'gCkheads briskly-wash the parts
aud yJu VII be surprised how the BLACK
heads have disappeared. Big black
heads, little blackheads no matter
where they are, simply dissolve and dis
appear, leaving the parts without any
mark whatever Blackheads are simply
a mixture OF dust and dirt and secre-
tons from the body that form in the
pores 81 the skin-plnching and squeez-
Ing only cause Irritation. make large
p0reS. and do not get them out after
they become hard The Gallon te powder
and the water simply dissolve the black
heads so they wash right out lie aving
tsc pores free and clean and In their
natural condition. Anybody troubie led
with these unsightly blemishes should
CerCainly try this simple method. Adv.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1921-11-09
ST. James Choir to Start
ReheHsdLs Wednesday in
Christmas Music Program

The new organ now in process
OF construction for St. James Epis-
copal church Is expected 20 be in
use at the annual midnight service.
Christmas eve. for which the choir
is preparing Gounod's st Cecilia"
macs. FOR this important musical
service and for the sacred concert
go Je given at Trinity church Niles.
Sunday evening, November 27th, ex-
ira rehearsals will be held until az
tef Christmas. JeginnIng - e4aesday
evening, in the church, ana every
member of the choir is requested 10
be present.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1921-11-09
Bullock Declares Friday
Full Holiday for Glasses

Recreation classes which meet on
Friday nights will not be held this
week owing to Armistice day cere-
monies and the recrea- ional offices
will be closed all day Friday. Direc-
tor Bullock announced Tuesday.
Men composing the gymnasium
classes of the Lincoln school grouI
will meet Thursday night at the
school building for organization pur-
poses.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1921-11-09
Red Cross Roll Call May
Not be Heard Here NOU. III

Officials OF the Red Cross in South
Bend are IN receipt Of G letter from
Robert G. WOodside, chief OF staff
Of the Veterans Of Foreign Wars in
which the world war veteran urges
members OF his organization TO CO.
operate with the Red Cross in the
9TH annual roll call 10 be held here.
The roll call is being held in many
sections Of the country from Nov.
Il 10 p. No definite date has been
decided upon for the ron call in
South Bend but announcement Is
expected within a few days
1t is believed the federated chart
ties drive has figured in the decision
TO postpone the roll call for severa
weeks. Oacials OF The Red Cross
expect to clean up the work in a
few days when the drive gets under
way.
About boo r.ivprS flow iuto n
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1921-11-09
CO.. Ids. 1.+.)',5I
"Pape's Cold Compound"
Breaks any Cold
in Few Hours

Instant Relief! Don't stay stuff
ed-up! Quit blowing and snufflingl
A dose OF "Pape's Cold Compound"
taken every two hours until three
doses are taken usually breaks up
any cold.
The very first dose opens clogged
nostrils and the air passages Of the
head; stops nose running; relieves
the headache. dizziness, feverishhess.
"Papes Cold Compound" acts
quick. sure. and costs only a few
cents al drug stores. Ii acts without
assistance. tastes nice, contains no
quinine-Insist upon Pape's!-Adv.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1921-11-09

In the ex-kaiser's Berlin palace
were found SO. 600 copper cooking
utensils after his fight. although al
copper had been called in by his
prv-n--r-
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1921-11-09
wide apart: the corn goes through,
but the mill doesn't grind.
Don't Think You Must Have a Pain
Co Have Indigestion.

but the mill doesn't grind.
Don't Think You Must Have a Pain
to Have Indigestion.
Lack OF flesh. too much fat. PIN
pies, blotches, sallow complexion.
lack OF nerve force. impoverished
blood, sleeplessness. headaches. back
aches. sideaches. weak brain power.
dizzy spells. spots floating before the
eyes, may all be due 10 faulty d.
gestive process, either in the stom-
ach or the bowels.
Take my Dreco with your other
food for a week, and find out how
your digestive organs are working.
If Dreco helps you greatly. gives you
more force. strength and brain pow
er. you may set il down that your
liver and bowels were not doing their
duty.
Olly yesterday your head may
have felt dull and heavy; you had
the blues" We're cross, nervous or
irritable, everything seemed 10 go
wrong and YOU couldn't tell why.
It's ten TO one it was old dyspep-
STA slyly getting In his work. not
enough 10 cause you pain. but Just
enough 10 dull your brain, rob you
of your vitality. upset your liver and
deplete your nerve force. Maybe YOU
don't think SO, but try a bottle of
Dreco and see II il don't change
blues TO a bright cherry red. make
the old world laugh in a merry glee
and put new vigor and vim in your
life again.
Lewis A. Todd, the travelling sales
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1921-11-09

The largest spider in the world
was discovered at Sumatra; It's body
as nine inches in circumference
nd q had le~s II inches in l7ngth
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1921-11-09

reur- -ic Euesma Ieu Earac1
T-Othaoa Iot has and TO- Pain
Al drue- sell Baver Tablet
Aspirin handy Tin boxes Of u sn.
bottles W -fauI 100 Aspirin
he TRACE mark of Bayef Manu-
,ure Of H0noacetlcac.des.er " SOL
.cylicacid
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1921-11-09

H.a stomach trouble So bal
.e Practically had % i've on liquid
foods. He couldn't even eat vege-
tables without suffering terrible pain.
He took two bottles of Dreco and
can now eat anything he wants
without any distress whatever
sounds like a miracle. well. we have
Mr.. Todd's own signed statement TO
that effect
c. L. Matlick. the B. & o. con-
ductor. says he had rheumatism so
bad he had 70 use a cane to get
around at all. On his fourth bottle
IL Dreco he said Il am now feeling
fine-HAVE THROWN AWAY NY
CANE" These are only two out Of
hundreds, yes, thousands.
Test This MedicjEe Tree
Mr.. Sufferer. have you ever heard
II the wonderful medicine that talks,
that really tells you itself what il
can do that's Dreco. Five min
utes after you take ii the medicine
begins to unfold it's virtues, and il
Will by actual demonstration, IN
fold 20 you more in regard 70 its
merits in ten minutes than I could
probably make you believe if wrote
YOU ten books as large as the die
tionary.
Words cannot tell how glad we
are for Dreco," declares Mr.. Treasa
Copley. The first bottle fixed me
up" says Walter F. Dixon. I am
q changed man now" states Rev.
joseph l.. Butler.
You may know some Of these peo-
pie. or know somebody who knows
them. I'll send you their full ad-
dresses If you want them. so that
YOU can find out about my Dreco
and the wonders II has wrought.
Probably you are now thinking
whether all this can be true stop
IT, Come at once 10 the Central Drug
store and ask for the Dreco expert
She will give you absolutely free a
good sized bottle OF my Dreco. This
offer is open 70 every man and
woman in South Bend and vicinity.
There are no ifs, ands or butts at
tached 10 II, except that you come
early, before the generous supply Of
free bottles has been used. You don't
have 10 buy anything II you don I
want 10. All 1 ask Is that you stop
in and test this wonderful medi-
cine, and see for yourself what II
can 10 for you. So please come as
early as possible.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1921-11-09

De the soloist for Sunday. November
27th.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1921-11-09

'hort '~O rivers flow into n
Indiana daily times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1914-1922, 1921-11-18
Children's Underwear
Ladies' 85c Union Suits

Very good ribbed union suits: nr
slightly heeced in all sizes, 30 to OJc
a. One case only Of 60 dozen. while
they last.
Indiana daily times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1914-1922, 1921-11-18

following them which way they intend
to turn. This is especially dangerous
in making a left-hand turn and We be-
lieve is the cause Of scores of accidents.
Another point we have noticed is that
drivers continue to speed through blind
or partially blind intersections regard
less of the imminent possibility and
probability of cross traffic getting right
I'm their path. In short, 1t Is the old
human equation Of reckiessness that we
are fighting and we expect to continue
this fight &ntil the millennium, or eyen
afterward
Few offenses have been reported to us
so far which indicate a wilful violation
of law. although we have had several
reports of commercial vehicles that are
not equipped with rear view mirrors, as
required by State law, or in which such
mirrors are not attached so as to give
view of the rear, which in itself is vio-
lation of the law.
zone man who will get a notice that
ne cut a corner illegally at an inter-
section where there is a silent police
man will also be notified that his rear
wheels are badly out of line and are
quite wobbly. He may appreciate the
latter information, if not the former.
Several against whom reports have
Motor Club. In our first announcement
we stated that membership in our club
does not give that member any right to
hang a 35x5 non-skfd halo around his
brow and we expect to find many Of our
own members on the vigilante report
list
''The point is, that when our members
Fundamentally get behind this vigilante
campaign it will have a tremendous ef-
feet on their own driving and the dpiv
ing of the thousands of non members.
The hope is advanced that by cOntinu-
ing. this crusade our organization can
make driving conditions safer everywhere
and to put an end to thoughtlessness,
discourtesy and reckless driving. As an
adjunct, therefore, to the activities of
police departments throughout the State,
we believe this campaign should have
widespread support. 1--WE don't need to
dress in white hoods and do any ku-
kluxism, but we do need to let drivers
know when they are pulling this. rough
stuff or reckless violations OF law and
decency.
"Our membership campaign will con-
tinue. also, through the winter, and other
civic activities such as erecting danger
signs will be carried on steadily as our
Indiana daily times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1914-1922, 1921-11-18
WARNINGS SENT
BY MOTOR CLUB
TO OFFENDERS
Drive Seeking to Prevent
Fatalities Showing Good
Results.

The campaign seeking to prevent IA
Alities and automobile accidents, and to
prevent reckless driving in indianapolis
ind throughout the State. launched this
Feek by the Hoosier Motor Club in con-
junction with the Hoosier State Automo-
bile Association is already having good
esults, according to a statement issued
oday from the headquarters of the motor
association.
Hundreds Of report blanks have been
Ient in to our Office bE vigiiantes Of the
motor association states II. E. Noblet,
lecretary. I'VE are issuing a warning
IOtice to drivers against whom Offenses
lave been Eeported," he said, land We
ire Spreading our edU ,ational work so
nat we are having scores Of calls for
additional blanks on which to report Of
enses against laws or offenses against
he common courtesy rights Of others"
It is stated that the educational cam
Iaign is to be continued throughout the
Btate with a view Of inducing every
lriver to drive as though a motorcycle
TOP were right behind him. in other
Fords to be on his best behavior at all
tines.
1--WE have had all sorts of violations
eported and all sorts OF reckless or rude
irving In the few days this campaign
Ias been on" the motor club statement
continues. Most offenses have been Of
! minor nature. such as cutting corn
rs, failure to give any signal to traffic
u turning corners, or driving with pnly
me headlight burning at night. In this
connection II will astonish any one how
&any instances there are right here in
Indianapolis daily and hourly, of driv-
rs turning corners without giving any
nnd Of a signal to the rear. Because
hey are IN closed cars or in cars having
curtains buttoned up, it seems drivers
hink they don't need 20 warn traffic
Indiana daily times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1914-1922, 1921-11-18

Even a sick child loves the ''fruity"
taste of California Fig Syrup" If the
little tongue is coated, or If your child
is nstless, cross, feyerish, full of cold, or
has collie, a teaspoonful will never fail
TO open the bowels. In few hours you
can see for yourself how thoroughly it
works all the constipation poison, sour
bile and waste from the tender, little
bowels and gives you a well, playful
child again.
Millions of mothers keep California
Fig Syrup" handy. They know a tea
spoonful today saves a sick child to-
morrow. Ask your druggist for genuine
California Fig Syrup" which has direc-
tions for babies and children Of all ages
printed on bottle. Motherl You must
say California" or you may get an imi-
tation fig rup.-Advertisement
Indiana daily times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1914-1922, 1921-11-18

membership grows for through member
ship support alone are we enabled to
finance this safety work on the streets
and Highways. Motorists are appealed
to for their assistance in this work, with
the adJuration that it is time to quit
letting the other fellow do it ALL
Indiana daily times. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1914-1922, 1921-11-18

zoe Children's Hose
Heavy ribbed. Principally small ~
sizes. special purchase lot for 1VC
for quick sale at only 10c pair.
35c Ladies' Fleece Hose
Black heeced; some have ribbed pr
top. A limited quantity on sale Z0C
at this low price.
Ladies' 81 Wool Hose
Here they are, big assortment TO-
in many different kinds and col NC
ors. Just what you want
CSC Cotton Bats
Full s-pound. roll opens up Tx IN
90 inches for a comfort Quilted NC
to prevent from coming apart
25c Dark Outing
Here is another shipment Of that IN
good dark outing so many have 1JC
been wanting. It's fast selling special
$3.50 Bleached Sheets
An extra large size bed sheet. d ~
Seamless. Free from dressing. 9l.ZI
Just dozen for tomorrow at $1-27.
35c Pillow Cases
An assortment of different brands or
offered at this special low price. ZOc
$3.50 Wool Blankets
A guaranteed all wool blanket co no
In fine variety Of block pat 1896
terms Large double size.
$500 Wool Blankets
Extra large size; guaranteed ESQ RI
all wool; fancy block pat 9IU.OU
terms; SIS quality for $1,000.
$3.50 Comforts for
These are the extra large size 60 no
comforts filled with white cot o.. JO
ton, silkoline covered. You can't make
them for that
85c Cotton Bats
The one piece roll, 72xoO inches. or
Full 3 pounds. Just what you OJc
want for a good comfort.
$1.00 Quality Corsets
The best corset on the market 1r
for the money; extra clasp at lOc
bottom. -Four supporters; all sizes.
Children's Underwear
Just received, another big lot Of An
shirts and drawers In all sizes. 4JC
These are the kind so many have been
waiting for.
Ladies' 85c Union Suits
Very good ribbed union suits: ~
slightly fleeced in all sizes, 30 to OCc
a. One case only Of 60 dozen. while
they last.
Ladies' Vests and Pants
Slightly feeced, apiece suits; IA
shirts are high neck, long sleeves. &c
Sizes SO to d. An extra special
Up to $1.25 Ribbons
Mill ends of ribbons of many differ an
ent kinds and qualities; plenty 4JC
pieces for sashes or hair bows Sold by
the piece at 40e yard.
Torchon Laces, Only
In many different widths This is ~r.
truly a bargain surprise. See the DC
big special bargain table.
$3.50 Pettibockers for
These are made of extra heavy NJ
mercerized sateen and come in all JIC
the wanted colors; fancy shirred elastic
bottom.
Ladies' Bungalow Aprons
More of those well made Coverall no
Aprons Of very best dark blue per- voc
Gale, rio rae trimmed.
Girls Red Middies
Those red fannelette middies c. 40
girls want for school wear. 41.J0
Also green and blue.
nH DIR RARGATN WIN
The evening herald. [volume] (Albuquerque, New Mexico) 1914-1922, 1921-04-30
DEATHS

HEnnERA--Niss Jssuiis Herrera. dsugh,
YER of M. sad Mrs. Carpio Herrera Of
sssS n,ss.s. srl..a. : ~ Ssa. AZ
0arsIa and sona are 10 charge.
The evening herald. [volume] (Albuquerque, New Mexico) 1914-1922, 1921-04-30
SUPPER TABLE
GOSSIP

Judge utchCy has ordered the
school directors Of school district No.
% slpear N coast May = sne
not ISSUE dirscuns them TO certify
20 the school election IN hat dis
frict April 4. The action was begun
by rafricio v. Hanchez OF patarlto.
Who was candidate for director. Tie.
alleges That he received the majority
% votes; but that \ directors had
tiahie ourr1. WHO h being ssi Il
for divorce b. her husband. Scott
Curry. asked thc district court for
temporary aiimony pending the cut
come Of the cas-. she claimed her
husband earns fisS a month as a
porter on the santa We railroad. She
was allowed 800 a month.
M c1ndition Of Lobssto CarabsjaI
Of san Jogc. Who was Injured IN an
automobile accident on South Afno'
street q week ago. IA improving and
according 10 latest advices fdOm his
attending physician he y expected g
broken rIbs and . punc,ured lung
when the car overturned. Others
who were In the party were not In
1urcd.
ms ,swsiAr ssonu.Is s.s.pilas Of
thr Missionary Society Of thu Chris
tao church ril y held on Thur
W"| |AN"| I|WN WIN NAns y NANNs
alt south Walter. Mrt. y. A. EiEln
Ntn be the leader. an members aud
trends are cordially invited.
Thn kniHbts u Columbus will bold
their annual state meeting IN Las
Cruces tomorrow. Dr. =. A. Hcidy
and y. IA Mccsnrey VIII represent
fhe local council. John H. Rodden
and william A. Munrter are going 10
fho convention ~ ~niternaten. Other
niember8 Of the order IN this city
v no desire "a attend the meeting are
requested 10 telephone i1fb-W.
Weird has buen fx-urived b. SIR. and
M A. A. Woodwork. OF the WASH
lrgIon Apartments. that their q u.
James A. Woodworth. has becn ap-
nuluted 20 the United States military
academy a. West Point. lie Will
lrase for fhkre July ). He 10 az
fiFesent q siudnnt at the military
iHnlilDfa az Eo1wcll.
a.. a.. NcDoHnid. state manager ol
che Woodmen Of tbs World has
moved hls office 10 Albuquerque. and
y campaign for new members viii
be- started. Members Of the order
n ghis section win make an effort
o. have the orsaniEnu0n select Al
l~uquefnuc a. ihe location u n ma
fIsnal f~nh0rrulona nanatorium. ~hicl
plor0scs 20 build.
Min1 harllura Walt viii present her
pupils Ia a song recital tomorrow
The evening herald. [volume] (Albuquerque, New Mexico) 1914-1922, 1921-04-30

n Haudkcrchicrs History
The pocket handkerchief was first
known IN "kcrchter-couvrc-chcf-
a covering for the head: then II be-
came handkerchief, a covering for tho
head carried In the hand. and at iart
pocket handkerchief. a covering for
The head held In the hand and kept
In the pocket.
The evening herald. [volume] (Albuquerque, New Mexico) 1914-1922, 1921-04-30

Saddle aorn--BEtais-rhass g
Cheap dlr. sprlnscr Transfer 60,
CITY ELECTRIo SHOE BHoP
an "a B.s-..,@.css.s:. e z 49, .
The evening herald. [volume] (Albuquerque, New Mexico) 1914-1922, 1921-04-30
READING ROOM TRIO
TO APPEAR TONIGHT
Ada Wright Concert
Company to Show at
Y. M. c. A.

The Ada wright Concert company
with its neusical trio n 10 appear at
the Y. n. G. A.. under the auspices
Of M santa " reading room enter
tainments tonight ~ \ o'clock All
persons ~nttrndlnE the concert are re-
qucHied 20 Be- IN their scats 10 that
time.
The personnel OF the company rom
tiatte Of Mis- Ada Wright. soioinf and
manaEer. Mrs. W. ID. LonE. reader:
AMI Mrs. F1cd Baum. accompanied
Mrs Long II said TO be a reader who
h a. well trained In the ari Of Inn
p~eraonating a. well ~ reciting. Miss
Wright hnh taken prizes on the OPP
singer.
The company II 70 give selections
Tor those who desire the classic and
Numbers for lthoae favorable 10 the
nor popular aiu.
The evening herald. [volume] (Albuquerque, New Mexico) 1914-1922, 1921-04-30
Dance of Trsinmen
To Be Held May 10

The brotherhood OF Railway Train
non will give It's annual dance AZ
Masonic temple on May 10. Plans
Tor the biggest dance IN the history
of the brotherhood are being made.
The committee on arrangement
consists cf James J. Heaney. chair
nah: W y. Thompson. O. q. Warren.
c. l. Miller and v. covington. The
nrfreshmeps. committee consists OF
Nns William. harrington. Mrs I. v.
Mckinney .apd Mr. H. Mehrman.
The latter committee has promised
10 have a large supply and a good
quelity. Of punch. for the 0ecadon.
The evening herald. [volume] (Albuquerque, New Mexico) 1914-1922, 1921-04-30

Afternoon az the Congregational
church. the program 20 vpcn ~ four
o'clock. Tho public IL cordially In
vited These who will take part are
Mrs. &. n. Miller. Mrs. Incl West
lake. Miss Irma Woiking. Mis- Anne
Hngr. Mrs .. q. Schwentker, Miss
Hortsnse switssr and Louis Hessel-
den.
Isc fire department answered two
FALSE alarms shortly after \ o'clock
last night. one called the depart
fncnt TO Hisver avenue and High
street and the second to Twelfth
street aud Marquette venue
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1921-11-19

II lived through the gold rush to Cali
fornia and the later gold rush to the
Klondike.
Il saw the automobile replace the
horse. And. let me tell you. / don't
object to spin now and then. my
self
Then saw the telegraph develop
and later the telephone that lets
me cali on my friends while I stay
right here at home.
when the World War was on, l
read about submarines and remem-
bered that when was girl the
fastest ship was sailing vessel that
took months to cross the Atlantic.
Eager TO Fly.
81 saw the airplane come, too, and
nothing would make me happier
than to take a flight some day. I'm
going to do It. too. if 1 get a chance.
NOW. wouldn't any old lady be
ungrateful il she didn't thank her
Creator for letting her see all these
changes?"
Mrs. Drake was married at II
when Andrew Jackson was presi-
dent She reared nine children and
survives six of them.
AS a young bride, she was a pio-