Middletown transcript., 1921-01-01
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

4uC WUElU war was AOIludliy cuuCu
January 10 when Germany and four
teen Of the powers allied against her
Ia the war exchanged ratifications Of
the Treaty of Versailles at Paris. The
United States, however, was not
among the nations participating in this
ceremony, as the treaty had not been
ratified by the senate.
The League of Nations came into
actual being at Paris January 16 when
the executive council held its first
meeting with representatives from Bel
,gtum. Brazil, England, Italy, France,
Japan, Greece and Spain participat-
eng.
The Russian government made a
Atep toward securing peace with its
'Warring neighbors by concluding
treaties with Ukraine and Esthonia.
The Turkish peace terms were COM
nseted on March 3, and a week later
the Allies decided to use force to i'm
pose the terms upon Turkey, sending
troops to occupy Constantinople. The
allied forces occupied the Turkish
ecapitai without opposition.
Polish troops began spring often
Sfve against the Russian Bolsheviki in
the Baltic region on March %. Warsaw
reported heavy fighting at many points
al the 4O0-mile front. Three days lat
er Poland offered peace terms to Rus
STA, providing for restoration of the
kingdom of 1772, return Of art and
'sther treasures, and an indemnity for
iavasions since 1914. Polish troops ad-
ralnistered severe defeat to the Boil
Sklevlki at POdOlia April 13.
Differences of opinion among the
Allies regarding the enforcement Of
the provisions Of the peace treaty with
Germany threatened to cause some
difficulty. but these differences were
ttoned out in a series of conferences
held at San Reno, Italy, in April.
The Poles and Ukrainians negotiat-
ed a treaty on April q, recognizing
Ukrainian independence from Russia.
A combined army of Poles and Ukra;n-
sans then launched an offensive against
the Russian "Red" forces. capturing
Kiev OH May 8 and the. great port Of
Odessa on May II.
Boishevik troops invaded Persia at
Astara May 18, forcing the withdrawal
Of British troops. Bolshevik troops
on the Polish front were REINFORCED
and launched an attack on a ninety
mile front, seeking to open communi-
cation with East Prussia. On June 3
they succeeded m flanking and driving
tack General Pilsudski's Polish troops.
On June the Poles annihilated the
BolslHv1st Third and Twelfth divisions
and occupied Czarnica. but five days
later they were forced to evacuate
Klev, In the Ukraine, by a heavy cav
airy attack. The Bolsheviki cOncen-
srafed thirty new divisions on that
front.
The supreme council continued it's
eHoets, to complete the peace settle
'meuts. The treaty with Hungary was
signed June at Versailles, Ambassa-
dor Wallace signing for the United
States. Turkey was granted fifteen
days additional time to present its
VIEWS regarding the treaty with that
country. a--e
While these peace negotiations were
An n1ogress, fighting continued at many
noints. Over 300 italian prisoners were
Ailled by Albanians at Tirana on June
IS Ia retaliation for the assassination
OF Essad Pasha in Paris on June 13.
Supported by British troops and bat
,feships at Malta and Constantinople,
the Greeks began a campaign to oust
the Turkish Nationalists from parts of
Asia Minor.
On July Z the Bolshevik troops cap
fured Rovono, throwing the Poles into
retreat on the entire front. Poland
opened negotiations for an armistice
and these continued for week when
II was reported that Russia had Or
'srred the postponement Of the nego-
fn'ttons and the capture of Warsaw.
fsa'shevist troops captured Lomza and
AsTesti4i.ovsk, and began drive on
enaberg August /. During the next
N" weeks they continued to advance
an'' nn August II were within twelve
fnsNr~ Of Warsaw. The Polish capital
ss'ned dtomed, but on the 18th the
rye iaunched great counter-of-
slTe and drove the Bolsheviki back
sasorder Heartened by the crush-'
- blow given the, Russian forces.
t. poies rejected tile Bolsheyik peace
1er.as.
N. IN me meantime, on August II, the