The Eureka sentinel. [volume] (Eureka, Nev.) 1902-current, 1921-12-31

Horsepower pact . settled thing. the
! case OF China 10 nov the chief easi-
ness Of the washington conference
The nos important phase Of this
case 70 the position OF Japan In Man
ehnria. This win certainly Be brought
up al the conference. and there viii
probably be . restatement Of the open
door policy Of the United States. and
OF the tact that Manehuris is an In
tegrai part OF China.
II 10 timely TO give q brief account
Of how the japanese hold In Manehur-
10 was obtained. because Il shows how
q relatively defenseless nation like
China can be ~plundered In spite OF
all treaties and agreements protect
ing her. and how the United States Is
involved In the situation by means
OF the Hay doctrine.
The penetration Of Manehuria was
begun by imperial Russia In 1895 In
her EFFORT 10 obtain new outlets to the
sea. For this purpose she made a
treaty with China which gave her the
right to build the siberian railway
across Manchuria TO viadivostok.
| China reserved the right TO purchase
the railway In t~hirty-six years.
The next step was the lease In isss
OF Liao-Tung In southern Manchuria
to Russia. and the building there OF
por, Arthur and Dainy. This was
followed by an agreement for the ex-
tension OF the Chinese Eastern rail-
way from Hardin to Port Arthur and
Dainy.
Russia seems TO have administered
these interests In China fairly, Her
troops there were limited TO railway
guards. and opportunities in Man
ehuria were equal for all natcssa ala &
OTHER CHINESE Ge ns W
These acquisitions by Russia wersl
about contemporaneous yJtN the, &C.
QUESTIONS of leases OF cSLsHse mar
time territory by the oth% prime, aG
powers-Tsingtau by GermAsy, wv ~
heiwei and Kowioon by GfsG, Brh+
ain. and Kuangchaouwan by Frsn6e.
In q word. all of the principal powers
except the United States took advan-
tage OF this period OF china's weak
| ness to get an economic foothold
there.
Following the Russo-Japanese var
Japan took over most the Russian
leases and concessions In M~anehasia,
thereby gaining her present foothold
there. The Portsmouth treaty ex-
pressiy states that Russia had no
agreements with China which I'm
paired Chinese sovereignty or the OPP
en-door principle. and therefore Ja-
pan was bound TO respect these two
principles.
Then came the world war. During
this period japan proceeded to make
q series of agreements with China
and with the other powers. which are
generally regarded as having i'm
paired both Chinese sovereignty and
the open-door principle. These In
ciuded the famous twenty-one de-
mands. the 1915 agreements obtained
from China by ultimatum. the secret
agreements with the European allies
by which shantung passed TO Japan
from Germany. and additional agree.
ments with China In 1917 and 1918
with regard to Manchuria and Mon
goiia.
BY these means Japan obtained this
extension OF the Port Arthur and Dai-
ny leases for n~inety-nine years. freed
ON Of residence and travel and right
to own land for japanese In Man
churia, and the extension Of South
Manchuria railway rights for ninety
nine years. At the same time Japan
increased her military forces in Man
churia until she had. according 10 m
Official estimate, Y troops tnsrs
In addition 10 exacting these ad-
vantagss from China and 10 garrison
ing Manchuria with japanese troops.
II II charged that Japan has violated
the open-door principle OF equal trade
opportunities in Manchuria In . mum
Der Of ways. Thus II II said that Jap
anese Arms are given preferential ser
vice at the banks, 1T ports Of entr,
and railway stations. and at trans.
shipment points like Kobe, Japan,
where japanese goods . expedited
while those Of other nationals are de
1aysd. Japanese controlled railways
are said 70 give special fsvors 70 Jap.
ansse shippers, including some sort
/ NJ eHcref rebafe a<zfem. Chinese gh1