davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1921-06-26

in 1872, graduating from the univer-
sity Of that state in 1893 with a degree
of bachelor of science. Three years later
he received the degree Of doctor OF
medicine from the Columbian. now
George Washington. University. He also
studied at the University Of Pennsyl-
vania. He was an instructor in bac-
teriology and pathology and from the
beginning of mis- career. as teacher,
he turned his attention to research
work on bacterial toxins, especially
those Of tuberculosis and also re-
searches concerning etiology and pre-
vention of their numerous diseases.
In 1894 the doctor was appointed
as assistant chemist in the biochemic
laboratory, and for the valuable serv-
ice of highly trained mind he re-
ceived the stupendous salary Of $1,000
per year. Two years later he was
promoted to the post Of assistant in
the biochemic division. but his salary
remained the same. and 1t was not
until two years later, when he became
veterinary inspector. that his salary
was raised to $1,000. Through some
he was awarded 5000 a year increase
in salary, and it was not until quite
some time after he had made his dis
covery of the cholera and hog serum.
one Of the most important made by
q research man in years, that the
government was able to boost his
salary beyond the $4,000 mark. His
yearly pay today totals less than
5000. while his work in this one line
alone has saved the people Of the
United States hundreds of millions
of dollars.
Away back in 1873 department path
ologists had been searching for q cure
for hog cholera. and after its discov-
cry by DIR. Dorset. his work was
nrOyen in state eXDAr1nYent stations.
II was not until 1918 that Congress
appropriated $4,000 to carry on the
work made possible by the discovery.
DR.. Dorset is a member of the Amer
lean Public Health Association.
American Chemical Society. Society
of American Pathologists and fellow
of A. A. A. s.
o. F. Cook is Economist in charge
Of acclimatization and adaptation
the country will increase by many.
many millions of dollars the value Of
the cotton crop of the United States,
for this modesto scientist discovered
that the close spacing of cotton will
replace vegetation branches by fruit
ing branches, thus increasing the
yield of cotton. so making for early
weevil danger. In 1890 Mr.. Cook
graduated from Syracuse University.
He was particularly interested in
botany and zoology. He taught and
studied in various institutions in this
country. visited numerous seats of
learning in Europe and did much
scientific exploration work in West
Africa. Upon his return to the United
States he became connected with the
Smithsonian Institution. In 1897 he
became attached to the Department
Of As: iculiu-e and was placed it
Evening star., 1921-06-26

Hopkins is concentrating at present is
bioclimatic law. The doctor noticed
that there was q coincidence among
many natural phenomena. such as the
blossoming OF wild trees which coin
cided with the best date Of sowing
he found that the dates for that local
ity at which IL winter wheat is sowed
it would escape the attack of the fly,
but II sowed at an earlier date it was
liable to be seriously damaged, If not
destroyed. This natural law has done
the damage to wheat by improper
period sowing. He has progressed far
beyond the field of entomology into a
field Of the broadest biological in
terest.
For years DR.. Hopkins. despite the
fact that he has rendered signal serv-
ice to his country, received less than
$4,000 a year.
TOR a number of years prior to
L 1906 the country suffered at the
hands of those who would give in
ferior grades of food and drug prod
ucts to the people of the country. and
insthese aduherations the workers of
the Department Of Agriculture found
many substitutes that were in1urloSs
to human life, and 1t was largely
through their recommendations that
the food and drug act of 1906 was
passed, This department.. which su-
peryises the inspection Of meat and
other articles of food, must ever be
ON the watch to conserve the publfc's
health. The law provides that every
ounce of food and every particle OF
drugs which crosses a state line or Is
shinped from foreign countries to the
United States or from this country
abroad must conform to the law as to
nurity and quality. The cost OF this
suneryision is less than $1.00O.OOo. an
infinftesimal percentage OF the Vaiues
of the goods supervised.
Walter Gilbert Campbell is In charge
Of this, branch of the departments 8
activities. A lawyer by profession,
and one with a splendid practice. he
sacrfficed his personal career in order
that he might serve In the protection
of the people from inferior products.
A native of Kentucky, born in Flat
Lick in 1877, q graduate of the State
University in 1902, lawyer WITH a
lucrative practice in Louisville. Is. in
part, his history. 1t was shortly after
his practice had assumed large pro-
portions that he was retained to look
after the, interest of the Kentucky
experiment station. Becoming inter-
ested sin the work, he abandoned his
law practice and became connected
with the department. The salary he
received 10 along the general lines
paid the employees of the department.
George Livingston. chief Of the
Evening star., 1921-06-26

month. For over thirteen years his
salary was less than $1,000 per annum
and it was during this period that he
made many of his important discoV-
cries. 1t is hard to visualize the years
OF persistent nerve-racking work IN
making Investigations OF growth, ferti-
lization and crop rotation practice Of
tobacco and the curing of the crop.
While studying the matter OF tobac-
co production he discovered that rela-
tive length of night and day was an i'm
portant factor. He found type known
as the Maryland Mammoth. a very pro-
ductive and commercially desirable
product. but he also found that these
would not mature seed in Maryland.
He found that by shifting plants from
the open field to the greenhouse
when the end of the growing season ap-
preached in the fall, the tobacco plants
promptly flowered and seeded: but If
held until the next spring, they
stopped seeding.
The question was then to find out
why they would seed in a greenhouse.
but would not when growing in the
field the next spring and summer.
After many tedious experiments he
discovered that many economic plants
would flower and fruit under fairly
definite length of day. independent of
temperature and humidity. AS a re-
suit of his discoveries winter planting
southern Florida for the production
of seed to be used in the former state
is now a practice. The short day and
winter in southern Florida is the con-
dition under which the tobacco plant
Of this variety requires to flower and
seed.
This discovery has not only been of
much use to the tobacco planters. but
has been of material benefit in green
house practice generally. The day is
4 ., hn
by darkening the greenhouse. and
artificial light is used to lcngthen the
day in winter. That bird migration
Is Influenced by length Of day rather
than by temperature is the explana-
tion of the flight of these birds, ac-
cording to DR.. Garner.
Since the advent of near-prohi biti on
in this country. and more especially
when there was shortage in the
sugar supply. the manufacturers OF
for a substitute for sugar. and into
the breach stepped another earnest
worker in the department, DR.. w. w.
Skinner. chemist in charge OF the wa
ter and beverage laboratories of the
bureau of chemistry. DR.. Skinner
period, and these were distributed to
the trade and generally used. DR..
Skinner is a graduate of the Maryland
Agricultural College, where. subse-
quent to his graduation. he served
four years as an instructor in chem
istry. He also accepted a similar po-
sition at the. University of Arizona.
He directs the work Of the bureau of
chemistry in the application to the
federal food and drugs act of mineral
waters and soft drinks and is ever
on the alert to safeguard the public
against drinks that are harmful in
their composition. Another important
feature Of his work has been the de-
velopment of methods of analysis for
waters. These methods are used by
chemists throughout the world. He
is also the author of a number of
scientific papers.
Without doubt the reader has wan
dered through an apple orchard dur
ing the month of August at some time
Evening star., 1921-06-26

competing districts. so it became
necessary for the bureau Of markets
to find a remedy. The Agricultural
Department has a habit of keeping
its eyes open for men who really dc
things, and it reached out its long
arm, with the result that Wells A
Sherman. a farmer of Fairfax county
w.. was selected to handle the tele-
graphic end of the service. Mr.. Sher-
man knew marketing game from
Az. He had sold his own products
in Washington. He is man Of initia-
business, he came to Washington to
serve the government. The service
now works from coast to coast. and
it's hours of duty measure twenty
four per day.
Growers throughout the country de-
clare this service is saving them mil
lions of dollars by preventing glutted
markets and Stabilizing prices, Just
as an additional bit of work. Mr..
Sherman has been. placed in charge
of the collection and distribution of
excess profits in the 1918 wool Clip, a
heritage from the War Industries Board.
The collection UP to the present writing
has amounted to over $4,000.
Accurate. timely and comprehensive
information regarding the agriculture
markets is most essential. Organiza-
tions. individuals and institutions
concerned with production and dis
tribution are daily and insistently
calling upon the bureau of mark cts
for information how to reach the
organized and unorganized. the
farmer. the agencies. the people as
a whole. and was problem that con-
fronted the department about two
years ago.
wv A. WHEELER, in charge of the
w. market inforpation section of
the bureau. was called into consulta- :
tion. the situation explained to him.
and he was told to work out solu-
tion of the problem. Today there is
a weekly periodical, known as the
Market Reporter" which gives mar
ket news free to users. The market
gram service is the medium through
which the news of the week of the
principal markets of the country Is
summarized on the evening of each
business day and wired to the agri-
culture and daily press. There Is in
edition a radiogram market news
service by which this news is sent,
without cost, to the country at large.
Mr.. Wheeler expects inside of a few
weeks to dispatch market reports,
both national and local by wireless
and radiophone from eight radio sta
tions having combined area cover
ing more than half of the states.
II Congress will permit continuance
Of this work. the day. is not fa. DIS
Evening star., 1921-06-26

in his life. and at that time has no
| ticed the soft. pleasing odor of the ap-
| pie as the breeze gently careSsed its
crimson or golden sides. That the sub
stance of this odor can be imprisoned
| and analyzed and that an odor exact
| ly identical can be built up from sub
stances which have no relation to an
apple. sounds like the telling OF
fairy tale. but this seemingly impos-
/ sible feat has been accomplished by
DR.. Frederick Belding Power. head OF
the phytochemical laboratory OF the
department. In order that we might
gain some idea of the weight of this
odor, or rather one should properly
say gas. to be able to obtain seven
pounds of the distillate. it would be
necessary to reduce 1.0o0.oeG pounds
of Ben Davis apples. or if the. same
weight of crab apples was used thir-
teen pounds of distillate would be the
result. To the minds of those not. di-
rectly interested in the SCIENTIFIC
value of these discoveries these state
ments may not be of interest unless
their value is explained. When the
pathologist of the bureau of plant
industry sought the cause and pre-
ventive measures for apple ,scald
which causes apples to rot in storage
these discoveries were OF great value
DR.. Powers connection with the
Department of Agriculture is only an
incident in a most brilliant career.
1t was this savant who identified the
essential properties in chaulmoogra
oil and its. distillates into an ester
that could be used as an intramus-;
cular injection in the treatment OF
leprosy. The public health service
so far has treated nearly a hundred
cases of this scourge of the ages with
apparent success.
DR.. Power. previous to his employ
ment by the bureau, was a director In
| the Welcome Research Laboratory.
London. His services to science have
caused to be bestowed upon him a
dozen or more gold medals. the last
one being presented by his old friend
and former associate. Henry s. Well
come. When DIR. Power returned from
London to his home. in Hudson, N. Y.
he found that he could not remain
idle and offered his services to the
Department of Agriculture. merely
asking if they could use his services
not a thought of salary. not q
thought of fame, only q desire to
serve his fellow men.
+ + -
ITO the untiring efforts and genius
L Of Walter G. Swingle. physiolo-
gist in charge Of crop physiology and
breeding Investigations, is due the
credit of the establishment of two
very important industries in the
United States. Through DR.. Swingle's
efforts the fig and date were brought
to this country and their culture un-
dertaken and made possible. A lit
tie insect known as the blastophaga
plays very important part in fig
production. The insect fertiliZes the
fig, carrying the pollen from the
Capri to the Smyrna fig. Owing to
the fact that this insect is not a
native of this country and that it
was highly essential to the fig in
dustry, it was necessary to secure a
supply from foreign shores. Previous
attempts to transport the little bug
i to this country had resulted in fail
ure. DIR. Swingle. however. by ap-
Evening star., 1921-06-26

charge of seed and plant introduc-
tion at salary of $4,000 year:
During the course of his work In
economic botany he investigated
coffee. rubber and other crops of Z
tropical character. but his favortte
among them all was cotton. In Mex
leo and Central America. the native
home of the. boil weevii. he made ex-
haustiye studies Of cotton, bringing
back strains that appeared promis-
ing. and Experimental with them in
our cotton states. 1T was his belief
that unintelligent handling had not
brought out the greatest good in the
cotton plant and SO he set to work
to acclimatize and develop by selec-
tion and then to devise the par
ticular field necessary to bring the
strains to their best production. max
ing the acclimatized varieties. AS a
result the Durango, and long staple
upland variety are now grown In
many districts. from Virginia to Cali
fornia. and the Acala is grown ex-
tensively in Oklahoma. There is also
the lone star. of which variety hum
are planted. and the new Meade. a
prospective successor Of tha sea island
type. the latter having succumbed to
the boil weevil.
L.
Mr.. Cook has developed the pro-
duction of Egyptian cotton in this
country. this being based on the Pima
variety and the special breeding and
adaptation discovered by these gen.
tlemen has resulted in thousands Of
acres Of cotton fields in Arizona and
California. To summarize Mr.. Cooks
work along these lines. one can say
that 1t has consisted in discovering
potentially valuable types in different
parts Of the world. bringing them to
the United States and then devising
means to bring them to the point Of
their best production. 1t is not un-
likely that with the general accept
ance of his methods by the pie nta-
ton owners the cotton crop will be
doubled.
The general belief is that the late
Gen. Gorgas was the discoverer OF the
fact that insects are carriers OF dis-
ease. and while the writer does not In
the slightest wav desire to take credit
from the magnificent achievements OF
Gen. Gorgas. he must say that the dis
covery is the work of Or. Theobald
Smith, who. at the time he made the
discovery, was an employe of the De-
partment of Agriculture. as chief Of
the bureau Of animal industry: at
salary Of 81. 500 per year 1t was by
the application of the discovery by
DR.. Smith that Gen. GorEas was ena-
bled to stamp out yellow fever. ma
laria and other diseases in the Canal
Zone. thus making possible the con-
struction of the canal.
This discovery was brought about
by the Identification Of the Texas
tick as the cause OF splenetic fever
in cattle. The Texas fever was
dreaded scourge. one that caused
great loss to stockmen. 1t was i'm
possible to bring the cattle from the
south to the north without spreading
the disease. and it was impossible to
take the northern cattle to the south.
Prior to DR.. Smiths discovery. sci
entists had believed that the tick
played no part in the spread of this
fever. but many OF the ranchers and
stockmen were Of the opinion that
there was some connection between
Evening star., 1921-06-26
ticks and the spread Of the "mur-

the ticks and the spread Of the "mur-
DR.. Smith is quite unassuming and
diligent research man. a thoroughly
trained scientist. a graduate Of Corr
nell. later an alumnus Of the medical
school. He came to the Department
Of Agriculture in 1884. at salary of
$1,60o per year. When he left the
Of $4,000.
During the summer Of 1888 DR..
Smith noted the destruction of the
blood corpuscles in cattle affected
with tick fever and his systematic
experiments resulted in the discovery
OF. peculiar micro-organism in the
req blood corpuscies. protozoan. La
Ter study proved this to be the true
Side by side with DR.. Smith was Dr.
Merton B. Waite. who as a lad worked
from sunup to sundown on an Illinois
farm. Even in these early days DR..
Waite was interested in the progress of
tended the University of Illinois. where
he majored in botany under DR.. T. j.
Burrell. 1t was the latter who had but
short time before discovered that pear
blight was bacterial plant disease.
Young Waite. after acting as assistant
department In 1888 at q salary Of $1,000
per year as an assistant. Hehad long been
of the opinion that insects were carriers
of plant disease Picking out Leconte
pear tree in the department grounds as
subject for observation, she watched
it carefully. often remaining until long
after the closing hours. His vigil was
rewarded when on one Sunday morning
he noted a bee making straight for the
blossoms. He reasoned that insects
might be carriers of disease IL they flew
from diseased to healthy blossoms. So
he caught q number of bees. washed out
their mouths and found bacillus of
the disease. This discovery was an
nounced in August, 1891. DR.. Waite
screened some pear trees to prevent the
spread of the disease by insects, and 1t
was while conducting this experiment he
found that the screened Bartlett pear
trees did not set the fruit. while the un-
screened trees set freely. This furnished
clue to cross pollination. which has re-
suited in interplanting of certain varie-
ties Of fruits to secure better fields.
While working on. the pear blight he
made another important discovery. He
likewise achieved his goal! in the pear
blight cndeavor and found the treatment
for that destructive agency.
a. ~
ITO DR.. Garner. physiologist In
charge Of tobacco and plant nutri-
tion Investigations. belongs the credit
for the discovery of the influence Of
the relative length Of day and night
plant growth. DR.. CAREER, after re-
ceiving his degree from the University
of South Carolina took "A post -gradu.
ate course at Johns Hopkins. "A little
over sixteen years ago. he entered the
service as assistant chemist at $50 per
Evening star., 1921-06-26
An Old Custom.

ONE seldom hears Of a man being
~ presented with gold-headed
cane. 1t is one of the customs OF tho
olden time which seem to have been
cast into the discard. 1t is about as
common to hear of such a ceremony
as it is to hear that a gentleman has
been presented with a silver snun box
or a tortoise-shell snuff box by his ad-
miring friends. Np, as much timber
is turned in1o walking sticks as used
to be. Once, and that was only two
or three generations ago, a man could
no more be dressed without MS Stick
than without his stock. He would as
soon go out without his hat and coat
as without his cane. He did not 10
any great extent. actually walk with
his walking stick, but he used II TO
swing, to twirl and to toy with. In
stead of the stick helping to carry
him, he carried it. 1t was used more
as An aid to grace and ease OF manner
than as an aid to locomotion.
Few men carried a cane because OF
larhencss or rheumatism: they carried
it as a toilet article or appendage.
few centuries ago every gentleman
carried his rapier. his claymore or
some other form of blade. When the
but professional soldiers the civilian
took to carrying stick. and every
"young blade" and old blade kept his
trusty cane. usually OF malacca or
bamboo, by his side. The cane was
often gold headed, and when not that
IL was apt to be u silver headed cane
Some men argue that the walking
stick is survival of the pilgrims
stan, but men did not take up that
kind of stick until they became
p:ous or until the years pressed heav-
ily upon them. One student Of canes
has said that the cane-carrying habit
became fashionable in France In the
eighteenth century with rich persons
who had no right to carry sword.
The walking stick habit goes farener
back than that. The cane is oioer
than France. Something like two
dozen centuries ago an Athenian citi-
zen would be arrested Rs q suspicious
character IF seen abroad without hie
II isacx uficE
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1921-09-12
GET ILL THE EVIDENCE.

Those who are eager 70 prove prohibition failure
will point jealousy the fact that the headlines
Of newspapers starte with tragedies caused by
drinking.
Agents shot down when they raid ships laden
with Illicit liquor
Daily fines in the police court of those VINO drive
autos when intoxicated show that prohibition does
prohibit
The discovery Of hundreds selling new whisky
indicates gigantic army of moonshiners.
New York has a candidate for mayor who is
appealing for votes on the pledge that he will not
enforce the law.
These are the incidents with which they
benlsh their arguments.
Should you happen to hear such discussions let
the wet protagonist go the limit Of either fact
or magination and then call attention the fact
that the head Of the association medical colleges
is appealing for bodies be used for dissection
study.
He declares that formerly these were supplied
from derelicts who died without funds to provide
for burials and that since prohibition came. there
are not enough of the pauper class to provide
dents with the material for study.
Men are saving now. Formerly we could go TO
the slums and find the bodies of those who died
renniIess bereft friends nameless and homeless.
Prohibition has changed all that" is the testimony
OF this medical authority
1t is well to get all the evidence His word On the
falling off of pauperism the decrease in human
tragedy, is important than the fact that those
defy law bring themselves into notoriety
by their violence.
Perhaps a pessimst is a woman who married a
opimst.
Cheap safety matches made possible by lack
Of strikes.
Abolish these bathing suits" says censor. They
have, almost!
Einsten has postponed his visit to Russia Rela-
tivity eat.
Woman is still a mystery in spite of styles