davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Idaho Republican. [volume] (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1904-1932, 1921-05-30
RATE HEARING HELD
IN BOISE SATURDAY
Hears Testimony 0
the Producers
Of Idaho

BOISE, May 20.-Representing
the Interstate commerce commits
sion, H. X. Ford, presided at rate
hearing held in the senate chamber
of the Capitol here last Saturday. A
volume of testimony was offered,
some with verbal explanations and
amplifications, some consisting OF
tables and charts with explanatory
notes. The statistics and arguments
showed the serious condition of
Idaho markets, and the difficulties
confronting the growers of fruits and
vegetables.
Leonard Way, rate expert for the
state public utilities commission in
opening the case at the morning ses-
sion presented comprehensive re-
view of the industries of the state, IL
lustrated by charts showing the pro-
duction and expectation of various
products. He dwelt upon the effect
of the present freight rate on the
movement Of commodities from the
western division of the United States.
Quoting from the bureau of statistics
Of the Interstate commerce commits
sion, he showed that since the last in
crease in rates the revenues of the
western carriers had fallen for jan
uary and February of 1921, $48,-
076,826 from the earnings of the
corresponding months Of 1920. No
other division Of the country shows
such decline in revenues. Mr..
Way asserted that no other factor
has as much bearing on the revenues
of the carriers as the volume Of ton
mage, if rates are prohibitive to ship
pers, tonnage is reduced, and conse-
Quently revenues decline.
"If the rates are such as will per-
NIT free movement Of all commodi-
ties, the carriers will increase their
tonnage. This would automatically
reduce the rates on fruits and vege-
tables. So I say that the rate struc-
ture is so interviewer, the rates on
one commodity so dependent upon
the rates for the others that in deter.
mining this point other commodities
than fruit and vegetables should be
considered"
With reference to the inequality
of the advanced rates as applying tc
the western division, the tables pre-
Continued on page four
The Idaho Republican. [volume] (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1904-1932, 1921-05-30
SAND CREEK RUNNING HIGH

The waters of Sand creek are at
their flood now and have contributed
much to the troubles of farmers liv-
ing along the line as we'll as to swell
the floods in the Blackfoot river.
Canals connected with it are using
all they can in the effort to reduce
it, and the annual losses continue
unabated.
The likelihood of removing or
cutting dixie above Blackfoot to
let the water, into the flats about
town seems to have passed for this
spring, but it may be done at any
time.~
The Idaho Republican. [volume] (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1904-1932, 1921-05-30

The trial of Louie Sayko for
marrying the wife of Marry Mac
sCauley occupied about two days Of
}lhe. court session this week.
N The case was turned over to the
Jury at o'clock Friday afternoon
and after being out two hours they
xetnrned verdict of guilty. The
Hprisoner Is to be sentenced next Sat
8urday.
III John Lyons was sentenced to from
I8one to fifteen years on a charge OF
Aburglary.
Police Court
Lyman Bowker was fined IS for
1peeding Thursday. e-g.
Il George M. Ayers was fined $40
|and costs amounting to SIC on a
8hharge of assault Thursday.
The Idaho Republican. [volume] (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1904-1932, 1921-05-30
Action Follows Conferences

WASHINGTON.- Bergdoll
by reason of his escape to Germany,
is now held by the American govern
ment to be an enemy" within the
meaning of the trading with the
enemy act This is explained In
statement by Thomas w. Miller,
alien property custodian, which was
made public Friday at his office here.
This move has been in cOntempla-
tion for several weeks and has been
the subject of conferences between
the president, the attorney general
and the alien property custodian
Continued on page four
The Idaho Republican. [volume] (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1904-1932, 1921-05-30
NOTICE

II The American Legion Post No. %
I'LL hold Memorial services at the
|lrethodist church Sunday, May 20,
W IL o'clock q. m.
The public is cordially invited to
ttend. Services will be held at the
smetery Immediately following the
&kurch services.
The Idaho Republican. [volume] (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1904-1932, 1921-05-30
NOTICE

sAll members of Troop "B" First
1yalry report at the fair grounds,
|&nday May 20, at 10 o'clock q. m.
y attend memorial service of the
nerican Legion: Service uniforms
Sll be worn.
w. c. ALLEN,
Il Capt. Cav. 1. N. G., Commanding.
The Idaho Republican. [volume] (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1904-1932, 1921-05-30
FUNDS and LANDS
OF BERCD0LL SEIZED
Presidents Order t,
Seize all Property
of Evader

PHILADELPHIA, Pa.-All Of the
property in this city of Grover G.
Bergdoll, convicted draft evader and
army deserter, now in Germany,
valued at about $85O,000, was seized
Friday by Colonel Thomas w. Miller,
alien property custodian of the
United States. 1t consists Of real
estate and money on deposit in four
local banking institutions.
The property was held by Mrs.
Emma c. Bergdoll, Growers mother,
under a power of attorney.
The seizure, Colonel Miller an
nounced, was by direction of the
president and under the authority OF
the trading with the enemy act. 1t is
the first seizure since June, 1919.
Bergdoll Castle Seized
Accompanied by Major Vincent A
Carroll. his personal attorney
Colonel Miller seized the "Bergdoll
CASTLE" on the outskirts Of this city
where Mrs. Bergdoll lives. This prop.
erty was left to Grover by his father
Mrs. Bergdoll owns a residence in the
city in a section locally known al
"Brewerytown."
"Well, when do I have to move?
said Mrs. Bergdoll when served with
the seizure notice.
President Schmidheiser of the
Bergdoll Brewing company wat
served. with similar order, tying w
Growers holdings in that company
1t is expected the seizure will cut
off all funds Grover may be receiving
from the United States and throw
him upon his own resources in Ger
many.
The Washington times., 1921-03-27
PAINTING AND REPAIRING

AUTOMOBILES painting at about one half
usual price; why not have your car done
wh!lo q good job can be done; owing 20
good workmen. your car car be ready for
you to drive or I days from the time you
drive 20 my shon. can give you some good
color combinations think this over and
either cali at shop, In alley from + TO E,
between 18th and 18th y. E., between . a
m. ana y, M, Or drop card TO j.
sPARKES, Fort Washington, Nd.
GENERAL motor repair work grinding
valves and cleaning ca rbon prices reason
able work guaranteed Cali bethesda s5
FOR EXPERT auto repairs. rtacaIus wors
welding. brazlng consul. the NATtONAL
REPAiR AND SUPPLY co. weI',r 4
Bovis, pIn,. ills :SoIth Capitol 8;
WE SKIN the cars NC; tn ,t..l -'r..rs. I
coats ~ raint !ncludIns v'r' p,,r
average machine. around Sc De-.
WORT. We have n mecbaniS We .itl osg
aftAr repairs ara x1vc you mone-. I me AMI
~ -. i1th and sts 8. W. II. sGs,
The Washington times., 1921-03-27
BRASWELL, REAL ESTATE,
1911 H Street N. W.
Main 989.
&10 b00


1911 H Street N. w.
Main $50.
$10,500
Modern house on ontario road near
Columbia Road. This is a beautiful
home In one of the best locations OF
the city and is bargain at this
price. II has eight large rooms and
bath. steam heat and electric lights.
Garage on good alley. Good terms can
be arranged.
$10,500
This splendid eiRbt rooms and bath
detched residence is on New Hau1p-
shire ave. N. W., near Park road. il
IL modern In every respect. and has a
large lot to an alley; space for garage.
Good terms can be arrapRed.
$4,000
A corner home In Highview NJ z.
having six rooms and bath. II has a
moderate size yard though Ia 30 ar
ranged that garage can be built In
at small coat. Good terms can be
secured.
.s $4,000
On Randolph near North Capitol
street. Has six large rooms. recep-
tion hall. tiled bath, furnace heat.
gs4 Ights and foorcd attic. This
N a good buy at tho price quoted and
terms can he arranged
BRASWELL REAL ESTATE,
1871 H Street N. w.
Main $50.
The Washington times., 1921-03-27

Telephone MAIN 3747.
ND AVE. N. E.-s rooms, bath. INV. b.
$500. Terms.
rooms, h.-w. h.; cleo; colonial style;
hardwood finished; large back yard.
6 rooms. bath. furnace. Colonial style.
$500. $500 cash.
HOME REALTY co.
4e3 Sth st. N. k. Line. 6116.
NEAR WAR DEPARTMENT. home Of Six
rooms and bath. in good condi ition; loce-
ted IN this very desirable neigh Dor hood; !;
priced low at $500, with s2,soo cash.
Chevy Chase, d. Can excellent S-room
and 2-bath bungalow, with built-in garage.
This home is nearly new, and 10 priced for
a quick sale; owner leaving city. $4,000
Terms CLAUDE WARREN, 1tlo st.
N. w, Main 1884,
BUNGALOWS rooms and bath, steam
heat; house all screened; garage and
double lot; might exchange for house N. w.
w. q. HINGER, Del Ray. Alexandria, Va.
COLORED-Buy your own home: 81, starts
you. EDW. N. McNEELY, Bradford q
Co 1918 I N W.
The Washington times., 1921-03-27

GARAGES FOR RENT
SPACE for few more cars. SO per month.
HOME AUTO SERVICE STATION. 1871
W ut. N, w.
9 81. N W. 173S-singie galvanized ga
rage; reasonable.
GzRA0EEWilI accommodate to cars:
In downtown section. Apply lllf eh
st N. w.
dzKXGE|Spsce FOR one car. reasonable.
1905 X St N. w.
36x6I-REAR 1927 X ct. n. w: electricity.
water. stove; SIS. Phone Apt. 4. Mari
borough.
LARGE garage suitable for repair shop.
storage or service station: newly remod-
low rental MAURICE FITZGERALD, 6l2
Al st. 9. W. Phone Jain 7lSs.
0ARAoE-Brick. single. soft. alley. bet.
14th and 18th and and U sts. N, W.
Apply WINTER BUILDING STORAGE
1883 u IT N. w. North Se<S.
Two-s STORY double garage. 1917 st. N. W.
For Sale
GAAXdEs OF BRICK, TILE, CONCRETE
BLOCK OR METAL.
For estimate, phone North 6k7s
.nnnMc rnD DENT
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial., 1921-04-20

OF those means Of conciliation. arbitra-
ton and judicial determination by which
the menace Of war is lcsscncd. y"
American state succumhcd 10 the ten
tation of that militaristic system which
laid ever increasing burdens upon ma
tinuS elsewhere and which az last
brought them t. crisis in the great war.
With all humility hut in all sin
ccritN and carucstnoSS. ] feel that We
Americans. North and South. are en-
titled 10 hold that our democracy has
romr as light into the world of in
tcrnatioual relations and thai i viii
show US j way out of thv worlds pres
ont troubles into a day when mankind
may know peace and plenty and happi-
ness. and when the FIRST duty Of orga-
nized society may hc 20 promote the
welfare of its members rather than 70
array itself IN power against the threat
of its destruction.
The doctrine proclaimed under Mon
roe which ever since has been jealous
IL guarded a. a fundamental of eur own
republic. maintained that these CONT
Continued on page :
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial., 1921-04-20
GOLDEN WEDDING OF
Mr.. AND MRS. HANDY
Fiftieth Anniversary of Marriage
is Celebrated With Rela-
tives and Friends.

The flfticth wedding anniversary Of
Nir. and Mrs, Samuel Hauhy was rclc-
bratcd last evening at their home. 1917
North Monroe street. With two score
or more Of relatives and friends pres
ont and extending their CONGRATULATIONS
and good wishes
At tho time Of their marriage just
half century ago YESTERDAY MI. Handy
was q and his wife, who was Miss Aiic"
Nathues. was rs. Nh Handy Was born
in Brandywiuc hundred near Handy s
corner, and Mrs Hanhy was born at
Lcnni. Delaware County. ia. They
were married ir DowninEtoWn. Pa. Rev
W w. McMishacl former pastor ~
SLOAN Church Bethel. IN, performing
the ceremony. Jbu about seven years
ago. when they removed tn Wilmington.
Mr. and Mrs HANDY lived near ianby s
Corner. III Erandywiue Hundred
Ten children. seven girls and three
boys were born 10 tho union. and OF
these SIX Of the girls and two of the
boys are still nNinF Alr. and Mrs.
IIanby's grandchildren LIVING number -.
Mr. Handy has always been a Repuh-
lic:ln. and IS proud oi the fact that
there arc I9 Republican voters IN his
house hold
An interesting phase Of Mr. and Mrs
IIanhys life is the fact that their forty
two year residence in Brandywine Hun
dred was continuous.
The children of MIR and Mrs Hanby
nov living are Mrs. Albert Miller Mrs
r r. Iank and Miss Gertrude Hanhy
III This CITY Mrs W W Pennington
Eoothwyn Pa Mrs. William r Jones
and Mrs. Harry Vi. Brown Of Lancaster
pa. and Samuel W Handy and W
Frank Handy. OF Chadds Ford, Pa.
During the ceremonies attending the
celebration. Rev. Leonard p. Smith. q
Peninsula n. z. Church. Wilmington
read an original poem. tribute to Mr.
and Mrs Hanby.
The couple were showered with gifts
including $115 in gold. cut glassware
silver. flowers and beautifully decorat-
I'd cakes.
The auests were received by Miss
Gertrude Handy and Mrs, Harry N
Brown.
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial., 1921-04-20

You are sure to get good. quick re-
suits from classified advertising, If you
advertise specifically
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial., 1921-04-20
wRIcLEy CO.'S NEW HOME.
chicago Has Monument to Possibilities
of n Five. Cent Product.

Wrtrlcy's new office building in Chi
cago Is ut the new boulevard Link
Bridge. Michigan avenue and The river
and heads the vista looking north on
Michigan avenue. SO Mr. Wrigley chose
4 beautiful design which makes the
building a decorative feature Of the
Chicago lake front and harmonfzes with
the Chicago beautiful plan.
The main building IL 10 stories high
stIrr.lounted by tower AZ feet square
and rising 39s feet from the street
level. This tower will contain clock
with diaIs on four sides, each 20 feet IN
diameter and will be surmounted by a
searchfght lantern nine feet IN diane
Tar.
The building is covered with enamel
finish terra Gotta on all -four sides. II
is regarded as one of the most beauti-
ful buildings in Chicago and people and
press are enthusiastic about il. The
chicago Tribune published a picture
labelling it a ~ Jewel of the Link
Wrigley also recently completed new
factories at Chicago and New York.
All this new construction work in the
space of a few years is certainly a
tribute 10 the power of advertising and
the accumulative effect of a multitude
If five-cent sales.
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial., 1921-04-20
VI. r. COsFEREsCEs.
series OF Open Quarterly Meetings Are
Planned by Superintendent Watt.

Rev. robert Watt. superintendent of
the Wilmington district of IN Whining
ton Methodist Episcopal Conference. has
notified the churches therein that he IS
planning series ~ open quarterly
conferences. at which he following
subjects win be discussed:
l. The vanished year. How far have
we come? Did we DO our best for Jesus
Christi
= What IS the tithe? Ts n reason
able? What viii il do? What . its
relation to our prayers
:. What IL the relation IF our prom
ises 70 the promises Of Cod 70 us7"
!. What Of the future
;. rs your charge using the ef1lpIe
system II not, why ?"
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial., 1921-04-20
FOREST CO-oPERATION ASKED.
Secretary Wallace Urges Governors to
Join in Nationwide Protection WORN.

Washington. April 2O-Sccretar% W al
lace wrote letters yesterday 70 the gov
,rnors of an the states asking their
co-operatton in the nationwide ohserv-
ance Of forest protection work May
II to 2N. recently proclaimed by Presi-
den, Harding
Adequate provision for the safe
guarding and renewal of our forests IS
NJ vital Importance to the nation" the
secretary said adding that the magni-
tnde II thu area burned over during
tho last five years represents q terri
tory larger than the State of Utah.
Ol the lfoooo fires which occurred IN
that period "i time. the letter declared.
so ler cent We're due 70 human aEen-
CicS
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial., 1921-04-20
JOINT CONCERT.
Bible Class and sunday school 0rches
ira to Entertain at McEabe VI. +.

On Thursday evening a Joint concert
will be given by the Mizpah Bible class
and the Sunday school orchestra oi
AtcCabe NJ E Church, Twenty-seconc
and Boulevard. Miss Ethel Roulon. oi
Camden, y J., a graduate Of the Nsn
School OF Oratory. and teacher OF
oratory in a Camden school. will be the
reader Of the evening.
All who heard the recent concert en-
loved II. and Il is believed this viii Be
most succes ssful Tickets may BE- Sc
cured from Mrs. Elizabeth Wise. OK
Mrs. Edwin Van Dyke, or may be got
ten at the door OF the church on Thurs
day evening
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial., 1921-04-20

call 22oo-ask for ad taker.-Adv.
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial., 1921-04-20
East Seventh Street

John Ritter, 7O4 East Seventh
street. says II first used Doan's
Kidney Pills for a weak back and a
disordered condition of the kidneys.
/ was laid mp for a couple of wee6s
with my back and cOuldn get up
or down. When ! did manage to
sit down. ! would nave to pull my
self uD or have someone help me
took a box of DOans Kidney Pills.
which ! got at Danforth Drug
store and the trouble soon left
Doan Kidney Pills always do the
work.
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial., 1921-04-20

Reverend r. II. Collins, Trinity NJ. Il.
church lifelong friend Of the family.
RcVc Vcrcnd Leonard Smith. Mr.. and Mrs
"A r. Lodge MIR. and Mrs. =. Htchie
81 camden. y. j.. George and Howard
Wood Of Lancaster Pa. We're among
the gnosts nrescnt.
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial., 1921-04-20
Pine Street

Charles Treftz, 6I5 Pine street.
says: "DOans Kidney Pills are the
best remedy | have ever used for aid
ney ailments. | have had ATTACKS
from my Kidneys when | would suf-
fer severely from backache. | could
hardly straighten after bending and
my back just ached all the time.
The Kidney secretions were profuse
and scanty in passage. Doan's Kid
ney pills have always rid me of the
attacks and did me a great deal of
good.
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial., 1921-04-20
SOVIET LEGALIZES LOOTING.
orders sale Of Stolen Art Treasures and
I>e of Money TO Buy Food.

Helsingfors April 20.-Sovict Rus
SIAN officials are putting into effect a
decree proposing that the Russian art
treas -cs. seized from palaces and from
rlvatv individuals shall be placed on
th+ market and sold abroad to buy food
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial., 1921-04-20
Morrow Street

Mrs. j. NJ. G. nIilano. s25 Morrow
street, says: Il have used Doan's
kidney Pills on a number of occa-
sions for kidney complaint and
have always found them a very
satisfactory and worthy remedy For
lameness aud soreness in the small
of the back and general kidney all
ments | have mover found anything
better than Doans kidney PilIs.
They always promptly rid me Of
these attacks.
Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial., 1921-04-20
North Franklin Street

Mrs Edna Sauter 232 North
Franklin street, says i have used
DOan's Kidney Pills on number of
occasions for disorder Of the Kidneys.
and ] have always found them a
very helpful and satisfactory rem
edy. Whenever | notice my Kidneys
out Of order or my back sore and
lame / always get a box of Doan at
Morgan's Drug Store and they soon
strengthen my Kidneys and rid me
of the back ache
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1921-09-20
ouMoNT,s SEASON OPENED

the elaborate scenes which follow one
after the other In this play.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1921-09-20
Photoplays Elsewhere

STANLEY - Tho Affairs Of Ana.
toll" This popular picture with its
all-star cast held over for a second
week
PALACE - Tho Old Nest" Rupert
Hughes touching story of home
and mother.
CAPITOL = Experience" the pop.
ular allegory transferred to the
screen by George Fitzmaurice.
LOCUST - "At the End Of the
World" with Betty Compson, d.
rrected by the noted artist, Penryhn
BELMONT 1.-THE City of Silent
Men" with Thomas Meishan.
RlVOLI - THE Habit of Happi-
STRAND-."Experience." with Rich
ard Barthelmess.
ALHAMBRA THE WHISTLE" with
William S. Hart.
COLONIAL - Experience" with
Richard Barthelmess.
NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. Talmadge In
ono OF her latest comedies, lies.
GREAT NORTHERN - 'The Last
Card" with May Allison.
MARKET STREET - "Charge It."
with Clara Kimball Young.
LEADER - THE Great Moment"
with Gloria Swanson.
JUMBo-"A Woman's Business"
CEDAR - THE Conquest of Ca
naan." with Thomas Meighan.
COLISEUM-"The Great Moment"
with Gloria Swanson.
LTBERTY-"After Your Own Heart"
with Tom Mix.
FAIRMo oUNT-"Don't Neglect Your
Wife" with Mabel Julienne Scott
ACADEMY OF MUSIC-"Rip Van
Winkle." with Thomas Jefferson In
the leading role.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1921-09-20
Containing Sho,os

FORREST--"T'he Love Letter" tune
full operetta, with John Charles
Thomas using hin fne voice to
good effect. and the Astaires, Fred
and Adele, dancing their way into
the hearts Of the audience. Last
week.
LYRIC-"Cornered In which Madge
Kennedy comes back to the speak
Ing stage and shows that her stay
in the movies has not made her
any less attractive and personable.
ADELPHI - Irish Eyes" typical
Irish stage play. with Walter
Scanlans voice heard to good ef.
feet and story with plenty OF
heart throbs. Last week.
GARRTCK-"Four Horsemen Of the
Apocalypse" the noted novel Of
Ibanez transferred to the silver
sheet with no loss Of color and
dramatic effect. The picture that
made Rex Ingram famous.
WALNUT--'Love Dreams" Moros-
cos melody drama" combina-
ton of jazz and sentiment, with
such clever people as Maude
Ebourne, Tom Powers and Else
Alder.
sHUBERT-''Irene." tho old favor.
ite back. this time with the New
York cast. Alice Blue Gown" and
Irene" and Castle of Dreams"
and other melodies we'll sung. Last
week.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1921-09-20
.TALMADGE AND RAY
PICTURES SCORE HITS
Mammals. Affair" S o W 8
Coincidence at Best--"Scrap
Iron" for Charlie

Arcadia-By about the end of the
first half Of Mammals Affair" the fact
began to dawn on the audience that they
were seeing a Constance Talmadge pic
ture that was not only different from
the rest, but of quality far above
her usual pleasant but light vehicles.
This photoplay version of Rachel
Barton Buffers Harvard University
prize play has definite theme and tells
that theme unerringly and yet always
Interestingly. If the action moves
bit slowly at times It is generally be-
cause the attempt was being made to
hammer home the characteristics and
temperaments of the people involved.
Mamma and her nerves and her
hysterical fits and her saccharine bro
mides are true to very life, and around
them Il hem the thought provoking comedy Is
circled. Mamma" Is played by Effie
Shannon in a way to make the onlooker
want to applaud every now and then
In the middle Of the picture. This
old stage favorite gives q character por-
trayal that should stand out in movie
dom for months to come.
Miss Talmadge gives a characterize
tion that is a gem. 1t is the kind that
grows on you as you watch the story
unfold. Then you begin to realize that
every action Of the young leading lady
is helping to create the illusion of nerv-
BUSINESS and i'll health. Her final break
down scene Is all the more effective
thereby and reaches about the high
water mark in this condolences prog
ress.
Victoria--A Two -fsted picture with
q sincere, hard working young star
and simple and straightforward story
ought to 60 over we'll, even though
romance is spelled with q small ar"
and more or less minimized. Such
picture is Scrap Iron," with Charles
Raw as its personable leading man.
The fappers may think there Is too
much fighting, but, as a matter Of fact,
It Is the most out Of the ordinary, out
standing picture that Ray has turned
out since his early days with Triangle.
The plot is sometimes tenuous, but 1t
is always honest and plausible. 1t
concerns John Steel young man who
promises his invalid mother never to
fight, and then loses his job and is
forced to his fists as his last resort.
The fight is the climax. and it Is n
wonder. Charlie takes licking because