davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1921-04-18

Ms. c. ". Hahn and Mrs. w. p.
Young viii entertain the members Of
Dorcas Circle at tho homo OF the
latter. st.s w. cath At. at p. m.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1921-04-18
Parliamentary Procedure Class

The parliamentary procedure elias,
~ the Seattle Council OF Minute
Women Will meet at I o'clock In club
room No. :. Y. W. G. A.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1921-04-18

Miss Martha Roller viii speak on
Cooperation Of Parents and Teach
erx' at the meeting OF tho Brighton
PIT. A. at the school at $40 .. IN.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1921-04-18
Seattle Browning Society

Rock seven OF the Ring md the
Book will be discussed at the meet
ms OF the Seattle browning society
At the home OF Mr.. T. W. BurKis-
hauf. .is w. Comnsook st. AT i.so
.. IN
The New York herald., 1921-08-07
Coast Defence Fleet
VIII Close the Maneuvres

On the eve of the manRuvreS the First
and Second fleets will rendezvous at Saiki
Bay, in the Bungo Strait, between the isl
ands of Kyushu and Shikoku. Here Ad-
miral Tochinai will assume command of
the whole force and take it to sea for a
week OF strenuous drill. The programme
for this opening week includes high speed
steam trials tactical exercises gunnery
practice and destroyer and submarine at
tacks.
The second phase will begin on or about
September H. when the force will be split
into two fleets-one the strongest. repre-
senting the Japanese Battle Fleet. and the
other an enemy force" bent on breaking
its way into the Sea of Japan through the
Chosen and Tsushima Straits, between
japan and Corea. During this stage Of
the manguvres an officer OF the Naval
staff will be present on board each flag
ship. while Admiral Shimamura, Chief OF
the Naval Staff. may also embark on Ad-
miral Tochinai's flagship to watch the
proceedings.
II goes without saying that details Of
the problems Of strategy and tactics to be
worked out on this occasion are shrouded
In secrecy, but the fleet movements al
ready announced help to indicate the main
idea which is to determine whether the
japanese Navy Is competent to perform
the dual function of guarding the eastern
(Pacific) coast from attack and simultane
ously holding the approaches to the Sea Of
The New York herald., 1921-08-07

The First Fleet is headed by the Nagato
which, with her displacement of 33,SO0
tons and main battery Of eight 16 inch
guns, is for the time being the largest bat
tleship in the world She is more than
1000 tons heavier than the United States
steamship Colorado, similarly armed, and
was put into commission last January as
flagship of Admiral Tochinai, command
ing the first fleet. A sister ship the Mutsu,
now completing at Yokosuka, is expected to
begin her trials shortly, but il is improb-
able that she will be ready in time for the
man9uvres. other battleships in the first
feet are the Ise, Hiuga, Yamashiro and
Fuso which correspond in size and power
to the United States steamship New
Mexico class. and the older dreadnought
Settsu, armed with IL inch guns. This
latter ship will be transferred to the third
fleet when the Mutzu joins up. The six
battleships are organized i'm two divisions,
each under flag officer.
Attached to the First Fleet is a squadron
Of fast light cruisers-Kuma. Tama, Obi
and Kitakami-all Of $500 tons, a speed of
3S knots and heavy armament of rapid
fire guns. These are among the fastest
cruisers afloat, and at least four others are
under construction. In addition Japan
has begun or authorized IL scout cruisers
of a larger and more powerful type, some
OF which are expected to mount S-inch
guns. The First Fleet is accompanied by
two destroyer flotillas with a total OF 90
boats. none more than five years old. and
one flotila of submarines numbering s
large boats. There Is also the aircraft
carrier Wakamiya q converted transport
which is serving as seaplane mother ship
pending the completion Of the Hosho. a
large. fast vessel specially designed for
this work
The Second Fleet. based at Kure, Is or
ganized on similar lines, but Is faster
and more mobile force. It's leading ships
are the four sister battle cruisers, Kongo
Hi-Yei, Haruna and Kirishima, built in
19f3.19t5. Although not of the latest type
these are still very formidable ships. dis
placing 27,500 tons and capable of steam
ing at 27h knots Their main battery Is
eight t4-inch guns. The Japanese regard
The New York herald., 1921-08-07
Admiral Baron Kato, Japanese Min
ister of Marine, who has full charge
of Nippon's navy.

strait between Dover and Calais inacces-
sible to German U-boats, the Japanese
could scarcely hope to keep enemy sub
marines from using the wider Tsushima
channel. though the presence of such craft
in the Sea of Japan would be highly EN-
barrassing to Japanese communications
with the mainland.
If the precedent of 1918 and 1920 is fol
lowed the maneuvres will culminate in
great action between the contending fleets
and lavish expenditure OF blank cart
ridge. Last year, especially there was
tremendous amount Of firing, and photos
taken on that occasion show the battle
cruisers rushing into action at full speed
and firing eight gun salvoes from their
main batteries. 1t was during similar
sham battle in October, 1919, that the
superdreadnought Hiuga had one of her
14-inch turrets blown up by a bareback,
which set fire to bags of powder. The tur-
ret was hurled bodily overheard and nearly
fifty casualties were caused
At the close of the manpuvres the re-
suits are sifted and analyzed by commits
sion OF Admirals and staff officers, who
award praise and censure in accordance
with their findings. The work of this com
mission is thoroughly busnesslike, and its
judgments are in no way Influenced by per-
sonal considerations. Efficiency is the sole
standard by which officers are measured,
whether their rank be high or low. The
Emperor of Japan never NEEDLES with
technical matters. In this he Is unlike the
ex-German Kaiser, who although innocent
of practical knowledge. never hesitated to
pronounce final judgment on the most com
plex problems OF sea strategy
The New York herald., 1921-08-07

Japan against enemy invaders. Chosen
and Tsushima Straits are to be heavily
patrolled, for attempts will be made by
submarines of the enemy fleet to slip
through the Gordon and work havoc among
shipping in the Sea of Japan. Midway in
the straits stand the islands of Tsushima
and Xxi, both of which are fortified; but
on either side is a channel from 30 to
80 miles wide which it would be difficult
to render submarine proof. especially as
the depth of water is considerable.
In the event of war with a Power own
ing large submarines Japan would there
fore be faced with much the same problem
that confronted the British at Dover in
the great war Considering that it took
four years of work to make the narrow
The New York herald., 1921-08-07

these vessels as the most important units
OF the fleet because they are the only bat
tie cruisers in the Pacific, and in that re-
spect will remain unique till the u. S. S.
Constellation and her sisters come into
service two or three years hence. Working
with the Second Fleet battle cruisers are
the fast scouts Tatsuta and Tenryu, Of 80
knots speed, and Hirado and Yahagi, Of
27 knots. The Second Fleet has its proper
complement of destroyers, viz, 16 first
and second class boats and a submarine
flotilla, but no aircraft carrier. Several
of the larger ships, however, carry small
single scatter scouting planes on platforms
over the turrets.
The Third Fleet which is to take part
in the closing stage of the man9uvres, is
The New York herald., 1921-08-07
ManGuvres Often Are Fatal
To Promotion of Officer

Manpuvre time Is an anxious period for
the fleet and squadron commanders of the
Japanese Navy. whose prospects of promo
ton depend very largely on the verdict
passed on their conduct during these exer-
cises. More than one officer holding high
command at sea has found himself politely
relegated to an obscure shore billet on ac-
count OF an error OF judgment which he
committed at mannuvres. On the other
hand, there have been equally numerous
cases of junior officers receiving sudden
promotion as reward for conspicuously
good work. Promotion in the japanese SER
vice is by selection, not by seniority, and
this system is SO consistently exercised
that the average age OF admirals and cap
tains is lower than that Of any other navy.
Japanese officers still on the right side Of
40 are found in command OF the finest
The New York herald., 1921-08-07

numerically the largest formation. Among
its armored ships are the "semi-dread-
noughts" Aki and Satsuma; the Katori and
Kashima which we're detailed to convey
the Crown Prince to Europe; the big arm
ored cruisers Kurama, Ibuki and Ikoma;
and three older battleships. The only mod
ern scouts in this fleet are the Chikuma
and Tone, and its torpedo craft and sub
marines are older than those attached to
the First and Second fleets. In case Of
war the Third Fleet would be held in re-
serve as coast defence force, though
some OF its best ships probably would be
promoted to the first line.
The New York herald., 1921-08-07
Entire Force of AirpIanes
To Be Used in Real Work

Practically the whole of the aviation re-
sources of the Japanese Navy are to be
moblized for the coming maneuvres The
flying corps at Yokosuka, Kure and Sasebo
are expected to send total of so machines,
many of which will be employed in patrol
ling the Tsushima Strait and in anti
submarine duties.
Last year the navy machines carried out
series of attacks on the coast towns;
as much perhaps, to impress public opin-
ion as for any other purpose. Be this as
1t may, the sight OF big squadrons of
bombing machines swooping down on the
great seaports and dropping scores of
indiarubber bombs on the most densely
populated quarters was not without effect
II produced a loud outcry in the press for
the immediate expansion of the flying ser
vice, and there is every reason to believe
that the Government is shortly to intro
duce a big programme Of aviation both for
the navy and the army
Nor was this the only direction in which
former naval maneuvres have subserved
the purposes of propaganda. Prior to 1919
the Imperial Diet had resisted the Gov
ernments proposals for undermining the
Notifications along the coast. In that
year, however, the manPuvres were held
in the vicinity of Sagami Bay, south of
Toxic, and the official report stated that
the coast defences had proved to be too
weak to resist the approach of the enemy"
fleet.
"In these circumstances" ii added, "the
safety of the capital itself. to say nothing
Of that of other large cities on the sea
board, cannot be guaranteed unless the out
lying forts are reconstructed and rearmed
with modern artillery"
The hint was not wasted. Money was
speedily voted for improving the coast de-
fences and the work has gone on so rapidly
that the inhabitants Of Kobe and Osaka
now complain Of the noise ard concussion
produced by the firing % the new forts
The approaches to Tokio Bay, including
the islands to the south of that point,
have also been armed with high powered
ordnance. BY degrees the whole OF the
Japanese coast defence viii he reorganized
on the latest principles The work will cost
huge sum, but apparently few millions
more or less make very little difference In
view OF the formidable total which Japa-
nese expenditure on armaments has
already reached.
The New York herald., 1921-08-07
Census of Motor Cars

IN EALING with the motor industry in
1920 the National Automobile Cham
Der Of Commerce has published
statistics showing that this country possessed
9.2il295 motor vehicles. In Great Britain,
by the latest return of the Ministry Of
Transport $4,000 were in use in that year.
About 100000 Of the United States total
were in use on farms. In passenger cars
the number in use was S.22t.197 or these
about 80 per cent. were owned by farmers.
The figures show that SO per cent. Of the
worlds motor cars are In the United States
To continue the list: Canada with one car
to every II persons, New Zealand with one
TO Al. Australia with one 10 g.. Cuba with
one TO % and Great Britain with one to 10
are the largest users OF motor cars in pro
portion to the population while Liberia, with
ratio OF ono car to 25o,OOO OF the popula-
ton, Is at the bottom.
The New York herald., 1921-08-07

superdreadnoughts and until recently the
second feet was commanded by Vice-Ad-
miral aged only As.
When summing up the lessons of the
Russo-Japanese war, Count Okuma, the
veteran statesman and thinker, wrote:
Our victories at sea must be attributed in
large measure to the youthfulness OF our
naval officers. Modern naval warfare fs
too strenuous a game for graybeards.
Youth alone possesses the zeal, the intia-
tive, the enterprise the readiness to as
sumo responsibility which are qualities OF
overwh helming Importance in the naval Off
Ger. Our destroyer captains were on an
average ten years younger than their Rus
sian confreres and much the same ratio
obtained in other commands. The world
saw the result. On one side the restless,
fiery enthusiasm of youth, with it's iron
will to conquer; on the other the sloth and
disillusionment of middle age aversion to
activity and the pessimism that meets de-
feat half way. If we are wise we shall
make the imperial navy of tomorrow a
young mans service. Let the old men
stay at home to plot and plan if you like,
but give the ships to the young men. That
is the secret of victory"
The New York herald., 1921-08-07
Fleet Will Entrain in
September in Japan Sea

This years mannuvres are to begin early
in September and continue to the end OF
that month. The principal manpuvre zone
will be the Japan Sea, but certain of the
operations will extend to the open waters
of the Pacific Ever since Rodjestvenskys
armada was annihilated at Tsushima in
1905 the Sea OF Japan has been Nip
ponese preserve in fact no less than in
name Japanese supremacy in that area Is
unchallenged and interchangeable. for each
OF the narrow straits giving access from
the Pacific is under her control and so
heavily fortified that none may pass with
out her warrant A glance at the map re-
veals the important bearing which this
strategic control of the Sea Of Japan
exercises on Japanese policy on the main
land With her flank thus secured japan
need fear no serious opposition to her aims
in China or Siberia. The development OF
submarines, aircraft, torpedoes and mines
las strengthened her hold on the Sea Of
Japan by rendering the approaches vir-
tually impregnable to attack.
The leading role in the mannuvres has
been assigned to the first and second fleets,
based respectively on Yokosuka and Kure,
but the third fleet, with its headquarters az
Sasebo, will also take part in the pro
gramme. Excluding minor craft and
auxiliaries, upward Of forty large ships
will participate. besides several destroyer
and submarine fotillas and airplane squad.
ro,s Twelve of these ships will be dread
noughts and battle cruisers. the remainder
comprising older armored ships and scout
cruisers.
The New York herald., 1921-08-07
Admiral Shimamura. Chief of the
Japanese Naval Staff, who will watch
the practice from Admiral Tochinai's
flagship.

yard. AS for reservists, sne has 41,000
officers and men in the first line reserve,
all of whom have to put in a minimum of
100 days of training in the navy during
the seven years they remain in that cate.
CORY.
Observers have often been puzzled by the
fact that Japan keeps on her Navy List
a number of old ships which have practi-
cally no fighting value left and in any
other country would be deemed ripe for
the junk heap. The explanation is simple:
these obsolete craft are needed as training
schools for the men who are later to take
over the uper-dreadnoughts. high speed
cruisers, destroyers and submarines which
will reinforce the fleet in due course. II
they were scrapped thousands Of officers
and men would have to do their training
ashore, and the Japanese hold that the
sailor should learn his job afloat
The New York herald., 1921-08-07
This Years Man9uvres
Will OutscaIe Those of IoTo

This scheme is proving very costly, be-
cause it involves the maintenance In full
commission of practically all serviceable
ships, the consumption of huge quantities
of fuel, stores, &c. and the holding of grand
maneuvres at least once year Hard on
the heels of Admiral Kato's economy con
ference comes the news that this years
autumn manguvres are being planned on
an unusually large scale and will surpass
in scope those of October. 1919. which
were the most extensive peace exercises
that the Japanese Navy had ever carried
out.
Before proceeding to describe the forth.
coming manpuvres, a few remarks on
Japanese naval organization will not be
out of place. At the present time no other
navy in the world is keeping such a large
proportion of its vessels in active commits
sion. IL is true that the ships of the
United States Navy nominally on this foot
ing make an imposing list, but il is COM
mon knowledge that many of them have
reduced compliments and would not be
available for some weeks, IL not months.
In case of emergency.
The Japanese system is very different
Thanks to an abundant supply of officers
and men and very large body of reserves,
no difficulty Is experienced in finding com
plete crews for every ship that retains
fraction of fighting value On May l, 1921,
there were approximately 1900 line Off
GERS, including engineers, who do not,
strictly speaking, enjoy Zine" status in
the Japanese Navy This figure is only
about 1000 less than that of the United
States Navy. which has nearly three times
as many ships to man. The disparity is
greater in the case of enlisted men, of
whom Japan now has $4,000 and is budget.
ing for $4,000 two years hence. In short,
she has enough trained officers and men
10 furnish full-size war crew to every
battle-worthy ship she possesses. with a
margin over to provide compliments for
every new vessel as 1t leaves the building
The New York herald., 1921-08-07

Plans for September
Fleet Drills Include
Problems in the
Open Pacific as Well
as the Sea Of Japan
Economy Move in
War Material Does
Not Halt Building
Programme, Though
Heavily Taxed Pop
ulace Resents Added
Burdens Three Di-
visions, Including
Newest Sea Mon
sters, to Operate En-
tire Month
The New York herald., 1921-08-07
Special Correspondence 10 THE NEW YORK
HERALD.

Special Correspondence 10 THE NEW YORK
HERALD.
LONDON, July 29
~ URING the past twelve months a
- number Of japanese politicians
headed by Mr.. Ozaki-who was re
Gently expelled from the Nationalist Ken
sei-Kai party on account Of his anti-navy
propaganda-have been waging vigorous
campaign for the reduction of expenditure
on naval ornaments. This movement Is
receiving so much popular support that
the Imperial Government has found it ex-
pedient to enjoin strict economy on all de-
partments of the navy.
In May last Admiral Baron Kato, the
Minister of Marine, summoned all the Sc
nior officers of the fleets and naval stations
to Toxic for a conference on this question.
AS result of this meeting it has been de
cided to scrap many old ships. to reduce
the number Of ships in full commission and
to take such other measures as will cur
tail expenditure without reducing the
fleets readiness for war This new policy
has not been adopted moment too soon,
for even the docile Japanese masses are
beginning to revolt against naval and mill
tary budgets, which between them absorb
no less than As per cent. of the entire
revenue
On the other hand the Government has
refused point blank to modify the eight
eight shipbuilding programme, which is
really responsible for the abnormal infia-
tion Of the navy estimates; nor is it willing
to abandon the scheme of intensive sea
training which has been in force since
1918.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1921-12-15

lca Christmas gifts Ii you have been think
re than passing will the Christmas spirit
There that is difficult single them
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1921-12-15
:
= LOCAL AND PERSONAL /.

y
An electric grill Nor $3.50 at
Reinemund's.
Found-Tire chain. Owner prove
property, pay for this notice and
get the chain.
From 1919 to $50 discount on
all cash sales. w. r. Bolton, Audi
bon's best jeweler.
Basket Ball Game, Audubon VS..
Irwin, Tuesday, Dec. goth, double
header Admission 35c.
From 10% to $50 discount on
all cash sales. w. R. Bolton, Audi
bon's best jeweler.
Very attractive prices are being
placed on the Royal Rochester line
Of nickle ware at Reinemund's, for
Xmas shoppers.
Come in and hear the new Christ
mas records for December. They
something that you like. Audubon
Music Co.
Mrs. Jess Vandivier and son left
Saturday for an extended visit with
relatives in Chicago. She is the
wife of the manager of the Virginian
Cafe.
Just received shipment of small
musical goods especially for Christ
mas. You may find Just what you
want in this line to make that Christ
mas gift. Audubon Music Co.
p You can get large, oval, pure
| aluminium rooster next week at
Reinemund's for s2.39,
Mrs. Chris. Christensen, residing
one and half miles north OF kim
ballton, who submitted to surgical
operation at the Swedish Mission
hospital in Omaha last week, died
Tuesday night. Her remains were
brought back to her home yesterday
and f1Ieral services will be held to-
morrow afternoon. The deceased
was about sixty years of age, and
leaves a husband, enc son anG one
daughter - mourn her departure.
A round, pure aluminium rooster
at Reinemund's next week for sec.
At the telephone meeting of The
Mutual Telephone Co., held in this
city. last Saturday. John Reuschlmg
was reelected president for the
eighteenth consecutive time. Mr..
Reushchling is familiar with the
business and has kept the five rural
lines in splendid condition. His re-
election Saturday 10 a high compli-
ment to his efforts to please the pat
rons of the company. Cy Sampson
was reelected secretary o. the com
Pany.
Reinemund's are selling rouna
aluminium rooster for SOC next week.
The regular monthly meeting of
the Community Club was held in the
X. P. hall last Monday night. A
goodly number were out to attend
the meeting. Outside of the routine
of business the Club voted to unan-
imously support the women of the
community in putting over the Com
munity Christmas eve festivities,
and agreed to pay the necessary ex-
penses of furnishing the treats to
the children, and other incidentals.
The Club was very enthusiastic over
the program outlined by commit
tee of the women who attended the
meeting.
The Reinemund Hardware Com
pany have their Christmas ware
priced very reasonable.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1921-12-15
EVANGELICAL CHURCH

The preparations for che Christ
mas program are coming nicely, and
we are looking forward to a very
commendable entertainment.
A letter was received from Rev.
and Mrs. Sullivan this week. Rev.
Sullivan has been under the doctors
care for some weeks, but is now
some better.
Our prayer meetings are growing
in interest and attendance. They
are being held at the homes.
Sunday school at 10 a. m.
Preaching services at IL a. m.
and 1880 p. m.
Y. p. A. at 1880 p. m.
Prayer meeting on Wednesday at
7.S0 p. m.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1921-12-15
HIGH SCHOOL DEBATING TEAM

Saturday morning at 800 o'clock
the debating team that will repre-
sent Audubon in the inter-scholastic
debates were chosen. Those chosen
were Leroy Gore, Bernard Reese
and Howard Walters; Sam Gardner,
first alternate, and Wayne Black,
second alternate. Sam was handi-
capped by lack of time, starting his
preparation last Monday.
Mr.. McIntire, Mr.. Payne, Miss Ev-
ans, Miss Miller, and Miss Mccarthy
acted as judges.
The first debate will be held with
Mondamin, in Audubon. on Friday.
January 10th. Mondamin has chos-
en- the affirmative.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1921-12-15
ELECTRICAL GOODS

Something electrical will appeal to
those who use electric current in the
home. We have American Electric
Irons, White Cross Electric Toasters.
Hamilton Beach Sewing Machine Mo-
tors and Grills.