davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The New York herald., 1921-01-30
Expects Means will Be Found
To Render Submarines Ineffective

That all of England Is concerned over the
outcome of the controversy Is apparent
from editorial comments of the London
Times and other newspapers. which are de-
voting columns to the discussion.
THE most important subject now before
the country Is the question OF the naval
construction policy of the Admiralty" the
London Times said recently. "An invincible
navy is the very life of the nation. Yet
within a very few years the British feet, SO
far capital ships are concerned. will be
third instead OF first among the navies of
the world.
when all allowance has been made for
the fact that the two nations tthe United
States and Japan to whom we shall, In this
respect, yield pride of place are our friends,
and in all human probability will remain our
friends, this is n serious position
For ourselves, we express no opinion either
against or In favor OF capital ships.
There Is no need for the Government to be
hustled into precipitate action which may
prove to be fatally mistaken. But there Is
every reason why they should. without delay,
take steps TO probe the question far more
deeply than TO judge from all the available
evidence, they have so far thought of doing.
For the life OF the country Is at stake"
Economy i'm the Government Is. OF course.
one of the considerations. With capital ships
costing from S30000,0O0 TO s40,00D,00o, the
British want TO be sure that the vessels they
build have some chance of staying ahoat
in the event of a war. The British Govern
ment, after four years OF war. is extremely
hard pressed for money and rigid saving is
n watchword hammered upon continually by
Lloyd George and others OF the Government
in speeches in Parliament
In sharp contrast with this policy Of cau-
ton on the part Of the British is that Of the
United States. which, with a feet In being
OF o7o vessels, has 165 under construction
at the present time. The vessels under con-
struction are eleven battleships, six battle
cruisers ten second class cruisers one third
class cruiser, seventy destroyers, fifty SUBJ
marines. two gunboats four tugs and mine
sweepers and eleven auxiliaries.
On top OF this Secretary Daniels proposes
now the building OF eighty-eight moro ves'
sells OF capital class
The New York herald., 1921-01-30
No. Of ships. Tonnage
New Craft Several Knots Faster
Than the Famous Deutschland

When the Deutschland polSed her peri
scope out OF the sea of New London after
her epoch making voyage across the At
lantic the world looked on with incredulous
anazement Even well informed men found
IL hard 10 credit reports Of her power and
size. The new fleet submarines however,
are not only moro than ono hundred feet
The New York herald., 1921-01-30
Bases Opposition to Capital Ships
On Air Craft as Well as Submarine.

Sir Percys attack on the capital ship is
based not only on the submarine. but upon
aircraft. and he defes anybody to cite ves-
sci that can resist attack from the skies. Hts
arguments have attracted much applause
among British navy officers who approve
OF his condemnation of the capital ship.
"The capital ship ought not to be con-
demned merely because Of submarines John
Leyland declared In approving Sir Percy's
position. There remains the question OF at
tack from tho air.
"On investigating this matter the United
states Navy has an advantage over our own.
The New York herald., 1921-01-30
Our New Battleships and T-Boats Lead Worlds Navie

Vessels of the North Carolina Class When
Completed Will Put United States in Ad-
vance of Any Nation When Major Fighting
Craft Are Considered - Fleet Submarines
Under Construction Completely Over
shadow Famous Deutschland in Size and
Speed Besides Possessing Latest Marvels in
Mechanical Equipment
The New York herald., 1921-01-30
New York Herald Bureau. !
Washington, ID. C., Jan. 20.

TN view of the American decision to pro-
ceed with a giant naval building pro-
gramme based on capital ships, the
controversy now raging in England over the
British naval policy is of intense interest II
instantly raises the question of whether
those responsible for the United states pro-
gramme involving a total of s679,515,731.
large part of which is to go for construction.
are right in their determination of what
type of war vessels are required to keep the
American Navy in the foreground with the
other nations Of the world.
The dispute in England is over the ques
tion of whether II is better to build capital
ships, such as dreadnoughts and battle
cruisers, or smaller craft like submarines
and submarine chasers.
The clash has assumed tremendous pro-
portions so great, In fact. that the Admi-
rally programme for the construction of
large fighting vessels has been set aside
until a complete survey can be accomplished.
The investigation is to be conducted. accord
ing to the information in Washington, by
the British Committee Of Imperial Defence.
United States and Japan Going Ahead
With Construction of Capital Ships
Meantime the United states and Japan are
going ahead on the theory that capital ships,
as they always have been will continue TO be
the dominating force In naval warfare Both
nations are going ahead with large building
programmes. with the result that the British
fear their fleet soon will rank third among
the navies of the world IL Is to retain their
war policy OF maintaining the most
powerful navy aloat that the British are so
keenly concerned about the type OF vessel
that should be built.
vice-Admirai Sir Percy Scott, of tho Brit
ish Navy. the originator OF modern naval
gunnery, first raised the cry against the
battleship when the British Admiralty
nounced It's programme Of battleship con-
struction. He based his objections 20 tho
construction OF large lighting craft on tho
record OF the war. in which submarines, not
battleships. predomnated In the action.
"In the war we kept our batteships for
four years In port" Sir Percy argued. "and
the Germans kept their battleships for four
years in the Kiel canal When they were
taken out they had 70 bo guarded with whole
fotillas of destroyers and treated az II they
were made Of glass.
"Other Powers may be building battleshps.
They may also be making a mistake in so do
ing That is no business Of ours But II
there Is a risk that they are mistaken, the
Admiralty ought to explain very clearly what
use II has for the hattleships before we build
The New York herald., 1921-01-30
New Type of Torpedo Tubes
Gives a Distinct Advantage

Ono decided advantage which the new
American craft viii have is that her sub
merged torpedo tubes are not of the type
known as fixed" This means that when
one of these craft wishes to fire a torpedo
II will not be required to manGuvre the
whole craft In order TO aim the torpedo tube
as is the case with practically all other
submarines
Special attention is understood to have
been given to the problem of making the
new submarines as nearly immune as pos
sible to depth bomb explosions. On this
subject. however navy officials are reticent
as the method of attaining this immunity
is secret. Thickness of armor. far from
protecting the craft from an under water
explosion, has just the opposite effect, the
armor being driven into the vessel after the
manner of projectile if the explosion Is
within close proximity.
Another feature TO which American de-
signers have paid particular attention Is
that of habitability. Careful and detailed
study was given all types of foreign vessels
during the war, and 1t may be safely said
that the fleet submarines will be more COM
Portable for their crews than any other sub
marines in the world. The emphasis laid
by navy officials upon this point Is due 70
the belief that efficiency of the average sub
marine has In the past been very greatly
impaired by living conditions which the av-
erage layman would consider unbearable.
In this connection II may be stated that the
world over American sailors have the repu-
ton of being we'll housed.
The New York herald., 1921-01-30
Think Submarines Instead of BattIeships
Would Have Won the War for Germany

In order to reinforce the arguments
against the battleship Sir Percy brought to
light an incident of 1913--a blunder he calls
it--which he believes prevented Germany
from winning the war. He recommended in
1918 n British navy programme for the
building of submarines and airplanes. instead
OF two battleships, but the Admiralty over
ruled In consequence, he added. Germany
built battleships. which were not used. rather
than submarines and airplanes. which Ger.
many hastened to construct after the war
began. 1t put Germany behind so much. he
said. that she was unable TO win the war
although she came near TO doing II.
You must admit" Sir Percy said, that in
the war we England were nearly forced TO
submission by starvation.
you must admit that the German battle
ship played no part in reducing us 10 a state
Of starvation.
You must admit that if our battleship
superiority had been double what II was
they could not have protected us from star
vation.
You must admit that the dominant arm
Of the war was the submarine. You must
admit that our belief before the war that the
submarine was only a toy resulted lin our
coming to the brink Of losing the war;
The New York herald., 1921-01-30
British Experts Clash Over Types of War Craft

never a proved weapon. Ships can be built
to resist this by no means effectively directed
weapon"
Rear Admiral Sir s. Eardley- -wilmot of
the British Navy said that the success Of
the submarine In the late war was due
almost entirely to the fact that nothing had
been perfected to resist the torpedo. but he
explained that as each new development i'm
naval warfare had come II had been resisted
by one means or another. He believed. he
added that the means had been found for
resisting submarine attack and that the
battleship still was dominant as naval unit.
The New York herald., 1921-01-30
Secretary Daniels Points Out
Weakness of Our Navy Equipment

This means" the Secretary has said.
that while our battlcshp force will be
sufficiently powerful to cope with any navy
in the world In a main fleet engagement be-
tween battleshps. yet our main fleet would
be open to torpedo attack by the enemys
torpedo forces. We would also be hand-
capped I'm obtaining information of the
enemy's movements and maintaining the
blockade OF the enemy's ports. Due TO this
weakness in ships OF this class. we would bc
handicapped in conducting attacks against
The enemy's fleet with torpcdoes"
In view Of this statement. II is not diff
cult to understand why naval men are deeply
interested In the new fleet submarines
The following table shows the present
strength OF the navies OF Great Britain and
the United states with regard TO submarine
craft.
The New York herald., 1921-01-30

neer. Thomas Doughty. constructed a peri
scope from piece OF three inch steam pipe
and bits of looking glass, by means of which
the warship's commander was able to look
over the high banks of the river and re
pulse an attack by 5000 Confederates by
fire from the monitors IL inch guns. di-
rected through the periscope.
So crude was the periscope however. that
us late 1900 John p. Holland refused to
adopt II for his submarines. To the Ger
mans belongs the credit for bringing it 10
its present efficiency. The three periscopes
on the new American undersea boats will
enable them to keep lookout in all direc-
tions at once and will also provide spares
in case one should be damaged.
The first U-boats were equipped with only
one periscope, until after the sinking of
the U-15. the Germans began putting more
on their vessels. During the early stages
of the war the U-15 attacked a British
squadron. but revealed herself by the wake
of her periscope, and well aimed shot from
the cruiser Birmingham smashed the pro
truding "eye." The U-15 dived blindly to
safety. few moments later she attempted
a quick "porpoise dive" up to the surface
and down again in an effort to locate her
enemy This time the Birmingham gavc
her broadside and a shell tore a great hole
through her deck.
Scope of the Submarines Work
Shows Gain and is Still Growing
Owing to the comparative regency of the
development Of the oceangoing submarine.
particularly Of type Of sufficient speed and
cruising radius to accompany the fleet, a
system OF tactics had not yet been completely
worked out. The original function of the
submarine was to serve as a daylight tor
pedo boat? that is, to accomplish in broad
daylight that which surface torpedo boats
we're expected to do under cover of darkness,
fog or smoke. namely. to creep close to an
enemy and launch torpedo unobserved.
With the development of greater speed.
armament and range Of action, however, the
scope Of their operations has been broadened.
Owing to their low visibility they are now
becoming of utility In night attacks on the
surface. though they are useless for under
water attack after nightfall because the
periscope is practically blind at night
The increase in the number of torpedo
tubes and the greater power Of torpedoes
carried, together with the larger gun power.
has also tended to increase their utility in
engagements with surface ships.
The fleet submarines Of the United States
Navy carry 5-inch guns. which are larger
than those ordinarily placed on submarines
though the British navy is said to have a
new submarine mounting 12-nch gun.
The New York herald., 1921-01-30
Submarines Under Construction
BY All the First Class Powers

Much has been said in condemnation OF
tho submarine, particularly since its en-
ployment by Germany In ruthless subrna-
rne warfare. It Is significant fact, how
ever, that all first class Powers are building
submarines. Secretary Daniels has made
clear his attitude in the following statement
mo nation. II IL is to be prepared TO en-
gage IN warfare upon the sea- can afford to
neglect the submarine or to spare any pains
70 develop II to meet it's needs. This type
has come to stay as a factor In naval war
fare unless outlawed by international agree
ment. Its abuse by the Germans in their
ruthless campaign should not blind US to
the fact that there is a large field for Its
legitimate use. without accepting the the
ory OF the enthusiasts that submarines alone
can be developed TO meet adequately ell
needs OF naval warfare, we must all agree
that the submarine cannot be ignored and
has a field OF its own in the conduct OF
war upon the sea which cannot be filled by
any other character Of ship"
The New York herald., 1921-01-30
: HE NEW YORK HERALp publishes herewith a

IT HERALD publishes
describing United
have described the forty knot battle
drigibe, RS the remarkable
boat B THE HERALD recently published cabed article
describing
possible this
The following
illustration United
The New York herald., 1921-01-30
Vice-Admiral Sir Percy Scott Holds War
Proved Superiority of Submarines--Older
Officers Firm for Major Ships

It's flying service has not been divorced
from It, American flying craft are agencies Of
the fleet. They work in close cooperation
and have operated and experimental to-
gether. Yet capital ships are being built
for the United States Navy Of the most for
midable character, without any apprehension
of destruction from the air.
I'm this country where aircraft are under
separate control, coordinated work may not
be so easy or SO effective. Nevertheless 1t Is
incredible that the Admiralty will propose
the building of capital ships II serious dam
ger from the air is to be apprehended."
Older British Navy OAicers
Stand Firm for the Battieship
The stand against the battleship has at
tracted innumerabe supporters high in the
British naval service. but the large surface
craft has its defenders, too, in large numbers
In this group are some of the older naval
officers, who take the position that the
obstacles presented by the submarine have
or win be overcome, and that the battleship
will remain dominant because of its intense
mobility and capablity of carrying heavy
guns.
The battleship, too. they insist, is the
manstay of the navy when it comes to de-
fensive warfare, although 1t is admitted that
the submarine has many advantages when IL
comes to offensive operations.
Admiral Sturdee. of the British Navy, in
slsts that the British must continue the pro-
gramme of surface craft In order to protect
the trade routes. He insists that there
never was time during the war that the
Grand Fleet was prevented from going to
sea because Of the German submarines. He
said that II all the nations Of the world did
away with capital ships and had only sub
marines. the question would get back TO
where it started
Submarines. he said, would find II i'm
possible 10 fight each other and further.
would be Of no account In defensive warfare.
The result would be that the merchant ves-
sells would be armed against the submarines.
Then IL would be found advisable 20 have
other craft TO protect the merchantmen.
The result would be submarine destroyers.
which would lead TO super-destroyers. To
meet the per-destroyers. II would be found
advisable to have cruisers, which could best
be combated by battleships.
T. B. Abel. professor In the School OF
Naval Architecture, at the University OF
Liverpool. is n stanch defender Of the bat
tleship.
Until this war" he says. "thc torpedo was
The New York herald., 1921-01-30

when submarine craft now authorized or
projected are completed the table. including
Japan. will read as follows:
The New York herald., 1921-01-30

article also makes public the de-
tails of six battleships of the North
Carolina class, which are to COST
Saa 900 900 eacE.
The New York herald., 1921-01-30

them 1t ought TO tell us what they are for
IF we are going to build battleships at
the cost of fs,000,00O 1880. 900. .000] to
f9.oOO,OOo [$SS,750.0Oo present exchange
apiece, we shall have to build nurses for
them in the shape of destroyers and we shall
have to provide safe harbors. in which to
keep them. For IL we do not they will
not be ON the surface very long II there
arc any submarines about"
Indiana daily times., 1921-03-29
ROADS PLIGHT
is RESULT OF
INEFFICIENCY
Consulting Economist for
Labor UphOlds National
Agreement as Beneficial.
RAIL BOARD WITNESS

CHICAGO. March 29.-Ineffciency Of
railroad management rather than the
national agreements fixing wages and
working conditions of employees is re-
sponsfble for the financial plight Of the
railroads, ". Jet Lauck, consulting econ
omist Of the railroad labor organizations,
declared in a statement to the United
States Railway Board today. Lauck to-
day began the presentation Of labor ex-
hibits before the board.
The root of the railroad difficulty -
#Lauck declared, lis not in national agree
ments, but in the inadequacies Of man
Fgement. Conservatively stated, if rail-
road management was characterized by
reasonable efficiency and had available
for Its use a proper amount Of credit
of capital, labor costs would have shown
= radical decline under national agree
hents and savings in operating expenses
a at least 81, 1000, 100000 annually would
E@Rsde."
ES6ck outlined his points which he
declared upheld the soundness of the pol
icies represented by the national agree
ments
First, he declared, the policy Of estab-
fishing national agreements or uniform
rates of pay and working conditions, is
in conformity with custom and precedent
IN the transportation industry and in
accordance with best public policies.
Second, Lauck asserted, collective bar
gaining on a national scale and national
agreements as to working conditions and
relations have been found to be the best
means of stabilizing conditions in other
basic Industries of the country.
''In Great Britain, Lauck's third point
declared, these facts have become so
clearly recognized that national agree
ments are encouraged by both employers
and employees and an effort is being made
to make them compulsory in all indus
tries.
When the railroad administration en-
tered into the national agreements,
Lauck asserted, as his fourth contention,
IL merely recognized a tendency which
had reached complete development dur
ing the war and which was sanctioned
by enlightened opinion both within and
without the transportation industry.
Fifth, Lauck pointed out, representa-
tives OF the railroads have practically
given their sanction to national rates of
pay and working conditions Of engine and
train crews. These classes, he declared,
have uniform rates of pay and working
conditions embodied in agreements on
individual roads but underwritten by the
national organizations and cOncurred in
by the railroads on a national basis.
Railroads, Lauck charged in his sixth
contention, are consciously and delib-
erately taking advantage Of a temporary
Industrial depression to destroy human
standards sanctioned by thought and
practices Of the leading Industrial ma
tons of the world"
Indiana daily times., 1921-03-29
Last sSqueaL'
On Pals Made
by Waco Kid
Body RiddLed With Bullets
Identified as That of
Con Man.

CHICAGO, March 29-The Waco
Kid" millionaire con man has 'squealed"
his last, Chicago police were notified to-
day.
The Waco Kid"-william Powell-for
years has been a ''stool pigeon" for Chi
cago police. Whenever he got caught in
a tight place he 'squawked" on his pals
and received immunity for 1t.
The history Of the "Wsco Kid" goes
back to the days Of the notorious May
bray confidence gang here. He had a
falling out with yellow Kid" Well and
informed the police of their wire tapping
game.
This led to several members of the po-
lice department going to prison with
members Of the gang.
The Waco Kid" got immunity.
Fred K. Buckminster. the Alabama
Kid" and Little Alt" members of the
gang, escaped and are said to have Joined
the Waco Kid" in Florida.
They are said to have made millions
in the last four years fleeing million
aires. They maintained the International
Turf Exchange in an Office building in
Daytona.
Again they got into difficulties with
the authorities and again the Waco
Kid" is said to have squealed on his
pals. This led to the arrest Of Buck
minister, on a charge of heecing Charles
Worden, bank president OF Ft. Wayne,
Ind, out of 100000
Waco Kid" police were informed to-
day, was sitting in the palatisl dining
room of the Ponce de Leon at ST. Angus
tine Monday night A gang appeared at
the curtained window and rid Lied his
body with bullets. 1t has just been
identified
Indiana daily times., 1921-03-29
INDIANA DAILY TINES TUESDAY, MARCH 29, 1921.

committee at Washington it was dis
closed that $4,000 had been spent to
secure the Missouri delegates. Gov. Low
den later declined a Cabinet post under
President Harding and his friends said
he had practically retired from politics.
Mrs. Pullman was married to the
founder of the city OF Pullman In 1867.
She was the daughter of J. Y. Sanger, a
Chicago pioneer. Mr.. Pullman died in
1898 and Mrs. Pullman became virtually
his sole Iegstee. She displayed remark
able business acumen In the handling of
the great estate.
Although her wealth and the standing
Of her family would have enabled her to
dominate Chicago society, she preferred
a life Of semi-retirement. She was es-
sentially a home-loving woman.
FOUND PLEASURE
IN PHILANTHROPY.
Her greatest source of pleasure was
philanthropy. She annually donated thou
Indiana daily times., 1921-03-29

Riley room of the Claypool Hotel at $50
O'Clock tonight.
United States Senator Harry 8. New.
Gavin L. Payne. Adj. Gen. Harry B.
Smith and Morrison Fuller met Admiral
Coontz when he arrived at II 10 o'clock
from Washington. The visitors were to
be entertained at lunch at the Payne
home, 2135 North Alabama street. Ad-
miral Coontz was accompanied oy his
aide, Lieutenant Commander Harry w.
Hill
Addresses are to be given at the din
ner by Admiral Coontz, Lieutenant Com
mander Hill, Colonel Rhea, Mayor Charles
W. Jewett, william Herschell Hilton q.
Brown. Roltare Egglestons manager OF
Keiths Theater; Lieut., Col James 4
Parsons, a member Of General Reds
staff; Col Guy Boyle and Lieutenant
Governor Emmet r. Branch