Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1921-01-06
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

The World war was formally ended
January 10 when Germany and four
teen Of the powers allied against her
in the war exchanged notifications of
the Treaty of Versailles at Paris. The
United States, however, was not
among the nations participating in this
ceremony, as the treaty had not been
ratified by the senate.
The League of Nations came into
actual being at Paris January 16 when
the executive council held it's first
meeting with representatives from Bel
GUM, Brazil, England, Italy. France,
Japan, Greece and Spain participant
ing.
The Russian government made a
step toward securing peace with it's
warning neighbors by concluding
treaties with Ukraine and Esthonia.
The Turkish peace terms were com
pleted on March 3, and week later
the Allies decided to use force to i'm
pose the terms upon Turkey, sending
troops to occupy Constantinople. The
allied forces occupied the Turkish
capital without opposition
Polish troops began spring often
sive against the Russian Bolshevik in
the Baltic region on March %. Warsaw
reported heavy fighting at many points
on the 400-mile front. Three days lat
er Poland offered peace terms to Rus
STA, providing for restoration of the
kingdom of 1772, return of art and
other treasures, and an indemnity for
1nvasions since 1914. Polish troops adj
ministered a severe defeat to the Boil
sheviki at Podolia April 13.
The Poles and Ukrainians negotiat-
ed treaty on April 81, recognizing
Ukrainian independence from Russia.
A combined army of Poles and Ukra!n-
ians then launched an offensive against
the Russian RED forces, capturing
Kiev on May s and the great port of
Odessa on May II.
Bolshevik troops invaded Persia at
Astara May IS. forcing the withdrawal
of British troops. Bolshevik troops
on the Polish front were REINFORCED
and launched an attack on ninety
mile front, seeking to open commune
cation with East Prussia. On June 3
they succeeded in flanking aud driving
back General Pilsudski's Polish troops.
The supreme council continued its
efforts to complete the peace settle
ments. The treaty with Hungary was
signed June at Versailles, Ambassa-
dor Wallace signing Tor the United
States. Turkey was granted fifteen
days additional time to present its
views regarding the treaty with that
country.
While these peace negotiations were
in progress. fighting continued at many
points. Over 300 italian prisoners were
killed by Albanlans at Tirana on June
is in retaliation for the assassination
of ESSad Pasha in Paris on June 13
Supported by British troops and hat
tleships at Malta and ConStantinople
the Greeks began a campaign to Gust
the Turkish Nationalists from parts OF
Asia Minor.
On July the Bolshevik troops cap
tured Rovono, throwing the Poles into
retreat on the entire front. POLAND
opened negotiations for an armistct
and these continued for week wher
1t was reported that Russia had or
dered the pOstponement of the nego
tiations and the capture of Warsaw
Bolshevist troops captured LomZa ant
Brest-Litovsk, and began drive or
Lemberg August /. During the mex
two weeks they continued to advance
and on August II were within twelve
miles of Warsaw. The Polish capita
seemed doomed, but on the 18th the
Poles launched a great counter-of
fensive and drove the Bolsheviki bacl
in disorder. Heartened by the crush
ing blow given the Russian forces
the Poles rejected the Bolshevik peace
terms.
In the meanthne, on August IL, TIN