The Hope pioneer., 1921-05-12
sprayer Operation Control Of cod,na Moth

Gasoline Power sprayer In Opera
prepared by the United States Depart
ment Of Agriculture)
Spraying, compared with its cost, is
one of the most profitable forms of
orchard work, and one of the most
likely to be neglected or misdirected,
according to specialists of the United
States Department Of Agriculture.
There Is need that fruit growers have
more intimate knowledge of spray
ing materials, spraying machinery, and
especially the why's and wherefores
of spraying. The up-to-date orchard
list must know just what each spray
application will do and the proper
time and method for applying it.
Necessary to Know How Insects Feed.
A better knowledge of the life and
habits of the more common insect
pests aad Of the nature of insecticides
will add much to the efficiency Of con-
troll measures. The general character
Of sprays to be used depends on the
character of the mouth parts of the
insects.
Broadly speaking, all insects secure
their food in one of two ways: (1)
BY actually biting out and swallowing
portions of the food material; (2)
by sucking out the juices. The first
type includes caterpillars or the
larvae of moths and butterflies, adult
beetles and their grubs, grasshoppers,
crickets, sawflies and their larvae,
bees, etc.
All biting insects are subject to de-
struction by arsenicals or other stom-
ach polsons. Some biting insects,
however, such us borers and certain
root-infesting forms, do not feed in
situations where poisons may be ap-
piled, and for these different treat
ment is necessary.
Among sucking insects may be list
ed plant lice, scale insects, leafhop-
pers, the pearpsylla, and the true bugs.
all very important enemies of the fruit
grower. For their control the So
called contact sprays are used, sprays
that corrode the body or permeate the
SkOlC VI thC pCSIo Va OIASA
wise effect their destruction.
Biting and sucking insects often oc-
cur in way to permit their destruc-
tion by poisoning the air which they
breathe, as with hydrocyanic-acid gas
or carbon disulphide, but in many
cases the expense and danger make
this method impracticable.
Summer spraying is directed against
bud, leaf, and fruit-eating insects, and
for these arsenicals chiefly are used.
Dilute contact insecticides are also
employed in the control Of certain in
sects, such as aphids, red bugs leaf
hoppers, etc.
| The arsenicals In most common use
are arsenate Of lead, paris green, and
arsenate Of lime, used as strong as
the foliage will stand. The foliage
of stone fruits, as cherry, plum, anu
peach, is on the whole quite tender,
and on these arsenicals must be en-
ployed with caution.
The important insecticides may be
grouped principally into these three
series:
Stomach poisons for biting insects
arsenate of lead, paris green, arsen-
ate of lime, arsenate Of soda, arsen-
ite of lead, arsenite Of lime, arsenite
of soda, Scheele's green, London pur-
pie, white arsenic, hellebore, etc.
Contact sprays for sucking insects
lime-sulphur solution, self-boiled lime
sulphur mixtures, fish-oil soap wash,
kerosene emulsion, crude-petroleum
emulsion, distillate emulsion, nicotine
solution, pyrethrum, caustic soda,
caustic potash, carbolic-acid emulsion,
sulphur spray, resin, resin wash.
! For fumigating, the specialists rec
ommend hydrocyanic-acid gas, carbon
disulphide, or sulphur dioxide. These
are effective against all classes of in
sects when 1t is desirable to use them.
Arsenate Of Lead Most Widely Used.
Arsenate of lead is the best known
and most extensively used stomach
poison for insects. 1t has wider
range of usefulness than any other
internal poison now available. 1t is
safe for use on the foliage Of most
plants, has good adhesive qualities,
and owing to its fiEeness, remains in
suspension well in water. Moreover,
it can be safely combined with GER
tain contact sprays, as nicotine, ker-
osene emulsion, soaps, ETC., and with
number of fungicides such as lime
sulphur mixture, and bordeaux mix
ture. 1t should not be combined with
sodium or potassium sulphides.
Commercial arsenate of lead may
be obtained as paste or powder. Pow
] der is coming into extended use BY