davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1921-07-24

letter, to which she added another sheet, n
each case, on which she wrote two or three
sentences of a more personal nature and
signed the stars name. And SO little differ
enee is there in human beings that nearly all
the replies remarked, Your letter was ex-
actly what needed"
II possible the male star should be a gen.
tleman of the old school, but this can be
omitted, if absolutely necessary. Like the
chorus girl, be will find it help if he comes
of poor but genteel Southern family. One
star SO appreciated this asset that he wanted
to copyright the phrase "a Southern gentle
man. and was exceedingly irate when his
secretary wouldn't let him. He thought it
would look well on his stationery
It's rather amazing the things that people
will tell these screen shadows. The most in
innate matrimonial problems the question of
whether to marry this man or the other one,
the difficulty about what to do with father now
that all the children are married and he hasn't
home and is perfectly willing to marry
brother Sans widow, only the children think
they're both too old-these are bat few of
them. There's the question of puppy love. too
the girl who's reached the age where she
simply has to be in love with somebody: she's
quite likely to pick a movie star, male or
female, as the object of her emotional flood
tide, and if the star has wise secretary whose
own youth isn't far behind her, that girl is
far better off than if she picked boy in her
home town as the object of her affections.
Then, too, there are the lonely ones of the
earth, who just need friend One of the
male stars whom most of the public ad,nires
tremendously has for four years been carry
ing on a correspondence with an ENGLISH
woman who is an exile in New Zealand She's
charming, we'll educated person; she and he
must | remark that 'he'' is his secretary, an
English woman herself-have many tastes in
common. She has the friend she needs
Of course this star-secretary combination
sometimes forces them both to skate on very
thin ice, indeed. Those who have written wish
to behold in the flesh. / recall one star who
courted destruction IN this shape not long ago
when he decided to give reception at his
home near New York and ask all his admirers.
He felt sure that they would come from all
points Of the compass-as they did-and their
vast numbers would impress the film magnates
with whom he wanted to make a new contract.
The star, clad in the evening clothes in which
his public loved to see him, stood at the head
of a great stairway (it had been bought from
wrecking company and used in set for one
of his pictures, and he had been so impressed
by what he considered the beauty of its really
atrocious carving that he had had it built into
his honae). Just behind him, slightly to one
side, stood his secretary. And as the guests,
New-York tribune., 1921-07-24
Continued from page three)

appearance with the court which he was after
wards to dominate for so long. During his
quarter-century of service-thirteen years as
an associate justice and eleven as Chief JUS
ace-he always harked back to his tavor1te
deanition: Laws are contrivances to bring
about certain definite ends" and asked him
self, what is to be the definite end of this
Particular question:
The disturbance of yesterday by and De-
tween Costa Rica and Panama may be one OF
ne matters to be placed before Chlef justice
iaft. It will be remembered that Mr.. IaII
vas not partial to the arguments raised Oy the
panamanians at the time of their disputed
boundary lines. The entire matter-as far as
ae French arbitrator-was decided by ChleI
Justice White in 1914. AS late as last Marcn,
aowevsr, the Hon. Julio Acosta, President OF
0osta Rica, freed his mind regarding the atei-
ade taken by Panama, and there has been
Written an unpublished letter to Mr.. TAFT, In
answer to his statement published IN Inc
Washington Post on June 8, by one high In au-
saority in Panamanian affairs, and 1t seems
Ieiy that the matter may be more fully alred
Oy the Chief Justice of Panama, DR.. Aurello
Guarda,
Dr. Guarda has held important governmental
p0sisons for many years. He has served as
ascult Judge and superior judge of the repuo-
,e y and secretary Of the hacienda and treasury.
ae mas strong views regarding the rights OIL
ae people of his little isthmian dominion. Sal
soor mas population of million and quar-
m ,ss ruled by supreme court similar to that Oh
England.
The Chief Justice of Persia is a religious
,aief As matter of fact, Persias reilglous
aW IS the backbone Of her civil law. In the
/ aaAl'stry ! OF Turkey the Sheikhul Islam Is
= Snief Justice-the head of Mohammed-
sasln-tha only one who has the power to oe-
New-York tribune., 1921-07-24

lures by writing for them They
are trying to break through a. locked door.
Another door stands open to them just around
the corner, and they don't know it, simply be-
cause they haven't noticed the tremendous
revolution that is taking place in the motion
picture business
This bit of advice to scenario writers comes
from Professor Walter B. Pitkin, of the School
of Journalism, Columbia University. Professor
Pitkin, who teaches feature" and short story
writing has recently made a serious study OF
what's going on inside the picture studios of
America He lays down the following law to
the young scriveners who study with him.
Writing synopses or scenarios directly for
the motion pictures is in the long run waste
of time, and for three reasons:
First: To sell your stories to the movies"
you must show fully their dramatic pic
torial possibilities. This cannot be done in a
skeletonized outline. If you hear any one
denying this, you may be sure that he knows
nothing about story writing. a story idea
must be written out to show its full values.
Second: 1t is so easy to dash off the incom-
plete idea of movie" plot in few hundred
words that thousands of inexperienced writers
are always doing it. Movie" editors receive
about eight thousand such contributions every
week 1t is thus humanity impossible for these
editors to read all these manuscripts, much
less to judge them carefully. Not more than
one in hundred ever receives serious atten-
ton. This is NOT anybody's fault The whole
SYSTEM is ridiculous.
Third: 1t is commercially wasteful to sub
nit scenarios to the movies Any story idea
good enough for the better movies" is good
enough for short story, and, as story, can
generally be sold to a magazine for more than
New-York tribune., 1921-07-24

about when she was girl. She wrote to that
dream man, told him about her life, said
lot of the things that she couldn't say to
her children. She told him he needn't an
swer if he didn't have9time, but she just
kind of thought she'd like to feel that he was
a friend of hers, anyway
His secretary, who earned her living by
letting people be garrulous, answered She
wrote that woman exactly the letter that
she'd wanted, a letter that painted in the
background the woman would have liked to live
in. And she made that little drab person
feel that she was a part of a glittering
pageant twice each month when the stars
letters came. The finest sermon evec
preached couldn't have done more for her
than that correspondence did
Another instance! A man whose business
was on the very brink of failure wrote to a
young woman he had just seen on the screen.
''That picture of yours was rotten" he
told her. ''But I wouldn't have minded it so
much if you didn't earn 50 much money turning
out stuff as silly and stupid that without
any trouble or effort while 7 work like
slave and wonder each night how much long
er l can keep the family out of the poor
house."
He went on and told her lot more. His
letter fairly seethed with disgust and bitter
ness and despondercy. 1t wasn't signed, but
without knowing it \ he'd written the re-
verse side of one of his own letterheads, so
the stars secretary answered the letter. She
told him just how hard she had worked max
ing that picture, just how hot the great sun
light arc and the Kliegs and Cooper-Hewitts
made the studio when the sun blazing
down on the roof, anyway, and just why the
picture had been slashed all to pieces in the
cutting room, so that it emerged without any
roint at all. And then she told the man
some things that none of his friends would
have dared to tell him; she took him by the
mental coat collar and yanked him up where
he belonged. That was year ago. The
ether day she got letter from him. saying
that he and his wife had decided to name the
baby after her.
Of course the star profits by all this. A
certain young woman, star whose appeal
is very wide, has been writing for various
newspapers and magazines this last year The
letters come in in great bundles, and many
of them say: S'To tell the truth, / never
used to like you half as we'll as I do now,
since I've been reading the articles you write
you're so nice and sensible and unaffected
you write just as / hoped you really were ~
And the secretary, recalling the battle she
fought to get permission to put that naive
endearing simplicity across, breathes long
sigh of deep content.
There are certain rules that must be OBJ.
served, of course, matter what sort of per.
New-York tribune., 1921-07-24

% HOUSANDS of earnest men and
women to-day are wasting precious
time trying to break into the pic
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1921-03-14
LANNON'S WIDOW AND
ACCUSED WOMAN TO
TESTIFY IN TRIAL

tr,lmorc. Okla. March l%.-The state
or Oklahoma viii rest ia cas-" II the
rial OF Clara Smith Hamon. charged
with ln. murder OF Lahc J.. linmon. i'e-
pub..can national "ommItt""'nan .t:um
Oklahoma and rrpu;nd millionaire. early
Mundav afternoon. states "oun$cI sara
.onigh,.
Iu;rodur::nn Of AL The states ~'i-
,isLre and testimony VII he conlh.ei'"
tomorrow noon or shortly after. states
attorneys declared. -Four "f the r"-
naming chief witnesses Will BE- sim-
roned 10 The stand They are Mrs
JAKE l.. HanIoT. widow: Frank u. he;cn'
Harnon's business manager ITfe'a
Dunlap. oil man ?nd los" business as
sociutr OF liamon. and Sam Rlair, news
p.prr man who is LEGGED {" have OBJ
.a;ncd Tiara FIamor's story NJ tho
ramon killing in Mexico December last.
Screral minor witnesses also w.N te'-
rrv. ,"corG!rs 10 STATE counsel.
The case Shouid hc IN lhe HANDS o.
thr jury hy late THURSDAY Or Friday.
III" attorney genera. 6. T. Freezing. IN
charge rf lhr prosecution. said.
White the attorney R"ucral C!a ms TO
hsvc hen informed that clara smith
H:.ror will not occupy ,hr witness
stand more than 4 ha'f hour, on direct
examination. course for the defense
has not tndrcat ~ what length nr
upon Uha; phases o. the cas-" the de-
f"ndant will testify.
Efforts on tho part OF the stat" at
.'orneys 10 establish hist Clara HANOI
- now twenty-rine Years old !nsict l OF
,vcnty-sevcn. as has h""H declared hF
he defendant. and t6u'Aed upon N er:-
dence already introduced became
Known today Much importance Is al
rached 10 this .ssur. due 20 tho Fact
that the Gefensr coGns"i and n" d.
rendant have lad stress on III" youth
Of the defendan; At The t:ma she m!t
Hnmon.
The states evidence will tend -
prove that the defendant Is now twenty
nine. and AZ the time she became &c
ouaIn'rd with Ham"n she was nln2-
teen, NJ. Freeing sad.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1921-03-14
FiveMen Burned toDeath|
In Big Fire at Richmond
Others Are Missing and
More Than Fifteen In
jured in Blaze in the
City's Business District
Property Loss Half 4
Million Dollars.

Richmond, Va, March l&.-Fiy
men were burned to death. other
still were missing and moro thai
fifteen were injured today IN
fire that destroyed two furnitud
stores on Broad street. -Four 4
the men whose bodies had bed
recovered tonight were iircme.
and the fifth had not been ide
tilted.
The property loss was eS
mated at half a million dollars,
F:yN hrenen were on the roof od
bulG:ng adjoining me six story est
,iShment Of the Charles G.. t;urdens
nitur- comrany. when back d
caused ?n Explosion which blew out
wa bs;weS>n tAe two buildings an
rrump,"d the -ooc q: the adjoinin
building. The fire fighters were throw
TO me street. being buried beneath IN
debris. The bod:cs rharrcd. and in som
instances almost arrecoEn liable, w"r
dux from ;he ruins b. their comradc'
tn" entire fire department was CALI
ou; - iSh' tho blaze wh en- thre3tene
20 S~r>ad 20 othe: buildings. Fo7 n Will
much % III. retail shopping district
known ns B-oad street. the princina
retail BUSINESS artery OK the city Wa
:hrs1t"n,Ni. SPARKS from The prime; m
blaze were carried - other parts OF IN
shopping d,s:r.", and severa! other FIRE
N"-" barry prevented.
The damage - estimated a nr, v %
$3.50. 900 and $500 O0O.
Pubic SAFETY Di-ectc- Myers has nr
Gersd thorough invest ga:'on OF ~
construction oC :he buildings ~ an ~
tempt 20 fix responsibility for the olaZc
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1921-03-14

Williamson w. Va. March I',--'p!
IN. Associated PressI---Tnc MalN"aH
hattie trial las approached - I'M" :
siYcr. and J; - believed tna; hrt"r'
ano,hcr week passr" the fate OF 'h"
seventeen accused h!li mon Wi ne IN
III. hands Of luGGs i ID. Ha'!"F ana
he twelve men Of M'ngo county SeIe''-
ed 10 try the case.
Tomorrow when ;he state VIII rcsutii"
III. calling Of it's rebut!a. Witnesses IN"
trial will have reached rs 1orty-sccoho
day Much Of that time vas consumed
N obtaining jury. ono 'houSa""
names were drawn. hve hundred men
summoned ant nearly three hunured
,ramined before ths cancI was com
pleted
In III. memoir ~ counsel for HON
sides ,he present irIL has been inc
IorEes, and mos, important III the ms
tory Of West V:rsina. Members "'
tho array Of legal talent retained IN tho
case OF the nountairecrs charger win
hc;ng implicated in tho death o; N.pert
G Fel,s during the gun hsht a. MAZE
van last May individually or collective
" have taken part in virtually every
big case IN the state.
Bitterly oontsSt1d-
Attorneys on both sides are becoming
weary. but are sameiy fght.nS and con-
,esting each step OF tho opposition. The
defendants. too. are beginning 10 $40"
effects from the strain and from con-
nrsnent in the county jail But :.ons o,
hem las despaired OF being permitted
10 return 10 their homes in matewan' a
mining village Of few acres sur-
-,undcd on all sides by sheer mountain
Gins.
Attempts were made by the defense
70 keep any reference to the industrial
controversy In Mirgo our Of the trial
. strike Of miners in tho williamson
nod has hecn in progress since last
Juiv. Tho state. however. forced the
,.sue by swearing defense attorneys tn
testify that they had been retained by
n. United Mine Workers OF America.
Tho prosecution also placed ono OF its
own aitnesseS. Thomas l.. Felts. on the
stand 10 testify that the Raldwin-Fslts
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1921-03-14
.RA|L DISPUTE
IN FINAL STAGE
Rail Labor Board Expected
to Be Flooded With Multi
tude of Wage Appeals

Chicago. March l3-The dispute be-
tween the railways and their employees
regarding wages and working conditions
vii, cni>r fte final stage Tomorrow be-
fore the United States railroad labor
board.
u. ". Jewell, president Of the railroad
dcpartmcnt Of the America Federation
Of Labor and his colleague. Frank J..
Walsh. counsel. and W. Jett Lauck.
economist appear then before tho board
in support OF the railroad shop crafts'
national agrcemennts.
II IS said that his testimony IN an
swcr 20 the presentation OF the railways
will require seven weeks.
The subject Of rules and working con-
dit:cns. however. has been almost super
seeded since the railways made their plea
or the wage issue which has come to the
fore. through the action OF te railroads
~ Ealing conferences with their en-
ployes preliminary 10 wage reductions.
There were :nd.ca tions that the board
Nil be flooded with wage disputes be-
to-. il can fnish with the rules ana
working conditions or national agree
ments" Labor leaders said that an
upen break VAS possible. which might
ia.d to their withdrawal from furthe:
discussions
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1921-03-14
|NATFWAN BATTLE MURDER TRIAL
NEARS END; BITTERLY CONTESTED

detectives had been conducting eyie-
tions At Matewan on the day OF the
tragedy AT Ihs instance OF tho coal
operators Felts. brother Of Albert,
is general manager OF the Baldwin
te!tS detective agency.
Judge Bailey imnIed!a tely ruled tha
no nember OF the miners union q coal
operator o. an empioye OF hinSo mine
should be placed on the jury panel.
Since the trial began the state has
sought 10 prove that there was con-
sr!racy among the accused men 10 kill
I'etts and six other Baldwin-F<lts de-
tect:ves who had been evicting union
miners al Matevan on the day Of tho
shooting. The defense. on the othe:
Rand. has attempted TO bring before t1s
jury that tho defendants fought in sett
defense after alleged threats had been
made against Sid Hatfield. chief OF pol
Ice ami principal defendant: Mayor 4.
q. TrStermann and others il they in
ierrcrrcd.'
Another week. il is considered, viii
Prove whether Captain s. 3. Avis -
harlcston leading the states attack. or
J :. Ccnir. OF Wheeling. FOR the de-
tense. has won the case.
Other Trials Slated
OF court Judge Bailey announced that
TIE April term would begin Immediately
after the completion Of tn. Felts trial.
There are seyera! cases on tho April
docket in connection with the industrial
controversy. but the most important Of
:hcm is the Anse Hatheid case.
Anse Hatfield. proprietor OF tho uriah
hotel at Mate~an. was to have been IN
important state witness IN tho present
trial but was shot and killed by unideu-
tilted persons as he sat In front OF his
hosteIry last August. Talt. HALLE and
I'd Chambers and Sid liatneld are
pa nAd az hcinS imr''ta led in thu deaf.
of .Anse Hatfield. Tre state claims that
II has scmc startling testimony to ofieH.
On tho assertion ths, loss OF con"
hinged Hathcld's dean. the prosecution
will seek ,cnvict.,n II ! sid but fur
ther than that. the state will not un-
cover its case.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1921-03-14

The PROCESSION started al noon from
ST stephens Green. and the paratArS
marched iuu- Hhreast In military order
: IN complete dchanca ct IN" m.iitn"" C"g-
uiatlOnS. They reCr.VCd constant ar-
cessionS III strength from women and
girls coming uu, - II" 'uurrn"S and
also were ,u.ned hy lhOuSa nds - ,''.-
zrns .nc,ud.ng man" hundreds ~ I:.-I
Nnluu;"rrS. There wI~ no ~. ":"g, nee
itum thc police
Es.,.aInG Moan: joy r'.>"r Nrs'c 'r."
C"nd"mU"d m"a 81" ."''a''"io - .."
omen lr&cd uN 40 G".'n along ." ~ :
"n wa and p,aN'"' r''ntr harnsIS ,,.-
N"Si;" ia" gates. Then the hn"'' and
r"ri',l n" Rosary. after wh.,N ;n
,nrntly d >pSrsc6
r., Lord Mayor q. nuhnn and TAT ~
OLlanaEun .si,c1 Tho ,n0dcmncd men
this morning. They reported that th"l
were facing their lat" with c"mpoSurc.
throughout Saturday .ich} -" ron.
NcrrnrI n. r who are narr'd 81" - ,rI5
rnr above The other sIrc Irish >u7-.,
Unless an ei".ruth h"C- ~'pr;"v" :
forthcoming they will Il" halEST y
pairs beginning Il: ~ rl""k M"N'.:sN
morning Tho hrGls ~ 'nr INST W
VII. remain ,usrcnGcl "n" .ru". wen
Tho rrxi goo ,,i!l L. *. .i'"t. Nr"'Hn
an! Moran who Wr"c CON-. "'"I of rru-
r's,ify ~ ;r" aIH:nE IT .5'"'.!$ru," -.
i,"rs = nibl.n on N"l"mh'" - "'H aN
could nave mE3c h:, cap 49,. J',~r.
Tr,i.uz from 'He X .;mainham "a ON"
timo aso but l." refused tN'> 'rrn"".
sa,rE l." VAS lrrorrnt ~ 'rA rim"
charged aga.nSt H,m and "rGia be -
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1921-03-14
Contents Of Secret Volume
From Wilhelm's Pen Dl-
vulged--Deals With the
Mobilizations Of - 4
That Preceded the World
War

Tho H.suc. March l3.-(By The .\s-
.or,a,.d P-essl--ln tho book no "'S
written for private distribution In a."
a,,.mp, TO show that Great Britain wa"
rcsponSib,e ror the world wa:' form'r
r.nprr- William Of Germany. 'h1ouSh'
op, always speaks OF himself IN the
third person. He paints william IL IS
\ man who tried fer thirtF years Z"
maintain pcaco IN Europe. but says To-
vas foiled by tho pertid!ouS machIh"'
,in,,s or Great Britain, France and Eu'-
S.d. 49,
a. .cng ago as 1905. tn" 'orm"7
.,iser savS. ne tired to found !caSCn
81 rai'orS. ,,, :,
Although ~ run cory of IN" '"'N -
%. a,ai,b.a and both N" former cn'
,ano-. cn.ou-agc AMI tho pu'ch ana
German governments ar" ~crT'Sn
cause Of the puh'lra'icn ~ nr'et cA =
,-,r,s from, I, sufficient or thH contents
=, ,he ,olun,. have leaked ou' 70 'hn'-
ca,e tho general trend o. me sn''es
vor, rhe leak way principally aue 20
,hn Berlin correspondent o: the Rouer-
dam NaaSbodcs.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1921-03-14
Coat Of Tar Is Given
Non-Partisan LeagueTS
Former United States Senator
Burton Escorted Out Of
Kansas Community

Great Rend. Kans.. March 13.-petaiis
of the anti non partisan league demon
s,-auor in Butler county yesterday and
last night, which reached climax IN
the csccrtirg from Great Bend or j.
Ralph Burton. former United states
senator from Kansas. and the tarrins OF
Joe Stevic. and 4. 4. Parsons. OF the
;.aeue revealed to-day that Stsvic and
Parsons were compelled 10 apply q coat
ing % tar To themselves after their
clothing had been removed. After they
had been forced By the crowd OF seve1l
hundred men 20 roll on the ground their
clothing was returned and they were
told to leave the county
The whereabouts Of Stevic and Par
sons. who arc state organizer and state
(Coutnusd on Page E1IhG)
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1921-03-14
Airplane Kills An Aged
Ohio Woman On Beach

Jacksonville. Fla. March H. Mrs. \.
Hollenhuf1. aged -. or NanUert. ONO,
was almost instantly KILLED TODAY at
Pablo Reach 10y an atrplane driven by
Monte Rolfc o. Augusta, Ga. Ro'fe WAS
aItrrrrr'rg u mako 4 lanh'nS on IN"
h.,ch and annarentiy did no; see Mrs
WolIenLofr. who was STOPPING 10 gathss
0eA leaves.
The rAre struck hsr In the "ide and
she dled a few momcnts later \ deputy
sheriff iooG charge of Fo!fe pehn'hS an
investigation Of the accident.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1921-03-14
Bodies Of 1903 US,
Soldiers Brought Back

New York. March IS Tho bodies o.
1908 American soldiers Who died IN
Franco durirg tho var arrived here TO-
iay. on the transport Sommo from Ant
we-p.
Eve hundred and oIghty-soven sol
diers who have been serving IN the
American army on the Rhine, returned
on the TRANSPORT. which wall dock ,c-
morrow
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1921-03-14
Soviet Government at Omsk
Reported Ovcrthrown -
Prayers at Harbm for Sue
cess of Revolt
Harhin, Maurhuria. March IL
There arc persistent rlmorS Of
anti.Bolshcviki riSingS al Nmsk
and krasnovarsk. in Siberia.

HarhIr. NIE"nuria. March I'.--Th"
ra,iEalS running bHtwcth pmSk ana
Tumen om~H and kuTS"r. and OmSN
and Nar;ensk have been captured by the
n SU-gcn;S and the Soviet government
oIc-'h"oun. The ccnt-eS Of commun cA =
ION between l;uSe.L and Siberia hav"
been broken OK s:nt..' me middle O. FEB
,uarv. The resumption OF railway trHf-
&c ul'h nS-Baikiia has been posi-
ponei indefinitely.
The Jews n H..rh.n fear proST"'n
4 mass haa h"rn held N The cathedra'
acre At which prayers were offered Tor
,,c success o. the insurgents.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1921-03-14
NOTED EnenTEER DEAD.

Chicago. Mar7'h I3.--Alb~-t Wolf no.
"a engineer. died today A. hlan'i"
CT. Y. J ~" h"innd n 1~Srgn M
Fads hridgs A. 81. LOUIS. ard TOOK =
prominent part In ~" dcvc'opr7cn; -
sk.istou constructed sAysCrar>"~. ~
onA time he was connected win tho
C-eicago. Rock Island i E@c,i'' rA.'"Py.
and practirsd his p.cfE ~>'"n n Npn-
t.rs. philadelpha and Chicago.