davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1921-12-11

treaties they had signed on the other they SYM
pathized with the American view to what was
the wise and right thing to do
X * X
The dispute was long and basis for COM
promise difficult to find. Finally Wilson announced
that he would negotiate no longer but would pub
lisl his and appeal to the world. Lloyd
George urged him to delay He pointed out that
Orlando not the difficulty, but the intense
national sentiment of Italy which refused to evacu-
ate the territory concerned, and that publication
would cnly harden that sentiment and make agree
ment impossible. Wilson agreed to postpone
ment for couple of days. Lloyd George then set
to work more to try to bring Orlando and
Wilson nearer to- agreement. He had got some
way and hupefuflof success, when the news
came that Wilson's letter had been published on
the stroke of time.s AS he had predicted, the effect
of the letter not to influence the Italian
pie toward moderation. but to excite them to fury.
Orlando announced his intention of going imme-
diately to Rome to consult his parliament Lloyd
George urged him not to go. He told him that he
would have triumphal journey, but that his
triumph would make his own fall certain
the excitement had died down and compromise
again in the air. But Orlando insisted, had
his triumph, and within few weeks had fallen
from office. Eventually two years later, the ques-
ton settled by direct agreement between Italy
and Jugoslavia very much on the lines of the COM
promise Lloyd George had endeavored to bring
about
The second difficult was over Shantung
and the Pacific Islands. In January, 1917 when
the Germans started the unlimited submarine war
the allied admiralties their wits end to find
anti-submarne craft There was only Japan to
turn to. Japan consented to send torpedo boats
to protect the Mediterranean routes but con-
dition that France and Great Britain agreed to
support their claims inherit German rights
in the far east north of the equator in the final
settlement. The admiralties were insstent that
this naval assistance was VITAL and in February
the assurance was given, Japan at the same time
undertaking to support any claim Britain might
make to inherit German rights in the southern
Pacific. 1t is curious to think that had the United
States declared war two months earlier the assur-
ance pedgng the French and British attitude'would
never have been. given
When the peace conference, therefore. came to
Evening star., 1921-12-11
By Philip KeJt
(His Secretary, 1917-R!
Floyd ~GEORGE-TheM Man and His Times b. BY *e@ H

on;n,on the greatest single safeguard against Mr..
Democracies may get war mad. and may o(Ah-
fected by racial hatred greed. but they are Ter
likely to plot and plan war for reasons OF perE9ai
profit and aggrandizement as are governments f9n-
trolled by courtier military cliQues ~,
Secondly Europe for the first time was founMed
fairly and squarely upon nationality. There THre
great economic disadvantages in the solution. "a
everybody now sees. But the greatest cankerHfn
the old system. the cutting of nationaltieSs8s-
tween conflicting autocratic empires. had beenTe-
moved ss
Thirdly. the idea had been definitely laid down
in the peace that was the concern of all ga
tions, and that they must combine to try to Ne-
vent It by conference and negotiation before hay
ing recourse to force Lloyd George did not THINK
the machinery of the league was perfect, but ne
was convinced that the idea for which 1t stands
had come to stay.
Finally a commencement had been made with
disarmament. Conscrip.ion had been abolished in
central Europe. AS we have seen. Lloyd George
endeavored induce the allies to enter into s6me
arrangement about armaments at Paris. The
Washington conference indeed is giving effect al
a more seasonabe time to what Lloyd George had
originally proposed.
For the rest, Lloyd George has too keen f,fs-
torical sense to believe that any settlement could
bring a millennium attempt to make one which
could be final. Every treaty. every peace Is but a
milestone, registering the position at this time,
but the highway runs on all the time, and it is at
further milestones along that highway that the
ideals disappointed in 1918 will come to frution.
1t is the fashion today to decry the work of
the peace conference. History will probably re-
verse that judgment If anything. the peace con-
ference ahead of its times. 1t planned q set
tement which contained within itself seeds Of
fresh war, and it created machinery designed to
adjust international differences by conference and
conciliation, The hopes of mankind have been
frustrated not much because the settlement
was bad. but because the nations have not been
able to live up to it. Passion, fear and prejudice
still dominate the old world. and Indifference and
self-centeredness the new. Had the nations set TO
work to make the best Of the peace and of the
machinery 1t created instead, of Grabbing it and
settling back into their old grooves things might
be- far better than they are today.
ccspyrght 1921. By Mcclure Newspaper syndeats)
Evening star., 1921-12-11

means least, the Balfour declaration ana tne Hion-
ist aspirations in Palestine
The problem was intolerably complex. Whlcn-
ever way one turned one met an insurmountaole
dif,culty. Lloyd George thought that the Key 10
the solution was that the United states snouio oe
given the free hand to deal with Constantinope'
Turkey and Armenia. as she cnose out .he o,ne.
allies were opposed, and it gradually became clear
that the United States was against taking any klno
Of mandatory responsibility at ALL Eventually the
conference dispersed with nothing done, and left
the supreme council to attempt to patch Things TO-
gether by degrees.
Who took the predominant part in the settlement
of vermilles? Tho question admits OF no precise
answer. Facts were, as always IN poneics' the oe
cisive things. No statesman however eminent ana
strong can alter them, and the peace OF Paris was
Fundamentally governed by the facts OF Europe at
the time None the less, the personal factor fs I'M
mensely important OF personalities at Paris three
1,are dominant Clernenceau, Wilson and Lloyd
George They were all strong ana able mon. NO
one of them was in any sense subordinate to or
,,a., IN. inAuence Of the other. Each exercised
decisive influence. Wilson was always looking for
ward to a new world. Clemenceau looked oack-
ward seeing Europe as It was and thinking that
It would remain what It had always been LLOYD
George stood between the two always anxious to
move forward, but refusing to go ahead Of what
he thought the people could stand. and day after
day shaping conclusions into practical reforms
The combination was good one The peace would
have been a bad peace had any OF the tnree ee-
ments been missing.
LLOYD George clearly saw that the peace had
many defects, There were features in It which
he would have altered But he thought that on
the whole it was good as it was reasonable to
expect victorious nations to agree to so near to
the termination Of world war Some OF the
worst dangers such as the dismemberment OF Ger
many, had been avoided. Other difficult features
connected with the Saar valley and the occupation
Of German territory were temporary. Looking. as
always at the practical possibilities Of the time.
Lloyd George thought that the foundation OF
new and better Europe had been truly laid.
* X \ -.
In the first place, instead Of the Hoh@nzollern
ana Hapsburg military despottsms, democracy had
prevafied right mp to the Russian border The fact
that governments were now at last amenable to
the peoples they governed was. in Lloyd Georges
Evening star., 1921-12-11
n-Italv. Russia and the East

- eME, of the greatest difficulties which Con-
NJ. .fronted the peace conference arose ou ~.
~ treaties signed between the aii'es auilns
~ var It was the eternal problem of reconc'l-
FF ing contracts with altered circumstances.
IL T,loyd George held strongly that 1t Wouio 'e
fatsE for nations to start repudaths treaties a"
Hoon as they did not suit their interests OF pecuo
Anew were incompatible with an ldeai soi''o'
Eothinr in his opinion would contribute more 10
asatS the bitterness and uncertainty which de-
s, rcys International confidence and make co-opera-
tsor impossible. Treaties were the laws governing
nsterhational conduct. and. as such' ousht u 'e
Trgattsd very sacrosanct.
rasO1 the other hand, he considered that seihs,
Dr. pe4tantic nsistence treaty rights was almost
Is sbaA as reputation Circumstances were always
SAanging and they changed laws ana treaties
had 10 be changed. too He never hestateo' mere
forsfto urge modification the parties to treaty
-<hly he contended that modification must be by'
ssnssn&
Il Not only was consent the only road to further
agreed notifications later on it was the only way
OF securing execution. Peace conferences nave no
executive power, except against the enemy Execu-
tion of decisions therefore depends upon the vol
untary action of the parties concerned
* X X
These difficulties came to a head over the Italian
frontiers and China. In 1915 treaty had been
signed between Italy. Russia, Great Britain and
France whereby Italy undertook to come INTO the
war;, while the allies undertook to support IN the
eventual negotiations for peace her claims to a
large part of Dalmatia and also to certain other
advantages in the eastern Mediterranean. The
treaty was reasonable at the time 1t secured the
assistance Italy in freedoms great struggle with
German autocracy and militarism. The frontiers
greed to were fair strategic protection against
tte great Austro- Hungarian empire. The total
disappearance of the Hapsburg monarchy, however,
and the emergence of the idea of nationality as
the basis of the European settlement changed the
stua tiou.
President Wilson. who was bound by no treaty.
naturally stood out for frontiers between Italy
and her neighbors corresponding to the nationality
line both the ground that it was Just in ITSELF
and because 1t necessary to lasting peace, m
southeastern Europe Orlando demanded steadily
his rights under the treaty-and Firhe in addition.
France and Great Britain were torn in two: on the
sae hand they held themselves Dound by the
Evening star., 1921-12-11

to induce them to stop lighting and combine in re-
building Russia on better lines.
But peace was impracticable. Neither the boil
shevks the old Russians were really ready to
meet. because neither willing yield any part
Of Russia to the other and the allies were deeply
divided themselves as to the policy to be pursued.
So the civil war in Russia continued. with the al
lies alternating between the policy of helping the
anti-bolsheviks and toying with fresh proposals
for peace. And to the end Of the conference Rus
sa remained what, to q great extent it still re-
mains an unsolved enigma.
X X
The last problem which confronted the confer
ence was that of the near east and the German
colonies It raised the mandatory question in an
acute form. It clear that many peoples IN
the world, especially in Africa, were still quite
incapable Of conducting stable government under
tho fierce pressure OF modern political and economic
competition. Some civilized power must take
charge and supervise their government until they
had learned how to govern themselves. President
Wilson wished to enshrine this principle In the
peace by transferring all German colonies ana
Turkish territories to the league OF nations, ana
making It govern them direct. France and Britain
both thought the league incapable Of doing such
work Cemenceau advocated out-and-out annexa-
tion by civilized power, Lloyd George an inter-
mediate system whereby the mandatory power
should be responsible to the league Of nations,
which should have the duty Of seeing that 1t lived
up to its responsibilities. It was on these lines
that the solution embodied in article 81 OF the
covenant was based.
So far as the German colonies were concerned
it was then decided that the powers which had
fought the German forces should become the man
datory powers. The real difficulty arose over the
east. Was Constantinople to be international
ized and. If so, who to provide the police and
military forces necessary for its protection? How
the Greek and other minorites to be protected
in Turkey? What about Armenia, where. In an
area which had once been Armenian, the Armenians
were now, largely, thanks to massacre. in hope
less minority and therefore, incapable Of maintain
ing government. A mandatory was the only So
luton, yet who was to be that mandatory! Then
Of London, the aspirations Of Greece. the strong
divergence between Great Britain ana France -
to their respective mandatory spheres in Arabia,
the desire Of the Arab intelligentsia to before
they had learned TO stand, and last, but by
Evening star., 1921-12-11

found themselves in the same situation as in ahe
case of Italy. The difficulty further increased
by the fact that the Chinese. who despite their
numbers, had evolved effective stregnth of their
own had also made treaties yielding rights to
Japan in Shantung. Japan, therefore, had good
legal case though the Chinese urged that these
treaties had been obtained by force majeure.
X X X
President Wilson stood out for the full Chinese
claims, the japanese for their full treaty rithts
In between stood NJ. ClemencaAu and Mr.. Lloyd
George, refusing to repudiate their treaty oblga-
tions, but endeavoring to arrange compromise
AS usual in politics, 1t was not a question OF de-
Gliding what was ideally right, but of what it was
possible to persuade Japan, who was in possession.
to agree to execute. 1t was Lloyd Georges view
that the best practicable plan was to make an
agreement which definitely re-established. Chinese
sovereignty in Shant,lng created Kafo-Chao
treaty port, but left Japan with Germany's eco
nonic rights defined under a treaty guarantee
This was substantially the plan eventually agreed
upon. The Chinese delegates, however, taking the
view that such an agreement was incompatible with
their independence refused to sign the treaty,
which fell to the ground. and the Japanese re-
mained in occupation
X * X X
The Russian problem brooded over the whole
conference like nightmare. At one of its opening
meetings Lloyd George said that the peace confer
ence would fail to be worthy Of its name unless
it did something to restore peace to Russia Hence
the proposal to bring together representatives of
the allies, of the bolsheviks and Of Deniken and
Koltchalk at Prinkipo to discuss the basis Of a
peaceful settlement.
Lloyd George has always taken rather Yn-
orthodox view Of the Russian situation. lifelong
liberal, he had no sympathy with the tzattst.
regime; keen student of the French revolution,
he had instructive grasp of the forces at work
and of the way in which things would work out
He never afraid Of bolshevism as such. He
thought the fervor of the revolutionary enthusiasm,
with its mady idealist experiments and awful ter
rorism. would gradully yield to the facts of life.
and settle down to much the same kind Of govern
ment, only under new labels, that Russia had had
before. He used often draw comparisons, indeed,
between the Russian and French reyolutions.s
tween -Lenin and "Trotsky, and Robespierre and
Marat to the great Indignation of this French
Leagues. His view always that the best
Evening star., 1921-12-11

There would undoubtedly develop creative pro-
grams which we might undertake both in England
and France. There great waterpower de-
velopments ready to be undertaken in France.
but in the present state Of government credit
further loans for the purpose cannot be made
1t would. nevertheless. be possible for France
to make payments to of funds that were
to be directly expended within her own
boundaries The productive capacity Of France
could be increased, her fuel situation could
Evening star., 1921-12-11

~ UEsTIONs indicate interest.
There certainly questions
Y enough asked about the plan for
handling the interaled Indebtedness
to the United states which recently pre-
sented to the Economic Club to leave no
doubt that people are interested.
That plan. briefly, suggested that the pay
ment to us by the allies of the interest. and
gradually the principal. of what they owe
would probably not only be an impossible
drain upon their resources, but so far as they
did pay it would dsorganze our industrial
affairs, because payment would have to be
made in goods. To avoid the danger of ruin
ing our debtors and harming ourselves, it
was suggested that for a time the interest
payments be devoted to the rehabilitation of
Europe, expended under our direction. There
would be relation between the source of
the payment and the place of expenditure.
Much of the expenditure would be in the
form of revolving credits and would result
in replacing allied obligation with obligations
of other governments. but with the further
specific security of the railway, grain ware
house hydro-electric plant or other work
that had been undertaken.
The most frequent question that is asked
is: If the allies unable to pay US interest
on the debt. how would it be possible for
them to put cash in our hands to make such
expenditures have suggested for the re-
apparently difficult for people to grasp the
economic difference between making a pay
ment to here in America and making pay
ments to be expended under our direction in
Europe. If payments cannot be made to us
here, many fail to how they could be
made if they were not brought here
There is. 1 think. distinct difference in
the difficulties involved in the two forms of
payment.
X X
Let us take. for example, the situation in
Italy. Italy is one Of the richest countries
in Europe in its effective labor supply. 1t is
one Of the poorest countries in native raw
material. There is at the present time much
unemployment The official figures Of unem-
ployment when in Italy were 100000.
and unemployment has been steadily increas-
ing Italy is doing better than almost any
other European country in balancing its
budget. 1t is not only levying taxes. but is
collecting them. 1t has actually reduced its
circulating notes. having cut down its note
circulation from the high point more than
100000 900 lire. The weakness of the Italian
situation lies in the necessity for imports and
the inability to export under present condi-
tions. For the first five months Of this year
Italian imports were In excess Of 6,500.000.000
lire. while exports were 2,e77oo0.O00 lire,
leaving excess Of imports s.s4s.ooo.ooo lire.
If Italy were to pay US here in America, the
deficit in her foreign trade balance would be
increased by the amount she paid u.s. That
is obviously impossible.
On the other hand, IL we were to undertake,
for example. the development of hydro-electric
power in Italy, she could readily furnish all
the labor and a considerable amount Of the
industrial manufactures connected with such
an undertaking. She could domestically raise
Boo $LAk.
Evening star., 1921-12-11

On the other hand, IL we were to undertake,
for example. the development Of hydro-electric
power in Italy, she could readily furnish all
the labor and a considerable amount Of the
industrial manufactures connected with such
an undertaking. She could domestically raise
the credit for that work. The result Of such
program might well be the furnishing Of a
Evening star., 1921-12-11

CONTINUED on Third Paxs.G,
Evening star., 1921-12-11
By FRANK A. VANDERBILT.

indicate interest.
There are certainly question
enough asked about the plan fo
handling the interallied indebtedness
Evening star., 1921-12-11

ONE of the greatest difficulties wh'ch CON"
- fronted the peace conference arose out oi
Astreaties signed between the allies during ',ie
war 1t was the eternal problem OF reco'ie
alto cir stances.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1921-10-28
GIFT GRAIN CREATES
new FARM MARKETS
FARMERS HELP IN FAMINE
BRINGS NEW BUYERS FOR
AMERICAN PRODUCTS

Giving grain to save the lives of
famine sufferers in foreign lands is the
most effective advertising work ever
done to build up new markets for
American farm products, according to
n. J. Holmberg, state commissioner of
agriculture.
Gifts of grain shipped by farmers of
Minnesota and nine other midwest
states this summer have resulted in the
purchase Of 17,8OO,00O pounds of corn
products by the Polish government. All
these products were milled from corn
grown on American farms. Poland
made the purchase soon after the first
gift corn from the United States
reached the Polish famine, sufferers
and the government found that it
made excellent food. A report by the
American Farm Bureau federation,
showing that Poland bought 5000 tons
Of corn products, nearly three times the
amount Of Minnesota gifts, as direct
result Of the farmers grain relief cam
paign, has been received by the Near
East Relief committee in Minnesota.
1t is being sent out to elevators and
farm organizations in the 68 counties
in which farmers have been asked to
make small gifts Of grain to fight
another famine, this time in southern
Russia and Armenia.
Gifts may be turned over to practi-
cally any country elevator. Almost
without exception, country elevators
are giving their services free in receiv-
ing and shipping the grain.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1921-10-28

vim that the visitors maintained
throughout the game. The local boys
proved weak on the defensive, except
for occasional flashes, and they seemed
unable to cling to the pigskin on the
passes. On the other hand St. Cloud
got several points that were unearned
and purely a matter Of luck. One of
these was touchdown on blocked
punt by Little Falls and another
was safety, made when Little Falls
fumbled pass near the St. Cloud goal.
No scoring took place in the first
quarter, neither side being able to get
even within striking distance Of the
goal. In the second quarter Little
Falls kicked off. St. Cloud attempted q
forward pass but fumbled the ball and
Little Falls got possession of it. They
punted twenty yards and st: Cloud got
the ball, carrying it to within yard
of the goal On series Of line buck,
and end runs. - Here Little Falls held
them for the fourth down and got pos
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1921-10-28

Geo. Olson home in Ramey Sunday.
Miss Carrie Sprandel, who is teach
ing at Aitkin, spent the weekend at
her home here.
The Misses Alta Gravel and Nay
belle Leblanc were in Onamia over
Sunday visiting Miss Gravc1's parents,
Mr.. and Mrs. Fred Gravel.
Mr.. and Mrs. Isidor Michels of Eau
Claire. Wis, and Mr.. and Mrs. julius
Michele Of St. Paul were here visiting
Mr.. and Mrs. Peter Niichels Sunday.
Isidor and Julius are sons Of MIR. and
Mrs. Michels Of this city.
Mrs. Al. Matteson went to Mlnnea-
polls Sunday, called by the illness Of
her sister-in-law, Mrs VIM. Wright.
Mrs. VIM. Spencer and children of
Malta, Mont, Mr.. and Mrs. Herman
Newman, Mr.. and Mrs. Louis Gilk,
Mrs Margaret Gilk and John Gilk of
Albany were here Sunday visiting Mr..
and Mrs. J. H. Van Looa.
A. r. Peterson came down from
Walker Sunday and left Monday for
Longville, where he has bridge con-
tracts. Mrs. Peterson accompanied
him there.
MISS Josephine hastonek OF Plerz
was in the city Monday, enroute to st.
Cloud to attend commercial school.
Mr.. and Mrs. J. A. L. Walman Of
Minneapolis arrived here Saturday for
/; visit with relatives. Mr.. Walman re-
turned home Sunday but Mrs. Walman
remained for longer visit.
NJ. and Mrs. J. w. Crossfeld and son
Herman and Martin and Jacob Super
motored to Holdingford and st. Cloud
Sunday. s.. ....