davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Deming graphic., 1921-10-25
TRANSFERS OF CREDIT

| Announcement In Just received to The
effect that one OF the first transfers
OF credit made by the War Finance Cor
porat.on under the new powers of the
Kellogg Act IL loan Of $15.OOOyWD
made to the United States Grain Grow
fcrs Inc, the large cooperative grain
marketing rganization set up during
the past year by the American Farm
Bureau Federation.
According to the statement just Is
sued by ]. NJ. Anderson, v.ce-president
and chairman OF the sales committee
of the Grain Growers, the money Is to
become available at once and is TO be
used to finance grain marketing for
the thousands Of members In the north
western states. Growers are to be ad-
vanced from % 30 70 per cent Of the
present market price which will enable
them to hold their graln.un the pres
ent unduly depressed market quota
tions occasoned by unprecedented dump
ing OF grain on all markets during rs-
cent months reach the true value.
No better tribute TO the soundness
and financial stability Of the farmers
Deming graphic., 1921-10-25

You viii want bottle Of the wonder
ful Tanlac remedy You can get II
from RoSser Drug company.
Deming graphic., 1921-10-25

The only explanation Of Tanlac's
great success Is Tanlac's true worth.
Sold by Rosser Drug eompany.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1921-02-20
Five Times as Fast as Others.
So Moving Target Is Not Safe

While admitting II might be difficult for
. single airplane 10 drop bomb on a battle
ship Gen. Mitchell took pains 10 make clear
that I'm modern air strategy one plane would
seldom, IL ever be called upon 10 attempt
such task. An organization OF a great
number OF airplanes would be used thus
getting the effect OF collective bombing.
For instance. in attacking q target from
4 height Of 2 600 or 5000 feet, a lombard
mcnt OF three groups, each containing about
ono hundred planes, would be used These
bombing planes would be protected by pur-
suit light swift lighting planes Each
squadron would have one observer who
directs the squadron on the target When
liz throws his bombs all the others throw
theirs, each squadron dropping several tons
Each squadron would attack IN the same
fashion. and IL ono missed the target
altogether the observer would tell the next
squadron by wireless Just why they missed
md what should be done to avoid missing
again. With 300 planes attacking, tho area
covered rs approximately two miles square
SO that some arc considered certain to hit.
a blue print diagram OF 251 bombs dropped
from 5000 feet upon n target the size OF
modern battcship shows fifty-nvc direct
hits. fifty within the danger zone, or total
Of 41.S per cent Of destructive hits Sach
records, according to Gen. Mitchell are being
made every day in practice by Air Service
aviators IN many Instances aviators have
made eighty per cent. of hits at 900 feet.
After 500 years Of cannon development, Cen
Mitchell asserted, five per cent. Of hits at
10000 yards Il good average while the AIR
Service does much better after four years
OF development
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1921-02-20

Under this plan OF campaign an air battle
would always precede the naval engagement
between ships and the victor of the air battle
at will.
Great Britain. according 70 Gen. Mitchell
has adopted this theory Of naval warfare and
already has NJ least six arpanc carriers
while Japan is also going in on large scale
AS an immediate step toward the rcaliza-
ton OF this plan Cen. Mitchell recommends
that the Leviathan. the Won Steuben and
tho Agamemnon he converted into airplano
carriers though these ships arc not as large
or as fast as he would like. Tho I.cviathan
he estimates, would carry twenty-five bonn
bardmcnt planes, the Won Stcuben one hum
dred pursuit planes and the Agamemnon
fifty attack planes. With this nucleus he
believes the United states would he able TO
put to practical test many Of tho plans which
the Air Service strategists have worked out
The Jupiter, now being converted by the
navy into an airplane carrier Gen. Mitchell
regards MS little better than worthless. He
designates her as q scow, capable Of maxi
ing fourteen knots an hour under favorable
conditions. Such vessel, he says, would
not be able 10 keep up with the fleet, TO say
nothing OF preceding u.
For seaplanes the General has little or no
use. He believes they arc Of practically no
value in war, and nc discounts any effect
they might have ia preventing an attack on
the fleet by hostile aircraft. lie asserts with
out qualification that scaplanos cannot exist
IN the facc ~ hostile aircraft Of most im-
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1921-02-20
idea of One Air Department
Especially for Building End

THE second heading under which may be
discussed the proposition of combining all Of
aviation in a single and new department is
that of the production Of machines. The
proposition TO produce under a single head
and under ono organization Is alluring but
will not stand close scrutiny with the avia-
ton art in it's present experimental condi-
tion. The navy has not yet developed the
type Of machine suited to its needs and
until the present ii has struggled with the
soaplane or with adaptations Of the army
types Land machines. land tactics and
knowledge Of overland aviation in general are
well advanced. The contrary is true in 40
far as the perfection Of naval apparatus and
naval aviation methods are concerned.
THE third heading under which the oh
lection to 2 combined service may be dis
cussed Is that OF efficiency Of operations
Except in the elementary work Of learning
to ny there can be no doubt that the train
ing and operations of the personnel engaged
ia naval aviation are entirely different from
tho training and operations Of those who
work overland i'm conjunction with armies
The useful application Of flying is the inn
portant detail FOR the aviator In war. and or
the difficulties with which tho naval aviator
contends the soldier can have no knowledge.
The details Of communications and Of posi-
ton finding arc Of paramount Importance.
The aviation arm must be employed In COM
bination with our other arms and not in
depcndently."
Capt. Craven then quotes Gen Pershing
as favoring separate aviation organizations
and then quotes prominent British officials
as saying the consolidation plan IN effect
in Great Britain has not been satisfactory
II must be admitted, however. that most OF
the authorities quoted are naval mon.
Gen Mitchell answers Capt Craven's argu-
nents. IL least 10 his own satisfaction
end insists that under the consolidation
scheme not only would much more efficient
aviation service be developed but also the
Government would he saved great deal Of
money III the long run.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1921-02-20

retention of aviation as a concrete part ot tho
organizations of the navy and also Of the
army may be defended under three separate
heads.
The first is that of economy. II an en-
tirely separate and distinct organization for
the control Of aviation is created the clabo-
rate systems now in existence in the navy
and the army for the procurement and trans
portation Of materials must be duplicated IN
this new organization. A new personnel and
another medical department together with .
legal section containing the officers of a
Judge advocate and solicitor, must be created
for the new service. The radio and COM
muncation organizations now existing must
be duplicated.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1921-02-20
Continued from Preceding Page.

hattleship has been rendered obsolete. II
was 50 with the torpedo boat; 1t was SO
with the submarine; 1t is now so with the
development Of the aircraft.
History has shown, however, that for
every new weapon against the battleship
defence has developed either by modifi-
cation Of the battleship itself or by adopt
Ing a new weapon or new type of vessel TO
work with the battleship. At the battle of
.Iutland, for instance, both the British and
Germans had an enormous number of tor
pedo craft Had either side been without
these auxilarieS there is no doubt that its
battleships would have suffered severely.
As matter Of fact the damage done 10 the
hattleships by torpedoes was very slight.
The torpedo craft Of each side largely pro
tected its batteshins from those of its on
poncnt. and even nj night the battleshipS
themselves. particularly those of the Ger
mans, showed surprising ability TO defend
themselves against attacks of the swarms
Of small torpedo vessels present.
Developments Of the past year have con
1rmed the conclusions Of the department
that battleships were still the backbone of
the fighting fleet and this Is no time for
their abandonment.
"Great Britain. coming out Of the war
with an overwhelming preponderance of
battleships and battle cruisers, has under
taken no large new construction during the
year There were runners from time to time
that this was because the British We're
preparing to abandon battleships but these
rumors were authoritativey set at rest
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1921-02-20
In oval above is Capt. Thomas
Tingey Craven, U. S. NJ, in charge of
aviation, who combats Gen. Mitchelrs
assertions.

So far movement OF any target on land
or water is concerned, according to Gen
Mitchell, the effect is practically negligible
whore collective bombing is concerned.
There is nothing on the ground or water
that can move more than one-fifth fast
an airplane. Though stating it as his belief
that the airplane would eventually displace
the warship to a considerable extent, Gen.
Mitchell made IL perfectly plain that he does
rot favor interruption of the present navy
programme. Asked by Congressman French
If we would be safe in disregarding any
weapon We now have on land, he said
I'VE would not favor abandoning such
weapons either on the land or on the sea.
You cannot do II yet, but you will be able
to do 50 on the sea before long. We must
first play safe and improve and substitute
as we go along"
ON another occasion, in reply to a ques-
ton as TO whether he would eliminate the
navy, he said:
oh. you cannot do II Mt this stage of
development: but YOU must realize that
aircraft have the power. IL developed. 70
destroy shipping. | think the navy's mis-
sion in national defence Is the protection OF
sea communication. / believe that the air
force can control sea communications II
properly organized and developed, for the
reason that II has the power Of offence con-
stanty with It over shipping on the surface
Of the water. because II has the power Of
destroying any shipping, and a development
Of equipment, armament and methods will
make IL vastly stronger"
Asked if he favored dscontinuance Of the
present building programme for battle cruis-
ers and battleships. Cen Mitchell said:
II consider that n naval matter. You
must consider what they can. do with the
navy as opposed to an enemy navy at
present"
And again when asked II he would advise
Congress to substitute air defence for
water" he said.
Most decidedly not. You cannot do It.
You would simply render our country sub
Jet TO the attack of other nations who
would have that advantage"
Gen. Mitchell did insist. however, that the
indications are that with proper develop
ment air weapons can be SO improved as To
make naval weapons of secondary import
ance and he takes the stand that for Con-
gross 70 refuse to lend its support 70 such
development while Great Britain and Japan
and other nations arc concentrating on tho
sir " To invite national catastrophe.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1921-02-20
Sesplanes Wholly Condemned
Because of Lack of Speed

'One thing that we most strcnuously OBJ
jected to-" he said, was tho covering Of our
coasts with flying boats. because tho minute
the enemy went into them he would puncture
them like putty, and the money put into
them, II regarded from the standpoint of
coast defence, would be largely wasted"
a seaplane, according 20 Gen. Mitchell,
makes from 90 TO 40 miles an hour. whereas
the pursuit plane can make from 100 to 100
miles m hour
Gen Mitchell urged upon the Appropria-
tions Comm ttcc tho advisability of CON
centrating the air service of the country
under one distinct department AT present
he pointed out, there is navy air service
an army air service, a Marine Corps air
service, a Post Office Department air SER
vice. and other departments are consider
ing the establishment Of mir services. This
year Congress has set aside over $780,
600 900 for these various aviation services.
Gen. Mitchell contends that there is
much unnecessary duplicat on and gem
oral incfiiciency. lie charges that the
navy IS not making proper plans Tor the
employment Of aircraft in naval warfare
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1921-02-20
Gen. Mitchell Gives Full Answer
And Emphasizes the Initiatiy

Gen. Mitchell Gives Full Answer
And Emphasizes the Initiative
Discussing these phases of the question
before the House Appropriations Committee;
Gen. Mitchell said:
"The air services all over the world are
charged among other things. with the at
lacking Of shipping, including hattlesh!ps
Consequently we have to study how battle
ships are constructed and how secondary
ships. such destroyers and supply ships
and cruisers, are constructed, so that we can
properly apply our weapons against them
In the air we always have the power of
initiative over anything Of slower speed lf
you 90 after a thing that has slower speed
than YOU have YOU can always get 70 IT,
Consequently IL you get to thing the
measure Of it's destruction Is a question of
development of armament. and that is ali
II is.
IF you can get to the thing, il Is a dues-
ton whether you can develop sufficient ar
find on the water is that we have superior
ity Of speed Of from five to eight times thai
of the very fastest surface vessels. The
second thing is that they cannot conceal
themselves under trees or in holes in the
ground or in buildings. as soldiers do on
land. They cannot do II either in the day
time or at night. The air service is now
working over shipping all the time from its
principal school Of aviation at Langley
Field. We are working over the water a
great deal of the time and we know what
the problem is"
Speaking Of anti-aircraft guns. the Cen
eral, who had supreme charge of all the
American air forces in the A. r. Il. during
the world war, said:
Our experiences in the war taught us
that we should have no fear Of anti-aircraft
fire. j have had as high as thirty machine
guns assigned TO protect one observation
balloon from airplanes at ChateauThierry.
All the anti-aircraft defence that was pos
Siblc from the ground never prevented
hostile air force from attacking If they had
sufficient control Of the air; in fact. we had
one balloon shot down by German arpanes
as often as five times in one day There
was one thing definitely proved and that
was that we had comparatively little to fear
from any fire from the ground
Practically the only way 10 get an air
man out Of the air is for another airman
to do IL. Anti-arcraft guns arc not ef-
fective against aircraft in general. and will
he less effective from the deck Of a vessel.
because we will know exactly where they
are located-they won't be hidden behind
trees and camoulage, and we know that the
first bomb we drop will put the anti-aircraft
defence out of business
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1921-02-20
Carriers 10 Handle 100 Planes
And Precede the Main Fleet

For transporting his great fighting groups
OF planes he would have Floating airdromes"
swift aircraft carriers capable OF making
greater speed than the swiftest destroyer
Or battle cruiser and with o capacity Of
hundred or moro planes. These carriers
would form q movable base from which the
aircraft could operate. and they would pre-
code tho main fleet by q considerable dis
lance, depending upon their speed and air
planes FOR protection.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1921-02-20

The second deck of the Indiana
looking aft and showing a part of the
devastation done by single high ex-
plosive bomb.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1921-02-20

ditions must OF necessity be inc0nclus1ve IS
10 actual performance under war condi-
tons There is no doubt, however that the
future employment of aircraft in connection
with naval operations will introduce new
problems OF attack and defence of far reach
ing Importance. They will become increas-
iDgly valuable adjuncts of the fleet"
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1921-02-20
Only Adjuncts of the Fleet.
Is Comment on Airplanes

THE capital ship survived this perhaps
thz most serious danger 70 which IL has yet
been exposed. and further improvements in
underwater protection as well as in other
ways have greatly minimized 1t. q.
Finally came the bomb and torpedo carry
ing aircraft 10 contest tho supremacy OF
tho capital ship, as we'll as Of ali surface
vessels. Great things not yet accomplished
arc predicted hy the inventors and cnthu-
siastic supporters Of those new weapons.
hat II past experience has any value II may
bc as confidently pred cited that equally fer
lie invention will provide means for meet
ing the future development Of these weap-
ons and that they, like their dangerous
predecessors, viii continue to he only adj
iuncts Of tho fleet. Already aircraft have
been successfully employed in the war
against aircraft
NO one can foretcll what the develop
ments in aviation may bring ia the modifca-
ton Of present accepted types NJ surface
vessels. but it may be- confidently asserted
that changes ~ type due TO this influence
will be slow and viii not seriously affect the
value Of tho ships now built or TO be built
in the near future.
at present tho defence Of surface ships
against aircraft attack whether by bombs
or torpedoes, seems fairly well solved 1t
consists mainly in meeting aircraft with air
craft The limitations OF aircraft are such
that there Is no reason why both sides prop
crly prepared. should not have aircraft nj
hand when tho time and place for their use
rises. Victory IN the air viii depend upon
tic greater efficiency In personnel ana ma
t,rial IN the air service. Hence the need
Tor immediate training and preparation In
aviation.
Aviation development ovor tho land has
Progressed far more than over the water
Tho difficulties OF the effective use OF air
craft over tho water against ships arc M.
comparahly greater. During the war tho
damage 70 surface vessels from aircraft was
practically negligible. II Is easy to lay a
bomb On the deck Of n ship explode Il from
sAfc ulace. and then oxciaim TN wonder II
the damage caused. But II Is a very differ
ent matter TO place that same bomb from the
dir when under gunfre or attack from other
planes.
The same Is true Of the torpedo launched
from aircraft The characteristic Weaknesses
r. the torpedo under the necessary condi-
tons Of operations make hit from the air
difficult under tho best conditions. but con-
codlng II can be done tests under peace con-
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1921-02-20
Great Britain's Vast Aerial Fleet
Stirs Gen. Mitchell 70 Act

Notwithstanding these statements. Gen.
Mitchell has asserted that Great Britain
is building the greatest aerial fleet in the
world and is at the present time vastly
superior 10 the United States in this branch
Of warfare.
The Senate Naval Affairs Committee took
the view OF Secretary Daniels when IL ncor-
porated into It's report to the Senate the
recommendations of the Navy General
BOARD The idea that capital ships can be
done away with by torpedo craft, subma
rnes or airplanes is based on the "old fall
lacy that war can be cheapy won by hit
ting, lodging and running" the General
Board stated
To day" the report continued, "the OPP
ronents OF the battleship are basing their
arguments upon the present and prospec-
tive. especially the prospective. development
70 submarines and aircraft. 1t Is the old
lattle OF words over again like that of the
torpedo against the big ship. the gun against
armor speed against concentrated fighting
power We are asked TO accept hopes for
accomplishment Tho submarine
Is the most su ccessful weapon in it's qualities
Of concealment and surprise yet advanced.
1t came near winning the war for Germany.
But. as always. necessity and invention COM
bined found means TO meet the menace and
reduce It to comfortable limits.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1921-02-20

proved design. The seaplanc he says, has
no speed or ceiling" cannot land in water
with ice in IL without being punctured, can
not defend itself against pursuit aviation, is
very expensive Of upkeep and has almost as
much trouble existing on Il rough sea as a
land plane
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1921-02-20
le VS. Battleship Row May Cause Radical Changes

ana denies the navy contention that only
q man trained the sea in the naVlsa-
ton of ships is competent TO be naval
aviator. He declares the army air service
is now charged with the work OF coast
protection, and says aviators could and
are being taught all that is necessary for
them to know Of sea aviation. He denies
point blank the statement of naval author
tiles that the combined air service plan
adopted by Great Britain has been fail
ure.
Speaking of the present system in the
United States he says:
What are we getting out of it now? IL
we had that same amount ($100,0 O00O)
Jumped under force we could use
about $45, 900, or the cost OF one battle
ship. per year in the building Of airplanes
for our national defence, and after three
years of that expend ture you would give us
a dominant air force in this country for
Just what you are spending now"
Director of Naval Aviation
Jumps In to Defend Navy Idea
Speaking for the navy on the subject of
a single aviation service. Capt. T. r. Ora
ven, director of naval aviation says:
"The navy retains the view that the aero
nautical arm should be nodded completely
into the naval organization. Otherwise II
cannot have that full sympathy and support
which come only through close familiarity
and community of interest The complete
effectiveness Of aviation in distant overseas
operations cannot be developed except
through close and intimate association with
naval power; consequently the advance
ment of fleet aviation will be retarded If the
aeronautical branch is in any degree sep
arate and exists otherwise than definite
nd integral part of the naval service. The
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1921-02-20


hh House as
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1921-12-21
FARLEY SNACS
ON SUBMA ARMIES
French Want More; British
Want None
ny CARL u. GI,OAT

WASH Dec. II. - The
American arms delegation opposes
granting France a topheavy siiot.
ment OF submarines or other auxil.
larry craft
II also will reject Britain's plea for
abolition OF submarines.
Undaunted by THESE factn-nrws OF
which emanatcn from responsible
American sourceH-ths British and
French were proceeding today with
plans for pressing their desires on
these points,
Hope OF reaching a complete
agreement on limitation Of naval
armament before Christmas now APP
pears extremely doubtful The only
obstacles remaining are the French
demands for n biz allotment OF naval
craft and IN. British demand that
submarines be abolished. but conHid'
crat,le discussion on these points Is
expected
The French delegation wer. re
ported 20 want between 1900 and
20. 900 tons 81 submarines.
II was revealed in correspondence
between BRAND and Hughes that
France has abandoned her claim for
a third place navy and has definitely
agreed 20 accept tho low capital ship
ratio. Frances tonnag. would b
IFS. 900. AZ compared with b7s. 900 foi
Gr~at Britain and IN. United States
and sit. 900 for Japan