Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1920-10-26
MARL BEDS Great
New Jersey Has Much Wealth in
Its Possession.
Formed Ages Ago When the Atlantic
Coast Was Marsh and Swarmed
With Gigantic Reptiles.

-A-S N-NtoNCO0S PCA4OQ INDY SCCA4l c
mote from the present, and in point
of time it is. 1t was a good many ages
ago when the Atlantic coastal plain
was under water and when gigantic
saurians swarmed in ocean and marsh.
But natural processes that were I'M
der way during this period are af-
fecting our present civilization very vi
tally. They touch our food, our
clothing, our industrieS-in fact, every
phase Of life, Herschol Bickell tells the
Brooklyn Eagle. For it was during
the cretaceous period that Mother Ma
ture was storing up coal and lignites,
petroleum and marls, especially
greensand mari which has recently
been brought prominently to the atten-
ton of Americans by the discovery
that it is rich in potash.
The chief constituent of greensand
is mineral called glauconite, which,
in technical terms, is dull green
amorphous Silicate of iron and potas-
stun. Glauconite contains from TO s
per cent Of potash. This is removed
by treating the mineral with milk of
lime under pressure, the result being
pure caustic potash, which is the base
for all the many potash chemicals used
in industry and alsO-even more impor
tant at the present time-for the best
commercial fertilizers.
The exact origin of glauconite is not
yet known, although scientists have es-
tablished the fact that its formation
is continuing today at the bottom of
the sea, in some places from 200 to
1900 fathoms deep, although it seems
to be especially favored by shallower
water of about 100 fathoms.
The fact that it occurs in rounded
humps, surrounded in many instances
by shells of the foraminifera minute
organisms of the bottom of the ocean,
has given rise to the theory that in
some little understood way the decom-
position of the bodies of these ami
mails brought about the chemical re-
action that resulted in glauconite.
1t is crystalline in form but is rare
ly found in anything like perfect crys-
tails, usually occurring IN minute par
ticles, which react feebly with pOlarized
light. Often free glauconite is found
without traces of the shells mentioned,
and it is believed that this occurs be-
cause ocean currents have washed
away the heavier minerals from it's
surrounding calcareous formation. The
shells tend to become very friable, and
the whole mass of glauconite and
shells may easily be crushed between
the fingers.
The mari beds of New Jersey have
been known and used as sources of
fertilizers for as many years as the
state has been settled. Until recently,
however, it was for the phosphoric
acid and carbonate of lime, both of
which they contain, that the marls
were used. Their richness in potash
content, while known vaguely, had new
er been regarded as of first import
ance, because no satisfactory process
for separating the potash had been
found.
These beds cover a large area which
stretches obliquely across the state
from Raritan bay and the Atlantic on
the southwest, a distance of 100 miles.
They vary from nine TO nineteen miles
in width and the average depth of the
deposit is 80 feet.
According to figures compiled by the
geological survey, a square mile of
greensanG-there are approximately
1850 square miles of it in New Jer-
sey-wiIl yield, from thickness Of one
feet, $4,000 tons of potash, and 20
foot bed that covers an area Of
square mile will yield 100000 tons.
New Jersey is not the only state,
however, that has rich greensand de-
posits. The mari beds run through
Delaware. across the District of Co
lumbia and down into Virginia, taper
ing to point a short distance south
Of Petersburg. They are slightly wider
in their southern reaches.
Experts estimate that there is suffi-
cient raw material in the New Jersey
and Delaware beds to furnish potash
for the United States these next 1000
70 1000 years.