davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1920-08-08
French Are Satisfied Ger
mans Are Plotting With
Russia to NulIify Bound
aries Created BY Allies.

Paris, Aug. 7.-France. acting
alone if necessary, is on the verge
Of sending note to Germany in
forming II that France will act in
stantly and forcefully to enforce
the treaty of Versailles in its pro-
visions for eastern Europe as well
as for the west and that France
can properly take coercive action
along the Rhine, according to re-
ports in high official circles.
France Is declared to be con-
vinced Germany is plotting with
the soviets to nullify Polish bound
aries created by the allies last year
and hampering all allied efforts to
aid the new republic. The feeling
also is ascribed to the French in
high quarters that efforts by GER
tain factions in Germany to pro-
woke an open quarrel between the
two countries is approaching a
crisis.
Within several days all supplies
en- route for French troops In the
plebiscite district Of upper Silesia
nave bCti Hciu w ny tei hh''i iep
way men and other workers. All
of the Saare basin is tied up by a
strike and shipments for Poland
by way of Germany have been side
tracked or wrecked.
The communist party of Ger
many Is reported to have ordered
its members in East Prussia to
extend welcome to the bolshe-
Wiki. the greatest possible trouble
has been stirred up at Danzig and
the recent flag incident at the
French embassy in Berlin remains
unsettled.
1t is declared in official circles
that France cannot endure this
state much longer and that France
must show "that the treaty is
,,,nra thar a corax 80 panorp ~
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1920-08-08
EW CAPITAL Of
POLAND WILL Be
ESTABLISHED At
CRAC0W, REPORT
This Will Be Moving Day
For Diplomats and Others,
According To a Berlin Re-
port To London Times.
MUNICIPAL COUNCIL
ISSUES AN APPEAL
"It IS Better To Die Than
Live Enchained," Says
Plea; BoIsheviki Are Not
Being Seriously Checked.
nv MOANING JovasAl ssse's. lEAssp WI
BIJIIETIN.

nv HcasiNo JouRNAL ssnc'st lGAssp W'stl
BULLETIN.
London, Aug. S.--Warsaw VIII
be evacuated today by the Polish
government and Representatives OF
the allied nations, according to
Berlin dispatch to the London
Times under date OF Saturday. The
report adds that the Polish gov
ernment will retire 10 Cracow.
Paris, Aug. Z (by the Associated
Press) Although Saturdays Pol
ish comunique contains favorable
points. it does not show that the
bolsheyiki are being seriously
checked. Warsaw advices dateu
saturday, however, declare 1t is
only on a small sector facing Dro-
heczyu that the enemy has crossed
the Bug in the Brest-Litovsk dis
trict and claim the bolsheviki ad-
vance on Warsaw from Grodno,
and Bielostok to the northeast,
has been stopped.
The municipal council OF war
saw has formed a council or de-
fense. In an appeal to the peas
ants, Premier Witos says:
'It depends on you whetner
Poland develops in freedom. ana
we'll being. ors is forced 10 toll nn-
der the Muscoeite pssaders. The
government is seeking an honor
able peace. 1t is better to die
than live enchained."
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1920-08-08
KEYNOTE SPEECH Of DEMOCRAT PRESIDENTIAL NOMINEE Outlines POLICIES
Warsa WBeEuacadBy
EXPECT PAPER SUITS
TO MAKE APPEARANCE
IN u. S. VERY SOON

Washington. Aug. Paper
suits, much in vogue in Ger
many and Austria, soon will
make their appearance in the
United States and if inquiries
10 the department of commerce
can be taken as an indication
of the probable demand they
may become even more popular
in the lower the cost of living
campaign than was the lowly
overall "A short time ago.
Gable orders for samples OF
the suits have been dispatched
by the department of commerce,
it was announced today. and
when the samples arrive they
will be displayed not only in
Washington, but also in the de-
partment's district and coop
erative offices located in i'm
portant cities of the country.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1920-08-08
GERMANY MUST ENFORCE
PACT TERMS OR ACTION
BY FRANCE WILL RESULT

hospital. an army recuperation
camp in the suburbs OF Denver, to-
night volunteered their services to
Colonel Ballou for guard duty. The
offer was made by Captain r. +.
Walsh. They were accepted.
Members OF the American Legion
posts who volunteered for guard
duty have been divided into four
detachments, stationed at outlying
police stations. Two Browning
machine guns, manned on a parti-
ally armored automobile, stood be-
fore city hall during the entire
day ready for immediate action.
Permission was granted the
number of cars 1t desired, but
Colonel Ballou demanded that
every strikebreaker be disarmed
The city Jail is full. One hun
dred and one arrests have been
made since rioting incidental to the
strike began. OF these, seventy
three prisoners still are in jail
Forty of these are strikers, and
eighteen are soldiers, police an
nounced. The soldiers will be turn
ed over to military authorities at
Fort Logan, civil authorities said
Fifty more armed soldiers were
placed on duty at the East side car
barns, scene of last nights rioting
early tonight, in addition to the
eighty stationed there before dawf
Saturday.
Inside the barns, sixty strike
breakers were preparing their cars
to run tomorrow. Capt. K. l.,
Mosely, in charge of the soldier
guard, said he did not anticipate
further rioting tonight.
Seventy-six additional strike
breakers arrived early this evening
from San Francisco to man the
cars of the Denver Tramway com,
pany. Escorted by heavily armed
police they were taken to the North
Denver barns, where living quarters
have been arranged.
Federal soldiers at the East Den
yer barns tonight finished the work
of disarming 1876 strike breakers
there. A heterogeneous collection
OF weapons was seized They will be
returned to their owners when they
leave the employ of the company
the commander of the troops said.
The first arrest since federal
rule was established in Denver was
made tonight, when soldier TOOK
James Becker, As. into CUSTODY on
a downtown corner. He had 700
much to say" was the charge
lodged by the arresting trooper.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1920-08-08
VILLA WILL GET
A HUGE ESTATE
FOR BEING GOOD
Bandit Leader To Be Given
a Large Tract Of Land in
Durango; Will Be Guarded
By Fifty "Trustles."

q
san Pedro, Coahuila, Mexico
Aing. 6, via Laredo Junction tby
the Associated Press Under
terms of his unconditional sur
render Francisco villa, Mexican
handsit leader, will get huge
estate at Canutilla, Durango, where
he will be guarded for the remand
er of his life by fifty of his trusted
foIlowe RS. who will be paid by the
governpnent, it was learned here
today.
ViNa's surrender will cost the
Mexican government two million
dollars gold, according to estimates,
ViTIa. with 900 officers and men,
is en- route overland to San PEDRO
from Ouatro Cienegas, for flnai
for surrender. lie
will reach here Monday and then
march to Gomez Palacio, where
his nsen will be disarmed and re-
ceiye years pay prior to being
given farms. -
Villas spies also are en- route 10
Gomez Palacio.
The perSOndl suaiu Va
Villa will select, II is presumed
from among his most trusted offi-
GERS.
The gsard will be paid according
to the RINK the various Officers
hold under Villa, and cannot be
According to the agreement
Villa gave his "word OF honor
never TO fight against the consfi,
tutional government or agains'
Mexico. and General Eugenio Mar
tjnez gave his word of honor thai
the conditions agreed on would be
compiled with.
The agreement creates in Mexico
n situation paralleling that resur
ing in the United States from thf
Indian settlep1ents.
villa is as independent as ever
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1920-08-08

day. The first shipment. in charge
of j. c. White of the legation. was
guarded by eight soldiers of the
American typhus expedition. J. y.
Moffatt, secretary of the legation
is remaining and will accompany
the Polish government if 1t leaves.
The exodus of the population Is
continuing. All women Red Cross
workers will depart soon. Nearly
all Y. NJ. c. A. workers have left.
The joint distribution committee
has closed its station.
The American relief association
continues in operation, but all en-
ployes have their baggage packed.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1920-08-08
REPORT HARD FIGHTING
ALONG THE BUG RIVER

Warsaw, Aug. 6 (by the Asso-
ciated Press) Military attaches
were told at the Polish army head
quarters today that the Polish line
northeast of Warsaw had been
withdrawn to about fifty miles
from the capital. Owing to this
withdrawal. which took place be.
low Ostrow, the Poles We're out OF
contact with the bolsheviki at
various points. ~,
Hard fighting was reported
along the Bug river, where Polish
resistance was said to be stiffen-
ing.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1920-08-08
"COX STRADDLED REAL
LEAGUE ISSUE"-NEW

Chicago. Aug. 7.-Senator Harry
s. New of Indiana, chairman Of the
republican campaign speakers
committee, and member Of the SEN
ate foreign relations COMMITTEES. IN
a statement tonight declared that
Governor Cox today had devoted
three columns to the league Of ma
tions but had straddled the reat
league ISSUE
governor Cox is in the position
Of holding fast to President Wilson
with one hand and reaching for the
public with the other" said the
statement.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1920-08-08
Nnw Eorcign secrctary.

Washington. Aug. THE Amer
lean embassy at Mexico CITY To-Day
advised the state department that
DIR. Cutberto Hidalgo. subsecretarg
of foreign affairs and formerly a
member of the Mexican senate
had assumed charge of the Mex
can foreign office, succeeding NJ
euel Covarrubias, appointed hlh-
lister to Great Britain.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1920-08-08
cabrera out OF Politics.

Mexico City. Aug. 7.--LuIs tH-
brera. secreVlry of the treasury
under Presh lent Carranza. mas
written from the United States 70
friend that 1,e is out of politics
and is not CO Inspiring against the
provisional go4ernment, according
to El Upiversai. ~
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1920-08-08
INFANTRY REGIMENTS
ASSIGNED TO HAWAII
s.r .o.n,~o ,ou..A. .rsc,.. ,s.sso w,-sA

Washington. Aug. THE thir-
ty-fifth and forty-fourth infantry
regiments have been assigned to
duty in the Hawaiian Islands. Ad-
jutant General Harris said tonight
that the movement was part OF
the redistribution of the regular
arm2 under the corps organization
to be substituted for the geo.
graphical Departmental I,
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1920-08-08
Canned Opium Seized.

Mexico City, Aug. Twelve
hundred pounds of canned opium
valued at 100000 pesos were seize1
by Mexican police in a shipment
from Manzanillo, state of Colma
The opium was expressed as candy
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1920-08-08
AMERICAN LEGATION
MOVING ITS RECORDS

Warsaw, Aug. 6 (by the Asso-
ciated Press) Removal OF the
secret files and other records of
the American legation begun to-
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1920-08-08
WILL START STREET CARS
RUNNING THIS MORNING

Denver, Colo, Aug. 7.--At con-
terence tonight Of military state
CONTINUED on Page Thres,)
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1920-08-08
THOUSANDS HEAR
COX s ADDRESS
Of ACCEPTANCE
OF NOMINATION
Cheering Democrats From
All Parts of the Country
On Hand at Dayton For
the Historic Ceremonies.
ADVOCACY OF LEAGUE
GETS DEMONSTRATION
Hearers Also Approve Refer
ences To Woman Suf-
frage, Law Enforcement
and Reduction of Taxes.
tsr ao.s,ss ,oo.s.. SPECIAL .s.sso Was


Dayton, Ohio, Aug. 7.--Tht
democratic presidential STANDARD
with the league of nations and
progress its peak eseutcheons tod
was marched into the 1920 carr
paign by Governor James NJ. Ct
Cheering democrats, estim
at between 10000 and 75,taG 81
messed his acceptance f. owl
notification by Senator Rahmst
chairman at the San f encis
convention.
To the ceremonies at tn Ang
gomery county fair grountH 3o
ernor Cox with Franklin ID Enps
welt, his running mate, mafVhat
mile in broiling sun az u ~
of parade, The pre- fe
sprinkled with two score h.els
was estimated to contair Atii
10000 marchers.
For two hours the g. r't
kept the throng cheerina
gave his campaign policiss iil
made the league his par N
Z . ".lrH +. atf.2r
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1920-08-08

advocacy OF the league DIRE
lengthy demonstrations and stat.
ments of approval from party
! leaders.
silent On Pro- O-Amendment.
Two covenant reservations he
| has suggested were emphasized by
| the governor. Regarding article
ten he was cheered loudly in com
pairing it to the Monroe doctrine,
, shouts of approval also greeted
his declarations for woman suf-
| frage, law enforcement, reduction
of taxation and other issues he pro-
claimed
without mentioning specifically
the prohibition amendment, he said
anyone false to his oath is more
unworthy than the law violator'
The candidates address closed
day OF democratic juhilation. Rain
early in the day gave way to bright
sunshine, but shortly before the
governor concluded another light
rain poured upon the crowds, caus-
inc many to leave.
The program was late in starting
| Governor Cox and Mr.. Roosevelt
did not reach tho fair grounds un-
til 2:30 and the review of the pa
raiders continued until four. Gov
ernor Cox began his address at
4:40. After the democratic lead
ers. the thousands of cheering dem
Gratis, paraded down the race track
past the speakers stand with bands
PLAYING, banners and flags waving
and bearing hundreds of cards of
tribute to their candidates and pre-
dieting victory.
GriiIs Republicans.
The governor got more applause
as he emphasized his indictment OF
1.-THE republican platform and leader
ship. The crowd also voiced its
Iapproval of his declaration that
the loss of the league would mean
more armament expense.
The candidates tribute to Presi
dent Wilson and his depreciation of
republican "discourtesy' given In
lowered voice, was given further
rolls OF applause. A demonstra-
stration followed his assertion that
republican "sleuthing" had failed
TO unearth dishonesty In the direc-
tion of the war.
More cheers approved the can
didates pledge to aid ex-service
men.
Repeated thumps of his fist
punctuated the governors criticism
of Senator Hardings stand on
party government.
The governor delivered only one
sentence of his statement on edu-
cation. juming to campaign con-
tributions and he was cheered in
declaring the democrats would not
attempt campaign dollar competi-
ton with the republicans.
The ceremony with the benedic-
ton. given by the Rev. NJ. p. Ne
vile. of Holy Angels Roman Cath
Ollie church.
(NOTE--Governor Cox's speech
in full will be found elsewhere in
this issue.)
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1920-08-08
j. s. PROBABLY
WILL ANNOUNCE
POLICY TOWARD
POLAND SHORTLY
interchange of Views Is In
Progress Between Wash
ington and the French and
British Governments.
COLLAPSE OF POLISH
NATION THREATENED
Understanding Said to Exist
Between Soviet Russia
and Germany Looms As a
New Menace In Europe,
sv ao.nss 1ov-s.l s.se,., LEASED w,ss,

tsr aophIna JOURNAL SPECIAL teAsBp WAL
Washington. Aug. Announce
ment of the attitude of the United
States toward the bolsheviki inva~
sion of Europe and Asia is not eX-
pected until the note addressed TO
Washington by Poland has been re-
ceived. An interchange OF views is
in progress, however, between the
United States and the French and
British governments in an attempt,
officials said, to map out course
of action, promising results.
With the threatened political and
economic collapse of Poland and
reactions of similar gravity antlci-
pated in states adjacent to the new
republic, officials described the sit
uation as approaching a point
where f-interest would prompt
the United States TO act.
The view was expressed that the
threat OF a notification of the VIC
tory over Germany was contained
in the understanding said to exist
between soviet Russia and Ger
0~I .h~. 'hie afferad Snrfi-
.,.'7fJ. ~ cation fuC l.Hu h 'N.
4ffe3 Isl Bs NhG- 3 tant
,.l4ger assg Mate'i w4th 5n5 N'
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1920-08-08
WEATHER
FORECAST.

FORECAST.
Denver, Colo. Aug. New
Mexico. Sunday and Monday,
partly cloudy, probably local
showers west and central portions;
little change in temperature.
Arizona: Sunday, fair extreme
southwest, showers north and east
portions: Monday unsettled and
warmer.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1920-08-08


ot the victory, ditnoesh II n'ta .'S-
ratified the peace treaty.
Included among steps tne olr
ed States might find itself com,
ne,led to take, officials suggested
extension of credits to permit pur-
chase by poland OF surplus war ma
terials n declaration of moral sup
mort for Poland and warning 10
,ba soviet government not TO tres
pass beyond its boundaries.
NAV Strangle Poland.
Military aid, 1t was added, coulo
ha considered only If all else ran,
ed Military authorities suggested
hat the brigade destined for 81.
tasia and detained in Germany. II
cont 10 Silesia, might steady 70
land. Czecho-Slovakia ana Ger
many Complete strangulation o'
poland by the cutting OF the Ian
zig corridor by the boisteVikl,
thew say, was grave eventnanty
which the presence of American
troops might possibly avert
So long as the bolsheviki can
oxereise complete censorship IN
soviet Russia, little promise was
seen by some officials OF the sue
oess OF a warning note TO the
soviet. Russians, for whom sucn
a note will be designated, with a
view of arraying them against the
government, would be those whon'
I, would never reach, it was said
The Colville examiner. [volume] (Colville, Wash.) 1907-1948, 1920-01-10
NEWS IN COLvILLE
BERNARD BRIDGEMAN is
KILLED BY AUTOMOBILE

Bernard Bridgeman, aged II, only
son of Mr.. and Mrs. E. E. Bridge
man, was struck by an auto and his
skull fractured Thursday afternoon
while playing baseball in the street
in northeast Colville with several of
his young companions. A Ford car,
driven by Henry Parsons, aged 16,
son of ], j. Parsons of Arden, APP
preached the boys, and stopped to
allow Bridgeman to recover the ball.
After the car started again, Bridge
man darted back into the path of the
car for some unexplained reason,
and was struck by the car He was
taken to the Colville General hos
pital, where Dr. |. S. Clark worked
on him, but the boy did not recover
consciousness and died soon after
midnight.
Those who witnessed the accident
say that no blame can be placed on
the driver of the car, and that the
accident is unexplainable. J. J. Par
sons, father of the driver, went I'M
mediately to Mr.. Bridgeman and
offered his sympathy and assistance.
Burial will be in Spokane.
The Colville examiner. [volume] (Colville, Wash.) 1907-1948, 1920-01-10
BAPTIST SERVICES

Sunday school at 10, E. C. Durdle
superintendent.
B. Y. P. Y. at $50.
Preaching service in the evening
only at 1880.
Beginning Sunday evening, Jan. H.,
the pastor will preach a series of
sermons on "The Mission of Christ
to the World" This series will con-
sist of five numbers and will be
preached one each Sunday evening
until the series is completed. We will
try to make them both interesting
and edifying. Come and hear them.
The Colville examiner. [volume] (Colville, Wash.) 1907-1948, 1920-01-10
THE ICE WAN
Average Life Nearly Doubled.

From 1848 to 1850, 25,OOOOOO deaths
from the plague or black death" oc-
CURED, which was one-fourth of the
entire population OF the world at that
time. In 1891, 80 per cent of the Eng
fish nation died before reaching the
age Of 20 years.
The average length Of life In the
sixteenth century was only q years,
while In this, the twentieth century,
the average life Is 45 years. In India.
however, the average life today IL only
"a years.
We are enabled to see what the sci.
ence of medicine is accomplishing In
our more civilized countries, where
ignorance and superstition do not pro-
vail to any very great extent.
The Colville examiner. [volume] (Colville, Wash.) 1907-1948, 1920-01-10

Frank Starr Post American Legion
will hold meeting Wednesday, Jan.
IA, at 8 o'clock at the law office of
L. B. Donley.
Mrs. Clara Shaver has finished the
enumeration of ward 3 in Colville,
and is now engaged in the outlying
territory. She states that if any
persons in Ward 3 know that they
were missed, they should Immediately
let her know.
1t may be of interest to automo-
bile owners to know that 1870
raise on the ultimate cost of tires
is anticipated by dealers and that
the new prices may be expected be-
fore March /. Usually prices on
such commodities come like a flash
to the public, with no time available
in which to take advantage of the
old prices.
Paul Brewer and c. M. Kesler, of
Spokane, representing the United
States Rubber Co., have been here
this week in the interest of the Spo-
kane branch. They propose placing
in Colville one of their "History"
signs. The piece will represent an
open book with brief of some OF
the historical land marks Of the
city on one side, and on the other
an advertisement of the u. S. Rubber
Co., which has it's agency here with
the E. e. Bridgeman Co.
The Colville Valley grange has
elected the following officers for
1920: Master, Harley Newcomb;
overseer, John Gibson; treasurer,
J. A. Tiliou; secretary, Mrs. John
Gibson; lecturer, Charles Brooks;
steward, Theo. Mcclure; assistant
steward, Albert Ham; chaplain, Mrs.
Cora Thompson; gatekeeper, John
Stayner; Ceres, Mrs. Ida Mcclure;
Pomona, Mrs. Kary Locke; Flora,
Grace Campbell; lady assistant
steward, Berdale Locke.
Bertha eagle of Meyers Falls and
Francis Scherette of Colville were
married Thursday afternoon by JUS
tice A. l.. Knapp. They will make
their home in Colville. Mr.. Scherette
is employed at the Colville Meat
market
The Colville examiner. [volume] (Colville, Wash.) 1907-1948, 1920-01-10
METHODIST EPISCOPAL
Robert Ell. Allen, Minister

Sunday school at 10.
Morning worship at II. Subject
"Our Present Opportunity an OBJ
legation"
Epworth League at 7. Subject
ga Strong Character and How 1t Is
Attained"
Evening worship at 7:45. Sub
ject Beginnings"
The Colville examiner. [volume] (Colville, Wash.) 1907-1948, 1920-01-10
FREE METHODIST

Sunday school at 10.
Preaching at IL and 1880. ..
Evangelistic services at Grin each
Wednesday evening.
Prayer meeting Thursday evening.
The women of the church sew for
the poor each Wednesday afternoon
at the church.
The Colville examiner. [volume] (Colville, Wash.) 1907-1948, 1920-01-10
MARKETING PRICES
PAID IN COLVILLE

This column gives the farmer an
idea of the prices current in Colville
for his produce. The Colville market
price is largely based on the Spokane
price. These quotations are from the
Wilson Produce Company, Wingham's
Market, TopNoch Mills, and Old Do
minion Creamery. The meat prices
are current for the week.
The Colville examiner. [volume] (Colville, Wash.) 1907-1948, 1920-01-10
SCHEDULE OF THE
COMING EVENTS

Jan. 10-High school vaudeville.
Jan. 10-Leap Year Dance.
Jan. 17-Franklin's birthday.
Jan. 9-McKinley's birthday. Car
nation day.
Jan. 9-Stockmen's banquet, Col
vile.
Feb. 12-Lincoln's birthday. Legal
holiday.
Feb. 14-Valentine day.
Feb. 16-24-Northwes Mining
Convention, Spokane.
Feb. 22-Washington's birthday.
Legal holiday,
The Colville examiner. [volume] (Colville, Wash.) 1907-1948, 1920-01-10
ST. JOHN,S EPISCOPAL

Sunday school every Sunday at 10
a. m. Next Sunday, Jan. 18th, Mr..
Verge, layman from Spokane, will
speak at both the morning and even
ing services on subjects everyone
ought to be very interested in.
Special music and hearty service
awaits you Come to hear Mr..
Verge.
Rev. G. B. HARRISON, the new M.
E. pastor at Chewelah and Addy,
will hold services at Addy tomorrow
morning at II. Sunday school at
10. His regular preaching service at
Addy on other Sundays is in the
evening.