davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1920-02-29
BY Eugene S. Bagger
= HE enactment Of the
ernment Of India

ernment of India bill
n granting large measure
Of home rule to the peoples
of the Indian Empire opens a new
chapter in world history Under
the provisions of this monumental
piece of reform legislation practi-
cally one-ifth of the human race
for the population of India amounts
to hardly less-enters upon a new
era Of development.
To be sure, the new law does not
confer full self-government on the
three hundred millions Of Indians or
elevate the Empire to the status of q
British dominion like Canada OK Aus
tralia. Nevertheless, the act has
an epoch-making significance In this,
that it constitutes an attempt, for
the first @ime in history. to natural
lze the ideas and methods of West
ern parliamentary democracy
above all, its fundamental principle
of the mutual responsibility Of the
governing and the governed-in the
native soil Of India. 1t is, next to
the adoption of Western technical
civilization and governmental pro-
cedure by Japan, the most rnomen-
tous endeavor to bring East and
g. West together, or, rather, to confer
upon the East the benefit Of West
ern political invention and expe-
rience. 1t probably is the largest
scale political experiment ever un-
dsrtaken In "cold blood" 10 to
speak, as q result of a calm and
comprehensive scientific inquiry.
India's Future
Tho new Indian constitution Is
based on tho so-called Montagu-
Chelmsford report, more accurately
described as the Report on Indian
Constitutional Reform, submitted to
Parliament by Mr.. Edwin S. Mon
tagu, tho Secretary Of State for
India, and Lord Chelmsford, the
viceroy Of India. The bill, elab-
Grated upon the findings Of their
investigation. which extended
through the period Of a year, was
passed by Parliament on December
s last and received the royal assent
on December 23. The character and
scope Of its form can best be sum
married. In the following words Of
the concluding chapter of the Mon
tagu- Chelmsford report:
"Our conception Of the eventual
'uture Of India is sisterhood of
Ttates. self-governing in all matters
I purely local and provincial inter-
st, In some cases corresponding to
provinces; in others, per-
apps, modified in area according to
he character and economic interests
their people. Over this congeries
( states would preside central
svsrnmsnt, increasingly rspresenta-
New-York tribune., 1920-02-29

work or relief work, many Of the
volunteer war workers want to con-
tinue doing things that they con-
slider worth while. The clubwomen
believe that it is these women who
are swelling their ranks. The
younger women are also taking more
interest in the clubs which before
the war were distinctly their moth
ers' province.
The increased numbers Of college
women in business have brought
new members to the college women's
clubs in the cities. The waiting
lists Of all the business and profes-
slonal women's clubs are increasing
daily. The clubs cannot take care
New-York tribune., 1920-02-29
Released From War Work, Turn Energies to Club
After Selling Liberty Bonds and
Doing Red Cross Work Life
of 1naction Was Impossible

clubs" continued Mrs. Slade, "is
the fact that the war work they did
accustomed many women to under
take to do many more things than
they believed they could before the
war. They have interested them
selves in their college campaigns, in
the thrift campaigns and the like.
They find their clubhouses good
meeting place for affairs not hav-
ing to do with family life.
Her First Work
"Some women, like myself, never
worked in an office until they did
war work. Many Of them have taken
up other office work and like to be-
long to clubs where they can meet
for lunch and where they can en-
terrain business friends"
The programs which women's
clubs scheduled this year show diff
ferent tone from those of the
BrowningIbsen days. Of real lit
erary clubs there are a few, but
even some Of them have turned to
subjects Of broader aspect.
The committee on literature and
art Of the Colony Club has a course
of lectures decidedly showing the
trend Of the times. It's regular pro-
gram covers a variety Of SUBJ
including literature, art, music,
women in industry. women In poll
tics. The first Of the year this COM
mittee, in addition to the regular
program, planned course of lect-
ures on pending Federal legislation
by Mrs. Maud Wood Park. Mrs.
Park was the Congressional chair
man for the National American
Woman Suffrage Association, and
was recently elected president of the
League of Women Voters.
The lectures included such topics
as "The Way the Congress Works."
Hope for the Toilers," "New Safe
guards for Mother and Child" "Edu-
cation for Citizenship" ""The Trouble
With the Food Supply" and "The
Best Use Of National Resources"
The committee on literature and
art Of the Colony Club numbers as
its members Mrs. James A. Burden.
chairman; Mrs. V. Everit Macy.
Mrs. Reginald Fincke, Mrs. A. Cor
don Norrie and Mrs. Allen Tucker.
The Women's City Club of New
New-York tribune., 1920-02-29

society, open to anybody who might
wish to attend; but it was within its
framework that the Indian constitu-
t.onal opposition, aiming at slow
political reform through concessions
gained from the Grown and based OH
education Of the masses, developed
Il the course Of the subsequent dec
AIDES. The second Council Of India
Dlll OF 1898 introduced the elective
principle, in an. extremely limited
form, and extended to the Indian
members Of the viceregal and pro-
vlncial councils the right Of enter
pellation and authorized discussion
of the budget The franchise was
BASED on rate-paying and education,
only university graduates being
luanfed IN Che second instance; but
il is interesting TO note that within
its restricted scope the franchise
was open to men and women alike.
In this way woman suffrage was in
troduced In India long before any
European country adopted it.
All Indian to the Cabinet
These concessions were substan-
TALLY widened by the Norlev- Mimic
reforms of 10000. The Legisls tive
Council was enlarged, native mem
Dere were empowered to move reso-
lutions on important subjects and to
ask supplementary questions. Also.
for the first time an Indian. Mr.
now Lord) Sinha, was appointed to
the Cabinet Council of the Vicerov.
But the most significant step was the
appointment Of two Indian MEM
bels to the Indian Council at White
nall, the British governmental de-
partment dealing With Indian affairs.
In q sense, these measures can be
regarded as the predecessors and
groundwork of the new constitu-
ton. There Is, however. an all
important difference in this. that
the old councils had been mere
debating societies, with no decisive
voice in legislation or administra-
tlon whatever. The new provincial
councils established under .be Mon
Z sgu-Chelmsford law, on the other
hand, are, although within a limited
ran<e Of subjects, as explained be-
low real legislative bodies en-.
oowed with full rights Of parl!a-
men.ary criticism and with a genu-
me constructive jurisdiction. 1t
must be emphasized, however. that
al this refers only to the provincial
councils and not to those attach d
TO the central government.
The differentiation between GEN.
ral (or, as Il would be called IN
America, fedAsaD government and
he provincial (srate) governments
8 the most striking xsasure Of the
aew constitution, not only in the
natter OF machinery and proc adure.
New-York tribune., 1920-02-29
ONE Rule for India One of the Worlds Greatest Political Expem

one hand Of the Indian civil serv-
ice, composed Of British, or rather
Anglo-Indian, officials, and, on the
other, that of the educated class Of
Indians, who are destined to as
sumo political leadership under the
new enactment" Mr.. Rustomjee de-
clares.
The difficulties confronting the
Indian civil servants under the
scheme must be duly appreciated.
1t means, on their part, voluntary
remuneration Of considerable por-
ton Of the authority hitherto ex-
clusively enjoyed by them.
The achievements Of the Indian
civil service in the way of better
ing the conditions of the country
and administering the law with the
traditional British sense Of fan
play cannot be overestilnated
Nevertheless, It is undeniable that
IN the course Of years the civil
service developed well defined con-
plex of vested interests. Enlarr-
ing the sphere OF native participa-
ton in the government will neces
sarily infringe. 60 a considerable .
extent, upon these vested interests.
The Present Unrest
The present unrest in India, Of
which we hear so much. is die, in
part, to the displacement Of
brahminical power through the
spread of popular education. In this
process tho British government
champions the interests Of the peo-
Pic against those of the leaders"
Another difficulty to handicap tie
working OF home rule Is, according
70 Mr Roscomjee, the fact tl:tt
'here Is III India no sense Of iia-
t1onafty corresponding to the prin-
ciplS upon which moder.l European
states are founded.
Representative government NJ.
Kostomjee holds, "is based on the
conception Of national unity and
national will. Law, in a democracy,
Is the expression of the common will
of the people.
Now these ideas, national unity
national win, are utterly alien to
India, except in the educated upper
class. India Is not a nation; it is a
congIomera.ion Of vast number of
ssfAs and religions. In India, as IN
Ire East generally, religious differ
ences count great deal moro thar
OF race and language
The real cleavage III Ind.a is thst
between HINDU ana Mahomstsa,
Law IL India is a matter Of religion,
not politics. It will be an enormous
task to accustem oil
these peoples and denominations TO
tho idsa o9 enA lsw 1se Allr
New-York tribune., 1920-02-29
The War Stepped In

The suffrage worker was speech
less, and perhaps it was just as
we'll. The war interrupted the Wells
Shaw program, and those same club
women made record in Red Cross
and Navy League work.
Wherever the homework machine
OF the war wanted the cooperation
Of town or county they found that
the work Of getting the women to-
gether was much easier than they
had expected. A sale Of Liberty
bonds was scheduled, say, for a small
town. The woman's committee Of
the Liberty Loan appealed to the
chamber Of commerce for the wom-
an to head the work locally. Their
representatives were directed to the
leading clubwoman Of the town.
Maybe. she had just finished paper
on Carlyle, or an Interpretation of
Turner. She turned with perfect
grace to putting a local Liberty
Loan committee to work.
"There's Mrs. Adams" she told
the governments representative.
"She knows how to plan bazaars
and can always sell everything at
hex booth. She's just the one to put
in charge of these booths where
we'll sell Liberty bonds. She al
ways knows what young girls to pick
to help her, too.
"And there's Miss Wallace-she
New-York tribune., 1920-02-29
Membership Increase in Last
Year Exceeded That of
Previous Ten Years

TINE membership Of women's
clubs has increased more in
the last year than it did in
the ten years before the war.
according to the rolls Of New York
clubs. The average increase Is esti-
mated as 10 per cent, while the
membership of women's clubs was
practically at standstill for the
ten years preceding the war.
Clubwomen give two reasons for
this increase. First, they believe
that many women who did Red Cross
work, sold Liberty bonds, served
with the Council Of National De-
tense and the like turned to women's
clubs as a field for their energies
when war work stopped. Second,
the programs of all women's clubs
have shown a change to topics of
broader and more vital interest than
IN the days when "literatoor" was
the chief subject for programs.
Women's clubs and the power Of
organization which they had incul-
Gated in all women throughout the
country were appreciated during the
war. In many communities the
clubs had been in the beginning more
OF less radical organizations. They
had represented In the early days
the reprehensible new woman" and
had the place which suffragists took
later.
In q Decline.
However, late In tho nineteenth
century many of our most advanced
women's clubs had become innocuous
institutions with little to recommend
them save their machinery Of organi-
zation. They "studied" Browning
and Keats. Some of those more
f1ippantly inclined believed In keep
ing up with the best sellers. mixing
"Pollyanna" and Harold Bell Wright
in with quotations from Shakespeare
and Dickens.
OF course, there were exceptional
clubs that took up civic problems
and passed voluminous resolutions,
sometimes to real effect. But so
thoroughly was the line Of club work
conventionalized that few organiza-
tons Of the kind, whatever their
purpose, could think of anything
New-York tribune., 1920-02-29

but also In that Of underlying prin-
clple. Home rule will obtain only
III the provinces; III the central gov
ernment viceregal prerogative re.
mains essentially supreme, and tn
representative bodies, though wild
ened, will, in substance, retain thci,,
consultative character.
The provisions Of the new con.
stitution for the central govern
ment of India are in the main as
follows: The supreme executive
power will remain vested in tho
Governor-General (vlceroy> in
council. The Executive Co1nci
(cabinet) of six, with one Indian
is enlarged to an unlimited number.
but will probably consist Of eight
members, with at least three Indians.
all appointed. The Legislative
Council hitherto of forty-two ap-
pointed and tWenty-seven elected
members' will '1enceforward con-
tam one hundred and forty men,
bers, Of whom one hundred will no
elected by direct suffrage. each
member representing an average Of
two million inhabitants. This Legis-
lative Council will form the lower
chamber OF the legislature, the
upper chamber being the Council
ct State, with forty official IAN
polnted) and twenty elected men,
bers. The Viceroy will retain full
veto power over all legislation, ana
the way IS left open for him to
obtain appropriations in face Of
Legislative opposition; also, to force
through measures essential to the
safety, tranquility or interests Of
British India.
Provincial Reforms
Far more sweeping are tne .nno-
vatlons IN the domain OF r~oy;n,,.,
and it is thla chapter
that presents the M st .nteres.,no
and unique feair-s ). tie constitu-
ton, the so-cal4e9 'di~rchy."
The substance oS tbs system can
pest be described as bifurcation of
governmental powers. The functions
OF administration are divided Into two
classes ons hearing the name "re-
sazved sublec.s." ," the other Is that of
tranx*srres SUBJECTS" The ire
served" group includes all govern
m-nta! duties Of heavier and more
technical character, like magistracv
and The y'olice, lard revenue. ;rriga-
hon, fcrests, industries, harbors. and
nn'versity education. These func-
tons sre put in charge OF the gov
ernor In executive council witk his
official colleagues. The transferred"
group contains the remaining frnc-
tions: Control Of local government,
roads ana bridges. sanitation, excise
and primary education.
These duties will be insrusted to
;abine; drawn from the (e,ected)
egislaive assembly. The governor
New-York tribune., 1920-02-29

besides literature and music as sub
jects for their programs.
The story is told Of a women's
club up state which was organized
while the women Of New York we're
agitating for suffrage for the pur-
pose Of working for the cause. In
the campaigns this club did effective
work in its district. The year fol-
lowing the winning of suffrage one
of the campaigners from New York
City happened to meet the president
Of the club.
"And now that we are full fledged
citizens what has your club been
doing?" the suffrage worker asked.
"Well, this winter we studied Ib-
san," replied the club president, sat
istiedly, land we are planning to
take up Bernard Shaw and H. &.
Wells next year."
The Rock Island Argus and daily union. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1920-1923, 1920-12-11

|hass besn uassaally intersstinG
botA from IN educational and Z re-
I1igipus standpoint. The lecture
Sunday gives any who have hid
the pleasure Of vising Yosemite =
chance to revive old memories. and
for any who have not seen this
wonder Of Gods CREST out-oe-doors
II gives an opportunity TO make IL
acquaintance The general pablo.
young and old. 10 invited to attend.
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-10-30
PEACE.

surprise stop battles
determination endure
Ing Staggering
the Of terrible
ing conflict N
thought
repetition Of such holocaust The world sick OF
been dripping with Its disappns far too lons The
that enfeebed shoulder
again take up the tasks of normal life. sf f fft9F'
millions
fourth Of the ear savings haye been used
would have been fought In v the Incorporation
nations
not only IN the council chambers Of Downing street the DUAL doy
when their would not be pped and their hes taken
OF miitarism
world nightmare again
gazing forth vale Of promise Y but needed
streets at the sarbed mothers that nightmare
been stern and sorrowfu reality
Whether
depends America will
effective organization unless America plays her part IT, And America
chance TO do The mist clouds Of thrown about
lifting
civilized
Itself against outbreaks
something
to and
waged
factories the farms and mills the fathers and mothers OF the nations
the conflict @4H
organization
the whole mate
civilization humaney waged directed
nation who under modern cannot be
otherwise--f here
Tuesday opportunity
election decision they
not
often to the Of nation chance Of voting the league
a casting
ballot O.. Harding.
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-10-30
Business Yalue Of League

Having first presented the moral
reasons for going into the league of
puts forward the considerations Of
honest 'self-interest' which point the
same way. f
The league is the one hope Of re-
ducing arnnaments. That 10 admitted
directly or indirectly by everyone.
!, Every munitions, maker Is fighting
the League Of , nations pms Every war
this all. Every enemy of the league
Is advocating some form of, warlike
activity. He Is out for universal mill
tary training, or tor a bigger navy.
or for an overwhelming air fleet, or
for cleaning up Mexico or for some
similar or allied piece of war-niaking
or war preparation.
The world groaned under competf-
tive ornaments for forty years before
the, great :war broke, and the increas-
ing cost, Of those armaments was one
of the contributing causes Of the con-
flict. Armaments now are immeas-
urably MOTE costly than before. vet NO
unless all do SO. ip equal measure;
and to Join together for disarmament
means the league, OF nations.
Finally. there is the direct financial
interest N preventing war. The last
great conflict touched US lightly. by
comparison, with the rest of the world,
yet it cost us more than. $40. 900; 00o. 900.
The next World war Is sure to be
more. destructive than. the last. and
to involve the United States more
the. only way suggested
for preventing. such q war is the
league. Of nations. We could belong
but spending half Of one years in
tefest on our war debt.
Just as a cold FLOODED busi-
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-10-30

The will OF BenJamin Franklin, who
died In 1890, contained D bequest OF
5000 to the lcity OF Boston and the
state OF Massachusetts, .;as mark
Of, respect for hayIns a !Ss
some salary, OF $io.oco yearly" The
will also provided rithat. the money
should be put out at, 3 per. cent. In.
terest for 100 years. At the end OF
that time 31-lsf Of the accumulated
money should be reirveeted ut s per
cent. for another hundred years. The
lie benefitsl AZ theisexpiration Of the
second century the whole amount be-
0' When the the f,rst century ended Jan. i.
1891, the sc, 600 had grown to s43i, 3fs.
THAT amount IL equally Invisible BY
i3i and Ii the fehson for the peculiar
fraction Of division which Franklin
worked out. the amount the gift would
be worth at that time. In accordance
with the provisIons Of the viii, the
sum was divided. The reinvested
amount was syi02'oss.i The city and
state received the remainder which
amounted to $st9so0ss Yhis sum was
set aside for public works.
fund had reached 1921, 195. BY the
end OF the century that 10, In 1891, It
will have reached approximately $6.060.-
900. The gift was insignificant when
IL was made. Had the state and the
city used 1t. then. neither would have
realised more than 10 remembrance
from u But Franklin saw the pos
and when the end Of the second
century arrives the state and city viii
have a fund worth while.--Sioux City
(Iowa) Journal (Rep.y
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-10-30

\ - -. a.. 49,. 49,. AZ, W - ..--s- Z. y
t " cepsst r from .ne MomEos aoc'
pnss 20 vur mas,oHai inteIsst.. o Sl
ssyvoInmen.A poiicieg ana Lne uhui'
~ 49,, ~ our peop,e 1ne presiuent csh'
". c'ainn .nat ne nhu NC notice 81 tns
statss INA :, ~. ser,,r s ,HittSSee
| Tn,.,s.. o s.ps a.rousn Mo Wess
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e,n.s "u nv I WIG 'n.ension upon ms ~.
~ lurm 70 iEurops 80 20 intertwine US
ana ina nnanis ,so,l NJ a co, ums seha y
accep. y .., -.
49, 49, .I,ssve. tne nrst speecn " y.
~ nvvr y. w scnate upVn the s"pJsc'
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M,,...,, ~ NJ ~ prsslaen ~ uepar. Ia III
After the preliminary draft Of the CO.
sst,s.is. ~. w Z. isssue =. nat.Vns nxu peen
sn,n " tne pupnc FeDruary'
:. ,S s.s.s ~ va slgneu ~ YER
.srn.sst VI. - Y. senasvIs stncr
ynts ~. an n1s.rs,aa liz uss x ~,
vet the president nerotiated Il without
linterweaye ii into the treaty. OF neace
Itas 10 force IL upon the American teo-
ple.
President. Wilson claimed that he
representod american yiews. ALTHOUGH
upon the test he invited at the election
After months Of DELAY the treaty was
submitted 10 the senate in INV 1919.
and was discussed by that bodv. In the
forum OF the Deople and in the Ameri :
can press As no other treaty has ever
during Inc Standardization 81 Washing-
ton. Tihere was a minority IN tha senate
opuosed 10 anv league whatever. inf
the great ma ioritv' were WHINE 10 ac-
cept the league and treaty provided