davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-26
Great Need of American Schools Is tor
Better Training and Stability of Teachers

quite unframed or deplorably under
trained.
This condition, in the opinion of
educational authorities. will remain
as long as the states continue TO
license unframed teachers. To dis
continue this practice, it is conceded.
will be difficult task. for it will
run squarely against a condition that
has probably done more than any
thing else to depress the standing
of the public school service. namely,
the attitude which regards teaching
appointments in the local schools as
the vested right of the local girls.
That the minimum standard of two
years of education beyond high school
graduation is far too meager. almost
all educational officials agree. As
soon as possible. they believe, this
minimum must be raised to three
years. and ultimately to four years,
for all teachers. They also agree
that the unfortunate distinctions be-
tween elementary and high school
teaching must be eliminated. not by
leveling the high school service down.
but by leveling the elementary and
rural school service up.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-26

Of unemployment. through four
fold program Of public employment
service such as that proposed in the
Nolan bill, now pending in Congress,
public work. Repatriation of indus
try and unemployment insurance. the
report recommends:
"If one is not already in existence.
open an employment exchange to GEN.
tralize the community's labor market,
using private contributions II neces-
sary in the initial stages.
start or push forward special pub
lie work. using private contributions
in time Of urgent need If public funds
cannot be obtained. This should not
be made or unnecessary work. but
needed public improvements in as
great variety as possible. so as to
furnish employment to other sorts Of
persons besides anskilled laborers.
Give preference to resident heads of
families If there is not enough work
for all applicants. Employ for the
usual hours and wages, but rotate
employment by periods of not less
than three days. Supervise the work
carefully and insist upon reasonable
standards Of efficiency.
ITO avoid the difficulties Of emer-
gency action. make systematic plans
for the regular concentration Of pub
lie work in dull years and seasons by
special provisions in the tax levy OF
the repeal Of laws restricting cities
to contract work. Secure the aid OF
state and national ohicials in stimu-
latinE local action. Steady the en-
ployment Of the regular force. re-
tanning employees on part time In
preference to reducing their numbers"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-26
BY SHELDON s. CLINE.

w YHAT seems likely TO
M prove the greatest mi
grafton of peoples since
the dark ages. and one
OF the greatest in the history of
the human race. now is under way.
1t is impossible to foresee how
high the tide will rise, or when it
will reach it's height. but that it
will profoundly affect all the west
ern world is assured. Nations
which have been great may be re-
duced to second and third rate
powers. and great nations will
arise where now are colonies or
sparsely settled territories.
1t is the age-old story of the
pressure of population on food
supplies. accentuated by the war
and the lessons it taught In the
past men have migrated because
food was scarce and hard to get.
They are migrating today in in
stinctive search for security of
food supplies. In other wars
cities were beleagured and starved
into submission 1t remained for
the world war to witness entire
nations at the verge OF starvation
because hostile forces hemmed
them in.
Already they are leaving Europe
by the scores of thousands. and
they are waiting by the millions
for the means of going. Govern
ments are concerned at the pro-
spective losses in population. but
governments cannot insist upon
keeping at home, people they are
unable to feed.
There are students of the situa-
Europe will be reduced in popula-
ton to the point where each can
sustain it's people, in case of need,
by the product OF its own soil.
This does not mean that, under
normal conditionss each country
! would grow enough foodstuffs for
its people. The idea isJthat pop
ulations will be SO reduced that,
in the event of war and a block
ade which cut of imports, danger
Of actual starvation would be re-
moved. The hunger and priya-
ton which resulted from the war
will be remembered long after its
slaughter is forgotten.
War, with it's killing and manning
Of strong young men, is dreadful
, thing; but the starving of little chill
dren is yet moro dreadful.
They chung to the skirts Of their
elders and cried for food, which their
elders had not to give them" says
Herbert Hoover.
They persisted by the thousands
and the tens Of thousands, and mil
lions who escaped actual starvation
are stunted and malformed because
the food necessary to their nutrition
could not be had.
Is it any wonder that the men and
women of Europe are anxious to get
away, to find a place where food for
themselves and their children is
measurably secure?
y 4
Even in England. though actual
starvation was escaped, the specter
of it came so near that it chilled the
blood. And it is only since the war
ended that England has learned how
close she came to choice between
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-26
One of Greatest Vibrations
in History of Mankind
Aftermath of War.
Dominant Nations May Be
Reduced to Secondary
Powers as Result.

starvation and a shameful peace.
There is not yet in evidence any
great migration out of England. but
belief is strong that it will come
when the lesson of the war has sunk
more deeply into the British con-
seriousness The Briton is 1oath to
admit any weakness in his institu-
tions and proverbially slow in adapt
ing himself to new conditions; but
even less. probably, than the peoples
of the continent of Europe would he
be content to remain in position of
insecurity as to food supplies.
So long as Britannia ruled the
waves-and so long as rulership Of
the waves was adequate guarantee
against hunger-England could go on
increasing her population and build,
ing up her industrial structure in
security. But to rule the waves
alone no longer is sufficient, and
England cannot build enough super
dreadnaughts to protect her food
ships against the submarine. With
all Germany's capital ships bottled
up in harbor and with the combined
fleets of France and America to help
her keep the ocean ways open, Eng
land came within an ace of being
forced into a surrender that would
have meant vassalage to hated
enemy Just a few more submarines.
or submarines with a little greater
cruising radius, would have given
Germany the victory. Had America
not gone into the war when it did
or had France been forced to sue
cumb before American help could
arrive, what the civilian population
of Poland. for instance, endured
might easily have been the lot Of
England.
A way may be devised. of course,
by which the menace of the sub
marine may be removed; but hav-
ing known the menace once. the
old sense of security under which
England rested never can be
feet again. For who can tell
what devilish continuance may be
injected into another war?
England has no such Importance
in the economic scheme Of things
that maintenance of her present
population is necessary to the
world, or even to the British en-
pire. A good deal of the service
she renders is. in fact, no service
at all, but a burden. Not only
must food be transported overseas
to feed her people. but the raw
materials for her manufactures are
produced elsewhere, freighted to
England for fabrication, and the
finished product freighted back.
in many instances, for consump-
ton at the places the raw mate
rails came from. Except for coal
and a supply of tin, England has
no raw materials of her own Of
major consequence. Her indus
tries are an artificial rather than a
natural growth, devised to give
employment to. a population be-
come too numerous to subsist upon
the land.
In the house Of commons last
week Premier Lloyd George stated
that he feared, in order to relieve
conditions in England. the nation
would have to face the problem of
he expressed the hope that the i'm
perial conference to be held next
May would discuss the problem
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-26

y
How severely the nation suffers
because of the neglect Of the isolated
schools of the open country and the
small villages" said an educational
leader, maybe somewhat dimly COM
pretended when we remember that
these schools enroll in the aggregate
nearly 60 per cent Of, our boys and
girls. and that a clear majority of
the voters of the next generation will
be limited in their educational OPP
portunities to what these. schools can
provide" -; so
1.-THE problem" he said. "can never
be adequately solved until we re-
serve fer the isolated schools our very
best teachers, making an appointment
to such posts distinctive honor, and
providing a differential in salary that
will counterfeit whatever superior at
Effectiveness the urban service may
present"
Hitherto the states have been UNI
able to exert much influence upon
local schools through the training of
teachers. They have established
normal schools. but the output of
these schools has been absorbed al
most completely by the town and city
systems, leaving the rural and village
schools with practically no benefit
from the states investment in normal
school education.
It 10 generally agreed that the
minimum Of preparation for a teacher
should be not less than two years OF
education beyond graduation from a
four-year high school. A careful esti-
mate Indicates that tho proportion of
teachers who have reached this mini
mum Is not more than ono in i've.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-26

A proposal for emergency relief OF
unemployed workers through prop
erly organized committees in every in
dustrial community, together with
four devices for plotting out the ever
recurring unemployment problem,
which is declared to be again ap-
preaching an acute stage. is set
forth by the American Association
for Labor Legislation in a statement
urging the adoption Of national
state system of employment ex-
changes. intelligent planning Of pub
lie work. Repatriation Of industry
and unemployment insurance as a
from among the miseries OF the
world"
The statement summarizes the md
fnxs of a report prepared by the as
sociation showing results of the I'M
employment crisis of 1914-15. stand
ard recommendations" are presented
based on reports received from more
than 500 organizations and indiyid-
uals in us different communities.
THE machinery for the relief and
~ion OF unemployment. already
we'll tAated in various parts of the
world" says the statement, stands
rusting in America for lack Of use.'
While avoiding 1.-The ostrich policy
Of refusing to face the facts. on the
one hand. and hysterical exaggeratior
Of facts on the other" every commu.
nifty should organize for emergency
relief well IN advance OF possible
need. according to the report.
In planning emergency relief. it IL
reeommepded that care be taken te
Avoid duplicating the work Of exist
Ing orEaaizatjonA -
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-26

Need of a mature, well prepared
and relatively permanent teacher for
every class in the. public schools of
the United States is stressed by edu-
cational leaders, not only in Wash
ington, but throughout the country.
They consider the present status of
the public school teacher as one of
the most serious Of educational prob
lens. due principally to the fact that
the great bulk of the teachers are
immature, transient and i'll trained.
The economic and educational vast
age that results from the failure to
appreciate the difficulties Of teach
ing in the lower schools, it Is pointed
out, is enormous. The investment in
public education, it is said. does not
yield a 1.-THE Of the return. that it
could easily yield were the teaching
profession relatively stable and adj
equately prepared for Its responsible
ties. The failure of the elementary
school to hold more than one-half of
tho entering children through the
seventh school year is charged very
largely againAt this unfortunate atti-
tude toward teaching on the lower
levels.
The great majority of the country.s
immature. unframed and transient
teachers, according to educational au-
thorities, are in the rural and village
schools. In typical states tho average
length Of service Of the rural teachers
il not moro than two years. as against
eight or nine years for the urban
teachers, An overwhelming majority
Of tho rural teachers. they claim, have
not passed the age Of twenty-ond
years, while tens Of thousands OF them
are only sixteen. seventeen and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-26

relief to able bodied
men," the association warns. "Ex-
cept as a last resort. discourage the
starting Of bread lines, bundle days.
soup kitchens and similar measures.
AS far as possible supply aid by
means of employment, at standard
rates, but On part time to encourage
early return to- regular occupations.
Open workshops and secure odd jobs
from householders. Do not provide
work for housewives who are not Or
dinarily wage earners instead Of for
their jobless husbands. For the home-
less proYide a municipal lodging
erative lodging house under intelli-
gent supervision and leadership.
Abolish the .passing-on' system. but
do not make provision for non-resi-
dents at the expense of resident I'M
employed family men,"
The report emphasizes the need OF
careful separation of workers who
are unemployable from those who can
and will work but are without jobs.
Specialized treatment based on the
continuous work of trained social in
vestigators for the inmates of the
municipal lodging house should be
developed Provide adequate facili-
ties for the care and treatment Of the
sick, the mentally defective and the
aged. Develop penal farm colonies
for shirks and Migrants. training col
onies and classes for the inemcient.
and special workshops for handi-
capped and substandard workers. I'm
employed workers may be helped II
Industrial training classes are pro-
vided. with free scholarship"
For permanent relief and prevention
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-26
PRINCE OF MONACO CALLS
OCEAN0GRAPHERS TO MEET

The Prince Of Monaco has summon
ed a meeting Of representatives. Of
the oceanographic section Of the In-
ternational Union of Geodeey and
Geophysics. for January IS. 1871. at
Paris. An extensive program Of the
work to be undertaken. by the section
will be submitted to this meeting.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-26
will have a voice in Downing
street and at Westminster.

= = =
That sentiment which far-scat-
tered men and women of English
blood have for the homeland is one
of the strongest forces in all the
world, and it will serve to keep
England great through all ad
versities. But future greatness
will come from the strength Of
sons and daughters: the strength
of the parent has passed its zenith
and Is declining.
So 1t would seem that should
there set in the 1ooked-for migra-
ton from England to the dominions
overseas, it will add to rather than
subtract from the strength Of the
empire as whole. The dominions
would be made richer and more
self-sufflcient, and the menace of
an overpopulated England would
be removed. Were the population
of the British Isles reduced to a
number that could be subsisted on
their own soil in event Of need.
another Germany in another war
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-26

hold the empire together has
moved out Of England and now
abides with the dominions. The
dominions have become the en-
pire.
England may. in all probability
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-26

food possibilities as IL is TO gem
eral insecurity and unsettlemept.N
Except in the case of Austria. as
now constituted, their populations
generally did not exceed the re-
sources of their soil. Yet there
was more actual suffering from
hunger there than elsewhere out
side of Poland; SO it probably re-
mains fundamentally true that the
flight of these populations is in
spired in chief part by the instinct
i've seeking for security of food
supplies.
-,
In all this readjustment of
populations America has a very
direct and very vital concern. even
apart from the fact that this coun-
try is bound to be the mecca of
greater part of those seeking
escape from intolcrable conditions
in Europe.
The American people have an in
vestment in Europe to the amount
of ten billion dollars of war loans
and nearly four billions of COM
mercial credits, which ultimately
must be paid either by the people
of Europe or by the people OF the
United States. This represents in
the neighborhood of around 5000
for the average American family.
a rather sizeable bill to be owed
by debtors who show disposition
to move to distant places where
garnishment will not run. ~,
Not all of this debt, to be sure,
is in any danger of being uncol-
lectible. The faith of Great Brit
ain il back Of more than $4,000.
ooo. 900 of it; and Great Britain, of
course, will pay. France is pledged
to about $4,000. 900. 900. ard no one
expects France to default. Bel ;ium
has a heavy load, but is making
manful efforts, and the 1talisns
gradually are getting their affairs
in better shape Leans to Russia
and other allies in the tate war
may be repaid in time, but they
certainly are not to be counted an
liquid assets.
But the money question. after
all, is a minor one. America is in
terested chiefly in the phenomenon
of millions of people all at one
time moved by the single impulse
to break away from the soil IN
which they have been rooted Tor
generations and TO seek more
liyable conditions in newer lands
II is this spirit in which America
had its being and in which IL mas
grown to greatness.
Except for the necessity OF safe
guards as to the number and char
acter of those to be admitted To
this country. there is seen no seri-
Gus menace to Americas future
well being. America will have no
reason to complain if Canada and
Brazil and the Argentine, Australia
and New Zealand grow great at
the expense of Europe.
On the other hand, the peace Of
the world and the prosperity Of
the race is likely to be served by
wholesale movement of popu-
Iations nearer to the sources OF
supply. The pressure of popu-
lations on food supplies has
been a cause of war and OF con-
slant threats of war for more thap
a hundred years-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-26

will. remain the seat Of govern
ment. but there are signs of a
Fastening day when England will
no be suffered alone to control
imperial policies. The dominions.
which have become the empire,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-26
Plan Urged to Protect Workers Against
Possible Suffering Due to Unemployment

do not advertise the existence Of
large relief funds or other provisions
for relief without work. OF give in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-26

Four fifths of all the teachers, there
fore. are to be classified as either
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-26

would be partially disarmed. In
fact. potency of the weapon with
which Germany came so near win
ming the last war would be al
most utterly destroyed.
X X = X
The situation in England diff
fers from that of continental
Europe with respect to the safety
OF food supplies. The populous
states along the western edge of
the continent have the possibility
of both sea and land transport to
save them from starvation. yet
during the war the food problem
was more acute with them than
it ever was with England. Ger
many and Austria shut France
and Belgium and italy off from
the granaries of eastern Europe.
and, had they not had England to
deal with, undoubtedly would have
barred all supplies from the
near the submarines came to
starving England, it is apparent
that had British shipping been
out of the reckoning France and
Belgium and Italy would have
been easy victims.
So it is not strange that the
people of these 'sorely tried lands
have their eyes turned toward the
western world, thinking of the
vast stretches of rich and unused
soil made safe by nature from any
enemy they know Of or regard as
among the possibilities of life.
80 y
The French have not contributed
largely to migrations of the past.
They are strongly attached to
their own soil and able to make it
yield wonderful returns, but the
war brought home to them as
never before the fact that France
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-26
English Statesmen in Favor
of Emigration Within
the British Empire.
Populations May Be Cut to
Point Where People Can
Subsist From Soil.

is overpopulated. And always there
hangs over them the fear OF Ger
many and remembrance of those
pinching days when unsatfsned
hunger threatened at any time TO
develop into famine. Emigration
from France has not started on a
large scale, but reports Indicate
that it will be in increasing vol
ume as the people recover from
the shock of war.
At the Rhine begins the land OF
mystery. The outside world seems
to have little knowledge of what
the German people are doing or
intend to do. Reports spread that
millions of them are coming to
America as soon as peace is estab-
lfshed and they become admissible
under our laws. 1t is heard, also,
that they are planning to colonize
in South America and elsewhere.
1t is known that there is per-
sistent German penetration into
Russia, but as to it's extent and
success there can be only guess
work.
Russia would seem to offer the
natural outlet for the overplus Of
German population. They would
be as welcome there. probably. as
anywhere else in the world, and
except for the Polish barrier of
questionable stability, there is the
natural advantage OF contiguity to
the homeland.
Russia has almost every natural
advantage which Germany lacks
and needs. There is coal and oil
and other minerals, boundless tim
Der resources, and uncultivated or
only scantily cultivated land capa-
Bile of feeding a population several
times that of Germany and Russia
combined German economic con-
quest of Russia and Russian re-
sources is the one thing above all
others which non-German Europe
fears and believes will happen. and
how to counter against such pos
sibilityi Is the most difficult of
all problems of European states
! manship.
X X X
No one doubts that the now pros
trate Russian bear will walk again.
But whether he will walk like a
cd in 1aoSh nv n
Teutonic master only time can tell.
Whether he walks alone or is led.
recovery of the bear will censti-
tute a menace which must be rech-
oned with, for Russia has in album
dance those things which the war
emphasized so strongly civiliza-
ton cannot exist without-food-
stuffs and raw materials. Without
them. all the complicated indus
trial structure built up by England
and the densely populated coun-
tries in the west and south of
Europe are worse than useless. No
population ever again can feel Sc
cure If either it's food supplies or
the raw materials for its manufac-
ture are at the mercy of pos
sible enemy.
X X i.
The countries in southeastern
Europe remain largely in chaotic
state, and it is there the present
food of emigration chiefly has its
source. Taken as whole. the
exodus from southeastern Europe is
not due so much to the lack Of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-26

The countries in southeastern
Europe remain largely in a chaotic
state, and it is there the present
food of emigration chiefly has its
source. Taken as a whole. the,
exodus from southeastern Europe is
not due so much to the lack of
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-11-06

Thursday evening Nov. 9Th. a
pound baby xiri was born to
Mr. and Mrs, Geo Nicoli Grand
ia" Grave. Ia wearing u smile that
won't rub on
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-11-06
Wh,pts'd Cv~sw I'w6. NJ Valentines
sht. Nseass1ay.

H. G. vaii- mad. u busin.ss trip
tu saiiaa Friday.