davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18
"Msery Boom" on Stock Exchange Hides a Skeleton


Vienna. Nov. 1S.--One OF the fInan.
clal paradoxes OF Central Europe has
been boom this autumn on the VI
emma stock exchange. Speculation
has been on a tremendous scale and
stock prices have risen by leaps and
bounds Advance of several hundred
points In single stock occurred in
one days trading. Lucky spectators
made millions of kronen from shoe
string investment.
But Austrians will speak Of this
boom as the misery BOOM for its
basis is the unfavorable state OF the
kronen exchange. and the rise in
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18
Three Killed
In Street Fight

rousiss, Ca Nov. ie. - Two
negro men and negro woman. Al.
legged to have been mn ieated ~
tie kiIling yesterday afternoon ~
pearly harper planter OF this
county were shot 70 death early
to-day by a mob of more than $50
men who ovtrpoworcd Sheriff Tan.
ner and two 9apyfiss who ware 81
tempting 70 aet the negroes 10 rltx.
gerald for safe keeping.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18

~r~sN~r~<H~~<N
that the misery boom on the stock
exchange was merely gay trapping
behind which stalked a gaunt skele.
svn
The boom IS an economical phe-
nomenou which IL we'll worth study
Tor II explains much OF the paradoxl.
cal conditions that exist throughout
the war.torn countries OF Europe. An
Austrian financial authority. the cor
respondent Of the London Financial
News explained 1t by saying that the
sole factor In It was the exchange
rate OF the kronen. When hoee was
abandoned that the deprecated kron.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18
rulsAna TAXING psoRsss

Among Masons from 1ulsa taxlns
tho Rite degfws arr J. a. Arnold
II W q brownies. siias Clintscalua.
lsolfc crum 4 Dorria p T.. Keys.
q Il Joifnaon. o. siisch. H. a.
rrevaler J a RaDey. ) D Rondef
~ ssarix II " seaman. W. ~
Smell. 9 g. Staples. u y s9ephens.
Il j stoner. p L. TAIusadwv. n l..
Waugh. Jake zaboadl
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18
" >iitN pisOt .I~sIn\~
WE'RE >Mt tGGILR's PARADE

Geneva Nos = An Increasing
number ~ funeral pfeeeNalpnB kulng
across the furder Into Germany ra.
Gently afnnsad thu auapifian# N e9ls'
iohis officials wan halted one II
shem tAa' prused 30 be smuw lefa
parade The caHksi wss falsehot
iomeA affNlf and flgafa in fhe et
'la waa aiufsed elsh sold sllsof aaf
oihHf eoHiraaaNd Four ninafnlaB tt
anfes arsiendlns 90 be mulss. ~ers
ea'f ty the peiieo 50 ~ Aao~a anas
flNfs
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18
HIGH SCHOOL NORMAL
TRAINING CLASS OkEHED

r. H. Wilson. state Superintendent,
has put his stamp Of approval ON
the high school normal training class
OF the city schools and compliments
the instructors for good work well
done. in a letter received today.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18


prices was measure OF the depres-
sed economic state OF the country.
The misery boom on the stock
exchange was accompanied by con
ditions OF destltution in the city and
country which are un1rccedensed at
that season Of the year
At Is hard even for the people OF
Vienna to realize their plisht and 40
picture what the winter has In store
for them The American visitor. par
zicularly II be IL armed with dollars.
finds an air of su1'ace prosperity
about the city. But those who looked
beyond the merely superficial learned
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18
POLAND TO HAVE
MANDATE FOR DANzlG

Berne, Switza Nov. lS Decision
mas been reached by the league o
nations to entrust Poland with a man
date to carry out the military ee
fense Of Danzig, according to infor
nation received by tne Swiss Tele
graph Agency.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18

\ MOTHERS HOME IN
BORDEAUX PLANNED

Bordeaux, Nov gs.-A Mothers
Home where women may have the
necessary care that they themselves
could not afford is to be established
by this city WITH FUNDS given by Ma.
dame de la Meurthe II viii be ope1
only to married women
Buildings park OF So acres and
100000 francs were given for tn,
work by Nine do IA Meurthe
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18

INHERITANCE TAXES
PAID TO STATE

An inheritance tax OF s4.158.9e WAS
collected Tuesday by n w Gore. 1t.
torney for the state auditor. on the
estate OF Hubert Rider an oklahoma
county farmer who died last June.
The estate Of si69.liS. was com
posed OF farm valued al sl3S.390
and personal property The entire
amount went to the widow.
Gore also collected $5.76S.42 from
the estate OF l.. w Burlington Of
Ninita. who died on December 4. l9la.
leaving assets totaling slG6.0l0.64 OF
the estate all except $4,000 was -.
queathed to his wife J Mana PM.
lips. niece. was the othcr beneficiar.,.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18
PEACE TREATY MAKES
POLAND MUCH LARGER

Berlin, Nov iS Poland by virtue
OF the Peace Treaty with Russia y
enlarged BY the addition Of 52eOa
English miles with 100000 inhab,.
tants. according to the eHtimate III
the Polish delegation.
According to the peace treaty az
versailles. Poland measured 36.sD1
English square miles and had pop
nlation Of 2l000.000.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18
MEMPHIS BANKS CARRY QUOTAS

Memphis, Tenn Nov. ls.-Mem.
phis banks will subscribe their quota
OF 100000 to the Federal Internation-
al Banking company. now in process
OF formation to finance the exporta-
ton Of southern products, it was an.
nounced late today.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18
MEXICAN KILLS AN
AMERICAN MINER

Douglas. Ariz Nov 1s- George J.
Moore, American foreman Of the Pu-
emcitos mine OF the Cananea Consoli.
dated Copper company, Cananea, so
nora, Mexico. this morning was shot
without warning by Mexican known
as Manuel Fiaz. according to inform.
alton received from Naco. Ariz.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18
INDIANS EXPECT FULL RIGHTS

st I.onis. Nov. 1S--lndians ex-
rect emancipation from the govern.
ment reservation system within the
next four years. Thomas l.. Sloan.
of Washington. ID. G.. president Of
the society Of American Indians de.
clared In an address at the annual
conference OF the organization here.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18
mrxlcAns rlar NINE PROPERTY

Mexico chy. Nov is-Thers am
unaubatantlated rumosa here that
striking mInsrs a, Rosita and Mon.
ciava IN The state OF Coahuila have
sst fire 10 several mines destroyed
other property and KILLED several per.
sons.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18
GOVERNMENT EXPENSE

Washington. Nov. 1s.--Govern-
mental expenditures for October fell
off by nearly s1,23o,oOO, 900. as com
pared with September. according to
the monthly statement issued by the
treasury. Disbursements for the
month totalled s714.442.660 against
81. .s44, ,093,527 in September.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18
ENGLAND TO OPEN
TRADE WITH RUSSIA

Iond, Nov rs Premier Lloyd
George stated in the House Of Cor
mons today that the cabinet had de-
cided that a draft OF an agreement
to carry out the July arrangements
for trade with Russia should be pro
pared and he hoped Ii would be
ready for submission to the Russa an
government IN few days.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18
WHAT gICKED OVER
THE WIRE DURING DAY

AInskogee With the finding oi
raincoat spatterod with blood. N
shack on ,he oussklrts Of The city.
the shcriffs office believed the al.
rest Of the slayer of n Matjasic
pawnbroker November "a. was only
a matter 'ot hours
WASHINGTON Direct steps to
eliminate radlcaiism from amy con.
troll In organized labor and 70 meet
the menace of increasing unempIoy.
mcnt. were being taken up BY tho
American Federation o. Labor
through ITS cxecutive council Ia sea.
sion here.
Washington II WAS learned that
senators from the western and south.
ern states we're considering urging
legislative action 70 revive the war
finance corporation and they said
this was the only agency which could
give immediate help TO agricultural
interests IN the appalling situation"
resulting from the sudden fall IN
pfices
Kansas ity The Farmers Ma
tional Union with representatives
from twenty seven states went on
record hfre In favor OF Withholding
farm products from the market until
prices arc restored to q proftt-nlakng
level
New York. benny Leonard light
weighs champion. scored 4 technical
knockout over Harlem Eddie Kelly IN
the NTH round Of a scheduled ~
round contest at the Commonwealth
Sporting club here. the referee stop
Ing the fight after Kelly had been
floored
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18

en- would ever reach It's former stand
ard of FaIue. the argument vas ad.
vancesi that the value of the propcr-
Tics listed on the stock exchange had
not decreased and that ia the future
they would pay the same dividends
~ IA peace times Therefore. il was
argued thai pheir stocks mtt be
worth today as much as shey We're
before the war Continuing the cor.
respondent sald
"The stock exchange Is 40 LONGER
a barometer which indicates fair
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18
so Workmen
Smashed When
Steel Tumbies

indianapolis. NOV IS - Fifty
working men engaged 10 erect.
ino the stesl frame of thrse
story hvlla'na At high school
here were buried beneath the
uaass cf Steel When the frame col.
ispsed while they were az work.
Two persons are known 10 nave
been killed and thirty injured.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18
SMELLING COMMITTEE

ST Louis. Nov 1S.-The senate
committee touring the country inves
tigating housing and reconstruction
problems today was prepared to ko
into the local situation.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18
NEW TEMPLE CLASS HONOR
MEMORY CHESTER H|RsCH|
Organization Takes Name Of
Guthrie Boy Who Died
In France During
the War

n have many inoyatlons and in.
provemenis for this valley and or unt
Of Scottish Rite Masonry, said soy
erign Inspector General Perry Free
man, McAlester who directs consiss
tory work = do not look Tor any
diminution Of class membership durs
Ing the coming year we have ueafl
two thousand applications on filo Fo.s
Guthrie I rataer expect 70 see Che
new temple here nearing complntol
in the fall Of 1929 and the dedicatory
class will be bumper General
Freeman says the orients au both
Guthrie and McAlesler are among
the leaders IN the Rite list In Amer
ola
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18

f~~f"f WV NN tHaA#AFA Nth
vsra.sy atvasets mat hsss % saa
susa enc question shaali JApAA
fight Ams me debate laa,ss
faur hours ! ~aa magsed w vsnss
nses erab hu, me audience -.
nAinea " ga rumor duelna shm
evening msnaetrs % the meet.
inu ost aFsrencs 10 sha palrr.
nteited y take . vess on tNs
merits ~ aaastlmn Az alaeinssa
- ths ~ srs and apparsuslY ne
asdleHee equally divided a. n
me espet % war oes~ssn ss
s4eo seuntf.ea
oneakers taxing pAet II ths auhats
aarvea thas me acslap % califarNls
10 lsaaiAtlra aaai~st lapaasas osvr
mo pfpnartr in thas asase FURNISHED
sufsleisnt cause far hoasslsisa. bss
shsy dlffsrsa csaesrnlea the sxasdl
eneY % aolaa 10 war May pain'sd
cns the faet ~ Amerltas wealth and
preparedness sontrassad aaalnn lsa.
ana weakness One student sheuaNt
that u lapan attacked America avsr
thA question. ctnsf white raees wsant
eemhlrs aua lnss Japan. rns ~
ateea freely praised AmerAea's pAss
frienHiireaa CO.. tha country. but ada.
ed Na~ lhas Japan 10 ares~n up.
Aneer,es la tired 81 us#
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18

More than 81 per cent OF all Ameri-
can soldiers admitted to the hospitals
overseas were gassed.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18
w EATHEH

New Orleans. Nov. 1S.-Tonight
fair and warmer, Friday, fair.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18

According to the records OF Miss
Madsen. 2S5 Masons will receive the
degree Of 22nd degree Scottish Rite
Mason al the Thanksgiving re.unioa
AZ the Temple The tnrec last 49,.
erees were being mounted at The
Temple, Thursday Tho reunion win
closse This evening
The new class organized with the
name, Chester Hirseai Memorial
Glass commemornting the memory
OF Guthrie boy who died for als
country IN France Officers arA.
Josiah e. Denham. Wakitas vice prs-
sidont, J. L. Rogers rawhnska and
Edwin Dabney, Altus; Secretary.
Frank Murrah. BariesyIlcs Orator
Ross r. Crum. Tulsa: Historin
Robert G whitney Tonkawa
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18
WOUNDED NAN
NOR KNOWS Hsps

WOUNDED MAN
NOT KNOWN HEPE
colofed man giving his nars ~
Art Ray and bis home ln fiuta.ie.
was fatally shot IN tailor shop 81
policeman AT Euld yesterndy. R1y
Is not known IA Guthrie.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18

CONTINUED on Page g.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1920-11-18
Is Japan
In War
Mood

fekle. Nvv rvsa thaasara unk
Vsrslsy aivasets mat hsys e sss
suas sNe aaeaslen sNaaN JApAA
floht Ame rhs a~has. ss.,~.t
The Bourbon news., 1920-01-06
BACK TO OLD KENTUCKY.

IT. Porter Smith, the irrepressi
Bile, who has for several years been
a resident Of Los Angeles. Califor-
mia, where he was very successful in
the real estate and insurance bust
ness, has returned to Kentucky to
reside in the future.
Mr. Smith has opened real estate
office in Georgetown, with auction
eering as side line, and it goes
without saving that he will make
this an unqualified success. Possess
ing large acquaintance in Central
Kentucky, and having just what is
needed in the way of confidence.
business judgment and knowledge
of land values and business condi-
tions ir the good old State, Mr..
Smith will soon be among the top
notchers in this part of the country.
He is splendid mixer. a good hand
shake artist. and is bound to make
good with the people of Georgetown
and Scott county His return to
Kentucky proves that he is convinc-
ed that the old Commonwealth is
every bit as good, and in some re-
spects. better than the Golden West.
His many friends here wish him un-
bounded prosperity in his new
venture.
The Bourbon news., 1920-01-06
DISASTROUS FIRE DESrRnvS
HARRODSBURG PROPERTY

Fire which broke out Saturday in
the garage of ]. T. Ingram, In the
business secion Of Harrodsburg de-
stroyed the building and between
eighty and ninety automobiles and
trucks. causing loss estimated at
100000 with insurance at less than
half that amount.
Included in the losses were two
large trucks loaded with groceries
which had just arrived from Lex
ington, large truck loaded With
furniture and the handsome funeral
car of Brunner & Sims.
The fire started when the
chauffeur for party of negro musi-
clans, who had come from Lexing-
ton to play for a dance given by the
young people of the city, went to the
garage to get his car.
The car failed to work properly
and he lighted lantern at the door
of the garage. An explosion follow
ed, and in few moments the entire
place was in a blaze.
The Bourbon news., 1920-01-06

AT the recent meeting of the
Bourbon Fiscal Court, with County
Judge Geo. Batterton presiding and
full board present, County Road
Engineer Ben F. Bedford presented
his report for the month of Decem.
Der, which was read, approved and
ordered filed. An order WIS approv-
ed and entered, fixing the price of
pauper collins to be paid for by the
county at $25 for adults and $3.50
for children.
The Court approved a large
batch Of claims against the county,
and ordered them paid. This in
cluded d balance of $4,207.97 due
the Brandeis Machinery & Supplies
Co. for road machinery and supplies.
The Court instructed the County
Road Engineer to advertise for bids
for building new garage for th.,
county trucks, to cost approximately
$4,000. The building is TO be os
fire-proof construction.
The Bourbon news., 1920-01-06
MUSICAL FIVE TO REMAIN IN
DEFINITELY.

Manager John B. Elliott evidently
thinks well of the Derson Musical
Five, the organization that has been
helping to pack the houses at the
Grand and The Alamo for the past
two weeks. The Musical Five will
remain here for an indefinite time,
it was learned yesterday. This will
be glad news to the patrons Of these
movie houses, who have become &C
customed to forgetting their troubles
and cares when the tinkling, tin
tillating melodies of the Musical
Five strikes their ears. One inter-
ested woman said to THE NEWS
man yesterday, 'It's a question with
me whether I shall look at the pict-
ures or try to keep my attention
from being distracted by the excel
lent music
The Bourbon news., 1920-01-06
TOBACCO MARKETS

The block sale Thursday at the In
dependent Warehouse No. 2 disposed
OF a total of 190,460 pounds for a
total Of S99,165.S4, a floor average
of $52.O6.
The Paris tobacco market for the
past week was in excess of any
week during the season. Prices were
strong on good quality stuff and
weaker on inferior grades. The In
dependent Co. sold for the season up
to the closing sales Friday a total
of 1,393,065 pounds of tobacco for
S769,432.53, an average of $55.21.
The Bourbon Company sold for the
same period a total of 2,199,410
pounds for $1,2O2,23S.69, an aver
age of $54.66. The total sales on
the Paris market for the season
reached the figures Of 3,592,475
pounds, representing a money value
of $1,971,671.53, season average
of s55.O1.
Thos. SimmS, a tentant on the
John HEIR farm, near Cynthiana,
received a check last week for S6,-
OIL, for his half of the crop of to-
taccO grown on the farm. The en-
tire crop was sold to speculator ar
eighty-five cents pound. Who ever
before heard of tobacco tenant, or
any other tenant, for that matter,
making so much money in a single
wear on q cipp1n or0no
The Bourbon Tobacco Warehouse
Company sold yesterday on the
Bourbon No. floors 114,365 pounds
for $56, ,0S0.65, an average Of $69.03.
The quality was poor. Some of the
crop averages follow:
Thomas & Hall, 1880 pounds, av-
erage $74.01.
Bell & Davis, a,ss5 pounds, aver
age $63.44.
Y. B. 'Laughlin & Doughter, L.
140 pounds, average 1911.
Burris & Henderson, $500
pounds, average $57.71.
Y. B. & w. c. Laughlin, 1,245
pounds, average $57.40.
Bprris & Hall, 3.725 pounds, av-
erage $55.41.
T. X. Mason, 2,430 pounds, aver
age s52.14
Haggard & Kuster, 6,S75 pounds,
average $59.19.
Mrs. o. L. Potts, $50 pounds, av-
erage $65.5S.
Burris & Jackson, 4.490 pounds,
average $65.5s.
Burris C Jackson, 4,490 pounds,
average $51.17.
Davis & Yancey, 1855 pounds,
average $51.41.
Bramblett & Potts, 2,230 pounds,
average $6294
Judy & Wells, S,s15. POUNDS, av-
erage $52.03
Clay & Faulconer, APIS pounds,
average $59.49.
Penn & Argo, 2,7S5 pounds, av-
erage 5000
Tate Bros. & Florence, 1856
pounds, average $55.19.
Letton & Claypool, $3.50 pounds.
average $58.13.
Wright & Shaw. 4,500 pounds. av-
erage $55.47.
Russell & Thornton, $50 pounds,
average $57.
Letton & Claypool, 5000 pounds,
average $55.55.
The block sale will be finished at
the Independent, and then go 20
Bourbon No. 1 at one o'clock this af-
ternoon. o.
The Bourbon news., 1920-01-06
KENTUCKY LEGISLATURES TO
CONVENE THIS MORNING

The 1920 session of the General
Assembly of Kentucky will convene
at the Capitol this morning, when
the upper and lower houses will
assemble in joint session to hear,
from the third Republican Governor
)of the State, the first oral message
ever delivered by Kentucky execu-
tive to an assembling Legislature.
The House of Representatives will
come together with the Republicans
in control by margin of ten votes,
the lineup being SIS to As in their
favor; in the Senate the 20-to-1S
lineup gives the two-point majority
to the Democrats, thus duplicating a
situation of divided control that has
occurred but once in the history of
the Commonwealth.
Here is the days program:
IL o'clock noon-Swearing in of
all new State officials except the
Governor and Lieutenant Governor,
who took the oath on December 9.
p. m.-Joint meeting Of the
Democratic State Central and Execu-
tive Committee at Frankfort Hotel.
1880 p. m.--Republican House
causus, House chamber.
7:45 p. m.-Republican Senate
caucus, Senate cloak room.
p. m.-Democratic Senate eau
Gus. Senate chamber.
p. m.-Democratic House eau
Gus, Senate chamber.
8 p. m.--Democratic House cau-
Gus, House chamber.
All executive departments Of the
State government will be turned
over by the retiring Democratic off,
cials who served under the Stanley
Black regime at noon to-day, to the
victorious Republicans who won on
the ticket headed by Governor Nor
row. The new officials and their
predecessors are: Auditor John J.
Craig, Of Covington, who succeeds T.
VI. Jones, of Somerset; Treasurer,
James A. Wallace, of Irvine, sue
eeeding Sherman Goodpaster, Of Ow-
ingsville; Secretary of State Fred A.
Vaughn, of Paintsville, succeeding
James P. Lewis, of Harlan; Attorney
General Charles L. Dawson, Pine
Vile, succeeding Charles H. Morris,
of Frankfort; Commissioner of Ag-
riculture Will G.. Hanna, Shelby
Vile, succeeding Mat S. Cohen, Of
lexington; Superintendent of Pub
lie Instruction, George F. Colvin,
Springfield. succeeding v. o. Gilbert,
of Franklin, and Clerk of the Court
of Appeals Roy E. Speck, of Bowling
Green, succeeding Rodnan W.
keenon, of Harrodsburg.
The Bourbon news., 1920-01-06
THE WEATHER.

The weather forecast for this
date. as issued from the Weather
Bureau at Washington, is as follows:
Tuesday, cloudy and warmer, prob
ably followed by rain or snow.
q, The coldest weather of the winter
struck this section Friday night,
the mercury tumbling from it's lofty
perch until it had reached the low
attitude OF four below zero. While
thermometers in different parts of
the city varied considerably. owing
to location the zero mark could be
taken as an average. Water pipes
were frozen all over the city. and
the doleful complaints of house
keepers kept the plumbers busy.
The sudden drop caused much suffer.
ing among the poor people of the
city, but so far as known there were
no cases of actual suffering that
we're not relieved I;y the charitable
organizations of the city. BY one
o'clock Saturday afternoon the eX-
treme cold moderated a little, fol-
lowed by a fall of snow. On ac-
count of the extreme cold the pub
lie sale of the Julian Frank and ].
NJ. Alverson farm on the Maysyille
pike. was postponed to another date.
The extreme cold continued through
Sunday, and yesterday the ther-
mometer again marking time below
zero. r-~S ~