davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1920-06-13
To the General Public 1t Is Startl;n,
toLeam That Light Does Not
Travel in a Straight Line

ence between the results of different
assumptions are immeasurably small
for such observations as could be
made upon our tiny and slowly NOV
ing earth. But for such distances as
separate the stars and for greater
assumed speeds they may become ex-
tremely large.
/ might go on t. describe VIII at
happens if we imagine two observ-
ers, A and B, receding from one an
other with half the speed of light
and exchanging signals by a reAec-
ton back and forward from mir.
New-York tribune., 1920-06-13
E1ENRY NORRIS RUSSELL, professor of astyouon,1 ot
- Pr7nceton University aho erploins the much discSsed
theory of relatlvlty for the benefit of the oynaan

themselves as at rest They will
then agree that the distance between
them is 10000 miles, since it takes
light one second to go each way, and
they will also agree that their clocks
are not merely running at the same
rate but are exactly synchronized
because the light must have reached
3 just one second after it left A.
But now suppose that A and B
agree in the belief that they are mov-
ing through space with half the
speed of light, so that they are fol-
lowing the same track with B pre-
ceding A.
Going and Coming
Using the same principle of the
stern chase of which we have spoken
before, they will now figure out their
distance apart as not 186,O00 miles,
but just three-fourths as much, or
139,500 miles, and also that the light
in going outward over this distance
from A to B on the stern chase took
cne and half seconds, whereas in
coming back it occupied only one
second.
This change in the direction
amounts to exactly the same thing
which we described a few moments
ago; but there will be a second in
teresting change with respect to
their measurement of time. For
since they now believe that the light
took one and a half seconds to go
out, the time when it reached B
was one and half seconds past
noon by AS clock and only one sec
ond past noon by BIS clock.
Hence they will agree that BIS
clock is half second fast.
On the other hand, it is easy to
see that, if they had supposed them
selves to be going along the same
line, and at the same rate of speed.
but in the opposite direction, they
would have concluded that BIS clock
was half a second slow.
We reach, therefore, the still more
picturesque conclusion that the uues
tlon whether or not two events which
take place at different points of
space are simultaneous or occur at
different times cannot be answered
until we have defined the uniformly
moving frame of reference with re-
spect to which we are to make our
measurements and reasoning.
With the distance that we have
assumed, the difference between the
two clocks would be only a fraction
OF a second, even if the assumed
speed was very great. But if we had
taken distance such as that be-
tween the remoter stars, whose light
takes thousands of years to travel,
then, according to our choice of
frame Of reference, we might have
been led to the conclusion that AS
clock was either in agreement with
BIS or fast or slow by several CEN
turies.
Once again, the possible differ
New-York tribune., 1920-06-13
The Theory Of Relatively Explained
by DR.. Russell, Professor of
Astronomy at Princeton F

speed Of something like four hun
dred miles a second, which motion,
Of course, the system of stars visible
to the naked eye must substantially
share.
But now, which of all these sys-
TENS is really moving?
Are the stars at rest and Che
nebula moving, or are the nebul@
at rest and the stars moving, or are
they both moving past each other
in different directions, and is there
anything at rest? Can we really
New-York tribune., 1920-06-13

rors carried by both. AS I have not
blackboard, will spare you the de.
tails, which are not hard for any
one to work out who takes a pencil
and piece of paper.
Space and Time
Will simply state the result that
given a certain set of definitely OBJ.
served facts upon which both oh.
servers are entirely and perfect
agreed, it is possible that A. if he
considers himself at rest. will So,
that B is receding from him with
half the velocity of light and carrv.
ing clock which is running at ex.
actly the same rate as his own
while b, who naturally may prefer
to think of himself as at rest and
the other fellow moving, will believe
THAT A is receding from him with
half the speed of light, but will in
sls1 that his CLOCK and AS clock are
not keeping together. but are run
ming at different rates.
.s'he root of shis extraordinary dis
crepancy between their opinions
Will lie in the fact that they divide
up the round-trip time interval For
the reflected light waves in differ
ent manners on account of their DIFF
ferent assumptions as to whether the
rejecting mirrors are at rest or be-
ing chased by the light, thereby ir-
Producing difference into their
methods Of comparing one another's
clocks, which continually increases
as the distance between them m
creases and the round-trip time for
the light with it.
| have certainly gone far enough
now to show you how we are led. if
we stick to these apparently simple
and harmless principles of relativitv.
into the most extraordinary conclu-
SONS with respect to space and time
AS some one has we'll put it,
"vhenness" aa1 "whereness" are
all mixed up together. You can't
say just when thing happened
without saying where it happened
and also with respect to what frame
OF reference you ccfne both whe,
ahd where.
All these spectacular changes.
however, reach perceptible amounts
only for objects which are moving
with at least a moderate fraction of
the velocity of light; and the actual
motion of the planets is so much
slower than this that no perceptible
differences will be introduced by our
choosing frames of reference which
are attached to the earth, the sun.
the planets or the stars.
His Hypothesis Confirmed
Not content with these remark
able results, Einstein proceeded a
few years ago to generalize his
theory'further. in imarininc opo+har
New-York tribune., 1920-06-13

server at rest with respect to the
ether and surrounded by a circle Of
mirrors set in various directions
from him, but all at a distance of
10000 miles.
If he then produces a flash of light
at his own position this light will
travel out and in one second will
reach all the mirrors simultaneously,
will be reflected at each, and at the
end Of another second will come back
to him simultaneously from all the
mirrors. Of this Hypothetical ap-
paratus appears to you inconvenient-
ly large, you can just as we'll mag
Inc one a million times smaller.
which would make the radius of the
circle about a thousand feet, and
count your time in millionths of a
second instead Of whole seconds.)
So far so good. But now suppose
that the. observer and his whole cir
Gle of mirrors, big or small, are
not at rest, but are all moving to-
gether uniformly at speed of half
the velocity Of light.
Now, let the observer send out a
light signal and wait for its refec-
ton from that mirror which is d.
rectly on the line Of his track and
In the direction toward which he is
moving.
A Stern Chase
The light travelling out toward
this mirror would itself move 12e .
600 miles second, but would have
stern chase" since the mirror is
receding half as fast as it is tray.
cling, and it is easy to see that it
would take two whole seconds to
reach the mirror.
On the return journey the OBJ
server will be advancing to meet it
with half the speed of light, and this
part of the process will take onlv
two-thlrds of second. The ELAPSED
time for the round trip of the LIGHT
will be two and two-thirds seconds
considerably longer than if the oh.
server was at rest.
Consider next ray of light which
gets reflected in the mirror. whose
direction from the observer is at
right angles to the first.
1t will not have the lonp stern
chase which the first ray has, but
nevertheless it will lose something
because IN order to reach the moving
mirror 1t will have to Gravel "on
the blas," so to speak, through
space, so that it will reach not the
point where the mirror was when
the light started, but the point where
it will be when it gets there. and
something quite similar will happen
on the return journey.
When this is calculated it is found
that the round trip will in this case
take about two and one-third Sec
onds. (The exact amount invoIvea
New-York tribune., 1920-06-13

ind anything anywhere in the mate
rial universe upon which we can
really set the feet of our magma
tion and say "J'y suis, j'y reste,"
with the conviction that we are at
last upon the firm rock of the abso-
lutely motionless?
Birth of the Theory
1t is from a search for an an
swer to this question that the theory
of relativity grew.
The first great contribution was
made by Newton. An immediate con-
sequence of his fundamental prin-
ciples of physical science is that if
we have a number Of objects NOV
ing together in space, which we may
call a system, acting upon one an
other in any fashion, however COM
plicated, but free from outside in
fiuence, then the relative motions of
the bodies in that system will not
depend at all upon the rate at which
the system as whole is moving
through space, or the direction of it's
motion, but only upon the mutual
interaction Of it's parts.
Simple uniform motion in a
straight line, what we technically
call motion of translation" does
not influence the things that happen
in the system at all, even to the
ninutest degree. Therefore, an OBJ
server within the system cannot
hope to detect it unless he has some
thing outside to observe. 1t is on
account of this great dynamic prin-
ciple that we are unconscious of the
motion Of the earth about the sun.
In our proposed search, then, for
absolute motion" we must use some
other means, and our most efficient
tools are likely to be the waves of
light. We know that light spreads
out from any hot body into space in
all directions and at the great speed
Of 10000 miles a second.
Ether as Basis
Despite this enormous velocity,
something real actually travels out
ward, because it carries with it en-
ergy which is, to the modern phvsi-
cist, one Of the most fundamental
Of all realities.
This energy may still be percep-
tlble to our eyes or apparatus when
reaching us from the stars after a
journey which has consumed MANY
thousands Of years.
We know, too, that this energy.
while 1t is on its way, travels in
manner strikingly similar to the
propagation of waves, so much so
that we feel justified in describing
light as consisting of waves of
definite lengths and properties.
Now, how does this energy travel
through apparently empty space
with these singular wave proper
ties! The natural answer, almost
New-York tribune., 1920-06-13
His Hypothesis Confirmed

Not content with these remark
able results, Einstein proceeded
few years ago to generalize his
theory'further, in imagining another
type OF question which did not come
New-York tribune., 1920-06-13
Path Not Straight

In consequence, the path o. v.
light in space must be curved '''
not straight when grsvitation
present, and the ray of light NV
bend downward, that is, in the o''''
ton Of the gravitational force. !.
This deduction from Eins'e'A,,
new principle may thus be rsaen. =.
in very simple fashion, but =
further following out of the P'p
Continued on merit rdcs
New-York tribune., 1920-06-13

calculating a square root that we
need not bother with here.)
The important point is that in this
case, where the observer and mirrors
are moving through the ether, the
ray of light which has Travelled up
and down the direction of motion
will take longer time for the round
trip than the ray which has travelled
crosswise to the motion over a path
Of exactly the same length.
New-York tribune., 1920-06-13

find anything anywhere in the mate
rial universe upon which we can
really set the feet of our magma
tion and say "J'y suis, j'y reste,"
with the conviction that we are at
last upon the firm rock of the abso-
l,1telv rnotionless7
New-York tribune., 1920-06-13

Continued on nert pdes
New-York tribune., 1920-06-13
Henry morris Russell

A\0oSCAI
Professor of astronomy, Princeton
IT T IS probably long time since
there has been any occasion
n. on which matter 50 definitely
belonging to pure science as
the theory of Einstein" has excited
so much popular interest
Although the statements in the
newspapers concerning "the over
throw of Newton's laws" and SINH
lar scare heads" have gone beyond
the more sober statements of scicn-
tific authorities, it is nevertheless
true that the theory Of relativity,
Of which the recent work Of Elm
stein forms an extension, has modi-
fed our conceptions Of nature in
very remarkable fashion.
Einstein's reported statement
that there were not more than
twelve men in the world who could
read and fully understand his book
was probably quite within the facts.
But the elementary ideas on which
the theory Of relativity is based do
not involve any difficult mathema-
tics, and the only obstacle to grasp
ing or holding them is their remark
able novelty. We can understand
them easily enough, or at least un-
derstand what they are about, if
only we begin at the beginning.
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-12-25
NOTICE or sTOCKHOLDElsS'
MEETING

Notice II hereby given that tho
Regular Annual Meeting Of The
Monte Vista Bank Z Trust Company
for the election Of o@cers and the
transaction Of such other business
~ may properly come before the
meeting. 10 hereby called and will
be held st the Banking House Of
The Monte Vista Bank / Trust
Company In the City Of Monte Vista.
County of Rio 0rande and State Of
Colorado. on Tuesday. the llth day
of January. A. d. ioai. st four
(l:00 p. M O'Clock in the after
noon OF said day. and you are re-
Quested to be present In person or
BY duly authenticated proxy.
JONATHAN H. SMITH.
Secretary.
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-12-25
srAnssvx xAl.x 0v nxRxsuRns

W. l.. Searbuek VIII hold . public
oabe oe pure bFeA Hereford cattle at
Ais raaeh northeast Of Monte Vista
o. Friday. January til.
Mr. 0tarbuek 10 b the buslnsss Of
breeding high class Hsrsfords aud
has aothias but ths bsst brssdinG
animsls. HIS prsseat herd 10 oas Of
The bsss II this pert Of the eountry.
The otarbuek herd bull. TAX Pay.
e." was raissd By J. n. Neal Of
ne9ol Cese.. aad = - Exceptionally
aHe inAivt1ual.
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-12-25

W. AssE CUTTING PRICES
ssits eieassd aad psess~d $3.50.
formerly o3.O0.
Suiss sP"~ged ssd peess~d 'oe.
foraserly ol.oO.
While our elsauins materials
cost " more than ever before. TX"
other good busiacss hrms We are
willing to stand q percentage Of los
and hereby announce a reduction In
our prices OF cleaning and pr-ssin.
LEAR DRY Cl.EANE1:s
PHONE a0.-W~ cell for clothes.
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-12-25
AaAs0Hs ELDCf 0s11CERs

LoAes No. - A.-F. q A. ~. held
their regular election OF of'csss last
Tuesday ntght. The omesrs are ~
folIovs: worshipfSl Master. e. A.
Aatssa: Ssaior Warden. u. r. Han.
eeeh; Jusior War1sn. o. @. Beatty:
Treasurer. 3. =. 0oo1diag: Sscrs.
taTy. ". J. BateAsldsr: Ssnior Dsa.
eoa. 2. D. 0poonss: Junior Deacon
4. O. Hagadorn. Tyler. r. l.
Watson.
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-12-25

Jas. RhOdus and family returned
. week ago last Saturday from
Lathrop. No.. where they have been
living for the past year. Mr.. Rho
dus says the health Of his family is
''hne." They will stay In Center
this winter and move to the ranch
Ia the spring.
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-12-25

Billy Mahan and Gus Olson. who
have been trapping this winter In
the Sumner district. have a beauti-
full display OF fox and marten furs
on display In the Monroe 4 Nelson
store. Tho trappers have been
having excellent success.
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-12-25

vvsak neaissV isn rhursday for
Dssvss 70 spsWd chrtssmas with hi.
par~ais.
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-12-25

A. u tribus. 10 bf II. II Abbott.
the buainrss houses cios-d wrda~s-
day afternoon from o0 To sise
during the funeral services
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-12-25

IT a 0Fst you don't succeed,
~. ~ again." has evidently hoeo
tAs policy Of The asv heavyveight
wrestling ehaApjoo q tie world,
e6 stranger" Lsvis Of Louis.
vile: N II vas II the Stran.
sssf6 0ftA chance q the tiels. lasa
veoh at New York. Vhen 10 threw
1ee otechee. Nebsaska lara boz.
~ toot ~ TILE = Gae Aour aaA
soeU-oas miAates a gruelliug
mat work Lewis vas ewSoo defeat
- ~ torOes champ 8ari CadAoek
cd TITS vss hh Air1 chance as
eeoeAes lavtS voeo otooAes 1ova
vno hb feDous "heeA3oGk 3
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-12-25

Nancy Enochs arrived Saturday
morning from the East on an ex.
tended visit with her sister. Mrs.
Toombs. and her aunt. Mrs. Jos
Rubin.
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-12-25
SHORTER HOURS

The Western Union announces a
change In hours for Sundays and
holiday. Tho former hours for
thsee days were , to II .. IN. and Z
to 8 p. u. aud these have been
changed to 3 to 10 =. m. and s to 3
p. n.
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-12-25

Miss Florence kinnison LEFT
Thursday nishs Tor her home In ".
coiiins tn spend Christmas with hsr
parents
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-12-25

Misses, Clara and Jessie Morris
returned To their home In silver.
ton. Colo. Friday for the Christmas
ya~atioh
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-12-25

Miss Pearl tiovn loft Friday nikht
fos hrr home In Lamar for the holt.
days
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-12-25

You viii asvss regret starting .
Christmas SAVINGS Account NJ Tux
WALLACE STATE BANK
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-12-25

Mr.. and Mrs. Station rohill left
Tuesday night for La Junta 10
spend Christmas with Mrs.. Tohill's
parents.
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-12-25

Doo ~ Qe00 ooAApeoo ooo0 - ~ 0Oe GR0osoo
- lse.asassal tsvssaea dzoesss CA0s
~ 0Ao ~ pUs0oe 0DSvoy lAAystle ~ ~ )ol0
eoes1 - = ~ eee pssssa sas.s % -
OeD l9oo Deoo1D - WDso 81 - oeasA
eesee ne -. le1hs ~ 49,. DsseiaA hssassss ~
~ ~ AeD ~ ooA10 e1lAo
~ oeo60 - tA - vAasA sAsosasssAius
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-12-25

Miss wilma UpdssrAR returned
10 Topeka, Kansas. Friday nisht 10
spend Christmas with her family.
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-12-25

Or. Elosson returned Sunday
from beaver where hs attended the
state Dental Clinic last week.
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-12-25

Miss Bowman left Friday for
Garden City. Kansas. for two weeks
Christmas vacation with homo folks
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-12-25

On December 9Th = girl vas born
to Mr. and Mrs. Ruby Duran.
The Monte Vista journal., 1920-12-25

Born TO Mr.. and Mrs. Manuel
Vargas on the i7th. . boy.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-11-09

arrangements.
The musicale will start promptly at
S:45 and no one will be seated during
the program. There will be vocal and
instrumental numbers by artists of
wide prominence. Dancing will start
at 10 o'clock and continue until /.
Each member Of the club is entitled to
take two ladies' as guest.
A houSewarming and informal lunch
con will be given Friday at the new
Unitarian House. 1889 Columbia road.
by the Women's Alliance of All Souls
Church. There will be an informal
program at II o'clock, followed by
luncheon.
Miss Edith Freeman, confidential
|stenographer in the private secreta-
rial department of the British en-
bassy. has gone to spend the winter
with her sister and brother-in-law at
Saskatchewan. Alberta. She will re-
turn to Washington about Easter
time.
Mrs. Marvin B. Rosenberg, national
president of the Association of Col
iegiate Alumnae. will be in Washing
ton tomorrow to attend the meeting
LOT the National Club house commit
tee. of which Mrs. Philip North Moore
Is chairman. Members of the National
Club will meet the members of the
national committee at the informal
Wednesday afternoon tea. for which
Mrs. Adelia G. Hensiey is hostess.
Miss Caro- Turner. daughter of Mr.
and Mrs. w. Jackson Turner, is at her
home on Corcoran street after spend
ing several weeks in Richmond, Ash
land and Winchester, Va.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-11-09
PERU ORDERS CENSUS.

LIMA. Peru. November S.-An official
census Of Peru is ordered by law
which was signed today by President
Leguia.
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1920-07-22
co4L oPERAToRS WARNED.

COT coal NINE operators vii do well b pay a
- lot Of ,.tous attention % the warning which was
issued to them yesterday BY ]. D. A Morrow, Mes
president Of he Naional Coal Association, IA whlsh
lie told them that the only hope there Of keeping the
government out Of their business IS to make good up
on the agreements which have been entered INTO On
their behalf for the fuelng Of the northwest and New
England.
wa, a lot said about he government keeping is hands
of. Zoning pooling. Suggestions Of other kinds look;
ine TO more economic Distribution Of coal were howied
down. The operators were 50 resolusy bent upon 90,
ing their own way that they could not even agree up
ON policy which would have had a ghost Of a show
Of beng carried out. n
But after all their fnsing what they have actually
eot !, lust about as much government control as ever
thew had Il used to be the fuel administration which
hid them wha and where 10 ship their output Now
is the interstate Commerce commission, and M. Nor
row, who j; perhaps the best posted man The e0un,
~ when il comes to the distribution Of soft coal, says
hat there will be even more control if the present. ar
rangcment Is not successful.
What he probably means IS that if there : any DIS
position to lay down on The agreements winch = have
been made with the railroad executives and The Com.
msrce Commission way will be found to put ii out
Of tbe power Of operators 10 have any eonhol what
ever over their own affairs In other words because
coal operators could not bring themselves to the point
Of getting together Ike good business men tei y Dusl
mess Is again being run from he outside and It they
attempt to resent that or eyade its effect they will lose
For his State Of affairs coal operators themselves
are to bIam.. If there Is a next tune it is to ; be
hoped they Will be able to cooperate and meet Inc
issue.
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1920-07-22

|MiIl s,nd Inn Is Iatls bis nd WIN hs dos 81 g
lad e wll Set 60 Is miltjr % great saise bul
q. i; smrid obsruefc xho deserves nchy 81 )!
s s.tns. Even d. nine workers VII fel a,at b
should have nown enough nst 70 set himself and them
milo aeh m unfortunate position before The bar o.
public opiiIn.
tlowat says be vii fishl any cOut winch 'ess De
eusIay.nent Of labor. There may be people who
think such remarks heroic but as matter Of faet they
are poppyeoek The Kansas count may NOT be the last
word n schemes to settle industrial DISPUTES, but ]!
was created N good faith, its founded on recognized
leeaI principles and IS entitled to the respect Of every
elas while i IS demonstrating IN actual pasdcs Just
what It can Do.
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1920-07-22

Diego, Cal, or Key West Florida
If they should request duty at any
foreign station, where they receive
20 per cent increase, | viii reques,
authority from the Major Genera
Commandant to transfer them u
that place.
"Th!s Is an exceptional oppor'
unity" continued Captain Cohen
berg, (which. will give former ser.
vice men an opportunity 10 see tht
various parts Of the United State:
and pick. out the part Of the coun'
~ they desire to live in. All form.
er service men who desire to take
advantage Of this offer, should ap'
ply to one OF our recruiting station
here or at 113 Baltimore street
Cumberland, Nd, and BIS Mar
street, Falrmont, W. Va where
fley may be enlisted for either two
three or four year,