davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The broad ax., 1920-10-30

made about geography, history and the
natural sciences.
Now my argument is like the well.
worn saying Of Josh Billings-who in
his boyhood attended the church OF
which I was once pastor-that cit Is
better not to know 30 much than to
know 80 much that amt So"
should say that it is better not to
learn 50 much than to learn 50 much
that isn't learned.
Let rs be content with a few essen
tial things entirely grasped, really
mastered, understood through and
through, and permanently ready for
use, if the alternative Is q hetero-
geneous trash pile Of knowledge, con-
sisting Of subjects about which the stu
detn has read or heard more or less, OF
to which he has given 50 many hours
per week for 50 many semesters, but
which he is far from having made his
own intellectual property.
An Of Us must realize how strong
the temptation is to be hasty and su-
Perheial in our teaching, and eonse-
quently to make our pupils hasty and
superficial in their thinking.
When We are framing the eurrieula,
We. do like to have them look wen on
paper; we compare our catalogue with
those Of other institutions, and il I'M
tates us to feel that we are making an
inferior showing on the printed page.
Those Of rs who are teaching classes
know that We are expected to "eover
50 much ground'' during the year, and
we made the class do It somehow or
other, though their occupation Of the
Geld in question may be after the man
ner Of the tramp asleep against . hay
stack rather than that Of an energetic
ploughuan.
To "eover" 4 subject does not mean
to lie down on il; but to dig it up.
In all our school work let rs Be hon
est from the ground up Let rs give
our pupils what they ought to have to
Ct them for lie. It is our business To-
make Of boys and girls the night kind
Of men and women
We may veil follow the desire Of
Squire Brown, Who, in sending Tom 60
Rugby, said: eff heT only tun out
q brave, helpful, trath-tsIIing English
nan, and Christian, fhatS an =
want"
We want 70 naks,of our boys brave,
The broad ax., 1920-10-30

Hon. Asa Grant Adams, Republican
candidate for Judge of the Mrrieipal
Court, was born at Sunbeam, Mercer
County, Illinois, February IL, 1868, he
was the bright and dutiful son Of
Samuel and Clarissa (KeaE) Adams,
he received his common and high
school education at the Buda Illinois
schools, in the course Of time he en-
tered the Chicago College of Law,
graduating from It with high honors
and the degree Of L L B. was be-
slowed upon him in 1897.
June Il, 1894, Judge Adams was
happily united in marriage to Miss
Lucy Hartwell, who sprang from one
Of the Oldest and most highly respected
families Of Rockford, III, and they
are honored with one son, Mr.. Wind
field HOLSTER Adams, who Is assoeiat-
ed with his father in the Jaw business.
Judge Adams learned the jewelers.
trade In Buds, III, and afterwards
followed that business with Giles
Brothers In this city, for ten years,
The broad ax., 1920-10-30
THoROU0HEBss M EDCUATIoN
By james E Gregg, Principal of Hamp
ton Institute.

Hampton, Va--While not losing sight
Of symmetry and completeness in ouI
educational efforts, we ought to be al.
ways sure that We are seeking thor
oughness as the first and fundamental
thing. Unless the ground work Is laid,
there can be no security for the super
structure, no confidence in the final re.
suit.
This principle Is evident, as soon as
it is stated; yet how constantly, how
hagrantly, how ridieulously, It is dis
regarded-All over our land, from the
kindergarten 10 the graduate school Of
the university.
The inability Of the ordinary col.
lege graduate to write English com
paetly, simply and expressly, or even
TO speak It in q clear, orderly, unpre-
tentious fashion, not resorting to the
slang Of Broadway to gain his effect,
is everywhere recognized, and laughed
at or deplOred, according TO the mood
of the observer.
Spelling is 90 much 81 los. art that
there Il little shame attached to the
disregard Of it; and many people who
consider themselves educated speak Of
the inability to spell as II it were ike
eolor-blindness or an unmusieal ear
only eommoner.
One frequently hears stories Of the
helplesSness Of high school and college
students when confronted with an exer-
else in the computation Of simple in
terest; and everybody knows that the
number Of those who 60 through alge-
bra and geometry and really master
the prineiples-see the idea-of what
they are studying, is pathetieally
small Similar observations might be
The broad ax., 1920-10-30

Hon, Henry n. Walker, Republican
candidate for Judge of the Municipal
Court, Chicago, was born and raised on
the South Side, attended the Haven
School from 1871 to 1879; high school
g1duate; admitted to the bar in 1892,
dnes which time he has been engaged
in the general practice of lsw as q
trial lawyer, handling many important
cases in al branches Of the courts,
winning 30 per cent Of the cases. In
1890 he moved to the 25th ward, and
for the last past Is years has resided
at 1927 Leland avenue, where he now
resides with his son, who is now IA
ysau Of age. Mr.. Walker is a Wild
The broad ax., 1920-10-30

over, his wife, who was born and
raised in Virginia, having passed
away 10 years ago last February, leav.
ing surviving her her husband and son,
Harry n. Walker, then 81 years old
Mr.. Walker Is q 32d degree Mason,
Knights Templsr and shriner; also q
Past Chancellor Of the Order knights
of Pythias.
Mr.. Walkers long residence in Chi.
cago, understanding the environment
under which our people live and his
leng experience as = trial lawyer espe-
eiaIly fits him for judicial positions,
and we heartily recommend him to the
eOlored voters as 4 friend Of our peo-
pie.
The broad ax., 1920-10-30

By Dr. N A Majors.

wife wanted, the Romance Queen vii
do.
Pretty, light vivaeiOus, wears a It'll,
shoe,
Should Be intellectual, maybe small
King Of heart, SfeetiOnate, she need
not Be tall
Fat ones may be pretty, nothing doing
Fart too wOrdy I have found in wooine
TAN ones far too angular for reason
Want the last word In and out Of
reason.
Small ones ever are for me much bet.
She could rule, and surely I would lei
her
Happiness I crave, now I am single
For the Romance girl coin would jingle
Z am medium height and heavy
weighted
Not 50 tall or large as to be hated
And have a heart that Is warm and
tender
Just the kind that's suitable for my
gender.
Proud with anxious spirit ever busy
Soaring up to heights that make one
dizzy
Trying ever, reaching up for noble
/. things
Chasing often Pegasus without wings.
The dream I had, has got me almost
going
In fact I must admit that I am show
ing
To ones I meet that something is the
matter
And I am afraid my glorious hopes
may shstter.
The broad ax., 1920-10-30

coincidence to the widow and the other
members Of the family Of the late
Terence Maeswiney in their bereave-
ment, and expresses its respect for
them and its earnest desire for their
future welfare; Be it further
RESOLVED, That a copy Of these
resolutions be engrossed and forwarded
by the City Clerk of the City Of Chi
eago to the widow of the said de-
ceased, as a tribute to his memory and
a mark of the esteem in which he was
held in the City Of Chicago.
The broad ax., 1920-10-30

WHEREAS, The news of the death
Of Terence MaeSwiney, late Lord
Mayor of Cork, on October 25, 1920,
was flashed to the uttermost ends of
the earth as an event of the deepest
Significance although long awaited
with anxious sOlieitude by multitudes
Of people who had hoped that in some
way his life might be spared; and
WHEREAS, In common with all 9th
ers who were moved at the heroic sac
rihee he was making, the members of
the City Council of the City Of Chi
eago feel the most profound grief at
the outcome Of the long suffering that
he voluntarily submitted to through
his devotion to the cause for which
he was willing to hay down his life;
Therefore, Be it
RESOLVED, That the members of
the City Council Of the City Of Chi
eago, recognizing in him one Of those
noble persons whose life and virtues
exemphfy what Is most to be admired
in men and whose death was a sublime
example Of conservation to a high
ideal, hereby express their great sOr-
row at the untimely death Of the late
Terence MaeSwiney, Lord Mayor Of
Cork, and their deep emotiOna at the
suffering which preceded his death;
Be it further
RESOLVED, That the City Council
hereby extends its deep sympathy to
the people Of Ireland and its heartfelt
The broad ax., 1920-10-30
BIG MEMORIAL MEETING,
At Grace Presbyterian Church, seth
and Vincennes Ave, November Il.

Sunday afternoon at 4:3O, in memory
of the late Hon. Geo. W. Ellis, author
and historian, and Mr.. Hiram Holland,
poet, and literary genius.
The Chairman Of the Program Com
mittee for Grace Lyeeum, Mrs. Maud
Roberts George, has granted the
Memorial Committee the above date,
and the literary lights Of Chicago, to
gether with the Authors and Writers
Association, win present a very fitting
program for such an occasion. We
would be glad TO I'll Grace Church with
a representative audience, embracing
the intellectual life, the professions,
the arts, the sciences, trades and bust
ness.
Remember the date, November Il,
Sunday afternoon at 1870.
The broad ax., 1920-10-30

world An have left the impression Of
their genius and Qualification upon the
memory Of their kind and mankind
generally.
To know these, to have met them
and TO have eonversed with them l.
sufficient JOY to IN our cup.
The broad ax., 1920-10-30
MCEEAs1Ea JUST.

On the Hrst and third Monday Of
each month, the Ruth Temple meets at
Bailey's Hail, s6ss S State street, and
IL was noticed that on last Monday
evening the Temple made = wonderful
showing, with many visitors present.
The broad ax., 1920-10-30

THOMAS T. BRYNE
INTRODUCED THE FOLLOWING
RESOLUTION WHICH WAS PASS
ED BY THE CITY FATHERS AT
THB MEETING OF THE CITY
COUNCIL FRIDAY, EVERY AL
DERAEAN VOTING IN FAVOR OF
IT'S PASSAGE
The broad ax., 1920-10-30
WHAT MCKINLEY STANDS FOE.

A Square Deal for School Teacher
and Postal Employees
"Baek to the Constitution"
Congressman Mckinley win strive
to get the Country HDovn 10 Bust
ness" and 'sBaek to Normal" Has
served in House Of Representatives
fourteen years-seven terms
Successful Business Man.
Experienced Legislator.
The broad ax., 1920-10-30
FEEIne BErrER

Miss AnsHa Ksebls, Secretary and
stenogrsphsr for TIE Mica Msrean-
tie Agency and the Bailey Realty
Company il improving rlpialy ana sx-
Peteed to Be cut in the eoarss Of .
few dayS.
The broad ax., 1920-10-30

America Erst''-'GJustice to All. y
The American Standard Of Living.
Free Speech.
Protective Tariff.
Merchant Marine.
National Budget.
Business Principles in Public AZ
tGirA
Reduction Of Taxes.
Justice to Veterans Of the World
War.
The broad ax., 1920-10-30

truth-telling, American Christians We
should give them intelnestual assur-
anee and power. We should have them
Learn thrOughly what is learned.
The broad ax., 1920-10-30
VISITING HOME

Mr.. T. J. Kinney Of s143 Calumet
avenue, is spending some time visiting
his mother and other relatives IN
Greenvine, III.
The broad ax., 1920-10-30

The good conduct and achievements
Of men and WOmen Of our raee speak
moro slOquently than words ever can;
they are making their lives sublime.
The broad ax., 1920-10-30
EHs saOAD AZ AAIL OF rA.lR
By Dr.. N. A. Majors.

Lives Of great men all remind rs
We can make our lives sublime
And departing leave behind rs
Footprints on the sands Of time.
The broad ax., 1920-10-30

When We came to Chicago 10 prae.
tiee our profession our only druggist
at that time, 1901, was big Pin Tay.
lor, 18th street and Armour avenue.
This used to be the port Of entry to
the good gTsees Of club and social
life and ". +. Taylor was some per
former behind the prescriptions case.
Those were golden days and Oil boy
such joyous hoursl he is stin in the
drug business at 2sth and State street,
which almost emphasizes the belief
that there is yet lots Of money down
there because Win Taylor loves the
meEuma.
The broad ax., 1920-10-30

In the early days, Of which we were
speaking, 8. LAing Williams and T. l.
Barnett were holding forth as lawyers
in the loop, and in fact were quite
popular in the courts. Lawyers among
rs were few in those days. Besides
them were Hon. E H. Norris, win l.
Martin, John G. Jones, Ed. E. Wilson,
Col franklin A Denison, J. Gray
Lueas, Bob Mitchell, 8. A. t. Watkins,
and z. Il. Wright, and they about
made up the list of lawyers Of 1901.
Read them over again, an array Of
legal talent that still hold the boards
You can't beat them in any city Of
America. Formidable, stalwart and
strong in the life Of a great race now
Just beginning to stand on its feet and
to look the other fellow straight in the
eye.
The broad ax., 1920-10-30

Able Lawyer Socialist Candidate for States Attorney Of
Cook County, Who by some Hook or Crook was Tricked
out Of His Election N 1872 has issued Strong State
ment Against his Democratic and Republican Opponents
The broad ax., 1920-10-30

Republican Candidate for Judge of the Municipal Court; His
Name Is 9Th the Separate Judicial Ballot He Stands
at the Head of the Eminent law firm of Adams Childs
Bob and Westcott, rs w. Monroe Street. which firm
the Attorneys for the Fort Dearborn National Bank
The broad ax., 1920-10-30

Mr.. W. 7. Gaines, contractor and
owner Of pneh Chicago property, is =
man with practical ideas, and although
he is 4 university man he believes in
the trowel and the paint brush. He
has made 'hisn'" by using common
knowledge, spieed here and there with
gentle spigs Of wisdom he Il q
stronger believer in the man with the
hoe, and loves the noble spirit power
with which Booker T. Washington i'm
pregnated a world.
The broad ax., 1920-10-30

In 1898 while attending the Wrold s
Fair it was our good pleasure to be
come acquainted with Mrs. John g.
Jones, DR.. and Mrs. A N. Curtis, Noah
d. Thompson, Leroy C. Taylor, At
toney Robert n. Mitchell, Attorney
John Jones, his brother, Theodore W.
Jones, Attorney J. ". z Thomas,
Lloyd Wheeler ST., Father Uneles Of
Baltimore, Major J. C. Bueknsr, Ed
nora Nathan, Rachael Walker, Halle Q.
Brown, Henrietta vinton Davis, Hon.
John B. Eeton, Flora Batson, Mr.. and
Ms. Fenton, Harsh, Father TOlton,
Rev. Chas. saehen Morris ST., Frank
B. Waring, DR.. J. Norman Croker,
Attorney and Ms. g Laing Williams,
Dr.. and Mrs. J. I. T. Jenifer, Mrs-
Grimke, MrS. Anna ]. Cooper, Ars.
Lucy Thurman, Mrs. Preston, Hon
Frederick Douglass and Ms. HELEN
Douglass, Dr.. A. A. Wesley, Dr.. Elmer
Barr, Dr.. DanI n. Williams, Prof.
Boston, DR.. and Mrs. Francis Of the
District Of Columbia, Dr.. Frank
Grimke, Mrs. 8. J. Early, Hon. John
Mercer LAngston, Paul Laurence Dun
bar, Henry ?. Downing, Hon. @. r. J.
Taylor, Emmett J. Scott, Miss Ida B.
Wells, Ars. Neal Gertrude Hawkins,
Mrs. Keekley Of WiIbsrfOrce, Bishop
2. W. Arnstt, Henry o. Tanner, Harry
Thackery Burleigh, Prof. 8 ~. Coles,
Sidney Woodland, W. Edgar Easton,
Lincoln Vale. ". h A Moore,
Madame De sario Plato, Ms. MoIIis
Oursh Terrell, Dr.. Booker 7. Wash
iagton, Prof. ". h. Council, Prof W.
P. Scarborough, Geo. +. Rishings and
quite q number whose names have.
dimmed in memories easket BY tie
ysars that have cone between. ThossI
were brilliant days that We never can
forget. Many Of them long dad,
othss living in remote parts Of The
The broad ax., 1920-10-30

Dr.. Chas. E. Bentley merits the
praise Of friends. he has been q
staunch advocate Of his race, and
could say things where q deal Of good
could be done, and has ali along cham
pioned the needy cause. he is on the
wall and carries the message to Garcia.
Deep rooted in the work Of the N. A.
A. C. P. give permanenee and sta
bility to the work he is doing and has
done.
The broad ax., 1920-10-30

The thompson Republican Candidate for Judge Of the
Municipal Court; who has many warm friends among the
Colored People, m all parts of Chicago
The broad ax., 1920-10-30

Hon. Oscar De Priest is a man of
very excellent qualities and ampHhed
qualifications he is q eonstruetionist,
q builder and 4 leader Of men. He is
in the forefront Of every big move in
the forward march Of his race and he
enjoys q singular respect and devo-
ton paid him always. Think Of the
Second Ward If you can without think
ing Of Oscar De Priest. That location
in the heart Of Chicago where they are
doing more in tbs matter Of racial de-
velopnent and thrift than any other
place on earth. Oscar was our hrst
Alderman, our County Commissioner,
and stin he IL enjoying a big place in
the sun down there. Reader II will do
you no harm TO enjoy . speaking &C
quaintsnee with Hon. Mr.. De Priest Of
the Second Ward
The broad ax., 1920-10-30

Mrs. opha Wells bears a most excel
lent name in the field Of music people,
and in fact she is . very agreeable
woman whose life has been devoted to
the principles Of race culture.
Gunnison news-champion., 1920-10-29

fes=a1u and enjoys the friendship Of
the press gt the entire state. Ta gard
Dr. sf P0-t.ea' a-- .is D. = mem
b.. nr -Ea lag1's c.Is H1 Denver. the
The .a.s and Commercial a-z0cla-
-.uL, -a= beaver Press Club. the Colo
.--.-g sat. Fireman .- aEaoe.lLlOl and
.-E-sr Elulzzil01s 9t . pub. e natu ra.
La H-. married 20 20 be- lLz Matthews
of hal-as City = ya-I- ago and they
.---a gus aBu, Jane Jr., r-0a q --utent
- -a- --4ts -ElE.T=.Lg u Boulder and
- T.nrED-E OF the S. 4. I. c. during the
-4r. Mr. s0.anI vas nominated for
Ln- oGICa %. secretary Of state IN 1916
and was elected. In 1919 he was re-
EuE.ultaI and elected 0gsr = sweep
.ug Republican victory. In 1920 he
was the UNANIMOUS choice Of the De-
mDcra.lc stale assembly for nJu.iHa-
ton ann a a. unoppOssd Al the prImar-
mes he has put the Office OF secre-
taEy 0l STAT. on a strong business has
lz and ha. IHauguTatsd mny importnt
chang "a adiItigls % the depart
meHi. a.. Uf which hay. tended 10 in
cIea-e It, value 10 the public
Gunnison news-champion., 1920-10-29
LUMBER PRICES HAVE
ADVANCED OVER 200
PER CENT IN 4 YEARS
Has Resulted in Curtailment of Home
Building Rather Than Any Other
COnst ruction Work.

Agricultural College News Notes.
A shortage in housing accommoda-
tions is nationwide and even world
wide with the accompanying evils of
high rents and over-crowding. In
normal times thirty per cent Of all
buildings constructed in a year in the
United States are dwellings,. Last
year the percentage Of dwellings, was
only fifteen. Abnormally high lumber
prices, together with high wages and
high costs of all materials have been
holding back greatly needed building
campaign. 1t often has been difficult
to obtain certain materials without
annoying and costly delays. It costs
from $50 to 270 per cent more to build
today in many parts.of the United
Gunnison news-champion., 1920-10-29

States, according to recent data BY
the United States Forest Service,
quoted largely in this article than it
did four years ago.
Curtailment of building and repairs
on the farms Of the country is re,
ported by County Agricultural Agents,
This is due to high costs, yet most
country lumber yards in the Middle
Western States are said to be carrying
full stocks.
The lumber manufacturing industry
is still more or less disorKanized since
the war, due to the shifting Of labor
and the keen demand for It in other
and pleasanter occupations. The tim
bermen will not work as hard as for
merly, producing less lumber per day
and the boss does not dare complain
for fear of general walkout Of the
crew. Shortage of rolling stock in
terferred with free movement to the
East of northwestern lumber.
The prices of food, clothing and all
other commodities averaged last year
in cost between and "a times as
much as in 1919. So lumber prices
may be expected naturally to be more
than double the pre-war basis. Yet
It appears that lumber prices during
the spring of 1920 was considerably
higher than costs justified. Lumber
selling at $4,000 in 1919, jumped to
$500 in March 1920, and unwarrant-
ed increase to considerable extent,
and one which hurt the business. This
rise was due, however, to bidding by
the buyers rather than by arbitrary
price-selling by the Dealers
1t seems reasonable to conclude that
lumber prices will settle somewhat
but never back to the old pre-war
levels,
Gunnison news-champion., 1920-10-29
A. 6. DEL0 SEEMS ASSURED
OF ELECTION VICTORY

Present indications point strongly
to the election of A. G. Delo as state
senator from this and Delta counties.
Mr. Delo entered the campaign late,
but he has a world of friends in both
counties who have gotten behind his
candidacy in good shape. Reports
from Delta state that Mr.. Delo is as
sured of a good majority in that end
of the district. This practically as
stIres him the election, since he will
carry Gunnison by several hundred.
Gunnison news-champion., 1920-10-29
JAS. II. holland HAS MADE A
FINE STATE OFFICIAL

For purely political reasons and in
spired by motives of petty
degree, James r. holland, secretary of
state of Colorado, is being singled out
in certain quarters for vicious and un-
fair attacks, but in spite of these at
tacks he is today the most popular
state official in Colorado and viii be
reelected by big majority on No
vember End.
Mr.. holland was born in Indepen-
dence. Missouri 46 years ago, the son
OF a long line of Jeffersonian demo-
Gratis. He is newspaperman by pro-
Gunnison news-champion., 1920-10-29
HANSON AND ROBINSON LEADING
FOR CORONER AND SURVEYOR

While relatively less important, the
Offices of county coroner and county
surveyor should be filled by eompet-
ent men, and the Democratic party is
fortunate in having its ticket
strengthened by the names of such
able men as DR.. Hanson and Jack Rob-
inson. They are part of the excellent
personnel which the party has always
Gunnison news-champion., 1920-10-29

A Masonic banquet was held at the
Elk Mountain House at Crested Butte
Wednesday evening. An orchestra
from Gunnison furnished the music.
Quite a large number of the members
Of Gunnison Lodge, went up in autos
to enjoy the evening. They report a
royal entertainment.
Gunnison news-champion., 1920-10-29

Chairman Palmer and the Dcmocra-
tie county central committee deserve
credit for the clean, capable manner
IN which they have conducted this
campaign. No dthrowing, nor
slurs and dirty remarks, no false
stories circulated. Our candidates are
going to win on their merits as cap
able men and women.
Gunnison news-champion., 1920-10-29

presented. The party has won be-
cause It deserves to win, from the su-
perior list Of candidates selected. We
ask you to vote for DR.. Hanson for
Coroner and ]. II. Robinson as Coun-
ty Surveyor.
Gunnison news-champion., 1920-10-29

For United States Senator
TuIIy Scott
For Congressman 18th District
Edward 7. Taylor
or Judges Of Supreme Court
Fred ;. Folsom
For Governor
Jame- VI. Collins
For Lieutenant Governor
Edward +. Anderson
For Secretary Of State
James X. holland
For Attorney General
Morrison Shafroth
For Supt Of Public Instruction
Mary {. {. Bradford
For Auditor u State
Ray Price
For STATE Tva-ur,r
Nm Tanner
iyr Regent. uf Stat. 'usar..ty
MINNIE /. Harding
Edward {. ~tlm-Ou
Fred ". Stow
Frederick u. Anderson
DEMOCRATIC COr\TY TICKET
r0r stat" Senator
\. &. Dclo
IDr Erpra.cn'atlye
Charles H. COwan
For D.,r~t Attorney. 7th Judicial Dist
John K. Charlcsworth
For County Clerk and Recorder
{. {. McWilliams
For County Judge
J. VI. McDougal
For County Sheriff
Pat Hanlon
For County Treasurer
Melvin B. Hcrrick
For County Assessor
James +. Robinson
For County Supt OF Schools
Pauline h. Rose
For County Coroner
+. T.. Hanson
For County Surveyor
J. II. Robinson
For County Commissioner
list. District
George Sullivan
For County Commissioner
End. District
{. l.. Mcdonald
Gunnison news-champion., 1920-10-29

Pueblo; that explains something. To
heed its advice is TO retard the growth
Of Paonia and all Western Colorado in
VOTE FOR the tunnels"
Gunnison news-champion., 1920-10-29

John + .Charlesworth for Dist. Attor-
ney should receive the solid democrat
lC vote Of Gunnison county. There
are I counties in the Seventh District
and it is normally democratic.
Gunnison news-champion., 1920-10-29
DO not PERMIT DEVELOPMENT
OF COLORADO TO BE RETARDED
Bl 4 DISC USED PLEA OF A
WORRIED AND MISGUIDED CITY.

League in Reality Repre-
sents the Baseless Fear that Pueblo
aud Other CIties May Suffer II the
Measure j. Adopted