The Appeal. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn. ;) 1889-19??, 1920-01-03

the peace treaty. Senator Hitchcock
presented a minority report. recon-
mehding the adoption of the treaty
7 without reservation. There began then
! determined fight between the oppos-
Ing forces in the senate, which ended
, finally in deadlock that prevented
I the ratification of the treaty either
with or without reservations.
President Wilson had continued to
combat every suggestion Of a change
IN the treaty or. the covenant of the
League of Nations and in an effort to
force Its ratification had undertaken
an extensive tour Of the country. be-
ginning on September 4. After deliv-
erlng more than forty speeches
Throughout the West he broke down
under the strain and was forced to
return to the White House. His con-
d'tlon was regarded as very serious,
and ne was unable to take leading
part In the battle for the treaty when
tn, contest reached its climax. The
president still insisted. however, upon
the adoption of the treaty without res
ervatlons, and when the question came
to final vote in the senate on Novem-
Der 10 the Democratic minority, aided
by number of Republicans opposed
to the league in any form, defeated the
majority resolution of the Republicans,
which would have carried with it the
reservations adopted by the senate
Senator Hitchcock thereupon offered
a resolution providing for ratification
OF the treaty without reservations. and
this, IN turn. was defeated, number
OF Democratic senators voting with
the Republicans. With compromise
between the opposing groups appar-
emily Impossible, the senate ad-
journed.
IN the meantime the peace treaty
mad been ratified by the other great
alned nations and by. many Of the
smaller nations that had been engaged
In the war against Germany.
y" Foreign Affairs.
While the treaty was. being negoti-
ated conditions remained very un-
settled not only in the territory which
had been included in the four defeated
nations but throughout Europe. Rus
STA continued in state Of turmoil
throughout the year. Although the
bolshevist government under the, direc-
ton of Lenin and Trotzky maintained
It's control over a large part Of the
former empire it was hemmed in on
all sides by opposing groups which
attacked 1t with varying success. The
newly constituted nation of Poland
was beset. for time on all sides, but
1t, too, succeeded in weathering the
storm and had established a stable
government before many months had
passed.
Failure to reach settlement Of the
F1ume question continually threatened
an armed conflict between the Italians
and the new Jugo-Slav state. Serious
conditions existed in Hungary both be-
cause Of internal disorders and be-
cause Of clashes with Roumania and
with the new Czech government.
In Germany split among the Ger
man socialist leaders resulted on Janu-
airy in serious street fighting. The
government was seriously threatened,
but on January 9 its troops in Berlin
were REINFORCED and regained control
of the situation. On January 16 DR..
Carl Liebknecht, leader Of the Spar
tacans, or antfgovernment faction. was
killed while attempting to escape after
In IN uic
Luxembourg, long known as radical
leader both in Germany and Russia,
was killed by a mob. Disorders in
Germany were suppressed and on jan
uary 10 the people elected national
assembly, the majority socialists led
by Chancellor Ebert retaining control.
The assembly met Weimar on Janu-
airy 6 and on February II elected
Chancellor Ebert as first president Of
the German republic, after adopting
provisional constitution. In Poland
opposing factions reached an agree
ment on January II whereby Ignace
Jan Paderewski became premier, with
General Pilsudski as foreign minister
and M. Demoski as president. >
Opposition to Japanese control had
been developing rapidly in Korea and
on March II Korean nationalists is
sued declaration Of independence,
declaring themselves ready to Eight to
the last drop of blood" Serious disor-
ders also were reported in Egypt in:
support of the nationalist demand for
autonomy and on March Is the Brit
ish secretary for war, Mr.. Churchill,
admitted that the whole Of Egypt was
virtually in a state Of insurrection.
On March 16 new Germano-Austrian
government was established at Vienna
with Doctor Renner as chancellor.
Count Karolyi had been made presi-
dent of the new Hungarian republic on
January II, but on March % he was
forced to resign and there was cOnsi-
tuted a new government which pro-
claimed a dictatorship of the prole-
tariat and an alliance with the Rus
sian soviet government. Ill.,
A ministerial crisis arose In Italy as
a result of the governments policy In
connection with the peace conference.
AS result the ministry of Premier
Orlando was unexpectedly over
thrown on June 10 and two days later
francesca Nitti, former minister of
finance, became premier Of Italy. At
the same time the German cabinet re-
signed because Of the determination of
Chancellor Scheidemann not to recog-
nize the peace terms offered by the