davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1920-01-15
INTEREST IN PRE- ES|DENT|AL
CANDIDATES MANIFESTED HERE

crnor Frank Lowdra. If Illinois. as a
clRsc second
Nnrry Gabriel. cigar manufacturer Of
Martins Ferry. says: ~ am tirm hc'
lever that L. s. Senator Warren G.
Harding will be nominated by the Ne-
puhlicans Of West Virginia" His second
choice is Major-Gcncral Leonard Wood.
ale" % the Sra'" - hri""
". W. NcLure. Of the McLurc hoIeL
SAYS: ~ first choice is |. 5. Senator
Howard Sutherland. OF our own state,
and naturally | would be booster for
him My second cnoiC" Is |. s. Senator
Warren G. Harding. Of Ohio. VINO has ali
nf the qualifications desired
Tony CoolSrmo, general manager OF
the Wear Well Shoe company. Of
Eleventh street, says: Il favor Major
General Leonard Wood. Of Ohio. for
president and as second choice 1 would
say that u $. Senator Warren G. Hard
ing. Of Ohio"
William ilerisrnrd. night manager OF
the Rogers Hotel. who shakes hands
With the travelling public says, ~. s.
Senator Howard Suther land. IS great
fovut,tc with the boys and is gaining
strength every day in the state"
A. SALVATORE. we'll known Italian bust
nc"S man, says, "U. 8. Senator Howard
Sutherland. 10 my favoritc. because nc
is rcsdcnt of our state and l believe
that he Is Il winner.
Charles r. Bachman. head OF tho firm
of T. Rachman & Sons. says, II am q
Rtpuhlican and predict a Republican
victory aad believe that u. s. Senator
Howard Sutherland Will make strong
candidate. as he has the qualifications
and | find him strong IN other states
also"
James II. Evans. we'll known Ohio
County farmer says. How about Gov.
Coolidge. he showed that he had thc
backbone to say exactly what he
thought on the labor question and that
Is What We want n the Presidential
Nnc."
Ccru Fee. treasurer Of the Central
G'ass Works. says. ~. 8 Senator How
ard Sutherland has made a splendid SEN
ator and think that hc would be eX-
reiIcnt material for the Presidency. Ho
~ my first choice"
Hamilton Wolf. we'll known Bellaire
merchant Is Z f1rm believer in Hon. War
rrn g Harding. and says that As sec
onl choice he would 10 compelled TO
take Majpr-,;cncral Leonard Wood, also
Il ONO
Mcnro" EindelbcrHrr, Assistant state
lrrre Marshall ~ W"Tt Virginia says.
MY n-"t rh"' =. senator
Howard SUlh"ri,..,, - my second
would be- Tor Warren - Harding, OF
Ohio ------ - ,..---.--.-
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1920-01-15
GROSS INJUSTICE,
ASSERTS ATTORNEY

Commenting upon the sentence m"ted
ont 10 Schert aud Smlth. Attorney j.
Bernard Hundlan .of Mhe,lInG. "ho
with Attorney !. J. +. OBricn. also or
Wheeling. were attorneys for the &c,
rusCd men, declared that Seibert and
Smith pleaded guilty under an agree
nert with Assistant District Attorney
Byrcr that the latter would, not insist
upon a penitcntiary sentence.
Under the circumstances. SAID MIR,
HSndlan. we feel THAI our clients have
heon done gross injustice"
Mr. Handlan charged that this agree
ment Of counsel with the assistant DIS
trict attorney existed with ful! know
ledge Of Judge Dayton. and that the
Judges attention was called TO II at nv"
time Sc,bert and Smith pleaded EGi'ly
at Ihillipi and expressed the feeling
that Seibert and Smith had been grossly
yictimixcd and imposed upon.
Mr.. Handlan declared that h" and
associnte counsel are not content 10 al
low their clients to serve the pcniiCn-
tiary terms In view Of tho alleged agree
mcnt and indicated that other Steps
probably viii be taken to secure justice
for them.
In this connection said Mr.. Hand
Ian. I'VE would call attention to the fact
that Leo and Salem Peters. on whose
testimony our clients were indicted.
were indicted for perjury on the same
day that Seibcrt and Smith pleaded gull
ty 10 the government charges against
them"
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1920-01-15
FIFTY KILLED And
HUNDREDS WOUNDED
IN BERLIN RIOTS

LONDON, Jan. 14-Eyewitncsses es-
timatcd the casualties in tho rlntS 1T
Berlin on Tuesday at fifty killed and
ono hundred wounded, according 10 the
RcuIcr correspondent. Bullets took q
heavy toll, he says. and the police nnai-
~ wero compelled to throw bombs
among the rioters. causing a panic in
which many persons, including women.
were trampled under foot.
BERIIE ian. 1.-THE Socialist
Democrat party has issued an appeal
to it's members not to allow themselves
TO he provoked by independent and
communist wire pullers who arc direct
" responsible for the bloodshed, and
want 10 continue playing an unscrupu-
lous game with human lives.
Tho appeal asks whether the workers
will permit national representation to
he placed under terrorism and tells
them that the German nation can ne
saved from complete destruction only
by work.
Conservative citizens Of Berlin call
for government measures to prevent
further riots. especially those dreaded
In connection with the celebration on
Thursday Of the anniversary OF the
death Of Dr. Liebknecht and Rosa Lux
emburg.
PARIS. Jan. 14.--Thirty-one persons
wcrc killed during the riot in front OF
tho Reichstag building in Berlin yes
tcrday. according to Berlin advices
reaching here today.
The cabinet Of the national govern
mcnt. together with the Prussian cabi-
net, has issued a statement In which
the members declare unanimously for
tho mainr cnance of order by all means
available.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1920-01-15
TH|RTY-HOUR WEEK
REAL ISSUE IN COAL i
MINING CONTROVERSY
MINE WORKERSHAVE =.
COMPLETED ARGUMENTS
Representatives of Other Min
ing Districts to Be Heard
By Commission

WASHINGTON. Jan. IA third day
Of argument before President Wilson's
commission for settling the coal strike
loft Il practically ready tonight - pro-
c.cd 10 the examination OF the facts at
issue between the miners and their en-
ployers.
The last Of six spokesmen Tor the
United Mine Workers Of America finish
Cd the preliminary statement or the
case for the men today and Ralph
Crews, counsel for the operators In the
central competitive district nke"lse
completed the general statement IN cp-
position. Operators in the central DIS
which will be made at the beginning OF
tomorrowS session by Phil II. Penna,
Of Terre Haute, Indiana, and therefore
the commission will begin consideration
Of testimony and documentary evidence.
Farrtngton's Argument.
Frank harrington, of the Illinois
miners, in closing for the miners, estl-
mated the advance in living costs since.
1914 in Illinois mining centers at from
10 to 1TS percent Learly earnings OF
coal miners in Illinois, however. he SAD
had Increased from approximately %iUV
in 1913 to $3.50 In 1918. In the light or
these figures he said the miners claim
for 90 percent increase IN ~dSeS HhH
thirty hour week was justified.
John Moore and Ed Stuart. presidents
respectively Of the Ohio and Indiana
districts OF the union. preceding Ear
rington, dealt more particularly with
the internal differences and dinercn-
tials. Jchn L. Lewis. acting president
of the United Mine Workers. gave out q
statement explaining the 80 hour de-
mand as an cndcavor by the miners 70
distribute their work throughout Inc
wear Geological survey estimates,
Lewis said, showed that the weekly
operation OF mines for the 80 hours
would supply all the coal the country
needed
For The Operators. -.
ATTORNEY Crews opened for the opef-
ators with the declaration that the Six.
" percent wage increase was the real
issue before the commission. He
stamped the sixty percent increase de-,
mand as fraught with STAGGERING con-
sequences"
Likewise, discussing the 80 hour week.
Crews said that IL was only an incor-
rect economic theory which made tho
miners leaders believe that such a sSs-
tenn could be maintained
Members of the commission devoted
further time outside Of the open ses-
sions to considering the situation In the
districts outlying the central conf
petitiye field. preparatory to calling In
those representatives for an open hear
ing,
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1920-01-15
SIMS AND FOURTEEN
OTHER ADM|RALS TO
APPEAR IN PROBE
SIMS SENDS ANOTHER
HOT ONE TO DANIELS
Declares the Navy's Conduct
During the Late War Sub
ject TO Criticism

WASHINGTON. Jan. IA list OF
fifteen udrniralS. headed by Rear Ad-
mirnl william : Sims. was submitted
10 Secretary nan,"ls today by senator
Haln ui Maine. chairman Of n" senate
naval subcommittee on inN"Si lEAtloil
of navy decoration awards. with inc re-
quest that thc Officers h" summoned 10
npncnr before the committee. which
will hold It's first meeting frldaE. IN
Cludcd in ths list are Rear tdmirnIS
William $. Benson. retired former chi"i
Of naval operations: Austin NJ. NnlSht'
rrtir II, head Of he sr"Cla! hoard on
naval awards: Charles !. Rndg"r. re-
tired. general hoard. and Harry r. Mayo.
form r commander Of tn" Atlantic feet.
In addition the rOInuiitc" r"GueStrd
the appearance Of Major General H"nrG"
Barnett. rOrrru"rdrr'~ ~" marine corps,
and OF all bureau chiefs.
Hot One From Sims.
Adrnira! Sims. who recently wrote
Secretary Daniels sharply crttlCi2lng
tho ScCrrtary'S action IN 'hahclh;
Recommendations for war hunors made
NV commanding officers. and refusing
tho DISTINGUISHED scrvICe medal award
cd him. should the list 81 awards stand
~ announced. will h" the FIRST Of the
officers to testify h"f"r" the sub-cnm-
mittrr AZ FridnY's hearing.
Secretary Dari"lS announced touaE
that no had received another letter ~
a "hirhlv controversial" nature from
Admiral Sins TIL" secretary said he
had not road IN" l"tt"r carefully, ana
would not mako It public until hc had
done 50. hut that a "urSory eKamina-
tfOn of its contents hnd convinced him
that il contained general criticism nf
the nnvv's conduct of certain phases Of
the world war.
Decker Not Called.
Surprise was expressed in naval cir
clos tnnirht that the name Of Rcar
Admiral Benton G. Decker. now on duty
nj Kew West Fla. was not included in
the list of naval officers to he called
before the subcommittee. Admiral
Decker, shortly after tho publication OF
Admiral Sims letter declining the dis
+inC1rlshcd service cross, in similar
letter or refusal u Secretary Daniels
drclerad his services as naval attache
NJ Madrid during tho carly days Of the
United states participation in the war
practically prevented mn alliance OF
Sp"in with the central rover.
TherC w6rc indications that the com
mardinC officers Of all United Statcs
naval vcSsrIs sunk or seriously DANA Eed
nv submarine attack during tho war
the awarding of medals TO whom has
entered into the controvcrsy-would be
called after the first list Of Witnesses
had hcru hoard Secretary Daniels will
be givNn M opDorturity n appear be-
fore IN, committee later members said
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1920-01-15
BIG CLASH IN SENATE COMMITTEE OVER
EMPLOYMENT OF STEVENSON AS COUNSEL

himself should BE- investigated and
probably will be after ] have furnished
the committee information in my pos:
session" Mr.. Jennings explained he hao
been unable TO fill contracts with. the
Soviet government for one thousand
printing presses because Of inability IL
obtain an export license from the stats
department..
Monday has been set tentatively -
the date FOR the opening Of the heartns
with Ludwig C. A. X. Martens. ssN-
styled Soviet ambassador. as the fr.i
witness. Chairman Moses announced to-
night
Senator Borah asserting that the con'.
mittee could get al the facts In the
Russian situation without the services
Of an attorney. said:
III Martens Is here advertising Boil
shevism ard Sovietism then the quicker
he departs the better for him. On tho
other hand. II Bakehmetieff (rcferrfnS
70 the former Russian ambassador has
been getting money from people in Ill;
United States on the theory that he IL
feedinK the Russian people whsn he u
not. I want TO know that Th4 only
thing In which / am interested Is tha
facts We have not been able to eet them
heretofore on account OF oenOoesAiD and
propaganda " -.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1920-01-15
MAY REUNITE THE
METHODIST CHURCHES

LOUISVILLE. KY Jan. l+.-ln
church edifice controlled by the same re
ligous organization which sponsored
breach IN the Methodist Episcopal
church in lS4s. thus dividing the church
membership into north and south i"c
,lons joint commission. OF ooth
churches will meet here tomorrow IN an
rndcavor to re-unite the two wlnEs.
Blshor W. r. Mcdowell, washington
will head the delegation from the MSt,
odIst Episcopal church, North. and BiSh-
on Edwin Mouzen. Dallas. Texas. tne
south faction The meeting VIII Dc
closed To the public and will last sever
al Days. I,.,
slavery Indirectly caused the breach:
Because The wife Of Bishop Andrews GL
Georgia, owned n negro slave glri IN
lS44. Methodist Epi5crpa congregat'o 'oLiS
in the north ronte rd.d the bishop shoulu
be removed Southern branches or the
church held that be was appointed DS d
church conference for life and could hot
h, oustcd Two years later the southern
conEre cations "Seccdcd" and formed me
Methodist Episcopal church, south:
The action occurred IN the fourth
Street Methodist church here and sen
limcnt, according 20 the ReNer"nd ;. -
Thompson, present pastor OF the con-
gY>ation. caused tho meeting TO De
called here. ,,,,
Tn" Methodist Episcopal churcn'
north claims membership Of approx
matcly four million and the southern
church two million persons.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1920-01-15
DIR. FERRIS WILL BE
PERMITTED TO COME
TOTKELOCAL CHURCH

Especial Dispatch TO The IntelliGo0ccr)
SPRINGFIELD. o.. Jan. M.-In COM
pliancc with Tho request Of Rcv. p. T.
Ferris. associate pastor OF the CovCuant
Presbyterian church. for a dissolution OF
his pastorate with the local church. thH
session a. n special meeting tonight ap-
pointed NJ l.. MilliEan and Paul {. Mar
tin. TO take the matter ~ with .ac
Dayton preShytcry
Tho meeting Will be held at the Cov"n-
ant church AZ any time after ten days
notice has been given. At Tins time
formal action will be taken. Rev. Ferris
asked the session 10 conStC'r his re-
quest and pointed out I" them the great
need II a pastor AZ tho Wheeling church
and The opportunity for larger SerNic2.
VI l.. MiliSan then read IN" rcsolu-
IONS urging that Rev. Mr.. 'FrrrlS bc
rcl,osrd 10 the second church church At
W'he"ung and s1 pressing regret thai he
,y4N leaving.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1920-01-15

WASHINGTON. Jan l4.--Authortty
granted by the senate to the Foreign
relations subcommittee TO employ coun-
sci to aid II in investigating Russian
propaganda developed stronT disagree
ment today among committee members
a. 10 the choice OF an attorney. While
Senator Moses New Hampshire, chair
man. and Senator Knox Pennsylvania
favored the selection OF Archibald Stew
Anson. attorney for the New York lie gis-
lature committee investigating radic cal
activity. Senator Borah served notice
that he would quit the committee II
Stevenson was chosen.
Senator Moses said that Stevenson
was suggested by Senator Knox who
has known him from boyhood. and add
ed tha. Stevenson would be particularly
valuable 10 the committee In view or
the Information he had gained through
his connection with the Lusk commit
tee OF the New York Legislature.
senator Bor8h declared himself op-
posed and particularly objected to Stew
enson. saying he did mot want to trans
fer the Lusk Investigation to the SEN
ate"
4 protest AEainst the appointment OF
" .on also was made ~ E. p. Jen.
machinery manufactures OF
LehlGhtan. Pa who declared Stevenson
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1920-01-15
POLL OF CANDIDATES BEING MADE
SHOWS THAT MANY NAMES ARE
SUGGESTED By THE VOTERS.
Republican Victory IL Predicted b
MISUNDERSTANDING and Sutherland
Favor1teS Here

Tho !. -hl.,l. .uI"ts ~ LIu uE1pcI
end II the state oi West NirgIn2 aRC
also Of Eastern OHIO ar" taking Keen
interest in the Dam,S suggested as
presidential timber by that party and a
varied list of names have hen suggest
ed hv the Tnru who will cast thar vote
The women also are taking k"en inter
est this year in political affairs, posSi-
hiy due to the suffrage victory ot the
prsJ year. That the political pot VIII
start 10 boil much earlier Than usual is
the general opinion Of all vino have hcnn
dabhlinE in poht.'s an dalready lhcre Is
keen activity in IN" ranks.
The urenirg Of the national hcAd-
quarters Of the Suthm land Alliance on
tne tenth floor Of the SrhmulbsCh build
iny yesterday gave that candidate u
hoost forward and about the lohblcs OF
tho hotels last evening ms name Was
freely discussed ard much literature
WAS distributed IN hls behalf. Tn"
names Of Hon. Warren q. Harding. or
Dhro: Governor lrow'irn, ano MAJOR
General Wood are ais" being fiSC'ISsHd,
,,h,jc thnrc arc mauy boosters for GOV
,rrur Coolidge \ number OF prnmln"nt
local business mon were interTl""ed
Yesterday hy The IntcliC"nCer reporter
with ~. following results.
iM.E Adams. head "t the 4. r. Adams
and Sons. hrohcrs, said: II. 8. Srna-
-or Howard sutherland has demonstrat-
"d Ll,tl hr - a strong national iicNrr'
IL. ., rn r.rSt choice and Is get l have
No., l.! 'hc umc 10 pick a second
choice
Leroy EnII. of the Hor" Na,Hu Gas
company. and = resident - Shh nft"n'
W Va. was IN III" chy and stated that'
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1920-01-15
BUSINESS MEN GIVE
VIEWS ON LEGISLATION

WNSUINGTDN Jan. li.--Elews OF
morrberS - the manufacturers organiza-
iirn. in ihri'r"m si8t"S IN bending rAiI-
r1rG lcEiSia'iun were represented To-Day
H.. q dcl,gaiiun of business men to
Senator Cummins and =. .preSc NATIVE
r,srh. .,uth"rs of the scELt" and house
rllroad bills r"S0r"tir"lN.
While endorsing most If u" PROVISIONS
Of ,hr hous" bin "N"Crt the 'ah"r claiSe'
-. r,.npfscturCrS declared ir state
rncnr presented bv IN" delegation that a
,.furdtmrntal plan must h" added to
,n. hnu,. mrnsur" II prIVai" operation
~. ,,rrur,z:tjonS and number Of in
d,Strics laid (U hr represented by each
included W"S, Nir=inih manufacturers
association "&4 plants.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1920-01-15
ORDERED DISMISSED.

pITTSDURGH. Pa. Jan. li.-Th7
suit of the United States government
against the Trans Continental company
and five officials OF the concern IN
which il was allowed that the firm had
charged unjus; and unreasonable prices
fcr sucl 81. wa n~icrcl 1i5C:ro, .
day by United states District Attor-
ncy Y Lowry ium"s.
4 thorough investigation Of the case
showed that the defendants actually
lost money On enc Of tho transactions
referred To in the complaint and that
in tho other transactions said defend
ants secured profit OF approximately
ten prr cent" said an announcement
Trou ATTORNEY HCmcs.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1920-01-15
CIDER THATSHARD
WITHIN THE DRY BAN

WASHINGTON, Jan. lA.-ln one or
the troadest cons' rlcr"rs Yet placed on
provisions Of the act for eniorrrmrnt "I
constitutional prohibition. Prohi"ltl"n
Commissioner Krcm"r has rhich lnhI
Fruit iu!Ccs and elders came wlihIn mo
dry han If they contain more than one
half of one percent alcohol.
Natural fermentation Will oticr no eN
cuse for evasion of the regulation IL
was declared.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1920-01-15
WANTS PUBGIcTTY ON cARrNEr

WASFIVNIITDN, Jan l4--prcllrir,
cabinet ut'. 'crs have developed great
powers ~ government. S"nHtur Kenyon.
Republican. Iowa. announced tonight
that u" would "UdcaVor to have = pInnk
inserted IN the 1920 piatf"rm ur tn" Re
publican party. requiring the PR Sidcn.
lial n"rniuc" tu make pnhlIc his proposed
cabinet appointments thirty days before
The election.
This would give uS more rrprrSrntn-
tive government in our cabinet" said Mr
N%ly"n. for the people would m 2
measure, De voting for r.rhsn"r urrlcrrS.
At lra'. that would enter INTO the clrc-
''un''
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1920-01-15
POLICE CHIEF IS
SLAIN BY BANDIT

PITTSBURGH. Pa. Jan. l4-Wn-
liam whitney. chief OF police OF
Daisytown. WASHINGTON county. Pa,
died IN o hospital here tonight from
bullet wounds received early To-Day
when he tried to capture fve bandits
who had blown the safe in the post
office there.
whitney heard the explosion which
wrecked the postoffce safe, and he
rushed to the scene. The robbers were
on tho lookout, and Rs whitney aP-
peared he was shot down The ex-
nlortou and shooting attracted resi-
dents, and the bandits made their es-
cape. not stopping to rfle the safe.
They secured small amount OF
money from the cash drawer.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1920-01-15
Predicts Ratification
Of the Treaty To-day

CHICAGO. Jan 14.-William Jennings
Bryan. enroute to Washington today
predicted that the senate would ratify
the peace treaty tomorrow.
While giving no specific reason for
expecting this action. Mr.. Bryan said
that the senate must bow 10 the public
demand tht there be no moro delay.
The people want action" he said.
Instead OF words"
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1920-01-15
LIQUOR SITUATION
HELPED TO DELAY
ACTION ON PEACE
BIZ DAVID LAWRENCE,
(copyrlSat BY The mtsll4S sneer.)

'.gAsHTNGToN. D. G. Jan. lA.-Nd
tho fact that President wilson might
lift the ban on wine and beer IN the per
Tod before January IS. when the consul
tut!onal amendment on prohibition goes
into effect have anything 10 do WIN
the delay on the ratification or the
Peace Treaty.
This Question ~ row being asked here
IN view Of tho sudden cftor: and un-
luestionably N.taliZ,d backing now De-
ing given to the move for a separate
compromise on the Peace Treaty II
may De mere coincidence that William
jennings Bryan didn't make a moe
for compromI~" when the treaty ta!led
10 e-t a two.thlrdS vote last November
and the talk Of reaching an agreement
was IN The a.v aat u may o. voinGi-
dcncc also that nothing VS. done "ncn
congress rcCunNcpSd in b"CSmoer, uu'
II Is a fac, tha: not single one or "a"
noted dry" leaders ~ lhH se"atc mas
been especially conspicuous n the over
lures for compromise which nave ocep
SoInE On for rhr last few months. u ~
the las. TWO wcSSs. Shsn Il became aP-
parent that reservations Included in the
treaty could not possibly b. agreed upon
before January u.
Declared A6surd.
DRY" senators m hCtA the Repuon-
can and bNmnCra-i" side say II = aS-
surd to connect IN" delay On the Pc7c"
Treaty with any thought ou their part
Of 4 continuously d-y nation in tho IN
have told nc th"y never hay" even
heard the wet" and dry" fight men
ticNCd IN the Treaty. conferences. Fut
certain wet" senator's are surhmeiy
confident that there could have been
cOmprom;s., on the Fcac" rrnStE ratI-
ficatIon much earlier Il K had not occn
for the fear that th~ President Vol G
Immediately nft ~" prohibition ban.
powerful interests wh'rh nav" held a
club over "d-v" senator's have been