davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-06-11

uOW big is a one-carat diamond?
Perhaps the best way to answer
that question is to say that, a pound
of diamonds represents exactly 21O
carats.>
a cubical box two and one-half
inches in diameter will hold just that
quantity of diamonds. Nine pounds of
diamonds will fill a quart measure.
Diamonds. were never really found
in quantity until the South African
deposits We're opened up, at Kimberley.
Neatly all Of the worlds supply now
comes from that source. 1t costs 81
a carat torproduce the stones. for which
you must pay 5000 to $500 a: carat,
because the output is controlled by a
single British company. the. "Barnato
crowd of which Solomon Joel is the
head. r.H .
The South African diamonds are
found in volcanic '.pipes'-that is to
say, in conduits through which long age
molten metal flowed out from the
bowels of the earth. This material con-
tanned considerable carbon, which was
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-06-11

limbs, and carved into a wonderful
heraldic column, with NEUROLOGICAL
weirdly sculptured and
painted. 1t recites the history and
traditions of the clan that occupies the
great house, and is ~surmounted by the
figure of a bear or a whale or what
ever may be the ''crest'' of the clan.
If one journeys southwark into
Mexico, one finds in the state of Sonora
houses built of grass, with mud spread
over the roofs to keep out the occasional
rain and incidentally to make the
dwellings cooler. There are no other
available materials for housebuildinc
in that region; and always, wherever
he builds, man naturally employs for
the purpose whatever he finds near at
hand that is suitable. Thus Philadel-
phia, which has plenty of clay handy,
is a brick city. =.
The Seri Indians. of Lower Califor-
MIA. who make their home on the island
of Tiburon, in the gulf, and who are
undoubtedly the most primitive savages
in North America, build houses of rocks
piled up for walls. They are mere huts,
the shell Of a huge marine turtle COM
monty serving as a roof. d
When the early Spanish explorers
first came to Venezuela they called the
country by that name, which means
Little Venice, because they found the
natives living in n sort of amphibious
fashion in houses built of poles,
matched with grass. and uplifted above
the water of shallow lagoons by plat
forms erected on piles.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-06-11
Lake dwellings Of Venezuela

baskets turned upside down. the frame
work being of slender oak saplings and
the outer covering of straw tied on in
lunches.
The houses of the California Indians
are circular in shape and substantially
built of planks. There is always u
family sitting room outside-a light
structure of poles rooted with lcafy
boughs to keep off the sun on hot days.
Another feature is a sort of granary
"a huge basket of poles, in the form of
an inverted cone, which holds the crop
of acorns gathered in autumn for win
ter bread making.
The ancestors of the modern Moki
and Zuni Indians Of the Southwest
built huge, fortress like apartment
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-06-11
Earth covered houses Of the Pawnees'

before the coming of the white
- man there was, within the limits of
what is now the United States, no such
numerous population as carly histori-
ans would have us imagine. A study
of the subject recently summarized by
the Smithsonian Institution presents the
conclusion that there were never more
than 100000 aborigines east of the
Mississippi river, and that the rest of
the country was much more sparsely
settled. a-. .
The term "settled" is used adviscdly,
inasmuch as most of the tribes were
s%edsntary and agricultural. They dwelt
in, villages, which were usually forti-
fed with palisades, and titled the land,
planting corn, beans, pumpkins, etc.
. Notwithstanding occasional intertribal
wars. they were. on the whole, peaceful.
1t was the whites, always rapacious,
f. who stirred them up, robbed them of
their lands and drove them to wander
ing and fighting.
The %scdcntary character of most of
the tribes may be Judged from many
still existing evidences, such, for in
stance, as the enormous acc%umulaticns
OF oyster shells at points along the
lower Potomac and in the> Chesapeake
region, where a regular fishery must,
have been conducted for centuries.
Much more striking are the mounds
scattered by thousands over parts of
the Mississippi valley, many OF which
are of such great size that the build
ing of them could have been accom-
plished only through a long series of
aboriginal generations.
Many of these mounds were merely
cemeteries. additions being made to
their material only as fast as room
wa required for fresh burials. Some
of them were crowned by affairs. That
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-06-11

In fact, the Pawncc house is in con-
struction very similar to the winter
dwelling of the Alaskan Eskimo, which,
utilizing the principle of the ~tireless
cooker, has it's living room in the upper
part of the earth mound, where the air
is warmcst-a soapstone lamp and the
body warmth of the occupants fur
nishing heat. Anciently, it would seem,
the Pawnecs were inhabitants of
Alaska (whence their ancestors mi
grated southwark, and they have pre-
served their Old style of domestic
architecture. "L-
In striking contrast are the houses
of the Wichita Indians, in Kansas and
Oklahoma. who may be said to live
in baskets. Their dwellings are huge
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-06-11

As the earth has cooled, it has
shrunk; and, doubtless. the same thing
will happen in the course Of ages to
Jupiter and Saturn, which are in just
such a hot and steaming condition rs
that above described. They are unfin-
ished worlds, incapable Of supporting
inhabitants until they have had time 10
cool and solidify.
Few people have had an opportuntty
to look at those huge, far-dfstant
planets with a frst-class modern tele-
scope I; hence the pictures sf Jupiter md
Saturn herewith presented, seen 8 on
beholds them through inch an instru-
meht, are interestinE. They are, se
course, telescope Photographic.
This is. long distance Photography
with, 4 vengeance, considering tAs feet
that Jupiter lnearer to us than 6atnrnD
is ON the further verge Of the enoflnsasI
zap OF space that separator the inness
group 81 planets (Mercury. yenuas
Earth and Marsls fren Tie 49, ssSss
NkALh1 AZ -IE ffEF fg4F EFL1
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-06-11

speed of an express train, and its great
alligator like head was armed with huge
%carnivorous teeth.
1t was manifestly a ferocious and
predatory brute. and presumably fed on
fishes and porpoises. The head was four
feet long, and in the front part of each
jaw were eight teeth for Selling and
tearing, (which were supplemented by u
series Of saw edged cutting teeth at
the back.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-06-11
Houses OF Northwest coast indians

r-
they were the work of a prehistoric
and vanished race earlier than the In
dams is a notion that has been entirely
exploded. The ''mound builders of
remote antiquity are. a myth.
The mounds are of all sizes, and,
%curiously enough, som small ones that
have been opened up in the plains re-
gion have been found to be actually
houses. There is no mystery about
them, because similar houses are built
and used as dwellings in that part Of
the country today by the Pawnees. A
structure of this type, semisubterra-
mean, has for its principal feature a
mound of earth supported by a frame
Of strong timbers. 1t is weatherproof
and tornado proof.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-06-11

The z%cuglodons, be lit understood,
were not fishes. but mammals, related
to modern whales. They must in their
time have been very numerous, judging
from the quantities of their bones dug
up in Mississippi and Alabama, where
in places there are so many as to in
terfere with blowing. Farm walls are
built of them. y
Apparently the creatures, which were
denizens of warm seas. died and were
washed up into shallow waters that
afterward became dry land. Drifting
sands covered their bones. preserving
the latter to some extent. Their teeth
lloose in the jaws like those of alliga-
tors) are. found scattered about in the
neighborhood Of the bones.
The only nearly perfect skull. OF a
%zeuglodon ever found fell, many years
ago, into the hands of a faker named
Koch, who attached to it the vertebrac
of two other monsters Of the same
species and exhibited the product as the
skeleton of an extinct marine reptile
which he called the ''hydrarchus,'' or
"uler of the waters. 1t was afterward
token up, but the ~kull. fortunately
preserved.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-06-11

mystery. Not any marine animals more
formidable than they, certainly, for
there was none such. Indeed, they
must have been masters of the .briny
deep, holding all contemporaries at their
mercy. :
To perceive this, one has only to
look at the aforementioned skeleton.
With. an enormously long tail, and pow
,erful swimming paddles, the zeuglodon
must have been able to swim at the
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-06-11
This Monster Once Ruled the Ocean and All Its Creatures

TN THE National. Museum at Wash
l'ington is exhibited the skeleton of a
zeuglodon-a monster which in life was
seventy feet long, and which must have
been ruler of the sea during a bygone
epoch.
1t was not so very long ago, for there
is good reason to believe that this
alarming creature dates back fewer than
100. 900 years. Perhaps very much less.
What wiped out the z%euglodons Is II
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-06-11

houses. of hewn stone, which. pcrched
on shelves Of inaccessible cliffs, were
in effect small towns under one roof.
The idea of the apartment house was
highly developed in America long before
Columbus landed. 1t was familiar in
the domestic architecture notaonly of
orr own Southwest. ..,ut also on the
northwest coast, where the aborigines
dwelt, as they do today. in huge wooden
buildings of massive construction.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-06-11
Telescope
Photography

ONCE upon a time. presumably, the
planet on which we dwell was very
much larger thar it is today. 1t was
still hot, and all the waters of what are
now the oceans were suspended in the
atmosphere in the form Of vapors.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-06-11

These are one story, with an attic
above, and may be 200 feet or more in
length. Through the middle. from n
end to the other, runs a hallway like
a hotel corridor, upon which the rooms
open. Each room is the living quar-
tiers of a family and has its own fire
place, a hole in the roof.
In front Of the house stands a
''totem pole," which is a giant forest
tree peeled of its bark, denuded Of its
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-06-11
,Iilking Co,ps BY Machine

THE newest kind of mechanical milk
maid is built to milk five COWS ut
,nce, its operation depending upon an
exhaust pump and a compressor. The
former produces suction and works .
pulsator in, enc direction; tie compress
sor drives it in the opposite direction.
The result is that d vacuum is turned
ION and Of sixty times a minute, with
suction and release ct each stroke of
the pump. The contriyance may b ops
Grated either. by electricity or BY saao.
liza.
The daily Gate City and constitution-Democrat. (Keokuk, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1920-08-26
Some Short and Snappy Items
Which Make News Wire
Sparkle.

/ United Press Leased Wire Service.]
BUFFALO, N. Y, Aug. 26.-Thomas
Devine wasn't divine. Rev. Father
Joseph Hummel, pastor of St Vim
cents Roman Catholic church held
him until police arrived after Devine
was discovered robbing the church's
poor box.
They All Do It.
NIAGARA FALLS, n. Y, Aug. 26.
Fifty thousand wish you were
here" cards are mailed here every
Sunday, estimates Postmaster Will
liams.
Ears are Expensive.
INDIANAPOLIS, Ind, Aug. 20
Henry Sooot never tasted more "X-
pensive dainty than Charles F'razter's
ear One bite cost him thirty days
at hard labor and a fine.
The daily Gate City and constitution-Democrat. (Keokuk, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1920-08-26
Iowa Man, Secretary Of Agri-
culture Under Three Presi-
dents, Died This Morn
ing at Traer.
HE WAS sc YEARS OLD
He Served Three Terms in Congress
and Sixteen Years in Cabinet
With Portfolio of Agri-
culture.

TUnited Press Leased Wire Service.
TRAER, Ia, Aug. 26.-James Will
son, United States secretary of agri
culture for sixteen years, died at his
home here today. He was Sc years
old August 16. His death came after
a long illness from kidney and blad
der trouble.
Wilson represented Iowa during
three terms in congress and was sec
retary of agriculture in the cabinets
and Taft.
James 'Tama Jim Wilson was
born in Ayrshire, Scotland in 1885 and
came to Iowa when nineteen years OF
age
bly, in 1867 and twice reelected, serv-
ing as speaker in 1872. In the fall OF
that year, Iowa sent him to congress.
He was reelected two years later
and served third term in 1884
Later Wilson was chosen professor
Of agriculture at Ames, Iowa, agri-
culture college. 1t was while acting
in that capacity that President Nc
Kinley appointed him secretary Of
agriculture.
His particular ability for that posi-
ton was manifested Immediately
when he rejuvenated the department
until it became a central source OF m
formation on subjects of farming
Later presidents ignored the claims Of
states and even sections, keeping Will
son at his post.
When in 1913 he surrendered his
portfolio to Houston, of Missouri, Will
son had established new record for
service as a cabinet officer-sixteen
yearS FrN
The daily Gate City and constitution-Democrat. (Keokuk, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1920-08-26
BASEBALL CAME
I FOR SEN. HARDING
Chicago Cubs to Play in Maj
ion September 2 and RepuH
lican Candidate Will {
Pitch First Ball.
BABE RUTH TO 81.
Harding is Dyed in Wool Ind
Will Greet Home Run k
and His
Wife.
BABE RUTH TO
by Raymond Clapper, United Press
Staff Correspondent

10y ndyHouu CldppeT, Oulleu TIeos
Staff Correspondent
MARION. o., Aug. 26.-Big league
baseball will be brought to Marion
soon to add little variety to the
front porch campaign for Senator
Harding. The Chicago Cubs will play
the local semi-professional team here
September 2 for the special benefit
of Harding, who will pitch the first
ball, it was announced today.
Senator Harding is baseball
crank of the purest ray, in which re-
gard he is perhaps second only to
Mrs. Harding, statement from
Harding headquarters said, explain.
ing that Harding had expressed a de-
sire to see real baseball game be-
fore the season ends.
Accordingly, William Wrigley and
A. D. Lasker, connected with the
republican national committee and
owners Of the Cubs, arranged to bring
their team here for a day.
To help out the local club, Lefty
Tyler, southpaw, and Catcher O'Far-
rell. of the Cubs, will be loaned to
tho Marionites. - 49, f.s
Babe Ruth, home run king. will call
on Harding aboutfthe middle of Sep
tember and bring his wife.
1t was planned to have him play
in the game against the Cubs, but
he could not arrange to be here.
Harding's warning against women
segregating themselves into political
parties because of sex prejudice was
taken here today as the beginning Of
drive on the National Woman's
party.
He urged them to come into the
old parties. This advice, and his
declaration that Theodore Roosevelt
would have been the republican can
didate this year had he lived, were
last minute departures from his
speech given out in advance. Work
is practically completed on Harding's
league Of nations speech to be deliv-
cred Saturday.
The daily Gate City and constitution-Democrat. (Keokuk, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1920-08-26

five miles east and south of Allen
Istein) our pursuit continues.
I'm the center the enemy is making
desperate efforts to break through
our encircling lines
Time Limit Expires.
by Webb Miller, United Press Stat
Correspondent
LONDON, Aug. 26.-Russia replied
to the AngloItalian ultimatum today
offering to waive any Of the armis
ltice terms proposed at Minsk which
were not contained in the diges1
which Commissioner Kameneff previ
George.
The time limit for Russia's reply
was to have expired tomorrow even
ling.
The note signed by Foreign Minis
ter Tchitcherin was an answer to the
communication prepared by Arthur
|Balfour, lord president of the council
demanding that Russia modify hel
Iarmistice terms to Poland to conform
with those submitted to the British
premier.
Great Britain and Italy particularly
|objected to the proposal that Poland
REPLACE her regular army with a
l"civil militia" composed of workers
whom, Russia declared, could be de,
ipended upon not to attack the soviet
government. The Anglo-Italian ulti
imatum was decided upon at the re.
cent conference of Premiers Lloyd
George and Gilotti in Lucerne.
| Immediately after receiving the
Russian reply, Kameneff, who had
prepared to leave London, went into
conference with Chairman Adamson
lof the parliamentary labor, committee
The bolshevik note was concilia-
tory In tone. 1t waived the proposal
for a "civil militia" in Poland "bached
down on demands for Polish disar-
Imament but demanded that Poland
make an honest bid for peace and
cease interruption of the Minsk nego-
ltiations.
Reply to America.
PARIS, Aug. ga dispatch to the
Agence Radio from Lugano today said
the italian ambassador in Washington
had handed to Secretary Colby a
verbal reply to the latter's note re-
garding Poland. The Italian reply, 1t
was said, emphasized the necessity
of resuming relations with the Rus
sian government, owing to the ccm-
mercial possibilities of that country.
The daily Gate City and constitution-Democrat. (Keokuk, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1920-08-26
MORE WINS FOR
-. AMERICANS
WrestIers Take All But One of the
Eliminati Bouts in Tournament
in Olympic
Games.

[By Henry L. Farrell, United Press
Staff Correspondent
ANTWERP, Aug. 26.-American
wrestlers won all but one of their
elimination bouts in the catch as
catch can Olympic turnament last
night and took two of their three
matches in the quarter finals.
The American feather weights, c..
D. Ackerly, of Cornell, and G. N. Ger
son, of Pennsylvania, won two bouts
each.
Following are the results:
Feather weights-Ackerly defeated
Mialetes, Greece; Gerson defeated
McKinnon, England.
Light weights-Svenshon Sweden,
defeated G. Metropoulos, Gary, Indi-
ana :
Middle weights-McDonald, Amert-
ca, defeated Sopponen, Canada.
The daily Gate City and constitution-Democrat. (Keokuk, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1920-08-26
RESPONSIBLE.

! abandoned yesterday with receipt Of
Premier Lloyd-George's message from
Lucerne, declaring it would be impos-s
sible to make an exception to the law
in the lord mayors case, was revived
today by King Georges reply to a
communication from Redmond How,
ard, nephew of the late John Redmond.
! The king gratefully acknowledged"
the country and concluded:
"Your appeal will receive my inn
mediate and careful consideration"
Thirty Thousand Irish sympathizers
staged a demonstration outside the
prison last night. The police dis
persed them after arresting several.
Members of the British labor party
participated in the demonstration.
| British government officials in Dub.
! lin issued a statement denying that
Mac Swiney was arrested while peace-3
fully performing his civil duties. The
statement said that he was attending
a meeting of officers of the republican,
army" in which he held the rank Of
brigadier general, when he was taken
in raid.
Appeal to France.
UNITED Press Leased Wire Service.l
PARTS, Aug. 26.-Davan Duffy.
diplomatic representative of the
Irish republic" in Paris, today for
mally appealed to Premier Millerand
for intervention by France in behalf
Of Terence MacSwiney, lord mayor
OF Cork
The daily Gate City and constitution-Democrat. (Keokuk, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1920-08-26
|espite Their Defeat Bolsheviks Claim to Be
Masters and Will Adhere to Original
Provisions.
|OLES FACE AMMUNITION SHORTAGE
his May Allow Reds to Reform Lines and
Help Them to Escape From Trap
They are in.
V Carl D. Groat, United Press staff

By Carl D. Groat, United Press staff
Correspondent
BERLIN, Aug. 26.--The Russians
i've so far refused to alter their
mistice proposals to Poland, accord
to an unofficial dispatch received
ON Minsk today.
The message said that, despite the
tent of the Polish military victory
bolshevik armistice delegates still
ssumed the air of masters of the
tuation.
They we're credited with declaring
lev would not alter their position
long as French officers and muni-
ons aid Poland.
From semi-official sources in East
russia, it was learned that the Reds
ave far fewer reserves than they
ere generally credited with having
hd that it is doubtful II they will be
bile to assume the offensive again
|espite the apparent weakness Of the
loles.
Russian troops continue to pour
cross the border into East Prussia,
was said. The prisoners include
hany Germans and Hungarians. More
han sixty thousand prisoners have
een counted.
Shortage in Munitions.
BERLIN, Aug. 26.-The Polish
krmies, while still driving the Rus
tians before them, are facing seri-
bus shortage in ammunition, accord
ing to semi-official advices received
here today.
This situation, it was believed,
would afford the reds an opportunity
TO reform their shattered units and
make a determined stand along the
tentative Russo-Polish frontier.
At the same time, it was learned,
the bolsheviki are preparing a new
defensive line along the river Me
mems, which flows northwest through
Erodno.
Twenty thousand Russians, cut off
bundary into East Prussia.
Evacuate Wilma.
PARIS, Aug. 26.-I:4O p. m.)-The
bolsheviki have evacuated wilma, and
Lithunian troops have occupied the
railway station there, according to
a Warsaw dispatch received by the
French foreign Office today.
wilma is on the Niemen river on
the Russian side of the tentative
boundary recently agreed to by the
Russians and Lithunians.
Dispatches last week reported the
reds had moved their headquarters
from Wilma to Grodno. Unofficial re-
ports from Berlin also said the
Iithunians and bolsheviki had prac-
tically agreed on terms.l
Enter Grodno.
PARIS, Aug. 26.-Polish forces
have entered Grodno. according to-. a
dispatch to the Matin today.
tGrodno, $50 miles northeast of
Warsaw. was last reported to be the
bolshevik main headquarters. 1t is
IN Russian territory.1
Seek to Escape.
WARSAW, Aug. 26-"The last de-
tachment of the Russian fourth army
IS seeking to escape in the region of
Chorzele Con the east Prussian from
tier, forty miles southwest of Allen
stein)" the Polish official communique
reported today.
In the direction of Kolno fsixty-
The daily Gate City and constitution-Democrat. (Keokuk, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1920-08-26
Appeal to France.

Light heavy weights-W. S. Maur~
er, U. S. navy, defeated Ledrau.
France; Redmond, q. S. navy, defeat
ed Wilson, England.
Heavy weights-F. n. Meyer, Chi
cago, defeated Mason, England.
Quarter finals-Feather weights
Gerson defeated Barathou. France =
Ackerly defeated Kaiser, Switzerland.
Light weights-Antilla, Finland, de-
feated J. Shimmon, New York.
The daily Gate City and constitution-Democrat. (Keokuk, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1920-08-26
Cox's Speaking Dates.

UNITED Press Leased Wire Service. ]
NEW YORK, Aug. 26.-The follow
ing additional dates for Governor
Coxs western speaking trip were
made public today by the democratic
national committee:
September 13, Portland, Ore; Sep
tember II, Huntington, Ore. and
Boise, Idaho; September IS, PocateIlo,
Idaho, Ogden and Salt Lake City.
Utah; Sept. 16, Reno, New; Sept. IL.
Sacramento and San Francisco; Sept.
90, San Diego and Los Angeles; Sept
%, Phoenix, Ariz.; Sept. %, Albuquer-
que, N. NJ; Sept. "a, Pueblo. Colo and
Denver, Colo; Sept. 25, Cheyenne,
Wloming