davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Gilpin observer., 1920-09-30
Oppose Reduction
of Train Service


There has been considerable
rumor that the Colorado & South
ern railroad will discontinue one
daily train each way on the Clear
Creek canon and Central City
lines whereby the service propos-
ed will mean that our business
relationship with the state capi-
tai and the wholesale houses must
be curtailed because of the lack of
accommodations that service of
this kind would mean.
If the train coming in the even
ing and going down in the morn
ing should be discontinued it
would mean two nights in Denver
to every one from this part of the
state.
The sentiment in Denver is very
strong against the move and if
the protest from all the towns af-
fected would reach the proper
proportions the move can be pre-
vented from being effective.-Ida-
no Springs Siftings-News.
Gilpin observer., 1920-09-30
ged a grouse each.

ged a grouse each.
Joe Casper delivered load of
supplies to the Cornucopia today.
c. L. Tilton, who spent several
days here last week on business
in connection with the Mackey
group of claims, returned to Den
yer Friday.
John w. Gobelman, of Tolland,
was calling on friends Sunday. He
says Tolland has the appearance
of a busy railroad town since the
Moffat road has made it the first
division out of Denver.
c. R. Baer has received a post
card from VIM. G. Marks, a for
mer resident of Apex, dated New
York, Sept. Is. He had just ar
rived from Barcelona and Palemas
Spain. He left Ales via Egypt
on Aug. 5th. He has not been
well the past two months. His ad-
dress is 80 So. Washington ST.,
N. Y.
Gilpin observer., 1920-09-30
SCHOOL NOTES
(By E. S. and G.. F.)

(By E. S. and G. F.)
The beefsteak fry at Gundy's
turned out to be a tiresome trip
for some of the crowd who were
not used to walking and grew tir-
ed before we arrived at our des-
tination. Everyone was alive, up
and going. Altho some of the
steak was dropped in the dirt the
meal was eaten with relish.
Of all weeks, this is the week
most dreaded. Wonder why +?
Exams, of course. These are to
count one-half of the months
grade.
Report cards are to be graded
letters, but recorded in figures in
the school records.
We have had a number of tard-
les; these were made by the boys
from Black Hawk who go home
to lunch. Only one absence has
occurred, Fred Coughlin being the
guilty party"
Leora Crispin honored us with
a visit on Tuesday.
The library is to be remembered
and arranged in alphabetical or
der.
Gilpin observer., 1920-09-30
BLACK HAWK NEWS

Arthur Dollahan came up from
Denver Saturday evening and re-
mained until Sunday afternoon.
John Stroehle returned home
Wednesday evening from trip
to the valley.
Mrs. Lloyd Hutchins and son ar
rived this morning from Crosby,
Wyo., to visit her parents, Mr.. and
Mrs. TIL. Crook.
The firemen's dance which was
to have been held this week has
been postponed indefinitely on ac-
count of not being able to procure
an orchestra.
Mrs. Peter Westman returned
Sunday evening from Denver.
Mrs. Chas. Daley was up from
Golden between trains Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Geo. S. Hewcs and
children left Tuesday afternoon
for Denver to visit Mrs. Hewes'
mother.
Miss Mary Garland came up
from Denver Friday evening and
visited until Sunday with Mrs.
Pat Boyle.
A. M. Fairchild was called to
Denver Sunday on account of the
serious illness of his father, who
died Monday. Mrs. Fairchild
went down Tuesday morning.
DR.. c. c. Strupler was down
Tuesday, looking after the health
of the school children.
Miss Minnie Sorenson has filed
her resignation with the postof-
flee department as postmistress.
same to become effective as soon
as successor can be found. The
salary is not especially attractive
during these strenuous days of H.
c. l.. and it is hard to find some-
one to take the position.
Gilpin observer., 1920-09-30
Firemen's Notice

The regulaS annual meeting of
the Central City fire department
will be held on Tuesday, October
18th, for the election of officers
and the transaction of any other
business that may come before
the meeting.
THOMAS ATKINSON,
Chief.
Gilpin observer., 1920-09-30
IN RUSSELL GULcH

Mr.. and Mrs. John Grenfell and
baby returned from Golden Tues
day evening and will reside here
for a while.
w. P. McLain came up from
Colorado Springs Tuesday even
ing to look after mining interests.
Miss Lizzie Jones, who had
been spending week with the
Kirk family, left Wednesday for
her home in Denver.
Mrs. Alberta Williams left Mon
day afternoon for her home in
Golden after two weeks visit
with Mr.. and Mrs. James Grenfell.
Tony Zancanella, wife and
daughter, Nick Burgamore and
Miss Mary Ramponi motored up
from Denver last Saturday and
visited until Monday.
Miss Annie Ferganchick, a for
ner resident of Russell, came up
from Denver Saturday for the
dance.
Mrs. Will Ferganchick came up
from Denver Saturday to attend
the dance.
A good sized crowd attended
the dance last Saturday evening.
The Midwest Novelty orchestra,
of Denver, furnished excellent
music.
VIM. Richards arrived from
Louviers, Colo, Sunday to visit
his brother, James, returning on
Tuesday.
Joe Ress was in Denver this
week.
George Kimball was over from
Idaho Springs this week on min
ing business.
The spud crop is being harvest
ed and big yield is expected.
Mrs: A. Toller, of Denver, is
visiting her daughter, Mrs. P.
Zancanella.
A Mr.. Landische, of Louisiana.
is visiting ]. C. F. Webb.
John Williams, Jr., of Denver.
visited in Russell today.
Mrs. George Reidl came up
from Denver Wednesday evening
to see about shipping her house
hold goods.
Gilpin observer., 1920-09-30
PERSONAL MENTION

Mr.. and Mrs. VIM. Augcr went
to Golden Sunday to visit Mr.. and
Mrs. Cyp. Matthews.
Henry P. Altvater and sister
returned from trip to Denver
Sunday evening.
Miss LYDIA Mcleod and Miss
Julia Brohl left Sunday afternoon
for Greeley.
Mrs. Richard Eddy and son re-
turned Sunday to their home in
Golden after short visit with
Mr.. and Mrs. Joe Anderson.
Louis Carter went to Denver
Monday afternoon to participate
in the drafting of the Republican
state platform.
James w. Cody, who had been
in the hospital in Denver, return
ed home Sunday evening. He is
feeling all right again.
Herman Brandt came up from
Victor Sunday. After short
visit with friends he left for Chi
cago Tuesday, and from there in
tends to go to Europe.
w. o. Jenkins went to Denver
Tuesday morning to assist in
drafting the Democratic platform.
Jack Crago is visiting the Ep-
lett family.
Miss Minnie Frey made a trip
to Denver this morning.
j. R. Rule returned Tuesday
morning from trip to Denver.
George McFarlane and John
Stroehle left Sunday for Chey-
enne to repair a compressor.
Mrs. Archie Waters and Mrs.
Ed. Rowe left for Denver Wednes-
day morning for a weeks visit.
Nick Johns left Wednesday af-
ternoon for Denver for a few
days visit.
Mr.. and Mrs. John Slattery re-
turned Tuesday evening from q
weeks visit with relatives in Den
yer.
Will Davey, of Denver, visited
friends in Central this week.
Mr.. and Mrs. G. E. Olson, of
Chicago, who had been spending
a few days in the city, left for
their home this week. Mr.. Olson
is interested in the Homer mine.
John Larson and 7. A. Miller
were in Central this week on bus
mess in connection with mining
property they are arranging to
work.
Frank Teats, who had been
spending several weeks with his
daughter at Elizabeth, returned
home Wednesday evening. Mrs
Teats will arrive in a couple of
weeks.
Mr.. and Mrs. George Athanas-
ion drove to Idaho Springs today
to settle for shipment of ore
from the Eureka.
Mrs. Eva Wilson, after a weeks
visit with her sister, Mrs. w. ]
Stull, returned Wednesday after
noon to Denver.
Gilpin observer., 1920-09-30
Treasurer's Notice on Request for
Tax Deed.

Tax Deed.
To every person in actual possession
or occupancy of the hereinafter des.
cdbed land, lot or premises, and
to the person in whose name the
same was taxed or specially assess
ed, and to ala persons having an
interest or title of record in or to
the same.
NOTICE is HEREBY GIVEN, That
on the Bird day of December A. d.
1917, the following described
property, situate in the County of
Gilpin and State of Colorado, to-
wit: 39-4S North lode mining
claim, Survey No. 672, in Illinois
Central mining district, was sold
for the taxes for the year 1916
and purchased by Harry Arm
field.
That the said Harry Armfeld
has duly made request upon the
Treasurer of said County for a
deed.
That the said premises were
taxed for said year 1916 in the
name of w. L. Price.
That the time of redemption of
said real estate from such tax sale
will expire on the 10th day of
January A. d. 1921, and unless re-
deemed on or before said day a
deed will be issued therefor.
Dated this 18th day of Septem-
ber A. d. 1920.
(SeaI HENRY p. ALTVATER,
Treasurer OF the said County Of
Gilun.
1st pub. Sept. %; last, Oct. 7, 20.
Gilpin observer., 1920-09-30

In this issue of the Observer are
published the initiated and refer
red bills and constitutional
amendments to be voted on in the
November election. The voter
should read them and become in
formed as to the merits of the
several measures, so that he may
vote intelligently thereon. They
will be published twice.
Gilpin observer., 1920-09-30
Notice

The Gilpin County Metal Min
ing association holds it regular
monthly meetings at the County
Court House the first Friday of
each month.
O. ]. DUFFIELD, Pres.
MORRIS HAZARD, Sec.
Gilpin observer., 1920-09-30

A five-reel Pathe production
Marie Osborn, Rollin comedy,
Pathe News and Pathe Review.
and also Ford weekly, will be
the pictures shown at the opera
house Saturday, Oct. End.
Gilpin observer., 1920-09-30

For Rent-Pasture on 400-acre
ranch in Gilpin county. Write j..
P. Peabody, 954 Emerson, Denver.
Gilpin observer., 1920-09-30
Notice

A meeting of the Democratic
committeeman and committeewom-
en- and candidates will be held at
the Observer Office on Tuesday ev-
ening. October 9Th, 1920, at 1880
o'clock, for the transaction of i'm
portant business.
r. C. JOHNSON,
Chairman.
Everything in groceries at the
Hawley Mdse. Co.
Rood tho Ohoorvor-9 voor
Gilpin observer., 1920-09-30
st. Paul's Episcopal Church

Rev. J. H. Ellis will conduct
services next Sunday, and until
further notice.
Gilpin observer., 1920-09-30

Misses and children's shoes at
the c. o. Richards Co.
Gilpin observer., 1920-09-30

Trade at Hawley's and get the
best in the line of groceries.
Gilpin observer., 1920-09-30

Read the Observer-$2 year.
Gilpin observer., 1920-09-30

Fruits at Hawley's.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1920-11-12

A mass meeting of all EpiscopaIians
OF Milwaukee and suburbs will be held
at the Plankinton Hall, Milwaukee
Auditorium, on Monday, Nov. Is. al
S:15 P. M. The meeting viii be fea-
tured by an address by Bishop Chas.
p Anderson, DID,, LID, diocese of
Chicago, on the nationwide campaien
The local committee will arrange to
have all members of Trinity Church
conveyed to and from the meeting by
automobile. Last Sunday morning a
large congregation at Trinity heard
Mr. James Daggett speak on "The
Nationwide Campaign from the Lay
mans Viewpoint" Services next Sun
day: Morning prayer and sermon at
IL A. M. Church School, $50; Holy
Communion, 1880 and 1890 A. M.
This Sunday will be observed as
Sailors Day." in all Episcopal
Churches, in compliance with the res
olution of the last general convention.
Subject, What the Episcopal Church
Does for the Sailor" by one of them.
The following have charge of the
Red Cross membership drive of Nov.
11-25 in our community: In the First
Ward, Mrs. Thomas DeSwarte; in the
Second Ward, Mrs. E. j. Kearney and
Mrs. Leverett c. Wheeler; in the
Third Ward Mrs. Martin M. Taylor;
in the Fourth Ward, Mrs. Henry E.
rreuuenUeIs and slls. CHARLES r. Har-
mon (Greystone Park) in the Town
of Wauwatosa, Mrs. Edward f. Geske
and Mrs. N. J. Swan. Mrs. George E.
1yrrelI has charge of the tables in the
banks. Mr.. Edward H. Corrigan has
charge of the advertising. THE Ber-
nard A. Diedrich Post of the Amer
lean Legion of Wauwatosa endorses
this movement Cred Cross Roll CalD
and will do ali in their power to aid
same
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1920-11-12
Watch Your Irons in the Fire

There has never been an age that
oHered such attractive opportunity for
putting an extra iron i'm the fire. Ii
seems there is a. demand for every
thing. Everybody wants men. And
everybody seems to want anything he
can buy. And strange as it may seem
most folks seem to have the where
win 10 buy what appeals to them. So
the demand goes on. One can sell
almost anything. So the fellow with
reasonable push works hard at his lob
ana then begins little something on
the side TO get farther ahead with. 1t
may not he much but it's an extra
iron for the fire. Sooner or later il
VIII get hot and then if the fellow
isn't there with the hammer his iron
VIII burn and he will he poorer than
u ne had not attempted anything ex-
ira. Lncky the man who knows how
to do 1t when the time comes.-Ex-
change.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1920-11-12
steppIna LiveIx IN the Orient.

The familiar ''step lively" of the
subway conductor and policeman.
which hastens the movement of cos
mopolitan life. is not escaped today
even in the Orient. One needs to
watch her step, when travelling by
steamboat up Il languid oriental stream
just as carefully as when boarding
the subway at Forty-second street
during the rush hour, according to the
report of Y. W. c. A. secretary. sta
toned in Canton, China. when a
passenger wishes to get off the
steamboat" writes this Y. w. G. A.
secretary. "a shrill whistle is blown TO
summon small boat to carry her TO
shore. Then man carrying a long
bamboo pole with hook on its end
climbs out on a little ledge on the
side of the steamboat. ready to catch
hold of the boat as it passes by. The
steamboat Slackens its speed but
very little and passengers need to
step lively into the rowboat or they
will be left behind. Baggage is
tossed in after them"
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1920-11-12
PROCLAMATION BY THE MAYOR

INASMUCH AS the American Red
Cross is still doing very much for dis
charged and disabled soldiers and
sailors and their families and in addi-
ton is carrying on system of ma
tional and international relief in time
of peace. mitigating the suffering
caused by pestilence famine, fire,
floods, ETC., and
INASMUCH AS the Wauwatosa
Branch of the Red Cross serves not
only as a part of the National organi-
cation but also as relief and welfare
agency for the city and town of Wau-
watosa,
DO HEREBY APPEAL to the peo-
pie of the Wauwatosa community to
respond generously during the roll call
of November 18th to 25th.
A. C. HANSON,
Mayor.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1920-11-12
The Ruhonic plaque

The buhnuic plague is an epidemic
disease which has been very prevalent
and terribly destructive in almost every
part of the eastern hemisphere since
the Third century b. c.. and probably
before that time. From the discolora.
ton of the skin by illusions of blood.
which Is Characteristic of severe and
fatal cases. it became known as the
Black Death. Thu disease is unknown
In the tropics. II has prevailed most
extensively in temperate climates, and
II is not Of infrequent occurrence in
cold countries such as Russia, Sweden
and Norway. A moist and moderately
warm climate Is most favorable to its
development, while intense heat or
cold viii usually arrest II.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1920-11-12
XeesIna Mirrors Rrlnht.

To clean mirrors. keen piece of
sponge, a cloth and silk handker-
chief. First sponge the glass well. so
as to clean off all spots. then dust over
It powder blue tied in muslin: rub II
of lightly and quickly with tue cloth
and finish by rubbing it witt the hand,
kerchief.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1920-11-12
COMMITTEES OF THE wAUwAToSA
COMMON COUNCIL-I920-2I
BOARD OF PUBLIC WORKS

Aid. Maschmeyer. Notbohm. De swarte.
Marauardt. Wood.
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1920-12-17
SEE REVIVAL OF TRADE SOON
Cotton Prices Back to Previous Low
LeVeIs-Decreased Public Pur-
chasing Power Noticeable.

New York, Dec. 11.-Dun's review of
business for week ending December
10: While a general turn for the bet
ter in business is still delayed, express
sions of confidence are rather more
numerous. Inasmuch as sentiment
is an important factor in any CONNER
cial movement, the increased feeling
manifest in various quarters is OBJ
viousfy an encouraging indication.
Maintenance ca he recent active buy
ing of gray cotton goods has not been
witnessed and prices have shown a
tendency to fall back to previous low
levels upon the abatement of demand.
Recognition of a decreased public pur-
chasing power is becoming more gen.
eral and the lessened consumption is
as noticeable in the agricultural sec
lions as in the industrial centers. I'm
employment meanwhile is increasing,
further curtailment appearing at New
England points and elsewhere.
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1920-12-17
HORACE Z. DODGE IS DEAD
Was the Sole Head of Dodge Bros
Interests Since Death of His Broth
er-Was Associated With Ford.

Palm Beach, Fla, Dec. 14.-Horace
e. Dodge, automobile manufacturer,
died here at his winter home. He
had been in poor health since he suf-
fered an attack of influenza a year
ago at the time his older brother, John
Dodge, died in New York. Mr.. Dodge
recently came here with Mrs. Dodge
and their son, Horace 3. Dodge, Jr.,
accompanied by Detroit specialist.
Detroit, Mich, Dec. 14.-Horace e.
Dodge had been sole head Of the Dodge
Bros automobile interests since the
sudden death of his brother. The
brothers founded the automobile bust
ness that bore their name here eight
years ago following long association
with Henry Ford. Their first manu-
featuring venture was the building of
bicycles at Niles, Mich. Later they
came to Detroit and opened small
machine shop. Their Ford interest
grew from $1,000 to $12,000,O00.
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1920-12-17
U. S. WEEKLY MARKET REPORT
Chicago March Wheat .59A--Butter
and Potato Prices Continue to
Decline-Hogs Down.
WEEKLY MARKETGRAM.
Z IL 6 RIIRE AII OF M "A RK r.

10y -. DOIkGAO VI Mf4RIA1AL
Washington, Dec 14-Week ended Dec.
n.-GRAIN-The weeks market opened
higher, but sharp break occurred on
the seventh. The decline continued moder-
ately until the tenth when decided
downward movement took place as result
of federal reserve bank report stating that
a beginning of liquidation or reduction of
bank loans was imperative. There was
sharp upturn in wheat on the eleventh,
and the markets closed with a net de-
cline for the week of TX cents for Chica-
go March wheat at 1854, and 5A cents
for Chicago May corn at TN cents. Cash
wheat conditions continue strong at big
premiums over futures. Minneapolis
March wheat lost TX cents, closing at
$1.55; Kansas City March IN cents at
$1.54A; Winnipeg May 81 cents at $1.72
HAY-Market remains very dull with
but little demand which is mostly local.
Prices of better grades well maintained
because of light receipts. No. / timothy,
New York $40. Chicago $50. Cincinnati
DAIRY PRODUCTS-Bu trading has
shown some Improvement during the
week. Although a few declines were
registered, prices have recovered some
about one cent below prices a week ago.
Closing prices. 80 score, New York 531ac,
Chicago Soc, Philadelphia 531ac, Boston
SIC. Cheese markets showing weakness;
prices at Wisconsin primary markets
averaging two to four cents below last
week. Fresh cheese prices, Wisconsin
average, Twins 21c, Daisies 23c, Double
Daisies s2215c, Young Americas and Long
horns 231sc, Square Prints 24c.
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES - Potato
prices continued to decline at northern f.
0. b. markets. losing 15c to zoe per 100
lbs sacked. at $1.2O to $140 Chicago car
lot market declined about 25c, reaching
$1.35 to $1.50. Apples steady at shipping
points and city markets. Baldwins 81 to
$425 per Dbl. Northwestern extra fancy
boxed winesaps steady t: o. 3: at 225
LIVE STOCK AND MEATS-Despite a
moderate advance on the 18th, hogs at
Chicago closed SOC to Coo lower than a
week ago. December II, top Chicago
prices, hogs 1886, yearling steers $685.
good beef steers $13 to $685. heifers
SLIPS, cows $9.75, feeder steers $3.50, west
erns $780, veal calves 5000, fat lambs
S11.75, feeding lambs $1125 fat ewes $50
Compared with week ago, beef and
veal prices have advanced, beef 81 to ST.
veal 50 to IS at some markets. Lambs
steady to 81 higher. Fresh pork practical
ly unchanged.
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1920-12-17
VOTES 1-YEAR
BAN ON ALIEN
House Passes Johnson Exclusion
Bill by Vote of 293
to al.
WARTIME LAW is REPEALED
VoIstead Resolution is Adopted Unan-
imousIy, 323 Votes Being Recorded
as Favoring It-Work on Tax
Laws Is Started.

Washington, Dec 15.-The Johnson
immigration bill, as amended to pro-
hibit all immigration for a period OF
one year, was passed by the house.
The vote was 293 for the bill and
Al against. Six members voted pres
ent."
1t now goes to the senate, where its
defeat is predicted by senate leaders
The Siegel amendment, exempting
brothers and sisters Of aliens who
have become American citizens was
approved, 2R3 to 76.
Immediately after the vote was an
nounced Chairman Johnson of the inn
migration committee issued a state
ment saying that the 1880 immigrants
who arrived at New York Saturday In
the White Star liner Adriatic had been
sent to Hoffman island because of an
outbreak of typhus among them, and
that at Gloucester, n. j., IL aliens had
been taken from the steamship Hav-
erford and sent to the detention sta
ton suffering with typhus.
Repeal of most of the wartime
laws was voted by the house, which
adopted the Volstead resolution for
that purpose after two hours of de-
bate
The vote on adoption Of the resolu-
ton was unanimous, 1913 votes being
recorded as favoring it, with none OPP
posed. The house, before taking the
final vote, accepted an amendment
providing for inclusion of the Lever
food control act among the laws which
the resolution would repeal.
An embargo for one year against
the Importation of wheat, wheat flour,
barley, rye, oats, flax, wool, hogs, cat
tie and sheep is proposed in bill
introduced by Representative Young
(Rep) of North Dakota.
Initial steps In the framing Of new
revenue legislation by congress were
taken with the opening of hearings
before the house ways and means COM
mittee on tax questions and the ma
TONS revenue needs.
Dr. Thomas S. Adams, tax expert
and economist of the Treasury depart
ment, told the committee that the first
problem for it to decide was whether
the level of taxes should be retained
at $4OOO,O00,000 annually. He ex-
pressed the belief that no reduction
could or should be considered.
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1920-12-17
BIG POSTAL DEFICIT
Cost United States $17,270,482
for 1920 Service.
Postmaster General Puts Blame on
Congress-Attacks Labor
Organizations.

Washington, Dec. 14.-Operation OF
the United States posta! service for
the fiscal year 1920 resulted in a deficit
of ST, 270, 482-the second largest IN
the history of the service-Pos tmaster
General Burleson shows in his annual
report to the President, in which ex-
penditures of the lpostoffice department
are placed at $454,322,6O9 and reven-
ues at $437, 150,212.
The postmaster general charges con-
gress with direct responsibility for the
deficit, explaining that the expendi-
lures included approximately $32,2O2,-
600 paid as a war bonus to postal en-
ployees, and stating that but for this
there would have been surplus OF
SIS, 427, 917.
In his discussion of his administra-
ton of the postal service, the postmas-
ter general says:
'The present postal administration
has been one of continuous and perma-
nent progress and Improvement.
"The air mail service, which has
been operated successfully since its
inauguration, May Is, 1918, has been
extended across the continent and
collaterally and further extension by
contract service inaugurated.
SALARIES Of employees IN all grades
have been increased and working con-
ditions and conveniences improved
wherever possible"
The postal service head declares the
use Of the strike against the govern
ment by an "outside" organization is a
menace to the welfare of the republic.