Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1920-01-08
Foreign Affairs.

While the treaty was being negoti-
ated conditions remained very I'M
settled not only in the territory which
had been included in the fcur defeated
nations but throughout Europe Rus
STA continued in a state of turmoil
throughout the year. Although the
bolSheviSt government under the direc-
ton of Lenin and Trotzky maintained
ITS control over a large part of the
former empire it was hemmed in on
all sides by opposing groups which
attacked it with varying success. The
newly constituted nation of Poland
was beset for a time on all sides. but
1t, too, succeeded in weathering the
storm and had established stable
government before many months had
passed.
Failure to reach a settlement of the
Fiume question continually threatened
an armed conflict between the Italians
and the new JugO-Slav state. Serious
conditions existed in Hungary both be-
cause of internal disorders and be-
NclupC VI Nlu0ltS WIFI 1OuIUuulu anu
with the new Czech government.
In Germany a split among the Ger
man socialist leaders resulted on Janu-
airy Z in serious street fighting. The
government was seriously threatened,
but on January 8 it's troops In Berlin
were REINFORCED and regained control
of the situation. On January Is DR..
Carl Liebknecht leader Of the Spar
tacans, or antigovernment faction was
killed while attempting to escape after
arrest in Berlin. His companion, Rosa
Luxembourg, long known as a radical
leader both in Germany and Russia,
was killed by q mob. Disorders in
Germany were suppressed and on jan
uary 10 the people elected national
assembly the majority socialists led
by Chancellor Ebert retaining control.
The assembly met a Weimar on Janu-
airy and on February II elected
Chancellor Ebert as first president of
the German republic, after adopting
provisional constitution. In Poland
opposing factions reached an agree
ment on January II whereby Ignace
Jan Paderewski became premier, with
General Pilsudski as foreign minister
and NJ. Demoski as president.
Opposition to Japanese control had
been developing rapidly in Korea and
on March - Korean nationalists is
sued a declaration of independence,
declaring themselves ready to flight to
the last drop of blood" Serious dsOr-
ders also were reported in Egypt in
support Of the nationalist demand for
autonomy and on March % the Brit
ish secretary for war, Mr.. Churchill
admitted that the whole Of Egypt was
virtually in a state of instruction.
On March 16 new Germano-Austrian
government was established at Vienna
with Doctor Renner as chancellor
Count Karolyi had been made presi-
dent of the new Hungarian republic on
January IL, but on March % he was
forced to resign and there was consti-
tuted new government which pro-
claimed a dictatorship Of the prole-
taflat ana an alllance Win the HuS-
sian soviet government.
A ministerial crisis arose in Italy as
result Of the governments policy in
connection with the peace conference.
AS result the ministry of Premier
Orlando was Unexpectedly over
thrown on June 10 and two days later
francesca Nitti, former minister of
finance, became premier of Italy. At
the same time the German cabinet re-
signed because of the determination of
Chancellor Scheldemann not to recog-
nize the peace terms offered by the
allies Gustav Adolph Bauer, former
minister Of labor, was appointed chan
celor by President Ebert and formed
new cabinet. A clash between the
new German government and the allies
was threatened on June 81 when the
German feet which had been lnterned
In British waters under the armistice
was Settled by German crews, twenty
battleships and cruisers being sunk.
On August / Bella Kun, who for four
or five months had been dictator In
Hungary, was compelled to retire when