davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1920-05-24
BANDITS SHOOT UP
BANK AND ROB TOWN
IN WILD WEST STYLE

Toledo, Ohio, May 20.-ln true
western style six bandits this morn
ing shot up the main street of Delta
Ohio, near here, seriously wounded
James Warner, baker, invaded
the Peoples Savings Bank and es-
capped with $4,000 in cash and
Liberty bonds.
Townspeople scurried for shelter
as the bandits sped through the
main street in a touring car, shoot
ing in all directions. More than 'oO
shcts were fired.
Entering the bank, the bandits
slugged Mark Cassier, the assistant
cashier. with the butt of revolver
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1920-05-24
LEAGUE CANNOT TAKE UP
POLISH WAR, SAYS LAW

London, May 20.-"It would be
useless to refer the Russo-Polish
war to the League Of Nations for a
settlement, for the league has no
power to enforce any proposal" A.
Bonar Law announced in the House
of Commons. He continued:
"Premier Lloyd George pointed
out to General Pilsudski in Janu-
ary dangers of an offensive against
Russia. Great Britain has not en-
couraged Poland, but if Poland had
not strengthened herself she would
have been overrun by the bolshe-
Wiki"
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1920-05-24
ROAD BONDS SOLD
TO CONTRACTORS

r.aurens, May 20.-Official in
formation was given out this week
to the effect that the remaining
bonds voted by the people for good
roads three years ago have been
sold and that top soil road work
will continue at least until the sum
is expended. 1t will be remembered
that the amount of bonds voted was
100000 and that in the early part
of last year one-half this amount
was sold and soon afterwards work
begun in the construction of top
soil roads. The remaining half 'e-
Gently sold, was boaght by j. NJ.
Gregory who has been doing con-
tracting work in this County since
the building of top soil roads be-
gan. The bonds, which bear five
per cent. were sold at par.
Since the completion of the rad
from here to Princeton, work mas
been in progress on three other
roads. TIE road from here to Cold
Point is expected to be ready for
t--.,fir::c T. NJ the first to the tenth
Of June. Much of this road has al
ready beou top soiied and in some
places it 5. being used by the public
but until .he bridge over Badgett's
Greek is finished and few more
small sections of the road COM
p!eted, the public will necessarily
have to wait, which will be only a
few more weeks.
Agreement has been reached by
the County highway commissioners
and city authorities by which each
Will bear half the expenses of the
road from the corporate limits to
Farley Avenue.
The force working from Kinards
have almost reached Clinton, the
seport being that they were about
a half a mile from the limits carly
this week. The other force began
between Enoree and Lanford and it
rs understood that a mile or more
has been finished.
Chortly after the work from here
to Cold Point is completed, force
will begin work on the Cross Hill
ROAD which has been built neary to
the Shaw place, and it is expected
that this will be finished and con-
nectc. Wit! the Laurens to Water
loo road By the 18th of next month.
Bons amounting to 100000 and
authorized by an act Of the last
General Assembly will be the next
source of revenue.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1920-05-24
BELGIUM NOT TO SIGN

Brussels, May 20.-Le Soir, says
Belgium has decided not to sign
the Dutch-Belgian agreement. The
ground for this as stated, is that it
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1920-05-24


row Wilson was indorsed and the
achievements of the Democratic !
administration extolled in the high
est terms in the platform which
was adopted at an early hour this
morning. The platform unqualified !;
ly indorsed the treaty of Versailles
and the league of nations covenant
while condemning "as unwise and
unpartiotic the attitude of those
senators who defeated it's ratifica-
ton either directly or by over
v,,:,c,raing it with reservations that
are intended to and will have the
effect of multiplying it."
Woman suffrage was defeated
by an overwhelming majority. The
resolution granting suffrage with
out regard to the Susan B. Az
thony amendment was rejected by
10 .c.1,ut:cns committee by q
vote of two to so The resolution
to grant suffrage conditioned on
the ratification of the amendment
by one other state before the
Democratic primaries this summer
was rejected by vote, in the COM
mittee of il to Is. The convention
adopted the majority unfavorable
report on the suffrage resolution
by vote of 245 to 68.
Delegates to Convention
The following are the delegates
elected:
State at large: Governor Cooper,
Columbia; Senatar E. D. Smith,
Lynchburg; r. I. Manning, Sumter;
Congressman James F. Byrnes.
Alternates at large; Ben Hill
Brown, Spartanburg; j. S. Man
ming, Dillon; B. F. Mcleod, Char
lesion; S. P. Fulmer, Orangeburg.
First district: Charleton Durant,
Manning; R. S. Wnaley, Charles
ton; V. S. Badham and ]. S. Pad
gett, Walterboro.
Second district: j. E. Harley,
Barnwell and N. N. Evans, Edge
field. Alternates: C.. R. Rizer,
Olar and J. H. Johnson, Aleendale.
Third district: Congressman F.
H. Dominick, Newberry; F. c.
Robinson, Mccormick; H. L. Wat
son, Greenwood, o. R. Doyle,
Pickens.
Fourth district. w. D. Work
man, Crcenville and WV. Johnson,
Union. Alternates: D. Nj. Douglas,
Clinton, S. F. D. Lancaster,
Sparta. burg.
Fifth district: A. L. CASTOR,
Gmester, Leroy Springs, Lancaster.
Alternates: T. &. Butler, Gaffney,
and R. E. Wylie, Lancaster.
Sixth district; DR.. ]. H. David,
Dillon; James W. Johnson, Marion;
George J. Holiday, Conway; L.
NJ. Lawson, Darlington.
Seventh district: R. H. Jennings, =,
Orangeburg; W. A. Coleman, Co.
lumba. Alternates: DR.. E. S. Booth,
Sumter, Frank B. Kelley, Bishop
vile.
John Gary Evans of Spartan
burg was reelected national COM
without opposition.
Thomas P. Cothran of Greenville
was elected chairman of the execu
tive committee and Harry N. Ed
munds of Columbia secretary, both
also without opposition Ashley c.
Tobias, Jr4 withdrew as candi-
date for the craftsmanship of the :;
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1920-05-24
THE UNIVERSAL CAR

rendering him unconscious. Other
employees were forced into a back
room.
The bandits escaped toward Tole-
do.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1920-05-24
JOHN A. HOLLAND,
The Greenwood Piano Map

The largest dealer in musical instrG,
nents in Western South Carolina. Sells
J. ianos, self-player pianos, organs and
sewing machines. Reference: Tne
.:an!: Greer-cood, the oIdes; aac
=. ..,, =. Be O. = -aod ':o&pr0
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1920-05-24

executive committee and did not
offer for reelection as secretary.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1920-05-24

gives no sufficient guarantee of Sc
curity.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1920-01-15
Read the Record-order it now-$2.oo
TO RECORD READERS

Now that the new Brinton printing
law has decreed that all forms Of ,le-
gal printing must be given to the To-
cal league newspaper, the Record has
decided to keep its readers informed
of these matters free Of charge.
Each week summary Of new legal
notices will be printed in these
columns.
Notice to Creditors. Emmett Palm
er Estate. Claims to be filed with
Chas. Coventry within four months
after first publication, which is Jan.
7th. .s
Notice to Creditors. Baldasar Fris-
on Estate. Claims to be filed with
Lynn & Lynn within four months af-
ter first publication, Jan. 7th.
Notice to Creditors. Barbara Kel-
Ter Estate. Claims to be filed with
Lynn & Lynn within four months at
ter first publication, which is Jan. 7th.
Notice to Creditors. Michael Glatt
Estate. Claims to be filed with Hague
State Bank within six months after
first publication, which is Jan.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1920-01-15
Spokane Job for
Fargo Graduate

Spokane, Wash, is not too far away
for Dakota Business College, Fargo,
N. D., to place its students. Pupils
are accepted on the recommendation
of this exceptional school all over the
United States.
Miss Edith Lebo, D. B. C. gradu-
ate, was anxious to locate in Spokane
and was employed by the Great Nor
them R. R. on D. B. C.'s favorable
report. Miss Mabel Bourman wa,
recommended to and placed with the
Fisk Rubber Co., Minot, N. D., as
cashier.
"Follow the $ucce$$ful." Write
F. L. Watkins, Pres, sO6 Front St.
Fargo, N. D., for information.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1920-01-15
Are Barred From Sitting In AS
sembIy of New York
Legislature.
ACTION TAKEN QUICKLY
Men Affected Must Show Their 10y
atty To Nation and state-Link
with Aliens Pointed Out
BY Speaker.

Albany, N. Y.-Five Socialist men,
bers of the assembly of the New York
State Legislature were denied their
seats at the opening meeting of the
1920 session.
A resolution questioning whether
they could be loyal to their oaths of
office when bound to act subject to in
structions of the Socialist party was
quickly passed, 14O to 6, after Thadde-
us G. Sweet, speaker. with dramatic
suddenness, ordered the sergeant at
arms to bring the Socialist members
before the bar of the House. The So
cialists must now prove their fitness
to their seats, before a tribunal Sc
lected by this assembly.
Party Platform Played.
The session was dragging as the
tions when speaker Sweet interrupted
him. The Socialists were ushered be-
fore the speakers desk in tie pit of
the house.
"You are seeking seats in this body
you who have been elected on plat
form that is absolutely inim;cal to the
best interests of the state CT New
York and of the United States," the
speaker said. THAT platform is the
doctrine to the Socialist party 1t is
not truly political party, but is
membership organization admitting
within it's ranks aliens, enemy aliens
and minors"
Barred Mems Statement.
1--WE regard our exclusion from the
assembly as organized violence on the
very essence of democracy-the sa-
cred right of the ballot" said a state.
ment issued by the Socialist assembly
men.
1T is the denial of representative
government. 1t is the shameless es-
tablishment of an ugly dictatorship
the dictatorship of naked plutocracy."
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1920-01-15

Summons. Farmers State Bank VS..
Jim Spiro. Defendant summoned to
appear before j. F. Sabraw, justice
of the peace, Hazelton, on Feb. Bird,
at 2 p. m. Plaintiff demands judge
ment Of $4,000 and interest and the
costs. 4.
Notice to Creditors. Ruel Surfing
Estate. Claims to be filed within six
months after first PUBLICATION with F.
B. Irvine. First publication Jan. 7th.
Notice, to Credotrs. Karl Ludwig
Estate. Claims to be filed within
six months after first publication with
r. M. Volk, Hague, N. D. First pub
LEGATION, Jan. 7th.
Taken Up Jos. Burgad, Strasburg,
One red heifer calf. e
Taken Up. T. E. Lawler, Temvik,
N. D. Two 2-year-old red heifers.
Statement Of the Farmers State
Bank, Linton at the close Of bust
ness, Dec. 31st. Loans and discounts,
,$34s, 251.64; warrants and stocks, ST.
936.72; ovsrdrafts, $6O1.22; expense
and interest paid, $25,ss5.e5;; banking
house, furniture and fixtures, $8,O00.;
other real estate, 100000; liberty
bonds, 81, 10000; due from other banl
and cash, $4s, 415.oo; capital, surplu
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1920-01-15
Enroll at the
A. B. C..

The Aberdeen Business College will
start you on a Course in Business
next Monday morning. Are you
ready? The Business World needs
you Send for our catalog.
George L. Kemper, Manager.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1920-01-15

and undivided profits, s57,717.s1; de-
Rositors guaranty fund, $405.69; de-.
posts, $3s9,7s5.73. Total footings,
SAT-, 9O9.23.
Statement of Security State Bank,
Strasburg, Dec. 81. Loans and dis
counts, $3.50 ,266.39; overdrafts, ST.
1926; government issues, s29,988.6O;
banking house and fixtures, s6,727.51;
cash and due from banks, $52, 542.5S;
Capital surplus and profits $39, 49,
46; deposits 1897 ,s61.31; cashiers
checks, 100000; depositors guaranty
fund, $3.50, 666.34.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1920-01-15
Economy Is Urged.

Washington.-strict economy I'M ap.
preparations as an aid to combating
living costs was urged by majority
leader F. w. Mondell when the house
took up the Indian bill carrying $13,
100000, decrease Of $5,000,OO0 from
the interior department estimate pre-
viously made. There are three com.
polling reasons for economy Mr.. Mon.
dell said. I'VE cannot increase taxes,
we should not issue bonds, and there
is no course but to economic to the
Limit"
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1920-01-15

There's goodness knows how
many pipe loads In every tin
of Velvet. Or If you want the
mIdest cigarette ever-there's
IS big ones in every tin.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1920-01-15
ANOTHER AMERICAN SHOT

Killed BY Mexican Federal OFFICER In
Tampico District.
Observation-Disclosures Porter an
American citizen in the employee Of
the Penn-Mex company, was shot and
killed by a Mexican federal army off.
Ger at Tuxpam on December 81, &C.
cording to advices received by the
State department from the American
consul at Tampico.
This makes total of 20 Americans
killed in the Tampico district by Mex
leans since April z, 1917. Eighteen of
them were employees Of American oil
companies.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1920-01-15
MARTENS TO BE DEP0RTED
Soviet Envoy Declared Leader Of Com.
murist Party.

muEist Party.
Wasmngton.-A warrant for the ar.
rest and deportation Of Ludwig G. A.
X. Martens, self-styled ambassador Of
the Russian soviet government, to thes
United States, has been ordered exc
cuted by the Department Of Justice.
Martens, is regarded, officials say, as
the real leader of the Communist
party in the United States.
Determination of the government to
take Martens into custody came after
all evidence hearing on activities Of
the new Russian soviet bureau and
been assembled by Assistant Attorney
General Garvan.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1920-01-15
GIVES DATA TO SENATORS
Daniels Submits List Of Officers Cited
for honors.

,Washington.-Coinc with the
appointment by Chairman Page of the
Senate naval committee Of sub-com-
mittee to investigate the naval decora-.
ton controversy, Secretary Daniels
transmitted to Senator Page COM
plete list of all officers and enlisted
men considered by the navy's board of
awards for service decorations as rec
commended by commanding officers.
The list transmitted by Secretary
Daniels comprised more than $500
names and the charts accompanying, it
tell a graphic story d the fate of each
recommendation as it passed through
the hands Of the board and finally was
acted on by the secretary.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1920-01-15
Removal Of Dead AUTHORIZED.

Removal Of Dead Authorized.
Paris.-The French government has
authorized elimination of 10000
American dead outside the army zone.
Examinations will start in March un-
der the direction of Colonel Rethers.
Each body will be placed in a lead cot.
fin and packed in wooden box.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1920-01-15

won t nm
pail at
almost all
y enc til
good time
spend an
shows, Eta
have ple1
lHause. 81
shs and
Bet fer -
one p,aH
enough t.
family. g.
two clas
howl .Tm
People e
flsss are
9ncky.o
Mrs. "
sNA ofor oxy
hits US
table form
H2c G va
lem, too
nnd suit
will eat r
thinking :
would th
earth no
eat. Es&
they're a.
eNIs wer
opinion 81
now. A
tV00 {
Tor that
limited e.
pie eat:
things. "
any. &dvd
cents Z
that peoi
T. think !:
you can
!; Mrs.. j
Thirty.s
nomical
the situa
that. I
g gsS e
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1920-01-15
NOTICE ron PUBLICATION
Department Of the Interior: .

IL. s. Land once at Bismarck. n: ~
Notice is hereby given that Fred Al.
brecht Of Temvik. y. p, who on Mo-
stead Entry. serial No. 019340, for lot
4, section 80 township 1913 NJ. range a
West 5th Principal Meridian has filed
year, proof to establish claim to the land
above described. before Don L. Tracy
County Judge at Linton, N, D., on the
Claimant names as witnesses:
Elmer "A . Anderson. of Linton, N. D,
George Richardson. Of Linton, N. D.
s. o.. Busby, of Temvik, N. b.
David Job. ST.. of Temvik, N. d.
4 "a p. F.. BYRNE,
Z It. II Register
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1920-01-15
KANE DECLARES
he IS POWER[ESS
70CAECK GOUGERS
Handicapped by cooxe'a Re-
fusa' to Reorgaai=o Wartime
Fai,-Price Board, lie Says
ATTORNEYS DUTY TO STOP
PRoF!TEERlNG, SAYS HEINZ
Prosecutor Has No Time to
Answer Objections Concern.
ing Action in Other Cities

With the housewives Of tlis citl
&lamoring for direct, vigorous ectige
against the food gcugers, whom ~
hold responsible for the underpouYWI
ment of their children, Francis .F(IU
Kane, United States district att4 !}ll|
declared yesterday be was powes}iXSS
check pro6teering. i ny
Mr.. Kane complained he W., VI
BY Handicapped by the retuH. = Y
Cooke, formerly food admY|!E1n. )
Philadelphia, to reorganisY. FTX
fair-pricc board. That Th, M
Of publicity, ought to- oha.
proateers, he said. Co.. sdM
But Howard HcinsN -f,>edW
tor fcr Pennsylvania, :s5A>@&N
Mr.. Kane On that point ~ Tim
Piew with the PUBL1c LEDG44EsS &
bureh last hight Mr.. Heinz >
alth~:sh, he was making every etse6ft \
have, fair price boards re- established
that would not reiieye'the federal .au:
thorities from thsir duty to sx-<y;: oi!e<'
prefteerine. /, LIAM,
Inc d!strlcc attorney ealds tNE.M
that the Lever food control naM$=M
prove to be effective In cases ntANAE
Ing as distinct from prof .aesinSys}A 9
reiteratet that 1t would be cxttSaR
difficult to prove violations. GAA
Mr.. Kane acknowledges that psiT
hre inordinately high. Ignorins u
price of neats,r regarding which Jtcbea
NJ. SINNERS. agent Of the Stat Food
and Dairy Department and government
food and drug inspector, has given :hiu
b mass Of evidence. be. said; the; ''the
prices Of green. vegetables are terrible. =
! !: !! w !
rood ,nanager. know .1vhaf IN. ~ n
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1920-05-14
COURT ORDERS
 HENRY FREED Inspector is Cleared of Charge of Neglect
 of Duty.

New York, May 14---Po1fce Inspec- tor Doninick Henry, formerly com mander of the Tenderfoin district, to- day was acquitted by order of Judge Malone of a charge of neglect of duty in connection with New Yor4z's vice crusade.
 The judge directed the jury in the court of general sessions which has been hearing allegations that Henry failed to close hundreds of vice re- sorts in his district, to bring tn a, yer diet of not gsmkty, after seven char acter witnesses had testified and de- fensa counsel had moved to acqaIit. Friends of Inspector Henry the cen tral figure in the war which Assist ant District Attorney James E. Smith has been waging against the police department, pressed forward and con- gratulated him.
 Police Commissioner Enright, on hearing that Inspector Henry had been acquitted, immediately ordered him reinstated to command of his old inspection district.
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1920-05-14
HOPE TO CREATE
 $1O,OOO,OO FUND
Clothing Workers Endorse Debs For Presi-
 dency.

Boston, May 14-A resolution re- questing their employers to set aside an unemployment fund out of their profits for the benefit of employees who are idle during slack periods in the industry was adopted by the Anlalgamated Clothing Workers of America who closed their fourth bien- nial convention here today. The or ganization hopes to create a S10,- 900, 900 fund in this manner.
 The delegates also voted to put into operation within ninety days one joint board in New York, under which the joint board of the chil- dren's clothing workers will be abol- ished. A resolution advocating a five day week of 40 hours was defeat ed.
 The candidacy of Eugene V. Debs for president was endorsed, although the convention refused to go on rec ord as a body as favoring the Social ist Party. Removal of the blockade against Russia, and recognition of the Soviet government were urged.
 Dr. James Peter Warbass, presi- dent of the Cooperative League o1 America, urged the clothing workers to join in the movement to educate the workers so that from operating in a cooperative way they might 1T time take over the manufacturing
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1920-05-14
NO ACQUISITION ON JURY METHOD Judge Haines Reserves De- cision on Motion to Set
 Verdict Aside.

The State of Connecticut does not look with favor on an inquisition into the deliberations and reasons, of a jury arriving at any particular yer dict, was asserted by Judge Frank D. Haines in the Superior court today when Attorney Shannon offered the testimony of Fred I. Hart, foreman of the jury which recently brought in verdict of $4,20S in favor of the plaintiff, in the action of an aHena- ton of affections brought by Florence Valentine against FTeda Poldak of Norwalk.
 Attorney Shannon on behalf of his clnet, Mrs. PoTal, argued a motion to have the verdict set aside, claim ing that excessive damages had been given and that the jury had arrived at their verdict by means that have been declared objectionable by the Supreme Court of the State
 Attorney John J. Cuneo was placed on the stand and he testified that shortly after the jury had brought in the verdict in favor of Mrs. Val entfne, he had gone into the jury room and had found a number of pieces of paper on the table there, and had picked up two of these which he had shown to Attorney
 (Continued on Page Sfx.)
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1920-05-14
WIFE
 HAD HUSBAND Hartford" Jimmy Gets a Annlilment of Mar
 riage.

The marriage of Vincent Condinel1a known as Hartford Jimmy Lewis, with Giorg1ana Cournoyer Dube was annuled by Judge Howard J. Curtis in the Superior Court, on the ground that the defendant was married to one Ernest Dube at the time of her marriage in 1914 to the plaintiff.
 Mrs. Ccndinella testified in favot of Hartford Jimmy" and said that she was born in Paris and had come to America in 1904. In 1906 she had married Ernest Dube in Montreal and that after living with him two years she had left him as she could not stand his cruel treatm ent- A few years afterwards she was told that Dube had died and that she had mar Tied Condinella believing that her former husband was dead.
 A year after her second marriage, she saw in French paper that her first husband was alive. She then wrote the authorities and friends and found out after a few months that he was in fact still alive.
 She testified that when she found this out she informed her second hus- band and they had not lived together since that time.
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1920-05-14
kEMEL IS SENTENCED
 TO DEATH
Another Attemppt Made To Assassinate
 Ferid.

London May 14-Mustapha Kemal, leader of Turkish na- tionalist forces in Asia Minor, was condemned to death at an extraordinary court martial held in Constantinople on Wednesday, according to a des- patch from the Turkish capital. As Mustapha did not appear for trial he was found guilty by de- fault.
 Another attempt was made to as sasinate Danad Ferid, Turkish Grand Vdzier, on Thursday, according to a Coneta ntinopIe despatch The attack occurred at the grand vizier's resi- dence and was made by a policeman, who fired upon Danad F'erid but only wounded the 1atter's armed attend ant. The grand vizier's assailant was arrested.
 Discovery of a. vast ,unionist asso- citation has been made in Constanti- nople, the despatch declares.