Shepherdstown register. [volume] (Shepherdstown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1849-1955, 1920-01-22
Germany UNDONE
BY OWN WEAPON
Had Sold to America Secret
OF Making Explosive
From Air.
BIG NITRATE PLANT RESULTS.
Built in Eight Months It Con-
vinces Kaiser of His Defeat.
BY GARRETT SMITH.

BY GARRETT SMITH.
One of the most romantic passages
In the secret history OF the World war
Is the story OF how the Ordnance De
partment OF the United States Army
made II possible for America, until
then utterly lacking In ammunition
and In facilities for making Il, to man.
ufacture unlimited quantities OF pow
erful explosives out OF air and rock
1t was largely the knowledge OF this
fact that forced Germany TO surrender
when she did.
The secret was secured from Ger
many herself. II was an open bust
ness transaction between business
men, whereby we apparently acquired
nothing moro military than a process
for making n high grade fertilizer
known as cyanamid.
Frank Sherman Washburn. head OF
the group of business men who bought
this process. conceived the germ Of
the idea In the early nineties while In
South America as consulting engineer
In connection with the production and
shipping OF Chilean nitrate OF soda.
Nitrogen compounds are an essential
part OF all commercial fertilizers The
only available natural nitrate deposits
In large quantities are in Chile. This
supply was diminishing. Germany
which had been taking about one.
third OF the Chilean nitrates, was al.
ready experimenting with processes
for their artificial production. In 1907
Mr.. Washburn secured in Germany
the American rights of the cyanamid
process which had been invented In
that country.
Turning Air Into a Weapon.
BY this process air, which is a mix.
ture OF about four-hfths nitrogen gas
and one-fifth oxygen. is placed in con.
tainers and subjected to pressure and
cold until II turns to a liquid. Then
the nitrogen Is distilled in much the
same manner as alcohol is separated
from water. But before this nitrogen
can be used as fertilizer II must be
combined with chemical combination
Of lime and carbon known as calcium
carbide, produced by burning ordinary
limestone in big rotary kilns and com.
binins II IN the electric furnace with
carbon supplied In the form Of ordI.
nary coke.
Cyanamid thus produced contains
the elements Of ammonium nitrate, one
OF the most powerful of modern explo-
sives. BY one process ammonia is ex-
tracted from the cyanamid. BY an.
other process nitric acid Is extracted
from another batch Of this same sya-
namid Then the ammonia and nitric
acid are combined and there you have
ammonium nit,- tie ready for packing
into shells with INT
There are three kinds Of explosives
used for bursting shells In modern
warfare-TNT. picric acid and ammo
mum nitrate. The United States was
equally deficient in raw materials and
plants for manufacturing all three of
these explosives. Under the best OF
conditions the cost of either INT or
nitric acid is about two and one-half
the cost Of ammonium nitrate But
the United States was wholly depend
ent upon Chilean nitrate of soda as a.
raw material for ammonium nitrate,
with the exception Of small produc-
ton Of nitrogen from the coking Of
coal. The Chilean supply was 400
miles away from New York City by
way Of the Panama Canal, and the
route by way of the Straits of Magel
Ian Is nearly twice as long.
Record Building Operation
Shortly after the war began in Eu-
rope the German government entered
into the fiXatiOn of air nitro"rr for
military explosives on vast scale II
was not. however, uEtil the fall Of 1917
that the United States government
took it up.
The Ordnance Department asked Mr.
WaShhurn's company to organize
subsidiary corporation, known as the
Air Nitrates Corporation, with Mr.
Washburn as president TO act rs
agent of the government for the con
struction and operation of the air nj
trates plant at Muscle Shoals. Ala.
hama. This corporation provided the
designs, erected the equipment in the
IL pi"HI5 anu HuI'iN IStu an 'llc
other work. 1t also operated the
camp, the town and the plant. Other
work is sublet to several of the best
known organizations in the United
States. Westinghouse Church Kerr
Company built the plant buildings, the
camp. the permanent city and utilities.
The J. G. White Engineering Corpora
ton designed and built the nitrate
acid plant. The Nj. w. kellogg Com
pany furnished the piping and built
tho chimnays I'm Eahruary IN 1919