Evening journal., 1920-08-18
LONG fight in
SUFFRAGE CAUSE
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continued from First Page.
and sentenced to prison terms ranging
from days to SEVEN months. These
arrests were later declared by the Dis
irict Court OF Appeals 10 have been
ilkgal.
1918. January i0.-Two weeks after
the last pickeis were released from
jail and one year from the day ihe
flrst picket hne went out the federal
amendment passed the lower House OF
Congress.
When ihe amendment passed the
lower House. ton votes were lacking
In The senate.
June 27.-Nine votes had been gain
ed Ia the Senate. The amendment
was called up but a Democratic fili-
buster prevented the vote
August demonstrations TO point
out the Presidents responsibility for
the delay In the Senate were begun
and oOtinued in spite Of arrests and
imprisonments. on January 4. watch
Ares were lighted In front OF the
White House and the Presidents
racy were burned In protest against
home In February and March, the
Prison Special toured The country
explaining TO people the blockade Of
suffrage in fhe senate.
1919. June 4.--rhe Senate passed tho
amendment with two votcs 10 spare.
'rh. House had ropassed It on May n,
1919
fgi9-i92O Ratification Campaign-
The National Woman's Party was he
only suffrage organization maintain
ing headquarters In Washington until
final ratification
The influence OF national political
leaders who had finally. by pressure
from ihe States, been brought TO ca
ptulate and pass the amendment was
rolled back upon the states and used
as tool 10 secure aollon from Stale
legislatures
Tweniy-nine sessions OF legislatures
had % be called ~ sccuro the neces-
s7ry &c ratlncali1ns. In all but 5 Of
the 36 Statos campaigns upon either
the governor or the legislatures were
naccssary.
Ratification was not easy. Even In
States where women arc already
voters and where the politicians are
supposedly best persuaded As 10 the
value Of women. the matter OF their
has not been consld-
cred worth the expense" OF a spe-
cial session; the convenience Of po-
litical groups desiring 10 avoid such
local issues as school code fights and
food control legislation has been held
OF "more concern" that the freedom
OF women: crops have been declared
too important 10 leave for day for
the sake OF giving votes 10 women.
In other Staes antl-suffrage COVER
nors have refused 10 call into session
LEGISLATURES which they know he'll
a. majority for enfranchisement.
In the nrsi month after the passage
on the amendment by Congress. nine
States ratified Wisconsin. Michigan,
Ohio. Now York Illinois. pennsN-
vanla. Massachusetts, and Texas
The three States which, ratified
within n few hours of each other on
Inne fO-7Nisconsin. Illinois and
Michigan-fought for the honor OF
FIRST place on the ratification rolls.
Kansas. the first fun suffrage state
10 act. SGT new record on June i6.
The members OF its Legislature, at
their own suggestion. paid Their ex-
pcnses and met without salary IN
special session. New York was the
second stats 20 moet especially for
this purp lse, and Then Texas desir-
ing 10 be the nrst southern state 10
act met In SPECIAL session on June %.
The half mark was passed by the
ratification on November 1. or Cali
fornla. California was typical Of all
the most di1lcult States. The oppo-
sltion encountered was opposition not
90 suffrage. but TO a special session.
The campaign began in June and last
ed without interruption until octo-
hcr. when the demand Of the State for
ratification was so organized that the
governor was forced 10 call a ses-
since January {. 1920, is ratincatlons
have been secured Ratification In
Rhode Island, Kentucky and New Jer-
sey was by regular sessions OF tho
legislature In Oregon a special ses-
sion was the fruit OF PROLONGED effort
In Nevade pressure from Democratic
leaders and resolutions from practi-
cally every organization In the State
were required.
After New Mexico had called a spe-
cial session an attempt was made to
prevent ratification and substitute a
referendum. but the movement was
discovered In time 10 be thwaried
through the Intervention OF political
leaders In Washington.
National pressure secured a session
in Wyoming. Idaho and Arizona. The
most dlfncult campaigns occurred In
the last few States particularly In
New Jersey. West Virginia and Della
ware. The opposition resorted 10
every possible device 20 defeat ratif-
cation or 10 substitute a referendum.
In West Virginia the amendment was
saved by one vote. that or Senator
Bloch who rushed from California by
snecial train 20 turn the scales
Delaware refused 10 ratify
Even In full suffrage States such as
oklahoma and Washington strenuous
efforts were necessary 20 induco the
governors 10 call special sessions.