davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18

petals in the brides pathway. The bride,
 who is handsome brunette, was never lovelier than in her wedding dress of
 white satin. fashioned with the court
 train over which she wore a veil of il- fusion caught to her hair with orange
 blossoms. She carried a prayer book, to which was attached a shower of valley l lilies.
 The bride, who is daughter of Mrs. Sam O'Bannon, belongs to one of the prominent families of the state. She is a niece of Judge and Mrs. L. l.. Herz-
 berg, and since her debut has been prominent leader of the younger set and has endeared herself to all who know her by her charming manners and mag netic personality. MT. Sproufl, who until recently made his home in Anniston, be- Tor gs to one of the prominent families
 of north Alabama, and is successful young business man of the city, being
 manager of the Gadsden Hardware com pany. and is prominently identified with the social and club life of the city. After a wedding trip to New Orleans they will return to make their home with Dr. and Mrs. Nicholson on Haralson avenue this winter"
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18
JOYCROFTERS OBSERVE
 ALABAMA DAY

The Joycrofters club entertained yes terday afternoon at the home of Mrs. C. l.. Moss; when they Observed Ala bama Day. giving an especially ,nter- esting programme. Mrs. Moss was assisted in her ar arrangements by Mrs. T. L. Moses, Mrs. IJ. M. Lipscomb and Mrs. T. L. Cren- shaw.
 The house was elaborately deco :ated Tn the Alabama colors, red and white. The living room was adorned with roses interspersed with the green of palms and festooned with smilax. The dining table was centered with a lovely basket of pink roses and the color plan of pink was carried out in the ices and bonbons and cakes.
 Those taking part in the programme were Mrs. Wallace Shelby, who sang a group of songs. Miss Mabel Plosser who gave several readings, and MT. owen Gillespie, who sang several num- bers.
 Lieut.. Gov. N. l.. Miller was present and made delightful address on Ala bama's New Citizens"
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18
I A( p1
 IReSSgz sEzass1ss
 |:bhsIT& bSA1sS~
 lNA%SN & A-S

1T1HE following account from the
 Gadsden Evening Journal of the
 Sproull- -Herzberg wedding will be read with interest by their many friends in Birmingham:
 "A brilliant event of last evening was the wedding of Miss Hazel Herzberg and Mir. Cressweu sproull which took place at 7:SO o'clock in the Church of the Holy Comforter before d large assembly of friends. The Rev. E. c. Seaman per- formed the marriage ceremony
 The church was handsomely decorated for the occasion by graceful grouping of southern smilax and ferns in the sane tuary. Standards of white lilies were used effectively on the altar, where burn ing tspers were also placed.
 Before the arrival of the wedding party the full vested choir gave an ap- propriate musical programme with Mrs. Foster as organist- Mrs. W. J. Boykin, director, and Mrs. Fern Wood Mitchell, violinist. As a processional the choir sang The Voice That Breathed Der Eden and Mrs. Boykin and Mrs. Green edJIS On, GBTleCL Love. 1Qo DTlQdl party approached the altar as the choir sang the Marriage Hymn to Lohengrin's Wedding March, First came the ushers, Mns=rs. BeeRs~s Herzberg and Thomas Ewing; then the bridesmaids and grooms- men came in alone, alternating Miss Adele Herzberg, maid of honor, wore a. handsome dress of pink tulle and silk and carried Russell roses
 "The bridesmaids, Misses Martha sproun, Louise Guice and Ethel Cross, were lovely in pink evening dresses and carried Russell roses. Mrs. Max Stowers and Mrs. Hugh Agricola, matrons of honor, were very handsome in robes of white satin with coronet veils, and car ried Russell roses.
 The groomsmen were Messrs. Cress- well Graves of Rome, Jim Gardner of Anniston, John A. Lusk, IT, Richmond Cox and Max Stowers. The wedding party grouped themselves in a circle in the cbancel where the groom and his best man, MT Mill Sproull, awaited the bride who was given in marriage by her broth- CT. MT. Cliff Eersberg.
 "As the bride approached the altar she was preceded by Master Aston Paden Green, who was rinsbearer and carried the ring in the heart of lily, and Eliz. abeth Herring, the dainty little flower girl who wore blue net with 8 coronet veil of blue tulle and scattered rose
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18
MRS. w. A. sHELBY. SoLOIsT

An unusually attractive musical programme has been arranged for the Sunday evening concert tomorrow ave- ming at the Tutwiler, with Mrs. ". A. Shelby as soloist
 Mrs. Shelby will sing several selec- tions. and MT. William NapDi will play as a trumpet solo, All For Noui (Brown), while the orchestral pro. gramme will include the ,"Overture to Prone theus' tBeethoven), the "Festi- val Dance and Valse of the HoJrs't Delibes), selections from @The Prinz cess Pat and the 'Saltarello,' from the Italian Symphony (Mendelssohn).
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18
MISS CALDWELL
 COMPLIMENTED

Mrs. 5, L. Ledbetter will entertain loseiy oeoutante. Miss Mary Elizabeth Caldwell, at luncheon today at the Southern club. Her guests will include Miss Caldwell, Miss Louise Cunningham, Miss Mary Stiles, Miss Caroline Copeland,
 Miss Mary Ada Tarrant, Miss Margaret
 Moore, Miss Mary Ball, Miss Terrence 1 Redd, Miss Margaret Nelson and Mrs. John Milner Caldwell
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18
RECEPTION FOR COLLEGE OF BISHOPS

The officers of the city mission board with the presidents of the women's auxiliaries of the Birmingham district
 Jill entertain in honor of the college of bishops this afternoon at the Eva Conner Cooperative home from to o'clock.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18
PUPILS, RECITAL

| recital will be given this evening at SIS o'clock by the students of the pipe organ and expression departments of the Margaret Allen school. Following Is the programme: | The Sign of the Cross CWilson Bar retD. Miss Martha Oliver. "Toccato" (Ralph Kinder), Miss May Belle O'Brien.
 The Burial March of Dundee" (W. Edmondstoune Aytoun), Miss Laura Vir- ginia Ray. | (a) Vision (Rheinberger), Cb) Chant de Bonheur,' Oemare), Miss Margaret Tynes.
 "Coiumbus' Joaquin Miller), Miss Gertrude Davis. "Noel' Dudley Buck), Miss Stella Orr. "Cuddlingtown" (Minnie M. Huff) Miss Helen Murphy. "Festal Commemoration" (West), Miss Madge Hagan.
 The dress rehearsal of Hamlet |,
 A comedy in one act by Mary Mac Milan, was also given with the following characters:
 Susan as Hamlet Laura Virginia Ray.
 Martha as Ophelia, Martha Oliver.
 Matilda as the Queen. Kathryn Brown.
 Clementine as Horatio, Josephine Thompson.
 Ethel as Laertes, Joella DeArmond.
 Barbara as the ghost Elizabeth Seay.
 Julia as Rosencranz and Gildenstern, Blanche Tendon.
 Charlotte as Polonius, Annie Davis.
 Maria, as herself and the president of the club, Gertrude Davis
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18
took part in the Mccoy Massey we'd ding of Wednesday evening.


 Mir Al Williams is in Norfolk for several weeks as the guest of friends and relatives. Mrs. S. E. Evans and Mrs. T. A. AL mond of Pontiac, Mich, are the guests of relatives in Birmingham. Miss Sara Porter will arrive today from Goncher college, Baltimore. Md, to spend the holidays with her father, MT. R. A. Porter. Miss Eleanor Siedel of Richmond, Ind, will return to her home after be- ing the guests of MT. and Mrs. Richard w. Massey on Beech street. where she served as an attendant in the Mccoy Massey wedding.
 Miss Dorothy King will spend the holiday season with her mother. com ing from Goncher college, Baltimore, today.
 Bishop E. R. Muzon of Oklahoma, who is attending the College of Bish- ops here, is the guest of MT. and Mrs. R, s. Munger.
 Mir. and Mrs. Felton Wimberly have as their guest during the College of Bishops here Bishop H. M DuBose of California.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18
GRADUATE NURSES

The nurses from the Hillman hospi- tal who have successfully stood the |second examination of the state board which was held in October, have re- gently received notification that the following are now classed as registered nurses. They are Miss Mary C. Reed, Miss Lima Tidmore, Miss Minnie Candy, Miss Florence Sharpe and Mrs. Ethel Daniels.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18
FITTS-COOPER
 WEDDING INVITATION

The following engraved invitations have been received by friends
 MT. and Mrs. Guy Cooper request the honor of your presence at the marriage of their daughter, Marie to MT. John Russel B'itts, on Wednesday, the twen- ty-ninth of December, one thousand nine hundred and twenty. at o'clock in the evening, Linwood Boulevard Christian church. Kansas City Mis- souri,"
 An enclosed card says:
 Reception Blue Hills Country club"
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18
Church Officials Meet

Roanoke, December 17.-(SpeciaL)- )-
 meeting of the pastors and district stewards of the Roanoke district was held at the Methodist church Thursday
 An address was delivered to the public at Il o'clock by Rev. w. B. Hope of |LaFayette
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18
MIR. SMITH HOST TO CLASS

MT. N. c. Smiths class of young men
 of the First Methodist church of Wood lawn were entertained last evening at the home of Mir. and Mrs. Smith. musical programme was enjoyed and a buffet supper was served to about 150 guests
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18
BRIDGE LUNCHEON

Mrs. R. K. Haughton was hostess yes terday at a bridge luncheon at her home on Beech street
 The guests were Mrs. Thomas Wing field, Mrs. Arthur Chenoweth. Mrs. R. D. Johnston, Jr., Mrs. Frederick Dow Mrs.
 E. M. Tutwiler. Jr., Mrs. Norvell Gull
 lom, Mrs. Frank Clark, Mrs Russell No- land, Mrs. Gaston Torrance Mrs. Charles
 Nice. Mrs Alex Birch. Mrs B. B. Gore,
 Miss May Weise. Miss Margaret Cole
 man and Miss Emmie Barnett
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18
SPONSOR FOR
 BASk ETBALL TEAM

Miss Helen Allen has been chosen as sponsor for the basket ball team of the Birmingham Athletic club at the game this evening with the Birmingham southern. Miss Allen will have as her
 maids Miss Marie Allen and Miss Essie Mae Webber.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18
SIGMA ALPHA EPSILON DANCE

| Invitations have been issued by he Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity for the dance Tuesday evening, December 2s, at o'clock, at the Country club an
 interesting social event of Christmas week
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18

! eIlLS, LIT. ana MrS. 1eTCy w OOudll.
 
 : MT. and Mrs. A. c. Todd and daugh- ter of Laurens, s. C., will arrive in q few days to visit Mrs. Todd's parents ] Dr. and Mrs. J. L. Brownlee. ! Mr Fred Calder will leave tomor- row for Chattanooga for short trip. | Miss Cornelia Elliott of Gadsden is spending few days here as the guest of Miss Laurie 0den. | Mir. and Mrs. George Beauchamp ar rived this week from Montgomery to visit friends in the city. Misses Frances and Marjorie Moore who are students at the University of Ala bama, will arrive today to spend the vacation with their parents, MT and Mrs. E. l.. Moore. Mrs. A. Foreman of Kentucky will arrive in several days to be the holiday guest of her daughter, Mrs. Edmund Armes.
 Judge David w. Crosland has re- visit to Birmingham, having come to attend the Shriners' convention. Miss Elsie Epsey left Thursday for her home in Savannah Ga, after hay ing come to be attendant in the Mccoy Massey wedding which was an interesting event of Wednesday eve ming.
 Mrs. Edward c. Ddgas has returned from Norfolk, VI. MT. and Mrs A. Hayden Myer of Chi cago who have been the guests of Mrs w 10 "a wnl- l ding, returned to their home Thurs day.
 Mrs. B. H. Hardaway, who was among the out-of- town guests at the Mccoy Massey wedding. returned to her home in Columbus, Ga, Thursday.
 
 l Miss Juliet Sellers of Mon'.somery is the guest of Miss Sara Eubank Mo- Carty for several days. MT. Leverett Moore of Fort Collins, Colo, will be the guest of his sister, 1 Mrs William N. McCarey, for the Christmas holidays, 1 Dr. and Mrs. A. W. Rails have re- turned to their home in Gadsden after a brief visit to friends here I MT. and Mrs. Douglass Mcqueen ar rived this week from Montgomery, ! where they have been spending the I past few days with MT. McQueen's par ents, Dr. and Mrs. Stuart Mcqueen. 1 Miss Ruth McNeill, who is student at Converse college Spartanburg, s. C.. will return today to spend the Christ
 mas holidays with her parents, MT and Mrs. NJ. R. McNeill. | Mrs. w. D. Martin will return home 1 soon from Montgomery, where she is visiting her daughter, Mrs. Richard l Dexter, Jr.
 l Miss Ellen Netherland Jones of Aberdeen, Wash. who will spend kthe Miller will arrive this morning from New York city. where she has been visiting relatives for the past month. l Miss Sara Eubank McCarty came yes
 terday from the Semple school, New York city. to spend the holidays with | her parents. Mir and Mrs. R. G. Me Carty on Hanover Circle. | Mrs. Leon Camp of Columbus, Ga. l left today after being among the out
 of-town guests for the Mccoy Massey
 wedding.
 1 Miss Anna Daugherty, who is a stu
 dent at Converse college, Spartanburg
 S. C., will arrive today to spend the
 holidays with her parents, Mir. and Mrs. C. s. Daugherty.
 Misses Adel and Mamie Gordy o1 l Columbus, Ga, will return to theil
 home tomorrow after visit to MT. and Mrs. Richard w. Massey. where they
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18
LUNCHEON FOR
 MISS STRANGE

Miss Florence Strange will be com plimented today, when Miss Lizzie Lee Pound will entertain number of her friends at a luncheon at the Tutwiler
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18
RANDOM NOTES

Miss Cecelia Hickey will arrive to- day from Chicago, where she is stu dent, to be the guest of her sister. Mrs. Carr Mccormack, during the Christmas holidays.
 Miss Lucy Bridges who is student at Judson college, will be the guest of her parents, MT and Mrs. Frank Bridges, for Christmas.
 MT. H. c. Jackson has returned to his home in Montgomery after a visit to friends and relatives here. Miss Olivia Robinson, who is stu | dent at Bishopthorpe school. Bethle- hem, Pa., will spend the Christmas
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18
LADIES' BENEVOLENT SOCIETY

An important meeting of the Ladies' Benevolent society will be held this morn ing after the services at the Temple Emanu-El.'
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18

holidays with her parents, MT. and
 Mrs. w. G. Robinson.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18

Miss Elizabeth Woodall, who is 3 student at Judson college, will spend the Christmas holidays with her par ents, Dr. and Mrs. Percy Woodall.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18

MT. and Mrs. A. C. Todd and daugh- ter of Laurens. s. C., will arrive in q few days to visit Mrs. Todd's parents Dr. and Mrs. J. l.. Brownlee.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18

Mir. Al Williams is in Norfolk for several weeks as the guest of friends and relatives.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18

MT. Fred Calder will leave tomor- row for Chattanooga for short trip.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18

Consis ting of scarf and huff. The assortment of various furs and the wide range of prices give you . choice at the prices you wish to pay.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18

Mrs. S. E. Evans and Mrs. T. A. Al mond of Pontiac, Mich, are the guests of relatives in Birmingham.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1920-12-18
Dresses

The charm of style and the richness of materials can not be found elsewhere for less than twice the sale price on these dresses.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-09-10
New Colonies for the U. S..

A DISTINGUISHED French politi.
"A cal economist has suggested that his
country, might cancel her debt to- the
United States by handing over to us
certain colonies in the western hcmi-
sphere.
Apart from French Guiana. the capi-
tai and chief seaport Of which is Cay
enne, these colonies comprise Martin
ique and Guadeloupe, in the Lesser
Antilles, and a couple of islands off the
south coast Of Newfoundland.
II We want ZEAL estate located d..
rectly above the a Hades. we
ought CERTAINLY not to miss this chance
Of acquiring possession Of Martinique
and .Guadeloupe. The former of these
two isTands, it will be remembered, was
the scene Of the. frigltful volcanic tx
plosion of May. 1902, when Mont pclcc
blew it's head off. !.
A glance at the map will show that
the Lesser Antilles are a string of
islands. mostly owned by Great Brit
ain. which form the eastern boundary
of the Caribbean sea. The region has
been in thee nots distant past one of
frightful volcanic activity; and Mar
Unique, though forty miles long and
half Us broad, is nothing but a gigantic
ashpile built up from the ocean floor
with material belched out Of a chimney
leading down into the carth's bowels.
Yet today it is one of the most beau :
tiful islands in the world, clad in tropi,
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-09-10

other words, there must be a plentiful;
supply of fresh air.
People troubled with heart disease
or kidney complaints are specially sub
ject to the effects Of these gases, the
most dangerous Of which is carbon
monoxide. Children are khSre sensi-
tive to them than grown hps. ' Even
horses have to be considered, because
many horse drawn vehicles must go
through these tunnels, and not q few
Of the animals will be ''broke4 -winde&'
"a term applied to horses that have
heart disease.
The engineering plans for the Man
haitian Jersey tunnels contemplate
great ventilating shafts at pier heads OIL
both, sides Of the river, which are OK
pected to furnish all the fresh air re.
quired-allowing, that is to say, for
all the poisonous gases produced by
21OO motor vehicles passing through
each tunnel per hour.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-09-10
goodyear News Service

cal verddre, its soil, Of disintegratedl
volcanic ashes and lava; being extremely
fertile. At Fort de France, the capitahNS
is a fine harhor. st. Pierre, which TIN
volcano destroyed with loss of 40,00&
lives. was commercial town. ~
whirlwind of fame swept over it,>witk|
molten lava aud asphyxiating gasc4
which smothered to death all who esq
capped the fire. H
Earthquakes and hurricanes ara
familiar phenomena in M~artiniques
Likewise in Guadeloupe,,s sWhichsis realllXE
two islands, called Grande Terre and
Basse Terre, a narrow arm of the sea
separating them. The former is mostly
lowland, with extensive sugar planta.
tons, while Bassc Terre, despite ita
name, is rugged, with cloud capped
mountains that show modest signs Of
volcanic activity. Not far to the SOUTH
arc Il bunch of small islands which, be I
ing regarded as one Of. the strategie
points Of the Antilles, are formidablA
fortified. .H
The two islands off the Newfound ]
Land coast are st. Pierre and Miquelon:
OF rugged granite, they have altogether
an area Of ninety one square, miles.
They owe their Importance to their
ncarness to the Great Banks, which arc
the center Of the French fishery in Tho
Atlantic. The French fishing fleet ID
those waters has long been used as I
training school for the navy Of France;
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-09-10

pEFORE very long every farmer may
~ make his own fluid fuel for light
ing, heating, running farm machinery,
and other purposes.
This has no reference, to alcohol, but
to a substitute for gasoline derivable
from straw and other farm wastes by
destructive %distillation. The Depart
ment Of Agriculture is now making <
periments looking to the development Of
a simple and inexpensive apparatus for
the purpose, which will render the.
farmer independent of the oil monopoly
for all time to come.
The apparatus in question, complete
in itself-a farm unit" as the ex-
perts call twill consist of a retort,
a t'scrubber, and a condenser. It
will cost only about $3.50, and will be
so constructed as to be fool-proof. This
implies that anybody can run it and
keep it in order. All that need be sup
piled is heat and straw Cor other vese-
table waste), and the machine will do
the rest.
As yet the experiments have been re-
stricted to straw, but they win pres
emily be extended to include cornstalks
and leaves, cotton stalks, sugar cane
refuse and other materials.
The most important application of
the idea now in view is in the Far West,
where fuel is scarce and where the straw
discarded by threshing machines is Gus
tomarily burned to get rid of it, there
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-09-10
Tube holding a gram Of 'radium at the Bureau Of Standards
Fuel Oils From the Farm

being no, accessible market for this
waste product, so enormous in total
quantity. I
If by the. aid of simple mechanical
apparatus this straw can be made to
yield a fluid equivalent to gasoline 1t
will solve a great economic problem.
The process OF destructive distilla-
ton yields a gas, which in the condenser
is converted into a liquid. 1t may
even be transformed into a solid; and
the experts think that possibly it may
be utilized to best advantage in this
shape.
1t has gone far enough, however, to
convince the investigators of the prac-
ticability of the idea. They have even
run an automobile with straw gas con-
tained in a huge bag attached to the
car.
Beyond the first cost of the outfit.
the farmer will be be at no expense for
his fluid fuel,A inasmuch as the waste
Of his farm will furnish it. He will
use it to light and heat his dwelling,
to keep the cookstove going, to operate
the washing machine and sewing ma
chine, and to drive, the grindstone and
feed cutter in the barn.
He will use it for his automobile and
also to- drive the farm tractor. In
deed, with unlimited supplies Of cost
free fuel the conditions of life for him
self and his family will be to a great
extent revolutionized.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-09-10

herb, But the reformers are contend
to begin with that, having in view, al
the next step, an attack upon thd
cigarette. When they have successfullX
disposed Of the l.'cofin nail" they PROD
pose to go afterAthe pipe and the cigars
Their are plenty Of snuffers elsea
where than in North Dakota, as mayy
DC judged from thcsfact that dO,OOo,O0S
pounds of snuff are consumed annualla
In the United States. The bulk 81 thil
huge quantity is purchased by tn
negroes and poor whites Of the~southa
who use it by dipping 4
The snuff dipper moistens q sma
stick, dips it into the, snuff. maxi
g little ball, and puts it between
lips and teeth. Women practice IN
method as commonly as men. Fems
Operatives employed II the, cotton MI
Of New England etnuch addicted
snuff dipping. a
The best snuff is made from the- Ia
stalks Of the tobacco plant. and
quality OF the article depends larpal
upon fiavorings, which are carefnik
KEEP Kept secrets of the p~ain,ufacturer.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-09-10
Burrowing Beneath the Waves
Radium packed for shipmen,

THE twentieth century gives prom
= Use OF achieving a record as an epoch
Of human burrowing. We seem to be
entering upon an age of tunnels.
Nippon, the main island of Japan,
is soon to be Joined with the island of
kiushu, on the south, hpea tunnel run
ming Under the Strait of Shimonoseki.
It will start one mile from the Nippon
coast, and will have an underground
station on an islet in the strait. At
its southern end it will connect with
the Kiushu railroad. Its length will
be six miles, and the cost will be about
SIP, SOC, 900.
This will be a railroad tunnel. In
the United States we are starting in
to dig tunnels of the '~tvehicular''' kind,
SO called, which are designed especially
for motor traffic. One of these, over
a mile in length, will pierce the South
Hills at Pittsburgh; others are planned
by the municipalities Of Boston, San
Francisco and New Orleans.
Most important of the vehicular tun-
nels already projected is that which
will soon connect the island of Man
haitian with New Jersey. More accu-
rately speaking, it will be apair of tun-
ncls-one going and the other coming
a mile and a half long, and>running at
a depth Of 200 feet below the bottom
Of the North river.
Where such vehicular tunnels arc
concerned, the problem Of ventilation
is all-important. The gases given cff
BY motorcars and motortrpcks are
highly poisonous, and some means must
be provided by which they canasbe SO
diluted as to be rendered harmless. In