davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Red Cloud chief., 1920-09-23

ment OF agriculture stated that % per
cent of this loss can be averted by the
use OF efficient lightning rod sys-
tens.
Another important feature Of barn
construction, and n mat has been
taken care of In this building, is ven
tilation. The health ~ the animals
housed In n barn of this kind depends
primarily on the supply and kind OF
air they have 10 breathe. Unless the
barn has been built 50 as to provide a
maximum of fresh air the effect will
he noticed In the animals output.
This barn has been fitted with the
most modern ventilatlng system, and
all the foul air is drawn off through
foul air flues which Head from all parts
OF the barn.
This barn is a good type, built for
farmers who do not have II large herd.
II Is Of plank construction. "a by 80
fest. and will accommodate II COWS
mud six horses, The COW stalls have
been placed NJ one end Of the barn,
two rows OF six fang In on a feed
The Red Cloud chief., 1920-09-23

alley. Litter alleys Lib e vSS.
at the ends Of the stalls. All OF these
alleys have been fitted with overhead
carriers, systems which relieve this
type of work. Farmers who have
equipped their barns with these labor
saving systems have found they de
not have much trouble keeping their
help. The old system Of hauling lit
ter away in wheelbarrows was a back
breaking proposition at the best, and
did much toward discouraging the
help, not to mention making the
farmer boys dissatisfied and anxiouc
to go to the city.
All of the stalls are Of the mod
ern type, being equipped with the
latest kind Of stanchions and drink
ing cups. Plenty Of good fresh water
will help increase the milk flow. The
drinking cup also does away with the
old system Of leading the cows to a
trough, a task which was not very at
tractive in the cold winter season.
At the other end Of this barn are
located the six horse stalls with n feed
alley running along one end. Two
grain bins at the far corner provide
storage facilities from whence a sup
ply can be drawn for the daily ra-
tons.
At the end OF the feeding alley run-
ming between the cow stalls Is a feed
room where the feed con be ground
and loaded onto the carriers for dis
tributIon among the various stalls.
The silo is next to this feed room. 1t
IL built Of wooden slaves, a type that
Is very popular In some sections Of
she country. The slaves are inter-
locked so as to form a continuous wall.
The lightning rod at the top Is de
signed to protect II from fire. A short
distance from the silo Is q small milk
house equipped with a cooler where
the milk can be kept In good condition
until 1t Is hauled to the factory. This
building Is a very convenient asset to
the farm building group.
A large hay NOW above provides
plenty Of space In the barn for feed
storage. For the farmer who has
The Red Cloud chief., 1920-09-23
HOW SCIENTISTS
EXAMINE SOILS
Survey Of important Work Of One
of Branches Of Department
of Agriculture.
STUDIED VARIED ACTIVITIES
Bureau Took t.ctive Part With Geo.
logical Survey In Nationwide
Search for Deposits OF Nj
trates and Potash.

During the twenty years OF Its
existence, the bureau Of soils, United
States department Of agriculture, has
studied the chemical constituents OF
the soils of all parts Of the country. II
has investigated these constituents
qualitatively and quantitatively, show.
ing their relation to one another and
to plants, their solubility and perma-
nency, and the I'M of their func-
tioning. It has studied the problem
of alkali-that condition arising where
soils contain an excess Of soluble salts
and devised methods for measuring
the content Of alkali I'm the field and
for eliminating II under field c0ndi-
lions. 1t has studied hardpans, ex.
planned the manner Of their formation,
and suggested the means OF improving
lands affected with the different sorts.
These various activities have involved
the making of thousands Of analyses
and the devising of much apparatus.
Public Given Advice and Counsel.
Advice and counsel is given by the
bureau to the public on all matters
connected with soil chemistry. The
bureau has also investigated the phys
zeal properties OF soils. II has devised
apparatus for measuring the tempera-
ture of soils, the movement of water
and OF air and other gases in soils.
The absorption Of water, the extent
and rate Of capillary action, the ef-
feet Of pressure on the concentration
Of the nutrient solution, and on the
retention OF that solution In the soil.
the relation Of soils to erosion. and
many kindred problems have been
worked upon.
The bureau has also worked upon
the problem Of the fixation Of nitrogen
found In the air I'm its experimental
factory at Arlington. much advance
having been made. Carried to its logi-
cal conclusion this move will result
In supplying easily all the nitrogen
the country needs In agriculture and
industry.
Soil surveys have been made in all
the states of the union. The surveys
are of two kinds; detailed surveys on
the scale of one inch to the mile rs
ually covering county units. and re-
cOnnoissance surveys much more gen
eral In character. made on scales OF
four TO six inches to the mile and
covering large areas. At the close Of
the last fiscal year an area of 331 49,
The Red Cloud chief., 1920-09-23

about ten 10 a dozen COWS and a few
horses this type of barn is very adj
mirably suited, and should prove Il
be an efficient unit In his plant. He
does not have any waste space, but
has all the modern conveniences OF
the large ultra-mOdern dairy farm.
Constructed of the best material in
the first place. 1t will prove an econ
Omy as far as maintenance goes, and
an actual money because OF It's
effective help In keeping up the morale
OF the help and health of the animals.
The most important building TO the
farmer is the dairy barn because in
II he houses his all-year source OF in
come. Unless he gives 1t his careful
attention } e Is liable TO pay heavily for
his neglect. Ii Is better 10 build well
then suffer later even though the ex-
pense may be somewhat greater. The
initial cost Is not the important fac
tor, II Is the upkeep and a good sub
stantial barn of this type does not re-
quire as much expense as a poorly
constructed building.
The Red Cloud chief., 1920-09-23
OATS ARE ECONOMICAL CROP
Not Generally az Profitable as Some
Other Grains, but Needed In
Good Rotation.

II Is sound farm business to sell
some crops for cash. Farm manage
ment surveys have shown that the
safest and soundest practice Is to
have about onesffth OF the total re-
ccipts on the farm come from sale of
crops. The other four-fifths will come
from the sale of live stock n live
stock products.
The crop that car usually he sold
for cash most economically Is oats.
oats are not generally as profitable a
crop to grow as some others. hut "A
good rotation needs this small grain in
il. II makes n very satisfactory con-
Meeting link between the corn crop
and the hay crop. Corn, If sold as a
cash crop, makes a larger return TO
the acre. but corn can usually he fed
more profltably than 1t can he sold for
cash. II Is ordinarily a cheaper feed
than oats. Hence, IL any crop Is to
he sold, it should be the oats.
The Red Cloud chief., 1920-09-23
GOOD BARNS MEAN
COMMENTED COWS
Type of Structure That Con.
tains All Modern Equipment.
VENTILATION IS IMPORTANT
Design Provides Accommodations for
Twelve Cows and Six Horses-WeI
Built and Protected Against
tho Elements.
BY w. A. RADFORD.

Mr.. william A. Radford will answe,
questions and give advice FREE OF
COST on all subjects pertaining to the
subject OF building work on the farm, for
the readers OF this paper. On account of
his wide experience. as Editor. Author and
Manufacturer. he IL. without doubt, the
highest authority OF all these subjects.
Address all inquiries TO William A.. Rad
ford. No. 1877 Prairie avenue. Chicago,
reply.
Whenever you see a good looking
herd Of healthy cows, you can immedi-
ately conclude that they are well fed
and housed. Unless a COW Is protect
ed by a modern. substantial home. she
Is not likely to be a heavy producer.
There are several essential features
In the construction Of n dairy barn
that will aid in increasing production
and the barn shown here contains
many OF those features. In the first
place II should be firmly built and pro-
tected against the elements Of wind,
lightning, etc. II you will notice, this
barn has been equipped with light
ming rods. Every year the toll exact
cd by this single element amounts 10
SS,OOO.0OO. And the heaviest loss is
found among farm buildings. In a re-
cent report the United States depart
The Red Cloud chief., 1920-09-23

to adopt the pooling principle may ,e
suit in injustice to some of the mem
bers. as experience has proved more
than once. Conditions and practices
In grain marketing make the outright
purchase Of members products feas-
ible, but this does not usually apply
TO organizations handling other CONF
modities.
Form OF Organization.
Farmers cooperative marketing as
sociations are formed with capital
stock or formed on the nonstock plan.
Both forms have favorable features
which the bureau of markets will be
glad to explain to any interested per-
son. Another matter to which careful
attention should be given is the proper
financing of a cooperative project.
The bylaws Of the association should
be painstakingly drawn and should be
thoroughly discussed by the member
ship so that there will be no misunder-
standing later. The question of incor-
poration will also have to be decided.
While Incorporation is not necessary,
In most cases ii is considered advis-
able. Unfortunately the state laws
for bodies Of the character here dis
cussed are far from uniform, some of
them making no provision for CO
erative associations.
The above paragraphs serve only TO
suggest some Of the principal prob.
lens that have to be considered in
forming a cooperative enterprise. Per-
sons wishing to investigate this matter
further will find 1t profitable to COM
municate with the United States de-
partment Of agriculture, which Will
supply them with literature contain
ing a full discussion Of these and re-
lated questions.
The Red Cloud chief., 1920-09-23
Members of a Cooperative Organiza.
ton Bring Their Wool to Be Pooled.

sort han one which produces n little
OF several different products. One ad-
vantage Of joint effort arises from the
handling of relatively large quantities.
Unfortunately some groups of farmers
have tried to form marketing ~associa-
ume of business and they have failed.
Loyalty to Cooperative Idea.
If the existing marketing agencies
In the COMMUNICATIONS for grain.
wool, fruit, garden produce, or what
eve the line contemplated for CO.
operative s%elling-are efficient and rea-
sonably adequate, and If the farmers
In the community feel that they are
being served satisfactorily by these
private concerns II Is doubtful If a co
operative organization will succeed.
But If the existing private agencies
are inadequate and If the farmers can
be made to see the saving that will
result to all concerned If they unite
heartily in an association. hen there
Is a good chance of winning. But the
cooperative principle must he adhered
to. Members Of an organization sup
posed to be cooperative cannot be ex-
pected to have a vital interest In n
project which is really operated for
the profit of and controlled by a few
individuals.
Many persons do not have q clearly
defined idea Of what n cooperative
organization Is. The term "%co-opcra-
tive" Is often used rather loosely.
Where a concern is operated for the
profit OF the persons investing capital
in II and seeking dividends on its cap
ital, the undertaking Is nOnco-Opera-
tive. On the other hand, in a CO.
operative marketing or selling Organi-
cation each member usually has one
vote Tin a homeopathic concern the
votes are In accord with the money in
vested) so that m or a few members
will not control its operations. 1t Is
conducted to render service and effect
savings for the members and not to
earn profits for distribution as divi-
dends on the money Invested. To he
sure, a fair rate OF interest Is granted
W Supi'ui ihNesltu ny Tie uletDDcTS
and the balance Of any surplus to be
distributed Is divided in accordance
with patronage; that is, the amount Of
business transacted with the %organiza.
ton.
Essentials TO Success.
Contracts between the members and
the organization whereby they agree
to market certain products through It
are vitality important In many in
stances, especially In the case Of asso-
Citations handling perishable products.
The Michigan Potato Growers ex-
change, the California Fruit Growers
exchange and many other successful
organizations follow this plan.
The pooling OF products sold through
he organization IL also an important
"nture. BY pooling Is meant averag-
&c the returns received for products
III during a certain period, or 70,
The Red Cloud chief., 1920-09-23
WELCOME SOURCE OF
PIN MONEY IN SUMAC
Many Tons of II Allowed to Go to
Waste Each Year.
Plant Can BE Gathered and Cured Any
Time During Summer and Mar
keted Whenever Convenient
Bonus Given for Leaves.

The demand by manufacturers for
American sumac this season totals
500 to 700 carloads, or from 5000 to
1000 tons. according to information
received by the United States depart
ment of agriculture. The price ranges
around 81 Il hundred pounds for sumac
delivered at he shipping point or at
the extract factory.
Country people should find a ready
market this year for all the sumac
they can gather. Being a wild plant,
sumac costs nothing to raise, and the
many tons Of it allowed to remain I'M
gathered each year can be readily
turned into profit. The sumac season
lasts about three months. Unlike
berry and other crops, sumac does not
have to be harvested all at once. 1t
can be gathered and cured from time
to time throughout the summer and
marketed when large enough quanti-
ties have been collected.
In addition to Offering higher prices
this year, several manufacturers are
willing to pay bonuses for sufficient
quantities of clean, bright, well-cured
sumac leaves, containing not more
than 10 per cent Of stalk. BY proper
ly gathering and curing the Sumac, the
gathcrer can make more money and
will help to establish more firmly the
domestic sumac industry, which
through development and expansion
should provide "A welcome source OF
income and employment in normal
times.
Gather only the black or dwarf
sumac, which can be easily distin-
guished from the other varieties by
the peculiar wing growth along the
leaf stems and by the brittle, black
sPecked stalk. In some sections the
white sumac Is also gathered. but il
generally brings a lower price, as ali
manufacturers prefer the black va
riety. Harvest during July, August
and September. Break the sumac stalk
Off close up TO the leaves just under
the lowest leaf stem, or, better yet,
gather only the leaves and leaf stems.
Do not collect long bare stalks, as this
produces low-grade, low-priced sumac.
Cured sumac ready for market should
contain very little stalk, never over rs
per cent. If a good bit of stalk has
been gathered with the sumac II can
be easily removed by failing and fork
ing out after the sumac has been
cured and is ready for bagglng. Do
not gather red or yellow leaves, or
berries and bloom. The bloom will
ruin good sumac AS soon as the
sumac has been gathered, place II I'm
the shade or under cover. Exposure
to the sum for an hour or two NAV do
no harm, but the pulled sumac should
never be left all day in the sun, as II
will quickly scald and be ruined I'm
color. Never let the gathered or
cured sumac become wet from either
dew or rain. At the end of the DAVIS
gathering, haul or carry the sumac tn
a barn or cover. Spread II on a clean
floor or on sacks In layers not over
III feet deep and turn 1t once or twice
a day until thoroughly dry and crisp.
The Red Cloud chief., 1920-09-23
HINTS FOR BUILDING
ICE HOUSE FOR FARM
Erection Of Structure Depends
Much on Local Conditions.
Size OF Building and Difficulty Of OBJ
tanning Ice Are important Fac
tors-other Details Must
Be Considered.

Construction OF n farm Ice house de-
ponds to a great extent upon local con-
ditions, the size Of the house, and the
difficulty Of obtaining ice. These fac
tors help to determine the sum that
may wisely be spent for such a build.
ing. Where Ice Is expensive or hard
to obtain, a better constructed and in
sulated and therefore more expensive
ice house Is advisable. Where natural
Ice can be harvested and stored
cheaply a cheap structure is usually
satisfactory and the loss from melting
ice Is n small consideration.
The cost Of harvesting and storing,
the interest IN the money invested,
and repairs and depreciation on the
building are TO he considered In rela-
The Red Cloud chief., 1920-09-23
w VI Lin Usvsu 49,
CURE FOR EVILS
Marketing Organization Success
tul Only When Formed on a
Sound Basis Of Service.
SUCCEED BY TEAMWORK ONLY
Characteristics and Makeup Of Local
Population. Should Be Considered
In Formation Of Association
Other Essentials.

There is no magic about co.opera.
tive marketing, although In hundreds
Of cases 1t has produced remarkable
results. Nor does It serve as a cure
all for our present distribution prob
lens, though 1t has proved a success-
full remedy for many present evils.
There are $4,000 or more farmers CO.
operative buying and selling ~associa-
lions In this country bearing testimony
to the p%racticability Of the co-opera-
tive principle, which is, in substance,
an economic adaptation Of the old pO-
litical slogan 'In union there is
strength"
1t Is the desire Of the United States
department of agriculture that per-
sons interested in cooperative market
ing thoroughly understand the basis
Of such organized effort and follow
the right methods. The bureau Of
markets Of the department Of agricul-
ture. having made an extensive study
Of this subject, Is prepared to advise
with any group Of farmers who want
w "huci'ohe ouyihs seiiihB -Co-
operatively. A number * require
ments must be met before prospective
c~o-OperatOrs can succeed.
In the first place the characteristics
and makeup Of the local population
should be considered in the formation
Of a cooperative marketing associa-
ton. A community which produces a
considerable quantity Of one product
or a few products offers better oppOr-
tunities for an undertaking of this
The Red Cloud chief., 1920-09-23
TESTING SOIL FOR AClDlTY
Experiment Station viii Tell How
Much Limestone to Apply for
Crop Of Alfalfa.

II IL a waste Of time and money to
SOW alfalfa on sour soil and II You are
not sure whether your soil Is acid or
no test II for acldity or send a sam.
pie 10 your experiment station and
have II tested, The experiment sta
ton will not only tell you whether the
soil Is acid or not. but viii also advise
how much ground limestone to apply
per acre In order 10 put It in good con
dition for alfalfa or other legumes.
The lime may be applied next winter
II time does not permit Of applying II
this fa!!.
The Red Cloud chief., 1920-09-23

3G0 acres had been surveyed In detail
and 322, 100000 acres on II reconnois-
sance basis. These surveys involve
the Identification and classification OF
the many types of soils found in vari-
Gus parts of the country, "A study OF
their agricultural value, and a de-
ter nination of their relation to the
various crops and systems of agri.
culture.
Advancement Of Agriculture.
The results of the soil survey work
form n basis for the logical advance
ment Of agriculture through expert
mentation of scientific workers in all
it's varied lines.
The land classification work Of the
bureau is done In cooperation with
the forest service and other depart
ments OF the government, and has for
its purpose the exclusion, from the
national reserves. of lands that are
suited for agriculture.
. An interesting special investigation
I'm connection with the potash supply
has TO do with the extraction Of this
salt from the giant kelp OF the Pa
citic coast. A fully equipped factory
has been operated At Summerland,
California, for the last two years, and
thousands of dollars worth of potash
has been sold TO the fertilizer trade or
direct TO farmers.
The plant will be operated during
the coming fiscal year, a careful study
being made of the practicabillty of
recovering various b~y-prOducts, so that
the industry may be able to compete
with imported potash and the kelp
beds may become II permanently valu-
able asset Of the nation.
The Red Cloud chief., 1920-09-23
WEIGHTS PER BUSHEL

A bushel is regarded as a def
mite weight rather than a cubic
measure in the estimates of pro-
duction and prices made by the
bureau Of crop estimates. The
weights which are regarded as q
bushel for various products are
as follows:
Wheat, GO lbs: corn. SO lbs.
II shelled, 20 lbs II In ear; oats.
80 lbs; barley, AZ lbs; rye. IS
lbs. buckwheat, AZ lbs: white
Qrlsh) potatoes, GO lbs; sweet
potatoes, So lbs, apples, AZ lbs.
pears, 4S lbs. peaches, 4S lbs;
walnuts and hickory nuts. 80
lbs. /; beans (dry), GO lbs. /; onions.
~ lbs. turnips, 50 lbs; clover
seed, 60 lbs. /; alfalfa seed, 60 lbs.
timothy seed, A. lbs. ; Kafr corn.
30 lbs. Estimates Of yields and
prices in tons + always on the
basis Of 1000 pounds.
The Red Cloud chief., 1920-09-23

ton to the Ice loss from melting; and
the type of house to be built depends
upon these factors. II never pays to
build permanently in other than a sub
stantial manner. and careful thought
should be given the matter before
erecting a cheap makeshift that will
not give adequate service.
Various types of ice houses, how to
build them, and other phases OF the
subject are discussed in Farmers Bull
letin 1918. Harvesting and Storing
Ice on the Farm" which can he OBJ
tanned free Of charge from the United
States department Of agriculture.
Arizona republican., 1920-01-30
CHARGE SOCIALISTS
 INVITED BY PARTY
 ID USE SABOTAGE
Republican A. p. Leased WireJ

ALBANY, N. Y, Jan. 29.-An at tempt to show that sabotage in muni- ton factories was weapon which so ccialists were virtually invited by their party to employ in it's program of continuous, active and public opposi- ton to the war, was made today by the prosecution at the trial of the five nnseated socialist assemblymen charged with disloyalty.
 Counsel for the assembly judiciary committee conducting the inveStiga- ton read into the record the proclama ton and war program adopted at the St Louis convention of the socialist party on April z, 1917, one day after the United States entered the war, in which workers were urged to oppose the war through demonstrations, mass meetings, mass petitions and all other means within our power"
 Finally the committee counsel brought out that the anti sabotage clause in the partys' constitution. of which the prosecution asserts social ists formerly had ''boasted, had been stricken out at the same convention.
 When reference was first made to the anti sabotage clause, Seymour Stedman of Chicago, defense counsel. read from the socialist campaign book of 1914 to show that the party at this time bitterly opposed sabotage and no one practicing it was allowed to be- come a member. He also explained that the L W. W. element was no longer en- rolled in the party and sabotage was "a dead issue"