davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening journal., 1920-12-10

Figures show that in the ilve prov
inces OF Saxony. Baden. Bavaria Prus-
sia and Wurttemberg there were born
In 1913. 1852. .io3. and In 1919 only
1913. 373.
Evening journal., 1920-12-10
GERMAN BIRTHRATE
NOT EOIIAI. PRE- WAR.

WASHINGTON-The German Birth
rate is rising. but has not reached
the level or the years before the war.
Evening journal., 1920-12-10
By EDWARD NJ. THERRY.

n. r. A. STAN correspondent.
CHICAGO, Dec. S.-ReVision down
ward Of the II c. OF L. hasn't touched
the housemaid yet She's still high
priced, naughty and hard TO set.
Evening journal., 1920-12-10

breakfasts lelsur ly lat the house
wife's expensel, knocks on at noon
promptly to have luncheon lslmilar-
ly) and when the alarm clock, car o.
fully set, clangs at exactly In the
afternoon she drops her household
tools, gathers up her hat. her coat
her clock and her extra shoes and de-
parts without an unnecessary min
ute's delay.
The New York herald., 1920-01-25
Science and the Goddard Skyrocket to the Moon

named geocoroniim 1t is in these upper LAYERS
OF the atmosphere tnat the phenomenon known
as the aurora occurs. Professor Goddards
rocket may perhaps enable us to obtain a
sample OF this for examination. II is true that
owing to tge very small barometric pressur,
al these heights only very small sample
would presumably be obtainabe. but modern
methods Of gas analysis by the spectroscopo
and other means are capable OF application 10
very minute quantities. There is undoubtedly
field of consuming interest open here for
him who knows how to enter H.
Although Professor Goddard does not 20 into
the question OF the possibility OF visiting our
next door neighbor the moon he does give
consideration to the problem as to how W.
should contrive it to know whether a shot
aimed at the had hit the mark The
missile would. Of course. b., much too small
for to observe il directly The plan sug-
gested is to place in the tip of the rocket
charge Of flash powder which should 20 orr
when the target was hit Tho experiment would
nave 10 be timed about the now moon so hat
the flash would be visible AGAINST the back
ground OF tho dark part OF the moon
In order to determine how big a charge would
he required 70 produce an cfrect visible from,
tance of two and one-quarter miles observ-
ing with the naked eye. 1t was t,uud that a
sLrprisingly small amount 81 flash powder was
needed. About one-twentieth OF a grain CAV.
flash iusi visible az this distance and one
nfth of grain gave plainly visible effect
Computation shows that IN order a. render
evident 70 the naked eve hit on the target
of the moons surface the rocket would have
10 carry "a charge of only about fourteen pounds
OF flash powder. and this ,n turn would re-
quire FOR It's propulsion total charge OF ex-
plosive Of about seventeen tons II VIII b.
seen that these figures are not at an eNtrava-
CANT. and place the experiment OF shooting al
the moon well within the range OF physical
possibility. The correct pointing OF the rocket
al the target would be q nice problem FOR our
artillerymen and astronomers The time OF
transit would probably be about two days and
IL would bc necessary to compute in advance
lust exactly the position in Che skies at whicn
the moon would be at the end Of that time
Tho rocket would then have 10 bo aimed al
that point in the Sky. though the moon might
az the moment Of firing be iu an entirely ~dif-
ferent place If there were amy indication OF
The moon being inhabited by living creatures
the question might reasonably Dee raised s,s to
whether We were justified IN shooting al Their
abode Just for FUN But We have every guar.
antce that the moon is a dead world and we
may in confidence way, aside all Scrupes on
this point.
The New York herald., 1920-01-25

couple of French ships later taking part in
the War OF 1872. She is at Newport and is
in good condition, being kept as memento of
the glorious past of the American navy.
In order make perfectly accurate model
of the old ship. Mr. Wiles obtained permission
from the Navy Department to take photographs
on board and climbing the masts of the vessel.
took hundreds of views which he has supple
mented by plans from the Navy Department
that he may complete his model to scale
1.-The time comes in mans career col
lector and builder of ship models. said Mr..
Wiles when he cares only for ships that are
built TO scale have sworn several times that
/ would never buy any more ships not made to
scale. but occasionally come across an inter-
esting model made by old sailor and fall"
Mr.. Wiles displayed his latest purchase. the
brig Rio. made in 1920 and evidently the
work OF "A saiorman whose name. Noah
Terry. was signed to the work. The Rio
was OF Fire Island and there much of the
salt about the tiny craft, although Mr..
Wiles shook his head sadly when the subject
of her being built TO scale was mentioned.
In one corner of the big studio where Mr..
Wiles paints portraits an old Dutch East In
daman suspended from the ceiling. The
old ship. made many years ago, has her square
The New York herald., 1920-01-25

rugged sails full spread and is perfect model
of her kind OF sailing craft
over the mantel is a sketch. British model
of a North Sea fisher boat, and in the other
corner was big, beautiful model of an oyster
schooner
The oyster schooners coming in at Fulton
Market used to be beautiful sight said Mr..
Wes "A good many people used TO go down
/, to see the fleet come in. This model was built
by Nick Housman | don't know who Nick
was. but | ra her suspect he was the owner Of
the schooner and practical oysterman The
craft. no doubt the apple of his eye, and
he either modelled her himself out OF pure love
or had her modelled from a like motive.
The French prvateer Bellona, a beautiful
model is of MI Wes very good ships. But
the pride Of his collection is British Admiralty
model Of 1910 a fifty gun ship.
Both ships needed good deal of repairing.
1t took whole winter to make the privateer
perfect and Mr. Wiles had to send to England
TO get silk with which to repair the rigging of
the Admiralty ship.
ships Of this sort" said Mr.. Wiles, indicating
the Admiralty model were usually painted
buff outside with a black band. Inside they
were painted scarlet. so that the sailors would
not be frightened by the splashng of blood in
The New York herald., 1920-01-25

second given by the coston rocket. but en-
poYed otherwise. the best construction. as de
Veloped by Goddard. we should require, in or
der to land pound shot in he moon.
charge OF thirty thousand million tons OF
powder. But with gas velocity of 200 feet
per second. obtained by Goddard in hlS oX-
periments. a small charge of COZ pounds would
suffice If the Coston type of rocket were en-
poyed, without improvements. the charge ice
qured would be six times the weight %. the
whole earth
And so. from utterly hopeless Impossible
ty. the problem OF sending a missile To the
moon has been changed by Professor tfoddards
r, searches into task of entirely practical
dimensions. Whether it will ever be found
possible Send a living passeng to the moon
in this way is still another question. The idea
Of sending "A man up in a s<yrocket is in itself
not new. The experiment was actually tried
some years ago by that daredevil. Rodman
Law who was lucky enough to escape
harmed athough-or perhaps we should say
because-the rocket failed to rise as a well be-
haved rocket should. But trip to the moon
mere difficulty of securing conveyance. The
moon is not a healthy place for earth men
The temperature is several hundred degrees
below zero in the shade. and probably near
boiling heat ia the sun And there is no air
so that a man would have to be encased in a
The New York herald., 1920-01-25

fight it was said. Sometimes even the guns
were painted scarlet The figurehead gilded
and the stern work in gold, and frequently
there was a great deal of carving the stern
and around the rail. 1t would make the ship
much more picturesque to paint it up as these
ships used TO be- but that would ruin il from
collectors standpoint. 1t is authentic Ad-
miralty model. and while modern makers dress
their ship models up in picturesque fashion
they desire. it would be Philistine in the
eyes of a collector. to add decorations to an
old ship model to add paint or other orna-
ments to any other antique
Mr. Wiles has very complete little work
shop up over his studio in West Fifty-seventh
street. where he puts his miniature fleet into
dry dock and works the new ships in the
ways His work shop is up high that he can
look far across Central Park and into the fleecy
clouds beyond and easily imagine himself a
sea in command Of the strangely assorted fleet
OF little ships one of the vessels under
going repairs is fine old Italian man of war,
which is beng entirely taken apart Small as
this vessel is it is not made Of one piece of
wood a good many OF the ship models are,
but has the true marine construction.
Many OF the ship models were made by the
old sailors in the long voyages which were so
The New York herald., 1920-01-25

TROM Constantnope To Cornell is the
- odyssey OF Aram Babayan. who. after
escaping by mere chance the horrors
of the massacres and deportations and
starvation in Armenia, is in America to be-
come student in Cornell University. When
he completes his course there he plans TO re-
turn to his native land equipped to aid in the
rehabilitation Of his people.
Aram will have none of his own immediate
family to work for. Al Of them were killed
by t1e Turks or died from nunger or exposure
while being driven across the desert There
were tWcnl! -tOur ia all-father mother. sisters
and brothers and other kin.
lie knows the certain fate OF all but one or
two OF the girls and fears for them fate
worse than death in some harem. Thus far
he has not heard Of them among the many
thousands rescued from degradation ana cared
for by the Near East Relief, the former com
mittec for Armenian and Syrian Relief with
headquarters at No. l Madison avenue.
The New York herald., 1920-01-25
From Constantinople to Cornell
Comes Aram Babayan

The Babayan family lived in kostamouni and
were prosperous. shortly before the massacreS
began Aram. who had been educated In
Roberts College eConstautnople. had been on
visit to his home and he learned afterward
he had been marked for one OF the first VIC
TINS to be slaughtered Ne was known as an
educated young man and consequently I" be
dreaded by the Turks What saved him was
summons from Constantinople to report for
military duty at once.
lie left kostamouni only few hours ahead
Of the assassins and arriving u Constdntnople
found he had been ordered to duty with the
Turkish army, in which he had been rated as
lieutenant in the reserve.
Aram, OF course, favored the Allies, and he
managed to escape serving against them by
obtaining. thanks to little iudiclous bribery,
transfer TO the Turkish navy. lie was as
signed TO one of the older ships ana worked Tor
two years more as coal passer under
almost unbelievable conditions Of hard work
and scanty food.
The New York herald., 1920-01-25
BY MARY WATTS.

~ LID SHIPS that have sailed all the seas
~ PLAYED gallant parts in many battle,
Chinese iunks. Hudson River sloops
old square riggers with romance in their wake
all these may have gone down to defeat in this
age of steam and electricity, but AT least they
will he saved to those who love the traditions
or the sea, and to many generations who will
never a real sailing vessel except pleasure
craft. by the little ships that coming more
and more into favor as the sailing craft OF which
they are replicas disa ppear completely from the
Some years ago So was considered an excellent
price for ship model But today it is not
unusual for these tiny craft to bring from two
thousand to five thousand dollars Prices even
20 beyond this mark for some particularly rare
and well preserved model. one of the best ship
models to come on the market, British Ad-
mralty ship. was sold to a collector for 5000.
This little ship had the distinction of being
government model, which made its ownership
The New York herald., 1920-01-25

the French engineer concluded. Professionally,
at least. that we might have to wait until
had learned the secret OF unlocking the latent
powers of radium before could essay the
flight to other orbs
But now an entirely new complexion has been
put on the situation An investigation started
by Professor Robert Fl. Goddard. Of Clark COL
lege, Worcester. Mass, in 1912. has, reached a
stage at which ii claims public interest The
feat which seemed improbable of accomplish
ment according to the calculations of Esnaut
Peltere, appears not only feasible. but
even comparatively easy-at least if we sat
isfied to make modest beginning and send a
small missile without passengers.
In the first place il should be noted that we
do not need explosive containing sufficient
power to raise its own weight to the moon. \
large portion Of the rocket is consumed on the
way. and therefore has to be lifted only
through part Of the distance Secondly and
this is most important point, Professor
Goddard's experiments have shown that even
the best OF ships rockets, as commonly CON
structed extremely inefficient. lie has
succeeded by proper attention TO the design OF
the nozzle from which the hot gases issue in
raising the efficiency from per cent to 81 per
cent J ms AT one leap eleNatcS the SKY rocket
fr,bn the very bottom Of the scale to the place
Of honor among all heat engines making il
easily the winner over the second best in ef-
riciency. the internal combustion (DieseD en-
gine boasting Of only 10 per cent efficiency.
Hand in hand with this gain in efficiency goes
almost eightfod increase OF the velocity
with which the gases are expelled from the
tail Of the rocket
In the Coston ship rocket which repres .nts
the highest perfection hitherto attained the
gases arc ciected with speed OF about 1850
feet per secodj little less than the speed
az which sound travels through the air God
cards tapercd nozzle gives the gases from
smokeless POWDER "a speed OF nearly 5000 feet
per second which by the way. is probably the
highest speed ever reached 10y matter through
the agency of man II has been estimated thdt
the muzzle velocity Of the shell fired BY tile
German gun used ~ the long rams bombard-
ment of Paris was about 1000 feet per second.
This the highest mark previously recorded. IS
thus ecarly doubled IN The stream 81 gases
issuing from Goddards rocket
The New York herald., 1920-01-25
I.NORTA SEA kETCA

common in the days of sailing vessels. But the
professional model makers are much better. Al
though their ships lack something OF the per-
sona quality of those made by the old salts
The British and French the best ship
model makers said Mr. Wiles "and both in
London and Paris there are wonderful marine
museums. In Paris the marine collection is
part OF the Louvre. and there most wonderful
collection of vessels has been made by the gov
ernment 1t is difficult 10 get models of gov
ernment owned ships because these foreign
governments have them put into the marine
museums. Old American ship models arc also
growing very rare one more frequently comes
across Spanish and Italian models and ! am
told there great many models in Ger
many"
Mr.. Wiles also collects block models the half
models used by the makers of small vessels
one of these in his possession is the model Of a
Hudson River sloop. the sort that used TO be
in commission on the Hudson before the days
of the railroad The sloops. which were from
eighty to one hundred feet long carried all
sorts of goods between New York and Albany.
Families going TO their country places along
the Hudson for the sumemr used TO travel by
these sloops. along with their horses and car
riages and trunks full of summer finery.
The New York herald., 1920-01-25
a. aoAao MopEL or BRITISH 50 Gun sAsP

by a private individual so much more worth
while from a collecting point of view
The ship models which have now become 50
dear to the collector range in size from craft
as big as a mans hand to the model four or
five feet in length Generally the tiniest mod
els are not the most valuable, some size is
necessary in order that the ships may be made
accurat tely. Accuracy is to the collector of ship
models the most important feature to be con-
sidered Then the model must be beautiful,
the workmanship of the finest. &c. But pict-
uresqueness and handiwork will not suffice if
the ship model departs from the bigger ship it
represents in any detail.
Irving Wilkes. Well-known portrait painter. is
not only ship model collector of many years
standing. but he is of the best known anna
teur makers of ship models Mr.. Wiles has
himself repaired all Of the forty or fifty ships
in his collection, sometimes devoting his leisure
time during whole season to the task of MAX
ing one ship ready 10 take the waves. In addi-
tion to putting his ships in dry dock and play
ing the part Of ships carpenter. &c, until the
vessel under treatment is entirely restored to
its pristine beauty. Mr.. Wiles always has a
ship OF his own in the ways. At present he
is at work model of the old Constellation
This ship was built about 1925 and captured
The New York herald., 1920-01-25

per atmosphere, Professor Goddard proposes
to send up rockets carrying meteorological in
struments. to register the temperature haro-
metric pressure. composition and other prop
critics of the air at all heights.
The rocket would be sent up to a definite
height and would then fall back to earth it's
fall being broken by parachute attachment
to protect the instrument >from injury The
ascent would be quite short, about six or seven
minutes TO 20 up go miles. for example. The
descent would of course. take somewhat long,
er but even So the return trip would occupy
only a short time that the instruments
would fall to earth at point not very far
removed from the starting point. and their re-
covery would thus be comparatively easy. In
this respect the rocket has great advantage
over the sounding balloons hitherto employed.
These are small balloons carrying no passcn-
gers but provided with an automatic attach
ment causing them to descend after they have
reached a certain height Their range is nee
essarily limited. and they apt To drift far
aficd so that their recovery is extremely un-
certain. In the case of the rocket further as
sistance in locating it is given by the fact
that it's course can be followed at ni2ht by the
light emitted from IT, and. during the day by
a trail Of smoke
Up to a height OF about TWENTY-FIVE miles we
may say thai we know our atmosphere fairly
well. thanks to the introduction OF the sound
ing balloon in the nineties OF last century IL
has thus been discovered that the air. such as
know it at the earths surface. extends
about six or seven miles above sea level. Then
change occurs. Up TO that point the temper
ature falls continually. But beyond lies the
so-called isothermal layer. that is TO say. the
layer Of constant temperature about 20 de-
rrees Fahrenhcit below zero The clouds
which we in the Sky are ordinarily linn
tied to the lower layer OF tho atmosphere and
do not enter the isothermal layer IN eNcep-
tion 10 this occurred about lNS3 when certain
clouds luminous long after sunset were OBJ
served. which must have been at an altitude
far in excess OF that Of ordinary clouds. They
porsisted for q number of years and then dis
appeared and have not been seen since. IL Is
fairly well established that they were shot up
by the titanic eruption OF the ErakHtao vol
cano. the most terrific in AN historic times.
The New York herald., 1920-01-25
By A. ]. LORRAINE.

-HE fiction Of yesterday becomes the fact
Of today The submarine, which earned
such evil notoriety in the world war. had
first figured in a more innocent role IN
,,.. verne's romance Twenty Thousand
Leagues Under the Sea" and its sequel. The
,,,sterious Island" Einsteins theory of rela-
,t,.i,, of which we have heard so much recent
IL was foreshadowed in some of its aspects,
win prophetic insight by the novelist u. o.
wells in his hook THE Time Machine The
winged Icarus of Greek mythology has his lv-
inr counterpart in this world Of modern reah-
,,.s in orville Wright the pioneer fler.
pu, onc dream Of fiction remains as Yet un-
realized our isolation from other words Is
.,nl unbroken The Columbus or intcrstellar
communication has not yet appeared Jules
varne.s "Trip to the Moon" is but romantic
dream, even today.
utue while ago it would have required
No little temerity for a scientific man to SPEAK
seriously OF plans to communicate with an
,tbcr member Of the solar system. either oy
signal or by actual visit. The mere mention
of any such thought in serious way "oulu
have meant courting' the danger of rldicule
md injury to his scientific reputation hut
We are growing accustomed to Spectacuar
achievements. and are better prepared rshuN
In apprase the work OF bold ana venture
so,r. spirts who feariessly attack seemingly
,nsuperable difficulties.
six wears ago the French aeronauuca' eng
neer Esnault Peterie. approached 'he Po'-
,cm Having conquered the ar Wha' are 'hc
rrospects that we may presently tind me means
of rising beyond the limits Of the atmosphere
Having bcome proficient in the construction
of motors combining high power with hsht
weight shall we presently find It within our
roach to extend radius Of action out into
spacc? And II So what kind OF machine VIII
il he that will carry us on our travelsY
The New York herald., 1920-01-25
The Skyrocket.

As TO this last question, the answer probably
is that the most promising form Of convey
snoe will be Of the nature Of 2 sSyrocket Bal
Icons and aeroplanes arc barred from the con-
test since they are both dependent upon an
atmosphere for their power to rise. Assuming.
thcn that ID is TO be q skyrocket. how do We
stand in the matter OF power? The answer
which Esnauit Pelterie found from his calcua
,,ons was dscouraging. even the lightest
IN. most concentrated source OF power known
IN MS namely. 4 mixture OF hydrogen and oxy-
ren has only onc-fourth the energy required
10 Iift it's own weight % the moon, to say Moth
ing of carrying a burden along with It, So
The New York herald., 1920-01-25
Goddard's S Aims.

But these are not the things with which Pro-
fessor Goddard is concerning himself. His
aims are for direct practical applications. His
prime interest is in the exploration of the up
per atmosphere. The means hitherto en-
ployed for such exploration very much
limited in their scope They include observa-
tions made on high mountains or by means
Of kites. balloons or airplanes. The heights
thus reached by sounding balloons carrying no
passengers do not greatly exceed at most
twenty-five miles. From the fact that shoot
ing stars have been observed to light up at
a distance OF about 40 miles from the earth's
surface. kpow that an atmosphere. how
ever rare. must extend at least to that height,
for it is the resistance or friction Of the at
mosphere that causes shooting stars TO be-
come white hot There is. therefore. vast
unexplored region knowledge OF which would
be invaluable in weather forecasting. Espe-
cially now that we are looking forward to the
development OF transatlantic arplane service.
such knowledge might prove the determining
factor that would decide between the success
or failure of systematic enterprise along COM
mercial lines.
For this purpose, the exploration OF the up
The New York herald., 1920-01-25
Gases and Altitude.

Now Professor Goddard found, in his com
putauons, that this increased speed Of the
gases from the rocket has an immense influ-
ence upon the size Of the rocket required TO
reach given altitude. So, Tor example. II
we had to be satisfied with the 90 feet per
The New York herald., 1920-01-25
The Layers Of Gas.

Above the sotgcrmal layer comes. probably,
q layer composed principally Of hydrogen
gas about sixteen times lskter than air such
as we know it at the earths surface. It's buoy
ancy naturally causes it TO rise to the top
'rhere is also evidence that still higher up the
atmosphere consists chiefly ~ an unknown gas
lighter even than hydrogen which has been
The New York herald., 1920-01-25

sort OF diving suit to protect him from the
vacuum about him. Breathing would be pos
sible only by the aid of a portable supply Of
OK