Weekly journal-miner., 1920-10-27

Nothing i'll this Covenant shall b'
 deemed to affect the validity of in
 ternational engagements, such a.
 treaties of arbitration or regional un
 derstandings like the Monroe doc
 Urine, for securing the maintenance of peace
 J ARTICLE 2
 To those colonies and territoric, (which as a consequence of the late Iwar have ceased to be under the so- vereignty of the States which former Fly governed them and which are ill., habited by peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenu- ous conditions of the modern world there should be applied the principle that the well being and development of such peoples form a sacred trust of civilization and that securities for the performance of this trust should be embodied ill this Covenant.
 The best method of giving practi- cal effect to this principle is that the tutelage of such peoples should be en- trusted to adpanced nations who by reason of their resources, their eX- perience or their geographical posi- ton can best undertake this responsi- bility, and who are willing, to accept it, and that this tuelage should be cN- ercised by them as Mandatories on behalf of the League.
 The character of the mandate must differ according to the stage of the development of the people, the geo graphical situation of the territory, its economic conditions and other similar circumstances.
 Certain communities formerly be- longing to the Turkish Empire have reached stage of development where their existence as independent na- tions can be provisionally recognis- cd subject to the rendering of ad- ministrative advice and assistance by Mandatory until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be d princi- pal consideration i'll the selection of the Mandatory.
 Other peoples, especially those of Central Africa, are at such stage that the Mandatory must be respOnsi- bic for the administration of the ter ritory under conditions which will guarantee freedom or conscience and subject only to the main tenancc of public order and morals, the prohibition of abuses such as the slave trade, the arms traffic and the liquor traffic, and the prevention of the establishment of fortifications or military and navay bases and of mili- tary training of the natives for oth- CT than police purposes and the de fense of territory, and will also sc cure equal opportunities for the trade and commerce of other Members of the League
 There are territories, such as South ! West Africa and certain of the South ! Pacific Islands which, owing to the sparseness of their population, or their small size, or their remoteness from the centres of civilization, or their geographical contiguity to the territory of the Mandatory, and oth- cr circumstances, can be best admin- . stcrcd under the laws of the Manda- tory as integral portions of its terri . tory, subject to the safeguards above in the interests of the 'n- iigenous population. !
 In every case of mandate, the Man datory shall render to the Council an annual report in reference to the .erritory committed to its charge.
 The degree of authority, control, pr administration to be exercised by he Mandatory shall,if not previously agreed upon by the Members of the League. be explicitly defined ill each ease by the Council
 \ permanent Commission shall be constituted to receive and examine he annual reports of the Mandatories md to advice the Council on all mat ers relating to the observance of the mandates.
 ARTICLE 8
 Subject to and in accordance with he provisions of international con -cntions existing or hereafter to be agreed upon. the Members of the League:
 .a) will endeapor to secure and
 maintain fair and humane condi-
 tions of labour for men. women,
 and children. both i'll their own
 countries and in all countries to
 which their commercial and in-
 dustrial relations extend and for
 that purpose will establish and
 maintain the necessary iuteru3-