Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1920-12-31
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

The World war was formally ended
January 10 when Germany and four
teen of the powers allied against her
in the war exchanged notifications of
the Treaty of Versailles at Paris. The
United States, however, was not
among the nations participating in this
ceremony, as the treaty had not been
ratified by the senate.
The League of Nations came into
actual being at Paris January 16 when
the executive council held its first
meeting with representatives from Bel
GUM, Brazil, England, Italy. France,
Japan, Greece and Spain participant
ing.
The Russian government made a
step toward securing peace with its
warning neighbors by concluding
treaties with Ukraine and Esthonia.
The Turkish peace terms were com
pleted on March 8, and week later
the Allies decided to use force to i'm
pose the terms upon Turkey, sending
troops to occupy Constantinople. The
allied forces occupied the Turkish
capital without opposition
Polish troops began a spring often
sive against the Russian Bolsheviki in
the Baltic region on March %. Warsaw
reported heavy fighting at many points
on the 400-mile front. Three days lat
err Poland offered peace terms to Rus
STA. providing for restoration of the
Kingdom of 1872, feturn Of art and
other treasures. and an indemnity for
lnyasions since 1914 Polish troops adj
ministered severe defeat to the Boil
sheviki at POdOlia April 13.
Differences of opinion among the
Allies regarding the enforcement of
the provisions Of the peace treaty with
Germany threatened to cause some
difficulty, but these differences were
ironed out in a series of conferences
held at San Reno, Italy, in April.
The Poles and Ukrairians negotiat-
ed treaty on April II, recognizing
Ukrainian independence from Russia
A combined army of Poles and Ukrasn-
fans then launched an offensive against
the Russian Red forces, capturing
Kiev on May and the great port of
Odessa on May II.
Bolshevik troops invaded Persia at
Astara May 10, forcing the withdrawal
of British troops. Bolshevik troops
on the Polish front were reinforced
and launched an attack on a ninety
mile front seeking to open commune
cation with East Prussia On June 3
they succeeded in fianking and driving
back General Pilsudski's Polish troops.
On June 9 the Poles annihilated the
BolslTevist Third and Twelfth divisions
and occupied Czarnica. but five days
later they were forced to evacuate
Kiev, in the Ukraine, by heavy cav
airy attack. The Bolsheviki concen-
trated thirty new divisions on that
front
The supreme council continued its
efforts to complete the peace settle
ments. The treaty with Hungary was
signed June 4 at Versailles, Ambassa-
dor Wallace signing for the United
States. Turkey was granted fifteen
days additional time to present its
views regarding the treaty with that
country.
While these peace negotiations were
in progress, fighting continued at many
points. Over 800 italian prisoners were
killed by Albanians at Tirana on June
IS in retaliation for the assassination
of Essad Pasha in Paris on June 10
Supported by British troops and bat
tleships' at Malta and ConstantinopIe
the Greeks began a campaign to GUST
the Turkish Nationalists from parts of
Asia Minor.
On July Z the Bolshevik troops cap,
tured Rovono, throwing the Poles into
retreat on the entire front Poland
opened negotiations for an armistice
and these continued for a week when
it was reported that Ruscia had or
dered the postponement of the nego-
tiations and the capture of Warsaw.
BolShevist troops captured Lomza and
Brest-Litovsk, and began drive on
Lemberg August /. During the next
two weeks they continued to advance
and on August II were within twelve
miles of Warsaw. The Polish capital
seemed doomed. but on the 18th the
Poles launched a great counter-of-
fensive and drove the Bolsheviki back
in disorder Heartened by the crush
ing blow given the Russian forces,
the Poles rejected the Bolshevik peace
terms.
LIP *&s neantime. on August IL. the