The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1920-03-13
Shall Chaos or Reconstruction
in Europe Follow the Great
World War?
RUSSIA ALWAYS UNDER YOKE
Easy to Understand Why the Unhappy
People Have Turned to BoIshe-
vsm In Their Cropping for
Freedom.
Article XVI.
BY FRANK coMERFoRD..


The history of Russia begins with
legend. Nestor of Kiev, an old monk
ish chronicler, tells the story. Kiev is
the mother of Russian cities. In the
ninth century Slavs and Films lived in
tribal state in the forest region near
Lake linen, between Lake Ladoga and
the upper waters of the Dnieper river.
Bands of military Adventures from
the land of Rus, which is supposed to
have been a part of Sweden, eXacted
tribute from the tribes. In the year
$50 the tribes threw off the yoke Of
the Norsemen and drove them out of
the country. 1t was Russia's first revo-
luton, SO the old chronicler relates,
and it was successful. Freed from the
tyranny of the tribute takers the tribes
began to quarrel among themselves.
Their land was large and fertile. but
civil war destroyed order. Then as.
now, order was the first essential to
peace and happiness. 1t is told that
after three years of tribal war they
confessed their inability to manage
their own affairs and they sent mis-
sion to Rus to invite their old masters
to come and rule over them.
According to the legend, three broth
ers, princes of Rus, Rurik, Sineus and
Truvor, accepted the call and founded
a dynasty, from which many of the
Russian princes of the present day
claim descent.
While much discussion has been pro-
voked as to the identity of the war
riors from the land of Rus the found
ers of the Russian empire, it is gen
orally believed that they We're the
hardy Norsemen, who in the ninth cen
tnry roamed through various countries
of Europe. These rowing bands in
vaded and conquered territory and
lived as the dominant military caste
until they We're gradually absorbed by
the native population.
Novgorod First Capital.
Prince Rurik built his capital on the
banks Of the River Volkhov, which
with Lake linen formed part of the
great waterway connecting the Baltic
and Black seas. BY this route, the
tall, blonde NOrsemen, who composed
| the famous Varangian bodyguard of,
| the Byzantine emperors, Travelled from
Scandinavia to Constantinople Rus
sia's first capital was Novgorod.
These new rulers from the land of
| Rus brought with them the spirit of
| adventure of the Norsemen. They
| were not contented to rule the tribes
who had invited them. They set out
to conquer the surrounding country in
| all directions, and before two hundred
| years had passed they had invaded
| Byzantine territory, established them
| selves at Kiev, threatened CONSTANT
| nople with feet, secured as a consort
| for Vladimir l, one of their princes, a
| sister of the Byzantine emperor
| adopted Christianity for themselves
| and their subjects. learned to hold in
| check the nomadic hordes of the
| Steppe. and formed matrimonial al
liances with the reigning families of
Poland Hungary, Norway and France.
| They became a great power in eastern
| Europe.
They had great appetite for con-
| quest, but they lacked the power to
organize the territory they conquered.
| The political future of the new. state
| was destroyed when the princes OF the
| Rurik dynasty divided the state into a
| number of independent municipalities.
For a time these were weakly and
loosely held together by the patri-
archal authority of the senior mem
Der of the family, the grand prince,
who ruled in Kiev. Family quarrels
became frequent. These princes were
| strong men. They wanted power. They
strove to enlarge their territories at
the expense of their rivals The tradi-
tional authority of the grand prince
declined. Yaroslav the Great was the
last of the grand princes With his
death in 1864 family feuds multiplied
and disintegration set in During the
next ITO years, from 1854 to 1924,
Russia was split into over sixty prin-
cipalities. Disputes over the question
of succession led to eighty-three civil
wars.
Ruined by Internal Struggle.
| During these interminable struggles
Of rival princes Kiev, which had been
so long the residence of the grand
prince, was repeatedly taken by storm
and ruthlessly pillaged. Finally the
whole valley of the Dnieper fell prey
to the marching tribes of the steppe
| Thereupon Russian colonization and
| political influence retreated north
| ward, and from that time the contin-
| uous stream of Russian history is
| TO be sought in the land where the
| Vikings first settled, and in the adjoin.
'ng basin of the upper Volga. Here
new principalities were founded, some
Of them having a grand prince, who
no longer protested allegiance to Kiey
| Thus appeared the grand princes OF
| SuZdal, of Tver, of Ryazan and OF
Moscow-all irreconcilable rivals with
title or no feelings of blood relation
ship. The more ambitious and power
] full among them aspired not to sue