Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1920-01-08

foreground water is without merit, although
"forked-stick" artists from experience often are
better able to judge the probabilities of ground
water than the average person.
Various Kinds Of Wells.
Wells are spoken of as shallow or deep, dug,
bored, driven, or drilled, and in the case of tubu-
lar wells, nonfowing, flowing or artesan
Persons interested in the various types Of wells
and their construction, advantages, disadvantages
ETC., will find the subject treated in Farmers Bull
letin No. 941.
Wherever possible the farmhouse should be
fitted with some sort Of runnng-water system,
simple elaborate, according to the investment
the owner Is able to make For such systems
water may be raised by natural flow, hydraulic
rams, pumps, air lifts, air-dispacement pumps.
Hydraulic rams are the most economical water
lifting devices. Since rams Of various sizes and
makes perform differently, it usually is necessary
to accept the mechanical details determined by
the manufacturer The minimum, never more
than the average, flow of the spring should de-
termine the size Of the ram. Otherwise, the one
selected may be too large for the dry-weat Their
flow. Small flows may be determined by noting
the time required to fill vessel of known ca
pacity. Larger flows may be determined by weir
measurements.
When the water supply is far from the ram
site, it is usual to pipe the flow to open tank
reservoir located as to secure the desired
length and fall Of drive pipe. Sometimes the
flow of spring is too small to actuate ram that
is sufficient for domestic requirements. In such
instances and where nearby brook can be
damned to obtain the necessary power head, the
recoil of the may be employed to admit the
spring water. which is pumped by fall Of The
brook water to the pipe drive.
Motion of water produces friction, which In
creases with the length and roughness Of the
pipe and the rapdty of the waters movement
Hence, wherever much water is to be delivered
81 lone min or
to overcome friction should be determined. The
bulletin mentioned before (Farmers' Bulletin No.
941) contains a table which shows the friction
head; that u.s. the number of feet to be added TO
the vertical height for each 100 feet Of iron pipe
(not new to overcome friction when discharg-
ing given quantities of water.
Selection of Pump.
In the selection of pump one should derer-
mine the kind of well to be used, its inside di-
ameter, depth to the bottom the depth cased,
depth to the water level both when the pump ia
at rest and in operation, and the maximum
yield The maximum quantity Of water required
per day should be calculated also. One should
also determine the distance from the we'll to the
proposed location of the pump and the vertical
height between these points; likewise the dis
lance from the pump to the reservoir or tank and
the vertical height between these points The
kind Of power to be employed should be settled
upon also-hand power, windmill, gasoline or oil
engines or electric motors-and the method of
transmitting the power.
Farm pumps usually of the suction. lift,
force, deepwel type or some combination Of
these. Suction and lift pumps do not raise wa
ter above the pump nor discharge 1t under press
ure. Suction pumps require the cylinder 70 be
above the water level of the supply. If per-
feet vacuum could be created within the cylinder
water could be raised vertically by suction 1873
feet at sea level However the actual suction
lift is usually not than two-thirds of the
theoretical lift. Methods of making tight joints
are described in the bulletin referred to-
Horizontal suction pipes may extend long dis
tances, providing the friction loss plus the YER
teal height from the water level to pun p valve
does not exceed the limiting suction lift Where