davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1920-01-23
Gn original &rpllnpsifif.

Iprolerne CT fje,t0t for lin lejge
@cbho1oen al gomle tro6itionelle
Sfiffe. Hoo enfelte Ste6er fer fer
en6,1t cit e%jen6ommelig Gerelnori,
lrm hi / set fplgcnoc lfal hcifripe, %
ingen Wpr erfien6er 1iu 5p1,s Some
iom le9itim % retlnnsiiN 6erlferin0e
/ bons S11s, hnis fife oenle Gcrcn1o<
nj bar fl11loet Stco.
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ri00cre, bboraf sen enc brrcr Ell
I5pinoerof og SCI, onoen CIT 1epcnoe
|&pne C@rpllupshp11en") Soften
ifol ipmboliiere sen 1t1lge &bin6eS
Mrbei0sl ombco pg @pllen ber10cs
|Smtanfe, Srltgtbarbco % mooerliqe
|@jGrligbe0. Otter %fl1lobproct &iclic,
iar boi1fen @rl,oen pao bper Gi6c
|bor Ell rgift Ma11o, mems FUN Ser
|in1o6 otter &ielicn flonfcres al to
|oifte M9l10, begiper man fig til
8ru6gomme,ls Silent bpor, n1bcr
I6c S11oebnrel,6es SfjGn1t og 2pier,
l@orten ilaoes igjen for @ieiternes
N91er. Og tilt 116ipir16er Jig fpl=
ger6e foitclige 5amtolc mellem Sui
%9ermo6ercl1 inoenfor % Snigerbottc-
ren 1,benfor 9prcn:
@ba6 bil 6en hinge Yige ser
De6 Min Sers Eibc? }pprger Sen
@amle.
Seq te6er ON at foo i1ippc ino
Der / &lliet, iparcr ben l111ge.
= Me6 bba6 Mct og bpilfc gooe
Ggenifaber fan SIT %pooberaobe sig?
iperger Sen @a,nle borift, % SEN
l1nge flyer blp:
Seq be6er, Hip Mig burtig in6!
Seq fommer ion sim fiare 11,ec
Gyms 91,itru. Sc 9Docr, bn fororcr.
e1er ieg 10, for Set fprlte Eroifab MOI
min 6erre % Mian0, % for oct o1=
oct &jGr1igbeb til bans GorpIbre OF
ggifcn6e, for Set treble @a16fr1gtiq,
he6. 90 Di0ere fon jeg role mig al
&usligbe6, Spariomn1eltgbeo, Mc11-
1igbe6, 6or6rogeligbco og CIT Meffe
Gn6re 9p6er!
.9h1 fprit er eSsicn br11ot. Deren lift
.fes op, og Gpinocrof lom &pne, beg
&c oe aarbun6re0gamle n%gteifabeliga
.Sin6bille6er, mootoges meo @l96e,
bporefter set m1ntre 8rpl[11psmaoI-
tbs tager iin 8egpnoelie for at efter-
felges at Cans. Den unge sSr11e n1oo
.efter E11r 6anie mcb> ollc SC mono-
.lige @jplter.
.Ge6bet fra cit Operation. "5pnoa-
gen efter Sui blep n1i11 Man6 p1ub-
1elig iDg og beib!mebe," lfrtber 6r1t
Bertha 2orion fra 2omonb, Mlta.
"9a ban Tom til @ept6ibeo, fit leg
ham til at toge en gfeful6 al. Dr.
FderS @urifo. S 2pbet nf eli 81
me tog ban fire Doier. @ Dor en-
Wdl fra nermeite Mabp, og jea
maotte Lobe 6eroner for at faa 11oge1l
til at bente Doftorer. Ga 6ennc
tom, por min @a11b rolf. 9oftoren
iog6e, bet Dar set fgrIte Snmptom
.&paa 8olpulus GiIltopning eller
5armlpng), % at Mfe6iciren bapoe
Ire6bet BAN fro Ell Sperotion." Or
fart1lger Tom 6enne bar giort, at Nr,
@eters a11rifo er blepet set melt
fopalGre <smio6el. Mpotefere for
,banoler ben life; ben ialges Inn
'9je1lnem 2ofoI Mgenter. sfrip ON
;r,Gru1ere Dplpsning til Or. Heter
+Sabrl,ep & gong So, 25Ot Sob.
Ii1gton @lb6., Chicago, ST..
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1920-01-23

8vighed1gryn og Tetem1lk. Som
- sund. behagelig OF billig Dirk
- MANA Or OF ''Tetem@lk" uden
Fstvl bedst for almindelig Brux.
u sender Ev1ghedsgryn eller Star
ter Tor Tetemselk med Brugsanvis-
11nE, portofrit for SOC. Ostel1be
tzonnet). Soc; Ostefarve, 500;
1nbrfarve, 6Oc.
ceaato Supply Co.. Deer Park. VIA.
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1920-01-23
Folkudgave,
udgivet we'd Erik B6gh.

Bind I 1ndeholder Musk og Text til:
Nej. ~ 1ntrigerne Fastelavns-
gildet -Abekatten - At Asker og
1lden - Capriciosa - Eventyr paa
Fodrejsen - Et enfoldigt Pigebarn
- De Danske i Paris = En- Komedie
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1920-01-23

. 9a11ia, mas bliibt bel ociren
Manle11
mir 8a1lg un6 8ulcn burcb?
Sal Gs lit 9G,tenltpl5! @s lit Sic
2iebe
git sir ,t1ct1l @oterlo1o.
SEQ Gragerfreoens &ar. 5 blep
iom befienot al &re1sicn 2eftet gi-
bet ON Iilbogcpenben til Donmarf
LAT SC Diitrifter / Slesbig, Ser ptrc=
6e 9nife berom, og @alget / 1867
blcp al alfe 9i6cr opfottet Tom Sen
|Tespigife @efoIfnings Spar berpaa.
SEQ bette @alg braate G1enSbore set
melt ilauenbe 8epis for lit CODE
6anife 5tn6elag, i0et Bpen efter tre
Nars prc1lSfif 6errc0gmme, efter
|6or6ripelie al 6e oal1lfe og SSnopan-
bring at mango %pre1siiife Gmbe6s-
mRn6 gap ct obfoIut bnnif 61erta1.
|slensborg Dor 1864 en- 8p paa ca.
10000 Snbb. men efterboanoen ION
Sen l16nifleoe fig % oanifitn6eoe no
panbreoe, liaoiom iua mango at De-
reg aalnpfallcr i Noroilesbig gior-
sc BET bisie Mnr, me6ens Be eritat.
tcoes al SS,1oponoring Spoira, iponot
bct 6o,1ife GtemmetaI mo, bportil
ielpfslaelie ogiao i116pirfebe BET boar.
De Erpf ! national 9enleen6c, Der
lagbes pua 8ben ira, preusiif 5ibc,
@n0nu oa fent Ion 1881 Ipfffeoes
het bog at pp11aa banff s6SllertoI peo
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1920-06-17
IN SORRY PLIGHT.

Bent upon having Congress take a
summer vacation, despite the large
number of vexing poblems that are
still unsolved, Republican, leaders
in Congress are fighting, one an
other, and on the eve of their nat
ional convention find themselves in
an unenviable predicament.
With insurgency rampant in both
houses, the party leaders don't know
which way to turn. In the Senate,
progressive Republicans are in revolt
because of the steering COM
mittee's' refusal to give place on its
calendar to the bill for control of the
packing house industry and other
progressive legislation, while over in
the House 'Uncle Joe" Cannon,
former Floor Leader Mann and other
of the odd Guard are in revolt
against the Ways and Means Com
mittee's soldier cash bonus proposal.
Driving the elephant two ways
at the same time is a job not even
the G. O. P. ringmasters can do;
The party leaders have maneuvereu
themselves into a predicament.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1920-06-17
ECONOMY CLAIM is FALSE.

Economy claims advanced by
Republican leaders in the House,
where Representative Mondell and
others assert that the majority party
! has through policy OF retrenchment
saved the taxpayers billion ana a
half dollars, are based on false
premises and their Figures are arrived
at by tricky methods.
The appearance OF retrenchment IS
offered by claiming that cutting ap-,
preparations under departmental
estimates is a saving, which Demo-
Gratis declare is an utterly transparent
and fraudulent device. Automatic
reductions in expenditures by reason
of the termination of the war are al
so claimed to be a Republican savin g,
but the trickiest method resorted, to
by these party leaders is to reduce
appropriations for the ensuing fiscal
year below amounts actually neces-
sary in order that the various Fed
eraal bureaus may function, then
make up in deficiency bills after the
election, as we'll as the practice OF
|concealing large sums OF money by
merely authorizing departments to
eSpend uneXpended balances as we'll
as amounts that accrue to various
, without requiring them to be paid
into the Federal treasury and then
appropriated in the regular way.
| By this process, hundreds OF millions
| of dollars authorized to be expended
Iby Congress do not appear in the
Appropriation at all.
BY such manipulation of figures
| do Representative MOndell and his
colleagues attempt to make a show
| of economy, whereas an honest COM
|parison actually shows that this Con-
gress has increased the amounts car
Tried in the annual appropriation bills
over those of the last Democratic
| Congress.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1920-06-17
Iu6pa H X Evans this week told

Judge H. X. Evans this week told
a representative of this paper OF a
farmer down in their section who
sold his farm and invested $4,000
in a packing house enterprise, but
he managed to get out of the pay
ment Of most Of it. This party
made the investment because a
prominent banker accompanied the
salesman to call on him. \ man
who will hook up with this kind OF
an outfit ought to be shot on the
spot. This farmer said he was not
acquainted with stock buying and
would not have invested had not this
supposed friend been along. This
stock selling and membership solicit
ing by designing parties Is settlns
Corning FreePress.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1920-06-17

Secretary Colby having advised
the House Republicans that he knows
Of no reason relating to the country's
foreign relations why they should not
take "any action which is dictated
by good judgment" in respect to the
Irish resolution, on which lengthy
hearings were held and loud ex-
pressions of love for Ireland were
voiced, there seems to be no reason
why they should not 60 ahead and
prove their good faith, else confess
that they were merely angling for the
Irish vote.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1920-06-17
Notice of Probating Will.
To all whom it may concern:

IS To all whom it may concern:
You are hereby notified that there
is now on file in the office Of the
Clerk of the District Court, of Iowa,
III and for Decatur County, an in
strument in writing, purporting to
be the Last Will and Testament OF
y. F. Crees, late of said county, de.
ceased, and that 9 O'Clock q. M, OF
the 9Th day Of July, 1872 !, ~! ha' 4Hsn
at which time you can appear at the
court house in said county and show
cause, il any there be. why said Will
should not be admitted to probate.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF l have
|hereunto set my hand and affixed
the seal of said court at Leon, Iowa,
this 9th day Of Nay, 1920:
Ira y. Officer,
4s.3t Clerk Of the District Court.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1920-06-17
had CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
FOR TWENTY SIX YEARS
NOW we'll AND HAPPY
THIS Is WORTH READING

THIS IS WORTH READING
The experience of Mr.. E. J. Tou-
palik, 1438 Rose street, Lacrosse,
Wisconsin, is chiefly remarkable
on account of the length of time
he was afflicted.
He writes: II have been suf-
fering with chronic bronchitis for
twenty-six years and every winter
I would catch cold and become SO
hoarse I could not speak for. six or
eight weeks. I could get only tenn
porary relief.
"This winter was taken with
Grip and was in awful shape. A
fellow workman advised me to take
PE-RU-NA. By the time I had
used three-fourths Of bottle, the
hoarseness was gone, also that
tired feeling. I am ON my second
bottle. Hereafter PERU-NA will
be constantly in my house. II is
the best medicine ever put up for
the purpose"
For any disease due to catarrh
or catarrhal conditions, PE-RU-NA
is equally dependable. Coughs;
colds, catarrh Of the head, stomach
trouble, constipation, rheumatism,
pains in the back, side and loins,
bloating, belching gas, indigestion,
catarrh of the large and small IN
testines, are some of the troubles
for which PE-RU-NA is especially
recommended.
PE.RU-NA can be purchased
anywhere in either tablet or liquid
form.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1920-06-17
Notice OF appointment of Execute

Notice OF appointment OF Executor.
In the District Court Of the State
Of Iowa, in and or Decatur county.
In Probate.
In the matter Of the estate of w.
H. Young, Sr., deceased.
To whom it may concern:
Notice is hereby given that the
undersigned has been appointed and
has qualified as executor of the
estate Of w. H. Young ST., late OF
Decatur county, Iowa, deceased. All
persons in any manner indebted to
said deceased or his estate will
make payment to the undersigned;
and those having claims against
said deceased or his estate will pre-
sent them in manner and form as by
law required, for allowance and pay
ment.
Dated this Sth day Of June A. D.
1920.
w. C. Young,
44-3t Executor of said estate
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1920-06-17

From high republican authority.
The Washington Post, the following
confession of the complete failure OF
the present republican congress is
taken: eff adjournment is taken IN
June, the republican party will have
to go into the presidential campaign
confronted by the necessity of dodg-
Inc or apologizing for the sorriest
record ever made by any congress in
recent years..
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1920-06-17

The way the Cop delegates at Chi
cago enthused over the Star Spang-
Chicago enthused over he Star Spang-
led Banner would lead an outsider
to unwittingly think that all OF tine
patriotism Of the country rested in
the bosoms of those gopss-Who
showed their "patriotism" by as
sassinating the peace covenant and
League of Nations. Oh consistency!
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1920-06-17

1t may not be out of order to in
ouire if republican leaders in con-
gress calculate that pruning .appopria-
lions to stimulate agriculture, there
by curtaling production, will tend
to reduce the cost of living?
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1920-06-17

If required Senator Lodge who
talked one way in 1916 and the other
in hour and
eighteen minutes to deliver that
ascratching denunciation" of Presi-
dent Wilson at the Chicago slaugh-
ter Tuesday-and then when through,
he had really said nothing.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1920-06-17

Since his sentence is not yet opera
tive, and he is still distinguished
member of the senate, 1T is as
be among those present. at Chicago.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1920-06-17

With one candidate for the pres
idency in prison for ten years and
one republican member Of the senate
under sentence to the penitentiary, it
begins to look as if politics is making
an effort to put premium on crime.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1920-06-17

Advertising Rates.
Display Advertising, special Sec
vice per inch ..... ...... 25l
Reading notices, first insertion
per line 80. 80. :. loo
Subsequent insertions per line. Csc
ards Of Thanks, cash with
se sopy Of RESPECT ' 800
1hu"ch, school and society no.
tees, where admission or en-
tertainment fee is charged
per line -. -. %. 80. .. 1Vc
We are glad to publish. any and
Ill church or society notices, but
please don't confound news notices
With advertising locals. Correspon-
said notices with their items unless
.ney are authorized and paid for, and
e possible remittance for same
should accompany the notice
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1920-06-17

Those Chicago hotel men took
What little the gop delegates had
! left after paying their railroad fare.
The eXtortion practiced was simply
past comprehension.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1920-06-17

"If some minis religion wuz like
their politics they'd be headed FIR
heaven wan year and f'r hell tn
next. Jack Dalton.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1920-06-17

Imported November 1915 by Tru-
mans Pioneer Stud Farm. Bush
nell, Ill. Bred by Thomas Gee, Wry-
delans, Thorney, Peterborough, Eng
land.
Color black, white face and lips.
both fore legs and off hind leg white,
white spot under belly. Foaled IN
1915.
Sire Victor Emmanuel II (23S28)
out of Birdsall Beauty (5s31s)., !.
Wrydelands Drayman won first at
the International Exposition in 191 6
in the largest class of yearling colts
ever shown there, beating the Illi-
nois State Fair Champion of 1916
land 1917, and the International Flu
turity winning colt standing third in
that class. He has alse been shown
at the Iowa, Illinois and Illinois
Indiana Fairs with great success.
Will make the season of 1920 at
the farm 3 miles west Of Woodland
and : miles southeast of Leon.
TERMS-$12.5O to insup living
colt. Mare and colt will be held
for service fee. Money becomes due
| if mare is sold or removed from the
neighborhood. In no instance IL
mare is sold or traded, will service
fee be allowed to follow mare. !
will take the best of care to prevent
accidents, but will not be responsible
should any occur.
- n 0>-A- n. ~A -
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1920-06-17

How do you like that Chicago
choice? Speak right out.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1920-06-17

You are a stakeholder in Americ;
to keep our stock above par
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1920-06-17

Real Americans put patriotism
above politics.
Charlevoix county herald., 1920-10-29
TUMBLE OF FIGURES
ALLEGED TO SHOW
STATE EXPENSES
BLUNDER OF OVER TEN MILLION
DOLLARS INVOLVED IN ITEM
OF PECULIAR COMPILATION
AMUSING SERIES OF ERRORS
This Fraudulent Statement Evidently
Intended to Assist Ferris
For Governor

One incident of the present state
| campaign that would be amusing to
persons possessed of the facts, If 1t
were not Immediately capable of Gre
ating widespread deception, is state.
ment signed by c. Kent Jake way, of
Kent county, purporting to show state
expenditures for 1920 that reach the
surprising total of $39,9S1,5S9
This Jakeway statement makes 1t
very evident that the person respons.
IDLE for the compilation was totally
ignorant of bookkeeping procedure or
is guilty of malicious attempt to per-
petrate fraud.
The alleged total OF $39,9S1, $3.50 of
state expenditures for 1920 is actually
a total of the cash handled on state
account during that year and of cash
expended.
In one instance an item of $3.50, 900
actually expend I'd was made to appear
as a state expenditure of 99,75S.S6.
This was done through including the
totals of all debts and credits appear
ing on the books with reference to the
fund involved.
Another and more glaring series of
errors provided either through malice
or ignorance, makes an increase of
$10,660,317.53 over the amount actu-
ally expended. Correction of this one
item would take mere than $4,000, 900
from the Jakeway $50, 9S1, $4,000 state
ment.
The error referred to was created
through twice charging amounts Dor
rowed on behalf of the State High
way department; through more than
twice including the several entries of
revolving fund through charging as
expenditures credits to counties on
work account, paid out and paid in
several times; and finally through
charging to state expenditure account
money received from the federal gov
eminent and paid to the townships in
accordance with the laws for high
way improvements.
The foregoing statements will give
to even the casual reader an under
standing as to the worthless jumbo
of figures out of which the charge of
$39,9S1,5S9, as the total Of state ex-
penditures for 1920 are based. The
actual total is more than twelve mil
lion dollars less than the Jakeway
statement makes it.
If Mr.. Ferris intends to make any
use of state expenditures as an issue
in behalf of his campaign for COVER
nor he will need to secure the serv-
ices of some one familiar at least with
the primary principles of bookkeep-
ing in order 10 provide figures that he
will not later be required to withdraw
anC disown.
Charlevoix county herald., 1920-10-29
WILSON NOW ASKS
ANOTHER VERDICT
FOR WHOLE WORLD
HE WILL GET q MORE IMPRESS
SIvE ANSWER THAN GIVEN
HIM TWO YEARS AGO

President Wilson concluded his re-
cent appeal in behalf of the League of
Nations covenant with this statement:
"The whole worIe will wait for
your verdict in November as II
would wait for an intimation of
what its future Is to be-"
1t will be recalled that just two
years ago this month President Will
son addressed a somewhat similar
appeal to the American people. In
that challenge of two years ago Pres
ident Wilson included this statement:
"If you have approved of my
leadership and wish me to con-
tinue to be your spokesman in
affairs at home and abroad, !
earnestly beg that you will ex-
press yourselves to that effect by
returning a Democratic majority
to both the Senate and the House
of Representatives am your
servant and will accept your judg-
ment without caviI. II it is your
wish to sustain me with undivided
minds, ! bee you will say so in
way which il will not be possible
to misunderstood"
And the answer 20 this partisan ap-
peal was given in Republican vic
tory so widespread and so complete
as to be quite impossible of mistake
or misinterpretation.
And yet within thirteen days after
this selection Mr.. Wilson made the
amazing statement that he was going
to Paris in order to personally inter
pref his fourteen points.
1t was after he had received a de-
cided negative answer from the Amer
lean people that he proceeded to make
promises and pledges to the diplomats
of other nations. Promises and pledges
that he had no constitutional right to
make, and not the slightest authority
to proclaim.
And now afte" his contemptuous dis
regard of the verdict he deliberately
asked for two years ago, Mr. Wilson
issues this theatric statement:
1.-THE whole world will wait for
your verdict in November as ii
would wait for an intimation of
what its future is to be-"
Well, the whole world will get the
verdict in November and it will be
very much more of bump than was
given to his Autocratic Highness two
years ago.
Charlevoix county herald., 1920-10-29
FURTHER TROUBLE
CAUSED BY LEAGUE
NO HELP TO PEACE
IMMEDIATE FACTS GIVE FULL DE-
NAL TO CLAIMS MADE BY
FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT.
WEAK NATION is C0ERCED
Blood Battles in Progress Between
Countries Alleged to Be
Enjoying Peace

In his speech at Grand Rapids a few
days ago Franklin d. Roosevelt, the
Democratic candidate for Vice Presi-
dent declared that the League of Ma
tions was actually accomplishing
things. POLAND and Lithuania have
accepted the good Offices of the
League" the Democratic candidate de-
clared and Sweden and Finland had
agreed to let the League council settle
their dispute. This is a pretty good
record for the so-called Fraud" de-
clared Mr.. Roosevelt.
But the facts in the case entirely
dispose of the claims made by the
Democratic Roosevelt.
On the very day and at the very
hour that he was jubilant over an
alleged accomplishment by the League
of Nations the Lithuanians and the
Poles were engaged in bloody conflict
"One of the bloodiest battles in the
series OF wars now on in Europe"
both suffering heavy losses the dis
patches say.
And the Democratic candidate for
Vice President could have further ex-
planned that Finland was compelled to
submit its controversy with Sweden
to the League of Nations. Finland in
sisted that the Aland Islands had been
a part of that country for a period
of time so extended as to make Swed-
ems claim wholly unjust.
1t was also protested by Finland
that the question was domestic prob
lem and not one that the League of
Nations should have any jurisdiction
over. But because Finland was weak
and helpless the League of Nations
officials arbitrarily asserted authority
over the question and compelled it's
submission.
And these are the two victories"
of the League of Nations so conf
IDENTIFY boosted of by Franklin Roose-
welt on the occasion of his speech at
Grand Rapids, few days ago.
Charlevoix county herald., 1920-10-29
CAMPAIGN ISSUES
REPRESENTED BY
Sen. TOWNSEND
e. CouENT DEFENSE OF POSITION
OF REPUBLICAN PARTY IN
PRESENT GREAT CONTEST
LEAGUE OF NATIONS A MENACE
Condensed Review Of Key Note Speech
by Mlchigan's Senior Senator at
Republican State Convention

One Of the strongest and best pre-
sensations of the issues involved In the
presidential campaign thus far ex-
pressed in this state were included In
the address of Senator Chas. e. Towns
end before the Republican State Con-
vention at Saginaw.
Never in the history of this Re-
public" said Senator Townsend, did
a more serious or more important
duty rest upon it's citizens than the
one involved in the present national
campaign. l say this after an ex-
perience with events such as this gov
eminent has never before known.
"The Constitution of the United
States contemplates that peace with a
warning nation shall be formally Sc