Cleveland County herald., 1920-01-01
Foreign Affairs.

While the treaty was being negoti- ated conditions remained very un- settled not only in the territory which had been inclnded in the four defeated nations but throughout Europe Rus sia continued in state of turmoil throughout the year. Although the bolshevist government under the direc- ton of Lenin and Trotzky maintained its control over a large part of the former empire ii was hemmed in on all sides by opposing groups which attacked it with varying success. The newly constituted nation of Poland was beset for a time on all sides. but it, too, succeeded in weatherng the storm and had established a stable government before many months had passed.
 Failure to reach settlement of the Plume question continually threatened an armed conflict between the Italians and the new Jugo-Slav state. Serious conditions existed in Hungary both be- cause of internal disorders and be- cause of clashes with ROumauia and with the new Czech government.
 In Germany a split among the Ger man socialist leaders resulted on Janu- ary ' in serious street fighting. The government was seriously threatened, but on January 9 its troops in Berlin were re-enforced and regained control of the situation. On January Is Df. Carl Liebknecht, leader of the Spar tacans or antigovernment faction. was killed while attempting to escape after arrest in Berlin. His companion Rosa LuXemburg. long known as radical leader both in Germany and Russia, was killed by a mob. Disorders in Germany were suppressed and on Jan uary 19 the people elected national assembly, the majority socialists led by Chancellor Ebert retaining control. The assembly met a Weimar on Janu- ary 6 and on February II elected Chancellor Ebert as first president of the German republic. after adopting provisional constitution. In Poland opposing factions reached an agree ment on January r whereby Ignace Jan Paderewsl1i became premier, with General Pilsudski as foreign minister and NJ. Demoski as president.
 Opposition to Japanese control had been developing rapidly in Korea and on March 12 Korean nationalsts is sued a declaration of independence, declaring themselves ready to fight to the last drop of blood. Serious disor- ders also were reported in Egypt in support of the nationalist demand for autonomy and on March 9 the Brit ish secretary for war, Mir Churchill, admitted that the whole of Egypt was virtually in a state of instruction.
 On March 16 a new Germano-Austrian government was established at Vienna with Doctor Renner as chancellor. Count Karolyi had been made presi- dent of the new Hungarian republic on January II. but on March 9 he was forced to resign and there was consti- tuted new government which pro claimed a dictatorship of the prele- tariat and an alliance with the Rus sian soviet government.
 A ministerial crisis arose in Italy as q result of the governments policy in connection with the peace conference. As result the ministry of Premier Orlando was unexpectedly over thrown on June 19 and two days later Francesca Nitti, former minister of finance. became premier of Italy. At the same time the German cabinet re signed because of the determination of Chancellor Scheidemann not to recog- nize the peace terms offered by the allies. Gustav Adolph Bauer former minister of labor, was appointed chan cellor by President Ebert and formed a new cabinet A clash between the aew German government and the allies was threatened on June 2l when the German fleet which had been informed in British waters under the armiStice was scuttied by German crews, twenty battleships and cruisers being sunk.
 On August I Bela Kun, who for four or five months had been dictator in Hungary, was compelled to retire when