davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-31
BY the Associated Press.

~ ehe Associated Press.
NEW YORK, December 31.-New
Year day isn't what It used to be.
This is in small way attributable
to the addition to the Constitution
Of some dry reading matter. In still
greater part IL is because the inter-
national obsession for celebrating
whenever Father Time takes q fresh
start In plotting the earth around the
sun is thousands of years old. The
manner of observing the day has
changed greatly through the oen-
turtles.
The urge to give presents at least
once year was felt even before
Christmas and Santa Claus came into
Greeks, Chinese, Egyptians and Ro-
mans rendered their gifts to one an
other on the first day Of the year.
Kings got into the habit of receiving
extra gifts from their subjects on
these days, and liked it so we'll they
sums. This practice got SO bad In
Rome under the Caesars that Claudius
called a halt.
1t spread to other countries. how
ever, and the English had their New
Year celebration spoiled annually
by rapacious sovereigns until Queen
Elixabeth's modest demands Of her
subjects cut gifts down to q mini
mum. In those days the celebration
Of New Years day had become world
wide. With variations to suit ell
nationalities, 1t consisted everywhere
Of eating, drinking and motley mer.
riment.
Columhus' Celebration.
Christopher Columbus, go far as IL
known. was the first white man to
jubilate on New Year day in the
western hemisphere. While his ships
were undergoing repairs on January
1. 1893. he enjoyed q sumptuous din
ner with two savage monarchs on the
island of Haiti. After this meal, his
tory says. the discoverer of America
had his first smoke Of tobacco.
Whether he enjoyed it is not recorded.
but he left it to a later. generation.
Sir Walter Raleigh is generally
credited with the function, to in
troduce tobacco in Europe.
The pilgrim fathers and the first
families Of the older states Of the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-31
MANY AIRPLANES
AND SEAPLANES
TO DEFEND JAPAN

TOXIC. December 31.-The navy
department has prepared a scheme
Tor aerial defense. according to
which. by March next, the Yoko-
suka naval port will have SO sea-
planes, II balloons. II airplanes
ana 70 training airplanes. Forty
seap!anes will be based at Kure.
50 at Sasebo and 100 at Mairur,f.
Arrangements are also being made
70 carry one or two airplanes on
each warship attached to the bat
tie fleet. National airplans work
shops are being established near
hiroshima and q large training aero
orome will be located at Lake
kasumiSaura, a large inland
lagoon about thirty miles from
Toxic. Training will commence
here when the naval instructors
from England arrive next spring.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-31
JOINT BUYING Plan
FOR DEPARTMENTS
Chief Clerks. Proposal Made
to Frelinghuysen as
Economy Measure.

An outline Of the proposed plan fol
consolidation OF the several pur'
cha sing and distributing agencies OF
the government in Washington. al
has been suggested by several OF the
chief clerks of the government de-
paptments, was transmitted to Sen
ator FrelinEhuysen today by b. j
Ayers. chief clerk Of the Interior De-
partment.
Such consolidation has been the aim
Of Mr.. Ayers for many years. ana ne
has worked INCREASINGLY toward the
end that government purchasing ano
distributing Of supplies for the ten
departments in Washington, amount
ing to millions of dollars Annually
may be brought together under one
head.
Iesi.l.tien to BE Considered.
Proposed legislation authorizin:
such consolidation will come up in
connection with the plan for reor-
ganization Of tho federal departments
It is understood Mr.. Ayers plan fol-
lows closely in a general way the
bill introduced by Representative Wiil
r. wood Of Indiana, which is await
ing action in the House. senator
Frelinghuysen has indicated MS IN
terest in the consolidation proposal
and will probably proceed along tne
lines suggested by Mr.. Ayers in MS
letter to him today.
Mercer of all the purchasing ana
distributing agencies of the govern
ment in Washington will mean
saving Of millions of dollars year:
It is believed. On q relatively smali
scale in comparison with the larger
proposal, the government 10 now pur-
chasing and hauling coal through q
medium Of its own--the government
fuel ysrd--organized by Mr.. Ayers.
Saved Cost Of Trucks.
The plan has worked admirably
ana has resulted in q saving OF many
thousands OF dollars to the govern
ment departments and to the District
eoyernment Cost of purchasing
About thirty large trucks for hauling
coal has even been betrayed by the
money saved within a short time by
central purchase and storage Of coal.
The plan for purchase of all sup
plies in addition to coal will neces-
sarily be more intricate and vastly
larger than purchase and distribution
Of coal alone. but is expected to
work out with the same economical
features that have attended estab.
Iishment Of the government fuel yard.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-31
SEVEN NEW YEAR CELEBR ATIONS
BY SAME PERSON ARE POSSIBLE
Geographic Society Bulletin Shows Wide
Variations Among Worlds
Calendars.

The American is apt to regard his
New Year as the New Year. Had
he a penchant for celebrating holi-
days, he could travel in q more or
less leisurely way around the world,
and in the course Of the year could
participate in six or seven New Year
festivities, adding a couple OF Christ
mas celebrations for good measure,
according to a bulletin from the head
quarters Of the National Geographic
Society.
Our American might start his pro-
gressive holiday jaunt by going to
the approaching New Year. which the
United States. too, will celebrate. He
could then travel to Greece, Jugo-
slavia. Rumania or Bulgaria In time
for Christmas in those countries.
Christmas il also December Is In the
countries named. according to their
calendars, but corresponds to January
in America.
Five-Day New Year Period.
"By remaining week In the same
country, he could also spend New
Year day, called January I. but cor
responding with the American and
western European January "A. By
pushing on and making good con-
neEtions, he might be able to reach
Singapore, or BY supplementinE steam
ers with airplAnes, could reach China
itself to take part In the most thor
oughgoing New Year celebration in
which win be observed IN 1921 for the
I'VE days from about February 8 to Is.
AFTER the Chinese New Year cele-
brstion the traveller could pursue his
holiday hunting less strenuously for
. while. He could arrange to arrive
in Siam in time for the Siameso New
Tear on April I, and afterward could
have i've months Of sightseeing be-
fore reaching Arabia for the Mo-
hammedan New Year, on September 4.
He could then cross the Red sea and
make a quick journey into Abyssinia
10 take part in the New Year festivi-
ties of that country, on September -.
Returning to the Red sea and taking
. steamer north. he could easily reach
Jerusalem in good time for the He
brew New Year October 3.
have taken part in all the principal
New Year celebrations Of the world
and could return to the western hem
isphere to spend the Christmas with
which he is most familiar At his own
hearthside. In six days less than
a year he would have chalked up
seven New Year and two Christmas
celebrations to his credit.
Worla,s Cale8daTn h TAnxle.
The worlds multiciplicity Of New
Year days and Christmastides 10 due
to the fact that our calendar il large
ly an arbitrary device. The earth
rsvolves around the sun in 36s.2422
days, which makes the true year a
very odd measure Of time. And 1t is
almost as dificult to choose q logi-
cal beginning for the year as it is
to md the starting point Of = circle.
Different peoples have selected diff
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-31

| ferent starting points and have also
assumed the year to be of slightly
different lengths. This has not only
resulted in the years beginning at
different times, but has also caused
the times of beginning to vary in
their relations to one another from
year to year. 1t 10 as though a clock
had half a dozen or more hands all
moving around the dial from different
starting points. at different speeds.
'"rhe most logical starting points
for the year would seem to be sum-
mer and winter solstices and the
spring and autumnal equinoxes; and
all Of them have been made to mark
the beginnings Of the years in some
parts of the world. The Gregorian
calendar. that Is now in use in the
United States and throughout most
Of the Christian world. is the Julian
calendar slightly modified. When Ju-
Illus Caesar caused IL to be construct.
ed. the beginning Of the year, January
l. was placed seven days after the
winter solstice, and not in conjunction
with it as logic would seem to die.
tate. The Julian year was made, by
means Of the leap year device. 3e5 25
days long, which was an excess over
the true year Of eleven minutes and
fourteen seconds. This excess caused
the nominal January to creep grad
ually farther and farther beyond the
winter solstice. SO that by the time Of
was eleven days beyond the solstice
instead Of seven.
New Yea1 Day Nearer Summer.
- the time Of Pope Gre0~ry's cor
rection in 1882. January wus twenty.
one days beyond the solSslce and
Christmas fourteen beyond. If the
calendar had remained uncorrected,
New Year day would have gone on
creeping forward. first into spring,
then into summer. and finally COM
pletely around the year.
when the correction was made the
calendar was turned back not to it's
original position in the time Of Julius
Caesar, but to its place at the time
of the Council Of Nice December Is,
which became Christmas then fell four
Of coinciding with it az Julius Caesar
intended; while New Year day WAS
eleven days beyond the solstice. instead
Of Caesars almost equally arbitrary
seven.
The calendar is now kept practically
pedient Of failing to add the extra leap
year day three times in the course Of
400 yearS-on the century years not di.
visible by 400. Tho remaining error 10
80 slight that it would amount to little
more than = day In 100000 yeaU.
Greeks Stick 70 OLA Calendar.
'In the meantime. the countries in
which tho Greek Church Is dominant
have refused to accept the Gresorian
corrections and continue to use the old
style or Julian calendar. The difference,
which was ten days in 1882, has now in
creased to thirteen days
Soviet Russia has ofiicialiy adopted
the Gresorian calendar for civil pur-
poses and the same step has been taken
by NEST Of the baltic states, made up
Of territory Of the former Russian en-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-31

pire. The Grsgorian or new style cal
endar also Is coming into moro general
use in Asia, due to the commercial pene-
tration Of western countries. As . re-
suit Of the great war. directly or in
directly, the world is now closer than
at any time In its history to having q
single, automatically correct system OF
measuring time"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-31
MAKES LINOTYPE RECORD
Operator Sets sc, sse GEMS" in Six
Hours.

SUMTER. s. c., December SIP.
Frank Haddon. linotype operator on
the Sumter Item. made what IL be-
Iieved here to be q world record in
setting type on linotype machine.
In six hours he set case "ems," using
seven-point on an eiEht-potnt slug
and . thirteen-em measure.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1920-12-31

In 1870 1t was considered "unfemi-
nine" to spell correctly and the battle
for higher education Of women was
not won until the Sos, when their
college education and entrance to
medical schools could no longer be
resisted.
Arizona republican., 1920-07-31
HUSBAND Is CHARGED
 WITH DEATH IF WIFE
TRepublIcan A. p. Leased Wire1

SALT LAKE CITY, July 30-Chris- tian Jiron and Mrs. Eutimio Duran were killed at Thomas, Utah, a sta- tion on the Denver and Rio Grande railway not far from the Colorado state line early today, according to a spe- cial dispatch to the Desert News here and the woman's husband was arrest ed, charged with the killing
 According to witnesses, Duran had been hanging around the railway sta- ton several days and when Jiron and Mrs. Duran got off the train this morning. opened fire with a rifle Jiron was wounded, witnesses said. Duran then walked up to him and fired q second bullet through his head
 Duran followed his wife to their home and to daughters house The daughter told the police she tried to wrest the rifle from her fathers hands Mrs. Duran was shot three times. Du- ran surrendered voluntarily after the affair. All three are thought to have lived at Grand Junction. Colo, at one time.
Arizona republican., 1920-07-31
ARM|ST|CE LIMITATIONS FUR RUSSIANS
 ARE SET FORTH BY ENGLAND AND FRANCE

tion, it develops that vast stocks of munitions from the allies are moving toward Warsaw today from Danzis, on the Baltic, and from Rumania and Czecho- Slovakia. These munitions are for the most part those dispatched originally for the army of General Denekine, but which were delayed on the way until too late to be available tor his use. The munitions being sent from Danzig. however. were shipped recently for the especial use of Poland. Other munitions are expected to be in process of shipment from France and Great Britain for Poland within a few days
 Hungary has asked permission of Great Britain and France to attack the soviet army. such an attack would in NolNe permission. likewise. TO reOrgan- ize the Hungarian army. the demobili- zation of which was provided for by the Hungarian peace treaty
 The allies are hesitatinE over Hun gary's request according to a high French official because the. fear thar America would expect too many con- centrauons in the terms of the treaty , by way of amelioration.
Arizona republican., 1920-07-31
Republican A. p. Leased Wirel

LONDON. July 3O-That the tri- umph of proletariat involves a bloody revolution, that to achieve it in Great Britain, the workers must prepare for civil war and that the day is coming when communism, sweeping through Europe and enlisting the eastern na- tions in the movement would meet Great Britain and America in mortal conflict are outstanding points i'll & long communication to the British inde- pendent labor party from the third in- ternationals at Moscow, quoted by the London Times.
 The communication was made in re- ply to twelve questions sent to the Mos COW internationals by the independent labor party. One of these questions was: How does communism differ from other forms of soc.alism?" To this the following reply was made: There are no other forms. There is only communism. Wha tever else goes under the name of Socialism is ettr CT wilful deception by the lackeys of the bourgeoise or self delusion by persons who hesitate to choose between the pro letariat and the bcurgeoise.''
 Another answer reads in part: Tt is most unlikely the bourgeoise wiz, sur
Arizona republican., 1920-07-31
THIRD |N|TERNAT|O T|ONALE SAYS COMMUNISM
 WILL SWEEP GREAT BRITAIN AND AMERICA

render its power without a struggle. Therefore the workers of Great Britain should prepare, not for an easy parlia- mentary victory, but by a heavy civil war"
 Civil war" World revolution" and Profound distrust" of parliamentary action appear in several of the answers. The concluding part of the document, as quoted by The Times, says: Tt is probable that when throwing off the chains of the capitalist governments the revolutionary proletariat of Europe will meet the resistance of Anglo Saxon capital in the persons of British and American capitalists, who will attempt to block it. It is then possible the revo- lutionary proletariat of Europe will rise in union with the peoples of the east and commence a revolutionary struggle, the scene of which will be the entire world. to deal the final blow at British and American capitalists"
 James Ramsay Mcdonald, the former member of the house of commons and leader in independent labor party. com menting on tke document from Moa- COW. writes:
 The independent labor party and the third internationaIs are oil and water and won't mix"
Arizona republican., 1920-07-31
[RepubIIcan A. p. Leased Wirel

PARIS, July 30.-The limitations which Great Britain and France would put upon soviet demands of Poland in the arrangement of an armistice are set forth in a notification which has been dispatched to the Warsaw government by the British and French governments, it was learned here to- day. Poland requested the views of Great Britain and France on possible armistice terms. and the governments at London and Paris have notified the Polish government that they will not permit Poland to accept possible so- viet armistice demands involving:
 First-Whole or partial disarmament of Poland:
 Second-A change in the Polish sys- tenn of government dictated or brought about by the soviets;
 Third-Acceptance by Poland Of ? boundary line less favora bIe than that provisionalIy drawn by Premier Lloyd George
 Fourth-The use of Poland as a bridgehead. in any sense, between Germany and Russia.
 As bearing on the military situa-
Arizona republican., 1920-07-31
SAYS HE DOES NOT
 WANT FREEDOM FOR
 LOWER CALIFORNIA

MEXICALI, July 30.-Independence of Lower California ik not being con- sidered by Governor Cantu, he an- nounced today He denounced the statement of General Elias P Gales. Mexican minister of war and marine, in Fl Paso, Texas, today that Cover nor Cantu was trying to run the state as separate from the balance of Mex ico and for his personal ends"
 Governor Cantu said that on the contrary he had always attempted to develop more intimate relations be- tween Lower California and other parts of Mexico.
 Always when a lawful government was established in Mexico, Governor Cantu signified in the plainest of terms his allegiance to it, he insisted. The governor declared General Gales had no other purpose than to create dis sension between the Mexicans of this territory and those of the main coun- try
 Today was the anniversary of the death of Miguel Hidalgo, Mexican pa- triot and liberator, and every public building here displayed the Mexican flag at half mast as a mark of respect to his memory.
 4 detachment of 100 troops will be sent from here tomorrow to a point on the Gulf of California to oppse an ex- pected advance of federal troops from Guaymas, Sonora.
Arizona republican., 1920-07-31
WANT NATIVE

MEXICO CITY. July BOA commits sion of Lower CaIifornians arrived to- day to ask Provisional President de la Huerta to name a successor to Cover nor Esteban Cantu Members of the commission insist that the state execu- tive should be a native of Lower Cali fornia and claim that Governor Cantu is not.
 Miguel Aalesce Robles secretary to de la Huerta, said in an interview that the government is ready to act ener- geucally if Governor Cantu rebels, be cause it does not want what happened to Texas to happen in Lower Cali fornia"
Arizona republican., 1920-07-31
CHRISTENSEN AIRS
 VIEWS HOTLY 0N \
 NUMBER IF THINGS
Republican A. p. Leased wirel

IRepubiican A. p. Leased Wirel
 NEW YORK, July 30.-The league of nations is nothing more than an att teapt to establish an international jensen, presidential nominee of the Farmer Labor party here today.
 ''The league of nations is a dead is- sue,' he said. If it were not, should want to kill it."
 Endorsement of Irish freedom was another point on which he expressed himself
 ssI am one of those who is suffici- entIy in love with the principles of human freedom to come out squarely for recognition of the Irish republic he said. Referring to the attempts of Governor Cox and Senator Harding to persuade Tennessee to pass the equal suffrage law. he said: If Cox and Harding can't get rati- fication, I win go down and try the rebels myself
 Begin in New York
 MT. Christensen announced that the national campaign of the third party will be launched in New York city, where, he said are enthroned the CTS, he explained. are collectively, Wall street." for it is Wall street, he added, that wins no matter which of the old party candidates is elected"
 We are out, he continued 'sto re- store the government to the people to make it impossible for Woodrow Wilson to say in the future as he has in the past that The government of the United States is controlled by the com bined corporations and financiers of the United States It was true when he said it, and it is true today. We want to make it true no longer" Attacks Old Parties Both the Democratic and Repub- lican parties, the candidate declared. are ''engaged in a conspiracy to camouflage the league issue" Their purpose in perpetuating the discussion, he continued, is ''to blind the people to the vital issues. The platforms on which they stand are 'disgustingly empty :"
 MT. Christensen charged that "there is a plot on between the reactionaries of the Republican and Democratic par ties to stifle ratification of the nine teenth amendment by the necessary thirty sixth state"
 Third party leaders. conferring here, announced today they are making progress in whipping into shape plans for a national campaign.
 The conference will be in session several days
Arizona republican., 1920-07-31
WHEAT TAKES BIG
 TUMBLE IN PRICE

CHICAGO July 3G-For the first time since ending of government con troi of the wheat market. wheat has been sold in Chicago at less than S223 a bushel. the price guaranteed by con gress December wheat went as low as s2.21, an overnight tumble of 12h cents.
 Absence of buying demand was the feature in today's operations. A gen eraily accepted explanation of the ap- parent reluctance of purchasers was strained financial conditions. notabIv weakness of foreign exchange.
 Corn, oats and provisions declined Tn sympathy with wheat, but kept within normal limits. The amount of business in the feed grains, exceeded by many times the local transactions Tn wheat. Dealings in future deliveries of wheat appear to be increasing a little daily, but are still far below an old time average.
Arizona republican., 1920-07-31
MINISTER OFFERS PRAYER AT DESK
 USED BY WILSON

WASHINGTON. July 30.-Prayer for President Wilson's return to shealth was offered today by min ister, sitting in the Presidents chair and with head bowed over the desk. long used by MT. Wilson, in his private office at the White House.
 The minister, Rev. John Norber- ry, pastor of John Wesley Church of the Nazarene of New York, had called at the executive offices 20 years to the day from his first visit there with his bride to shake hands with President Mckinley. Accom- panied by his wife and daughter, MT. Norberry walked through the cabinet room and then to the presi- dents office. There MT. Norberry sat down and prayed briefly.
Arizona republican., 1920-07-31
OFFICIALS WORRY WHEN MAIL PLANE.
 FAILS TO APPEAR

CHICAGO. July 30.-Monoplane No. 3. which left Cleveland at 3:15 D. m. today on the second leg of the transcontinental mail flight, reached here at $40 D. m. tonight. central time. The plane did not land at the regular aerial mail flying field and it was not known that it had ar rived until Lieutenant E. Mons, pi- lot. and three passengers were found registered later at a local hotel.
 In the meantime, aerial ma1 of ficials, waiting at the mail field, decided that the plane must have met an accident and stanted an in vestigation.
 Passengers in the plane were Major L. P. Lent, superintendent of the air mail service; J. A. Boch- horst and F. W. Ford.
 The plane will leave for Omaha tomorrow morning, according to present plans, sarriving there by af- ternoon and leaving Monday for San Francisco.
Arizona republican., 1920-07-31
COMMITTEE MEMBER
 VICTIM IF ASSASSIN
CRepubIican A. p. Leased Wirel

DUBLIN, July 30.-F'rank Brooke, wealthy country gentleman, close friend of Viscount French, lord lieu tenant, and member of a committee on Irish reconstruction appointed last year by the viceroy, was assassinated today
 MT Brooke was killed in the direc- tors room of the Dublin and South eastern railway where he had gone to attend a meeting of the board of di- rectors Three assassins fired at him while he was talking with another d. rector One shot entered Brooke's lungs and he died immediately. Brooke had no time to use his revolver The assailants escaped