davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Norwich bulletin., 1920-01-21

We cannot help believing that the Chicago paper that is to print no crime stories will fall far shert of fur nishing the news.
Norwich bulletin., 1920-01-21

William Jennings Bryan is happy once more since he has not only the democrats but the. republicans as well listening to his ideas.
Norwich bulletin., 1920-01-21

Secretary Daniels says no ersaniza- tion ever did a better job than the American navy but Admiral Sims says lack of full cooperation with the allies actually prolonged the war. If Sims is right the navy was capable of de- ing better job than it was allowed to.
Norwich bulletin., 1920-01-21

It is about time for someone to bring forth an electric sweeper for removing snow from the walks.
Norwich bulletin., 1920-01-21
Leeks Wise te vk1r..

MT. FeFd's factory emRleyes, to
 whom he has giYeR s1a,eDe, ,Oa0, are
 wiling to forgse that he is an igne- rant idealist. T0edo Blade.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1920-01-05

Under the McCran decision Governor
Runyon's term as governor will expire
on the day the Legislature convenes.
The constitution provides that the gov
crnor shall communicate with the Leg
JiqullUAu! 9Vl us5q suq " pun 'sInluIs!
practice for the governor to send in an
annual message on the opening day.
This will mean that Governor Runyon' 6
message will go 20 the House and SEN
ate on the day he rctires from office.
1t is probable. therefore. that. except
as 1t pertains to the budget, the mes :
sage of Governor Runyon will consist
rather of commentary upon existing
conditions and review of the past than
upon recommendations for the future.
In other words suggestions for legis
lation will be left largely for the incom.
ing governor to consider in his inGu.
gural address.
Commentary on Conditions
Senator Charles Il. Case. of Somerset.
will take the oath of acting governor
Immediately upon his election as presi .
dent of the Senate. Governor Runyon
will thereupon resume his seat in the
Senate as the representative Of Union
county, and Senator Case will perform
the functions of the go, ernor for the
week from January 13 TO January 20,
when he will be succeeded by Governor
elect Edward I. Edwards.
The real interest Of the state centers
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1920-01-05

rather in the recommendations to be
made by the incoming governor than
upon the suggestions which may be
made by either Of the retiring acting
governors. Senator Edwards has vir-
tually completed his induction address,
which has been carefully revised and
considered by leaders of the Democratic
party.
To Rap Prohibition
Senator Edwards has taken psrticu-
lar pains with the portion Of his ad-
dress dealing with the subject of pro-
hibition, and it is understood has taken
q stropg position against the prohibi-
tion amendment and either federal or
state enforcement legislation. The most
striking feature Of the address in this
respect will be the recommendation
that the state enact n law permitting
the manufacture and sale Of alcoholic
beverages containing not more than o
fixed maximum Of alcohol.
The underlying purpose of this legis-
lation is to raise directly the question
of state rights as they may be affected
by either the prohibition amendment or
the Volstead enforcement act passed by
Congress.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1920-01-05

bought within the last six months. The
mems suits, for example, are of two
classes, cotton and wool mixtures and
all-wool shoddy.
When the merchants agreed on the
fair. price list each placed complete
liue of this class of clothing on sale,
regardless Of the wholesale cost. After
the present supplies arc exhausted no
moro will be available. it is said.
The big buying power of stores
here. combined with the fact that they
carry very large stocks and take ad-
vantage of special bargains in the
Wholesale market. made this price list
possible" according to D. +. Kelly,
manager Of one Of the biggest Chicago
department stores and acting chairman
Of the fair price committee.
''Thc merchants in smaller cities are
right when they say they cannot buy
now at wholesale at prices as low as
our fair price list. We couldn't,
either. We fixed this list and made a
special drive for the man and woman
who want low priced clothing.
"Our store and the other big down
town stores have bargain subway
easements. where they sell this class
of clothing. The prices in the subways
for mems suits range from our fair
price, minimum of S24 10 to $40.
The cheapest wool suit, moderately
well tailored, on sale in the regular
clothing departments today is priced at
$50. The average well dressed business
man cannot be Quilted for less than
$40 to $50 for suit.
prices for the class Of goods GOV
cred by the fair price list have in
creased less than for any other line.
The suits we are selling at S24 80 would
have retailed at SIG in 1914. showing
an increase of about 30 per cent since
before the war. The suits that sells
today for $50 would have sold at S2J
before the war, giving clear 100 per
cent increase
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1920-01-05
3 N. ]. GOVERNORS
TO RULE IN WEEK
Runyon to Be Followed by Case
Before Edwards Takes His
Seat January 20
AWAIT ANTI-DRY MOVES

Trenton, Jan. 5.--To have three gov
ernors within II period Of scarcely more
which will come to New Jersey under
I the decision OF Attorney General Me.
Gran that Governor Runyun is entitled
to serve in his present capacity only
until a new president of the Senate Is
elected.
The changes of administration coinci-
dent with the opening days of the Legis-
lature may result in some confusion
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1920-01-05

sr.5zssFT=, SOUTHWARK NATIONAL EANK
AS philadelphia. Pa.
= The Annual Election for Directors cf this
Rank will hp held Ft The Darking House on
Tuesday, January 18th, 1890. between the
hours OF 10 o'clock a. IN. and - o'clock m.
E. II. VERT,
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1920-01-05
FATHER AND SON OVERCOME

Frank Leonard, thirty nine years
old. of 1887 Federal street. Camden,
and his twelve year old son Earl are in
the Cooper Hospital. where they were
bi ought this morning after they had
tccn overcome by gasoline fumes in
Lconard's garage. Their condition is
not serious.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1920-01-05
Annual Elections
special Notices

u, 81 THE PETERSBURG GAS COMPANY
- FIEST M3RTGiaasGE ia ias; FIVE PER
: Pursuant TO The provisions oS the Mort
= Raal Estate Trust Company OF PhiIa-
iphia, Trustee, dated April l. 1901 secur-
an Issue OF $3.50. 900 First Mortgage Five
Il. Cent Bonds tenders OF such Bonds st a
.is not exceeding 10n and accrued interest
rtc!ent TO absorb the sum Of $4,000. the
INIT payable to the Sinking Fund April
naxt will be received by the Trustee at
> ,1ffice southeast CORNER OF Broad aud
,ttnut streets Phia delpha. PennsyI-
.e..ia until 9 p. nj. January II. for sale
n delivery on April l. 1920. which date
lest on accepted Bonds will cease
We PETERSBURG GAS COMPANY.
BY W. L. FON, Secretary.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1920-01-05
lysss59 THE PENNSYLVANIA FIRE INSUR-
o--2 ANCE COMPANY

H--H ANIF EVMFNN6
LThe Annual Meeting Of the stockholl-rs
6t the Pennsylvania Fire Insurance Com
psny wi! he held at their offices SOS ana
sio Walnut street ss ;oo Phllade'ph's on Mon
for election of three directors for a term
OF three years and such other business as
may be brought before them.
W. GARDNER CRowELr"
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1920-01-05
= FRANKLIN NATIONAL BANK

49, fhestrUt Streer west OF brD1d
Philp delrhn December "a. 1910
The Annual Meeting OF the shareholders
CT this bank FOR the election Of directors to
serve during the ensuing year will he held =,
fhe banking house TUESDAY,. Jannary Ig
1920. between the hours of 1o o'clock nook
and ! n. = WM HARDT. Cashier
s~-Sx7=,, PHILADELPHIA DISPEESARY
49, The Annual Mes ting nf Contributors
and election for Managers will be held = I tho
Dirnensary on Monday, January 5, 1920, q
half-past IL o'clcck.
JOHN b. CARSON. NJ D..
Acting Secretary.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1920-01-05
FINANCIAL
Annual Meetings
BEECH CREEK EXTENSION
H,IIRnAD COMPANY

Philadelphia. Pa, December 20. lOls.
Meeting OF the Stockholders OF the BeeSh
Creek Extension Railroad Compahy; TOT III, fTe
niectien of a President and Board or Di-
fectors for the ensulny: year. and FOR the
TRANSACTION Of such other business As iASE y
iieid at the Office of the company. in she
CITY of Philadelphia. Pa, on Monday, tine
12ti, day OF January. 1890, at 1880 O'Clock,
" DWIGHT W. PARDEE. Secretary.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1920-01-05
..--s.srnE pRoNIpENT LIFE AND TRUsI

RseS SoMPANY or PHiLADELPnIA
The Fifty;ffth Annual ~ Meeting p The
rleiphia will he held a. its oifiSs. Fourth and
Trbestnut streets on Second Day tMondayl.
the TweIftl, Day rf First Month tJanuHryl.
ri2O nt 10 o'clock n. IN. An election OF
i've Directors to servo for three years Will
be held between the hopr5 Of 10 q. N. and
!" LEONARD C. ASHTON
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1920-01-05

.Jot later than January 18th. 1920. bids
.<.n be received for the completion of a
ztr...dence at Penheld. Pa, :or Mrs Ger
tr,,de Leedom. Plans and specifications can
II. REX sTACKHoUsE,
Architect,
12o S. 9th St.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1920-01-05
FIND 4FA|RPR|CES"
ON SUITS TOO Low
Illinois Figures Are Less Than
Wholesale Cost to Cloth
ing Merchants
SUBWAY" SALES BOOMING
BY the Associated Press

Chicago. Jan. 5.--Investigation of
the fair price list for clothing issued by
the Illinois fair price committee. and
which out. Of town merchants declare is
lower than the Wholesale price, has re-
vealcd a business deal whereby leading
Chicago department stores have done a
rushing business in cheaper grades OF
clothing.
The clothing fair price committee,
composed of five oticials of the big
downtown department stores and one
representative of the suburban dealers,
frankly admits that clothing cannot he
bought in the wholesale market today
at the fair price set for retailers.
The committee fixed the fair price for
mems suits and ovcrcoats at S24 30
women's suits at $25: mems and
womcn's hose at twenty five cents n
pair. and other articles on correspond
ing scale.
Rushing subway" Business
The big downtown stores have com
plcte lines Of clothing on sale in their
subway sections at the prices fixed
and have been doing q rushing business
When merchants from many sections
complained that the fair price list was
unfair, that 1t made them appear to bC
profitcers and that thcy could not buy
clothing at wholesale for the committee :
retail price, the Chicago dealers cx-
planned.
The clothing on sale here was all
purchased many months ago, none being
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1920-01-05
s.~Sx-a THE INDUSTRIAL TRUST, TITLE
N.SS AID GAXINLS COMPANY

Philadelphia. Jan. 30. 1919.
& The Annua! Meeting OF the Stockholders Of
the above Company for the election OF
Directors will be held at is Offices. lo50-52
North Front street, on Monday, January
18th. 1920. at IL o'clock noon;
J. EDW. SCHNEIDER,
The Jewish monitor. (Fort Worth-Dallas, Tex.) 191?-1921, 1920-11-12
CITATION BY PUBLICATION.

The State OF Texas, In the District Court
Tarrant County. Texas, January Term,
a. d., 1921.
To the Sheriff or Any Constable OF Tar
rant County. Greeting
You are hereby commanded, That, by
making publication OF this Citation In
some newspaper published In the County
OF Tarrant, four consecutive weeks prev
ious TO the return day hereof, YOU sum
mon w. s. Boyd and J. G. Moore. whose
residence Is unknown. to be and appear
before the District Court. to be holden IN
and for the County OF Tarrant. at tho
Court House thereof. In the City OF tnrt
Worth. on the first Monday in January
y. ID. 1921, the same being the Ord day
day OF said month. then and there to an
swer the petition OF X. L. McMurry as
plaintiff filed In said court on the 18th
day OF May A. u. 1920. against W. s.
Boyd and j. c. Moore as defendant, said
suit being numbered 5eSll. the nature OF
which demand Is as follows, to-wit:
That on April 3rd. 1914. plaintiff was
seized and possessed OF the following des-
cribed land and premises situated In
Tarrant County. Texas. holding and
claiming the same In Zee simple. to-wit:
All OF Lot No Is in Block 80. In Rosen
Heights Addition. First Filing. TO the
City OF Fort Worth. Tarrant County.
Texas. and that on said above date de-
PENDANT entered upon said premises and
elected plaintiff therefrom and unlaw-
fully withholds possession OF said premis-
es from plaintiff, and that defendant is
claiming or pretending TO set some claim
to said premises adverse TO plaintiffs and
Is claiming and is couding the title to
premises by having filed and placed on
file a deed under which he claims, which
constitutes a cloud upon plaintiffs title.
Wherefore. plaintiff prays that the de-
PENDANT be cited by publication TO APP
pear and answer this petition and upon
final hearing hereof plaintiff have Judg-
ment quieting his title. writ OF posses.
sion. removing cloud from his title, all
costs Of suit and all other relief, general
and special that he may show himself
entitled.
This cause Is brought as well TO try
title as for damages.
Herein Fail Not, but have you then and
there before said Court, this Writ. with
your return thereon. showing how YOU
have executed the same.
Witness, Mrs @. Frank Coffee, Clerk
OF the District Court Of Tarrant County.
Given under my hand and seal Of said
Court In Fort Worth this 18th day Of
IseaD MRS. q. FRANK CoFFEY.
Clerk District Court. Tarrant County.
Texas. BY q. :. Williams. Deputy. Os)
The Jewish monitor. (Fort Worth-Dallas, Tex.) 191?-1921, 1920-11-12
CITATION eY PUBLICATION.


The State Of Texas, In the District Court.
Tarrant County. Texas, December Term
A. II. 1890.
To the sheriff or ANY Constable OF Tar
rant County. Greeting;
You are hereby commanded, That, by
making publication OF this Citation In
some newspaper published In the County
OF Tarrant four consecutive weeks prev
ious to the return day hereof you sum
mon Edith Hin, whose residence In un-
known. to be and appear before the Dis
trict Court. TO be holden In and for the
County OF Tarrant, NJ the Court House
thereof In the city OF Fort Worth. on the
First Monday In December A. u, 1890, the
same being re 9Th day Of said month,
then and there TO answer the petition OF
Seth Hin as plaintiff. filed In said Court.
on the a0th day OF July. A. II. 1920, against
Edith Hin, as defendant. said suit being
numbered 5S615. the nature OF which de-
mand In as follows, to-wit.
Plaintiff sues defendant for divorce
upon the grounds OF abandonment, and
for such other and further relief as plain
tiff may show himself Justly entitled to,
Herein Fail Not. but have YOU then and
there before said Court, this Writ, with
your return thereon. showing how YOU
have executed the same.
Witness. Mrs. q. Frank Coffey, Clerk
District Court. Tarrant County. Texas.
Given under my hand and seal OF said
The Jewish monitor. (Fort Worth-Dallas, Tex.) 191?-1921, 1920-11-12
TRIAL OF ANTI-SEMITIC NEWS.
PAPER IN MUNICH.

Munich: (By |. j. P. b. An action
Of criminal libel was instituted in the
local courts by the Jewish Commun-
ity here against the anti-Semitic
newspaper, "Voelkischer Beobachter',
because the paper had published a
statement to the effect that the Ke-
hillah knew the addresses of the Boil
shevik leaders, Levien, Levin and Tai
err, who organized a revolution in Ba-
varia and are now fugitives from JUS
tice. The newspaper reported that the
police demanded addresses from the
Kehillah, but the latter refused to ac-
cede to the request.
At the trial the accusation was prov
en- to be a malicious lie. The editor ana
his assistant were each fined 400
marks or 40 days in Jail.
1t became known at the trial that
the assistant editor Of the newspaper
proposed to deliver to the Kehillah all
discriminating" documents for large
sum Of money. The Kehillah refused
to pay him any money and he will now
be obliged to stand trial on a charge
Of backmaiing.
The Jewish monitor. (Fort Worth-Dallas, Tex.) 191?-1921, 1920-11-12
GERMAN WORKERS AGAINST
JEWISH LABORERS.

Muenster, Westphalia: (By |. J. P.
b. The German labor organization in
Westphalia has decided not to admit
any more East European Jewish lab
orers into the province.
Hundreds of Jewish workers, fugi-
tives from Poland and Ukraina, have
found employment in the mines of
Wesphalia, but their German CO.
workers who are apt to preach about
fraternity and solidarity Of labor, will
not permit Jews to earn a livelihood.
The Jewish monitor. (Fort Worth-Dallas, Tex.) 191?-1921, 1920-11-12
WACO NEWS.


Rabbi Wolfe Macht was selected as
speaker at the Roosevelt Memorial
held at the High School Auditorium.
The applause given the speaker was
unusually complimentary. He was on
the opening program Of the Cotton
Palace with Governor Hobby.
The Bible Class meets bi-weekly at
the Temple to discuss the composition
Of the Bible. Great eagerness to learn
is shown by all attending.
Rabbi Macht and family have NOV
ed in the house bought by the Sanger
family in memory of the late Sam
Sanger. The house is beautiful struc-
ture in a beautiful location of the
city.
The Jewish monitor. (Fort Worth-Dallas, Tex.) 191?-1921, 1920-11-12
CITATION BY PUBLICATION.

The State Of Texas. In the District Court
Tarrant County. Texas. December Term
A. d. 1920.
To the Sheriff or Any Constable OF Tar
rant County. Greeting:
You are hereby commanded, That, by
making publication Of this Citation In
some newspaper published In the Coun-
~ OF Tarrant four consecutive weeks pre-
vious to the return day hereof YOU sum-
mon Mable Clay whose residence is I'M
known. to be and appear before the Dis
trict Court 10 be- holden In and for the
County Of Tarrant az the Court House
thereof. In the city Of Fort Worth. on the
first Monday In December A. D. 1920, the
same being the 9Th day Of said month,
then and there TO answer the petition OF
T. II Clay as plaintiff. filed In said Court
on the card day Of January A. II. 1920.
against Mahle Clay as defendant, said
suit being numbered 5l3i2. the nature OF
which demand is as follows. to-wit
Plaintiff sues defendant for divorce
upon the grounds Of excessive, outrage
Gus, cruel and harsh treatment. for costs
OF suit and for such other and further re-
lief as he may show himself entitled to.
Herein Fail Not, but have YOU then and
there before said Court, this Writ, with
your return thereon, showing how YOU
have executed the same.
Witness. Mrs O., Frank Coffcy, Clerk
OF the District Court Of Tarrant County.
Given under my hand and seal Of said
Court In Fort Worth, this 9TH day OF Mo-
vemhcr a. u 1920.
tSeaD MRS. q. FRANK COFFEY.
Clerk District Court, Tarrant County.
Texas by @. 5. Williams, Deputy. az
The Jewish monitor. (Fort Worth-Dallas, Tex.) 191?-1921, 1920-11-12


Oscar Seligman W. L. Foster
Let US DO tive know How
INSURANCE THAT INSURES
Money for Building Purposes
SELIGMAN, FOSTER & co.
Phone l.. 179. Office ga Texas
State Bank Building
The Jewish monitor. (Fort Worth-Dallas, Tex.) 191?-1921, 1920-11-12
CITATION ~ PUBLICATION.

The State Of Texas. In the District Court
Tdrrant County, Texas, December Term
A. u. 1890
To the Sheriff or ANY Constable Of Tar
rant County, Greeting;
You are hereby commanded, That by
making publication Of this Citation In
some newspaper published In the County
Of Tarrant four consecutive weeks prev
ious to the return day hereof you sum
mon Geo Albert DuBose, whose residence
s unknown, TO he and appear before the
District Court, 10 be holden In and for
the County Of Tarrant. at thee Court
House thereof, In the CITY OF Fort Worth.
on the first Monday In December A. II.
1890. the same being the 9Th day Of said
month. then and there to answer the pc
tition Of Viola DuBose as plaintiff filed
In said Court. on the Ord day OF Novem-
Der, A. II, 1890, against Geo. Albert Du-
Bose as defendant, said suit being mum.
hercd 1861. the nature Of which demand
Is as follows. to-wit:
Plaintiff sues defendant for divorce
upon the grounds Of excessive, outrage
Gus, harsh and cruel treatment. abandon
ment and non-support. for care, custody
and control OF their minor child George
Donald nuRose, and that Lot No. \ In
Block ~ Of South Hemphill Heights Addi-
ton TO the City Of Fort Worth, Tarrant
County. Texas. be set aside TO her as her
separate property and estate, which she
acquired out Of her own earnings and sep
arate funds and estate. for costs OF suit
and general relief.
Herein Fail Not. but have YOU then and
there before said Court, this Writ. with
your return thereon. showing how you
have executed the same.
Witness. Mrs, q. Frank Coffey, Clerk
OF the District Court Of Tarrant County.
Given under my hand and seal Of said
Court In Fort Worth. this Srd day Of No
vember, A. n. 1890.
(SeaD MRS. q. FRANK COFFEY,
Clerk District Court, Tarrant County,
Texas by q. :. Williams. Deputy. Cll)
The Jewish monitor. (Fort Worth-Dallas, Tex.) 191?-1921, 1920-11-12
CITATION BY PUBLICATION.

The State OF Texas, In the District Court,
marrant County. Texas. December
Term. A. d. 1920
TO the Sheriff or Any Constable OF Tar
rant County, Greeting:
iou are hereby commanded, That, by
making publication OF this Citation In
some newspaper published In the County
OF Tarrant four consecutive weeks prev
lous 10 the return day hereof, you sum-
mon Herbert Davis, whose residence is
unknown, TO be and appear before the
Dlstrlct Court, to be holden In and for the
county OF Tarrant, at the Court House
thereof, In the City OF Fort Worth. on the
FIRST Monday In December, A. ID. 1920.
the same being the 9Th day OF said month
then ana there TO answer the petition OF
Ellie NJ. Davis. as plaintiff filed In said
Court on the LIST day OF November. A. ID.
1871, against Herbert Davis as defendant
said suit being numbered 1885, the ma.
ture OF which demand is as follows. to.
wit:
Plaintiff sues defendant for divorce
upon the grounds OF excessive, outrageous
harsh and cruel treatment, abandon
ment and non-support, for costs OF suit
and such other and further relief as plain
TIFF may show herself justly entitled to.
Herein Fail Not. but have YOU then and
there before said Court. this Writ. with
your return thereon. showing how you
have executed the same.
Witness, Mrs, q. Frank Coffey Clerk
District Court Tarrant County
Given under my hand and seal OF said
Court In Fort Worth this Ord day OF de-
cember A. II. 1920
(SeaD MRS. @. FRANK CoFFEY,
Clerk District Court, Tarrant County,
Texas by @. S. Williams. Deputy Qi)
The Jewish monitor. (Fort Worth-Dallas, Tex.) 191?-1921, 1920-11-12
GERMAN ARISTOCRATS AGAINST
JEWISH BLOOD.

Frankfurt: by |. j. P. b. The As
ISOLATION of German Noblemen decid-
ed not to receive any new members
into the association who may be
tainted with Jewish blood. Any one
who cannot prove absence of Jewish
blood in his family back to 1900 will
not be permitted to join the associa-
ton.
The Jewish monitor. (Fort Worth-Dallas, Tex.) 191?-1921, 1920-11-12
Page Thirteen

Court In Fort Worth, this 3rd day Of No
vember A. ID. 1920.
lSeaD MRS. G. FRANK COFFEY,
Clerk District Court, Tarrant County,
Texas BY G. s. Williams, Deputy Qij
The Jewish monitor. (Fort Worth-Dallas, Tex.) 191?-1921, 1920-11-12

WANTED-A young man Of respon.
sibility to take an interest in fast
growing concern. Inquire at Monitor
office.
The Jewish monitor. (Fort Worth-Dallas, Tex.) 191?-1921, 1920-11-12
CITATION BV PUBLICATION.

The state OF Texas, In the District Court
Tarrant County, Texas, December Term
A. II. 1920.
To the Sheriff Of Any Constable OF Tar
rant County, Greeting;
You are hereby commanded, That. by