davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Butler weekly times and the Bates County record. (Butler, Mo.) 1918-1950, 1920-05-20

correspondins SecTetsry;:
The Butler weekly times and the Bates County record. (Butler, Mo.) 1918-1950, 1920-05-20
Route Four Items.

F. A. Sparks of Emporia, Kans.,
who is visiting his daughter, Mrs. Il,
II. Sherman, is on the sick list. .
We are still listening for those
weddings bells down by Bones Fork.
We are glad Miss Myers is going
to teach the Passaic chool. She is
we'll qualified to teach.
Z Miss Flossie Ruddle and Miss Bes-
sic Poison called on Miss Grace
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10
ROYAlTON

Sept. e-Mr. and Mrs. T. 3. McCollock
of st. Paul visited relatives in town
the past week
Mrs Abbie Crooks of Sioux City. a..
is visiting at the home Of her brothers,
G. A. and James Hollenbeck.
Miss Ruth ~Sjoberg left Monday for
Fort Ripley. where she will teach the
Among those who attended the state
Mr.. and Mrs. I. w. Bouck Mr.. and Mrs.
A. Long. Mr.. and Mrs. F. p. Logan,
and Georgia Fortune.
Mrs Robert Flint and son of Fargo,
N. H., are visitors at the F. Barden
H. Turrittin returned to his home in
MINNEAPOLIS Sunday. after spending
Mr. and Mrs: I: W: .Bouck. :.
friends in tewn the past week:
Howard Kinney left Sunday for Min
neapolis, where he will take a course
in auto mechanics
were weekend guests at the r. K
Miss Sadie Kinney returned from
Minneapolis Saturday, where she has
A picnic party composed Of the Miss
es Alma Millbery, Clara Bourke. Flor
e enc; Rrth' End Msssrs: Blaine McDou,
Miss Mable Carnes left Monday for
St. Paul, where she will finish her SEN
'ior year Of high sch99l
tiers attended the state fair this week.
Miss >Vernette Lambert left Saturday
Tor Rochester' where she will teach
Miss Marion Wilson entertained We'd
nesday at shower in honor of Miss
Anna Barden, q bride of next week.
Pink was the prevailing note Of color
and the floral decorations were Cosmos.
dinner, following which a number Of
beautiful floral gifts were brought in
on covered server, and placed before
the BRIDE elect.
from Seattle, Wash. where she spent
the summer with her sister. -.
Miss Alma Mulberry is to teach in
the r ssd s %1s This W VIE And chill,
dren returned to Wadena Sunday after
q visit with relatives in town.
a4rs. e. johnson was a guest at the
F: g Noggle home the drst Of the
Mrs: Walter Casper Of Philadelphia
and Mrs. schooner and infant daughter
Of st.: Cloud visited friends in town
re RoZaaton public sch.ols opened
Miss Skinner. Miss Ethel olson: Miss
members of the staff returning this
year.
The faculty is composed as follows
P. AcNally. Supt., Dunlap. Iowa. Miss
Ethel Olson, PRINCIPAL: Ellendale: Miss
Agnes Nelson, Asst Principal, Fridley.
Miss Hazel Kniskern, domestic science,
Sank Rapids. Miss Nellie Skinner, 7th
and Sth grades. Royalton. Mrs. Zoe
Miss Ella Lakin, 4th grade, Royalton.
Miss Alvera Olson. End and 3rd grades,
Benson. Mrs. 8. Lodermier, primary.
Royalton.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10
EAST RIPLEY

Sept. 1.-THE community picnic,
which was given by the Sunday school
at the school house last Sunday. was
attended by a large crowd and all had
a good time.
Vern and Lloyd Tough came home
from the Hall hospital Saturday, where
they underwent an operation for the
removed Of tonsils and adenoids.
Mr.. and Mrs. D. A. Felver spent
Labor Day with relatives here. They
were accompanied home by Dan and
Irene Tough, who will visit there.
Adam Khole spent the past week at
Fl. Ripley helping do the threshing on
Mrs. Killian's farm.
Eva Khole, who has been employed
by Mrs. Coenen, returned home last
Saturday.
Born to Mr.. and Mrs. Ray Sims of
Hillman, Sept. 3, daughter. Mrs.
Sims has been visiting her parents here.
Mr. and Mrs. l.. Pint.
While working around the house, the
other day, Mrs. HELLER had the mis-
fortune to step on a large rusty nail,
making very painful wound. DR..
HealeS of FierZ was called and the
wound dressed and the foot is a great
deal better.
MI. and Mrs. E. Powers. Mr.. and Mrs.
Robt. khule, E. "A. james and son
Robert, visited at Hilln,an Sunday
Robert Khule purchased car last
week.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10
Extension Letter

SEED CORN TIME BEGINS TODAY
Seed corn time for Minnesota begins
next Friday-September 10 and ends
Monday. September 20.
This is the time every year, hen the
farmers Of Minnesota are urged to sell
ect and store their seed corn.
The reason for choosing this period
is that it gives farmers a chance to get
their seed corn in before the time for
killing frosts, and chance to have
their seed corn we'll cured and dry be-
fore freezing weather comes, thus put
ting it out of danger of injury.
That it pays to select and store seed
corn in Seed Corn Time is shown by the
experience of certain corn counties in
southern Minnesota last spring. The
farmers in the counties. referred to
postponed the picking of seed corn in
Seed Corn Time last fall. They finally
made their selection of seed ears at
husking time Meanwhile, there had
been a hard freeze. The result was
that when they came to test their seed
corn last spring, much of it would not
terminate, and they had to buy sup
plies at high prices. The postpone
ment of seed corn, selection, therefore,
proved costly.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10
ST. CLOUD BREWERY RAlDED
Federal Agents Seize Five in Biqoest
Minnesota Drive.

Federal Agents Seize Five in Biggest
Minnesota Drive.
In the biggest raid made by Fed
eral agents in their war on illicit
liquor traffic in Minnesota, the St..
Cloud Brewing company, formerly the
Preiss brewery, was raided by twenty
Federal operatives from the Twin
Cities under the direction of Paul
Keller. Three officials of the company
and two employees were arrested and
later lodged in the Hennepin county
jail. The brewery was closed. OFF,
Gals arrested are: J. H. Nicolin, man.
ager Of the Schmidt Brewing company
Of st. Paul; E. G. Schmidt and George
Schmidt. The employees, both brew
masters, are Joseph Dincel and r.
Schmidt
Federll men say that beer Of. more
than ~ per cent alcoholic content has
been brewed at the establishment since
prohibition went into effect.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10
SWANVuLE

Sept 7-Francis Elke, who has been
visiting here with his father
Frank Elke, the past week, returned
Miss Esther Larson left Friday for
a visit at the home of her brother in
Kansas City.
daughters to St. GabrieTs hospital at
Little Falls on Saturday, where they
were operated upon for the removal
Of adenoids and tonsils.
Mrs. S. Harden and Mrs. J. w. Cofield
left Friday for Minneapolis for visit
with Mr.. and Mrs. Walter Cofield. They
will also attend the state fair.
Aubrey Denier and Misses E1via'
Joseph and Mabel Merfeld. left Monday
for Austin, where they will be en-
James and John Cotield. who are en-
ployed at Dumont, visited over Sunday
at their home here.
banks were closed. The postoffice was
open one hour at train time. both
morning and afternoon.
Mrs; George Chambers and daugh ut r.
visit with friends at Remer.
Mr.. and Mrs j. D. Stith left Satur-
day for the twin cities, where they will
attend the state fair.
motored to Sandstone Saturay. where
they visited over Sunday at the Adams
camp.
Seven members OF the Boys ana
Girls club Of this place. who won a
free trip to the state fair in the differ
ent contests of the county, left Friday
for the twin cities. Bertha Kaun, Cora
Mie]ke and Emma Koenlg, canning con-
test, Dona Stoll. bread; Clarence 'Truog,
potatoes, LIST prize; David Youngdahl,
potatoes. End prize; Harold Cox. pig
contest; J. ]. jacob, agriculture teach
er of the Swanville consolidated school.
accompanied them.
Misses Agnes Buckley and Harriet
Evans visited at their homes in Sank
Centre over Sunday.
Program of Swanville District Sun
day School convention, Grey Eagle
Sept. -, 1920.
10 A. NJ, Sunday school in actual
work and session.
II A. NJ, Devotional led by Mis-" A.
Schultz. sxxr..>
The Minnesota Sunday School Asso-
citation: What it is, and what is stands
for. c. H. Werner.
Question Box.
Recess for picnic dinner.
2:15 P. NJ, Community Sing.
Devotional, led by Jesse Randall,
District President.
Appointment Of committees.
Duet-Evelyn and Carol Greener.
Song.
Efficiency in executive department.
Miss Lora MCGEE.
BOys-ChaS. E. Stith.
Song.
Why graded lessons Mrs. r. N.Y.
gard.
Song.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10
RAIL PRAIRIE

Sept. 6.-Quite a number from this
way attended the Ora Brown sale in
Clough town Monday
Mr. and Mrs. A. r. Longfellow went
to Little Falls Wednesday.
C. L. Lightner, with his actors went
to Pierz Wednesday and gave their
play, 1.-The Prairie Rose" not getting
an extra large crowd on account of the
rain.
A. r. Longfellow was helping Henry
Dingman harvest his potatoes a
couple of days last week.
A. A. Rolf and Chas. Nichols went
down Saturday to take in the state fair.
Mrs. A. r. Longfellow went to Little
Falls Friday to see doctor in regard
to an infected finger.
The people of the Sunday School are
enjoying their new organ.
The H. A. Dingman family were call
ers Sunday afternoon at Geo. Thomp-
sons and Gilbert Nelson's.
A. r. LongfelloW and family enter
tanned friends from Little Falls Sunday.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10
CHARGED WITH FRAUD

Washington-Prosecution of 324
contractors, marking the beginning Of
q move by the government to clean
up it's car contract controversies, has
been ordered by the Department Of
Justice. The proceedings will include
both criminal and civil action and in:
volve millions Of dollars" department
officials said:
practically all Of the cases embrac-
ed by the prosecution order were turn
ed over by the War Department, but
there were indications that similar
cases would. be received from other
government departments. The Ship.
ping board is understood to be plan
ming to request criminal prosecution in
half q dozen cases in addition to those
already in the hands Of the attorney
general.
The contracts on which action win
be pressed were said to involve
amounts ranging from few thou
sand to q few millions EACH" They
include agreements for the furnishing
OF supplies Of nearly every commodity
which the government purchased for
war purposes as we'll a. construction
OF camps, environments and warehouses
and other facilities for the training
OF the army I'D
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10
TWIN LAKES

Sept. John Deering was in Nine
Corners Sunday afternoon.
er Saturday.
Bill Larson motored to Little Falls
Saturday.
Farmers around here are busy dig
for rye.
School in district No. 81 will open on
Monday morning.
Joe Piehowski made a bushes trip to
Little Falls Monday.
August Piehowski is busy painting
the school house in district No. 81 this
week.
Vincent Doroff purchased a new car
Saturday.
John Doroff was city caller satur-
day.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10
Republican Senator Has Small
Advantage Over Thompson In
Race for denomination.
WILCOX LEADS BLAINE
Moses Victory In New Hampshire Sen.
atorlaI Primary 10 Conceded
by His Opponent as
Lead Grows.

ENTHUSIASTICALLY returns IN WIS.,
consin's primary showed United States
Senator Irvine L. Lenroot leading the
race for the Republican nomination for
senator. In 568 out Of 1879 precincts
in the state he had a lead of nearly
1000 votes.
Roy Porter Wilcox of Eau Claire is
leading in the six cornered fight for
the Republican nomination for COVER
nor, but he is being pushed hard by
J. J. Blaine of Boscobel, La Follette's
choice. Colonel Gilbert E.. Seaman,
Governor Phillips choice for COVER
nor, is running third. The race will
be between Wilcox and Blaine and
will not be settled until the last re-
turns come in.
Lenroot Carries Milwaukee.
The big surprise of the election came
in Milwaukee county where returns
were practically complete at a. m.
1t was evident that Senator Lenroot
had carried the county and city of Mil
waukee. It was La Toilette adherents
who backed James Thompson of La
Crosse for senator, confidently expect
ed to carry Milwaukee. The Socialists
of Milwaukee, however, remained in
their own primary to give Victor Berg
er big vote for the Socialist nominal
tion for Congress.
Scattering returns showed that Len
roto was leading throughout the state.
The Milwaukee Sentinel predicts Len
roots nomination by from 10000 to
$4,000.
The fight waged against Lenroot by
his colleague, La Toilette, has been
one Of the bitterest in the political an
nails Of this state. Lenroot had the aid
of many national leaders, including
Herbert Hoover.
Moses Winning in New Hampshire.
Manchester, N. H.-The renomina-
ton Of United States Senator George
H. Moses, Republican, in Tuesdays
state primary was conceded by his OBJ
ponent, Huntley N. Spaulding, on the
face OF unofficial returns from nearly
two-thirds of the state. Returns from
ISL out of 294 precincts in the state
gave: Moses, 1851; Spaulding, TO-
1877.
Walsh Lead. in Massachusetts.
Boston-Late returns indicated the
probable nomination of John J. Walsh
for governor by the Democrats. Chan.
ming H. Cox, now lieutenant governor,
was made the Republican nominee for
governor without opposition.
Returns from 1868 precincts out of
1905 in the state, including Boston,
gave:
Walsh 3O,S40 to 1888 for Richard
H. Long; Warner 1853 to 30,520 for
Charles L. Burrill, his nearest compe-
titor in a field of four.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10

week.
Mrs. Oscar Bloomter and children and
Mr.. and Mrs. Robert Johnson of Parker
visited friends here last week. Mrs.
Bloomter. whose home is at Cherry
Valley, ILL.,, formerly resided here.
Mrs. Nina Kendall has been helping
at the home OF Mrs. Ellen Forsberg
during threshing.
Don't forget the county fair. 1t
starts tomorrow
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10

The District Presidents Job-F. Carl
son.
The needs of this district-Jesse
Randall.
Round Table.
Report of Committees,
Offertory.
Benediction.
Evening session, 7:45.
Song service led by Grey Eagle
choir.
Devotional. led by Miss A. Schultz.
Flsualizing Bible Truths, c. H. Wer-
ner
Pageant-"The Samaritans," pre-
sented by the Grey Eagle Sunday
school.
Offertory.
BenedictiOn.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10

Paul Krottochinsky Of the West side
performed the unusual and unexpected
late Thursday afternoon Of last week
when he caught black bass in the Mis-
sissippi river, just below the Broadway
bridge, on the west side. The fish
weighed more than four pounds. Fish
ing in the river near the bridge has
not been considered worth while in
many years and to capture black bass
there was decidedly surprising to local
fishermen.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10
PRELUDE WHEAT NOT A DURUM,
SAYS BERGH

a durum wheat, but bearded spring
fife. Errors in the reports of the work
of the North Central Experiment Sta
ton at Grand Rapids, have made it
appear that Prelude belongs to the
drums. Attention has been directed
to this interference by Otto I. Bergh.
superintendent of the station at Grand
Rapids, who says that Prelude is very
early and hardy ortstrawed variety.
which can be recommended as one of
the best hard spring wheats for north
ern Minnesota, on account of it's quick
growth and the short stiff straw which
insures against lodging.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10

Red Wing Eagle:-The wage increase
granted to the anthracite coal miners
BY the commission, and approved by
re Wilson adds about $85, 000,-
oOo to the annual pay Of the miners, the
increase being from II to 20 per cent.
rhe interesting feature about this in
crease is that it is ordered not to be
added to the price aid by consumers of
coal, but fust come out of the opera.
tors, spectators and dealers, the pres
adent giving plain warning of what
will follow, if it does not.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10

saltna, KAMA minimum price OF
IS q bushel for wheat was urged and
millers who pro1iteer were condemned
IN resolutions adopted by the 800
wheat growers Of Missouri, Kansas,
Oklahoma and Nebraska at the cali of
Maurice McAulihe; president Of the
Kansas Farmers union. In arriving
1t the s. minimum the resolutions set
forth that q survey Of seven states
had established the fact that the ooet
Of producing . bushel Of wheat Wa
t3.76af.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10

MILL MACHINERY BEING JUNKED
FLYING PIECE NEARLY HITS BOY
, Unserviceable machinery, pipe, iron
and steel structural work, etc., at the
saw mill, is being junked by a Duluth
concern and shipped away. There has
been considerable blasting with dyna-
mite in wrecking the machinery.
On Monday, the youngest son of F.
A. Nelson, narrowly escaped being hit
by flying piece of iron from the mill.
The boy was standing in the yard at
the rear of the photograph studio at
the time. The iron struck steel sign
just few inches from his head and
penetrated it.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10

The annual meeting of the Morrison
County Public Health Association will
be held at the public library, Little
Falls. on Monday, Sept. 13, at p. m.
Election of officers will take place and
plans for the coming year will be dis
cussed. All who are interested in this
organization and its work, are invited
to be present at this meeting.
Mrs. l.. w. Vasaly,
Acting Secretary.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10

, Mr.. and Mrs. l.. P. Runkel, who have
resided in Little Falls since the change
in ownership Of the Little Falls Water
Power Company, of which Mr.. Runkel
is president, moved to Cloquet Friday.
Mr.. Runkel expects to be here quite
frequently as he will divide his time
between the local plant and the plant
at Cloquet.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10
Recommends Reopening Of Anti
Trust Proceedings Against
International Harvester Co.
FRIGHTENING CHARGED
clares Federal Trade Commits
sion-Separation Of
Plants Urged.

MISUNDERSTANDING prices Of
!arm implements to have been increas-
I'D without warrant through concrete
action" of manufacturers and dealers,
the Federal Trade commission in a re-.
port made public recommends reopen
Ing of antitrust proceedings against
the International Harvester company,
and institution of judicial proceedings
against implement manufacturers and
Dealers
The commission declares that it's in
vestigation, which was ordered by the
Senate, disclosed that in the period be-
tween 1914 and 1918 prices paid by
farmers for implements advanced 70
per cent with the greater portion of
the increase coming in 1917 and 1913.
This increase, the commission asserts,
was larger than warranted by the ad-
vances In the costs and expenses of the
manufacturers and dealers.
1918 Dissolution Ineffective.
1.-THE partial dissolution Of the Inter-
national Harvester company in 1913"
declares the commissions report, did
not change the dominating position Of
that company In the harvesting ma
chine line and will not do 30 while the
Mccormick , and Deering plants and
the steel business remained united un-
der its control.
The dominating position of the In
ternationa1 Harvester company is
chiefly with respect to the harvesting
machine lines and particularly with re-
spect to grain binders. The mainte-
nance Of this position is aided by the
steel making business of the company,
which furnishes it either with large
profits or with steel at cost.
The division Of the business Of tn .
International Harvester company,
therefore, should be in such q way as
to divide effectively the harvesting ma
chine lines and to separate therefrom
the steel business. To make any such
division Of the harvesting machine
line effective in restoring competition,
It would be absolutely essential to sep
arate the Mccormick and Deerine
plants and the Mccormick and Deer
Ing brands. By their volume of out
put, their low cost Of production and
reputation in the trade, the possession
OF the two plants and brands make ef-
tect1ve competition from other manu-
tacturers illusory."
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10
NEW FEEDING STUFFS LAW GETS
RESULTS

The Minnesota FEEDING stuHs law
which went into operation less than
year ago, is designed to, protect the
people from buying misbranded and
adulterated livestock feeds. Under it's
provisions, no concentrated commercial
feeding stuff can be exposed for sale
without having attached to the bag or
sack a statement of the ingredients, the
net weight and the name and address
of the manufacturer. A tag bearing
the signature of the state commissioner
must be attached to each package of
feed to show that it has been regis
tered. According to the report of
Chris Heen. state dairy and food com,
found below par have been removed
from sale. and the INSPECTORS have Wis;
1877 -four mills. Thirty feed manufac-
turing plants have been inspected and
numerous complaints investigated:
Nearly a thousand samples Of feed
have been. submitted to the depart
ment's laboratory for examination.
About one-half Of these samples were
classed as legal. the others being below
above the guarantee for fiber.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10
CHILD INTEREST CLUB

The Child Interest Club held the first
meeting of the season Saturday after
noon at the home of Mrs. w. NJ. Cor
don. The new officers of the club are
Mrs: Irving Cornwell. president; Mrs.
r. J. Brick, vtce-president; Mrs. E. v.
Wetzel, secretary; Mrs. Harry Meyers,
treaSu
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10
DARLING TOWN

with Mrs. Annie Knudson Sept. IS at
1850 p. 10. All are welcome to attend.
Threshing is on at full swing now.
Wheat runs 20 to Is bushels to the
acre: barley 40 to so bushels; oats so
to S.: rye: 20 to 80. The quality of the
wheat varies but the early sown is best.
Ne1s and Ed Martfns0n and Mrs.
Gerda W0lffer Of Culdrum visited at the
Arthur Re&noll home one day last
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10

Ladies of the Church of Our Saviour
on Friday afternoon, gave farewell
reception for Mrs. James Gordon, at
the guild rooms. Mrs. Gordon was pres
ident of St. GATHERINGS Guild this year
and was prominent in the church work.
Mrs, solfen left Saturday for St. Paul,
w " q "family will reside in the
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10

A class Of fifteen candidates was in
itiated by the. local Elks lodge last
evening. After the degree work, the
members enjoyed some special stunts
and feed.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10

Adolph Reed, proprietor of a grocery
store in Little Elk, is charging the
store by the erection of 10-foot addi-
ton at the rear Of the building. The
building has also been moved, rs it
abutted several feet onto adjoining
property.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10

Miss Pearl Longley left Sunday for
Duluth, where she will teach school this
year. Miss Laura Brannen has taken
her place as assistant at the office Of
DR.. G. 81. Longley, dentist.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1920-09-10

"A man struck match to see if the
gasoline tank to his auto was empty.
It wasn't. A man patted strange
bull dog on the head to see if the crit
ter was affectionate. It wasn't. A
man speeded up to see if he could beat
the train to the crossing. He couldn It.
A man touched trolley wire to see if
it was charged. It was.-Exchanpe.