davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-09-03
CONTINUED FAIR
WEATHER FORECASTED
Lower Temperatures Prevail
Over Southern Section
of Country,
Weather Conditions.


There has been very little change in
the high and the low pressure areas.
The high remains crested over the lake
region and the low centered over Ari-
iona.
During the past twenty-four hours
precipitatlon has been general over the
lower Mississippi valley and eastward
TO the Atlantic coast. Heavy amounts
occurred at Birmingham and Jackson
Vile.
Much cloudy weather and lower tenn
peratures prevail over the south.
The conditions are favorable for con-
tinued fair weather and moderate tenn
perature tonight and Saturday.
Local Forecast.
Continued fair weather and moderate
temperature tonight and Saturday.
River Forecast.
The river will continue to fall tonight
and Saturday.
Temperature for twenty-four hours
(degrees) -Highest yesterday, SO; low
est last night 81; mean. 75 wet bulb,
Z PM, S.; wet bulb, am, "a.
Corresponding date last year (de-'
grees)-Highest, 80; lowest. 50; mean,
Normal for this date. IA degrees.
Accumulated deficiency in tempera-
ture since Jan. I, $40 degrees.
70: z am. IS.
Precipitation for, twenty-four hours
ending am. today, .03 inch.
Total precipitation since Jan. 1. Sc "a
inches.
Accumulated excess is 10. rs inches.
River stage at Z am. (feet), 1919; fall
In twenty-four hours feet), 0.5.
Weather Of Four States.
Washington, Sept. 3.-Forecast;
Kentucky, Tennessee-Fair tonight
and Saturday; moderate temperature.
Georgia-Cloudy tonight and Satur-
day; probably showers in south and
Central portions.
Automatically cloudy tonight and
Saturday; moderate temperature.
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-09-03
WILL BUILD $4,000
ADDITION TO PLANT

The Chattanooga Implement Manu-
featuring company will build an addition
to the foundry building. which will in
crease the capacity about one-third.
according to announcement Friday by
u. II. sholar. general manager and
treasurer OF the company. The addi-
ton will cost approximately $4,000. &C
cording to estimates. The work Will be
begun Immediately and will be done by
Chambers q Son.
The company Ia engaged in the manu-
facture OF agricultural implements. the
pinnt being located in East ChAtta-
nocEa. Work on an addition TO one de-
comleted. Mr.. sholar stated that for
the present the addition to the foundry
win be the only enlargement UNDER
taken. The addition win be 1boxS0 feet.
Mr.. Sholar stated that business with
his company continues good.
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-09-03
OBITUARY
FUNERAL OF &. A. HUFF

Tho funeral OF 10. A. Huf. OF Bridge
port, Ala. whose body was found by
the Western q Atlantic railroad tracks
nSSr Eas ssed from chspei
Friday morning At II. The services
were in charge OF the molders. The
interment took place in White Oak
cemetery.
The body OF A. p. Gaines. expert
mlneraiogist and furnace man, who died
Wednesday. was sent to Knoxville FRI
day morning for funeral and interment.
w. o. Hunter.
w. o. Hunter. aged 80, died Thursday
afternoon at tho home OF his brother. r.
C. Hunter. 1918 East Eleventh street,
after a short illness. He is survived by
his widow. two sons, orthel. OF Shelf
field, Ala. and Earl. OF Maryville; two
daughters, Misses Gertrude and Bessie;
his stepmother, Mrs. Mary Hunter; four
brothers. r. G. and r. s.. OF Chatta-
nooga: J, s.. OF Oliver Springs, and s. J.
OF Dallas, Tex. and three sisters. Mrs.
w. A. Logan. OF Jacksonville, Fla; Miss
Matte. Of Chattanooga, and Mrs Allen
He removed here from
He was n clerk in the en-
ploy OF the Southern railway. Funeral
services will be held at Chnpman's
chapel Saturday morning at 10. Rev.
W. 8. Reese officiatlnE. The interment
will follow in Forest Hills cemetery.
Mrs. Charles w. Gray.
Mrs. Charles w. Gray. ased IT. mother
II Albert Gray. well known singer and
music teacher. died at the family sum-
ner home at Rockfort. Mass. according
% the sad intelligence received Thurs
lay by her son. Mr.. Gray left last
right for Worcester. Mass. TO attend
he funeral which will be held Saturday.
Mrs. M. p. Carpenter.
Huntsville. Ala. Sept. 3.--(Speciai.)-
Mrs. NJ p. Carpenter, wife OF ]. w.
Carpenter. OF Exon. Madison county,
lied yesterday after an illness OF several
months.
Mrs. Alice 9. Uskton.
Huntsville. Ala. Sept. 3..-(Speciai.)--
Mrs. Alice Sparkman Uslkton. 20 years
II age. daughter OF Mr.. and Mrs. C. w.
sparkman. OF Merrimack. died yester-
lay ut the home OF her parents after an
Illness OF several months with tubercu-
osls. Besides her parents she. IL SUR
lived by three brothers and ive sisters.
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-09-03
GOLD IMPORT MOVEMENT
IMPARTS FIRM TONE

New York. Sept s.-overnight adj
Vices confirming recent reports that an
extensive gold import movement Is to
be inaugurated impaired a firm tone
to the stock market at the opening Of
today's session. Steels, oils and
equipments were the prominent fea-
lures, Crucible scoring an initial gain
OF Ia points. Rails were irregular.
the impending holiday inviting further
selling for profits among these issues.
st. Paul preferred soon Cancelled l
point advance and st. Paul common
fell point with st. Louis & San Fran
cisco preferred.
Call money rateg eased to o per cent.
at midday when the independent steels,
motor speciaties and equipment be-
came more prominent. Other strong
features included American Wooden.
Industrial Alcohol and United States
Realty at gains OF / TO az points
The closing was firm. Sales approx
mated, $4,000 shares.
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-09-03

CHICAGO CASH.
Chicago, Sept. 3.-Wheat-No. 2 red,
$2.68Q2.60; No. 2 hard, $2.57a2.6O.
Corn-No. mixed, Sl.45; No 2 yellow
81. 43H1.51.
oats-No. white. 6797Oc; No. 3
white, 65%@68hc.
Rye-No. 2, $1,03d1.96.
Barley--$1 .O2d1 .16.
Timothy Seed--$6, 50@7.50.
Clover Seed--$25.0OQ30
Pork-Nominal.
Lard-$1S.75.
Ribs-$14S7@15.S7.
CHICAGO PRODUCE.
Chicago, Sept. 3.-Butter-Higher;
creamery, 43Q55c.
Eggs-Higher; firsts. 61Q52c.
Poultry--Live, unchanged.
Potatoes--Steady; receipts, 81 cars;
Jersey Cobblers. s2.SOQ2.s5.
COFFEE.
Now York. Sept 3.--Coffee, $40.
Ns" ~ SUGAR.
New York, Sept 3.-Raw sugar nomio
nal; refined sugar weak at $l5-DOGl7l0
for fine graduated.
NEW YORK PRODUCE.
New York, Sept. 9.-Butter-Hlgher;
creamery firsts, 51U5212c.
Eggs-Steady; fresh gathered nrsts'
Cheese-Firm; average run. 26hQ2Sc.
Poultry-Live GRIN; freight broilers.
4Oc; express. do S7Q42c; fowls, 35Q3Sc;
ROSTERS. 2Sc; turkeys. 4Oc. Dressed
steady; western broilers fresh. 38W5lc.
LIVERPOOL COTTON.
Liverpool Sept. Section spot In
limited demand; prices EASIER good
middling, ,23. 96d; fully mddling. % .46d;
middling, 20. 96d; low middling, II 16d;
good ordinary. 10. lid; ordinary, lid;
sales. 1000 bales, including $500 Amer
lean; no receipts; futures closed steady:
September, IL 76d; October, IS I'D;
January, 17.97d; March, 17.O5d; May,
II. 32d; July, II .05d.
NEW ORLEANS COTTON FUTURES
OPENING.
New Orleans. Sept. 3.-Cotton futures
ouoned steadv: october. 20 QUO; Decem-
Der. 2S. SO@23 sac; January, 20. s5c bid;
March. %. 0Od23 10c; May, 2S.S0c.
NEW ORLEANS COTTON FUTURES
CLOSING.
New Orleans, Sept. 3.-Cotton futures
closed steady at net declines OF go to
70 points: october, "a. 76c; December,
% CSC: January, 2s24c; March. 22'oOc;
NEW YORK COTTON FUTURES
OPENING.
New York, Sept. 3.-Cotton futures
opened weak: October, rs SOC; Novem-
Der, 20. Csc; December, "a. 90c; January,
%. 95cc: Marh, 23. 60cc: May. 90. zoe.
NEW YORK COTTON FUTURES
CLOSING.
New York. Sept 3.--Cotton futures
closed barely steady: October, rs SIC;
December, "a. CSC; January. 20 Csc;
March. % 30c: May, 2S.15c.
MONEY AND EXCHANGE.
Now York, Sept. 3--Prime mercantile
paper, Sc; exchange irregular: sterling
60-day bills, $3.51A; commercial 60-day
bills on banks, $36lA: commercial Co.
day bills. $3.50%; demand $S.55%, ca
bles, $3.56h francs demand 6 .92c, pca-
bles 6. "a; Belgian francs demand 1850.
cables 7.4oc: guilders demand 81 .75c
cables 81 SIC; Tires demand 4.63c, cables
4 CSC; marks demand 2.00c. cables 2.01c;
New York exchange on Montreal, on
per cent. discount; government and
railroad bonds Arm; time loans strong.
60 days. 90 days and months, Sh@S%
per cent. ;call money steady; ruling rate
7 per cent; bank acceptances, 81 per
cent
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-09-03

selling and Transporting liquor which
were docketed against H. O. Stanley.
His honor announced that Stanley could
not DO convicted on the unsupported
testimony OF the states witness.
Piaincloth esmen DuEgan and J. II.
Gouldy, officers IN the cases, connscated
about three gallons OF liquor which
were found in toilet. The woman de-
MED knowing anything about the liquor.
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-09-03
WISE PROPERTY ON
LOWER MARKET SOLD
I. Goldstein Acquires Valuable
Business Property for
$4,000.

the property at sos Market street:
known as the Wise store and owned
thursday TO /. Goidstein. an East
Ninth street merchant. for the consid-
Grafton Of $4,000. The deal was englr
neercd by ]. M. Aiper, attorney-at-law.
b. z wise will retain the store under
derstood that Mr. Goidstein eventually
intends to move his business into his
new purchase.
This sale only emphasizes the high
regard IN which the business men hold
the lower Market street property as
ths coming business section, or rather
ss the section to which business extern
s.sns along Market street must eventu-
ally seek.
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-09-03
HENRY W. GRINNELL DIES
veteran of Two Wars; Admiral In
Japanese Navy,

Boston. Sept s.--The death in St.
Augustine, Fla. yesterday OF Henry
Walton Qrlnnell. a naval veteran OF the
Civil and Spanish American wars, VINO
became an admiral In the imperial
japanese navy, became known to rela-
tives In this city today. His work In
the training of seamen was said to have
been largely responsible for the de-
velopment bf the Japanese navy which
turned back the Russian fleets.
Born in New Bedford eighty four
years ago. Of seagolng family, Grim
nell fought with Farragut at New Or
leans and received honorable mention
for running the confederate lines with
dispatches. He left the navy as lieu
tenant at tho close OF the civil war and
went to Japan. serving throughout tho
Chino japanese war. He was made a
rear admiral OF the new Japanses navy
for his part in its quick gfowth to sea
power. At the outbreak OF the Spanish
American war he volunteered for service
In the United States and became leu
tenant on the battleship Iowa.
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-09-03
LlpgRTy uoNps.

New York, Sept. 3.-fAberty bonds
closed today as follows: sbs. Ss9.ss;
first Is, $3.50; second ~. $500: first
AVS, $500: second AIS. $3.50; third
AIS, 1890: fourth ANS. $685. victory
3As, $3.50; victory ans, $3.50.
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-09-03
SHARP ADVANCES TAKE.
PLACE IN WHEAT MARKET

Chicago. Sept 3.--sharp advances
took place In the wheat market today
largely as the result OF bullish estimates
OF the amount OF wheat available for
export Opening quotations ranged
from the same as yesterdays nnish TO
1 1-4c higher.
Corn was dominated by the strength
OF wheat. After opening lac Off to 1-Sc
up. corn soon scored substantial gains
all around.
Oats hardened in price with other ce-
reals.
Firmness developed in provisions.
Corn closed heavy, Nc to INC net
lower.
wheat closed unsettled. Nc to INC
net higher.
RANGE OF PRICES CHICAGO BOARD
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-09-03

The great relief afforded by Chamber
lnin's Tablets In n multitude of cases
has fully proven the great value OF this
preparation for weak stomach and i'm
paired digestion. In many cases this
relief has become permanent and the
sufferers have been completely restored
to health-(Ady)
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-09-03
LOCKED TWO DAYS IN
DISABLED SUBMARINE
Continues from Page ons.)

n Daniels Sends Message.
Secretary Daniels today sent the fol-
lowing message OF thanks TO Capt. II.
c. Robert, OF the steamship Gen. Goeth-
ais. ad Capt, II. G. johnson. OF the
Alanthus:
"The navy department wishes to ex-
press to you its thanks and deep APP
probation for the prompt and efiicient
assistance which you rendered to the
United States submarine SIS. Through
your prompt action the lives OF the Of
ficers and men OF the SIS pave been
saved and the navy Ia very grateful to
YOU"
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-09-03
DUFFY Is ORDERED TO
LEAVE FRANCE AT ONCE

Duffy, so-calied ambassador OF the
Irish republic, to France, has been given
twenty-four hours by the French gov
eminent In which to leave France, II
was officially stated here today,
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-09-03

CHTCNUU LIVES TUCN,
Chicago, Sept. .-Cattle--Receipts
1000 head; quality very plain; market
slow: steady on common and medium
best here. $1675; bulk good. $l550Q
1850: grassy kind, $900Gl4,76; good
cows. $975@12.75; Gamers, $4.0Od4.75:
common kind steady to lower; bulls
steady to strong; bulk bologna. $500
CTS; calves steady; bulk choice, $4,000
t7.75: few $500 heavy and medium
calves $6.50T15.00 stockers slow; steady.
HoRs--Receipts, $4,000 head; steady to
strong with yesterdays average; top,
$500; bulk light and butchers, $4,000
1890; bulk packing sows, s14,00@l4.20;
pigs weak to 25c lower.
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-09-03
COMING EVENTS.

DANCING-Wednesd and Saturday
nights at Warner park; piece or
chostra. Best ,ople only. Censorsed
by the city and no Objectionable per-
sons allowed; 81 per couple. Extra
ladies SOC.
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-09-03

TUCKER SPRINGS now open; room
and board, SIS per week; special rate
to parties; Wednesday and Saturday
night good music and dancing; 20
miles east on Southern Railroad, or
Cleveland Pike.
TUCKER SPRINGS HOTEL.
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-09-03

LODGE NOTICES.

LODGE NOTICES. 8
FIDELITY LODGE No. 55Sa F. & A.
M. is heeby called to meet in spe-
cial communication at It's lodge hall
on Glass ST.. T.. Chattanooga, on Sat-
urday. Sept. 4. at o'clock. pm. to
attend the funeral of Bro. A. B.
smith. A. o. MOORE. w. M.
]. w. LLOYD, Sec'ry.
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-09-03
WAS COLLEAGUE OF MOODY

HarrIsburg. Pa. Sept, 5.--RV. Or. Fl.
II. HartEeler. formerly bishop Of the
United Evangelical church and colleague
OF the late ID. l.. Moody, noted evangel-
list. died here today. aged 50.
Alma record. (Alma, Mich.) 1878-1928, 1920-02-12
ROCKAFELLoW. WEATHERY

A very pretty and quiet wedding
occurred at the home of Mr.. and Mrs
K. B. Campbell, when their daughter,
Miss Violet Weatherby, was united in
marriage to Mr.. Frank Rockafelow
Wednesday evening, February A.
Rev. Duffy performing the ceremony
in which the ring service was used
Miss liza Rockafelow, sister Of the
bridegroom acted as bridesmaid and
Mr. Fred Johnson Of Riverdale per
formed the duties of best man.
The ceremony took place amidst
some beautiful decorations of green
and white.
The bridge and groom were pre-
pretty blue silk gown bordered with
rosebud trimming.
Miss Geraldine Reef rendered a
very pretty solo entitled Promise
Me-" After the ceremony a very
nice dinner was served and enjoyed
/ by all.
The rbide and groom were pre-
scented with numerous and beautiful
presents
Alma record. (Alma, Mich.) 1878-1928, 1920-02-12

The annual Lincoln banquet of Phi
Phi Alpha society of Alma college
was held in the Wright House dining
room Saturday evening Following
the banquet, with Melvin Vender act
ing as POSTMASTER. the following
toasts were responded to: mans
Better Half" Charles Kennedy; "The
Other Half" Miss Eva Ardis;" "On
the Road to Mandalay," Clair Per
rigo; "Circumspection," Lyle De
Barnhart; Inspection" Russell Will
son; "The Lincoln Toast" Prof. Roy
Hamilton. Some well rendered music
and a few choice readings also served
to make the evening very enjoyable
one TO those who attended the func-
ton.
Alma record. (Alma, Mich.) 1878-1928, 1920-02-12
OBITUARY

Mrs. Daily c. Shaffer of Sumner
township died at her home Friday,
January 30, 1920, after a few days
illness. She had been in poor health
for some time but was only confined
to her bed three days when death
claimed her Emeline Lewis was
born November %. 1862, in Van
Vert. county, Ohio and died January
30. 1920, aged 81 years months and
one day. She was united in marriage
to Daily G. Shaffer August A, 1880.
To this union were born eight child
rem. In 1902 she moved to Michigan
on the farm where she resided at the
time of her death.
She leaves a husband, eight child
rem, five brothers, four sisters and
Ia grand children. The children are
Mrs. Delta Miller of Alma, Mrs. Geo.
Kemler of Alma, Mrs. Arthur Pea
cock of St Louis, Anna, Grace, Fairy,
Paul and Ferne, all Of whom reside
at home.
The brothers and sisters are Orren
of Murphysborough, Arkansas, John
and Oreal of Middlepoint, Ohio, Cal
vim of Ohio City, Ohio, James of FL
gin, Ohio, Mrs. Martha Dibert of
Ohio City, Ohio, Mrs. Alice Sherrick
of Cass Vile, Indiana, Mrs. James
Shaffer of Elwell. Mich, Mrs. Rhoda
McGown of Warsaw, Indiana, besides
these she leaves host of relatives
and friends.
The funeral services were held at
the home Tuesday at 10 a. M, Rev.
Duffy officiating Interment in Riv-
erside cemetery
Alma record. (Alma, Mich.) 1878-1928, 1920-02-12
LOCAL NEWS ITEMS
533-2R
32.tf-c

/ 033-2R? 32-tf-C
Deluxe candies.-77-tf-c
FATTY" Arbucllle in The Garage,
Idlehour soon.-adv.
You will find the best blsad in
Butter Cup wrappers. 02-tf-c
Paid in ADVANCE" Regent, Feb
ruary 10 and 20.-adv.
Do you love your wife? Read ad
at top of page.-adv.
We are going out of business. See
adv. Davis Cigar store.-adv.
Mr.. and Mrs. l.. King spent Sun
day with Mr. and Mrs. w. II. Smell.
Make your coal last by using hard
wood Smiths Coal and Wood yard.
adv.
/ Hear Bennett sing, Methodist
church Sunday evening, February 10.
adv.
Behind the Door," the most start
| ling picture ever made-Idlehour
/ soon.-adv
DR.. E. G. Sluyter, osteopathic ply
stefan, State Savings Bank Building,
Alma, both phones. 57-tf
Mr. and Mrs. II. NJ. Page were
called to Saginaw Sunday to attenu
the funeral of a grand daughter.
Attorney Charles II. Goggin left
this morning on a few days business
trip to Eaton Rapids and Charlotte.
Charles Watson of Breckenridge
was in the city yestel day on business
connected with the firm of Sharrar &
Watson of which he is member.
! A potluck supper will be held in
the Guild rooms of the st. Johns
Episcopal church, Tuesday evening,
February II. Come and bring your
friends.
f. Frank McCallum Minor, aoor in
spector for the Hudson Motor Com
pany of Detroit, has been called here
by illness in his family, the members
Of which are spending the winter in
Alma.
The police report for the month Of
January submitted to the city COM
mission Tuesday evening by Oscar
Vibber, chief of police, shows six ar
rests for the month. No violations
Of the curfew ordinance were report
ed
Howard Lake, assistant postmast-
er is confined to his home by serious
illness this week. 1t was reported
yesterday that he was slightly better,
and it is hoped that he will soon be
able to resume his work at the post
office.
Henry Olmstead left last night for
Chicago where he is attending a
meeting of the new Industrial league
today The formal entry of the clubs
into the league will be made at
today's meeting. 1t is also expected
that Olmstead will pick up one or two
ball players while in the Windy City
Alma record. (Alma, Mich.) 1878-1928, 1920-02-12
DEFEATED ITHACA

The Alma high school basket ball
FIVE defeated Ithaca high at Ithaca
last night by score of % TO 10, and
put the clinchers on the county hon
ors. The game was rough during the
entire bout, and throughout the en-
tire contest the score was close, the
opportunity to grab the long end of
the score being held out as a bait for
each five until the final whistle
Creech and Elias featured the game
for the Alma quintet.
Alma record. (Alma, Mich.) 1878-1928, 1920-02-12
Small Anthracite Area.

Practically all The anthracite coal in
the world is found in he anthracite
coal f,1ds surrnuudir" Scranton ~
The Seward gateway daily edition, and the Alaska weekly post., 1920-06-07
SULPHUR IS LOCATED
 IN MOUNTAIN CRATER

Located in the crater of snow capped mountain on Unalaska island, one of the Aleutian group is a large deposit of sulphur believed to contain from 10000 to l5,000 tons. 4 claim has been filed for the loca- ton and mining operations will start in the near future. Subterranean heat ad hot vapor issue from the cracks in the rocks and keep the deposit free from ice and snow, though these permanently covered nearly all the remainder of the peak, which is about six thousand feet in height. Another sulphur deposit has been discovered on Akun island, in the same group, and third near Stcpovak bay, on the southern shore of the Alaska peninsula.
The Seward gateway daily edition, and the Alaska weekly post., 1920-06-07

"this being due to credit accruals from prepaid development reserves set up in the past, large tonnages having been drawn from our reserves upon which a portion of the mining osts had previously been paid"
 President Hayden states that the United States production of gold in 1919 amounted to $5S,500,000, a de- crease of 40 per cent from the 1915 production of $101 100000. The value of production recovered by the Alaska Gold Mines company in 1919 amounting to $1,474,000, represent ad approximately 2's per cent of the total United States production. During it's five years of operation, he company has produced a total of $7,503, ,704.
 Mir. Hayden adds: "Your company can continue operation only so long as advantage can be taken of ex- .racting orc already broken in slopes pr preparing for mining, on which development and breaking costs have been previously paid either wholly or in large part, thereby recovering the amount invested in the development md preparation for mining of such lre reserves"
 At Alaska Gold annual meeting Tohn D. Dillon was elected direc .or in place of K. R. Rabbit, deccas- ed.