Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1920-01-01
WORLDS BIGGEST
NITRATE PLANT
Mammoth Explosives Factory
in Alabama Built in
Eight Months.
ALL SPEED RECORDS BROKEN
Could Supply 13 Per Cent of
Allies Needs Had War
Continued.
ALL SPEED RECORDS BROKEN
BY GARRETT SMITH.


Lifting the ban of war secrecy has
just now brought to light for the first
time one of the most stupendous feats
o. construction in history-the plan
ming and building in less than one year
of the largest ammonium nitrate plant
in the world and Of a city around II
for the housing of its $4,000 workmen
and their families. At the same time
is revealed one of the chief reasons
why Germany suddenly surrendered
year ago. The German high command
knew that the United States was
ready at Muscle Shoals, Alabama, to
manufacture ID per cent of all the
high explosives needed by all the AL
lied armies on all fronts in the expect
ed drive Of the following spring.
The first person on construction
york reached Muscle Shoals on No.
vember o. 1917. On February 16
1918. ground was first broken for a
permanent plant building. On Octo-
Der 20. 1918, eight months and eight
days later, the manufacturing plant
had begun the production of ammo
mum nitrate.
When America entered the world
war in April, 1917, she had no means
of producing the enormous quantities
OF high explosives necessary to pro-
vide the huge army she planned to
raise. The very fact that our indus
tries were already worked to capacity
providing ammunition to the allies
seemed to make further production for
our own use impossible.
Fertilizer Process Turned to War Use.
At this juncture the Ordnance De-
partment turned to Cyanamid. a COM
mercial fertilizer, which had for some
years been produced successfully at
Niagara Falls, by process the Ameri-
can rights of which were obtained in
1907 from Germany by Frank Sher-
man Washburn, head of the American
Cyaramd Company.
BY this process cyanamld was pro-
duced by extracting nitrogen from the
air and combining It with calcium OBJ
tanned from limestone rock and carbon
from coke. BY putting cyanamid
through three more processes both am
monia and nitric acid can be extracted
from 1t and combined into the explo-
sive. ammonium nitrate. Mr.. Wash
burn was invited to present plans and
estimates for the construction in the
shortest possible time Of an ammonium
nitrate plant at Muscle Shoals, Ala
bama, and contract between his COM
pany and the United States was enter
ed into under date of November 16,
1917.
To have general supervision Of plan
ming and carrying out the work an or
ganiZation known as the Air Nitrates
Corporation was formed to act as
agent of the Ordnance Department
This corporation provided the general
designs, supervised all the work and
operated the camp, the town and the
plant. 1t also installed all equipment
In the chemical plant The various
other sections OF the work were sub
let to organizations that were special
lists in the directions in which they
were asked to help.
New City Built From the Ground.
1t was necessary to build a new
town TO house the lahorers. For this
lob Westinghouse Church Kerr Com
pany was called In as contractor. This
company also built the buildings of the
chemical plant. Within four months
10000 workmen had been assembled
and q city capable Of accommodating
25.OOO inhabitants had been completed,
with lodging, restaurants, stores, of
fees, police headquarters. schools, fire
departments, hospitals, motion picture
theaters, electric light and sewerage
systems.
The construction of the plant proper
was begun on February IS. 1918. just
eight months and eight days later tho
big plant began a steady output of am
monium nitrate. The plant contains
113 permanent buildings, with a roof
area Of over 20 acres.
To provide the electric current It
was necessary to build steam power
ELECTRIC plant, for 1t would have taken
three years or more to complete the
dam and hydro-electric station now un-
der way. This plant, built by the ]. g.
White Corporation. is one Of the larg-
est steam plants for developing cleo
trical energy in the world.
The output of the plant is 300 tons of
ammonium nitrate day, and this can
he produced at Muscle Shoals at a cost
less than one-half the standard fixed
price paid by the Government for am
monium nitrate produced by other
methods and one-fourth to one-fifth the
cost OF other high explosives Of equal
strength. Compares with the older
process OF making ammonium nitrate,
the savings made by this plant would
have paid the s6O,oO0.OO0 cost OF the
entire plant in about one and one-half
years of operation.
AS military weapon II is one Of the
wisest and most economical expenii-
lures that the Ordnance Department;
has undertaken As an agent in stop
ping the war and as a future protec-
tien TO the country Its value Is incsIcu-
liable