Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1920-01-23


eight Italian cities besides Genoa and
the Spanish city OF Pontevedra claim
ing. the honor of having sheltered his
cradle.
Recent Investigations made by
Spanish scholars of such repute as
Miguel de unamuno. Dean OF the
university of Salamanca, Rafael Al
known Spanish novelist Vicente
Blasco Tbanez. have tried TO show that
he was Spanish, not only by adoption
but also by birth
las for his genius. Columbus was
not a man of science, cold and logi-
more phantasies than studies. He
maintained that only one seventh of
the surface OF the earth was water
There was a discussion with the fac
ulty of the University of Salamanca
by order of the King, and at this
scientific dispute the faculty dis
agreed with the views of Columbus,
considering them, not only imprac-
teal, but impossible of realization.
The professors of the University said
that he could not make the round
trip from Spain to Asia as he main
tanned, in three years time. and they
were right \
Columbus achievement was not
based on scientific advancement.
Greek Science had already guessed
the true shape OF our planet and the
Pythagorean recognized it's spher-
licity. Aristotle had even mentioned
la single sea which bathed the OPP
posite shores OF both continents, and
the geography OF Ptolomeo was ad
mitted by men of culture From this
point, il was not necessarily a great
Intellectual effort to imagine the pos
sibility of sailing from the extreme
end of Europe that is, from Spain, to
the eastern coast of Asia following
an occidental route But the Ayiatic
continent and its magnificent riches
were the dream with which the XIV
century began its life, so that to go
TO India and take possession of its
wonderful treasures was the ambition
of all seainen. Greed, then, was the
main motive behind all those who
contributed to the discoveries of the
time. In the case of Columbus, how
ever, we find a fair mixture of greed
and faith Most of those who aided
him were frankly after gold, but Co
lumbus. besides gold. wanted 10 serve
his religion by conquering millions
OF souls for Christianity"
Autobiography OF Steel
Speaking on the Autobiography of
Steel, Mr. Doan said:
1.-THE physical properties, such as
the strength and ductility OF steel are
dependent not only upon its Ultimate
chemical composition but also upon
the orlentation of these constituents
and their physical condition in the
metal. These various conditions of
the steel are visible under the micro
scope in the grain structure which
1t exhibits.
Cast steel is brittle and hard be-
cause Of the course, triangular crys-
tailine grains of which it proves TO
be constituted
1.-THE object of forging or working
steel is therefore to remove the in
ternal stresses and loseness of tex
ture, inherent in any metal produced
by fusion and afterwards cast. A
forging, due to its refined grain struc-
ture is tougher than the casting.
by. heating the forging to GER
tain temperature the carbon in it dis
solves in the surrounding iron. If
lit is quenched suddenly in water the
cabon remains in partial solution and
the steel is very hard, strong and
brittle but not sufficiently tough.
Cooling in different media as oil, air.
sand, ETC., produces successfully
tougher although weaker steels. BY
this method steel of any desired prop
critics may be produced but strength
is always sacrificed for extra due
tility and vice versa.
Each of these heat treatments
produces its characteristic grain
structure in the steel as revealed by
the microscope.
"Steel nowadays is manufactured to
meet strict specifications in regard to
grain size. heat treatment, and ply
steal properties.
THE addition of various elements
such as manganese. nickel. chrome,
vanadium. tungsten, ETC., was found
to improve the properties of steel for
certain uses 4 chromium steel pos
sesses a tensile strength sof $4,000
pounds per square inch and consid-
cradle ductility.
"Chrome-vanadium steels are used
in airplane crankshafts. motor-car
axles and springs and in many other
places.
These alloy steels with double or
triple the strength of the simple
steels they replace the eliminating
many of the cumbersome structures
now in use. The progress of many
achievements such as aviation is
awaiting the development of more eff