davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1920-02-17
Cities Service prercrrc,l

cues i'on- expect to have about 500
N lew "eeks. I would Ike your ooinio
IA reference to Cities Service fir,t preferrs
= Yer cent price row ST. which Yields a.
most Fer cca-. Also Albany Cheroic;,
~cmHai'y. Albany, n III NJ. $.
Answer--LiDerty and Nictor- bond
should appeal to you during the pres
ent uncertain times. They weld owe
o per cent. Cities Service preferre,
stock has shown large margin oye
dividend requirements Jar some tim.
PAST. The company is engaged in th
OIL and natural gas business, which i
i!aTgel speculative; also, the compan,
mas done considerable financing of late
we nave no record OF The Alban,
Chemical COMPANY.
New-York tribune., 1920-02-17
Southern Pacific

g. Qn2stio 2na r. an, considering investin,
m,oon n-,,+ IN .s so"thern t, Pacific bonds at thr
whether, in your opinion, this co9s,ituts
4 wise Investment and whether ther. i. ~ :,
son to expect that these bonds NAV later h.
Soia at higher prica?-J. NJ. Mace.
Answer-lou do not state which is
sue OF Southern Pocilc bonds YOU de
sire to purchase. We believe ali th,
issues are safe. however, at present
Much depends upon the WORKINGS o.
fnc proposed railroad lcsislation
Un5'I this IS known all railroad :ecu
r,tles are more Or less speculative
a""ever, Southern Pacific has been ;
sooo Garner, and We believe it will con
New-York tribune., 1920-02-17
Sullivan Machinery Earned
$3.50 Il Share OF Cauita

Surplus, after charges. OF the Sulli-
van Machinery Company for the wear
ended December 81, 1919, was Sl.24l.-
227, equivalent to $3.50 3 share, earned
on the S4,SS7,550 capital stock. com
pared with $9ol ,So2, or S2233.a4 on the
S@,a42,e00 stock IN 1915. :
Net earnings last year we're s2lG0.-
8SE, against 2.1A0,O35 in the preceding
year. After depreciation and reserye
fer taxes of S3l6,660 balance available
For dividends vas Sl.2a4,227. Holders
OF thc stock received S49o,l52 IN ujvi-
dends, leaving $752o14 surplus, which
compares With $l40O74 in the year
New-York tribune., 1920-02-17
Empire Gas ard Fuel

UUastioQ-J am thinking ahour ,rrch..;,..
some Amp-re Gas and Fuel Company 6 Der
cent convertible gold notes OF 1929 adrc--
used IN your paper. and would ike IN s,e4
Sour valuable advice on san,c.-~U. $. T., {
=, Answcr-We should not class the
Empire Gas and Fuel notes as hirh
grade. AS semi-specuative invest
ment the? have attractions. The nature
OF tAe business in which the company
IS engaged would, we believe, preclude
any other rating. - 'N'
New-York tribune., 1920-02-17
FINANCIAL
THE NORTGAGF-H0ND COMfAHi v
Nt.N YORK

Tie following Ponds hat- hser d-asna S AT.
payment on April !. 1920. ~ when re
the interest will cease. Series . NoS rss.s.
500. 4a4. 1855 l775. loas. BIS. Dsss =, pt pst
B9is. B2SSi, and viii b. Te1eeInen -.ss,,a. 81
with interest t. that date upon pres nsr.
ton 10 an, of the following places fer p''
meni. IN New York rsn,-
Al the office OF The Mortgage Bona "a ~, .,
PAM OF New York. or AT the oN''
Ladenhurg, Thahnann < Company
In lonG Oh c.r.
At the DankinS House .. Cout;s & e''-'
pany.
in Paris
Al the Bsnquc dc runion Parisienns.
In Amstcrdarn--
At the Observation-Disclosures. bF0s'
liO-ulau q
New-York tribune., 1920-02-17
Investment
Information

Questions Of general interest to
investors will be ana,Ucred IN this
column, IN mhicE case only initials
,ytu be used. Others wW be- an
swercd by mn'l. .itidrese all in
Quirics, iNcios''.g a stamped. aa-
dressed caneiopf "a Financial Editor.
The Tribune, Is. Noss1u Street, New
York t-itu.
New-York tribune., 1920-02-17
NDHEW : MCCORMACK. Auctioneee.
EXECUTORS SAFE
Ey ADRIAN II. MILLER & SON
~ ED\;t.>DAA. FEBN 18TH. 1920,

L W w 'tfL-si ~ ~. a AuCtlOuees,
EXFctTOR'S SAFE
f,y ADRIAN II. MILLER & SON
ED\;ts-DAy. FEBN 18TH. 1920,
I - so O'clock. 1t Excnanse Salesroon
Nos. i and Is Vesey Street
y ORDER or THE E% ECUTORS -
TIL, WILL OF
MARGARET OLIVIA SAGE. DECD
620 shs. Nat.ona! Bank Of Commercs
in y
500 shs. Importers < Traders National
Bank. y. Y
l30 shs Fifth Avenue Bank. y. 7.
80 sh., New Yorn Trust Co
80 shs United States Guarantee Co
900 ahs. \. Y, Lackawanpa & Western
Railway Co. 80 Guarapteed.
300 shs. American Car & Foundry Co.
Ire1d
500 shs. Norris & Essex Railroad ca
~ q Guaranteed
800 shs i,ensselaer & Saratoea Rail
road Co. Consid. Dividends Guarsa.
teed by Delaware & hudson Canal
Co.
l35 shs Third Avenue Railway Co.
200 shs. Cleveland 6. pittsburgh Rail.
way GO. .'o Guaranteed
ID, 202 shs Minnesota Railway Construc.
ton Co
6,423 900 Interest in Hastings & Ds.
kotS Ry. Trust Estate. created by
~ deeds executed on Deeen Der sih.
1889, by the Hastings K Dakota E..
Go. and Russell Sage, as Trusts
N4rustee CeItiticatcs).
New-York tribune., 1920-02-17
FINANCIAL MEETINGS
HE EAenCnANTS NATIONAL
.;aAk Of the CITY ofNEW YORK

NOTICE IS hERc1l GIVEN hat al
meeting Of he :hareho.ders of The Me-.
hsnts Nati'Eai BANK .i The I'll. Of Nss
.ork. heid ~ January l3. 1929, 1t sis
eeteriained ~ take sreh proceed.nys a.
may DC ne, saIy or convenient to or.
ssnlze his Banking Assoclau.of as Al IN.
coEnorate1 baa.. OF Che state Of Ms
ofk by the name Ci The Merchants SaaI
sf the CITY uf New YORK. and also The.
:" lien this Bans sn2il have been o-s aiiz.d
80 an incnrpora I'd bAnl. Of tas stats OF
sew Eo"h proceedings be taken 10 merge
Il With TIE i'iesiaen, s..a directors of i.s
=. a,.lattan Company.
By ordcr OF ;nc Board ol Directors
y. T.. PAINTER, Cashie.
Dated New Y ll!l. January - 1889.
New-York tribune., 1920-02-17
THE MERCHANTS NaTlohAl
naNk af the CITY ef NEW YORK

NOTICE ll'AERERY GIVEN that a. .
meeting oc the shareholders of Tho Aer
.nants Aa,icjal SG3i> OF the Cty 81 Ne.
York, he'd on January !3. 1920. II ~
volsd thai the aid Bank so into .iaucs
ticH and be close AMI dissolved.
A! holders OF r.otHs ard other creditor
ef aaia Baukiag Associaiicn are heIeM
hotihed 70 present 4 notes and otn"
Claims against TIE Association for pa.
tnent at Us Banking House. Nunbe, ~
Wall Street. NV No-k city until Feoia
':y -. 1873. and rherea1usr 20 its laur
af tht Mannattan company. at Number Z"
Wall Street. New York city
BY orde. OF the Board Of Directors
u. Z. PAYNTER Cashier
Dated New York January 49, 1870.
New-York tribune., 1920-02-17
>oIice - Special Meeting Of
lNTEkN.s sTIONsf. Ms%tFSCflh1S ~

\ Special Meeting Of the stock lde's, ~ !.
his Company viii be held on ~ "a Dor .s
of March, 1920. at clock n the s..| Z
~ on. at The oliicn OF htriin, Wooisss!.
H!ckox. No 81 William Street, y iv. ~
\. Y. for the purpose II cons ierins Ia ,sf
edNlsa biity of dissolVins Tie .iprr-, p,r,
forthwith, and for the trans action OF ss ss.
E. NELSON. Secretary
Dated. January 3oth. 1920
New-York tribune., 1920-02-17
Financial Items

The Corporation Trust Company has
1sen appotnted transfer agent OF the
nhnaerican Hawaiian Steamship Company
me eoEer OH Corporation Stevens Phono-
s[apn company and the Blackstone Road
Material Corporation. The company was
New-York tribune., 1920-02-17
WILLIAM CRAMP & SONS SHIT -
ENGINE BUILDING COMFAS'
Sipkiup Eupl Notice q

Fidelity Trust Company formerly las Is'aas,
deity Insurance, Trust and saie " :s.
Company, Trustee under Mortgage . rns D
William Cramp q Sons ship ana sss 10.
Baiia.r- COMPANY dated March /. isi.sy .ssssl
Fites tenders OF proposals for oones oones.sa .:
under said mortgage 20 re snr'ehuet az
redemption proposals TO he Fss =, J.
aWa,ds made On March md. ''-F'
D'ciocl1 noon >,A.y 81
FIDELITY TRUST COMP ph ).
trustee. 325-S3l Chestnn, stgee.'
deph.a. "a ,...s,ses..
February ;. 1920 -->
New-York tribune., 1920-02-17

also appointed registrar for IA. H..
actor CORPORATION of America and tram,
o.' csr agent and registrar for the Evren;,
OH and Gaa Company ~
Tae New York Cotton Exchange will he
closed Saturday, February 81. prece,fin.
Washingtons birthday.
New-York tribune., 1920-02-17
Thrift Of iiiyht Sort

QuaIion-Wc are putting savings into
Victory bonds, and would like to ask your
ndvire about continuing ths. For instance
to-day We bought n 500 bond, paying
$loo.5o for same. We buy them at our
bank. paving $50 n week. which represents
our savings each week. / notice Victories
selling ut sos | wish to SAX If you think
tins IL good way to save Is there even
a chance of these bonds selling ut or above
par! Of course, il we could go out in the
market we could buy cheaper hut to place
our savings each wcek we have to buy from
banks. Please let have the benefit OF
your opinion on these bonds IN. S.
Answer-There is 10 better invest
ment than Victory bonds. Purchasing
them on the installment plan is a good
means of saving. While the price you
pay is slightly more than the current
price, nevertheless you cannot, We be-
Ievc, go wrong in keeping up this
method OF saving. The bonds VIII, we
think sell at or above 500 in the not
too distant future.
New-York tribune., 1920-02-17

=. Ii. kRESS & co. a
The January sales of S. H. hesss tiIAs3
We're sl.6S2.7i9.0o. an increase v
25A.00. or 20.9es, over 1919.
New-York tribune., 1920-02-17
%irginian Railway

BsGamfer ~ :, gross $50 s775so inc si,Ss2529
Net oper. inenen. - ~ sa -. lnc. 9S2 6Ss
u, 'nos gross. .227.s OF. Inc. ls.o4ss44
Hst Ssl' nlter taxes. 1851 .6a4 Dec. 4'757ss,
A'e' oese' ncame. &1.76Z07l Dec. S.S7cIis
New-York tribune., 1920-02-17
Stop Loss Orders

:. q, ouesi'on-Would ; you kindly explain the
States Steel at lOl and immediately out t''i in
a a., stop loss order 20 sell al 100 and move
tne stop order up With any advance. how
can I lose more than a point? Do ali
brokers accept stop loss orders? If a broker
w. c. 'N'' 10 VI
Anawer-~Under The conditions YOU
1escrlbc you would not lose more than
a POINT (plus commissions and taxi un-
less the market became very wild.
strictly sneaking, a stop order is y
market order after the stock has sold
at a, the stop price. This does not near
mat the stop will be executed at YOUR
price. In United States Steel where
trading is usually active, the chances
OF severe, sudden break are rather
remote. IN less active stocks stop
ordcr might be executed several points
below the stop price in an excitsd
market. Most brokers accept stop or
dcrs' but the broker most certainly
does not have to settle at the price Of
the stop. VI
New-York tribune., 1920-02-17
CLINTON HILL

Home Of the e9fvcantis (iJro,y 4soaaion, h3o-185f
strongest characteristics of the American business all
through history his sighted contributions the
Of general educaton Much that New York
$780, when merchants clerks and apprentices
met Tontne Coffee House form the Mercantile
Library By 1923, quarters became absolutely
necessary merchants subscribed s33 5000 for building and
endowing Clinton Hall home for the Mercantile
Library The President and leading of the Association for
years Philip Ho the younger brother and
Of ohn Hone the founders of the Merchants Bank
New-York tribune., 1920-02-17
Liberty Bond Yields

Gucston--kindly tell me why Liberty 4p,s
o. ,, ,So' se!' lover than Liberty .lis OF lJ-o.
Mrs. A. J. l..
Answer-~Thc Liberty loan issue with
'ne hearest maturity date sells highest
although tnc actual yield nj l.. not be
any dltie@nt. All 0onu are inquired to
yield SO much if he!d uati maturity.
me difference between In. selling price
and parity, spread Over the number of
years the bond has to run, plus the in
come derived from the purchase price
gives roughly the yield per annum to
maturity. Thus AZ per cent bond
at 80 returns 4.72 per cent. The ten
points spread over eighteen years is
DO 100 points per annum, which, added
TO 1.l2 per cent, gives ycid of about
o.z| per cent if held to maturity.
New-York tribune., 1920-02-17
Miscellaneous Markets
Miscellaneous OIL Companies


Atlantic Lobos OF, Co. conn.,. 80 80
Atlantic Lobos OH Co, pf.... l1h 14O
Cosden & Co ........ SM
Elk Basin Petroleum CO. SMs as
Houston OIL Co. com.......... 100 los
Imperial OIL. Ltd ............ 100 1l5
Magnolia Petroleum Co ..... 400 425
Merritt Oil Corporation ...... 1SM loA
Midwest Refining Co ........ las $50
Northwest oil co ,.,....... 81 A.
Producers & Rcincrs Corp. com Sia
sSapulpa Refining Co ........ IA ) "a
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1920-11-14
Filling Universities With Elderly Men
Who Retard the Younger.

I'm his ten years OF college life" they
say ~ student does not spend more than six
months in actual study. Why should not
workman make the same progress by crowd
ing those six months Of actual study into
three years at a government university,
where he will be free from all care2" And
they put their theory into practice by filling
tho universities with elderly men, who merely
impede the progress Of the younger and more
talented students, Just as they impede the
progress OF dramatic art by filling the the
aires with people who can never attain that
high standard of taste which Is confined TO
the small aristocracy of intellect.
All this Is only part of the great eamou-
flage and propaganda Of the Reds, which Is
based on false principles and On the whole,
profoundly insincere. They profess TO think
that in education the acquisition Of facts
md tho formation Of taste and judgment is
everything and the slow building up OF char
acter is nothing, a theory which Is confuted
By all human experience.
They told me Of a simple Ural workman
who learned TO read only two years ago, and
Is now head Of the Ministry Of Mines; also OF
Budenny, their famous cavalry leader who
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1920-11-14

to make these workmen appreciate the music
and the acting. He also lectured on litera-
ture, organized theatricals in factories and
military barracks, taught muzhiks to write,
wrote himself in the newspapers and painted
the whole front Of a Bolshevik bookshop
with mad daubs of every possible color.
This latter achievement he described as
Futurism. but it seemed to me an attempt
to epitomize on a surface twenty feet square
all the camouflage color schemes devised for
merchant steamers during the war The
sturdy, old fashioned house on which tins
atrocity was perpetrated looked as outlandish
as a COW that had one horn painted black
and the other sky blue. the tail green and
the body in irregular patches of half a dozen
different colors. l expressed no surprise, for
since my entry into Bolshevik Russia l had
quite lost the capacity for wonder
The restless and chaotic activities of this
enthusiastic are typical All the intellectuals
among the Russian Bolsheviks are in state
OF such indescribable ferment and agitation
that IL Is sometimes difficult to believe they
are sane. They take nothing for granted
The wisdom of the ages is nothing to them.
Everything that is old repels them: every
fad and every novelty appeals to them.
IL It were not for their lack of material
they would be conducting the widest expert
ments with regard to dress cookery clocks
town planning music. furniture, architecture,
street traffic and hundreds of other things.
AS it is they are trying to combine painting
and music : they are teaching what they call
MARKHAM arithmetic, art and metaphysics.
They are so bursting with revolutionary
ideas on everything that no book ever
printed would be big enough to contain half
the nonsense they told me- They seem to
imagine that in n few years they can lift up
the entire population to such an intellectual
height that everybody will enjoy and appreci-
ate Chopin, Rodln, Shakespeare, 51schylus
and all the great artists Of the world. They
seriously maintain that by three years des-
perately hard work any man of average abil-
ity can reach the Intellectual standard OF
finished university student.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1920-11-14

culture, Christian civilization, and great In
deed was the contrast between their schol-
arly discourse and the mad babble Of the
Bolsheviks into which again had to plunge.
One Bolshevik journalist to whom l had
an introduction l found occupying big.
cold untdy room In vast house. which
had once been divided up into flats inhabited
by business people but which was now in
a state Of decay. The journalist was III In
bed the first time called, his room in in
credible disorder and his wife out making
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1920-11-14

speeches but on my second visit he got up.
made me some tea and talked volubly for
hours
He was an enthusiastic poet, with entirely
new ideas about poetry. Another friend
whom I made was a Bolshevik functionary
of what is called the political department,
who dabbled in a multitude OF things
once heard him lecture in a theatre on
an opera which was about to be produced
before workmen who had never been TO an
opera before in their lives, his object being
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1920-11-14

probable of the Russian experiment VIII De
military Involving the determination Of half million Reds
perhaps another half million of infensve Jews anu
the Whites of those Socialists and
Liberals whom Lenine hated and who will probably have done
other political toward bringing about
downfall Then the pendulum will from right left
and from left right with sangunay marking the end
each ociatioD until finally federated bourgeois
republication Capt McCunaghs notebooks of his trip through
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1920-11-14
Waging Wpr on All Literature Produced
by Christianity.

They encourage the study Of classical litera-
ture, but on all the distinctively religious
literature produced by Christianity they wage
merciless war. They have seized not only
the great ecclesiastical Libraries, but even the
humblest collections of religious books in
country rectories and schools, and so long as
the Bolsheviks rule in Russia these books will
never be reprinted. They have no use for
the Bible, Dante, Milton or Bunyan; but their
hostility toward modern writer's who treat
social problems from a Christian point OF
view is very marked. Practically the only
books which they print are MARKHAM or non
Christian books. So far they only had time
to publish n small number OF pamphlets
treating the history of Russia. Germany
France, England and Ireland from the So
cialist standpoint, but it is their fixed inten-
ton to deal soon as possible with all
human history from this standpoint The
result has. up to the present. been disap-
pointing. as their brochures are very mac
curate and one sided but If they remain in
power long enough their literary output will
certainly have the merit Of originality.
The idea, for example. OF writing the his
tory of England entirely from the socialist
wcrkngmans point Of view is distinctly
new, but the writer will be terribly handi-
capped by the dulness Of the subject. He
will have 20 confnc himself 10 Jack Cade
tho Chartists and the modern labor move
the early part OF his work from very hostile
sources OF modern material he will find
plenty. but for the general reader IL will be
insuifeiably tedious and can never be fash
toned into a work OF art II will have the
aridity OF the dryest Blue Book on the re-
Enumeration Of the factory workers, II will
be filled with technical terms unknown 90
the general public and with Socialist iargon
IL will have TO be anti-natonal so that for
example, the economic changes which took
place here In the fourteenth century must
be considered in the light Of similar Euro
pean phenomena; il will have to oppose
depreciate or ignore all the pomp and cir
oumstance Of war, kingship ecclesiastical
life and feudalsm.
Such literature will become the literature
Of specialists TO tho same extent as advanced
technical treatises on surgery, eng ncerirg.
weaving, hydrodynamcs, or iChthylogy
and "the man in the street'--if Socialism
allows him 10 cNist-wif take no interest
i'm t.
Before the Reformation there existed
Continued on Fourth Page.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1920-11-14
Capt. McCuIlagh Tells
of Life in Moscow
Under Severest of
Handicaps, How He
Escaped From Rus
sia and Eagerness of
Natives to Leave

7r,he following narrative gives VIVID
picture of life in Moscow behind the
red curtain of BoIshevism. The
writer, Captain Francis McCuHagh. re-
Gently passed several months in that city
and by reason of his DISCUSSES and his
ability to speak Russian fuentIy he was
able to see things as they are. He was
not personally conducted" as are most
visitors to Russia. He is the only trained
and ,unrestrained observer who has come
out of Russia in year. Further articles
by Capt, McCuIlagh will be published in
the Sunday editions of THE NEW
YORK HERALD. Capt. McCullagh is
now returning to the Russian frontier in
the service of this newspaper.
By CAPT. FRANCIS McCULLAGH.
Special Correspondence of THE New YoRN
HERALD
Copyright, 1920, by THE New YORK HERALD
NEW York HERALD BUREAU.
LONDON. Nov. 4.
T. DO not propose to describe in detail IN.
life in Moscow, as the reader probably
will be more interested in hearing what
I saw there.
At first lived in the railway carriage III
which had come, and l found that other
people managed to sponge more or less
successfully, but for some weeks could not
get anything to eat or drink till o'clock
in the evening What this means l leave
the reader to imagine. One can live without
food for a long time If he lives quietly in
warm room and drinks plenty of water, but
l walked great deal about Moscow in cold
weather and with the streets knee-deep in
snow and slush. Later on, when the snow
melted. great pools of water made some of
the principal thoroughfares almost mpass-
able In some places there were stepping
stones or one could creep along close by the
sides of the houses where there was broken
margin OF dry land about an inch wide; and
t. was strange to see long queues of people
waiting at such places till they could ne
gotiate these dangerous crossings slowly
and in single file.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1920-11-14

Church and found that l was the only male
in the congregation the others being a few
frightened women. / spoke to the cure,
cultured and scholarly French ger tleman
with exquisite manners, but he could not be
more guarded in his answers than If had
been Commissar. He certainly looked on
me- 1 think, as Bolshevik agent provoca-
teur
Polish Churches Asylum for the Sane in
Mad Country.
The Polish churches not only in Moscow
but all over Siberia were crowded with men
as we'll as women; and / always felt better,
physically and spiritually, after visiting
them. They were calm asylums for the sane
in a country which had gone mad. Even
their severe Latin architecture and tie plain
Latin cross on the steeple were a relief after
the twisted Oriental style, barbaric colors
and distorted crosses of the ORTHODOX"
churches; while, the other hand, the
warm glow of life which pervaded Them was
an equally welcome contrast to the death
like Stiffness of the Reformed" chapels.
They were mute but eloquent symbols of a
greater and an older Internationale than
Lenine's, of an institution which bad wit
messed the fall of the Roman Empire. which
had survived the dreadful menace of Islam
which had seen many movements, madden
even than Bolshevism, rise and rage for six
or seven hundred years and then disappear
so completely that the man In the street to-
day does not know their very names.
l had visited many OF those churches dur
ing the course Of my Journey and had founi
them open when the others were shut. had
found the Catholic priest at his post when
all other ministers Of religion were fleeing
or had fed. The red torrent had Numbered
down on them, the leaping spray had hidden
them from sight and the raging waters had
cut them off, but when l came back they
still stood like the rock on which they arc
built. thought of that tremendous proph-
ecy which ] had seen on the dune vi ST.
Peters: The gates of hell shall not prevail
against IT,"
There was an Undesirable comfort and re-
assurance In seeing exactly the Same service
as Is to be seen in Ireland. TS rol, westmin-
ster, the Vatican, France, New York. Val
paraiso. the. islands Of the Outer Hebrides
and every part OF the orbis terrdrun. One
heard In all these different places exactly the
same Latin words, yet in each place the
Church WAS no exotic, dollhouse plant. but
a national growth with It's roots in the hearts
OF the people. Even In Russia the congre-
cations were made up not only Of Poles but
OF Lithuanians, Ukrainians. White Russians.
French Germans and Austrians