davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Atlanta tri-weekly journal. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1920-19??, 1920-04-01

There is an after-the war bogy,
so-called, which has been doing a
lot of good on American farms
more good than folks had any idea
of when he started out poking his
nose into the pocketbook of every
farmer, just as if the farmers pri-
waite financial affairs were any of
his business, which they are, by
the way. This particular bogy is
known as Mr.. Income Tax. He has
not confined his Investigations to
farmers, of course, but the fact of
special interest to country dwell
ers is that the levying of this war
tax has greatly stimulated the de-
sire on the part of farmers to keep
farm records. This in turn has
made very popular so-called "one-
day courses in accounting, which
are now being conducted in at least
Is states through the cooperation of
the United States department of ag-
riculture and the state agricultural
colleges in farm management ex-
tension work.
Farm Accounting In Many States
In sense, therefore, the present
movement is a by-product of the
war-one which is enabling thou
sands of farmers to ascertain ex-
actly where they are" after mar
keting like stock, grain, vegetables,
or any other of the necessities they
produce. 1t also is a great correct
Or Of numberless bad practices that
obtain on farms. Last year the farm
management extension service held
these accounting courses in over 100
localities in Illinois. The years ex-
perience so thoroughly demonstrated
the value of the idea that now the
accounting course is being carried
on in Montana, Idaho, Colorado,
Kansas, South Dakota, North Da-
kota, Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, In
diana, Ohio and Kentucky. .
In many cases the county agents
continue these courses after they
have assisted at one or two meet
ingS held by the extension specialist
Simple farm-account books prepared
for the convenient use Of farmers
are used and are the same as the
ones to be kept by the farmer
throughout the year.
Here is what is done in these
schools: The farmers, who usually
enroll as a result of written and
personal invitations from the coun-
ty agent, assemble at 9 o'clock in a
hall, schoolroom, county court house
or some other convenient place. Their
work at the outset consists in en-
tering in an account book a set of
figures typical of receipts, expendi-
lures, and inventory for a farm in
the locality. An analysis of this
typical record, and also a. demon
stration Of how to determine the
taxable income included in these fig.
ures is given by the instructor, the
farmers working under his guidance
with pencil and paper.
Yearly Inventory Emphasized
In entering the typical set of fig
Atlanta tri-weekly journal. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1920-19??, 1920-04-01
Rag-DoII Tester Efficient

The rag-doll method of testing
individual ears of corn is one of
the simplest and most economical,
and is efficient, says the United
States department of agriculture.
The tester consists of a strip OF
cloth, preferably bleached mus
lin, sixteen inches wide and from
three to five feet long. The cloth
should be marked off into square
sections and the squares all num-
bered. The ears to be tested
should also be given correspond
ing numbers. Six or more kernels
should be selected from different
parts of each ear, and placed in
the proper section.
When the tester is filled, fold
over each side so that the edges
meet in the center, roll up, and
soak the tester for a few hours
in lukewarm water. Drain off the
excess water and, place the dolls
in a warm place for the seed to
terminate. They should be COW
cred with wet cloth to keep
them moist, and in about five
days the seed should be sufficient
~ well terminated to show their
fitness for seed.
Farmers Bulletin 94S, 1.-The
Rag-Doll Seed Tester" describes
fully this method of testing seed
corn. 1t may be obtained free
from the department.
Atlanta tri-weekly journal. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1920-19??, 1920-04-01

to sprout and, If it does, will grow
only few inches or, at best, produce
a barren stalk.
Corn that will come up but that
worse than seed which won't grow
at all, because it fools a farmer into
wasting labor and land on it. Know
what your seed will do by selecting
it yourself.
Cheap seed corn may prove very
dear; the seed corn that produces
the best crop usually is the cheapest.
If you must buy seed, pay your
neighbor a reasonable price for Sc
lected we'll preserved seed of va
riety that has made good in a neigh
boring field; but don't pay stranger
a fancy price for seed claimed to
give miraculous yields. >..
Points on Preparing for Planting
Seed 60 F.
Seed ears should first be nubbed,
and the kernels from tip and butt
should be discarded fro mthe seed
supply. The small kernels from the
tips are less productive than the
other kernels on the ear; the thick
rounded kernels from the butts are
just as productive as any of the
rest, but because of their shape and
size they do not plant uniformly
when used in a corn planter with
other kernels.
Smelling by hand takes more time
and labro, but is profitable. The me-
chanical corn shelter will injure some
of the kernels, and thus destroy or
reduce their power to grow and yield.
No matter how large the required
supply, says the department, it will
still pay to shell it painstakingly by
hand, because of the greater acreage
to be planted the greater the ulti-
mate profit.
Each ear should be shelled sepa-
rately into a shallow pan or box, and
any blemished, poorly developed,
mo1dy or worm eaten kernel should
/ be rejected. r"'-' .- ~r.--. = --r. "
AS the seed from each ear'is found
satisfactory and sound. and free from
poor kernels, it is poured into the
general supply, and another ear is
| shelled in the same way. 1t is much
easier to pick out defective kernels
from a thin layer in small sieve
than from large mingled quantity
in a bushel measure or a bag.
Atlanta tri-weekly journal. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1920-19??, 1920-04-01
Growing Cotton Under
Boil WeeViI Canadians

CLEMSON COLLEGE, CLEMSON.
>. C.-The following recommends
tions for raising cotton under boil
Weevil conditions, based. on the best
information available at the present.
are made by the Clemson extension
service as general guide for farm
ers.
PLANT a smaller acreage per
plow.
2.-Prepare the land better than
formerly.
3.-Use more fertilizer and use it
more judiciously.
4.-Do not plant seed in close con-
tact with large applications of fer
tilizer
5.-Plant only purebred seed Of the
best varieties. The following short
staple varieties are recommended for
wilt-free land: Cleveland Big Boil
and Cook. For wilt-infested land
Dixie-Triumph and Dixie. Long sta
pie varieties: Weber 40 and Web
err 81.
6.-Delint seed with sulphuric acid
if possible.
PLANT plenty of seed to insure
a good stand.
8.-Plant at the same time as be-
lore IHe appearance OF the Doll Wee
viii a.
9.-Plant in rows three and one
half to four and one-half feet wide,
depending on the kind Of land.
10.-Leave cotton thick in the row,
preferably eight to twelve inches.
11.-Cu1tivate often enough to
keep out weeds and grasses. -
12.-Fol1ow cotton with a cover
tn T1ol1ob
organic matter as possible.
13.-Practice systematic crop rota-
ton.
14.-Do not depend on cotton alone
as a cash crop, but plant peanuts,
tobacco, corn and alfalfa as cash
crops.
15.-Remember that the boil wee
vii can be beaten only with good
Atlanta tri-weekly journal. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1920-19??, 1920-04-01
ITO Keep Pecan Trees Free From Insects
And Fungus Enc mics Must Spray Them

cases. Thinning out groves, where
the trees are too thick, will assist
by adding in better air circulation;
and top working diseased susceptible
varieties to non-susceptible varieties.
very expensive and doubtful expe-
dent, may aid in other cases. The
| greatest good to come from a recog-
milton of the present status of the
INDUSTRY, and the influence disease
| attack may have upon it, is to serve
| notice on those who contemplate f,r-
Their planting that:
! First: Disease resistant varieties
must be selected, such as Schley;
Stuart and Success.
! Second: Low, wet lands must be
avoided and elevated areas, with
good air drainage, planted instead.
Third: Trees must not be over
crowded, no matter where planted.
Fourth: Where the orchards are
large enough, and the trees consist
of variable varieties, 4the spray
pump should be introduced s
The spray schedule, which we rec
ommend, as result of our meager
| knowledge is essentially as follows
| First: All trees should be sprayed
| thoroughly in the winter with con-
centrated lime-sulful solution at the
same dilution as for apple and peach.
Second: AS soon as the foliage is
out, second spraying should be
given, consisting of 1850 Bordeaux
formula with one and one-half
pounds of arsenate of lead added
where any damage has been noted
from moth, case worm or caterpil-
lars. -. .>
Third: This spraying should be
repeated after the nuts have set.
Fourth: Additional sprayings of
Bordeaux, without arsenate of lead,
should be given at intervals through
out the season, the number and time
of applications depending upon
wealth conditions and crop outlook
Atlanta tri-weekly journal. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1920-19??, 1920-04-01
QUALITY OF SEED is VITAL
QUANTITY OF CORN GROWN

The quantity and quality of the
corn you will harvest next fall de-
pand. first, on the kind of seed you
plant this spring. Perfect culture
and the best weather in the world
cannot remedy the initial eveil if
you plant poor seed.
A good seed corn, say specialists
of the United States department of
agriculture, is one that is adapted
to the locality, is grown on the most
productive plants of a productive
variety, is we'll matured and pre-
served from ripening to planting time
in such way that the full vigor
of the seed will be retained.
It should have been selected in the
fall from the stalk, but If that was
neglected, all that can be done now
is to obtain a uniform type of seed
true to varietal characteristics and
that will grow.
The mere fact that the kernsl will
sprout in a germinator is not the
whole story. Recent experiments
have shown that weak sprouts may
be indications of disease, that SINH
lar seed when planted is likely not
Atlanta tri-weekly journal. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1920-19??, 1920-04-01
LABOR SHORTAGE FELT-~USE
WHAT IS | EFT TO ADVANTAGE
tomorrows when the rush work is
out of the way.
Then Rack to the Old ProVerb

tomorrows when the rush work is
out of the way.
Then Back to the Old Proverb
Then, when the rush work is over
revert to the proverb in it's original
form, Put off nothing until tomor-
row which can be done today" This
applies to work that may be done any
time within a wide latitude. but the
time comes when it can not be put
off any longer and it may stop the
rush work. Seed corn, for example,
may be tested and shelled any tina
after it is thoroughly cured, but if
the work is neglected until the fields
are ready to plant, then that most
profitable work in the corn field may
be delayed. That is a fair illustra-
ton of get out-of- the-way" work
1t takes more planning, more
thinking, and more force of charac-
ter to do this work in season when
there is no rush work than it does to
concentrate on rush work. Only by
using his head can the farmer han
die the "get-it-out-o f-the-way work
in advance, but he must apply the
rule methodHally and unfailingly if
he is to get ahead very fast ill spite
kof shortage of labor.
Atlanta tri-weekly journal. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1920-19??, 1920-04-01

Commercial fertilizers, are high at
present and no more than is abso-
lutely necessary should be used.
Care must also be taken in their ap-
p1ication, as there is constant dan
ger of burning the roots of the
plants. especially where the fertil-
izers are applied directly in the
rows. The best results are general
ly secured where the fertilizers are
applied and raked in a few days be-
fore sowing tho seeds or setting the
plants. In this way they become
more or less mixed with the soil and
there will be little danger of doing
the plants an injury.
In many sections of the country nj
trate of soda is used as .stimulant
to force the growth of the plants
after they are started. Nitrate of
SODA is a concentrated fertilizer
furnishing nitrogen, that element
which makes the green and vigorous
growth in plants, and should be used
sparingly to avoid injury. The usual
custom is to scatter little q pound
to 100 feet) nitrate of soda along the
rows of plants and mix it with the
soil by means of a hoe or rake.
Atlanta tri-weekly journal. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1920-19??, 1920-04-01
How the MiddIemen Work

1t is important that a producer
clearly understand the functions of
brokers and commission merchants.
They act as the producers personal
representatives on the market. In
the case of brokers this is an i'm
portant consideration If shipments
are apt to be rejected, for the rep
resentative is able, through being
on the ground, either to prevent re-
lection entirely or to offer a suita-
Bile compromise. Brokers act mere
ly as representatives of the shipper,
whereas commission merchants us
ually have complete authority to dis
pose of shipments to the best ad-
vantage. Brokers handle shipments
usually in CARROTS, while commission
merchants handle shipments Of any
size.
Atlanta tri-weekly journal. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1920-19??, 1920-04-01
LABOR UTILIZATION IS IMPORTANT
FACTOR IN FARM MANAGEMENT

The question of whether or not
a farm is efficiently managed is an
swered in large measure by deter
mining whether or not the productive
enterprises on the farm as organized
are sufficient to make the best utili-
cation of the work stock equipment
necessary to operate the farm and
the time of the regular men on the
farm. This statement is made by the
United States department of agricul-
ture in connection with a series of
tests to determine the relative eff
cheney Of southern farms.
A great number of farm manage
ment studies were made to furnish
the basis for the tests. In connec-
ton with labor utilization, figures
are quoted from a survey made in
Sumter county, Georgia. On the best
one-mule cotton farms in that coun-
ty an average of 23 acres of cropped
land, acres of which were double
cropped, were worked with one mule.
The conclusion is reached, therefore,
that on farms Of this type having
less than 81 acres of crops the mule
requirements are not sufficient to
utilize properly the labor of the one
mule necessary to operate the farm.
1t is likewise estimated that two
mule cotton farms must have not
less than 81 acres of crops, three
mule farms not less than 104 acres
Of crops, and so on with the larger
mule equipments in order to account
for the best utilization.
Better RecordR Made
While these figures represent the
averages Of the best farms in GER
tain groups and are said to make
an excellent and conservative guide,
they do not represent the highest
possible efficiency. There was one
farm in Sumter county on which each
mule worked an average of about
40 S4 acres Of crops.
If the organization of the farm is
not such as to reach high efficiency
n utilizing the work stock equip
ment, it is suggested that attention
be given to bringing idle tillable
Atlanta tri-weekly journal. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1920-19??, 1920-04-01
Prepared by Extension Service, An
burn, Ala.

~~@S~~sD~S~S
burn, Ala.
There is a widespread belief that
the pecan is practically free from in
sect and fungous enemies. This err
| roneous idea has lead to the planting
of pecan trees in low, damp lands
where there was no possibility of air
circulation nor air currents. For
many years orchards so planted have
produced good crops, but gradually
we have been forced to realize that
grave errors have been committed
and we must confront the situation
as 1t is.
1t is fact that various groves in
the state are not now producing
more than 10 to Is per cent of their
former yields and the quality of the
nuts produced is extremely inferior
Certain varieties in many groves I'M
der observation have been so dam
aged by pecan scab and mildew dur
ing recent years that they have not
only ceased to produce fruit but.
from 10 to 100 per cent of the ter
minaI branches are dead and even
the trees themselves have died as di-
rect result of the damage from these
two diseases. $500.
A visit to an orchard recently dis
closed the fact that certain varieties
of trees in that orchard had practi-
ca1ly shed all of their foliage a
! month before the nuts were ripe. In
| fact, on one variety not a nut was
| produced. In many instances trees
were largely defoliated before the
nuts were ripe with the result that
the nuts filled poorly and their meat
was unfit for human food.
1t is easy to state a fact about a
condition of this character, but a
remedy is not so easily found be-
cause we have but little data on the
result of pecan spraying. We do
know, however, that the spray pump
is the only possible solution in many
Atlanta tri-weekly journal. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1920-19??, 1920-04-01

lands into use, to retaining wild
land, or to renting additional acres.
On the other hand, if it is found
that the work stock equipment is
not sufficient to operate the farm
profitably, it may be advisable to
rent out few acres and bring the
farm down to size that can be OPP
Grated efficiently by the present out
fit. This, of course, is to be con-
sidered only in. cases where the re-
quirements of the farm can not be
made sufficient to justify the addi-
tio1 of another mule
Getting a Line on Labor
Full utilization of man labor is,
of course, quite as important as that
of mule labor. The method of arriv-
ing at the percentage Of efficiency
with which the time of the men is
utilized is this:
Determine the total number of
days work required by all the pro-
ductive enterprises. Subtract from
it the number Of days necessary tC
do the contract and miscellaneous
day wage work. The remainder is
the number of productive days work
required of the regular man on the
farm. Divide this number by the
number of days available for field
work at their command. The quo
| tent is the percentage of efficiency
1t works out this way:
Suppose that there were 212 days
during the year on which work could
| be done in the field. Then suppose
that the owner Of the farm actually
had work to do for only IT'S days dur.
ing the year. One hundred and sew.
| enty-five is 81 per cent of PIP. The
owner of the farm, therefore, reach.
ed 80 per cent of efficiency in utiliz.
| ing his own labor.
Full details as to this and the va.
rious other tests used in demon.
strating farm efficiency are giver
| in United States department of ag.
riculture circular No. 49,. Copies oil
| the circular may be had free by
writing the department of agricul
ture, Washington, D. c.
Atlanta tri-weekly journal. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1920-19??, 1920-04-01
Proportion of Various
CROPS Influence Income

What proportion of cropped acres
on any farm should be devoted to
cotton in order to make the farm as
a whole most profitable.
This is one of the questions the
United States demaptremnt of ag-
riculture insists upon having an
swered in determining efficiency of
southern farm management. A large
number of farm studies have been
made to determine the proportions.
Figures are quoted from a survey
made in Sumter county, Georgia.
Of nine one-mule farms the best
five averaged 20 acres of cropped
land to a mule. Of this, 9S acres,
or less than half, was planted to
cotton. The remainder was divided
as follows: To acres in corn; 2.7
in oats or oat hay; 3.6 were second
cropped with cowpea hay, leaving
3.3 acres for miscellaneous pur-
poses.
Of tWenty-three two-mule farms
the best five averaged 30.2 acres, of
crop land a mule. Of this 1915 acres
were planted to corn; 3.9 to oats and
oat hay; acres were second crop
ped with cowpea hay; IA acres were
devoted to cotton, and IL to miscel-
laneous crops. ....
Of twenty-five three-mule farms
the best five averaged 32.5S acres of
crop land a mule, of which 1747
acres were planted to cotton, the
remainder going largely into food
and feed crops. 3d. --,5s
Of eighteen four-nlule farms the
best five averaged so acres of crop
land a mule; 1885 of this went into
cotton, the remainder being plant
ed to supply crops.
OF nineteen five-mule farms the
best five averaged 27.1 acres q
mule and planted Is 1-2 acres of this
in cotton.
The best five Of fifteen six-muIe
farms averaged "a 1-2 acres Of crop
land mule and planted 10 IL acres
of this in cotton.
Atlanta tri-weekly journal. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1920-19??, 1920-04-01
ACCOUNTING COURSES
BUSINESSAID FOR FARMERS

ures, items making up the inventory
which should be made annually are
set down first. This is followed by
entry of receipts and expenditures
for the years business, and finally
an inventory representing conditions
at the close of the year. The in
structor shows how to figure annual
depreciation according to income-tax
rulings, and what items should be
put in the account and which left
out A few items foreign to the
record are usually put down, but Do"
fore summarizing are stricken out by
the instructor, the reasons for such
action being given in each case.
Usually this practice accounting
takes up most of the morning. Part
or all of the afternoon may be oc-
cupied with a discussion of factors
affecting efficiency with which the
farm is managed, quality of live
stock, amount Of live stock, size of
the farm business, the farm lay
out and use Of labor. The farm rec
ord entered in the account book af-
fords good basis FOR illustrating the
discussion. For instance, those pres
ent often disagree radically as to
which of two. plans is best, such as
which of two systems Of live stock
production, or which rotation of
crops, should be adopted. Such ques-
tions are settled by determining the
amount of feed required by differ
ent animals and what combination of
crops will produce the required feed
and whether the combination of crops
| suggested is the most economical
croD D1ap for that locality. I'D.
Income TAX Information Sought
Probably the desire to know how
to calculate the income tax accurately
has been one of the strongest in
centives for farmers to attend these
| schools, but the benefits they derive
| extends to a far greater field. since
! the farmer is induced to undertake
systematic keeping of accounts which
enable him to study his farm bust
ness intelligently. Grossly erroneous
estimates and guesses, many of which
| have been accepted as accurate for
years, are set aside and actual facts
| and figures take their place. Thus
| the farmer sees his whole farm bust
ness in it's proper perspective. He
ascertains which crops, what kind Of
live stock, and what kind of layout
are the most profitable. Likewise, he
| is in a far better position to know
what is a fair price for his produce
and how much profit will result from
any given price.
Atlanta tri-weekly journal. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1920-19??, 1920-04-01

ing to catch them the old-fashioned
way. 1t will tickle you to see it
soon get rid of terrapins and craw fish. No
catch house and musk rats, and you will
other tackle catches at all seasons like this.
EUREKA FISH TRAP CO., GRIFFIN. Ga.
Atlanta tri-weekly journal. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1920-19??, 1920-04-01

Do not feed green cut bone often
err than every other day. 1t is best
fed in trough. Allow about one
half ounce to each bird. Should too
severe or continued looseness of the
bowels follow the feeding of the
bone, it should be discontinued or
the quantity reduced.
Atlanta tri-weekly journal. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1920-19??, 1920-04-01

n A post card will put you
& on to something that will
e turn your neighbor green
Il with envy after seeing
b you catch dead loads of
fish in streams where he
has become disguised try