davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1920-03-14
How Foch Won

In these intsr~isws Foch din,
eussss the tmmutability Of ,tratssi,
principles. But he say. suardedlyl
War never changes In its essence, e
1t only changes in it, means. !
Again: "No. War hasn't changed
since mon have existed. But don't
you realize that it really demands
a great deal Of art?" =
What are tho unch.nssnx prirci-
pies OF strategy? They are few "a nd
highly generalized. General Nathan NSn
q. Forrest, a self-made soldier
summed up one when ne said that
the main thing was ITO get there
1ustest with the mostest men /"
Another ia that the offensive, as a
rule, is more advantageous than the
defensive. But che test Of a great
soldier Is to apply the elusive
principles OF strategy which have
come to him instinctivsly or have
been taught him In the schools.
Foch says again:
People havs eftpn sshsd mo II
expected = long war. I eeuldnx an.
svsr them. II wasnx my affair.
The future nsvsr bslenss to men.
and Il 10 loss Of Hna, Of thought
and Of energy T. diAsnos. II to ths
New-York tribune., 1920-03-14
The French Actiyitie.

lne French. working east on the
south. south side Of the somme, nearly
reached Psronne and almost | srvs;,
0pea ch.ulns& Joining the British
north Of the somme, they n.xt
neiped to penetrate tho German uns
New-York tribune., 1920-03-14

T<IELD MARSHAL HAIV!
n dispatchesooveringths perio'
from DseemsAsA 1915 4
April, 1919, have bssn col
lected into stout volume and pub
lshed in three countries 0rea,
Britain, France Tin translatton) ant
the United States. q. p. Dutton 4
Co. are tho American publishers,
The text has been edited by Neu-
tenant Colonel ]. II. Baraston, Earl
Haig's private secretary. A valu.
able set Of West Front maps accom-
panies this handsome reprint.
Haig's reports deserve tho CON-
pliment thus paid them. They are
Of interest to tho general reader, al
well 80 70 the military studsnt Dur-
Ing the war the British were prac-
tically alone among the belligerents
In adher1ns 70 tho practice Of issu-
ing periodical analyses Of military
operations. The French drew . yedl
over their campaigns, whsthsr suo-
cessful OF unsuccessful. Thsy took
not the least chance Of giving the
enemy scrap Of useful military
information. The Russians issued
only fragmentary bulletins. German
reports, like the "Kriegsberichte aus
dem Grossen Hauptquartier," were
speciously deceptive Tho British
General Staff, however. kept full
faith with the public. It described
the happenings at the front candidly
and accurately. If the interpreta-
ton Of the military situation was
sometimes colored from motives Of
policy, the facts themselves were
never Intentionally juggled or dis
tOrted.
New-York tribune., 1920-03-14
Unified Command

Moreover, clarity and unity in
strategy can come only if there il
unified command. And up to March
TO- 1918, there was no unified Allied
command.
Inc war on the West front in
1915, 1915 and 1917 consequently
degenerated into war Of attrition
Such a war is in many respects a
negation strategy. 1t didn't an
peal to Foch-himself a deem stu.
dent Of strategy. In the introduc.
ton which he wrote to Haie's VOL
ume he deprecates attrition and de-
scrlbes it as an unpromising expe-
dent forced on tho Allies by THAR
incomplete preparation for war
We we're limited" he says, ITO
local and spasmodic engagements.
and the best that could be done waa
to coordinate than a. to space and
time. That is the explanation Of
the poor results obtained up to the
year 1917"
Fortunately, the Germans were
also occupied in the East fighting
New-York tribune., 1920-03-14

! detr1ment Of tho task In hand. !
have always wanted to do my work
In all things according to tho for
mula, Sufficient unto the day is ths
evil thereof The evil Of each day
Ia sufficient. And I have always
sought to handle the big thinas with
all the conscientiousness which one
brings to little things"
Foch did his work conscientiouslv.
even when he was tied down in 1915
and 1919 to that war of attrition
which was so uncongenial to him and
in which his star sank almost to
eclipse. But his attitude Of mind
indicates that he would have been
about the last person in the world to
attribute to the Entente Campaigns
on the West front closely CO.
ordinated purpose or to view them
as a single great battle, proceeding
according to q fixed and smoothly
running plan.
Attridon Warfare
Yet Field Marshal Haig STRONGLY
emphasizes the attrition warfare Of
1916 and 1917 as an end In itself
ana as necessary preliminary to
victory. The title affixed to the re-
port OF the Somme operations is
THE Opening Of the Wearing Out;
Battle" Was the somme intended
TO be primarily an ordeal In attri-
t'on! Or was 1t primarily an at
tempt to break through the German
front and force German withdraw
al from the Noyon salient? After
ti1e battle was over-on December
aS' 19l6-the Field Marshal stated
saat the Joint British and French Of
[ensive had this threefold object:
II. To relieve the prsssur. on
verfun.
a. 40 assist our allies in tho other
3 snestsrs Of war by stopping any fur
'teer transfer Of German troops from
1Ae Western front,
:. s. To wear down tho strength Of
'nel forces opposed to u.s."
The immediate strategical object.
ve wfs ignored. although by De-
'emoer %, 1915, that objective had
'een practically attained.
The Allied offensive in the son,n.
aimed to drive a wedge into the
Western face of the Noyon salient
'e1ween Bapaume and P6ronne 20
Is 20 break the part Of the salient
A'ehdlng north-northwest from,
.oye TO Arras into two smaller a.
tents, and to make it impossible for
no Germans to hold on in those
wo smaller salients.
New-York tribune., 1920-03-14
The Deadlock Broken

General Psrshing may havs had
the very definite plan Of forcing
the lighting into open warfare" But
before he got into the lighting omen
New-York tribune., 1920-03-14
Clear and Truthful

Field Marshal Haig's accounts of
the campaigns of 1915, 1917 and
1918 were therefore the best and
clearest sources Of information
available during the progress Of the
war They were a delight to in
vestigators and critics, confused by
mass of secondhand and mislead-
ing reports from the fighting lines.
Marshal Foch, who prepared an in
PRODUCTION for the French edition,
says Of Haig's communications
Written with the strictest regard
FOR truth and scrupulously exact to
the smallest details, these reports
nre distinguished by their unques-
tionsble loftiness and breadth Of
view."
That is thoroughly deserved
praise. They are also distinguished
by modesty Of tone and lucidtty Of
style. They wear we'll and will re-
main an invaluable contribution to
the history Of the great war.
Of Interest To-day
That aspect Of them which Mar
shall Foch has emphasized IL Of
greatest interest to-day. when a
critical study Of the strategy Of the
war Is just beginning. In his Anal
dispatch, dated March 21, 1919, the
British commander in chief sue-
gests theory Of the strategical de-
velopment Of the struggle on the
Western front which is certain to
figure largely in the debates Of the
future. Naturally, he tries to co.
ordinate and unity the Entente's
strategy in the West, and to present
1t as process reasoned out In sd.
vance rather than as a product Of
experimentation, shaped to a laree
extent by conditions and circum-
stances beyond any strategises i'm
mediate vision or control.
Haag's view ia that Of the protes.
sIonal soldier, with a 1ust,f,.h,.
pride in his profession and a ten.
dency to regard war az an eracA
science rather than a. an art subject
TO infinite uncertainties and varia-
tlons. He undertakes to clarity tho
strategy Of the four years Of tenta-
tive and disjointed effort ON tho
Western front by likening the con-
fused and manifold operations there
to lone single great battle"
Two Theories
The field marshal states his theory
Tn two ways. The first and narrow
er form Is:
Neither the course Of the wur
Itself nor the military lessons to be
drawn therefrom can properly be
comprehended unless the long sue
cession of battles, commenced on the
somme in 1915 and ended in No
vember Of last year (1s1s) on tho
Sambrs. are viewed ~ forming part
New-York tribune., 1920-03-14

warfare had arrived, tho Battle Of
oambrai in November, 1917, havina
at last broken the deadlock Of posi-.
tional warfare.
1t Is obvious that tho Entente
effort on the Western front was
inspired by no consistent or clear
idea, such as must govern TO some
extent in a single battle. At the
outset Joffre's Alsace-Lorraine and
Ardeines offensives failed abruptly
The Germans swept into France bv
way OF Belgium. They were halted
at the Marne, but they couldn't be
expelled. Trench lines were estab-
lished from Switzerland to tho North
Sea. The tedious war Of tixed posi-
tions began and lasted three years.
On tho Defensive
The mass Of the Allied torc.s was
pinned down on the defensive in
Northsrn France. The Entente at-
taoks on the German positions IN
1915, 1915 and 1917 were, in fact
only a form Of the offensive>deYan-
s've. Tho immense development of
artillery and small arms had given
1ne defence a startling temporary
superiority. This was to be ovsr-
come only by a further development
OF artillery power and by the intro
duction of new weapons Of otfense.
like tanks. The process Of rcadiust-
ment was slow and uncertain.
Strategy was limited and prescribed
by new and strange conditions
strange, at least, for the modern
world It's problems had 70 work
themselves out experimentallv ovar
long periods. Conditions did ro4
yield to strategy. They dominat.d
it.
New-York tribune., 1920-03-14

kussia and Rumania. "The result
Ing wsakneas Of the two opposina
lines" Foch adds, threatened to
prolong Tor some time to come wha,
has been called the war Of attrition
that struggle Of unmarked and
unsustsined advantages which wears
out both armies without bringing
gain to either-A war without re-
suit If war Is to end in victory
It must always be given character
different from thls.'
Not Foch's Idea
1t Is no rash assumption that Foch
never considered the Entente cam
paisns Of 1915. 1915, 1917 and
1913 ~ ono great battle, fought In
accordance with a clear strategic
plan. Afe the principles Of strategy
20 immutabls that competent SOL
diers can always grasp then, and
apply thsm7 Foeh, tho celebrated
professor Of stratssy. is very ret~
lcent on this point. Shortly after
the armistics he was asked how he
won the war.
"The war was won by faith" he
answered.
IN some recent interviews with
hina, the substance Of which has besn
reported by M. Andre do Marieo,rt
the same question rscurred.
HOW did win the war? BY smok-
ing my pipe. I mean BY that
not getting excited, reducing
everything to its simplest terms.
avoiding useless emotions, reservine
all my strength for my special
task"
New-York tribune., 1920-03-14
Tradition Offended

Such view necessarily gives um-
bragg to those brought up in the
tradition that strategical practice is
as fmmutable as strategical princi-
ple' and that both are an open book
to the professional soldier. A critic
OF this school. writing in "The New
York Sum-" protested against tho
idea that the war had worked out
its own strategy, and cited a pas
sage from General March's report
for 1919. in which tho latter. like
Field Marshal French, compared the
war to a single, correlated battle.
According to this critic, "Mahan
aid long ago that the principles Of
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-12-11
STOCK LIST YIELDS TO
CONTINUED PRESSURE

New York, Dec, 1.-THE stock mar
ket continued It's downward course dur
ing today's short session. seasoned as
well as speculative shares yielding to
persistent pressure In the absence Of
buying power
The tone OF overnight advlces bear
ing upon values was again largely ia
vorahe 10 the short interest Rails
OF the representative types were heavy.
losing l to 8 points and losses among
secondary rails were most extensive.
The bulk OF the selling conferred in
oils, motors. steels. shippings and food
and textile Issues. American Wooden
showing further weakness.
Heavy offerings Of oils and rails at
recessions Of to points attended the
early dealings on the stock exchange,
cancellng most gains made In yester-
days late rally. Steels. equipments,
shippings and motors also reacted
Royal Dutch Mexican Petroleum. Nor
folk e. Western, Canadian Pacific,
Union Pacific Rock Island, New York
Central, Cruchle and Republic Steels
md United Fruit comprised the weaker
issues A few nominal gains among
specalties In the food and textile d.
visions were soon forfeited.
Conditions In the automobile indus
try were reflected In the passing OF the
Fisk Rubber company dividend. The
closing was weak; sales approXimatei
$50, 900 shares.
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-12-11
PALMER REVIEWS FIGHT
ON TRUSTS, RADICALS

Washington. Dec, 1.-THE campaign
against high cost Of living, efforts Ia
break up trusts and combinations I'm
restraint of trade and tho governments
n,ght on radicalism are reviewed by
AttN'-Gen, Palmer in his annual re-
port scnt TO congress
IN discussion Of the radical nroh-
l'm, Mr.. Palmer discloses that the dc :
@rtment OF Justice has deveIoned N
caro- index system. containing more
man 200 600 cards. giving detailed data
on inc activities Of ultra radicals and
their organizations ms well ms COM
pete library OF reference on the zen .
cral radical movement.
Ninety per cent. Of the communist
ana nnarchistic agitation last year.
INC AttorneN-gencral saws IL trnec
nhle In alionF Ono Of the fertile fields
ne saws. Is among the negroes who
have been appealed 10 directly for
Hupnort in the movement TO . over
throw the government OF the United
Tho twenty-sIx or more FOREIGN Inn.
ruaEe papers have been "pnrticularly
roticcahle for their strong ultra radical
loRnineS' tho attorney general saws
INC results Of the January raids on
The communist and communist labor
nartN meetings Mr. Palmer saws.
caused marked temporary ccssn.
ton in radical activities here. Meet
inFs Of the communist and anarchIs,lc
rroups were Eusneuded and were fol-
lowed Inter by the declaration OF tho
American delegates to the third inter-
rationale at Amsterdam that the Jan.
nary raids had DESTROYED the hopes OF
the communists In America.
MIR, Palmer reCltcs the lcriaIa tive
program laid before congress- at its Inst
session In which he snid existing laws
cid not permit the government to curry
on the sort Of prosecution reouircd in
tho case az some az the radical Ernuns
notably the Industrial Workers OF tho
world, whose activities tho department
tns been unable to touch In most In
stances.
Four Million In Fines.
Turning to law enforcement ect,v-
tiles, the attorner-Feucrai saws tho
government collected pnroNimatel.
hb39. 600 in fines and iudrncnts I'm tho
asst year, or this. So iae o00 came from
ttucs In criminal prosecutions while tho
reminder was collected In civil pro-
ceoiinEs
Twenty cirht antitrust raocs arc
pending IN the various district courts
over tho country and tho supreme court
o. tho United states. Frank X Ncbc-
ker. assistant to the attorney general
In his Eurcinl report on tho subject
SAYS TINT prosecution Of thces cases is
proceeding aS rapidly as the machinery
~ tho courts having jurisdiction can
be moved sixteen Cnscs AGAINST al
lrrc1 trusts or combinations in re
straint NJ trade hayc been instituted In
the last twelve months and twelve 9th
'rs hove been disposed ~ 10y final court
action. M Nchckcr SAYS
Tho rcusrt show. thaat I'm its cam
pniEn tn lower lvinr costs the de
rar'u ~ hruu~ht total of % 0l6 legal
actions under the Lover act Of these
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-12-11

headed by Johnson. Borah ana knox.
Senator Shields and Senator liced are
classed with the latter, as irreconcil-
able on the treaty OF Versailles. Inese
are the only democrats placed IN TINS
group, though Senator Hitchcock and
Frank l.. POLK democrats, have been
former Secretary OF state
designated as conterees, with those
who favor the league, with changes,
Senator Shields is in high favor with
the bitter-enders as well as being pop
ular with all elements on the Tepub-
lican side of the senate. and II Is COM
mon talk here that he stands close to
Senator Harding. who esteems his adj
vice as of great value and regards the
Tennessee senator as being worthy a
place on the supreme bench. II is no
great surprise that the republican
leaders look upon Senator Shields as
less Objectionable for the supreme
judgcshin than any other democrat
Since his appointment to the supreme
bench has been forecast he has been
the subject OF conversational comment
IN the clonkrooms at the capitol and
in the lohuics of the hotels, bringing
INN forward as a conspicuous national
character.
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-12-11
Weather Conditions

weather CONDITIONS 49,
Snow storms are prevailing In Minne-
sofa, Manitoba and Canada this morn
ing, and rain over the coast OF Texas
and along the Pacific coast. The tenn
perature has fallen over the south
eastern section causing killing frost
over northeastern Florida. Over the
New England states and the central
west the temperature has risen. Low
pressure areas were centered over the
New England coast and over the ex-
treme northwest; high pressure areas
were crested over the northeastern Sec
ton and Southern California.
Conditions are favorable for generally
fair and warmer weather over this
section tonight and Sunday.
Local Forecast.
Generally fair and warmer tonight
and Sunday.
River Forecast.
The river will continue to rise slowly
tonight and Sunday.
Local Data.
Temperature for twenty-four hours
(degrees) -Highest yesterday, AZ; low
est last night. 80; mean. So; wet bulb'
7 pm. 40: wet bulb, Z am, 81.
Corresponding date last year (de-
grees) Highest As; lowest Is; Mean
Normal for this date, 40 degrees.
Accumulated deficiency in mean tenn
perature since jan. l, SAG degrees.
Relative humidity (per cent)-7 pm,
68; Z am, 95. 49,.
Precipitation for twenty-four hours
ending z am. today, inch.
Total precipitation since Jan. !, 652
inches.
River stage at 7 am. (feeO, 4.4;
rise in twenty-four hours feeO,. 05.
Weather for Eour States.
Washington. Dec 11.--Forecast:
Tennessee and Kentucky--lncreasing
cloudiness tonight and Sunday, probably
becoming unsettled: warmer tonight in
east and central portions Sunday.
Georgia--Fair and warmer tonight;
Sunday unsettled and warmer. prob
ably rain in west portion.
AlabamG-Increasing cloudiness, prob
ably followed by rain Sunday and in
southwest portion tonight; warmer.
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-12-11
DISCUSSES SAVINGS

Ice Day Woodworth, DEPUTY manager
" tho American Bankers association.
has prepared an exhaustive discuss
sion OF school savings banking.
To Indicate tho present Importance
81 tho subject to educators and 10 the
bankers who win cooperate IN estnh-
fishing and maintaining tho protect. he
saws.
Does mere ability ~ read to write,
10 multiply and divide, or even to dis
play the results of cultural or Noca :
tional high school training assist the
youth IN mararing his private bust.
ness or voting on pending suggestions
for political rcconstructionT
bankers should he and are most
kccnlN nllvo TO tho need for authori-
tatiVo information and moro sound
thinking on the underlying economic
principles which are MS simple as un-
changing.
Popular Judgment may vet r~ss ~
quickly on economic questions ms on
mechanical. for there is mechanics
Vt economics n how as well as n
WHY
III. as We believe. capital makes pos
eihlc production and production makes
posSihlc wages should not the child
know and appreciate that the one and
only source Of capital is SAVING That
saving involves s9crihcCH That good
manRgcmcnt Cthrift) reduces tho
Earshncs of the sacrifice"
There IL hut ono answer, and pro-
fcsSional educators being 10 realize
that something must be done forth.
with They sec In school savings
handing tho project which interests
the child and demonstrates TO the
youth tho principles ~ our economic
structure not iufrCQucntlv in
PRODUCES tho American bank 10 the Inn
migrant ndu't %
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-12-11
CONGRESS TAKES
in PROBE
Body viii Be Asked to hives
t,gate Ramif'Cations of
Alleged Conspiracy.
HIGH COST OF BUILDING
10y JOHN D. ERWIN, WASHINGTON

tey JOHN D. ERWIN, Washington
Correspondent)
washington, Dec. Especial lin
veStlgation by congress of possible
rHmihcation of nationwide conspiracy
among building supply men and
organized labor leaders in various
building trades now seems assured.
Senator Calder of New York. chair
man OF the special senate committee on
reconstruction, expects TO get consider
ation on next Monday for n resolution
asking permission to appoint counsel to
assist his committee. Without indicat-
ing precisely what were his intentions
today Mr.. Calder said employment OF
such counsel would permit the commit
tee to extend its activities. The pro
posed investigation will take wide
scope and touch upon many problems
causing increasing concern. They are
ptletly: Growing unemployment and re-
Lltlon II bears to stoppagc of building
operations; tremendous shortage OF
housing facilities In practically every
large city, and the unrest induced by
such conditions; high cost of building
and the causes.
High Cost of Building.
POSSIBLE conspracies among build.
ing supply men, contractors and labor
leaders such as were exposed In the
New York investigation and the rela
pon such conditions bear to high
cost of building. Government assis-
1870 "hiCil lllbnt ne rendered TO nome
builders through extension of credits
AT low rates OF interest.
Inc Investigation WILL to certain
extent, be development of the sensa-
uonal expose of conditions surround
ing operations in New York City.
Starting OF Probe.
through investigation of the special
state legislative committee and through
voluntary efforts of Samuel Untermyer,
Now YORK attorney II was shown that
certain men had obtained such control
OF building operations as to levy trib-
ute on contractors Several indlct-
menis followed grand Jury investiga-
lions and others are expected II IL
known senator Calder has discussed
me situation with both Untermyer and
inc chairman of the special legislative
committee in New York state. Unter-
ihNer in one public statement said he
believed congress should make an in
N'slBatlon as there were indications
lhe conspiracy extended to other
states Caldcr's committee has been In
many states studying building con-
oitions and the lack of housing, in
Guiding a tour through tho south as
ihr ms New Orleans, Tho declaration
~ made by members of the committee
mat tho nation Is short million or
more houses and the urgent need of
removing distractions to building oper-
atlohs calls for prompt action by con-
Efess. The senators who have been
the inquiry have the view
that combinations exist In several
states among corporal ions which con-
lfuI building materials
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1920-12-11
DEBATE AT Y. M. n. A.

Sunday evening at the Young Mems
Hebrew association center, the Jubs
one OF the most active clubs in the
routine OF II. A. affairs, will conduct
a Joint debate,
The question before the house will be
Resolved. That America should Enter
a League Of Nations" This debate
promises to he one OF the best ever
conducted in II. A. circles ms both
teams have been preparing for weeks
and will he on edge when the first
speaker in introduced.
The affirmative side OF the question
will he most ably handled by
Marc Rubin. NJ. n springer and Lewis
Winer. The negative viii be argued by
A. II, q Cohn, sam l. Frank and
Harry Saunders The Judges appointed
Tor the evening are Commissioner Emil
WRssman. Attorney Jacob u. Alpcr and
Oscar l.. Levine. sam SoVeloNe,
chairman OF the Juh entertainment
committee. viii act rs chairman. while
sam Il. Diamond. President Of the
Juhs will be official timer,
The debate is scheduled to commence
promptly at 7:i5 pm, The general
puhlic is cordially invited TO attend.
There will he no charge for admission
and no collections OF any sort will he
taken un.