davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12
SEEDING CLOVER IN SPRING
On Account Of High Price Of Seed, IL
10 Reeommended That Care Be
Taken With Seed Bed

prepared By the. United States Depart
neut Of Agr1culIursg
Broadcast clover seed on winter
grain may be done at any time in
early spring and where the soil Is dry
enough II may be seeded with a drill.
With clover seed as high In price as
u Is this year. IL win pay to be c~rs-
eially careful about the preparation
Of the seed bed When the ground IS
still wet nothing can be done in tn,
way OF narrowing and preparing ne
seed bed. but wherever the ground gets
dry enough TO run a spike-tooth har-
row across the rows Of grain, the seed
should be narrowed in. This will -ot
hurt the grain. especially II The teeth
Of the harrow are slanted backward.
Wherever possible II will be advisable
to seed with a drill as from two to
four pounds less seed per acre viii,
be required. With seed costing not far
from 80 cents pound. a saving OF this
sort VIII be an important item; further
Than that. better stand is usually
assured when the seed Is lriiled. espe-
cially when care Is taken to see that
the seed Is put down about one-half
inch deep.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12
NEW PARTS FOR IMPLEMENTS
Careful and syttens,ie Inspection
Should Be Made for Purpose Of
Making Repairs.
tPreparsd By the Unite5 States Depart
meat Of AgricuitureD

tPreparsd By the Units5 States Depart
meat OF AgrieuitureD
A careful and systematic Inspection
OF each implement should be made for
the purpose ~ making or ordering re
palrs. PiOws. listers. harrows. rollers.
drnes. seeders. drills planters, Guilt.
vatnrs. mowers. binders headers. nay
rakes. hay lOaders. stnckers. wagons
racks. engines and horsepower or belt
driven machines such as separators.
sll0 cutters and feed grinders are the
Implements I'm most common use. II is
suggested that each implement be In.
spected for badly worn or broken parts
10 determine that parts should be re-
paired and those that must be replaced
with new ones.
As reminder for ordering new parts
and in Oyerhaullng the machine. make
n list for each implement Of the parts
20 be repaired or the new parts 90 be
bought; also any special tools neces-
Eary In making these repairs. Put
down the name OF manufactures. year
bought. and the number Of the ma
chine, n u is known. n orders are
sent 10 the factory. be sure 20 specify
the catalogue. pattern. or casting num-
Der OF the part order repair parts
early. as the dealer may not have them
IN stock.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12

hno masn with cupful or crefm I:
season with salt and grated onion.
Blend together two tablespoonfuis
each Of -four and butter; add two cup
fuls Of cold milk and cook until thick.
stirring constantly. Add four cupfuls
OF boiling veal stock. the mashed Do
tato. and bring TO boil. Serve at once
Veal and Celery soup.-Cut up three
pounds Of veal: break the bones: Gov
er with four quarts OF cold water and
simmer for four hours: strain and
return to the fire. Add two punches
Of celery. and two chopped onions
simmer until the vegetables are done.
Press through fine sieve; thlcken
with two tablespoOnfuls OF corn
starch mixed with two cupfuls OF
milk; add two tablespoonfuls Of but
ter in small bits; reheat and serve
with dice Of fried bread.
Cream Veal Soup.-Chop fine three
pounds OF lean veal and one large
onion. Cover with two quarts of cold
water; simmer three hours; strain
cool and skim. Thlcken with two In.
blespoOnfuls Of -four blended with n
little cold milk beaten with three eggs
and two cupfuls OF milk. Season with
salt. pepper. minced parsley. and a
grating OF nutmeg.
EGG Soup.-Butter six slices Of stale
bread: sprinkle with sugar and brown
In the oven. Reheat two cupfuls OF
veal stock and two cupfuls OF milk
beaten with the yolks OF three eggs.
Add tablespoonful OF butter; sen.
sen with salt. pepper. minced parsley.
and grating OF nutmeg. Pour over
the toast; cover for ten minutes and
serve.
sweethread Soup. = Reheat one
quart OF veal stock and add two cup
fuls OF cream which has been beaten
with the yolks Of two eggs. Take
from the fire. season to taste. and
add one cupful OF parboIled sweet.
breads cut IN bits. Garnlsh with one
eupful Of whipped cream and ,It
Of minced parsley.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12
PIT SILos BECOME POPULAR
Wyoming Farmers Are Constructing
Large Number Of contrsptions-
County Agent Aids-

Prepared by tbs United States Depart
ment OF AgucuitureD
Members OF the Niobrara County
fwyo) Farm Bureau are constructing
n large number OF pit silos. Several
successful demonstrations have been
held by the county agent. Previous
10 one Of the demonstrations the col
lar of one sllo had been constructed
and the pit dug several feet.
The farmers were showE how TO
plumb the walls by means OF "ream-
cr." how 10 mix cement md apply the
same 20 the walls. and how 20 make a
hoist. A second sIlo was then started.
the collar being laid out. the pit dug
and the collar poured. In this man
ner NIL the steps In putting down
pit silo were demonstrated. much to
the satisfaction OF the farm bureau
members present.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12


% eorss1 cereal o. q fear oates. Is
- siers1 T-I.rsz are ar zo.os E11 D.
slrzsl@ brszkfsst frusts-
VITA an air-0ss errfie~s VARIETY q
b-sa Efasf fospts. o1s uay have dff-
fsr~uf Kind eTerT -0ruinz- - fhs fam
~ - large s1o-zh 70 p-zczioe tbs
rDefisls. uftho-f rss-e.
For fhs ~, dssh- e-zx are afHzTs
roof. ard nlay - crokess II - r-zuy
SAYS ss the-s are days 10 TIE year.
Baeon r. brszkfas. neat sud II liked
ran he ssrTed daily 1fthout losing irs
charm SausaEe. chopz and hsh q
Tnrt01s kints ar other b-ea kfas-
raezts. NacEsrei iF . great fzvorire.
When the fresh hsh cannot - obtain@1
TIE salfed hsh makes a fairy good
substitute Soak the hsh OTsr night.
o. until nucn q tire salt Il removed
then bake IN he oven for % minutes.
covered With thin cream serve hot
zifh bits of butter.
With toast. cakes. rnuflns. dough
puts. eooties and Eood coffee. one nay
ind choice for the first neal
For luncheon. one hot dish. which
may be escaIloped ash. vegetable. rine
or msezr0nl. Goldfish vith baked rota-
toes. Or cream soup. % which there
are large number from which 70
choose: salad some kind Of bread.
a cupful Of chocolate, cocoa or tea. and
small cake. utth or without fruit.
such as narrnalade or Jelly. canned or
preserved fruit.
For dinner. a clear soup. II followed
By heavy dinner. a cream soup II
n light dinner follows: one vegetable
besides potatoes. . roast or meat loaf.
simple dessert. with coffee.
For course dinner. the cocktail is
served as a stImulant: on this sccoant
the clam and oyster. the various fruit
cocktails snd those with appetizIng
herbs. are used. their object being to
stimulate. not cIoy the appetite.
Pineapple coektaiI.-FOr each glass
take tablespoonful each Of pineapple
and lemon or orange. one-half table
spoonful Of grated orange peel. Sweet
en- 20 taste. pour over a little Clipped
Ice and al the glass with iced water.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12

principally American Chec1ar. al.
ibO1zh fOreiS1 variesies have ben IN
eressinGiy popEisr. and furnished IN
1918 practically one-hffh q TIE eheeze
eolssl-nes1 fn this c0rutrT.
Greater Variety e Uses Ur7.s.
ATTEMPTS ~ develop q larger marked
fOf fhssa@ Should take into account
fbe fact thar practically al the rhee-e
nD| oD1suDezi O. eaten a. purcSas.rl.
4 very large proportion q Il l. nd
with bread or a. . filing for sand
Eiehes. Cottage cheese In -Jr1e form
is eousurned in large quantities Di-
eiisfs have no criticism % Americas
manner % eating cheese. save that
they urge lis use In a greater variety
Of ways. and more regularly.
Everyone Interested In eniarging
the market for cheese should under
stand clearly It's food valve. II con.
tains over - per cent more protein
than the same weight Of an average
cut Of beef as purchased. SO far as
its composition II concerned cheese
II comparable with meat.E There
ATc SfEai variety OF ways OF uSing
cheese In the same way as meat. and
these can usually be readily learned
by consulting the average cook book.
In pi>rning menus In which cheese j.
given an important place. the house
wife should bear In mind that. being
rich in both protein and fat. cheese
may replace such foOds as fish and
eggs. ss gell a. meat. rather than Ger.
eal foods characterized by a large
amount Of starch. or succulent foods
such rs vegetables and fruits.
How 10 Increase Demand.
Every interest concerned IN enlnrg-
Ing the market for cheese should Join
In preaching the gospel Of more
cheese IN the daily menu" say dairy
specialists. There are many ways 10
which this education campaign can be
carried On. Advertising II one effect
i've medium. Attractive displays Of
cheese and cheese dishes. with we'll
wOrded placnrds. IN grocery nnd del.
lcaiessen stores help materially.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12

lar- the eur aid burre-. usfrz tro
- s1-l'lo'11Ets % butter az tro a
1o'z- fo- ezch cupruI q ruTk. wbe,
= batter T. b1hbinE hot ali ths
~ the1 shea vel hleo5ed scd tn
f2iik- Cock u1til smooth asd szi.
sno t1-z oEe- uslI-bzrrere.d toast ths
Edges q Ehich hsve ben so<ts-e-t by
o-ps1ng them into hot NIX or zste-.
sNlae Ike q zs1erU1s so-inkilrz o..
ef'ee=se; ss this zakes more -ourish-
ins Dish. II is especially god fo- q
iuncheo1 Dish.
FrSit soufSe With cerrstares.-Nfir
ihrN@ tzbiespoonfuls Of eD-us-arch
ons-ihird % cupful of sugar and half
q tssspoonful Of salt: STR into one End
ons-half cupfuis of scaIded milk: stir
1ntl II thiekens. then add three
forrths q eispful Of raisins OF chez.
f7ss cut In halves: cover and Ie; cook
ten MINUTES. Adj one tableSpo0nfui
% butter and fold ln the whites q,
three e-gs beaten very HIGHT. Butter
81 infiTidual mods. dredze the but.
ter with sugar. and al the rsolds with
the cooked preparation Set the r1oIds
On several folds Of cloth or paper in
: baking pan. pOur boiling water 10
half the height of the noids and cook
about II minutes. Serve unmolded
with cream or q custard made with
the egg yolks-
Honey Frostine.-BOn half a cuuful
OF strained honey and a Tablespoonful
Of corn sirup to 24O degrees Fahren-
heit- Pour in fine stream the beaten
white Of one egg Reaf until cool be
fore spreading On the cake.
Quick Potato RoIls.-ROil potatoe.
and press through a rioer. To one
cupful Of potato and water add half
cdpfui Of scnlded milk. three table
spoonfuls Of shortening. half q tea
spoonful Of salt. one tablespoonful of
sugar: and when lukewarm. stir Iu
one cake OF compressed yeast mixed
with onefourth of a cupful Of luke
warm milk; add two and a half cup
fuls Of -four; cut and work the dough
Into loaf and let stand 10 raise. cut
II down once. then let raise again and
make into smooth balls. Cover and
let stand until light. Shape for fiD
ger rolls and when again light. bake
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12

nprsssrs,s - t.s r-lfss Esassa D.-arr-
nas-f - AErsrsitsrsB
Tksnks iargsiJ - fhe fraciflo-.s q
Bossno ard vicinity. fsls p@lSle q the
United States have come 70 kn0E
h-azDs-iteif fOoc Faige ard an hist
bgi there res.sin ofier OrTyTrrnifiss
nofsoiy fhose - ~ found in porglar-
izing esess-s. 20 WlD fzrie ~ fha f0sD3.
I,rDsiucfs roais. Affenfion j. rallied 20
eies-se farfieuiariy. tscause Gnleri-
ezns hare long neglected it IN spite
% its s.reriienf foOd properties an1
only recently have signs o. growing
inierrs; 10 this pro9gcf appeared
Dairy Interests. a. well a. diefls;A
would like 20 see The dag when the
United states NiIi be known a. one of
the greatest eiieese-esiing uaii0us of
the SOrid.
Small Per Capita Contynption.
Visitors st the national dairy shoz'
in Ciieago Eere surprised 20 lean
frOf3 . government exhibit what q
very sEnall amount Yf cheese lone
eighth 81 an OunceD each person Of
this country eats daily. Cheese max
ers, and dealers are just beginning to
realize that the cheese demand can be
Increased Tremendously ~ the merits
of tabs food are property brought 10
the attention Of the public.
Eight countries have learned 20
know cheese better than We have
Denmark leads with per capita con
sumption ~ 1919 pounds: the United
Kingdom. according 10 the latest fg.
ures available. comes next with 112
pounds per capita. Then Frame
Netherlands. Norway. Sweden. Iiniy.
and Australia are listed In the order
nnmed-Hil ahead Of the United
Stqtea. which has per cnpith CON
sumption ~ only 3.s pounds a year.
ThreefOurihs ~ a century hgo the
people % this country seemed In
fair way NJ learning the value %
cheese. md by 1870 their per capita
Consumption had risen to four pounds
md ~ ounces. but this figure has new
er been reached since. The cheese
consumed In this country has been
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12

tsrials provide the heo with lime. from
Ehich egg shells are formed
PieDfy of fresh water shouid al
WAYS be accessible % the hens. ~
supplied irregulariy they are likely TO
criDA too much az e time The water
should Dot Be exposed 20 the suns rays
10 sumner. nor should IL be allowed
10 freeze in winter. In very frosty
weather Il is often worth while 10 sup
ply the hens with slightly warm water
tWo or three times day rather than
20 permit them 70 drink ice-cold wa
ter. dock OF 20 hens in good lay
Ing condition win drink : to 6 quarts
Of wafer a day.
When property fed. milk makes an
excellent winter feed f0- poultry. In
feeding sour milk or buttermflk. how
ever. the feeder must exercise care
not 20 induce digestive disorders.
Skim MILK Is an extremely economical
iced In skinmlnZ. the food conStifu-
ents most valuable for egg production
the nitroZenous substa nces-are Jeff
In the skim milk. Not only Joes skim
milk contain much nutritive material.
but i also carries IL In form which.
as a rule. IL easily diseSted Skim
mix may often be advantaceously
substituted In parr for meat. MIX
may be used In prepSring soft feed.
or u may be given TO the fowls ID
drink tn addition TO their water.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12
POULTRYNoTFS
(NN6AA VI 9ao., ]

Mangels. cut clover. spn,uted oats,
Gull vegetables and Gull fruit are all
good for the hens.
Mites and lice are two of the pests
which probably do more damage than
all others combined.
Ducks need damp mash at least
once day and many duck raisers
feed mash most Of the time.
The surest way to make poultry un.
profitable Is to neglect It. let lice tor.
ture II. and let 1t go without sufficient
nourishing food.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12

until lightly Drowned on one side, then
turn and brown on the other. Have
ready small onions, boiled tender and
the tripe and onions on the same dish.
Apricot Sponge.-Soften a table
spoonful OF gelatine IN One-fourth cup
full Of water and dissolve in one cupful
Of apricot pulp and juice. heated hot.
Add one-fourth OF a cupful OF sugar
and stir until dissolved. then when
the mixture begins to become firm,
beat In the whites Of two eggs. beaten
very light. Serve In glass cups with
cream. sweetened and beaten very
light. Prunes may be used in the same
way. Care should be taken 10 use no
more gelatine than needed as II is best
when not quite firm enough to keep
its shape.
Potato Puree.-Some potatoes are
better " little cold water IL ad-
ded occasionally 10 check the boiling.
Test with n fork and when tender.
drain and dry of in the saucepan; add
butter. salt and a little milk. using
more than for mashed poiato. Rub the
saucepan with the cut side OF a Glove
Of garlic. Soup stock may be used
Instead OF milk. The purec is used as
q vegetable with meat or fish.
Ginger cream.-Make a cusfard OF
the yOlks Of four eggs and the whites
OF two. four tablespoonfuls OF sugar.
two tablespoonfuls Of the sirup from
the preserved ginger and one pint OF
milk. Just before the custard Is done
add gelatlne. using enough for a pint
OF liquid. Allow plenty Of time for
the gelatine 10 become completely dis
solved In the hot custard. As soon
ms the custard coats the spoon. stand
the dish In a dish OF cold water TO
check the cooking and then turn into
the custard molds. Sprinkle each mold
with chopped preserved ginger.
Nu.. hle4~slo
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12
GIVE EXPLICIT INFORMATION
Shippers Often Neglect Details in
Writing to oistribptors Con-
eerning Shipments.

prepared by the United states Depart.
ment OF AgricultureJ
Many shippers when writing to dis
tributors fail 90 give sufficient Infor.
nation concerning their respective
shipments. The dealers therefore
cannot give fair quotations on the of.
fered goods. Information cannot be
too explicit or detailed.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12
NEAT APPEARANCE OF FARMS
Paint viii Help Considerably and IL
Almost Invariably Index to
Efficiency of Owner.

prepared by the United States Depart
ment OF AgricultureD
A coat of paint does not make"
farm buildings any more than CLOTHES
make the man." nevertheless. the neat
appearance of the farmhouse and
barns is almost invariably an index
of the efficiency OF the owner. AID.
psayances do count.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12
STOCKS or CORN DECREASED
Estimate OF November I Placed at
72,2o3, ,o0c BU,--ls 2.s Per Cent
Less Than In 1918.

prepared by the United States Depart
msnt OF AgncultureJ
The stock OF old corn on farms No
yember ls estimated at 72.203. 600
bushels. which Is 2s per cent Of the
1913 crop. The corresponding figure
year ago was 114.67s.OOO bushels.
and the average Of the preceding i've
years was S7,277, 900 bushels.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12

Uzr-sr an ss--
ElI=i to--ks-.
-1E-E q rca
wki-s sa-- ts
r+ -D& Ike
Ee s-py C1ss
Es11ny served
Uhe1 zski-E fo-
EEk toast Pre-
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12

Many -irnes-in fact. invariAbly-,hs
mental attitude We take toward any
49, OF an unfriendly nature that en-
tsrs our lives determines It's actual
eject upon uA.-Trine.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12

10 select tender picked
tripe. wash in cold water
and cut In uniform
pieces. Dry In a cloth.
then pat In sifted corn
meal. Have ready two
or three spoonfuls Of hot
fat In a frying pan. Set
In the tripe and LET cook
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12

a luncheon. One
Of the most com
mon Is potato
but the following
Is not common.
Cream Of Pota-
to-B oil ten
] a T ge potatoes
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12

r-- 7 fra's1
f--s-s s-rt - o.
arE=s ErIr@fr--
arr1s-s c. r@z-s
are r0- a. fsrd
q tai iesvs-.-f-J
O. two 0f rzlsICs-
s-sIrz-,5 ard at[
81 70 rss snrrezl
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12

Success Is the Inevitable result Of
good management. Just as failure Is
the natural outcome Of ignorance.
carelessness and idIeness.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12
FaVoRTTE oisHEs

I1s el--fist io'-s.t --Irk -rss- -ss-A
- Ers1'1zocss-z zad.- z1.h plsatv e,
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12
Feeding Fowls Frozen Vegetables

Vegetables which have been frozen
can be thawed out and fed to the
fowls. but as a rule such blemlshed
materials must be used quickly, as
they do not keep well after thawing.
Clover and alfalfa may be fed as hay
lengths, or they may be purchased and
fed In the form OF meal.
Oats for sprouting are soaked over
night In warm water and then are
spread out from one-half TO one inch
thick on specially arranged trays hav-
ing perforated bottoms. the trays then
being put into an oat sprouter. The
cats should be watered thoroughly and
the trays should be turned around
once daily in order 90 assure even
sprouting. During cold weather arti-
fetal heat should be supplied by the
use Of kerosene lamp or some SINH
lar means. II 10 essential to use a
good grade Of oats and to allow daily
a square inch OF sprouted cat surface
TO a hen. feeding the sprOuted oats
on the floor OF the poultry house or
In the yard. At any time after the
sprouts are well started-usually from
five TO seven days after the grain Is
placed In the sprouter-thls green ma
terial IL available for feeding TO the
flock. II Is necessary to keep the oat
sprouter clean and TO spray II occa-
siOnally with a disinfectant to prevent
the growth Of molds.
Potatoes and turnips are also sat
lsfactOry "a a winter feed for the
hens. although IL Is essential TO cook
these root crops before they are suit
able for flock use Clover may also
be cut into short lengths. from one
fourth TO One-half an inch. and placed
In bucket. Then boiling water should
be poured over the clover and the ma
terial should be allowed to stand for
two or three hours or over night.
When the poultryman Is ready to feed
this material TO the flock he should
FIRST drain of the water end then mix
the hay into the mash. allowing the
hay to constitute about one-half the
bulk Of the feed. Although clover hay
Is best adapted for serving In this
manner. almost any kind OF hay Is
valuable. The feeder must lbe CAREFUL
not to supply too much bulky feed to
the hens. as these fowls have small
crops and cannot handle a great
AMOUNT of roughage as can cows and
other animals which ruminate their
Feed.
Grit Furnishes False Teeth.
Grit IL essential to the health OF the
fowls and TO economy In feeding. as
Il takes the place OF teeth In prepar-
ng the feed for further digestion. and
4 Is required for the proper manIpu-
alton OF the feed In the gIzzard. A
lox Of grit should be provided In every
oen or yard. as this material is an es-
'ential part of the menu. II supplies
he fowls with strong bone and bright
olumage. Similarly. the accessibility
TO oyster shells or old mortar and fine |
ravel are also desirable. as these ma
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12
A FEW CREAM SOUPS.

A cream soup Is sufficiently nour-
lshing 10 serve as the main dish ai
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12

=. -ns slts r-- -8ss- e -ss r-s-.s n
- -.-8-r -.-.t-r1 .-1lsszs t.ss-ssF uz-A
- - s-ir1sr ss--u4-s A. .rrr.s -
=. ---'+-s- I-'s t.'sF l5s An n sEsry
t-r-
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12
sEAsoNAeLE FOODS.

There Is no waste in tripe II is all
edible and easily digested. and reason
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1920-02-12

Fsr t.e 1-sr -.szl - ths az.
ii-iis f--l- - so--e ki--s - ro.a.i -