davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-12-16
INCREASE IN WAGES
v AS REASON
FOR RAISE IN RATES

st. Paul, Mimi. Dec. 16.-The in
crease in wages paid to telephone
employees. was set forth as the pEiKis.
:cipal reason Tor an increase in q l4sa
phone rates at the hearing in Which
the application of the Tri-State Telc-
phone inc Telegraph company is be-
ing considered.
The payroll in 1913 was 81 per cent
of the total expense and for the first
half Of 1920 this increased to 76 AS
per cent. Operators have received an
increase Of 142 per cent above 1913
wages; linemen 100 per cent; tele-
phone installers 112 $40 per cent,
and clerks Sc 2-5 per cent.
George Robinson, president of the
Tri-State company. stated that declin-
ing prices are not likely to effect tele-
phone equipment costs as much,4as
other commodities although son,esde.;
clines from present prices is predict-
ed. The Advance above 1913 pricesrfs
said to be 1725per cent. Late in 1921,
Mr.. Robinson said, it is possible that
prices will decline to 100 per cent in
crease over the 1913 prices.
w. 1. Howard, traffic, manager OF
the Tri-State company also was a wit.
ness. 1854.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-12-16
EAST GRAND FORKS BRIEFS


John Mack Of Tabor, Mimi, was a
business visitor in the city this morn
ing. i,
Leslie Nelson. one of the contrac-
tors in charge Of the work on the
new high school left this morning
for his hon,, in Minneapolis where he
will spend the holidays.
e. F. Wirth of the National Fire
Insurance company was in the city
this morning adjusting insurance
Gains.
W. J. Rasmussen left yesterday for
Crookston where he will attend to va
fious business matters. i.
Albert kovar left today for Tabor
where he will attend to matters OF
business Importance. a.
4
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-12-16
n ]. NELSON u. TO
BANKERS MEET
Conference Opened This
Morning in Crookston;
Many in Attendance.

N. j. Nelson OF East Grand Forks,
cashier Of the First State bank, left
this noon for Crookston, where he will
attend the conference Of the Mime
sofa farmers and bankers to be held
in that city today. Farmers and bank
ers from every county in the Red
River valley are expected to be pres
ent at the meeting.
Farm credit will be the outstanding
topic which will be considered at the
conference. The principal subjects to
which the farmers and bankers will
address themselves are:
Whether the farming industry of
Minnesota has sustained more than
its fair share OF the burden of declin-
ing commodity prices.
What steps may be taken that will
be approved by bankers for extending
further credit to the farmers. to pre-
vent forced marketing Of live stock
and farm products at low price levels.
Whether bankers inc farmers hold
views that are identical on The ques-
ton of development of cooperative
marketing organizations in Minnesota.
What should be lone to bring about
a more general liquidation in bank
loans in the state, n a general cas-
ing of credit stringencY.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-12-16
EAST GRAND FORKS
ARRANGEMENT FOR
, KNUTSON FUNERAL
ARE NOT COMPLETE

Funeral arrangements for Mrs.
bertha Isaac kon Knutson. age 65, aAd
SRaS26a KnHtSbn, age 26. mother aNd
seHeS who dien within twelve hoursAof
each other, have not been completed
as yet.
Saliva knutson died Tuesday after
noon. at%4 O'Clock. III a Grand Forks
hospital following Ar, illness that last
ed but -four days. Mrs. Knutson died
early Wednesday morning. but twelve
hours later, at the farm home. Heart
failure was given as the cause Of
death.
Mrs. Knutson had been a resident
of this community since 1875 when
she came from Waupaca county. Wis.
TO join her husband who had taken
up a homestead, the knutson
farm. She is survived by her hus-
band, X. X. Knutson, four sons n
three daughters, two brothers and
two. sisters. There are 20 grandchfl-
dren. =
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-12-16
FINNISH BOOKS IN DEMAND.

Virginia. Mimi, Dec. Jeff IL
; hrary records are to be considered a
criterion, Virginians of Finnish ex-
! traction are in hot pursuit of knowl-
! edge through the medium OF library
books. During November. lis Fin
nish books were loaned, exceeding by
! AZ the number taken out during the
previous month. Swedish readers rank
next with 81. In all. 11.714 books
| were, loaned, during November. com
Pared with 1885 the preceding
month, YG ri
) f:
The Aneta Panorama announces
that it is now a legal paper" We
gather from this that up until now
it has been Illegal!
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-12-16
EAST SIDE MEN TO
ATTEND ROAD MEET;
M'GARRY TO SPEAK

!. Senator P. H. McGarry Of Walker,
Mimi. author of the Babcock roads
constitutional amendment in this
state, will give an address at the
Grand Forks Commercial club this
evening at 6:15 O'Clock. and the nem-
bers of the Good Roads committee OF
the East Grand Forks Commercial
club plan to attend, according to an
announcement made this morning by
j. c. Sherlock, president of the club,
Members Of the East Grand Forks
committee who plan to attend are:
T. A. Sullivan, j. c. Sherlock, D. B
Ferguson, J. r. Johnson. n. j. Nell
son is also a member of the commit
tee. but he will be unable to attend
as he is in Crookston attending q
meeting of the Bankers and Farmers
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-12-16

Miss Alveretta Enright will be host
ess tonight to q company OF young
women in her home on Allen avenue.
tie occasion being the last meeting q
1.-THE Club before the Christmas holi.
days. Needlework will be the diversion
and the hostess will be assisted by her
sister, Mrs. Peter Grace, and her
mother, Mrs. d. Enright.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-12-16
AUTO ENGINEERS
AND P MEN
TO MEET TONIGHT

A regular meeting Of the Brother
hood of Auto Engineers and Repair
men will be held this evening at :
o'clock at the Norton Tractor and
Auto school, according to an an
ncdncement, made this morning by e
T.. NortonsrpIesident of the assocla-
ton. .H.
K At=this time wage and work SEIZED.
ules for employees will be discussed
and the rate auto owners will be
charged for the use Of mechanics viii
also be taken up. Following tit
business session a smoker will b'
held and lunch will be served.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-12-16
FLOWERS IN BLOOM.

Marinette, Wis, Dec. 16.-Gather
ing arbutus in. December is something
never before known in this region.
Collins Cashullette, 15-year-old boy,
picked as.boudnet, of them in the.
woods nexr| here yesterday. ~ !
1t is the first time on record that
the %springtin,e flower has bloomed in
this month, They r usually picked
iH'".April. n p f~'
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-12-16

Mr.. and Mrs. O.. B. Dahl expect to
leave for the Pacific coast some time
between Christmas and New Years
day.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-12-16

sttis countryas " New York daily. she
asked 'if AZ = funny paper"
1T 4 sabs,lrd to talk about . =
president NJ this time. when we have
Just obtained Suffrage" Mrs. Winter
said. ..But / do think the time is
coming when we will have a woman
woman will be a member Of the next
cabinet. -
Mrs. Winter said after reading the
article her first impulse was to
laugh.
ut is really a good joke" she said,
"and I couldn't take 1t c seriously.
There are still several mel left whom
we can use |. ~ ~,tys;N"fa4-s a1
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-12-16

/ A meeting of the Women.s Mission
airy society of the Mendenhall Me
mortal Presbyterian church will be
hfb clA. Friday afternoon at 3 o'clock at
l the hnme OF Mrs. Carl Perrin. An in
tcresting program has been arranged
fer the occasion. Mrs. A. N. Briggs
will give a ak on presbyterian Mis-
r'sions in Africa" 5g
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-12-16
MARKET
East Grand Forks.
EAST GRAND FORKS SOCIETY

s-9iG& MFs. and Mrs. Elmer sjordahl>..of
Staples, Mimi arrived here this
morning to spend the Christmas holi-
days with Mrs. S%jordahl's parents. Mr.:
and Mrs. George Snyder, North Third
street.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-12-16

Among the ladies who visited the
ladies' rest room this morning We're:
Mrs. James Buff of Hallock. Mimi:
Miss Agnes Leason of Grand Forks:
Mrs. James Hay of Grand Forks, and
Mrs. 0. knutson and baby OF Orr,
" II #.t... -'
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-12-16

Invited to speak before the joint
agricultural committees Of the house
and senate Q working toward en-
acting legislation to relieve the farm
ers, Eugene Myers, Jr., urged con-
gress to place the raj finance corpora
ton in operation again. He was for
merly manager of the war finance COR
poration. He pointed out to the COM
mittee that, the corporation is intact
and in f1ll possession Of all the powers
it has eyer possessed, including the
power to insure its own bonds, as It
did in Aprilss 1919, to tho extent of
5000, 000, 1000.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-12-16
|SAYS4T IS ABSURD, s1
TO MENTION WOMAN,
AS-U u. S. PRESIDENT

Minneapolis. Mimi, Dec. 16.----Men-
toned by several newspapers in New
York as a possible candidate for the
next president OF the United States,
Mrs. T. G. Winter, national president
Of the Federation Of Women's clubs,
takes It as a joke.
When told her name had been
EIAAKpli0nGsshve listed az possible future
for the highest Office in
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1920-12-16
EAST SIDE DEBATE
TEAM TO RED LAKE
Superintendent NJ. c. Hayes and
Team Left Here This Morning.

Supefintefndent NJ. c. Hayes and the
East Grand Forks high school debate
team III left this morning for Red
Lake Falls, where the first debate of
the series for the state trophy cup
will be held. The East Side team is
composed Of Lillian Rrowell, Ross
Peterson and Violet Ferestad.
The East Side school has won the
cup once in the past and have al
ways been represented by a strong
team that has kept them much In the
foreground. This year the students
are working hard and MI. Hayes is
confident that they will be able to
win the trophy again this year.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1920-10-25
PORTUGUESE STRIKE
OF BOLSHEVIK ORIGIN
Movement Started in BARGE
Iona Aided by German Funds.

MADRID, Oct "a Indisputabie owl
dence, II is said, has reached both the
Spanish and the Portuguese authorities
that the origin of the railroad strike in
Portugal was an attempt by the Bolshe-
vik elements to aeize power. The move
ment originated In Barcelona. from
which place agents went TO Portugal
They are said 10 have carried with them
largo sums of German money, which
was used to Influence the unemployed
and the extremists among the trade
unions.
The alleged plans which have fallen
into the hands OF the authorities divulge
that Il was the intention to obtain pos
session Of strategic points on the rail-
roads. the machine shops OF the various
systems and the customs houses and
other public buildings. Clues found by
the police led TO the search for and dis
oovery OF extensive deposits OF arms and
ammunition just across the Spanish
frontier. ready for distribution I'm the
event that the movement was successful.
Among the arms found were a large
number OF American automatic pistols
~ large caiibre. together with quantities
OF cartridges.
The disclosures enabled the Portu-
guese Government 20 take timely iheas-
ures TO prevent n spread of the move
ment The authorities became suspicious
because the men ceased work immedi-
atelv after the Government had con-
sented 20 increase the wages OF the men.
thereby meeting all the demands OF the
workers.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1920-10-25
GAMBLERS TO TESTIFY
IN SARATOGA LIBEL SUIT
Grand Jury Watches Trial to
Get Leads for Expose.

Special Despatch TO THE New York HERALD
SARATOGA, Oct. 24.-The trial of Police
Chief Edward T. Carroll's libel suit
against the Saratogian for defamation
of character. because of the publication
Of statement that Chief Carroll stole
twenty pounds Of coffee will be resumed
at Ballston Spa tomorrow before Justice
Edward c. Whitmyer. In the Supreme
Court. Chief Carroll was on the stand
when the case was adjourned for the
week end. and his testimony will be re-
sumed.
Senator Edgar T. Bracket. who Is de-
i,nding the newspaper. reiterated to-
night his determination to develop the
case into an expose of gambling condi-
lions in Saratoga county. He declared
that before the trial has ended he will
call several noted gamblers and sporting
men as witnesses. among them Arnold
Rothstein, John Shaughnessy, Rachel
Brown and Nate Evans. as well as men
who are reported to have lost large sums
in the Saratoga gambling houses.
The Extraordinary Grand Jury which
has been investigating gambling condi-
lions and which has already returned
several indictments. is watching the trial
of the Carroll suit closely, and II Is
expected that several leads will be OBJ
tanned from the evidence which the
Grand Jury will take UP.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1920-10-25
RESIDENTIAL LEASES.

Brown, Wheelock Company, Inc,
leased to Mrs Charles T. Barney an
apartment of nineteen rooms in the
southeast corner of Fifth avenue and
Sixty-sixth street for the East Sixty
sixth Street Corporation.
Harris, Vought e. Co. leased apart
ments in 435 Park avenue to Miss c.
Markell. in 290 Madison avenue to Mrs.
j. ID. Smith. in 90 East Forty eighth
street to III. w. Marley and in II East
Eighty-ninth street to II. L. Smith.
Cammann, Voorhees, & Floyd leased,
furnished, for Walker d. Hines the
residence. 122 East Seventeen street, tc
DR.. John 7. MacCurdy, a client OF
Douglas l.. Gilman & Co.
John Constable Moore leased an
apartment in a East Fifty-eighth street
to Hermann Oelrichs for a term OF
years.
Worthington Whitehouse, Inc, leased
furnished for Mrs. King Carley her tri-
pick apartment in 15S East Sixty-seconC
street to Franklin Remington.
The Haggstrom- Callen Company LEASED
the dwelling llS West Sixty-third stree
to Emma L. Lowry.
! Douglas l.. Gilman & Co leased the
four story house III East Eightietf
street, furnished for the winter &c
George Barton French also apartments
In 300 Park avenue to Mrs. George
Crawford Clark in go Park avenue tc
Samuel fucker, in conjunction with
Harris, Vought &c Co.. and in 40 Madi-
son avenue to Miss Kathleen Duggan.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1920-10-25
MARKET NEWS IN BRIEF.

Douglas l.. Flllman & Co. have been
appointed managlng agents OF q East
Fhty-seventh street. a six story store
and apartment.
Charles r. Noyes Company was the
broker In the recent sale OF 81 Vestry
street for A. J. Whiteman to j. Kane
g. Sons. bakers supplies. who VIII oc-
cupy.
A. ~ Gitterman was the broker IN
the recently reported sale OF the dwell
Ing 102 West 22sth street for selah Is.
Masten 10 Emma Il. Eason. MFR. Git
terman sold the property earlier in the
year 20 the seller.
Walter ]. Burke. with Edward G. ".
Voeler made the resale for Mrs. Eva
r.. Cantor of the dwelling 1l5 West
Eighty-second street
A. @. ora negotiated the sale TO G..
Carbone OF 1871 Sullivan street. three
story building. which Will be occupied
as a restaurant after alterations.
Houghton Company and II. X. Van
Wrinkle negotiated the recently reported
sale OF the three story dwelling 17C
West Eight y-second street.
Edward G.. VI. NOgler has been APP
pointed agent for the following prop
critics: No. IS West Eighty-second street
224 West Eighty-second street. 226 West
Eighty-second street. $40 West Eighty
second street. 10 West i03d street, s.
Yves, 10Th street and EOS West 10Th
streaL
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1920-10-25

Specia, Cable to THE New YORK HERALD.
Copyright, 1870. by THE NEW York HBnALD.
New York Herald Bureau.
Paris, Oct "a.
Harold fainter and his wife Kate
(nee Grey OF New York, whose esca-
pades have cost Paris hotels. milliners
and Jewellers thousands OF francs. were
each sentenced to two years in prison
to-day.
'Tainter. who says he is a former off,
Ger of the American army, claims to be-
long to a wealthy Now York family. In
his defence to charges of forgery and
fraud. he said his wife was impruden'
and extrayagant. but did not intend &c
commit crimes. The police are investi-
eating a claim that fainter has q per-
sonal fortune of 100000 and will in.
herit s2.000.000 from his grandfather
said to be director of Scotch bank
According to Paris despatch on Sep
TENDER 10 Mr.. and Mrs Harold Tainte1
got nearly $4,000 in clothing, Jewels
hotel accommodations and loans ir
Paris and Aix-les-Bains, without pay
Ing cent, before they fell in with the
police 1t was said that Mrs. fainter
the more active of the two.
At the time the two were arrested
Taintor said he was a movie agent from
Los Angeles, well known to New York
cinema producers. He also said he was
a former officer in the American army
On December 30, 1916, despatch from
San Diego, Cal. reported that Lieut.
II. II. fainter" of the Twenty-fifth In
fantry had been dismissed from the
army for passing checks for which he
had not sufficient funds In bank
Lieut.. fainter" was said to be mem.
Der of New York family
Some OF the Tainters' exploits In
Paris were the borrowing by Mrs
fainter of 1900 francs from patients
at the American Hospital at Neuilly
where she was admitted for nervous
trouble and where she had a private
ward. Mrs fainter on another occa.
sion hired a limousine and, accompanied
by a beribboned maid, presented a let
ter of introduction to an expensive
modiste from whom she got on credit g
fur coat worth $4,000 and gowns worth
$4,000 more. A Partisan firm OF jew.
eiers gave her a diamond and platinum
chain fourteen inches long in exchange
for a check that was returned marked
insufficient funds" like various checks
Mrs. fainter signed.
Just before their arrest the Tainters
had decided to return to the United
States. 1t is understood fainter, who
was the first to be arrested. gave In
formation that led to his wife's detec'
ton.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1920-10-25
|HORKEVINO' LOOMS
AS BOOZE ISSUE
Contributor to Cox Fund Is
Manufacturer.
Special Despatch TO THE NEW York HERALD.
New York Herald Bureau.
Washington. ID. O.. Oct. "a (

Special Despatch TO THE New YORK HERALD.
New York Herald Bureau,
Washington, ID. C., Oct. "a.
A new row at the coming session. OF
Congress over prohibition enforcement
and alcoholic content is likely as re-
suit of the wide wave of interest created
in Washington by the discovery that
Michael Bosak OF Scranton. Pa. who
contributed $1,000 to the Cox campaign
fund. is manufacturer of 'Horke-
Vino"
Several brands of this product have
become widely popular since prohibition.
They are lebeiied as tonic and in
vigorator with n wine glassful dosage
prescribed. The label declares the alco-
holic content ranges between II and 30
per cent. which in these days is "some
kick" The tonic is widely used as a
beverage. Much of II is consumed in
Washington. where Il may be had at
groceries. soft drink emporiums and
delicatessens.
Those who like their little nip have
marvelled at the wide sale and ease of
purchase OF this product when so much
fuss was made over the kick In beer
which seldom ran as high as per cent
The Bosak contribution to the Demo-
cratic war chest'was one of the largest
The donor was unknown here, however
until n news despatch from Scranton
Pa.-.Attorney- General Palmer's own
State-identified him as a manufacturer
OF at least one brand of the suddenly
popular "Horke.''
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1920-10-25
AMERICAN BALLOON
REPORTED AS LEADING
Goodyear n. Drifts North
word IN the Race.

CHICAGO. Oct. 24.-Reports of several
of tie seven balloons which left Birming-
ham, Ala. yesterday in the international
race for the Gordon Bennett trophy. were
received from Illinois and Indiana towns
tonight The American entry, the Good
year H.. plotted by Ralph Epson. ap-
parently was leading and all seemed TO
be drifting in a generally northward d.
rection toward the great lakes and Can
ada
Four balloons were sighted at Marion.
ILL.,. In the southern part of the State and
almost due north from birmingham. at
80 A. NJ Thirty minutes later John
son City. about ten miles north of
Marion, glimpsed five bags. Four were
flying about 5000 feet up. but the Good
year III. was only n few hundred feet
from the ground and was easily idcn-
titled. Champaign. Ill. sighted the Good
year III. at 8 p. NJ. and reported that the
American entry still held n lead over the
others.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1920-10-25
FEAR 3 ARE BURIED IN
WRECK OF COAL CARS
Hundreds of Tons Fall on
Station Platform.

PHILADELPHIA, Oct. PA freight
wreck on the Pennsylvania Railroad at
Radnor. near here. early to-day. COM
pletely blocked three tracks of the main
line for more than twelve hours.
A truck on one of the freight cars
broke and twenty eight loaded coal cars
were piled in a heap. The track was
torn up for about 100 yards.
Witnesses to the smashup said they
feared that a man, woman and child
who were standing on the station plat
form might have been buried under the
wreckage. Hundreds of tons Of coal
were dumped on the platform and
against the station, which was badly
damaged.
The three persons, whose identity is
not known, were seen on the platform a
moment before the accident, but could
not be found afterward. A large force
worked throughout the day clearing
away the debris, but at late hour to-
night no trace OF bodies had been found.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1920-1924, 1920-10-25
AUTHORITIES CLASH
OVER DAMP CHICAGO
Police Chief Throws All Blame
for S3,O0O,OOO Whiskey
Ring OH U. S. Officials.
PROTECTION is DENIED
Federal Attorney PigeOnholed
Mass of Evidence Given by
Police, He Says.

Special Despatch 70 TIE NEW YORK HERALD.
CHICAGO, Oct. Responsibility for
the Illicit liquor traffic in Chicago was
put directly up TO the Federal authori-
ties to-day by John j. Clarity, Chief
Of Police. Chief Garrity's statement
was issued in reply to charges made by
John 1. Kelley. Assistant United States
District Attorney yesterday. who ac-
cused Clarity of protecting the $1,000
900 whiskey ring.
Chicago was practically free Of Illicit
liquor two months after the prohibition
law became effective" said the Chief.
who else Is responsible for the flood
ing Of Chicago with whiskey and beer
but the Government agents? United
States District Attorney Clyne has been
presented with enough evidence to send
several Government officials TO jail by
Special Intelligence Agent Richardson.
What has he done with this evidence
Has he brought it to the attention of
the Federal Grand Jury? No. sir; he
has pigeonholed it until after the Presi-
dental election.
THE Federal prohibition commits
sioner for the Chicago district was
personally recommended by District At
torney Clyne. l am referring to Major
A. V. Dalrymple Chicago has ten OIL
twelve 100000 whiskey rings. and all
of them working at their trade without
hindrance from the Government.
WHO is responsible for the issuing
of all these so-called fake permits upon
which liquor is released? Who per-
mits the Chicago breweries to work
overtime making real beer? What in
fiuence has been brought to bear on
Chicago Government officials to lay
Off the breweries?
IAN the whiskey which has come here
since certainly has been taken from
warehouses and shipped with the con-
nivance of Federal men. 1t seems that
the Federal men wish to use the whole
police department in their liquor in
vestigation. Personally l am more in
terested in the arrest of one robber."
The Chief during the day ordered the
suspension of Sergeant William L.
Bush, chief detective at the stockyards
station: John L. Hogan, secretary to
Capt. Hogan of the stockyards station
and Detective Sergeant Michael Fogarty,
arrested a day or so ago In the liquor
Investigation. He has ordered about
twenty victims of "booze burglaries''
in the fashionable Hyde Park district.
including many prominent society per-
sons, brought TO his office Tomorrow
with the policemen who investigated
each case.