davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1919-01-03
SEATTLE DOCKS JAN. 10
Nearly 10000 Westerners TO Return
From Erance Snnn

Washington, Jan. 3.-Carrying a
total of approximately fifty-threc Of
fcers and 1856 enlisted men of the
American eXpeditionary forces, the
United States cruiser Seattle sailed
from France Dec. 81 for New York,
where it is expected to dock Jan. 10.
Gen. March, chief of staff, announced
tOSav
Designation to early convoy of 579
officers and 19,137 men of the Amer
jean eXpeditionary forces was an
nounced by Gen. March, chief Of
staff, today. The number includes
5i4 officers and 1873 men of the
Forty-first division. composed of Ma
tional guard troops from Washing
ton, Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, Mon
tana, North and South Dakota, Colo
rado, New Mexico and the District Of
Columbia They were trained at
Camp Greene, y. c.
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1919-01-03
IMPORTANT SUIT DECIDED
Chancellor Refuses to Remove Trus-
tees in Brownlow- King Case.

knOXVlIIe, Jan. 3.-ChanCoIIOr
Haynes has just rendered a decision
at Jonesboro in one of the most i'm
portant lawsuits ever waged in East
Tennessee. The case was that of
Brownlow ct al. vs.. King ct al, IN
which the children of the late
Congressman Walter i. Brownlow.
sought TO remove Kyle NJ. King and
5. l.. Miller as trustees of the $4,000
estate of their father. Mismanage-
ment was alleged: also that the
greater part of 100000 belonging TO
the congressman's widow had been
dissipated through undue influence
of King. The chancellor refused to
remove the trustees. but granted
other relief sought by plaintiffs.
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1919-01-03
AWARDED WAR CROSS
Posthumous Honor For Noted Poet
and Man. of Letters.

Washington, Jan. 3.-Sergeant
Joyce kilmer, late noted poet, and
one of the first American men of
letters TO be killed in the war, has
been awarded posthumously the
French war cross. with an accom-
panying citation at the order of the
French army, said a dispatch from
France to the French high commits
sion today.
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1919-01-03
INNOCENT AT TO THIEF

san Francisco, CAL. y. S.l-District At
torney Jesse Carter was a willing but limo
cent gobetween in the theft Of an automobile
here by unwittngly -oranking the car and
thus permitting the thief 10 drive away
The district attorney had just emerged
from a thester with his family, and. seeing
the notorist presumably unable to get the
engine going, offered his assistance which
was accepted with thanks the thief threw
the power on and disappeared.
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1919-01-03
WARRANTS NEXT STEP
Nuisance Law to Be Involved Aaalns
Cypsles

Gypsles.
The presence of members OF the
gypsy tribe, whose headquarters on
West Ninth street have proven a nasty
problem for Health Inspector f. J. Hoge
and other health authorities to solve,
is not desired in Chattanooga. Efforts
to induce a thorough cleansing of both
the premises and the residents have
been vigorous but to little avail. For
the benefit of the health of the COM
inunity il has been decided that the
gypsies who have begun to figure quite
prominently in court proceedings must
move On to new fields. 1t was inti-
mated Friday by a health official that
the CANDY costumed women and chill
dren and the men of the tribe will he
asked to bid farewell to the city and
unless they comply nuisance warrants
will be served on them Saturday.
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1919-01-03
MOVE TOWARD VIENNA

Genevn- Jan. 3.-Czecho- Slnv TROOPS are
mo- Ing toward Vienna ara nave cut commuul-
cation between the Austrian and Hungarian
capitals. They have entered Fressburg only
thirty miles from Vienna. according 10 in
formation received here TODAY
Riots have broken out in Budapest, and
the city is in a manic
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1919-01-03
ULTIMATUM SERVED cN
GERMANS Bv BRIT SH

Copenhagen, Jan S.-Aa sIti-
matum has been S~sied Upon
the German {. mn'An.or in the
Russian Paltic P-,>-ncas by
the British csrna.-s.r ex -a~-
ing that TIE J1ss..h rest
prevert the bol;'.>v1IE fo "a
from esltSirs Walk aAd - At
don upcn peral'y of l. - 81
of Ge' many b. all d s-s<ce.
the D-u he Tsges s-SaaA<
STATED t,ddy
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1919-01-03
NeMspapers Welcome.

Rome. Thursday, Jan. 2.--News-
papers here unite in their Welcome
Of President Wilson. The Giornale
The Chattanooga news. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1891-1939, 1919-01-03

For Is cents a week bring
world before your eyes
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1919-10-31

Residents Of Minnesota have gel.
dom. II ever, had such q splendid ops
portnnitys for winning i splendid au-
tornobile rs that now offered by the
Grand Forks Herald. The Herald's
Minnesota circulation IN practically
all in the ten or twelve northwestern
counties and in this ter.itory, there is
no paper that gives these people such
excellent service as that furnished by
the Grand Forks Herald: On account
of serving the people Of this particu-
lar territory so well The Herald is
recognized as the logical newspaper
for the district mentioned and is ia
Ivored with q large circulation.
Candidates entering the race will
ind that The Herald il NY to sell.
People like it for its exclusive North
erp Minnesota news, for its reliable
Associated Press service, for it'll virtlA
editorials. for its excellent features
and because IT. gets the news to SUBJ
scribe from ten to twelve hours before
competitors.
BY entering the RAGS now you avoid
the, handicap upon those who enter
the campaign late. You. commence In
the early. part Of the racc and have q
splendid chance Of winning the Grand
Prize Overland OF one Of the $50 dis
|trict prizes. 49,
Fill in the coupon todsy and get
your start in the ace for the New
Model Overland and $500 nscash.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1919-10-31
CANNOT Forgot.

Brunsels, oct. 5.-(By the. Aasoca-
sxsd Pree1)-Aithnugh It 81 nov
MANY. months since pace WD dgnod,
there r indications each day Id
Brunsels and elsewhere that thesBel-
9aApsS arc not yet ready TO '3QSEtve
md Forget the German mvnMenFaa6
occupation There Il q demand that
ftheG HermAn words on tho nuHnAepra
s0brnan. paOaaGers cars WA1ch Nn4
pee1 On BeAAg3sa. lines b ehanGt6 ind
teplaced BY French.
German traitors M stdl sbetnG
m ssasaihst Bslgiana yDho sfltni11le4
nlpRtion. The goysSStAent needs !.
these unpatri6tic persons 30 to 40 per
sent of the amounts involved In the
Eprovisloning e tha late enemy. Thsoe
business men who have a~ddreassdS
formal lottaF u thu ggovesnment Sanp
ny that A11o,perepUs whom tAGy
eharaceaiSs g uaatorss ars .aiso
|recetvtne e0vognm0nt CONTRACTS ana
they WaAt5asGeDpsD Ut tot sonaa
EthS Hocia5jk mt1l1foN 49, 80 49,
|e4tAcked In the pres Tor thalr ~
eSnereade a441fUAe tOHnxA AtAA C.
EanaMs. The NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS.
ind some ~ thsIe Ntnl1ess1 - 1S61E
|ihG recollection.
a law u bsinG urgsdsASpftte 81
Esivil ri8hts III spereonS 6Ag4N9ks -
ne enemy: Ihese ~ antyatSW rs
aaaess oi xhsrh1 thss
ASutng thesseat6sOf ml6a
1sasasasls,
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1919-10-31
LEGAL NOTICES.
o1p41 70 xxA,r~ ACCOUNTS

01DAR TO ExA1"E ACCOUNTS.
State OF North Dakota. County OF Grand
IFoFks-se. In County Court.
In the Matter OF the Estate of@Augustns
, Barlow, Deceased,
l.. On reading and nling, the petition o.
Augustus H, Barlow, Administrator Of
the estate Of augustus, Barlow, deceased:
representing ameng other things, that
he has fully administered said estate,
and praying that a time and place be
ixed for examining and allowing the ac-
count Of his administration. and for the
assignment OF the residue Of said estate
II il Ordered, That said account b.
examined, and petition heard. by the
Judge Of this court on Monday. the 10th
day OF November, A. d. 1918, at 10
o'clock a. M at Grand Fsrks. in said
county. - Y.
Aud it is Further Ordered, That notice
hereof be given to ali persons interested,
by publishinE 4 copy Of this order or 4
| citation for four successive wReks prior
70 sad Day .9f hearing: in the Grand
printed q published at Grand Fefki
In said county. So
Dated at Grand Forks, N. D.. this 9Th
day Of October, "A. D. 1919. 55
BY the Court
court Seal - L.HK. HASSELL.
Judge 81 County Court
". j. MAYER,
Attorney. -
(oct. 10, II, "a and 3D. .T,
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1919-10-31

U1MO4

state Of North Dakota. County ~
Grand Forks SIS. In District Court First
Judicial District. :" '
Thomas 4: Johnston Plaintiff. W. The
poration. The Merrimaak River AVN.
Bank, q foreign corporation. ana ~
estste oor sntry in. or ian or emcnmheIs
ance upon the uEoperty described in tbe
comn,afnt hare,n. befendanta. .A'
RE state az North Daknfa "a the
above named efendants "'
You and each Of YOU are hereby sun-
sSnxs ert,tied sr.inr Wh;rh \. ~ 81
1, IT, T.: cs sa1s' :, q g. g. ,e c''I &. q co ~ bi !;
a. M TnrLs ava .Sta4e ~ MI T,Ss
ots. the Fir.t Jn6ic1si Distriett- Nd r.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1919-10-31
The Leaders For The
Grand Prize Over
land Car. j.
Nominae,ou Blank.

Nomination. Blank.
Grand Forks Herald. =
Grand Forks. N. D. !
Gentlemen:
wish to enter your Northern Min.
neeota. Auto campaign. Kindly cred
1T me- with 1000 vote credits which
you give Free with each nomination
blank.
Name
Town
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1919-10-31
AGENTS.

WANTED TO SELL THE
. pamphlet on the, inside history, Of
ownleyism in North Dakota by ]. d.
sHaeon. This is the fastest seller pub
ltshed In America. News agents ,ap.
ply for particulars to J.. D. Bacon.
Hotel, DacotAh. Grand Forks.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1919-10-31

DttEtct No. a-Kittson County.
Mamie 5uEdon.E Hallock II
Harold Rustad, Hallocka...... II
Peter compeau. St Vincent. II
s sslRss a5 haztss4 a. e. y hasssss.::: i i
District a-Marsanlssou;ny
II. n. Sands. Aivaradn9Ya2.. /;
Alpha Sell. Stephen 80 zS.. II
Mabel Fay, Stephen Mn II
Arthur Carlson, Steph1H . II
A. ]. Lovestrom.. Stephen .. II
Violet Schafer. Stephen ....... II
Ralph Kinder. Stephen ... II
Gertrude Carpenter. Stephen J.
Frank Campbell, Stephen .... ~
Ralph kremun, Stephen II
Warren Isley. Stephen ..... II
Susie Mizisin, Warrsn-.-- II
Albert Buro, Fork IL
Pal Oseth, Oslo..s,se. II
.. Lein, Holt ~. .tsssssaa II
Jessie 9urrom,5 Ho1t ..-..s.... II
Leonard Swan. Holt ..-..--. II
Marion Sanders Holt ..-..-. II
Herbert Severson, Holt - II
Orien Jones, Argyle .....--. II
Miss =. Roach, Argyle ..--- II
s NUt6tr1cC -f04k Co0Akys
Cha& Adams, Fisher .s.....--- 81
Miss Ester White, Fisher ..~--- II
=. 6. Elloftson, Gul1y...- u
Geo. Olsen. England ....--. II
NJ. o. Larson, Bsltrami --. II
John Roholt, Beltrami -.- =
Oscar Ness Hrsktnes-- u
Beanie Knudson, Wingsr - Il
.obert Befud. WhaGer --1,
Conrad zaht, Wlnger .......
Hsuska. Ease 6ssod
- aaa.s :
Pearl johnson, ClimaxA- 4
6. F. proppo.. Fertile -~-. .
Peter Stuhr. Euclid .--,-- .
Joe IeneA. Fosston -~~.....~ 8
Arnold Enger. LenEby 49,. =
Bonnie Trangord, Lengby...... j
Mart. Christianson, winxer -. 1
NrAL,Furnland, Winger ...r, !
Jeanette Basstad, Wingee ..--.s.I
Olivia Ensin, Winger, -.l
Mrs. II. Wickman. WingersY-.. 1
Hilda Rowland, Melville ss~ Z
DISTRICT -Noeuaa CnG1ty.,
Mrs. Geo. Roenisch, Ads ~. ]
Ars.AiGeo. Dahl, Ada ....ls... 1
Bert Brattiand, Ada 1
Amanda johnson, HeadumS-s7
Mary BirklAnd, Shelly. 3
n. E. Meyer. Twin VallUsss. 1
Clark aaudefscn. Ala !,
Miss Esther NyEsardHaNe1dSl
Eva HssnfpEs Geenbuh d
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1919-10-31

Cut the picture on all four sides.
Then carefully fold dotted line 1 in
fts entire length. Then dotted line 2
and 20 on, Fold each section under
meath accurately. When completed
turn W and you'll find az surprising
result. Save the picture.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1919-10-31

Want Ad Rates

l!!i|!l'! Al Rates
- 90 F-
AFQAa1AEsalA wora Any
M 1eae o. 3Espth
stf nsisaaahG1 in, ed,
Ifntlaun ahax1s Is IS, cents per day
Tor two -. HDogo days or Is cents for
2 9tngl AAH, Get your moneys worth
-uss ten Nsrds or more.
- INFORMATION
q bosS nsessinf md svesans sditisss
Wlat ~ xssspasnss 500 ana sel
FGxosING HouRs-waat Ad forms
4 close every morning at 1870 for
ss{ = evening edition.. anAt O'Clock
{ every evening tor the mprning
sa9tttoD except Saturday when forms
!: cloee ~ p. N. for, Sunday MORN
z Ing edition.
! TEEEPHoNH WANT ADs-want
~ ess fseeaved by phone. but are
and collection VIM be made At your
"a. home or Office a. soon as - 'con-
/ es xentene for the collector to call.
a IL accommodation service and
payment should be made promptly
whsp the bill ID, presented.
OUT 81. TOWN ORDERS must b.
s1Mays soeompantsA BY. the cash.
: eSosd t0~couveotapce and delay. ~
les ~ - & -. H1Gg#tEE -. - 49, - F
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1919-10-31

WA5H 70 DUY: A CREbTT ACCoUV5
Q EstsFs c.. PaTks river II. 3. IS
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1919-10-31
GRAND FORKS HERALD, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 81, 1917.
8

ALL YOUNG WOMFN ARE INVITED
to make the Young Women's Chf1s-
tan Assn their headquarters willis In
the city. IS m
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1919-10-31
sEAasaIssD 10 lssnsr

WANTEn TO- RENT-EART. CNS&
Give 3refArence. AA6rASS R, n. De1s
nsss. ~ n All =. qsaa1 Fsrka1
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1919-10-31

GIRLsoR WOMAN wANTEp ~ oNcT
Tor Kitchen and chamber work. sac Del
m0nth, board and room. Write OF
phone Hotel In&stef. I'm
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1919-10-31

THE FANCY TANNING coMPAEl
wants 70 tan your hides. North Ihirl
s. b. East Grand, Forks. MINI. IS saoh
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1919-10-31

wANTE3 GIRL EpR HouDBwoRK
+ no cooking; no baking; electric wash
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1919-10-31

GIRL WANTED FOR dNNNISAi,
housework. $1,000 . woek All mod
ern With every labor a1vips
device. Jehn r Andsrs0n, DdHoSs
u. y. fI5
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1919-10-31

ELEETRICk CABINET BATHS AND
Swedish massage; treatments for
rheumatism and chronic ailments.
Separate department for ladies with
lady nurse and rnasseuse in attend
.ance. Hotel. Dacotah. Phone "a.
V EERest Carlson, Graduate Masseur and
MSchano, Therapist.
The Coconino sun., 1919-08-15
BOILING POINT IS
 SOLE GASOLINE TEST

The old gravity test for gasoline really tells nothing of it's efficiency because gasolines of the same gravity may differ greatly in boiling points, and boiling points are the only true measure of gasoline value. By mix ing two gasolines of high gravity and low gravity, combination can be ob- tained which will meet whatever gravity test is desired, but such fuel would not work efficiently in an auto mobile engine.
 When, however, the boiling point test is used, the refner can be sure of maintaining the quality of his product and the motorist can be sure of uni form gasoline. Every gasoline, for good service must possess gradually rising series of boiling points. Low boiling points are absolutely essential for starting, but are useless for high power. High boiling points give the power, but no motor would start if only the high boiling points were used. The full chain of boiling points must be presented.
 Only straight-distilled gasoline has the necessary boiling points. Union gasoline is a well-known brand which possesses the full and continuous chain necessary for easy starting and full power and can be obtained of 2. A. Bissonnette at the Reliable Auto Spring & Supply Co.
The Coconino sun., 1919-08-15
AUTOMOBILE NEWS
BILL TO PUT A STOr
 TO AUTO THEFTS IS
 NOW BEFORE HOUSE

WASHINGTON, Aug. 13.--An im- portant bill, designed to put stop to automobile thievery, which is ram pant in various sections of the coun- try to a greater extent than ever be- fore, has just been introduced in the house of representatives by Repre- sentative Leonidas c. Dyer, of Mis- souri.
 The bill provides:
 "That any person who steals or with intent to convert to his own use ob- tains possession by fraud or deception or conceals, or uses or operates with out the consent of the owner, any motor vehicle which is delivered for shipment in commerce, or IS being transported in commerce, or has been shipped in commerce and remains un- loaded or undelivered, or is customari- ly used in transportation in commerce by common carrier, or is being oper- ated in commerce, shall upon convic- tion thereof be punished by fine of not more than $5,000 or by imprison- ment for not less than one year nor more than ten years, or both.
 "That any person whe delivers for or receives from shipment, transports, or operates, in commerce, any motor vehicle which he knows or has reason to believe has been stolen, obtained possession of, or concealed in violation of the above section shall upon con viction thereof be punished by fine of not more than $5,00O or by impris- onment for not less than one year nor more than ten years, or both.
 "That the police forces and the courts and officers thereof of any ter ritory, district or possession, in addi- ton to the proper United States au- thorities, are authorized to administer the provisions of this act and take all measures necessary to the arrest and trial of suspected violators thereof. Whenever necessary for the efficient execution of the provisions of this section, such police forces may act beyond the territorial limits of their jurisdiction"
 The term "person" as used in the act is defined to include an individual, partnership, corporation or associa- tion. The term motor vehicle" means an automobile, automobile truck, auto mobile wagon, motorcycle or other self-propelling vehicle, not intended for running on rails. The term Gin commerce" is defined to mean from any state, territory, district or possess sion, or to or through any state, ter ritory, district, or possession, or to or through any foreign country or from any foreign country to or through any state, territory, district or possession, or within any territory, district or possession.
The Coconino sun., 1919-08-15
FLYING IN FRANKLIN's DAY

Benjamin Franklin, who closely re- ported the aerial experiments he had viewed in France in 1783, wrote:
 "The improvement in the construc- tion and management of the balloons had already made a rapid progress; and one can not say how far it may now go.
 "A few months since the idea of witches riding through the air upon a broomstick, and that of philosophers upon bag of smoke, would have ap- peared equally impossible and ridicu- lous.
 "These machines must always be subject to be driven by the winds. Perhaps mechanical art may find easy means to give them progressive nio- tion in calm, and to slant them a little in the wind"
The Coconino sun., 1919-08-15

The man who never gets out of sight of the tall buildings. as well as the man who has yet to see city sky scraper, should be booster for better roads. Highways are used in trans porting practically every article of food at some stage In It's journey to the consumers table. Bad roads add to the cost of transportation. but good roads cut marketing cost.
 From the time when farm products were first hauled in wagons to markets there has been an interest In better roads as a means of reducing the cost of transportation. but improved high ways mean more now because of the extensive use of motortrucks In haul. ing products from the farm to the railroad station or direct to the city markets Trucks are not only replac- ing horse transportation but in many cases they are supplementing and even doing the work of railroads. In fact, motor trucks offer a solution of mod ern transportation problems. but roads built only-f for horse-drawn vehicles or light automobiles will break down un- der heavy motor trafic.
 Maintenance of thousands of miles of roads so that the enormous govern ment and commercial truck traffic of the past two years could move has taxed the abiiities and called forth every energy and plan on the part of highway officials. In many states off, cials found themselves without suffi- cient funds to handle properly the re- pair and rebuilding work necessary. Nearly all of them had to struggle un- der the handicap of an insufficient la- bor supply, and all had to meet the increased cost of labor and material.
 War Lessons Aid In Peace.
 Only few states were unaffected by the restrictions on the supply and transportation of materials which had to be brought from distance. None escaped the difiiculties which followed the great and rapid increase in traffic at this country's entrance into the war. From New England to the Pa- cific coast new demands were made upon the highways. and unusual con ditions developed everywhere in main- tenance and construction. In several states high type roads. which had orig inally been constructed without suffi- cient foundation to meet the new de mands. had to be rebuilt, and part of this construction work was carried on
The Coconino sun., 1919-08-15

while the heavy traffic was kept nov ing.
 The extensive use of motortrucks for transportation during war time has emphasized the possibilities of we'll built roads as means of marketing farm and other products. Solving road problems when there was . constant procession of heavily loaded trucks travelling over them has been great lesson to road officials, which will be put to good use in peace times.
 The federal aid road-building pro- gram for this year is the most stu pendous In the history of the world. The expenditures for road construction for the year are likely to reach $500,- 000, GOO Plans have been made for the construction of continuous highway systems, the states through which the highways are to pass cooperating with, each other as never before. Improved roads will not terminate at state lines, but will run from one large marketing center to another.
 Free Truets, Added, Appropriations More than $45.0OO.0 900 worth of mo- tortrueks, to be used in road construc- ton work. will be distributed by the secretary of agriculture through the bureau of public roads to the state highway departments. These trucks. about 10000 in number. have been de.. clared surplus by the war department and all that the states must do to ac- qufre them is to pay the loading and freight charges. The trucks range In capacity from two to i've tons, 11,0OO of them are new. and all are declared to be in serviceable condition. They will be apportioned to the states only upon request of the state highway de partments on the basis of request re- ceived from the respective states with the apportionment provided In the fed eral aid law approved In 1918. The requirements of the law are such that none of the trucks will be distributed to counties or individuals.
 Further interest In the nationwide need for good roads is shown by the fact that shortly before the last ses- sion of congress adjourned that body made an extra appropriation of $2O9,- 100000 in the post ofice appropriation bill to meet the federal part of the' road-building program. This is the largest appropriation ever made by any govd Dment for similar purpose, say road officials of the department of az. riculture.