davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16
Shortage of Beef
And Mutton

The problem OF supplying the needs of
the American people and those of the Eu-
ropean nations which are depending upon
us for the major portion of their food be-
comes even more serious when one con-
siders the beef and mutton situations This
is due in large measure to the fact that
a much longer period of time is required
to increase the production of cattle and
sheep. The decline in the number of cat
tie in Europe has been alarming, and al
though America has shown slight increase
in the number Of cattle on the farms, this
gain is only drop in the bucket compared
with the increased demands now being made
upon the nations meat larder.
The temptation to make quick profits by
marketing high priced corn direct has dis
couraged to 81 considerable extent the feed
ing of corn to cattle, much slower method
of making a profit in these times Once it
becomes more profitable to feed corn to
cattle and hogs, the possibility Of an i'm
provcment in the present situation will be
assured. 1t will be matter Of many years
however, before the country's beef sunply
can be speoded up to keep pace with the
enormously increased demand both here
and abroad.
An analysis of the livestock situation
made recently by Herbert Hoover now
virtually food administrator for Europe
and America, pictured in graphic manner
the state Of affairs confronting the agri-
cultural nations Of tho world.
"A total decrease Of more than 115.OO5.-
600 in the worlds meat producing animals
is shown in a comparison Of present con-
dtions with pre-war conditions" said Mr..
Hoover. "While the increase Of cattle in
the United States for this period (the first
two years Of the war; was 100000, the
total world decrease was 28,080O0O. Sheep
decreased 100000 in the United States
and 100000 throughout the world. Hors
increased G,275,o0o in the United States.
but decreased 32,425,O00 in the world
market
''The demands made by the war upon the
American meat supply are clearly shown
in the growth of our meat exports, which
were 1888, 10000 pounds for the fiscal wear
ending June 30, 1916. Thu tnree-year pre-
war average was 493,848,00O pounds. These
exports have gone chiefly to our allies,
whose capital stock of animals has been
decreased by 33 100000 head within period
of two years"
Exports of meat products for the fiscal
years ended June 80, 1917 and June 80.
1918, have averaged 1900, 900 900 pounds.
However, these do not include large ship
ments overseas for the American Expedi
tionary Force In the mean time the cant
tai stock of meat animals of all kinds has
continued to decrease at an alarming rate
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16
The Land
Campaign

To have a fair chance of success the land
attack should have come as a surprise and
should have been coincdental with the
naval attack. On February 16. month
after the decision to use the fleet without
waiting for the army had been reached, the
British War Council determined to make
land campaign against Constantinople.
Four days later Earl Kitchener postponed
the departure Of the Goth Division from
England, without even letting the War
Council know about it, This caused de-
lay of three weeks in the arrival of the
full expedtionary force. 1t inevitably re-
duced the chances of any surprise descent
on the Turkish positions.
The Allied army was put ashore on
April %, more than FIVE weeks after the
naval attack had been suspended The plan
of General Ian Hamilton, the British COM
mander, was to get foothold at the tin
Of the peninsula and on the Egean shore
little further up. Then the two British
forces would work north and east, con-
vergng on the Kilid-Bahr plateau, which
dominated the forts in the narrows.
The great obstacle to the success of this
plan was the CONFORMATION of the CALM
oil peninsula. There were few landing
places where shelter was available, either
for the lighters offshore or the troops
on the beaches. Excessive losses occurred
in the course of the landing operations.
And after the troops had sstablishsd them
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16

what would have happened? The one
overwhelming fact is that the fortifcaticns
we're very short Of ammunition They had
almost reached the limit of their resisting
power when the British feet passed out
on the afternoon of the 18th. l had Sc
cured permission for Mr. George A.
Schreiner, the well-known American CORE
spondent of The Associated Press, to visit
the Dardanelles on this occasion. On the
night Of the 18th this correspondent dis
cussed the situation with General Mertens,
who chief technical officer at the strait
General Mertens admitted that the outlook
was very discouraging for the defence
"'We expect that the British will come
back early tomorrow morning. he said and
if they do we may be able to hold out for
few hours
General Mertens did not declare in so
many words that the ammunition was prac-
tically exhausted but Mr.. Schreiner dis
covered that such was the case. The fact
was that Fort Hamidieh. the most powerful
defence on the Asatic side, had just seven
teen or-piercing shells left while at
Kilidul-Bahr, which was the main defence
the European side, there were precisely
ten.
az should advise you to get up at 6
o'clock tomorrow morning. said General
Mertens, and take to the Anatolian hills
That's what we are going to do"
What deferred the Allied feet from going
back? Vice Admiral Garden was sick when
the attack was made. Vice Admiral de Ro-
beck, who commanded in his place, wrote in
a report made March 10TH
"The power of the fleet to dominate the
fortresses by superiority of fire seems to be
established. Various other dangers and dif-
fculties will have to be encountered, but
nothing has happened which jussifes the be-
lief that the loss of the undertaking will
exceed what has always been expected and
provided for'
Had this judgment been acted on Con-
stantinople would have fallen, for there was
nothing to stop the Allied warships after
Fort Hamdieh and Niagara Point had been
passed.
faint heart somewhere let slip through
British fingers victory which would have
been as far-reaching in it's results %
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16
WorldWid Importance of the American Pig

book in the early days of the war, must
still remain in the category of nece ssary
Injuries for the American people, due
chiefly to the unprecedented demand now
being made upon our resources and to the
attitude of Indifference and shortsightedness
which has allowed the livestock industry to
lag far behind in the march of the worlds
events.
During the next few months America must
conserve and ship to Europe more than
3,000,000000 pounds of pork products alone,
or more than double the shipments made to
Europe in the year 1915, when the needs
of the European nations had already brought
about a rccord-breaking demand for Amer
lean food products Other meat products
must be shipped in greatly increased quaint
ties, and it will be many months, if not
years, before the livestock industry is re-
stored to anything like normal conditions.
In 1915 the value of meat and dairy
products exported to Europe was 1921 ,ooO-
900. During the same year approximately
1,500,000,000 pounds of pork products, val
ued at nearly $186,OOO 900, were shipped to
the nations of Europe. These exports rep
resented vast increases over pre-war ship
ments, but now to be dwarfed into COM
parative insignifcance by the exports of
meat products during the year 1919 The
value of the pork products required for ex-
port to Europe alone will exceed the value
of all meat products sold to European ma
tons in 1916!
Warnings issued two years ago by Food
Administrator Hoover, and repeated many
times since then, are receiving added en-
phasis in the light of recent events. Only
the most drastic action, in the opinion of
livestock experts, can bring about the rcvo-
luton that will be required to bring to an
end the most serious situation in the history
of the nations livestock industry. Even now
the strenuous efforts being made to save
the situation bear somewhat Of resemblance
to the act of man locking his stable door
the minute his horse is missed. Restoring
the proper balance in accordance with the
well-known law of supply and demand will
be matter of years, now that vastly in
creased demands are to be made upon the
American livestock larder, as the industry
is admittedly many years behind the pro-
duction needs Of normal times, let alone
present conditions.
The half-starved nations of Europe must
look TO the United States for the greater
part of their food products for years to
come, before the evil stain Of war can be
removed from the agricultural industry Of
the continent. The livestock industry of
the leading farming nations of Europe was
practically wiped out in the second year of
the war, when the shortage Of food supplies
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16
pisOdes Of the Great War-II: Gallipoli

and the British commander in chief on the
spot didn't balance with sufficient magma
ton the penalties Of failure against the
farreaching military consequences of sue
cess. 1t was of those moments in his
tory which wait for the instinct of genius
to manifest itself-and which so often wait
in vain.
1t was intended originally to make
joint land and attack. The troops were
to come from Egypt, where the British had
just repulsed a Turkish attempt to rush
the Suez Canal. Egypt was heavily garri-
soned and it was a simple matter to trans
port an army from Alexandria to bases in
the Egean Islands. 1t was also just as
feasible to defend Egypt by fighting the
Turk at Gallipoli as by fighting him in the
Sinai Desert.
Earl Kitchener, the British Secretary of
State for War, who exercised an autocratic
control over military affairs, announced in
the second week in January that there were
no troops Immediately available for the
Dardanelles operation. So, on January 49,
the British War Council decided to risk
purely naval attack BY the first week in
February the Allies had concentrated off
the island OF lmbros one super-dread
nought, the Queen Elizabeth one battle
cruiser, the Infexibe sixteen pre-dread-
noughts and nine cruisers Gall of the above
British; seven pre-dreadnoughts and three
cruisers (French) and one Russian cruiser
There was an adequate complement of de-
stroyers, mine swcepcrs and submarines.
The most important Turkish fertilization
was the Anadolu Hamidich battery, on the
Anatolian side. 1t was situated on an ele-
walton near Niagara Point, facing south,
and commanded the whole lower stretch of
the strait. It's guns were Of the Krupp
model OF 1885, and had an extreme range
Of about nine miles. About three miles
further south on the Anatolian side was
the DArdanos battery of Krupp guns Of the
model Of 1905, reinforced by acme naval
guns taken from the Goeben and from the
Turkish war vessels laid up off Constantino-
pie. The batteries on the European shore
were OF minor importance.
The Notifications at tho entrance wcrc
destroyed on February 10. Thereafter the
Allied ships moved into the strait, sweep
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16
Good Samaritan
To 4OO,OOO,O 900 More

The moment the last shot of the war was
fred, the entire system of feeding the
larger part Of Europe had to be revolution
led The number of persons to whom the
Americans must play the Good Samaritan
for months to come was suddenly increased
to approximately 40o, 1000, 900. We must con-
tinue TO help provision the Allies for many
months to come, inasmuch as it will be
several years before the larders of those
countries are restocked to pre-war condi-
tons. In addition America must furnish
the greater part of the food required to
ward off famine in the little countries
which have lain half-starved under the heel
Of the Hun oppressor for four years. Bel
gians Serbians, Rumanians, Greeks, Jugo-
Slavs and others who fall within this clas-
sfcation number approximately 75,000,000.
Nor must we ignore the responsibility of
feeding the hungry millions-estimated at
approximately $4,000, 000-in Northern Rus
STA, who have been living on little short
Of starvation rations for many months.
And, we must see to it that the 90,000,00O
enemy people are able to obtain enough
food to sustain life until the next crop
Add to this our own population, and one
begins to appreciate to some small degree
the terrible responsibility facing Uncle Sam
as the worlds greatest producer of food
To acquit ourselves properly of this great
responsibility must send TO the hungry
nations of Europe between 100000 and
100000 tons of food, and every unit in
the great bridge of ships erected by the
United States during the period of the war
must now be turned to the task of fighting
the common enemy of all manknd-hunger.
The steak and the chop--almost placed
beyond the reach of the average pocket
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16

selves in unsatisfactory positions ashore
they found their road north and east barred
by Turkish infantry, holding higher ground,
admirably adopted to defence purposes.
The British advanced few miles from
the extreme tip of the peninsula but were
held before Achi Baba heights The Anzacs
australians and New Zealanders) made
little progress east toward Sar-Bahr. Then
trench war deadlock ensued Toward the
end of May German submarines appeared
i'll the Egean and the Allied fleet had to
take to cover, thus depriving the army of
the artillery support which would have
been needed to launch a powerful break
ing through operation like that at Neuve
Chapelle.
AT this point the British War Council
would have been justified in cutting losses
and drawing out Of Gallipoli. But the
doggedness it had failed to show in using
the navy in the strait it now showed in
using the army on the peninsula. Six more
divisions were dispatched to support the
six originally sent. 1t was decided to make
another attack from a point still further
north-at Suvla Bay-thus taking the Turk
ish position opposite the Anzacs in the
flank and rear
This was a sensible idea. 1t was also
fortunate one; for the Turks were caught
mapping. With better staff organization and
more competent leadership General Ian
Hamilton might easily have enveloped and
crushed the Turks at Sari- Bahr as Allenby
enveloped and crushed them north of
Jerusalem in September, 1918
But the British army had not yet learned
how to make war. The great opportunity
at Suvla was frittered away by generals
who didn't realize the value of time The
troops fought heroically and captured po-
sitions which, il held by proper reinforce
ments, would have put the British in sight
OF the Dardanelles narrows.
The Suvla Bay operation began on Au-
gust and lasted until August Ii or IL.
When it was over General Hamilton ap-
pcaled to the British government for more
troops. But the War Council was now
through. The army was allowed to stav
on until December part of it into Janu-
airy, 1918. But all thought of an offensive
against Constantinople was abandoned.
The Dardanelles-Gallipoli expedition was
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16

Trafalgar. 1t also put on Great Britain the
burden of resorting to land attack to force
the strait. Acceptance of defeat by the
navy greatly weakened British prestige in
the East In order to restore it the army
had to be called in.
land operation against Constantinople
presented many more difficulties than
naval operation did. British naval organ-
cation was efficient. In the winter of 1914
1915, the British military organization was
far from efficient. Much time would
necessarily be lost getting a sufficient army
to Gallipoi. And the Turks could assemble
more troops there in given time then the
British could.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16

OF no let-down in the efficiency and calibre
of American labor, and meat will continue
to be their principal item of diet Ameri-
cans, notorious for their consumption Of
meats before the war, will therefore con-
tinue to lead the world in this respect. Gre
ating a home demand for meat products
which alone will tax the utmost resources
of the livestock industry for years to come.
The prospect that present conditions will
prevail for years and that livestock market
prices Will remain ct near the present
level will undoubtedly have some influence
in bringing about increased production OF
meat animals in the United States The
incentive of large profits to be gained will
do more than anything else to restore the
livestock industry to the position it once
held.
A graphic illustration of how far short
the production of meat animals has fallen
with regard to the increased demand can
be found in study of livestock statistics
for the last sixty-eight years.
The number of cattle on American farms
in 1850 was l7,77s,e07, while the population
of the country was 23,0O0,000. In the
thirty-year period following 1850 the num-
Der of cattle had increased tc 1925, 900,
while the population had more than
doubled, increasing to 50,000,O00. The
number of hogs increased but 100000
head in thirty years, while the number of
sheep was increased by about 190OO,OO0
head in this same period.
BY 1900 the number of cattle had in
creased to AZ O02 Ala head while tha corr
try's population had reached $4,000, 900.
During the period between 1880 and 1900
the sheep raising industry began to suffer
q decline, which became most serious in
the present decade, an increase of but
100000 being shown for the twenty years.
During this same time the number of hogs
on farms was increased by 100000 head
The livestock census for the fiscal year
ending June 80, 1918, given above shows
an even greater increase, but it must be
remembered that this is chiefly paper in
crease. due to the fact that the consump-
ton Of meat products in the United States
he's increased enormously. as compared with
the increase in population. In the last
decade the American people have become
the greatest meat-eating nation on the
earth, and in this last four years this ap-
petite for meats has been given an even
mightier impetus.
The commendable increase in the num-
Der of animals in the last decade has there
fore been more than nuliicd by the great
increase in the consumption of meat prod
ucts on the American table. An interest
ing situation is revealed in the fact that
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16
Significance of
The Expedition

but after Russia was practically forced
out of the struggle the full strategic sig
nidcance Of the Dardanelles expedition be-
came apparent. The English public de-
manded an accounting A commission.
headed by Lord Cromer, made an investiga-
ton and submitted a report on March s.
1917. 1t became apparent from the evidence
gathered that in 1914 end the early part Of
1915 Earl Kitchener was the sole arbiter OF
British military policy. He dominated the
War Council, and usually ignored it. Mr.
Churchill described him as "all powerful.
imperturbable and reserved" Everybody
bowed down to him. Scarcely any one
ever ventured to argue with him in the
council" Mr. Churchill testified.
As the commission could not help discov
ering, he undertook more than he could pos
sibly accomplish, and his administration of
the War Office was marked by confusion
and ineficiency. He therefore was more
responsible than any one else for the lack
OF cooperation at the Dardanelles between
the army and the navy and for the bunglir.
OF the one great strategic opportunity whics
presented itself to the Entente power~.
There are two phases of the Callipoli
tragedy which will always stand out black
est. One is the sacrifice to inexperienced
and incomretency in leadership of APPENDED
troops like the Anzacs. The other is the
hcart-breaking decision not to send the Al
lied fleet back into the narrows on March
10, when the Hamdieh and Kilid-ul-B ahr
batteries had between them only twenty
seven aSmor-piercing shells left
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16

while the number of cattle has been in
creased by approximately 2s0oo,00o head in
the last eight years, the production of
beef has shown a falling off of at least 40
per cent, as compared with the increase IN
consumption. With the vast increase in
the expectation of beef products to Europe
proposed for the next year, the nations
meat supply will show an even greater
decrease.
The seriousness of the situation is found
in the fact that the supply of beef cattle
cannot be increased sufficiently to keep
pace with the growth in consumption in
fewer than ten or fifteen years. Some Au-
thorities estimate that it will require a
much longer period to bring about the
proper adjustment of supply and de-
mand. The only hope, therefore, is for a
drive which will increase the production
of hogs, sheep and poultry, three compari-
lively easy methods of increasing the meat
supply in short period of time. Authori-
ties declare that the number of sheep could
be increased enormously without taxing the
country's resources, and that the farms of
the country could accommodate an addi-
tional 25,0Oo0o0 head of sheep without the
slightest difficulty within years time
Others estimate that the production of
sheep could be increased tenfold without
unsetting agricultural conditions, due TO
the fact that sheep thrive on land I'M
suited for cultivation and are the thrifticst
meat animals to be found on American
farms
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16

thus one long train of mishaps. bold and
sound strategical conception was wrecked
by persistent faults in execution The Brit
ish losses were CHASTITY in comparison with
the results achieved. The killed, wounded
and missing numbered about $4,000 Nearly
100000 more men were incspacitated at one
time or another by sickness. Because OF
its deplorable and costly failure many mill
tary writer's described it as piece of mill
tary madness, and denounced it's promoters.
chief among whom was Winston Churchill.
as bungling amateur strategists
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16

throughout all of Europe, due to the war
and the social disorders which have swent
a number Of countries. The exports of beef
and pork to Europe within the next wear
must reach the enormous total of 1000 900.
wv pounds or more, and at least one-haif
OF this amount must be shipped abroad for
several years to follow. In we'll informed
circles it is not believed that the exports
OF meat products to Europe will ever return
to the pre-war average. In fact, there is
every reason to believe that American beef
and pork products will enjoy tremendous
vogue in Europe, even with the restoration
OF normal conditions in the livestock in
dustry upon the Continent
The most recent reports concerning our
resources in meat animals indicate con-
siderable growth in numbers, which, how
ever, fall far short of the increased de-
mand. The number of cattle on American
farms has increased from a three-yea pre-
war average Of $500, 900 head to 5000 900
head, according to statistics compiled by
the food administration. In the mean time
the demand for beef products, both at home
and abroad, has been multiplied several
times and still is increasing at tremen-
dous rate. The number of hogs on farms
during threc-year period before the war
averaged 58,933,0OO head, which had been
increased to 71,374,000 head at the close of
the last fiscal year On the other hand, the
number of sheep and goats on hand on
June 80, 1918, compared with the pre-war
yearly average, had decreased by more than
100000, 900 head.
The return to peace conditions will brinr
little or no decrease in the demand for
meat products in this and neutral Countries,
while the demand for meat products in the
war-torn nations Of Europe will show an
enormous increase. American factory
workers have required much more meat on
their daily table in order that they might
sustain the terrific pace required to provide
the sinews of war. The shortage of labor,
together with the food of peace orders
which even now Is beginning to pour in
upon the American industries, will permit