davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1919-11-09


prs q. Canphcil Morgan win ad-
dress ereaI nsass meeting Of men
afid women IL rhc city auditorium
this aktarnorn III 1880 o'clock. nn-1
der tho auspices OF the Central
Young Men Christian Association
The doors viii be- open at o'clock
and tho comInunity Scharus choir
viii sing ~ 3:f5. Al arc cordially
invited, both men and women.
n. MorEan's lectures during the
past week have bean largely attend
ed. and II Is sAfN 10 predict thar this
week the audiences will be even
larger, a. IN Addfrion to our own
city people, tl1nrs Will be many ont-
of-town people II Richmond. who
viii take advAntAGe OF tiais opper-
tunity To- hear one Of the worlds
greatest preachers and Bible teach
crA
Or, Morsan's general topic Tor
flfe, week will be: Some Superlative
Sayings OF Christ" and his special
subject for tomorrow night viii be:
The Ethtc and Esangel of Christ. =
The community chorus choir VIM
sing IT 7.45
Contributors desiring seats in the
reserved section can secure them
al tho COMMITTEES headquarters. 70f,
Central n. ~. A. bull ding.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1919-11-09

ssrho reG,,lta u eha third Re6
Gross ron cab il lkschmond. IL dats
are not alone Intensely gratifying
to ina lorGl chAnter, hut = SilEnri6e
to those who were most optimistic
over the outcome when tho canvass
rhis ehssrf,a stateuasnt - NJ
sued last snight II roll can bend-
qs1ArtarM Nv Utrector H g. Royktn
when rep0fta rev4Alod that more
thaa 1o.000 HlchmcndA9s have en-
rolled TOR 1a30,7 TEN th0ueAnd and
forty u the exact number Of n6w
mAxnbcra obtained By roll call work
ers through cir days of active solicit
taticSls lAet week. VI
Cornmenting On the splendid pro-
groas VI the drisay The director
..rns woaderful interest and sup-
port displayed " the pubic con-
ylseee - that Il II cleArly under
stood vaky generally that tho var
tt ofFtne Hed Gross II not vt end
"a. Ine readinen1 with which
flSsunands have come forward - en-
rul1 Ii the Red Gross shows In-
xnfnEnlAbiy widespread desire 70
M In oE8an4<Ata ton a putdng ovsr
II poaeo pcnGEa11a. WIN the de-
xnpA(1ixAt10n of The last rsTimenss
01n1n c1Aptsz1 of Red Gro worx
IN cnSno ~ Alcloeay but until every
soa61og - 1nund his plaoS "a ~
49, eemmuntty there stu rama ins
A-AeA CSeM reaponAl nnisy. u ..ss. y.
suAtns owaSy nAxn1ly AdveEsaax ~
fns6a1 - W. ccnatt5onn haa been
yufanA nrmly on ~ 1eek Red CrcNs
- warx v11a b needed sAt ~
- haa &he activity AZ the houe
- 1o1aoef3on hSen - GF0at ~ y
r. 49,. - work IN this dnad MA
1n11anaa tar manys tuonthA Hscn-
unnnnsa wboae-heartad support A!eo
- - tnlRacAftOn that tho Mee6 tur
HR Crede WORK abroad. ~ re01N
- - VAR. y fully arprec4assd -
- vns-torn areas ths dtseroae ana
aun11rin9 arS san b@yund Ill hOpe
e aAsquAss rslisf from nAxavs
1sS.y ne hard-wsskmg ron can
1870 VIII enjoy much needed
reef and prepare for : whtraWsnd
Ar5wn Tor several thousand more
- 6ofs tomorrow and Tuesday.
eUnanant enrolment booths Will
1ernnkn oren until Monday might
- solicitation W won1en's commit
- Will be vigorously WAEed n the
11honfsrs both Monday and Tuesday
n&GAkA
- drive by school children TOR
91oo uamhers has resulted thus Tar
r. tAe enrolment of 3.3e1. accord :
- - reports tAbuiate0 hN night
k11Hahowing n regarded ~ ne roll
eall oonnaittee - N Gxcellent one.
ma eon1rnss the preaictton thai
3un1er Rcd Gross msmbers might
aavhUs be relied uron Tor valuable
ee-o1era ton. Assistant Superfntan-
dat J., n. Binford 10 directing the
school canvass, which has not been
n1aaaaed entirely.
An elderly woman. Who offered
Mar dollar for a membership In
,nesnory OF my SON YVES Anong
thope who enrolled yesterday At
Fourth and Grace streets. where the
roll cali committee has its head
ouarters. She was loud In her
prise OF the assistance rendered BY
the Richmond home service section
ID adjusting difficulties over her al
lo3msnt. Insurance. ETC.. during the
war.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1919-11-09

I rIul 81 MIN fitx nxt ElIurch = IIifS
iSSd Tho chnfch alA1 not ~ te1H'
1s5Oid 6ut ptoBnbly e6s1x negro corr
sRre6Atich VIII buy # Following y
t0day's program: sAf
rrocessiOna humn. -TIcw firm "
Foundation tutle tAdeste Fidcsesl;
sVonife" Enthusiastically. Gloria IN
Excels3ss' (zNnhcr): ne Deums
tShecker1; hymn Blest Be tho Tie
That Binds;n ,offortory, "Praise re
the Father" (Gotnod) hymn. 20
God, Our He1p IN Ases PAST; re-
''Onwnrdh Christian Sol
diers"
Personnel OF choir: soIoists- Mrs.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1919-11-09
RATES
HEARING MONDAY

Hearing Of the petition of the
chesaDeaks and Potomac Telephone
company tor an increase IN exist
mg ratss Will begin Monday In the
courtroom Of tho stats corporation
ooEnmin4on.
a brilliant array Of legal talent
VIII b presented by both sides. rep
rssentAtives from every city In
which ths G. Il r. operates having
sent tase commission notice Of their
Intention OF being present
The petition OF the company Is for
. scale of rates which will boost
the present cost OF service as much
a. tho Burleson order increased the
pre-war rates The city OF Rlch=
mond has applied for writ OF
naandamus preventing the company
from collecting tho present rates.
since tho city council declared thu
old rates restored as Of July first.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1919-11-09
PERMANENT HOME FOR
LITTLE THEATER LEAGUE

Az Z meeting Of the Little Theater
league held Friday afternoon at the
jefferson hotel, definite plans were
made for obtaining permanent
home for the league A committee
vas appointed 70 investigate the
probability OF several houses. among
these to pc considered fs the ota
Cabell home on South Third street
Alvin Smith pcrsided at the meeting
In the absence OF the president.
provision was made by Miss EIIie
Branch for 1000 towards buying
the home, when the league raised
$4,000.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1919-11-09

nj TITS WEEK /

letter Has besn received ~
focet Moose which has caused them
much grfek, n stating that Vice
President Marshall will not ~ Able
to attend the Moose celebration here
"wednesday. However, he will get
here On the twenty-fifth. The LETT
Ter from Afr. MarshAIl's SECRETARY i
~ f01aOWo: ~ ~ s&Ss a
The vice-Prcsidents Chamber.
s'Washington, November s., 191A
Dear Mr.. Condrmtn8
my telegram just sent to you. which
reads ~ follows;
AT vice. President MarshAll's
direction must inform you that much
to his rogret he nndA himself coma
PEELED 10 CANCEL his engagement Tor
November - because of status 81
peace treaty In senate and 70 sub
stttute November ia ~ date OF his
engagement with you. Letter foi-
lows
Let me sxplatn that tho vice.
president regretted very much the
change OF plans forced upon MIN
BY the failure OF the senate 70 dis
pose OF the treaty Of peace with Ger
when his engagement was made
he had every reasons to think that
tl,e treaty would be but Of the way
Nv now. or course. he cannot leave
Washlueton with 4he treaty pending.
mt ~ homes that Anal disposition
wiil enable him to nIl the substituted
data.
.svery respectfully.
MARK THISTLErf1WAlTE.
The lower peninsula Moose have
chartered q boat to bring the
lerionery wednesday. Headquarters
win Sc 81 Murphy's hotel One hun
dred are expected from Alexandria-
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1919-11-09

Ttie expenditures 4 year Of. the
UnitAd States reclamation service
are about ss.ooo. 900. 81
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1919-11-09

Tho City Council and the Mayor are to he elected
in Richmond and the President Of the United
Ststes in the country at large. Vital issues will
be at stake
Regardless Of the candidates the positions
Won may support, 1t is the solemn duty Of every
man who can do so to qualify to cast his ballot
and exercise his right q citizen.
Help to relieve our city Of the burden Of civic
indifference and prepare to make your influence
felt in affairs for the good Of Richmond
The payment of poll taxes necessary as a con- \
dition Of voting, is now called for and must be
paid before December 7th or you lose your vote.
But do not delay!
Tho Office Of the Civic Association, 9l4 Cham +
her Of Commerce Building, Phone Madison 4741
stands ready to give You information desired
/ WE appeal to ynu for the sake Of Richmond
and IN the sake Of Virginia and our country to
avail yoursef Of the present opportunity 70 make
Your citizenship effective
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1919-12-03

ter of charging for the transportation
Of caretakcrs accompanying live stock
in shipment. Generally speaking, in
the North and West the railroads fur
nish free transportation to such care
takers, going one way at least, but in
the South the reverse is generally
true.
Another matter of wide interest in
the South to be taken up at the meet
ings at this month-cnd will be the
proposition that the Southern states
should have repre- 'entation on the ma
tional waterway commission that was
authorized in river and harbor act
some time ago, taht was proposed by
the late Senator NcWlands of Nevada,
to study and investigate the water
ways Of the country with a view to
utilizing the waters to the best advant
age in connection with navigation, IL
rigation, drainage, water power do
mestic supply, etc. The water power
bill now pcndin~ in the senate contcm
plates the repeal Of this authorization,
but the national drainage congress and
Southern drainage interests are re-
ported to be opposed to this action.
1t is expected that a project for
drainage Of land with the assistance Of
the federal government will be in
dorsed at Savannah. One measure
along this line now pending before con
grcss is the Chamberlain bill
which virtually places the credit Of
the national government behind local
reclamation districts formed for re-
Gccming land by drainage, dking, ir-
| rigation or otherwise
Another resolution to be offered at
Savannah, it is understood, will in
Vitc government experts Of the agricul
tural and other departments and possi
bly, other persons interested to make
a tour through the South to see what
its resources are and what progress is
being made to make them available
and the development work that is
forging ahead.
i Officials Of the cutovcr land depart
mcnt Of the Southern Pine association
will meet at Savannah with the South
crn Settlement and Development or
ganization and the matter Of organiZ-
ing state development associations in
} Southern pine territory will be gone
into. The creation of such an organi,
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1919-12-03

case was hotly contested the solicitor
being assisted by Proctor Bonham of
Creenville and G. w. Speer Of the local
bar, while the defense was represented
by Butler and Hall and N. w. Hardin
of the local bar. The hearing of the
case and the argument of counsel re-
quired two full days. After remain
ing out for an hour and 15 minutes the
jury returned verdict Of "guilt Of
mals!aughter," and the defense imme
diately noted motion for new trial
Butler & Hall this afternoon argued
tie motion. The motion was refused
and the defendant was sentenced to
serve six years on the public works.
His counsel gave notice Of intention to
appeal to the supreme court and bail
was fixed at $4,000. Hardin will have
no difficulty in giving bond.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1919-12-03
HOLD SUGAR SHIPMENTS

Washington, Nov. 30.-Sugar sold
to South Carolina distributors and
ready for shipment from Gulf refner-
les has been held up in several cases
recently because cars were not avail
able. Senator Dial has been handling
the matter directly by wire with the
Southwestern regional director of the
railroad administration, B. F. Rush,
whose headquarters are in st. Louis,
and is promised one hundred per cent.
car supply to the sugar plantations
concernedc, based on their ability
from day to day to load. Director
Bush says that during the current
week the movement Of sugar from
Louisiana territory has been of ex-
traordnary volume. Equipment is
being rushed to the producing dis
tricts.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1919-12-03
movement has become
sufficiently

movement has become sufficiently
manifest.
The new Florida statewide develop
ment organization will be represented
at the Savannah meetings for the first
time. There will also be ON hand rep
resentatives of state associations in
the Cerolinas, Georgia and MISSISSIPPI
pi.
A feature Of the Savannah meeting
will be report by F. H. Abbott man.
ager of the Georgia Landowners as
sociation, on the successful develop
ment of demonstration permanent pas
lures in his state. There are 70 such
pastures being established in 43 coun-
ties in south Georgia on 81 different
soil types, testing eight different va
rieties Of grasses. These pastures
were to be seeded under a cooperative
arrangement between Mr.. Abbott's or
ganization and the Georgia State Col
lege of Agriculture. Among the re-
suits so far achieved are heavy stands
of lespedeza, or Japanese clover, knee
high, and Of Rhodes grass, South
African plant immigrant to America,
shoulder high.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1919-12-03
HARDIN FOUND GUILTY

Gaffney, Nov. 28.-The case which
attracted more attention than any
other at this term Of the court of gen.
South Carolina VS.. w. p. Hardin who
was charged with killing Wylie Fulton
in the Antioch section oH Cherokee
county on September II, 1918. At the
time of the killing, Hardin was acting
rs constable for magistrate in the
neiGhborhood, and therefore claimed
that he had right to bear arms. The
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1919-12-03

spective territories during the fall and
uniformity of plans with respect to a
years campaign will be worked out if
possible relating to drainage, good
road construction, Improvement of
| health conditions, eradication Of the
cattle tick in the decreased areas it
still infests, and other features of the
program Of the organization for the
up-building Of the South, in coopera-
tion with federal state and other
agencies with a view to obtaining a
maximum Of results with respect to
these subjects during the year 1920.
Views will be exchanged by the
state association managers and other
officials as to the Legislative measures
that will be pressed. In one or another
Southern states these measures in
cludc a proposition to create state
land settlement boards similar to that
operating in California which could
assist deserving citizens to obtain
datory dogs which now interfere
seriously with the extension of the
sheep industry; measures relating to
the marking and branding of live
stock and amendment Of the chattcl
mortgage laws so that banks would
be encouraged to finance live stock
growers and feeders; state good roads
legislation; amendment Of state drain
age laws where deemed necessary
and rciorcstation and the like.
Will Make Start.
If the situation develops as expected
The foundation will be laid for an cX
tensivo campaign Of publicity in ordcI
to let the world know what the Sout}
is and what it has to offer in the wa!
Of resources, and opportunities 70
home making, agriculture, and dcvcl
Opmcnt along many lines. Men famil
iar with the Southern states and tn
confident that The South can offer
combination that no other section 0
the country can excel, namely; a,
abundance Of cheap lands-thcrc ar
200, 100000 to 300 ,OO0, 900 acres in tn
Atlantic and Gulf cOGtal plain alone
good climate, sufficient rainfall, near
hess to markets, relatively cheap la
Dor and other desirable conditions.
With view to calling attention t
the live stock and dairy industries @
the South, plans for Southwide eS
hibit at the next national dairy sho,
will probably be formulated at Savar
nah. In connection with the live stoc
industry, in the South steps will !
taken to have the railroad admins
tration or interstate commerce con
mission remove determinations no
applying to Southern states in the mi
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1919-12-03

zation in Louisiana, has been under
consideration at New Orleans. Devel-
opment interests in Alabama are re-
ported ready for organization and
steps toward organization of develop
ment associations in Arkansas and
east Texas are expected to be taken
when the necessary interest in those
states in the southwide development
New Britain herald. [microfilm reel] (New Britain, Conn.) 1890-1976, 1919-01-16
Advertised Letters.

The following is list Of advertised
letters remaining unclaimed at the
New Britain Postofficc, Jan. 16, 1919:
Letters advertised January 16, 1919
Aguasty, Clara, IA Atlantic.
Archie, Floy, % Hopkins st.
Anderson, Beatrice.
Bierice, Dorothy.
Bennett, Frank.
Blyer G.
Brandt Corp. Adolph.
Brod Herbert.
>Boceliari Giovania. ...
Church, II, e.
Conway, John T., sos High.
Donovan, Martin, Sc Pierce.
Demers, Clara $50 Canal.
Dawson, Harry E. CD
Durham, Mrs. VIM.
Fritz, F., 23S Broad St.
Fleischer, Bennett. 112 Hartford
avenue.
Gilbert, Mary.
Gates, Irene, School st.
Hermann. Miss A, LA Franklin.
Healoy, Joseph,
Hemingway, L.! ISL No. Washing
ton.
Forwitz, Henry, 1862 f. Main,
Haswell, Mary A, 76 Pennington
Ave.
Harrison, Kitty, 900 Hartford Ave,
Ingham, Ernest.
JaroS, Malgondo, s Sexton ST.
kokops John Brown.
Kilosi, Michael.
Koehler Geo.
Larson, Helen and Huldo, South
Stanley st.
Liobley, William.
Link, Marie, 81 Willow.
I4asher, Mrs. AlviIda.
Lacy Mary, 115 No. Main.
Mcmahon, Ray r. (2.)
MolOslly, Marion, 144 5th St.
May, Joha.
Markaivtcus, p. John, So Spruce st.
Marsdon w. 4.
Nilsson, Anna.
Okenqujst. Bonnie.
O'Neil, Grace, 1873 Elm.
Pires, Mrs Nellie. >1017 Ne Main.
Post, Clarence II.
Rowe, Mrs. M. II.
Stanley, Mrs. Harriet r.
Schmidt, Mrs. A, 400 East Main.
Schultz, Aaron, As Main.
Talcott, Mrs. r., 10 Woodland.
Warner, Felix, 80 w. Main.
Walter. Mrs. E. S.
Young, c. w.
w. r. DELANEY, Postmaster.
New Britain herald. [microfilm reel] (New Britain, Conn.) 1890-1976, 1919-01-16
FREE ENTERTAIN MENT
AT GRAMMAR SCHOOL
Back to. School, Campaign to Be
Opened Tomorrow Evening
&c. w. Christ to Speak.

In the back to school, drive. il,
which the school authorities are try
ing to induce boys and girls who left
school to work in the factories to re-
turn and complete their education. q.
comprehensive plan OF campaign is
being mapped out. This will begin
tomorrow night when a special pubic
meeting, free. will be given at the
Grammar school hall under the direc-
ton of the Parents and Teachers as
ISOLATION. The principal talk will be
given by E. w. Christ of the Stanley
Works. The program follows:
1870 to $50 p. INSTRUMENTATION
of shop work in new building. In
formal reception to parents by teach
ers and entertainment in class rooms
in old building and Elm street build
ing.
$50 to $50 p. m.-Entertain-
ment in auditorium.
Selection-School orchestra.
Address-E. o. Kilbourne. presi~
dent
The Duty Of nteIligence'-Leroy
Sedervall.
Chorus--Pupils.
Flag O. My Land"-Helen Rech-
enberg.
'The Creed OF the Youthful Pa
triot'--SyIvia Adler
Address-"How Education Paws. ~
Ernest w. Christ
"America."
New Britain herald. [microfilm reel] (New Britain, Conn.) 1890-1976, 1919-01-16
Z GUARD TO STAY,
rFICERS ANNOUNCE
Remain Available to Can by the
yor in Case OF Need; Smoker
at Armol'y Tonight.

vas officially announced today
he City Guard will not disband
of the close of the war, but
ntinue as a unit available at the
III the mayor in emergency. A
emit from the officers Of the City
says:
b New Britain City Guard is
8o stay. Should it be relieved
row from its obligations as a
organ ization, the fact would
10 effect upon it's permanency.
IRE is definitely interviewer with
q the city of New Britain. 1t Is
to give the city the best it has
ants in its ranks the best the
IA n give--iAmerican men"
aiming the purpose OF the City
the announcement says:
bre has been some question re-
g the City Guard. and to clear
matter the following was given
the officers of the City Guard:
at 1t is: A voluntary semi-mil-
organization affiliated with the
Britain Rife club, q branch of
Rational Rifle Association of
ia.
at it is for: To provide mill
raining, instilI the principles Of
canism and promote good fell
b among it's members and, in
f emergency to assist the local
to maintain law and order. In
tier capacity it is subject to the
the mayor.
mbership: Any member in good
ng in the New Britain Rifle club
BILE for membership. Amy man
Cd character, physically and
FLY sound, can join the Rife
hat 1t does: Furnishes each
err with a complete uniform free
rye, supplies him with a rife,
hid bayonet at a nom inaI cost,
PTS him in military drills and
ure, affords an opportunity for
practice, and offers the best
in the world for good fellows
together
Tut go members OF the City
entered the Army or Navy vol
Wy or by consumption and most
se plan to resume their mem
p on returning home.
Guard will have a smoker this
g at the State armory on Arch
All men who have seen serv.
18th the military forces of the
States are invited to attend as
New Britain herald. [microfilm reel] (New Britain, Conn.) 1890-1976, 1919-01-16
(VYCEUB AT
Y. N. c. A. ORGANIZES
Seventy Service Men Enroll As
Charter Members

The Army and Navy club of the Y.
with 70 charter members, and with
Harry Ginsberg as president. The
club was started through Secretary
Clarence H. Barnes Of the associa-
ton, and is to be permanent organ
ization The three front rooms of the
building on the main floor were re-
served for the meeting and the ex-
service men were given the privilege
Of smoking during the meeting,
privilege hitherto denied those at
tending meetings in the building.
Secretary Barnes opened the meet
ing with q short address In which he
explained the purposes of the club
and urged the service men to sup
port the organization. Harry Gins
berg, q member of the arrangements
committee also addressed the meet
ing as did Physical Director Warren
S. Slater and r. H. Crawford. At
, the conclusion of their addresses,
Stanley Traceski, one of the mem bers
of the club, explained the purposes
of the organization In Polish, for the
benefit of the Polish mem bers. Elec-
J Ginsberg was elected chairman. with
! Stanley Traceski vice chairman, and
Walter Mickey, secretary. These Of
ficers are to serve until March /, and
at that time, it is believed, a num-
Der Of overseas men will be in the
l club and will be honored by election
| to offices.
The executive committee, appoint
ed by the president, has issued an in
vitation to the City Guard to be the
guests of the club on February 20.
The City Guard is to entertain the
local service men tonight. The Serv-
ice club orchestra furnished a must
cal program.
Charter Members of Club.
The charter members Of the Army
and Navy club are:
Harry Ginsberg, Glen Jones, Charles
Cook, William Fl. Walthers, Douglas
Johnston, Alfred Bottomley, Clarence
Banner Howard Stotts George Olcott,
George Welles, Harry Kallgren, Frank
Schade, a. D. Seeds, Harry Cronin,
Walter Plude, William Fischer, Louis
Root, Edmund Murphy, Abel Gross,
Abel Johnson, Albert Kallgren, Harold
Prentice, Harry Vessels, Walter Mil
key, Anthony Wooziensky, Peter
Labas, Joseph Ohula, Anthony koW-
blzyk, Vincent Sweitiiski, Charles
Rodyrensick, Gustave Unterspan, Will
liam Swatliski, George Zilinski,
Joseph Yuknelis, Stanley A. Plo-
charezyk, Jr., Oscar G. Rolf,
George P. Dilbus. Joseph Grzysek,
Charles Hagop, John Charkowsky,
John Manchuk, Anthony Ezuprinski
Salvatore SquilIace, Tony Matulik
! George Peterson, Andrew Smith,
James McCabe, John Swanson, ALT
Olson, Stanley Traceski, Harry K.
Schneider, Harry Kutcher. John Broff.
John Kework, Jacob Wingle, John
Grobstein, II. e. McKenney, P. G..
Gagner, Paul Mazal. Fred Ellsworth,
Harry Robertson, Harold Sjolander,
William Smith, Arthur Rothfedsr,
Charles Dalton, Joseph Grabeck, IT.
win London, Patsy Colello, John Yer
rirolo Stanley Kopski.