davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22

should be continued until the material
is fine and uniform, and then it may
be bagged and stored in a dry place
until used
To avoid caking and losses. certain
ingredients should not be used to-
gether in the same mixture
Start Home Mixing.
One of the easiest ways to start
home mixing is to duplicate a formula
already in use A beginner should,
take a mixture which has been suc@
cessfully used on the crop he is rails
ing on similar soil, get a price on the
mixed goods, and then see what a
home mixture OF similar compositions
will cost.
A general rule to use in making up
formulas is first TO decide what per-
centages are required, and then what
materials shall be used. Start with
the phosphoric acid (P.O,). Acid phos-
phate is almost universally used for
this. With u per cent goods and 8
per cent of phOsphorie acid desired in
the mixture, the reasoning would be as
follows: If the whole mixture were
acid phosphate, it would contain u
per cent; as s per cent is desired, take
eight-twelfths or twO-thirds of the mix
ture of acid phosphate or 1922 pounds;
if per cent is wanted, take six
twelfths or one-half or 1000 pounds
ina ton. Similarly with nitrogen. II
nitrate of soda contains 1855 per cent
of nitrogen, and per cent of nitrogen
is wanted. 2/15.65 or approximately
one-eighth of the mixture or go
pounds in a ton will be the amount.
Similarly with potash. If the farmer
has Nebraska potash salts carrying %
per cent of potash, and desires 2 per
cent in the mixture, he puts in two
twenty-secOnds or one-eIeventh of this
material, giving approximately 49,
pounds, in 1 ton.
Any other material may be used in
a similar manner. 1t is not necessary
to be exact down to the fraction Of
percent, as fertilizer application is not
an exact science, and slight mistake
in the calculation usually will not
cause loss in the agricultural value
Of the mixture.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22
YIELD BIC CROPS
Grain Seeds From Western Can
ada Do Well in Ohio.
Demand for Them Is Bound to Add
VaIue to the Land Of Our North
ern Neiehbor, Now 20
&c Had Cheap.

A large area OF the land in several
counties in Ohio prepared for spring
seeding viii be seeded with Marquis
wheat-a spring variety. This wheat is
Imported from Western Canada Il was
about three years ago that the first OF
this seed was imported into the States,
and the result. watched each succeed
ing year, proved that Ohio soil and
spring seeding was a success The
demand for the seed has now become
so great that one OF the largest seed
houses in the state, that has been pur-
chasing from Western Canada farmers
and importing il, has decided TO pur-
chase a large block OF land in that
country for the purpose of growing the
grain themselves. They viii devote
a considerable portion OF their West
ern Canada holdings to growing oats,
barley and rye. Their action is a
strong Endorsement Of the product For
some time past a considerable guam
tity OF seed oats has also been import
ed. The prolific yield reported was
what probably gave an impetus 10 the
Introduction OF wheat.
II was found. though, after a couple
Of years the quality OF the oats, as
well as the yield. began 70 deteriOrate
when grown seed was used. making II
necessary for fresh importatiOns every
couple Of years. It Is possible that
the same experience may follow the
growing Of Western Canada wheat In
fact IT is quite probable. and the Ohio
farmer VIII find IL necessary to import
every two years
With the success that has followed
the Ohio farmers experiments with
this imported seed il is possible other
states now growing winter wheat viii
begin growing spring wheat It may
therefore be taken for granted that
Western Canada. in addition 10 its
ability 10 produce hundreds OF mil
lions Of bushels Of wheat possessing
the greatest percentage Of gluten OF
any wheat in the world. will shortly
be called upon TO provide the seed
that viii be grown on the additional
acres in the United States that may be
devoted TO spring wheat.
It is a weII-esrabIished fact that the
further north any product OF the farm
can be brought TO a state Of maturity.
the more vigorous it becomes. This
has been proven In the grains that
have been produced in Western Can
ada; Il has been shown in the devel-
opment OF its horses its cattle, its
sheep and its hogs; also in its people.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22

prepared by the United States Depart
ment of Agriculture)
Home mixing Of fertilizer materials
is cheaper than buying ready-mixed
fertilizers. The saving varies from
time to time. according to fertilizer
experts Of the United States depart
ment of agriculture, but the balance
is always on the side of home mixing
and is usually substantial. Also, the
home-mixed fertilizer is frequently
better than the ready-mixed ones. A
retail price, for example, of a 2-82
mixture quoted farmers In January,
1919, at Washington, D. c., was $50
a ton Acid phosphate can be pur-
chased in the same locality for SD
a ton, government nitrate Of soda for
81 a ton, plus freight, and potash
for S4.25 q unit in large lots At
these figures the phosphoric acid in
a ton of hOme-mixed fertilizer would
cost less than SIS, the nitrogen S10.25,
and the potash $3.50, a total of $33.75,
a difference in favor of home mixing.
If 1925 a ton is allowed for mixing
and other charges, the saving is SO
q ton. Each extra unit of potash will
cost only S4.25, as against Sc charged
the farmer by the dealer, the nitro
gen also being obtained for less than
the dealer charges. An extra per
cent of potash, bringing the formula
up to per cent, will increase the
profit a ton for home mixing 1925.
Mixing is Simple.
The mixing of materials is compare
lively simple. Any tight floor or
wagon box may be used and tools at
hand may be employed. The materials
are spread in layers, usually the most
bulky first, and thoroughly shoveled
together. The mixture is passed
through a screen, and Jumps are
broken up with a tamper or the back
of a shovel.
A department specialist uses large
long-handled mortar hoe for mixing,
and some will find this a convenient
tool, but its purchase especially for
this purpose is not necessary. Where
large amounts are to be mixed it
would probably pay to buy a small
rotary mixer, such as is sold for con-
crete mixing on the farm. The mixing
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22
Water Drains Readily From This Type
of Highway.

slider not only the local character of
the soil composing the roadbed, but
also the topography of the adjacent
land, the amount and rate of rainfall
and the availability of material suit
able for use in constructing drains.
Surface drainage systems for roads
consist of side bitches along the road,
paved cutters (Which are q develop
ment of side bitches and replace them)
open intercepting bitches constructed
to prevent water from reaching the
road, and lateral or relief bitches to
carry off the water which collects in
the side bitches or in the intercepting
bitches. Culverts and inclosed drains.
which are constructed for the purpose
of removing storm water from the side
bitches or cutters, are essentially a
part of the surface drainage system,
and are not to be confused with sub
drains which serve an entirely differ
ent purpose.
Where the grade of a road is so
steep that the ordinary earth side
bitches cannot be maintained satisfac-
torily at a reasonable cost, or where
cal III SAAC tA1IOA1CS nOulG OS lnSdnlldIy
or appear unsightly. it is customary to
provide paved cutters for removing the
surplus water.
Drop inlets and catch basins are
used to conduct water from side ditch
es or cutters into underground drains
or culverts. On country roads they are
used most frequently on side hill loca-
tons where the water collecting in the
upper side ditch or gutter can be re-
moved from the road at intervals by
means of a culvert across to the low
er side. Drop inlets usually are suffH
Gent, and catch basins seldom are used
in country road work. except where it
is especially desirable to prevent the
silt and other foreign material carried
by the water from getting into the
underground drainage structure.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22
ROAD
BUILDING
DRAINAGE FOR GOOD ROADS
Essential Feature of an Improved
Highway-Another Requisite Is
Firm Foundation.

prepared by the United States Depart
ment of Agriculture)
An essential feature Of an improved
road is adequate drainage. Thorough
drainage is so necessary that it is
practically impossible to maintain a sat
1sfactOry road unless it be given prop
er attention. Another prime require
ment wherever hard surface road is
to be constructed is a firm and unyiefd-
Ing foundation. AS the quality of the
soil has an important influence on the
proper method of drainage and the type
or foundation to be employed, much
care and study must be devoted to the
nature, type, and character of the
soils in the section through which it is
proposed to build a road.
The most important primary soils
are classified as gravel, sand, and clay,
but often many of the secondary or
mixed soils. because of their more gen.
eral occurrence in connection with
bodybuilding operations, are equally
important. Such types as loan, mari,
gumbo, and hardpan are representa-
tive Of this order.
In the design of a road the drainage
structures are planned to take care
of water under three general conditions
rain that falls on a road surface or
grade; rain that falls on contiguous
land and flows in accumulated volume
toward the road; and ground water
from any immediate source. To meet
these conditions use is found for spe-
cial structures, including longitudinal
side bitches, usually parallel, or ap-
proximateiy parallel TO the center line
intercepting bitches to accommodate
water whose approach so close to the
roadway as the side bitches is likely
to cause injury; lateral bitches or Gull
verts to conduct accumulated water
away from or under the road
and subdrains. In order to plan intel
Hgently a system of drainage for any
particular road, it is necessary to con-
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22
LIVE STOCK NOTES

It pays to care well for any animal
we keep.
Succulent feed is important any
season of the year.
From an economical point Of view,
it is best not TO crowd the horses when
first beginning the spring work.
When the SOW is about to farrow
she should be confined in a rather
small area, with a clean, dry bed in
weIl-sheltered spot away from drafts.
The profits from a weH-managed
flock OF mutton sheep are relatively
greater than those from any other kind
Of live stock.
It is a mistake to think We can find
q profit in buying mill feeds to SUD
plement our corn crop. and neglect to
provide pasture and forage crops.
why not feed part OF your crops to
five stock and then market the live
stock? All agricultural countries that
have had permanent prosperity sold
their products On foot
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22

.RMlzNOmS

Successful farming is not an acct
dent.
Tractors are the Busy Berthas OF
agriculture.
Roots are especially valuable In
times when corn crop Tor ensilage fails.
The simplest method of killing
weeds and maintaining a soil mulch is
by cultivation.
Rich soil and plenty of room are
needed for the best development of
sweet peas.
There are now on the market trae-
tors which are built better for one con-
dition than another.
If the first crop Of clover is cut for
hay the second crop should be cut for
seed, as it makes excellent seed.
The difference between success and
failure in corn growing is measured
"A~N--~A u AAOl lAAC oCCI Is LeSLS0.
Two cabbage heads are better than
one, and twenty are better still.
warm, rich soil is needed for early
eabbages.
Is it well with the well? UnhappiIv
some farm wells receive drainage so
that they would seem more of a sue-
cess as ceSspool.
II you don't want to plant tw-ee.
and thereby double the cost of plant
ing corn. then be sure that the corn
used the first time has been tested.
Two cents per capita was all It cost
to conduct the garden work last sea-
son in seven Indiana cities in which
assistant county agents were placed.
A calf. a colt. pig, a lamb or some
chickens for the farm boys and farm
girls very own" may De the simple
means OF binding the young folks
closer to the soil
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22
CATTLE scAB IS CONTAGIOUS
imals Can Be Eradicated by Dip
ping and Spraying.
prepared by the United States Depart
ment of AgricuItureD

prepared by the United States Depart
ment Of Agriculture)
Small insectlike parasites, commonly
known as mites, are responsible for
cattle scab, a contagious skin disease
affecting cattle of all ages and cOndi-
tons There are several forms of the
disease, known by such names as
"scab," mango and itch" Though
the disease itself may not cause death
directly, it is responsible for serious
losses by causing a shrinkage in the
weight Of animals, failure Of young
stock to thrive and gain weight nor
mally and by increasing the death rate
Of poorly nOurished animals Of poor vi
tally, especially range cattle exposed
to inclement weather Cattle scab can
be eradicated by dipping or spraying,
dipping being the most reliable meth
cd, and lime-sulphur, nicotin and
crude petroleum dips can all be used
with success.
In the western part OF the United
States, especially where cattle Craze
on the open range, the losses caused
by common scab have been a serious
drawback to the live stock industry
1t has been greatly reduced and
brought under control, but has not
been entirely eradicated from the
herds OF the Western states, and It is
important that control measures be
practiced continually to completely
eradicate the disease and prevent it
from again becoming prevalent.
The mite which causes common cat
tie scab may attack any part Of the
body covered thickly with hair, but
the first LESSONS usually occur on the
withers, on top of the neck just in
front of the withers, or around the
root of the tail. From these points IL
spreads over the back and sides, and
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22

The neighbor 70 the north really has
a splendid future before him. and
many years VIII not have passed be-
fore the lands that are selling today
at much less than their producing
value viii bring prices more eommen-
surate with their true worth than they
do today Think OF lands that yield In
their operation a profit Of from fifteen
70 twenty-five dollars an acre a year
selling at figures less than SO an acre.
II does not require q mathematician
10 figure the percentage OF profit Il
Is unfair TO these lands 10 ask them
10 continue these profits for long. So
1t is safe 10 make the prediction thai
in a very few years they viii place
themselves on a parity with other
lands that today produce less and sell
for much mOre.-AdvertiSeme
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22
SUPPLY OF EFFICIENT LABOR
Farmers Demand Men Who Have Had
Experience and Know How to Work
-Loafers Not Wanted.

prepared by the United States Depart
ment of Agriculture)
To secure maximum production
from our farms it is necessary to
have large supply of efficient labor.
Farmers demand men who have had
farm experience and who know how
to do farm work
Farmers do not want men who are
now loafng in the cities and are unfit
for work They are not willing to
turn over valuable horses and machin-
cry to be Overworked and injured by
careless, worthless fellows who seek
the farm more as place to get good
meals and a bed than to render serv-
ice.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22
.DOULIN NOTF(|
HE9se@s42zs.kS IL
Gather the eggs twice daily.

Gather the eggs twice daily.
Sell all hens two years old or over.
Clean houses often, once or twice
weekly. Daily is better. Begin now.
The chicken crop is IN important
one and its profit is often dependent
upon early Matching.
On nearly every farm in the country
more ducks could be raised profitabIy
and without much inconvenience.
Chinese geese are in every way
practical, but are not as large as the
Toulouse, Embdens or Africans.
Small feed grinders are a great con-
venience on the farm.
Chicks Matched in the early spring
are not so subject to lice as those
matched during the hot weather.
The use of high-c1ass Matching eggs
is one of the best ways of adding
new blood to a farm flock.
Late Matched pullets are usually the
ones that become infested with roup
in the fall. thereby endangering the
rest of the flock.
Chicks Matched early with proper
care and attention should reach ma
turity and start laying IN September,
October or November.
Millions of late Matched chicks die
each year as the result of being in
tested with lice which are so preya-
lent in the summer.
With young chicks wet feeds cause
increased labor and bigger loss by di-
gestive disorders. Grit, oyster shell,
charcoal and clean water should al
Ways be provided.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22

unless checked it may involve prac-
ticalIy the entire body. The mites at
tack the skin to obtain food, and in
so doing probably introduce a poison
Gus secretion. A slight inflammation
is caused, followed by intense itching
In the advanced stages Of the disease
large scabs are formed which fire.
quently are stained with blood The
disease should never be allowed to
stages it yields readily to proper treat
ment, and heavy losses can be avoided
only If the disease is taken In hand
early.
While cattle scab can be cured by
spraying If the work is done proper
~, this method is recommended only
when the number of cattle to be treat
ed is not large enough to justify the
owner in providing a dipping vat. Dip
ping, however, which consists of i'm
merSing animals in a medicated LIQUID
that will kill the parasites, is the only
method recognized by the bureau OF
animal industry in the official treat
ment of scabby cattle. All animals In
the herd should be treated, regardless
OF the number showing LESSONS Of scab.
One dipping generally is sufficient for
cattle which have not been exposed to
infection but upon which the disease
has not yet become apparent Infect
ed cattle require two or more clippings,
according to the variety OF the disease
present.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22
MAKEUP OF POULTRY FLOCK
Each Individual Should Show Viaor
and Strength-PulIets From
Layers Preferable.

prepared by the United States Depart
ment of AgTiculture.(
Every individual in the home pouL
try flock should show vigor and
strength Size mot fat), erectness,
activity, bright eye, and red comb are
favorable points indicating good con-
stitution- Dropping tail or wing, weak
ened legs, head and neck not erect
denote weakness. Pullets bred from
good layers are preferable. a good
layer will be a hearty feeder and
usually a vigorous worker.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22

Feeding a Flock of Pure BREEDS.
ed to moderate climatic conditions.
The crop grown should be the one best
suited to the particular locality. For
the extreme North or South the dates
should be modified. Tricky sOwn crops
furnish succulent food and summer
shade.
APRIL TO JULY !.
Growing yard u: Feeding yard p:
Oats Winter rye
Chard or lettuce Winter vetch
Clover or Vetch Crimson clover
Sunfiowers Shade CNew Jersey and
and seed South)
Cowpeas Sweet clover
Rape
JULY 1 TO OCTOBER L
Feeding yard u: Growing yard p:
Oats Buckwheat
Chard and lettuce Dwarf Essex rape
Glover or vetch Flat turnips
Cowpeas
Rape
OCTOBER 1 TO APRIL l.
Growing yard u: Feeding yard p:
Oats BuckWheat
Winter rye Dwarf Essex rape
Winter Vetch Flat turnipS
Sweet clover Soy beans
Crimson clover
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22

The British authorities in the Holy
Land have established model dairy
farms a Basserah. Amara, Kut, Bag
dad, Ramadi, Hillah and NasiriTah-
These are managed by experts and the
milk is treated under hygienic condi-
lions. Each farm has been equipped
with an up-to-date dairy plant and ma
chinery. and the whole dairy product,
consisting Of milk, cream and butter.
Is turned over to the military hos
pitfalls.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22
GOOD ROADS PREVENT FIRES
National Forests Must Be Equipped
With Highways, Trails and Look
out Stations.

National forests cannot De econom-
ically and efficiently protected against
fires until they are well equipped
with roads, trails, telephone lines and
lookout stations, says the annual re
port of the chief forester of the United
States service.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22
FOWLS CONSUME WEED SEEDS
ALSO Pick Up insects and Vegetable
Matter Mo Other Farm AMI
mai Would Use.

Fowls are natural scavengers, con-
Stunning great amounts of weed seeds.
picking up insects that would be detri-
mental, and finding vegetable and
other matter that no other domestic
animal would either find or use.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22
CROPPING PLAN FOR POULTRY
BY Using Two Yards Alternately
Fowls May Be Supplied With
Green Food Year Round.

prepared by the United States Depart
ment of Agricultural
Green food for poultry may be pro-
vided throughout the year in large
portion of the country by using two
yards alternately; that is, a crop is
pastured in one yard while another
crop is growing in the second yard.
The following plan is suggested by
specialists of the department. as adapt
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22
HANDY LIGHT-HANDLED RAKE
Eggs Laid in Litter at Rear of House
May Be Gathered Without
Crawling for Them.

In most large poultry houses some
of the hens will lay in the litter at the
rear of the house beneath the drop
ping boards. 1t is a nuisance to have
to crawl under after these eggs and it
pays to have a Iight-handIed rake in
the poultry house to assist in gather
ing them. They can be slowly raked
out of the litter with little danger of
breakage.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22
Important operatIons

The testing and cleaning OF seed
grain are two OF the most important
operations on every farm where grain
is grown
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22
Withstand Motor Traffic.

Roads with concrete foundation with
stand the automobile traffic admirably
and do not require expensive main
tenance.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22
Invention for Bath Tub.

An electric heater. which may be
placed in q bath tub after II has been
filed to raise the water 10 any de-
sired temperature. is an American In
Yention-
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22
improved Fiiahwaya Wanted.

There is an overwhelming sentiment
everywhere for the construction of Inn
proved highways
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22
Pun seattered Weeds.

Scattered weeds are best eradicat-
ed by cutting OK pulling up by the
roots while in full bloom.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1919-05-22
SOME SIMPLE FORMULAS

Q
0 prepared by the United States De-
partment of Agricultural
The following formulas are
2 recommended by the department
o of agriculture to farmers mix
4 ing their own fertilizers:
l Pounds :
I f GSf5O PRosph mSst al per cent? 1860
l Total. 1000 {
Approximate analysis 3 per {
I cent nitrogen CN), z per cent :
I phosphoric acid (P.Os) and L per
2 cent potash (KsO0.
D The foregoing sometimes is
1 recommended as a general fer {
/ tilizer where quick action is not
7 essential.
I Acid phosphate Ga per cent? loo J
. Ground bone 900
. 1000
. approximate analysis IS per {
B cent PsOs and to 2 per cent n. {
l This, as is seen, contains no !
potash and only a small amount
? of nitrogen. For clay soils rich
in potash where plenty OF ma
1 nure has been used, the forego-
I ing mixture will be found good.
/ Pounds !
y Nitrate Of soda-.. 200
Sulphate of ammonia. 200 !
7 FISH scrap -----.------.s.s 4UU
4 Acid phosphate --------.-.... loo 4
Sulphate of potash...-..-.. 200
The approximate analysis of !
, above material is per cent nj
trogen (N). 8 per cent phosphor-
ic acid CPaOO and 5 per cent
I potash (KsO).
? This is a good garden fertil- {
izer having nitrogen in differing
degrees of availability.