davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun., 1919-01-19


Whio a cons .ierahle part OF her abb
ity % avoid searrhligh's was attributed
to the IS" course the following re-
marks were made concerning the ramou-
nace effect
At The range 900 yards) she gave
In" appearance of bright streak OF
silver recognizable as the - only when
N the leading edge of the beam. Her
starb"ard camouhage was such that
a. soon as she got we'll hack in the beam
she was Of the same gray Blue white
color as the beam itself or course it
Is Wei known That soar'hit-ht beam
blankets a target in the centre or rear
edge thereof hut this WIS more pro-
nounccd in The case Of the -"
The United states Navy Department
lad the benefit of much prior expert.
ence when - cano 70 adopt navy
system. II made use % lauEc oAtent
~ the data previously oo,H'n"d. Tho
q 'cadrourhts aud Submarine ,hasers
were duly PAINTED with low Wis ,llitv
lIay For rcr'tant vessels. contrasts
nE masS,s and bands Of bla Is blue,
sra. md vlitc haze chiefly heeu used.
Ii regard 20 the Success of cam'ufags
there is practically no data available,
save German hands, because Il Is
hard to determine 70 what cause c>caps
from submarine las been duo. 1t IL
largely matter % guesswprl< how much
marine Camouaasc has sid"G 20 a ves-
sells safety, but that it had g suAstan-
tial effect Is not one % question.
Stps IN CONVOY ~ passing oann oir-rst
sea have been deceived a. TO the curse
Of the camnuraGcd vessel We ID lUow,
however. that OF about l,30N American
vessels pairted with the Nav. s. -'en,
or'y eleven have been lost suro lrrcN,
19lS. The convoy :, Steu', hlsza'g'nS
The sun., 1919-01-19

cism largely because o. its total neglect
Of low visibility. The navy thereupoU
adopted for certain war vessels 10"
visibility color only, and for destroy
ers and merchant ships a materially
modified British dazzle. changed so NJ
to give it low visibility feature.
The Shipping Board organized also
camoufiage section and applied the de-
signs received from the navy 10 the
merchant vessels under its jurisdiction
The results of the research work o:
the association. the adoption by the
United States Navy of "A low Visibility
deception system and the practical en-
perience at sea led the British in the
late summer of 1913 practically TO
abandon their own dazzle" which dis
regarded the low visibility factor. Ca
mouflage based OIL more scientific prlnri-
pies then began to take the place OF the
original English system. Checker hoard
how and funnel patterns and perspective
distortion bands began to appear,
Lieut. Jones has perfected "colori'
meter 10 measure the weather coefti-
Client and two expeditions left in Decem-
Der, 1918, to measure this factor in Vari-
Gus seas Protective coloration Tor
American submarines has been invos-
tigated and a special color determined.
Navigation signs OF a particular variety
and clever navigation light schelnes haNe
also been evolved.
The geographical position OF a vessel
at sea and the circumstances under
which she Is seen have an important
bearing upon her visibility. The sub
| marine danger zone included all the
! Mediterranean, North Sea, and Atlantic
beyond even the Azores. Cape Verde and
| Canary Islands. The approaches TO the
Irish coast were particularly hazardous
as we're the other places where trade
| routes intersect or converge such as the
Strait of Gibraltar
| Hostile C-boats were most likely &c
! he met in the Irish Sea and Tngl'sl
! Channel. They were frequently encour'
I tered az where in the Mediterranean
and North Sea, and in the Atlantic al
| far as longitude % degrees west ano
as far south az latitude 30 degrees north
| They were also encountered near Ma
| deira and the Azores, Thirty per cent OF
the shipping losses according to 81
The sun., 1919-01-19
The last word in marine camoufage.

Eric Geddcs, occurred In the Meditcr
ranean.
The visibility problem is affected also
b. the manner in which ships voyage,
whether alone or In a group. Prior TO
the entry OF the United States into the
war the escort and convoy systems did
not extend TO many vessels other than
transports. In 1917 and 1918. however
large conveys of from twenty to forty
ships proceeded from American and
Canadian ports TO Europe. Merchant
vessels proceeding to the Mediterranean
occasionally so royaged. as we'll as ships
coming back from Europe to America
Conveys sometimes split UP on the jour
ney and single vessels proceeded TO other
ports than that OF the convoy.
An effort was made to group vessels
according to speed. II happened, how
ever. that vessels of less than a certain
minimum rate hamper convoy over
much and were not included in II. Fast
vessels were also excluded. as with their
speed and msn9uvring ability they were
about as safe alone. There were nu-
merous vessels which were not given the
protection of convoy. Such are, for ex-
ample ships about 16 and below Z
knots in speed. European coastwise ves-
sells and ships proceeding TO certain
fore victims were alone on the sea. some
times they were escorted or conveyed.
The visibility problem Is further COM
plicated by certain war emergency navi-
cation rules The instructions to Amer
lean and allied vessels called for pre-
cautionary zigzag mauGuvres while the
danger zone was being trsversed Fire.
quently ships proceeded three miles to
port or starboard of their normal course.
,,,tta he 4
course itself was changed two or three
times a day These measures meant
that a wide belt was navigated through
the submarine infested area.
smoke a Dangerous Factor.
Fueling practice is also a factor in
the visibility study. American vessels
were required by the Bureau OF War
Risk Insurance, under penalty of In
creased premium, to burn smokeless
fuel or anthracite in the danger zone.
In.Ismuch as other ships were not al
ways similarly regulated and conveys
we're composed of foreign as well as
American vessels. smoke clouds always
formed above conveys. 1t was not pos
sible either in all cases to obtain smoke
less fuel or TO use IL the full time NEG
essary. Telltale plumes therefore issued
from the tunnels of vessels travelling
alone or in company through the danger
LUna.
The most important OF all visibility
factors Is weather. The yearly "propor-
ton Of sky covered with clouds" for
the North Atlantic is from so 10 20 PEI
| cent. for the ocean of the south Eng
lsh and French coasts GO per cent. off
the Azores 80 per cent. off the Canaries
! 40 per cent AID oil the Cape Verde
Islands 40 per cent In the Medter-
raneap II is from 40 10 40 per cent
The sun., 1919-01-19

that Mr.. Jones was the best equipped
person in this country. For tie execu-
tive direction under the higher naval
officers Harold Van Buskirk was desig
mated because he was the most avaia
bic. and he had shown tact and ability
and could be released from duty with
the association TO go 10 the navy. These
men were made Senior Lieutenants and
they were the nucleus OF the new Navy
Camou1agc Section.
or the Ave American camouhage ar
lists Everett l.. Warner was chosen for
a post with them, but Mr.. Mackay re-
NAMED IN New York as local executive
OF the Shipping Board of ship painting
from designs supplied by the navy. While
these developments were taking place
Lieut.. Wilkinson arrived, bringing with
him ninety more "dazz's" patterns. The
previous ninety were already consid-
cred obsolete.
In March the Submarine Defence As
ISOLATION terminated it's research work
and published two marine camouhage
reports entitled The Science of Low
Visibility and Deception az an Aid to
the Defence of Vessels Against Attack
by Submarines" by Lindell T. Bates,
OF Defence Against Submarines by
Lloyd 4. Jones.
Difference of the Reports.
The writer's report gave the history
Of camouf,age. discussed the question of
reduction OF supcrstructure, the means
OF smoke elimination and Of making
smoke screens IS we'll as deceptive col
Grafton. M-. Jones limited his study u
low visibility cooration and how to re-
conc!lc deceptive coloration at Close
range with low visibility al the blending
distance.
The association advocated a system
combining low visibility and deception
recommended the abolition of the Ave
earlier systems and considered that the
British dazzle was subject to criti-
The sun., 1919-01-19

~lhrarinc chasors at the navy yard
nd Mr. Herzog had conducted visibility
experiments on the northeast coast OF
No United States The other artists
al not enjoyed suitable experimental
opportunities.
In July. 1917. the Submarine Defence
',sociation was organized by the ship
ing AMI insurance interests in New
York in an effort TO see that all
'1casures were duly taken 10 safeguard
Vessels Nearly hundred leading
american and British companies Joined,
and all the leading marine insurance
roaoerns Lucius II. Beers, counsel for
re Cunard company. was elected chair
nan; J. A. H. Hopkins of Johnson
H!gGlas was chosen vice-chairman, and
'.ndon w Bates chairman of the en-
cheering committee. Admiral William
Benson assigned u naval vessel to the
tsSoratiou for experimental purposes
and the new organization. although en-
rely independent. enjoyed the closest
and most cordial relations with the
hmerican and foreign authorities.
TIE associations technical staff soon
~ about ascertainirg which. II any
~ the five systems was the best, and
none vas satisfactory. then TO devise
no that would he more acceptable. 1t
'roposed TO approach the subject from
,'andpoint, 50 the chairman OF the en-
S'neerng committee. Lindon W. Bates,
enlisted the active cooperation of George
Eastman and the facilities of the great
-esea-ch laboratory of the Eastman ko-
TAX Company at Rochester. Lloyd A.
tones OF the Research staff was assigned
. cola borate with the writer and others
~ the associations organization. From
'7e summer OF 1917 to March, 1913. eX-
0slstive Investigations were conducted
n Rochester. on Lake Ontario and at
"a gpon the vessel assigned by the
NAVY Department under Mr.. Rates's di-
rectioHs
British Use "DaxxIc" System.
Daring the time in which these re-
search labors were being conducted the
British and French navies began to look
seriously into the camoufiage question.
Early in 1915 the British adopted a
dazzle system devised by Lieut.. Nor
nan wilkinson. r. n. " r., London
artist.
N February, 1918, it was learned In
MS country that Lieut.. Wilkinson was
N he sent 70 the United states TO In
i'iate our navy into the mysteries OF the
rev art Ninety dazzle" patterns pre-
@ded. Prior TO his arrival the United
states Navy Department decided TO es-
'ahl'sh "A camoufsge section OF its own
and authorized tho adoption OF "daz'
'e system. Whatever system, therefore,
~ss adopted had, perforce, TO be called
A"dazale," and as the meaning of that
tern was still uncertain, practically any
'!Ts " camoufage was authorized,
As the naval authorities were famil'
aF Tlth the scientific research worn
"ro. the Submarine Defence AssoH''
alton was conducting, the chairman OF
'Ae e.:ineering committee was consulted
teEalling the proposed navy organize
lion. For scIeutlhc questions in connec-
Aon With tlis subject II was obvious
The sun., 1919-01-19
short Ray CoIors Uscd.

Lewis HcrzoS devised a system which
uses tire short ray cOlors--that Is, those
from the lower side of the spectrum
avoiding the use OF red, yellow and
orange. He remarks concerning this
system:
Interference of light rays setting va
vibrations is sought by means Of more
or less conccntric curved sets OF panels
Of blue green and violet as "A gray base
which at a distance takes on a tone
scintilating with the atmosphere and
hlcndng into IT, and thereby lowering
the visibility OF the ship. All high lights
are reduced and illumination of shadows
is siven due consideration The vcvti-
cal and horizontal lines Of the ship are
apparently broken by the dffercn:
curved lines Of the panels"
The colors 40 arranged or disposed
in an endeavor 10 confuse the eye and
keep II from resting on any particular
spot or part of the ship. The lines OF
color application are broken as nue. as
possible and change frequently in direc-
ton. Al color bands are applied in
arcs OF circles each of considerable ra-
dius Straight lines are avoided on the
principle that the eye is more confused
by the use of circular forms
The effect which it is desired to pro-
duce on the sight by this syetem is hest
described as Skinner or "scintil-
lation" very similar TO that produced
by heat waves over the surface OF land
or water.
The British dazzle" is made ur al
such colors 81 black, dark blue. sc'rlet,
The sun., 1919-01-19

her own lights. This was repeated oil
another occasion with modi6 cation IN
She left a known point ut
n known tiinn on a kuoNu base course.
The vessel was locatCi for only three
minutes out OF forty
The sun., 1919-01-19


The great superiority Of omega gray
for low visibility may he deduced 'rum
tins table Under average weather cow
ditioGs ship so painted Is fortN-SiN
times less visible than one painted a.
cnrding to the British dazzle" ON one
Of the tests on New London several p"r-
sons on fhore could not pick up "a,
I. :. :. at 1000 yards dlstaN, @,
even with binoculars. There was q
slight mist over the water, such as il
frequently noted in the northern port IN
of the danger zone. But other Ncsse =
rail'oG battleship gray, were visible "a
a Crea'cr distance than 3.000 wards.
Tests were also made from a suhma-
rian III fOggy weather, 1t j. the r'.".
cess of this gray which has led ;ue
as "bluc -green-gray." and has beer
United States navy to use il upon Va e
Ships, such ~ the New Mexico, and unon
submarine Chasers The George W. ,h-
iugton, which carried the President 10
! France, was so painted. Tho color h.s
teen relaptlzed il is sometimes known
IS blue -green-srRy," ana has been
designated in half a dozen diffo"r'
WAYS, but II is really the original
! omega gray
| false bows, stcrns and how waves
I have frequently been painted on vos7e,S
| and are of value, Il is of little use
! 10 try to reverse the apparent direction
! 40 .'t'p !" ;IEiGE vT "a paint aU"'h,
! ship on her. as such deception ATTEMPTS
| too much to accomplish anything, But
Jerome County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1919-1920, 1919-12-25
TWO CHILDREN BADLY BURNEN

Yesterday afternoon about ON
O'Clock two children. one the seve
years old son of +. NJ. Bennett. nam
ed lie Wear. and the other Earl Croth
ers the five years old son of Delbel
Crothers. we're badly burned as re
suit OF an explosion of powder wit
which they had been playing.
The powder belonged to the con
tractors who are excavating the bas
ment for the new Jerome Nation
bank building. and was used f'
blasting, but had been removed to
tent near the ice plant. and it WI
there that the explosion tcok plac'
The Bennett boy is seriously l.
iured and may NOT recover, while III
Crothers boy is not so seri aaly hur
1t is not known definitely how tho
caused the powder to explode.
Jerome County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1919-1920, 1919-12-25

Good roads VIII Increase your lend
values. and make your county a de
sin, bile place to live in.
Below we print some facts about
what the i,dcroJ sovernmert has
done in the WY of iding communi-
ties to build roads:
From July /. 1918. to Novmber l.
1919. the United States Department
of Agriculture approved 1919 road
projects. involving the improvement
of l2.159 miles. nj an estimated cost
of approximately $1S1l4$.644. OF
this sum approximately $iS,592,l6i
represents federal funds. Since the
Jerome County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1919-1920, 1919-12-25

passage of the federal aid road act
1927 projects have been approved.
These call for the construction of
1886 miles of road. at an estimated
cost of S225.267.S47, of which about
S95.49S.14O will be borne by the
federal government. Gratifying pro
gress also has been made in counoc-
tion with the national forest road
work. From July /. 1918. 10 Novem-
Der /, 1919. "a projects, involving
923 miles of road. were approved. and
plans were completed for the i'm
provement of fifty others. aggregat-
ing 946 miles.
Jerome County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1919-1920, 1919-12-25

Merrill G.. McQuivey has returnc
from Chicago. where he " atten'
ing pharmaceutical college, and he =
now ruu-ncdged pharmacist. Me.
rill WAS formerly employed by th
North Side Pharmacy, end recent
he and q. l.. Thoreson purchased u
Eden drug store. Of which he will b
the manager. beginning in the nea
future.
Jerome County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1919-1920, 1919-12-25
JEROME HAD A REAL
GRAND OPERA EVENING

A full house at Amusement hall
last Thursday night was perfectly de-
lighted with the First Annual con-
cert given by the Community Or
chestra. This orchestra, under the
direction of Prof j. NJ. Mannon, has
made wonderful strides OF improve
ment since it was organized last
summer, and it is the opinion -
most of the music critics who were
present that night that their rendi-
lion Of some of the most difficult
classical compositions was as good as
you will find in the ;.ver2ne city the
atre, at least The members of the
orchestra at this time are Us follows:
Violins Mr. j. NJ Maunon. lead
err Mrs Ella Burke, Mrs r. r.
Bowman. Mrs. RichGrd Pender. Mr.
Otis Emanuel Mrs Katherine Brun-
'on cello Mr.. Edward Reynolds;
piano Mrs. Hattie Mannon; clarin-
It Mr.. Leslie Mouat; cornets Mr.
Harry Hoffman, Mr.. Raymond Linke:
lorns Mr. Hilton Stewart. Mr Louis
rorbett; trombone Mr ely d G
Thompson; basso-Mr Victor War
aer; bells and drums Mr. Fred
Iannon.
drs. Dorothea Stewart gave
eading entitled "The Convict's Vio-
in," part of it TO the accompaniment
)f appropriate music, which was one
)f the best numbers on the program.
Mrs. Stewart certainly proved to be a
reader who can make the audience
.eel that they are face to face with
.hc characters which she represents.
She has wonderfully pleasing ap-
pearance on the stage.
Mrs Daggett and Mr. Hilton Stew
art brought the house down with ap-
plause when they sang The Rosary"
Both have remarkably good voices
which blend perfectly, and this beau
tiful old air was sung in manner
which would be pronounced first class
by any kind of an audience.
Mrs Daggett sang in unison with
Melba's Photographic Interpretation
of annie Laurie and the likeness
OF the two voices was so greet that
the audience positively were unaware
that the machine was being removed
while the lights werc out. There are
wonderful possibilities in Mrs. Dag
gett's voice, and musical people say
that it is really of grand opera quail
ity
But the number which more peo-
pie came TO hear than any other
and which perhaps made he great
est hit of all. was the SeXtettC
from Lucia. which was given by the
following singers: Lucia, Mrs Dag
gett: Alice. Mrs Neazie; Edgar. Mr.
Stewart. Arthur, Mr. Kinds; Henry
Mr. Madison: Raymond, Mr. Massey
The writer is not able to describe thu
merits of this number. but Will onl,
say that it sounded very much lik'
what he has heard in several eran'
opera concerts in some OF he large
cities
Below is given the numbers played
by the orchestra:
Marche "Charlatan" ....... Sous
Overture" Lustspiel" Keller Bel
Hungarian Dances Nos and 6
OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES. Brahm
Fantasy from The Red Mill
............... ........ Herhei
Concert Nalse ............. l-ithgo'
For the staging and acoustics III
orchestra was indebted to the coul
tesy of Mr. Paul r. Kartzke; for III
draperies and hangings, Mr. J. Alfre
Armstrong; decorations. Mr. Linto
Hinds stage settings. Mr.. DaNi
I'Herisson: programs North Sid
Pharmacy: lighting effects Mr. E "
Werner
Jerome County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1919-1920, 1919-12-25
e. Blanchard statistician

IL the huge engineering i"at
,oday is absorbing the atten
>, state and federal engineer
~. populauln ot the great val
,hs snake river in Idaho 1t
~, which Secretary Lane would
'As as a challenge To the capac-
:, asmocracy las successful con
-.hon meai the control or "a
,.,.rt river. tA, reclamation OF
4. soo acres of dusty desert and a
.,,,.e of AN abundant supply 20
ZOO GOO acre. NOW under dit.h.
N. drainage basin
:, AIRY out Oh, plans a. roughly
.,.,sd by the ei sineers from pre
.,,, studio. .al surveys will cali
an estimate expenditure Of
ra 600 COO in magnitude and cost
,or.trueuon ud area of land
prolect r.t into IA class
..sr As one or the greatest lrri.
80, works a fue world II viii
z, The tremendous achievements
!, Fssllsh engin. .r- in Egypt amt
.ls For th, trt time since ma
svh irrigation Nas written in our
,,u,s, here is plan anording the
,.rssers OF tl- service au oppor-
,,,i,v 20 consider irrigation develop
r,,, from the - ndpoint OF "a whol,
,.insge basin rather than from ,h4t
=, single small unlt
ne tc, th.t th. plans an. b,ir
,-tsd ou, in operation with tAr
,,.s au,horir,- ,he Carey Aci u-o
!. and ai,h al ,h, private compan.
! whose Interest are important lr
10 yslley s. la-.r..rue a4 inile.r
-r ,he pron0....i change in rut
a ent.ment fo..rI thr federal son
ne The .-.t .-ui OF the iaui
,snsrs as recently oppressed in pub
r. meeting is ,h.t th. reclamation
v-r.es shall .. ,rn., n. l.r..-
rs-ks which .-. ro .cf ,~ ron..r,.r
s,As food. i ta administer suel
Jerome County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1919-1920, 1919-12-25

Times want Ads will sen rrm
,n,ng from tooth pick to q ''' -
The Clay City times. [volume] (Clay City, Ky.) 1901-current, 1919-09-25
GENET

Mrs. G. A. Rogers has returned
home from Dana, Ind.
Sherman Smith, of South Fork,
passed through here Thursday,
buying cattle.
j. III. Mills, our carpenter, is
doing some building for Prcilla
Bowen.
Thos. Mccoy passed through
here Friday driving his stock to
Menefee county, where lie pur-
chased a farm.
Mills, Crabtree & Hatton are
housing fine crop of tobacco
near Filson. They have been Of
fered good price for i.
Now is the time of year that
you can hear the shot gun belch.
ing forth its leaden message of
death to the gray squirrel that
happens to be perched on one of
"pops ris'n ears"
Miss Mamie. b. Rogers, the
beautiful young daughter of Prof.
Jno. A. Rogers, of Xena, came
over to visit her sister, Mrs. Cora
Bowen, and while here paid a
visit to Sans postoiiicc, greatly
to the delight of the inmates of
which We correspondent was the
star witness.
The Clay City times. [volume] (Clay City, Ky.) 1901-current, 1919-09-25
RossLYN.

Bedford WEIGH was in Bowen
Tuesday on business.
John Morton was at Xena last
week on legal business.
Several from here attended the
ball game at Mt. Sterling Sunday.
+. G. Wills and family visited
relatives on Cain Creek over Sun
day.
Mrs. Albert Skidmore visited her
sister in Montgomery county the
latter part of last week.
Bernard, Louise and Ralph Bur
ton Conlee, of Clay City, visited
relatives here over Sunday.
Born, Sept. Is, to Mr.. ana Mrs.
Rupert Derickson a fine girl. Her
name is Desta Alberta.
Mrs. Ann WEIGH and sister, Mrs.
Eva McCoulah, were in Filson
shopping the first of the week.
Mrs. ]. NJ. Conlee and daugh-
tiers, Misses Sudie and Nina and
Mrs. Emma Wills and children
were in Stanton Saturday.
Miss Callie Conlee, who has been
sick for some time, is able to be
out again. Her many young friends
are glad to have her with them
again.
Virgil Martin entertained at his
home Saturday afternoon: Misses
Sylvia Skidmore, Maud and Vina
Benningfeld, Maud Riley and
Hoyt Upton. Messrs. Will Even,
Everett and Aubrey Martin and
James Wymore. All report nice
time.
The Clay City times. [volume] (Clay City, Ky.) 1901-current, 1919-09-25
SPOUT SPRING

R. s. Christopher attended Win
chester court Monday.
Elder B. S. Burgher went to
Winchester Tuesday for a stay
with Isle Fox.
James Coffee, of Winchester
spent Saturday with Mr.. and Mrs.
Quiller Snowden.
Robt. Mcintosh, our very eff
cient road overseer, has begun his
annual repairs on the road north to
the Powell line.
The Rev. Benjamin Sewell, who
was located last year at California,
KY has been assigned this year
to Mackville, KY.
Rev. and Mrs. w. L. Byrd, OF
Winchester, came up Monday for a
visit to Mr.. Byrd's parents, Mr..
and Mrs. A. c. Byrd.
Albert Crow, Jr., left Monday
for Avon, Fayette county, to help
B. +. Mckinney, a former resident
of this county, fill his silo.