The Oakley herald. [volume] (Oakley, Idaho) 1908-1961, 1919-04-25
Negotiations OF Modern Cove
nants That Ended Wars Have
Often Taken Months.
Great Issues Involved in the Settle.
ments of the Last Three Centuries
-keenest Minds Of Church
Seek Advantage.

New York.--The making of treaties
las always been time consuming
process since the days when the
fcudal lord or monarch could say to
his beaten foe. accept these terms or
die. Then the limits OF pe:sonal force
and ambition were the Daiy curb on
the victor's demands. ,slth the sons
OF daughters or other relatives to be
pawns in the game execution or mar
rage sealing the hrtcful bargain.
But with the Development Of states
INTO something more than the individ-
ual property Of kings and emperors
and the broadening of International
relations, the resulting clashes of
arms, often lasting for years. were
rarely brought to Il close except after
negotiations that lasted for weeks or
months. over the documents That set
lied the religious, political, or terri
,orial questions at issue. the keenest
minds of church and state fought for
advantage. lntrigues and secret deals
were a normal incident of tine battle
of Wits when more Than two countries
were involved in the difficulty.
Many of the peace treaties of the
last three centuries are the landmarks
of their period, ending or beginning
an era In which the future develop
ment of peoples or nations was defin-
itely determined.
Peace Of Westphalia.
Such a history-making event was
the Peace of Westphalia G64S), which
ehded the Thirty Years war--the last
of the great conflicts between Cathol-
icsm and Professionalism. Beginning
Gs n strife between German states, d.
vided on religious lines, it finally in
yolved France, Spain. Sweden, Por-
tugal, the Netherlands, Switzerland,
and many Italian states.
In 1641 preliminaries of peace were
agreed upon at Hamburg by the al
ready wearied contestants. but it was
three years before 4 congress to set
tie terms was opened and four years
after that when first treaties were
signed at Osnabruck and Munster
towns of Westphalia. "A general and
complete peace was finally signed al
Munster on October "a, 164S.
At a-Chapelle, on May 2. 1868
was signed the first treaty. known by
the name of that town. This was the
climax of the struggle between France
and Spain for the possession of the
Spanish Netherlands. On the death
OF Philip " of Spain. Louis. NV
claimed a large part of the Neither
lands in the name of his wife, a
daughter of Philip. The Dutch
alarmed by the French pretensons
which were backed by aggressive
military action, summoned England
and Sweden to her aid and halted the
French advance. Under the treaty
Louis kept portions of Flanders which
his forces had overrun.
The Peace of RySwick. which was
signed at the Dutch village on the
outskirts of The Hague in 1897, end
ed struggle of nine years between
France and the Grand Alliance, Il tern
which ultimately included England
Holland, Savoy. the Holy Roman EN-
pre-. blaHutllpuIS NNtutil, NDHil
Saxony and the Palatinate. A con
| greSs of ENJOYS held sessions dur:n;
| n cSt of the summer of 1897 and final
| ~ signed n treaty of peace on Sep
TENDER 20. This virtually restored nj
| territorial matters to the status qu,
ante, but the chief result was to checl
! The ambitions of Louis. under whoS'
! rule France had become the first powel
on the continent, Supplanting Spain.
Utrecht's Epoch Max ng Agreem mt.
The Pence of Utrecht was the mex
great agreement between the quarrel
some powers Of Europe. Ii was. il
fact. series of agreements betweeI