davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1919-11-11
LIVING UP 1G1 PER CENT.

Paris, Nov. 10.-The cost of liv- ing in France has risen 161 per cent slnce the armistice. This is the the estimate made in statistics is- sued by the French minister of labor.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1919-11-11
NOTICE.

All banks, members of the Pine Bluff Clearing House association will be closed Tuesday, November II. observing Armistice Day-Legal holiday d
 PINE BLUFF CLEARING
 HOUSE ASSOCIATION.
 By H. B. Strange, Mgr. 11-7-4t.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1919-11-11

Indianapolis, Ind, Nov. 1O.-No Agreement had been reached by off hials of the United Mine Workers of America, in conference here today to Consider the order of the federal tourt last Saturday to call off the Strike of coal miners. when they ad |iourned at 6 o'clock this evening, Delegates said no vote had been talk len.
 The union heads, who include inter national officers, district presidents land members of the executive board land scale committee, resumed their but it was the general |belief that no formal action would |be taken before tomorrow. In view of |the provision of the court order, in- |structing the miners chiefs to pres lent to the court for approval their |order withdrawing the strike call of October 15 within 72 hours, it was predicted tonight that no announce |ment would be made by the miners before the expiration of that time. The court order was signed at 1925 p. m. Saturday, therefore the union officials must report to the court by that time tomorrow.
 Although extraordinary measures were taken to prevent the proceed ings from becoming public, it was as certained from disconnected remarks dropped by delegates as they left the hall for lunch and dinner, that the
 discussion brought out wide diver gence of opinion as to what course the coal workers should pursue with regard to the order of the court.
 Alexander Howat, president of the Kansas district, remarked to Frank Burlington, president of the Illinois district, as they passed newspaper men:
 That was a good speech you made Frank. l agree with it fully"
 MT. Howat, before leaving Kansas for the conference here, gave out q statement in which he declared that regardless of injunction prisons and ]udges," he intended to fight.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1919-11-11

"We are engaged in the greatest work of today" MT. Gompers said "The greatest that has ever been en- trusted to the common people of Ameriea-to secure right and justice and better standard of life and the principles of freedom and humanity
 "Whenever and wherever there s an attempt made by the employers d. employers or by the government as government to depart from the fun damental principles of freedom and democracy, it is not only the right but the duty of the men and womeN of labor to stand up and protest re- gardless of what the consequences may be-"
 Continuing in a lower voice, the federation chief said:
 eve are living in our own time as best we can, but our lives are just passing instant to the continuity of civilization and the progress ot world, and what matters it if you and l are placed in jail because we have attempted to uphold the prin- ciples of freedom and justice anc democracy? It is better that we should have our own self-respect and hand down to the generations yet to come the principles for free dom and the worthiness to battle for freedom than to die and to live an inglorious life"
 Pledge Aid to Miners.
 Proclaiming American labor to be in thorough accord with American principles and ideals, MT. Gompers added:
 "We are in accord with our gov ernment when we know that our
 1-.. h. IN.-..A
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1919-11-11
MINERS FAIL TO |ACT ON COURTS ] INSTRUCTIONS
koleoates Say No Vote Taken in An-Day Session of the Leaders.
k1rST GIVE ANSWER BY NOON TODAY
,osnite Efforts to Keep Deliberations Serious, Fact Becomes Known That Wide Divergence of
 Opinion Developed.

Indianapolis, Nov. 10.-At 12:3O tonight delegates inter- cepted in the corridors adjoin- ing the convention hall said that the miners general committee expected to stay in continuous session until some decision was reached and one man predicted that this would not occur before 2 a. III. IL was stated, however, that should the delegates agree it was not likely any statement would be made before tomor- row.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1919-11-11
WEATHER
Tuesday

Tuesday ia i r, rising temperature central porti t i on "Wednesday flair, warmer east DOT tion.
 10000 people and only S3,000 for the Red Cross. And a year ago today we were patriotic.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1919-11-11

Responding to the American labor leaders address, Leon JouhauX, lead CT of the French labor delegation to the international Labor conference, decMred that eff workers of the United States need the assistance of the workers of the other countries they will get it" as, he added, "fron- tiers cannot separate the interest of of workers and private interests can not separate workers"
 Mir. Gompers told the representa- tives of foregn labor that he did not believe that true understanding of the coal miners strike had reached the president because of his illness.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1919-11-11

Continued on Page Four.}
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1919-11-11

(Continued on Page Four,l
Auttaja. [volume] (Ironwood, Mich.) 1906-19??, 1919-12-18

CHAMBERLAIN MEDICINE co.
DIES MONIES, IOWA
Auttaja. [volume] (Ironwood, Mich.) 1906-19??, 1919-12-18
JOUTUU ERISTETTxvxKsI

Laakarit maaraavat eta jos joku
perheessa saa kylmaa, on han eris-
tettava koska tauti tarttuu helposti.
Yksi kuitenkin on varmaa: Mia pi-
kemmin paasette kylmasta ~erillenne,
sta vahemman on vaaraa. Parain
laake tassa suhteessa on Chamber
lainin Cough Remedy. Erinomainen
yskanlaake. Kun haluan tiedottaa mi
ka erinomainen laake on Chamber
lainin Cough Remedy, min sonon, ct
ia joku vuosi sitten annoin sta lap
silleni erinomaisella men~estyksella.
Main kirjoittaa Mrs Clay Fry, Fer
guson Station, Mo. Chamberlain
Tabletit. Mama tabletit ovat ~aijotut
etupaassa vatsaa varten sen Odessa
epakunnossa huonon ruuansulatuksen
takia. Ne auttavat. Nautitteko ate
riOista? JOS cite nauti aterioista, on
syy ruuansulatuksessa. Sy0kaa hi
taasti, pureskellen ruokanne hyvin,
ia antakaa ateriain valin olla~5 tun-
tia. Iltasen jalkeen tarvittaessa OF
takaa Chamberlain Tabletti; heti
tunnette lievitysta.
CHAMBERLAIN MEDICINE CO.
DES MONIES, IOWA
Auttaja. [volume] (Ironwood, Mich.) 1906-19??, 1919-12-18
sebcfa. Minn.

Nri. SS~Siuf Vttuu.
aiittdfdG Serroo. 9spt on nleiIId
lppta ilo.tn ia riemuitta usfosia
Seeiufleemme fun Serpon ormosta
.oiernme iodneet istua eldmdn lpet-
ten ~ldbteella ia faiiiua nlpren iu1in
fnltta .tooistufiia, ettd aristus on
fiioIlalt ipnteimmc taboen ia eoesta.
See|liffen arishtfieii Simalan $50
jan iutren mrfoibin on ~Euffumlt
tniffi ibmisten ip,tnit. gmmefGt ole
alitllaita ia onnelliiin. ,Sind aiitliaot
eipat ne iotfa e.ip1t noe ia fuitenfin
iisfomat. OIemmc tG1llG Haobocfis-
Ia ia Neo gpella ~Iaaneet miettld
ilblabetfi1. &iitospGiip1iltana oil
Eaboocfin f.rfolla naoriioliiton of.
jelnlafofo1s, iobon oil fofoontunltt
pulio tatiaa. Sosia of mitG iiiGl.
toriffainpoa obielntoa, of lmtllja,
rlnoja, WORCESTERSHIRE ia niiori.
i%oIiiton f1iinfirioitettu Iebti ll1ettiin
ia gntti Sasia pitt piibeen. Sifeetl.
pa ipbGn rienulla t1pttpi FUN min
moni nriori rnbfiusti f1ni tunnus.
taen riStiinnaltlititsta SceiufIcsta.
Sttofoa mtoret iefG manbot pb1 e.
belleenfin oiaa Serron tpobon io
feboittafaa toiiiafi nlioria joltffoon.
Silld puljon ibmiiia wielG fulfee
Imam Secialsta. 81 Dstan1t Glfcd
fitluttafo aifou ttrbrnloesia ia
mailman titnbisia menoisia maan
fiirubtafou lelpittGmGGn Scrron tho
til. gtpt on fire a'fa. 81 ole oifoa
mooto. Serran G1ni futfrul teitd.
I SoiSia "illnnuntaina of jltmolon.
palmelufiia iesia of pastori s.
Soafana ia jltblapubliana pastori
9. Gltptialainen. Sitten lunnuntoi-
iltana oil 9feo @pen firfolla Tttori-
l%oliiton objclmafofoiiS ia iiell1 oil
uiiampia ptbuj.o: pastorit s. SAD
fana, 8. Gltotialainen ia meljet sc.
Siripi ia ". Sosiel. Sli mpos lait-
litja, rlrnojo, WORCESTERSHIRE ia
fGlinfirioitettu lebti luettiin. Wtaas
nantoina oil piirin fofnls Meo
Gpen firfollo itten ionlana iltniu
oil ieurdt gFbrma Yojarigu. Gu
Ioista oil fuillo finn cmnnfelinmin
totulrtta Min no maftnasfi firfas-
tettiin nGillG ilpblilla. @oon lima
of min fplm1 ettei no. nut
polio fonioo %fofoontito fltin oil mi-
t1 paffalin on miel1 olll,t tGnd tol-
mena. &iitos melislle tdGlld fGpr,
nist1. Sitntalo ipnimanne palfitfoon.
Ep9Gfoilllia on tGalld pmparistoliG
loitcttu. @anbemmot laittnfaa lap.
lenre foiillllin, ettG be iiellG title
not tuntemam raffaon pstGfpGniG
Seeinfien, ettG be:bdn lphcmiin 10
pienend iuiii istirttaa ia fplpGG len
falliin liemcncn. 81 ole mifGGn fen
fallen fuin ic ETH 10 pienci,G ope.
tomnle beit1 tnrrtenoan it'd bpfpGG
paimentG iofo beitG rofastoa. Otta.
foo MT oifeen bitolefi cnne ettG lai.
tatte Iapienne ppbGfoulilin. 81
beit1 i.el1 opeteta paboon ipoan ST..
malan lonm titntemileet - WiSs
ellie Mbo on mennDt rlai%nireniilIe.
Sliiimme toiponeet ettG ban oltii
olllrt t1GllG fonsiorme. Sdn of
abfera oiaaottamaon niioriioliitosfo.
&iitt1fGGmme Serrao ilolla, b1nen
lorpeiitenin ppipp nellie ~iianfaiffi-
iesti ia ie on totinen toii. 4iitd tie.
Ilni Serrau. Saionn lopettaa ia
pppoGn mteefIi nGnGt monet mir.
beet ia puittteet. Sertpeiiia faifille
Icboen Iiifiioille %erittdinfin Serran
omille.
Seeiufien weriboapoisia oittias
iiiar.
Auttaja. [volume] (Ironwood, Mich.) 1906-19??, 1919-12-18
KANSAN KIR}ElTA

naista guttajoIIe ia foifiIlc len III
fiioiQe.
Yiirtaa iiiarenne Scrragio.
Sennie Mbo
Auttaja. [volume] (Ironwood, Mich.) 1906-19??, 1919-12-18
smluia SopaniIa6etpfieIIe

Sinlopfon, Minn. folebti q. 81.
glbon fo1ttto St.56
Safe Ioroen, go. 9ab. foIebti
post. S. llrpiIaiien faiitta 49,. $500
Srencb Safe, Minn. folebti past.
S. l1rpiIaiien taittta .--- $500
Mdrlboro, 81. s. folebti post. g.
Wiettiien faiitta ---- $t.05
Srop, 81. s. foIebti post. s..
Miettiien faiitta --~-. STA
SitapiIiam, 81. s. folebti past.
g. Wiettifen falitta 80
Gitcbbitre, Wass. foIebti post.
H. Miettien faitta ---- $3.50
Binono, Micb. foIebti post. @.
@istarin faittta ---- $500
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-02-16
400 Trades Open to
Crippled U. S. Troops
Government Assures Heroes
Training and Position When
They Are Prepared

WASHINGTON, Feb 14.-Part of q
letter written by N. R. Longtin. Of St.
Paul, TO the Federal Board for Vo-
catiOnal Education, is indicative of
what the government is saving dis
abled soldiers from
81 am cripple for twenty-six years.
having lost my left leg below the knee.
and wish 10 state that If the chance
now given disabled soldiers and sail
ors through your board to become self
supporting in some ganful way had
been available to civilians it would
have saved me and many others in
the same disability. 7 suffer from
much pain, humiliation, disgrace and
poverty" he wrote. at is very strange
that of all our boosted charities not
one has ever advocated or tried to help
crippled men in practical way. What
all cripples want is chance to help
themselves, which is good insurance
against pauperism and so called
charities"
There are over four hundred trades.
occupations, callings and professions
from which disabled soldiers and SAIL
Ols may choose, may receive a mini
mum of $50 month support fund
from the government while undergoing
training, with adequate support for
dependents. The training is given
in the trades, industries. factories.
technical and commercial schools and
the best colleges snd universities of
the land absolutely without cost to
the individual.
Moreover. when he has finished his
course, the placement division of the
Federal board has found position for
him in the line for which he has
qualified, and he is given a try-out
in it before his support allowance is
Withdrawn. When he goes on the pay
roll as competent worker his
support ceases. His conversation
from the war risk insurance bureau is
unaffected by what he earns. The
Federal Board for Vocational Educa-
ton at Washington is DESTROYS Of
hearing from every war disabled man
who desires to take the training.
who wishes to take the training.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-02-16
Savings Banks in
Position to Push
Next Loan Drive
New York State Banking De-
partment Ruling Permits
Loans to Depositors, Sc
cured by Liberty Bonds

Savings banks of the country are ex-
pected to play an important part in the
fiotation of the next government war
loan, to be offered in April. The ruling
recently made by the New York State
Banking Department, which provides
that the savings institutions in this
state may lend money to depositors on
notes secured by Liberty bonds, is ex
pected to have an important influence
upon the success of the next loan in
this district.
An interesting compilation Of what
the savings banks of Manhattan did in
the fourth Liberty Loan has been pre-
pared by the savings bank section of
the American Bankers Association
This shows that the savings banks in
that borough obtained total subscrip-
tions both for their own accounts as
we'll as for their customers of $780,
531, $50, 1880 persons entering sub
scriptions through these institutions.
While receiving subscriptions during
the period of the fourth loan campaign
from September % to October 10, the
savings banks in Manhattan showed q
loss in deposits of $5,725,368. All Of
the banks reported falling off Of de,
posts excepting the Dry Dock Savings
Bank and the Italian Savings Bank.
The following table shows the sub
scriptions of the large savings banks of
the borough for their own accounts, to-
gether with the deposit losses during
the loan period:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-02-16
Corporate Returns
Emerson Birmingham Company

Emerson Birmingham Company. -
Report for the fiscal year ended Octo-
Der 81, last, shows operating profits
amounting to s1,746,444, compared
with $1,264,727 for the preceding year.
Interest on loans totalled 1926, $3.50,
leaving net profits of $1,45o,114, against
S1,074,S29 for the year before. Depre-
citation was $167,S46, leaving a balance
of $1,2S2,26S.
American Wringer Compary.-Gross
earnings for 1913 were s121,76o, com
pared with s263,936 for the previous
year. Operating expenses were $780,
S35, leaving net earnings of $14,925
Dividends paid during the year aggre-
gated 100000, causing a deficit of
$S5,075. Previous surplus amounted to
$4,000, and after deducting deficit
and Federal taxes of $13,113, final sur
plus was $4,000.
Winnipeg Electric Railway Company.
Gross operating revenue for the year
ended December 81, 1918, was s3,5SS,-
723, from which expenses Of s2,412,236
were deducted, leaving net operating
income of s1,176,497, Other income
was s44,932, bringing the total income
to s1,221.429. Net income before de-
probation was S2S9,734
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-02-16
Oil Brings Wealth to Indians

Some idea of the riches which have
come to the natives of Oklahoma NAV
be CLEANED from the following story
credited to Pawhuska. Okla 1t says
mat out OF the pockets of oil men into
the pockets of Indians will 90 within
the next three of four months the
nearly S3,500,000 paid or pledged as
bonuses recently for leases in the Usage
nation, and the pocket of each Indian
vii! be fattened about $500. This year
each Indian will receive from oil and
gas royalties in that nation about 81
0UO and his total income for the wear,
from oil and gas sources alone, will
be in the ncighborhood of 81 600 Thus
the richest Indians in America find
their pockets bullying with new riches.
1t is estimated that 100000 will be
spent in development of their leases
during the next twelve months by the
new lessees of Usage lands, which will
put in circulation in Usage county over
S7,000,00O in that period of time. The
situation is almost unprecedented in
the history of the oil industry in the
Continent field. To comply with
the terms of the contract with the In
terror Department wells must be drilled
on 233 tracts within the next twelve
months. These tracts brought a bonus
price OF about 500 an acre. which is more
than four times what they are worth
TOR agricultural or grazing purposes.
Some doubt is expressed among oil
men whether the Secretary of the In
terror will approve of bonus of $780,
600, which was the high bid, offered by
the Gypsy Oil Company and H. G. Bar
nard for tract of 100 acres in the
Usage on which the American Pipe Line
Company recently brought in big we'll.
It is reported that an official gauge of
the we'll the other day showed it pro-
ducing 10000 barrels daily. Should
the production settle to 1000 barrels
daily, the tract would have value. ac-
cording TO prevailing prices of pro-
duction, o 100000.
Pawhuska, former capital of the
Usage nation and present county seat
OF Usage County, is feeling the first big
bulge of an oil acknowledgement State
Laadar
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-02-16
Serbian Railroads
Ruined by Bulgars
During the Retreat
he'd Gross Is Hampered in
Getting Food to Needy
Nation by Absence of
Means of Transportation

DEDEAGATCH. Bulgaria, Dec %
wa London, Jan. 49, Correspondence
OF The Associated Press THE ex-
IRENE difficulty Of transport through
serbia and the ruinous condition Of
Inc country's railways as result of
Santon destruction wrought by Bull
saHans and Austrians in their forced
retreat are strikingly shown by the fact
'ast the American Red Cross, in or
Ger to get relief supplies to the Nish
section. has had to route its ship
ments by rail east from Salonika to
Dedeagatch, then north to Adrianoplc,
'nen west TO Sofia and finally across
Me Bulgarian border to Prot, total
distance Of more than eight hundred
Inc regular railroad route north
. rom salonka to Nish is only about
"a miles and can be travelled in
Lb.aihary circumstances in twenty four
aoufs. Red Cross supplies have taken
''n oays TO reach their destination.
from Cskub 70 Belgrade, nearly
. aies hundred miles, the railroad at
"a ~ wholly destroyed and dozens
u oridges and tunnels are in ruins.
80, 70 estimated that the work Of recon
year. "'''' Inn"
~. a~o hundred and nineteen three
yn motor trucks, on recent trip to
supplies. ' '''''S '0"S u
..s me Allied military authorities have
fsu try'ng to reach northern Serbia
s sym salonka and the south and are
i s"rp Nm people and supplies by shIp
sns 'a a,at on the Adriatic The food
gersss. 'gshing situation in Northern
DIS IL reported TO be very acute.
s.,xnaary peasants' working dress Is
a 70 cost twelve hundred francs and
as OF scap thirty francs. The
r nsn.san Red Cross Is sending large
81 1s s. OF food, clothing and med.
SUPPLIES south through Fiumc.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-02-16
Little Competition in
Mackinaw Cloths Now

The low prices now quoted by the
American Woollen Company on macki-
nav cloths, used in storm coats, have
almost eliminated competition in this
field, it is said in the trade. One firm
which showed some mackinaws about
the time the armistice was signed re-
Gently reduced its price from Sc yard
to So yard, and still its price is above
that of the American Woollen Com
pany's mackinaws.
~ asked our mill superintendent"
said member OF this firm. ''if he
could duplicate the American macki-
naws. He said he could make them up.
but that the lowest price he could
figure on them would be 20 cents a
yard higher than the Americans
tigura-"
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-02-16
M arkets-Investm ents

is held up pending the final action of
the peace conference. Meanwhile GER
tain foreign countries are putting out
feelers here looking to the establish
ment of private commercial credits
similar to that of s5o,0o0,OOo just ar
ranged with local banks for the account
Of Belgian interests.
Exchange rates moved rregularly
last week in the local market Rates
on the Scandinavian countries tended
downward, although the movement was
not pronounced. Rates on London and
Paris were comparatively steady.
IT you calculate the cost of the dol
lar in terms of foreign money at par
value-that is, if you were buying dol
lars with pounds, marks or francs-its
value at the close of last week, as COM
pared with year ago, would be about
as follows:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-02-16
Gloomy on Copper Outlook

Discussing the outlook in the copper
trade, the current issue of "The En-
gineering and Mining Journal" says:
There are troublesome days ahead,
and they may last long time. We
must expect a convulsive market for a
while, and also we must look for lower
prices being made-perhaps so low
that they will be jolt. We have a
situation now in copper, as we'll as in
lead and zinc, wherein the cost of pro-
duction does not mean anything in
the market. Many producers will find
it necessary to cease producing. The
more production is curtailcd the better
will it be for correction of the sur
feited condition.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-02-16
Stutz Motor Earnings

Net sales of the Stutz Motor Car
Comnanv for the year ended Deem
Der 81, last, were S3,596,557. a decrease
Of ss46.T5S from the preceding year.
Cost of manufacturing amounted to
Sl,Ssl,s3S, leaving gross profits of
SSA4,719. or $462,6l5 less than for the
year before. Other expenses of $69.-
T36 were DE- Quoted. leaving balance
OF sa7i,sSS, L decrease of S454,7l4. Net
profits were S594,047, or equal to s7.9s
share earned on $4,000 shares of
outstanding stock of no par value. Net
profits in 1917 were equal to $14.3S q
share.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-02-16
The Dollar in Foreign Exchange

The principal development in the for
cign exchange market last week was
the announcement Of the Foreign Ex-
change Division OF the Federal Reserve
Board lifting the ban on the transfer
Of funds to certain parts Of the former
Austro Hungarian Empire. Under tho
ruling just made interests. here will be
permitted to make remittances to b.
hernia and Moravia, the provinces that
are under control of the Czecho- Slovak
council.
Transactions in foreign exchange In
this market continue on compare
lively light scale. A great deal of
business Of an international charsctar
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-02-16
British Chemical Makers
Active in South America

British manufacturers of heavy
chemicals are receiving many orders
from South America, while inquiries
from that source for American goods
are rather slow. 1t was explained yes
terday by one of the leading producers
that the reason for this condition was
that British manufacturers are able
not only to deliver cheaper than
Americans, but their plants are also
better prepared to handle this business.
This manufacturer intimated that the
opinion was growing that while Ameri-
can plants operated 100 per cent on
war work, their British competitors
reserved so per cent of their operations
for the productions of export orders
and thus, he declared, have the jump
on American chemical manufacturers.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-02-16
Russian Bond
Coupons Paid

Such interest coupons as were pre-
scented by holders of the 51s per cent
Russian internal bonds yesterday were
paid by the National City Bank. Au-
thority to make the payment was re-
ceived from the Russian Embassy. 1t
is understood that the coupons were
paid with Russian government funds
that have long been on deposit with
the National City Bank.
Coupons cashed Yesterday were paid
on basis of Is cents per ruble, com
pared with normal par value of Sic
cents.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-02-16
Massachusetts May Open
Fiscal Agency Here

The State of Massachusetts is con-
sidcring establishing fiscal agency
in New York City. The Committee on
Ways and Means of the State Legisla-
ture has framed bill to this end. 1t
is proposed to give the Massachu-
sets State Treasurer authority to de-
post in a national bank in New York
such sums as necessary for public in
terest, but not to amount to more
than 40 per cent of the paid-up CAPT
tai Of the institution.