davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-02-02

the three then existing companies at
Niagara Falls At that time the mu-
inequalities concerned We're unable To
get the power they needed, and the
energy aVai,s bic was held at cAorDi-
tant prices.
AS result of the agitation the liy-
dru Electric Power Commission of on
tario was appointed by the Provincial
Legislature of ontario in May, 1906 to
provide for the development. genera
ton, transmission and distribution OF
electrical! energy at cost to municipal
tiles desiring II throughout the prov
ince The Power Commission trans
mits power to the municipalities on
the principle OF cost. and the munici-
palities sell power at cost to their coma
sumers. The retail rates are regu-
lated by the commission. All consum-
ers are treated alike and power is sold
to both large and small users at the
same rate for the same class of power
r any one municipality. The price
Of power, however. varies between
towns. according To cost of service
communities.
It took several years for the Power
l COMMISSION TO ptt going On a pro-
ductive basis. but since then its output
was greatly increased and its distrihu-
i've area has acCurdin2iy Nidoned. Dn
Oct. 81, 1910, the total load of the sys-
tom was only $50 horsepower. on oct.
81. 1915, the load had grown to 1870.
900 horsepower. At present the total
load is 2O2 400 horsepower. of which
$50, 500 horsepower is distributed in
the Niagara district.
In 1912 there were IS towns on the
line. in 1913 45. in 1914 90, in 1915 80,
In 1916 12S. in 1917 19e, and during the
last year the service reached 225 COM
munities. In attaining this growth
the Hydro Electric Power Commission
bought up or absorbed so rival private
electric power companies. \ popula-
ton of ! 800. 900 people is served, en-
ergy IL transmitted over double trans
mission lines totalling nearly 5000
miles Of copper conductors and current
is distributed efficiently and economi-
cally at a distance OF $50 miles.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-02-02

ability &C il Ia the small industrial cen-
tres. The farmer, too, is hcuetiting 10y
this cheap power. In the dairy dis
tricts PARTICULARLY electricity lends it,
self very favorably tn the local needs
Farmers who before our system
reached them used gasolene engines
Tor power production have since dis
Carded these motors.
The cost of power to In" farmers.
where there arc two on three farms 20
the milo, for Lighting, for the cutting
ot wood. for the heating Of water in
the dairy, for the pumping OF water,
for the filing q. silos and the threshirg
OF grain, for lighting. for cooking ana
for ironing in the house on hundred
acre farm runs from S. To 50 a month,
only Sos year.
"Wc began to deliver power in the
city Of Toronto in 1912 at $3.50 q
horse power. When the cons sumption
increased we were obliged to reduce
the rate in 1913 to sl5, in 1916 to
sl4b0. which is the prevailing price
at the present time and ample to meet
all the obligations nj the city To the
Hydro Electric Commission. l. =, To
/ cover tll'lf portion OF ll' tdI'l'tL III
vested in the scheme. In the city ol
London. ont. it was SIS and is l'ow
/ sci The city of ottawa was 81 and
is now $l4. The city Of Hamilton was
ST. and is cow sl4, ard the smaller
places have benefited in promotion.
The prevailing rates in Toronto wien
we entered the field were s cents FOR
domestic use, that Is. per kilowatt
tour, This was hydraulic power, not
steam power. Tho Electric Develop
ment Company is the generating com
pany and the Toronto Power Company
is the transmission company. They Az
all interviewer. The Toronto Electric
Light Company is the distributing
company, and its rates W'r" cent?
per kIlowatt hour plus :" cents pei
month for meter rental. In 1916 the
hydro rates in Toronto wer" "a, cents
per kilowatt, and previous To- that tn
commercial rates were II cents pc
ldlowatt hour plus 20 cents per montl
l for meter rental.
Last year the commercial rate 70
hlght!ng averaged cents per hllowat
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-02-02
DAN on sARGE CANAL USED 70 INBOUND WATER


Fails and to develop them "t'lrl"r'ly
ana "c"nonucalIN, New York would he
alb" To r"mp't" IuduNllttllN with tn"
PROVING" ~ lNtario. which canTot now
he don" where power j. a factor ana it
l. necessary for Nou Ia uaN uouhl" IN"
price for energy that We pay right
across IN" river from vow Tho cost
to our consumers has never been
raised, even during the period OF Tn"
war. since tn" war h"Gdn el''tri'
current supplied hv MS is the on" thing
in Canada that has hc'n reduced III
cost rather than increased, ana We
have made these =" Iuvt"uS hot"lth-
standing the higher priE" If labor ana
the fact that everything els" mas been
augmented very materially.
Probably nothing reveals nor" fuzzy
the economic benefits acNuinS to ON
tario from the over widening employ
mcnt of hydro-Clcctr!' energy than
some of the coal statistics ~ that
region TIL" amount Of hitulnn"us
coal imported into western ontario in
the districts served by tho Niagara
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-02-02
npre State Laggard in Hydroelecrc Power Development

finance the hydro-clcctric develop
ments authorized and promoted
through the provincial Commission.
and IL this guarantee has sufficed to.
make It possible to get the ncedful
funds at n rate OF per cent. why,
then. should not the people of the En-
pire State do likewise?
We have already seen how essential
relatively cheap money is to hydro
electric development. In the com
parativc table above, giving tho
operating expenses of steam and
water power stations, depreciation
costs ranged from los to II per cent.
The experience of the ontario Hydro
Electric Power Commission has shown
that n per cent. allowance for plant
depreciation was ample.
1t is authoritatively reported that
water power utilization in France has
! increased more than 80 per cent. since
1914, and that by the end Of 1871 the a..
available hydro-eleSric energy will he.
double that of the Installations I'm OK
istence at the outbreak of the war.
That is to say, despite mary diff
culties, France has managed to ostcE-.
ish plants which have increased her
|
million horse power. and the tolSf
now at her disposal from her water
sources is /. 100000 horse power. Great
Britain has taken this subject in hand
and in addition to the creation of a
commission has effected notable
economies in the generation of power
within the British Isles.
Italy fastening Its Use.
Italy is actively Fastening the use
of her water power resources. In
Scandinavia much has been done In
formation gathered more than three
years ago indicated that Norway then,
had 100000 water horse power avail
able, of which 1.12O. 900 turbine horse
power was developed. Since then
further expansions have taken place
in an effort to make Norway indie,
pendent of foreign producers for some
essential commodities and TO lessen
her imports of coal.
The enormous power in the hundreds
of Norwegian waterfalls has been OF
invaluable aid. ono Of the main
centres of this great industrial revo-
luton is in the district around Sognr-
: fjorden, with its 100 mile water basin.
During the last TWO years new NOR
wegian industrial city has been built
, there. and it IL expected that when All
( the plants producing aluminium are
running at normal capacity they will
| be EurOpes largest producers of that
r metal.
Under war pressure Germany has
done much to develop her water power
q resources. and it is said that she has
been especially successful in doing
+ this at low head sites which previously
had but little consideration. In Octo-
+ her one of Gus Daily Consular and
$ Trade Reports furnished this item:
y In Wurtemburg the state is to par
e t!CipIte in the administration of a
: scheme for the consolidation of all
q electricity works for the purpose or
% tho uniform distribution of current.
The Saxon Second Cham 5er in DecCm-
Q Der. 1917. voted 10000 600 marks for
d developing State electricity works. on
T. condition that light and power Should
=. be furnished at cheap rates for indus
a trial and commercial use.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-02-02
LARGE TURBO GENERATORS
in A HYDRO ELECTRIC PLANT

hour. In 1912 the Toronto hydro
electric system had $50 consumers
in the city. In 1917 the consumers
totallcd 81 900 You should remember
in connection with these figures that
private ownership was very firmly in
trenched in Toronto when we entered
the field and competition was of the
keeneSt.'
All these facts concern us vitality
here in the State OF New York. In
large measure it is'entirely practicable
for uS to draw upon some of the great
water power sources which are avail
able To the Toronto Hydro Electric
Power Commission, and Sir Adam Beck
has pointed out where we enjoy physi-
cal and economic advantages which
should logically make it possible for
us if New York state adopted a SIM.
lar administrative plan To get our en-
ergy even cheaper than they do ON the
Canadian side of Niagara Falls, Sc.
steel and copper can he had at lower
prices in the United states than in
Canada. Not only that: if we further
tap the water at the falls the sluices
or tunnels to the turbines need be only
half as long as those required ON the
ontario side. Thus as an engineering
proposition the American side is more
economical than the Canadian side to
develop.
As Sir Adam Beck says: "If the
State OF New York. with its credit and
Its wealth, would undertake, as ".
have in the province of ontario. to az.
uuire the existing plants at Niagara
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-02-02

Sir Adam Beck, chairman of the on
tario Hydro Electric Power Commits
sion. made some interesting disclosures
to the legislators in Washington few
months ago. He said:
We distributed about $500 900 900
kilowatt hours during the year 1917 as
against 400, 100000 OF the Common
wealth Edison Company of Chicago.
We are now selling power in the city
of Windsor, $50 miles from Niagara
Fails. the current being generated at
the Falls, and we are doing this at half
the price charged by the American
company to its consumers just across
the river at Detroit. In fact that
block OF energy is sold proftably at a
lower price than it could be generated
in Windsor by "A steam plant.
an Toronto we are selling power at
! one half the rates you have in the city
of Buffalo. Toronto is eighty-four
miles from the Falls and Buffalo but
twenty miles away. At the start we
were told that we would never sell
| lO, 600 horse power, and yet we have
attained a distribution of more than
/ 200, 900 horse power and shall add very
largely to this in the course Of the en-
suing year. In fact. We expect by 1921
to have our plants distributing 10000
horse power.
1.-THE effect of our work has hecr
tricity in the province OF Ontario, an,
one thing that has been of great adj
vantage to the country is the avail
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-02-02

Continued from Preceding Pd0eJ
emit moment is, how Tar may individual
freedom he brought into ordered sys-
tom without destruction? In large
cities, particularly those on the Allan
tic and Pacific scaboards and on the
great lakes, the American -hool sys-
tom has had the peculiar and severe
task of training millions of children or
foreign birth and parentage and OF
alien tradition and inheritance. On
the whole this task has been wall done
and to-day is being attempted with
more power and intelligence than ever
before
"If one seeks for foreign clements
OF influence in the American educa-
tional system he will find them few
and far between. Public elementary,
Unsupported schools, so long charac-
teristic of America, are indigenous. eX-
ccpt in so far as their forerunners can
be found in the history of Holland
The textbooks used in American
schools in the seventeenth and eiSh-
tecnth Centuries were either English
in origin or fashioned upon English
models.
Text Books Improved 100 Yrs. Ago
\ certain originality in textbook
making began TO show itself early IN
the nineteenth century. The influence
of French mathematics began to re-
model American textbooks of mathe-
matics and American teaching OF
mathematics about 1910, while German
university methods of research began
flltering in through the barriers oil
distance and language about 1859
rapidly growing dnto a veritable Hood
so true was this that when the
American university movement TOOK
shape in the organization OF johns
HOPKINS University at Baltimore In
1856 and for some time afterward
German university methods were taken
as the model to be followed. From that
tlme-t4u 1914 the relationship between
America and the German universities
was much closer than that between
American universities and higher in
stitutions anywhere else, England In
cluded.
This intimacy of relationship vii
no longer be a factor to be reckonec
with. From now on the strong ties
will be those which hind the American
university TO like institutions In Eng
land. France and Italy.
THE international aspect OF Ameri
can universities Is very marked, mo-
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-02-02
HEAD" FALL at LOCKS on BARGE CANAL MAKES
ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT EASY. =

home to the people of the province the
need OF utilizing its water power re-
sources In 1902 large convention
was called of municipalities in the
southwestern part OF the province-the
Niagara district. which extends 80
miles west, eighty miles east and from
$50 to 200 miles north. That was the
territory especially interested in the
development of power as q public
project.
The municipalities, boards Of trNue,
manufacturers associations and other
industrial bodies met and commit
tee was appointed to confer with the
Government with View to empower
ing the municipalities to undertake
the development. distribution and
transmission of electricity as a munic-
ipal undertaking, asking also the right
TO generate power, unless power could
he obtained on favorable terms from
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-02-02
Great War a Stimulus to All Education

stitutions rs OF nations themselves il
may be said that their international
position and influence will lie stronger
and more helpful according as national
integrity and national consciousness
are developed. In order that they may
become helpful agencies in the new
international order, educational sys-
TENS. including universities, must first
OF all represent n national type and a
national temperament.
Young children should be educated
in the land wherein they belong and
are to live and whose citizenship they
are to share. 1t is n mistake amount
ing to n misfortune to send children to
"A foreign land for education. Boys and
girls must he English, French,
Italian or American. as the case may
be, before they can be international.
The time for international educa-
ton TO begin is when the school or
college education In the home land is
complete. The young man who knows
his own mind and has been thoroughly
grounded in the civilization of his
own people can so abroad for ad-
vance6 instruction and training and
knowledge of peoples other than his
own with great benefit. international
exchange OF school, college and uni
versity teachers should be vigorously
promoted.
Urges Agency for Exchanges.
81 earnestly hope that in the United
States steps soon may be taken &c
organize well supported and repre-
sentative agency to promote ant
carry forward such exchanges wher
ever and whenever they may b'
possible.
| international cooperation in for
mulating and in carrying out nationa
educational policies should he begur
at the earliest practical moment an,
carried forward with zeal. The new
points OF contact between the nation
are many and these should ,be reflected
both in the ideals and the methods O
training the youth of the next gen
Grafton.
THE people of the United States ar
most hospitable to new educations
IDEAS and suggestions from whateve
source they come, and they woul
particularly wish to be In closes
touch with the educational teaching
and educational experience of Grea
Britain, France and Italy. Tn
schools Of the future should. like tn
thinking of the future. be national
origin, in form and in immediate en'
but international in knowledge, 1
sympathy asa in cooperation"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-02-02

These ambitious men and women
crossed seas and mountains and bar
riers of race and language in order to
listen to the voices Of especially in
spring or distins uished teachers. The
steps hy means OF which universities
passed from their original status as
international institutions to that OF
representatives OF national aspirations
and feeling would make fascinating
story. hut one far too long to tell in
such an interview as this.
"Of universities and educational in
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-02-02

only because science and scholarship
speak no national language and know
no boundaries but because the uni
versity was the original international
institution and the first expression or
international ambition and coopera-
ton. Long before governments sent
ambassadors to each other universe
ties existed with a huge attendance
Of students drawn from many lands
Indeed. in the early days at Bologna
and Paris the organization of uni
versity students was hy nations.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-02-02

AS the experts say, in view of the
foregoing:
THE cost of money. displaying itself
in bond interest, is the determining
factor in the cost of hydro-eleCtric
power. precisely as the price OF fuel,
with its accompaniment of expense, de-
termines the cost of steam power. The
cost OF money in this country, on
strictly commercial basis, is high. The
prevailing rate of interest demanded OF
waterpower developments is around
or s per cent. which with discounts
taken into consideration normally
means a demand amounting to 2 or 10
per cent. on the working proposition
Estimate after estimate. the Coun-
try over, has gone to show that only
the water power site especially favored
by natural advantage is susceptible to
development under these conditions in
competition with the prevailing cost of
steam power
Cheaper Money Main Need.
Plainly. the crying need for the pro-
motion OF hydro-electric extension is
cheaper money. This being so. let us
see what has been done in Canada.
right across the boundary from New
York State. There all the money re-
quired for certain recent extensive
water power developments has been
obtained at an interest rate of per
cent; and as a result not only has
there been a very material benefit 10
the public generally. but notable in
dustrial boom has followed.
s,tt ha ~ M "a
determination on the part of the Prov
ince of ontario to develop its water
power resources in a way that would
be to the best interests OF all con-
1 cerned.
The Province OF Ontario has no coal
/ feds and for coal must draw either
Upon distant Nova Scotia or upon the
United states. This situation brought
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-02-02

annual load factor OF % per cent. and /
coal for the steam installation costing
only s3.25 per ton delivered. The table
in question follows, the figures show
ing percentage of gross operating ex-
penses:
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1919-06-25
Richmond-W Washington Line
Makes Record of 95.4
Per Cent
Eek. CELLENT SHOWING
Team Work Among Railroad Men Re-
sponsible for Such Efficiency in
Passenger Traffic.

New high records for on-time pas
senger train service in the Southern
Region were set in May by the rail
roads under government control. Re
ports made public today by the United
States Railroad Administration show
that Of nealy fifty thousand trains
operated during the month by the
twenty eight roads, 95.3 per cent main
tained their schedules. This topped
the April record of 94.3 which was
believed to represent hitherto un-
equalled performance.
Such service was made possible by
enthusiastic individual effort and team
work among the railroad men, slim
ulated by competition among the diff
ferent roads. For months specia. at
tention has been given to the paSsen-
ger train performance, with the pur
pose Of making it generally as near
ly 100 per cent perfect as possible.
Through the Regional Directors Of
flee, each line has kept informed of
what the others were doing, and a
spirited race for supremacy has re
sultd.
For seventeen larger roads, orerat-
ing 47,4O3 trains, the May on time
record was 95.4 per cent, compared
with 94.6 in April. The eleven smaller
roads maintained an average of 95.3
compared with 94.3 in April. Only
cne of the larger lines fell below 81
Der cent. One of the smaller group,
tie Macon, Dublin and Savannah ac-
complished the extraordinary fest of
sending every one of its 124 trains
through on schedule.
Record for the Richmond-Wasn!ng-
ton Line, (R. F. and P.-Wash. Soul
was 95.4 per cent of passenger trains
maintaining their schedules.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1919-06-25
WILL sign TREATY
At z. ?. NJ. FRIDAY
German Mission Expected
At Versailles On Morn
ing of 9th.
MUELLER WILL LEAD
We've Waited 49 Years." Premier
Clemenceau Said, When Submis-
sion Came.

Paris, June 25.-The German dele.
cation which will sign the peace
treaty will arrive at Versailles Fri.
day morning, the French Foreign
Office has been informed. 1t is though;
probable in French circles that the
signing of the treaty will take place
at o'clock Friday afternoon.
The information regarding the time
of arrival of the German delegation
w:s made known to Premiers Glenn
encear ard Lloyd George and Presi-
dent Wilson while they were at Yer
cailles yesterday afternoon looking
over the arrangements for the sigma
ture cf the treaty.
Hermann Mueller the new German
Foreign Secretary, will head the Ger
man delegation to sign the peace
treaty La Liberte says.
The Italian delegation said that it
had been informed that new dele
CATION to the Peace Conference would
arrive il Paris Friday.
"Wc have waited 49 years for this
moment" exclaimed Premier Clemen-
ccau. as he opened the fateful dispatch
announcing that Germany would sign
the treaty at the meeting of the coun-
ell Of Three Monday.
"For 40 years" he continued, "the
mailed fist of the retire German
.trooper) who has governed Germany
has menaced the world. Whether the
mans name was Bismarck or William
II it was still the same retire Of the
Middle Ages, surrounded by sold!ery
and drunk with pride.
"This reitre's dogma was that might
is right; that a states only obliga-
ton is its own interest; that treaties
20 not exist when they clash with tn"
interest of a state and get rich by
any means. We know from witnesses
who we're at the side: of William Il
that when he learned iof the. Sara
jcvo tragedy he who posed as a keep
cr of the peace cried: The hour has
struck. Now we shall see what ar
army. Isl"
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1919-06-25
BRITISH WOULD
r..~ BAN u. S. FILMS

London. June 25.-War to the
knife has been declared by some Brit
jsh film interests against American
films, and if they have their way
british audiences no longer vii! be
acquainted with Charlie Chaplin
Mary Pickford, or other American
screen stars, according to copy
r:ghted dispatch to the New York
World.
While these British film concerns
want to exclude American products,
.hey have yet to hear from their
rublic. which for four years has had
OF per cent of the American in their
movie diet and which is most m
stances regards the home product
with apathy.
Ore of the ironies of the situation
!. that American experts are beng
imported to perfect the British man
ufacture SO that American films can
be barred. What is really at the bot
tom of the agitation is the we'll
grounded fear that America is about
to absorb the British film production
1t is learned that plans are beng
considered by an American company
to crest one of the largest cinemas
in the world in London. Some pro
ducsrs here are gainst any film war
saving that the barring of American
films will close hundreds of theaters
because the British cannot produce
enough films to supply them.