The sun., 1919-09-14

and nation. Just as individual persons,
throughout the civilized world, have
learned to resort to courts for the re-
dress OF wrongs which they have suffered
at the hands Of other individual persons
instead of indulging in duels or fatal
feuds, so nations, which are aggregations
of individual persons, may consent to set
tie their disputes by submitting them for
decision to judicial tribunals organized
and maintained for the purpose of ad-
ministering international law and punish
ing those nations proved to be guilty Of
any fragrant violation thereof. 81
III.
The volume edited by Prof. Duggan is
quite different from DIR. David Jayne
Hills book. 1t is cyclopedic in character
and presents different sides of many Of,
the important questions arising under the
proposed League of Nations as formu-
lated in the Treaty of Versailles. The edi-
tor is favorably disposed toward the
project. If it accompanies just peace,
he says, the league is needed to realize
its provisions and build upon them for
better future; "and in the case of an un-
just peace the league is the only organ
existing that can possibly remedy the
evils that would result from the continued
enforcement of its unwise provisions"
Accordingly, Prof. Duggan holds that the
adoption of the league, like the adoption
of the Constitution of the United States,
is first step toward making the world
better place to live in. In chapter on the
historical background of the league Carl
ton I'll. Hayes, professor of history in CO.
lumbia University, shows that it is a mis-
take to compare it to the Amphictyonic
Council of ancient Greece, which was an
interurban instead of an international or
ganization and really was chiefly con-
eerned with the regulation of the cele-
brated oracle at Delphi. The division of
Europe into number of separate States,
each State representing a nation, was
first recognized by monarchs and states
men at the end of the Thirty Years War;
and the practices which such States OBJ
served in waging war and making peace
were the origin of modern international
law as expounded by Grotius and his sue
cessors. Prof. Hayes reviews the various
schemes which have been propounded for
league of nations to perpetuate peace
from the time of Henry ~ of France to
the present day; and he attributes their
failure to "the assumption that the parties
to them were independent sovereign
States which had interests Of their own
at variance with and superior to the in
terests of mankind at large" He admits
that the doctrine of nationalism has in
spired glorious and noble deeds, promoted
popular education and stimulated art and
literature; but he deplores its failure to
develop "a confederation of all the free
notions of the world for mutual coopera-
ton and support" The objection to this
aspiration is that it contemplates a super
government over all the nations of the
world-a condition for which mankind
is hardly prepared as yet, and least of all
that portion of mankind embraced within
the citizenship of the United States.
".
One of the best papers in Prof. Dug
gan's volume is that on "Some Essentials
for League of Peace" by another CO.
lumbia professor, John Bassett Moore.
formerly Assistant Secretary of State and
one of the ablest of American publicists.
Back of all devices for the preservation
of peace we must, he thinks, rely upon
the cultivation of mental attitude among
the people Of the world which will lead
men, first of all, to resort to amicable
processes rather than to war when inter-
national differences arise He evidently
has more confidence in the judicial method
of settling disputes than in any other, but
he says it remains to be dealt with in q
comprehensive and effective way. Unfor-
tunately it has received very little atten-
ton in President Wilson's League of Ma
tons.
President A. Lawrence Lowell of Har