The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1919-07-26
Mixtures.

We now come to the study Of the |
carbu >ter. To understand clearly the
action OF this most important device.
will first have to explain some of
the simple chemical and physical laws
upon which its action is based.
Scientists call the smallest particle
OF which all matter: wood. iron. water,
airs composed of the molecule.
Thus a drop Of water is composed OF
millions Of molecules, as is the germ
which i5 SO small as not to be visible
under the strongest microscope. The
molecules OF which the germ is made
will have different chemical compo-
sitions.
The chemist works with these mole
cules. He divides them into what he
calls atoms, and rejoins these atoms
into other combinations. Thus each
molecule Of water is composed Of two
atoms Of hydrogen and one of oxygen
and each molecule of gasoline is COM
posed of eight atoms Of carbon and
eighteen Of hydrogen or Whereabouts.
depending upon its grade.
A chemist can divide a gasoline mole
clue into its elements or atoms; that
carbon and hydrogen, and then make
the carbon combine with some atoms
OF oxygen, and the hydrogen atoms
with other atoms of oxygen and so
change the gasoline into what is
known as carbon dioxide gas and
water
Like Human Beings
y These atoms or elements OF which
molecules are made. are much like
human beings, in that they like to
be combined or in company with GER
tain elements more than with others.
Thus most elements like to combine
with oxygen, while few will readily
combine with nitrogen. Carbon and
hydrogen, of which gasoline is COM
posed, get along we'll together. but
the carbon would rather be combined
with the oxygen than with the n.y.
drogen, and the hydrogen would also
rather be combined with the oxygen
than with the carbon.
If there were a club Of bachelors
in the same building with club OF
handsome ladies', think it would take
but a slight excuse for the bachelors
to break up and join the ladies, while
the ladies would probably be pleased.
They would pair off, and try to get
by themselves, and If kept in the
building, would probably feel cramped
and under a sort Of pressure.
In the same way, IL you bring a
number of molecules of gasoline, made
up Of atoms of hydrogen and carbon,
III contact with a number of molecules
of oxygen, they WILL when given the
slightest reason, separate and COM
bine with the oxygen. Heat, as from
an electrical spark, will be such a
reason, so that if you have a vessel
containing a mixture of gasoline and
oxygen molecules, and you set spark
to them, the carbon in the gasoline
will separate from its hydrogen and
combine with the oxygen, each atom or
the carbon combining with two atoms
OF oxygen and thus making &C O2)
carbon dioxide gas, while two OF the
atoms of hydrogen will combine with
one of oxygen and make (H2 %
water. AS the humans they will want
to spread out and if kept in closed
, vessel they will develop great pres
sure, and heat.
When elements combine as above,
great heat is generated. We call the
decomposition or separating, and re-
combining Of the elements in the
above way CONFUSION or we say
they burn. An explosion in an in
Simultaneous combustion.
From the above you can see why
the mixture must be in a definite
the oxygen from the air), and gaso-
line; as, for each atom OF carbon
Their must be two atoms of oxygen,
and for each to atoms of hydrogen
one of oxygen. If there be an excess
of either gas or air, the excess will
make the amount of heat and pres
sure given out small, and may even,
by absorbing the heat from the spark,
prevent the combustion entirely.
Molecules made up Of certain ele-
ments will always want to get away
from one another. as is the case with
the oxygen and nitrogen molecules
of the air. Thus we have gas, air
technically being a gas. Others, such
as those of iron, copper, wood, etc
will want to get together and will
hold to one another very firmly Civ
ing us a solid mass, while still others
such as those of water, will have
slight attraction for one another, and
so we have a liquid.
The holding together power OF like
molecules is called cohesion, and thai
of unlike, such as glue to wood, oil
to steel, is called adhesion.
The cohesion is affected by the
temperature. Thus water will be II
No. the LIQUID state when between 3:
. and 212 degrees fahrenheit, but will
be q solid-ice and snow at tenn
peratures below this, while it will bt
a gas-steam-at temperature above
212 degrees. Even copper and iroI
will, when the temperature is raised
high enough, melt or become liQuie
and in time gas. Gasoline depend
ing upon it's grade). will change from
a liquid to a gas in the neigborhooe
of 70 degrees. Kerosene will have tt
have a much higher temperature.
The pressure above the liquid will
affect the temperature at which it will
change to a gas. Thus water will
change to steam when the pressure
is that of the atmosphere, but If thu
pressure be higher the Temperature
will have to be raised.
"Cook" Under Cover
The housewife uses this law, wheI
cooling She knows that meat 10