davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1919-12-23
DEPORTATION EXPLAINED
This Government Asks Humane Treat
ment Of the Radicals.

WASHINGTON. Dee 23.-A9 ov-
PLANTATION Of the deportation of The 30
rad Pr ce on the transport Blu
,sil1 hv the state depart
tC 10 various foreign capi-
fats. The message said precaution
had been taken 80 request for them
safe conduct AMI humane treatment
at The hands Of the authorities under
whose jurisdiction they will pass eI
route to soviet Russia
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1919-12-23
IS ALLEGED REDS FINED.
Men Taken in Kansas City Raid Held
for u. S. inquiry

KANSAS CITY, Dee. 23.-Fnes of
Russians. said TO be members of the
Communist party, in the police court
in Kansas City, Kan. yesterday for
holding an unlawful meeting.
The men were arrested Sunday when
police raded meeting of men al
legged to be radicals. The Is are being
held for investigation by federal au,
thorites.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1919-12-23

In Korea, the women are taught to
shun the opposite sex from their earliest
girlhood. Their seclusion Is carried to
the utmost limit Out of doors the wo-
men usually wear green mantle which
covers the whole countenance except the
eyes. Nor do they willingly let even
their eyes be seen.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1919-12-23

\ purchaser of an old Arab musket in
an antique shop in Paris discovered in the
barrel OF the weapon 30 valuable tur-
In times of financial difficulties the Loo
ohooans, residents Of the southwestern
Stands OF japan. sometimes pawn the
raves Of then relatives They are al
ways redeemed, however failure tc do "a
50 meaning family disgrace.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1919-12-23

Mrs. lnez Haynes Irwin, wife of Will
Irwin, the author and war correspondent,
and herself the author of a number of
books. has undertaken the task of writ
/ ing the first history of the National Wo-
mans Party.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1919-12-23

In Sweden, young girls place under
three cups ring, a coin. and piece of
black ribbon. II the ring is first acct
dentally exposed, she will be married
within year; if the money, she will get
rich husband; if the ribbon, she will
die an old maid
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1919-12-23

Honesty among Icelanders is so severe
n faith that thefts are unknown, though
locks, bolts and bars are never used. Of
the only two acts of felony within the
last eight or nine centuries, one was COM
mitted by German settler, who was com
PEELED to make restitution to his victim,
and then given the option OF death or
speedy emigration
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1919-12-23
DEATHS.

In Mortified, Mass. Dec. %, Ruth
Hewitt, 5 years. daughter of Mr.. and
Mrs. Arthur Hewitt.
In Manchester Depot, Dee. 81, Mrs
Carolyn f. Higgins OF Jamaica.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1919-12-23
BIRTHS.

In Mortified, Mass, Dee. IS, n
daughter to Mr. and Mrs. Richard
Stratton.
In Mortified Farms. Mass, Dee. -,
a son to Mr.. and Mrs. Murray Ham
mond.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1919-12-23
MARRIAGES.

In Brattleboro, Dee. %. by Rev.
Clark T. Brownell. Rolla Frank Smith
of Brattleboro and Miss Della Augusta
Lawrence of Grafton.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1919-12-23
Oh, Studs!

Soap is going up
Il noticed that last night when m,
youngster was blowing bubbles"
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1919-12-23

In China, girl who is partaking of
the last meal she will eat in her father 5
house, previous TO her marriage, sits at
the table with her parents and brothers
but she must eat no more than half the
bowl of rice set before her, else her de-
parture will be followed by continual
scarcity in the domieile she is leaving.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1919-12-23

If YOU rule by fear. some day you'll
be ruled by fear Look at the Kaiser.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1919-12-23
SUBSCRIPTION PRICES
REVISED.
Increased Costs Make Necessary
Increases in Reformer Rates.

Owing to the constantly increas-
ing costs of the publishing business
The Reformer viii be obliged TO in
crease its subscription rates by the
quarter. six months and year.
Beginning Jan. l, 1920, these rates
Will be as follows: Three months,
$50; six months, 50; year, So.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1919-12-23
FRUIT OF ALL KINDS

Oranges - Csc, 30c 4Oc soc, 6Oc, zoe and soc doz.
Grapefruit 1Oc each, for Csc; 13c each, for Csc
and 15c each.
Western Apples -. 4Oc soc, Coo and Toe dozen
Bananas .............. 30c, Acc and SOC dozen
Spanish Malaga Grapes ............ 35c pound
Empress Grapes Observation-Disclosures. 3Oc pound
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1919-02-27

5taatgauoitor unb benz Defnr 6es
|itoatli1en Mderbanfoleges. Der 8or.
Iage gerndfB miro 6ieier 8eboroe cine
Miuion Dollars 5nr 8erfIgnrg &c.
tell, bic ba5u benl1st merben ioler.
5uruidfebrenben 5ol6aten ur6 Matro-
fen beim Mnfaaf BON Nieoerlaiinngen
ait umer1hiken. Sic Beboroe mag IN
bieier sade au9 nit ben BON Der
8unoesregierung au1n gleiden s8tped
etngeletten 8ebor6en 5uiamne1 or
.beiten. 8is iebt bat iib benz Rlane
gegeniber 10 gut nie feline Dppoittion
entpidelt.
Sic 8orlage oes @eprdientanten
Morogren, sic ben 8erfa,lf BON 81
garetten an &naben unter 18sSabren
lotpie oosRauben 6erielben burh sSSu.
genolide I'M gleiden Nlter berbietet,
lit giinitig einberidtet tporoen uno
miro b6d1tpabrideinlih @eieb tper-
ben. Sen gerfdufern miro cine Sten-
er bon $12 oas Sabr a1lferlegt. IS
miro erpartet, BOB bieie Steuer I'm.
gef6br $4,000 einbringen miro, bic
bent Gonos Fir quite 2anitoraben 5u~
gefiibrt ,per6en fol1en.
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1919-02-27
5uo Ddfotd.

Sroqnpig. - !. q. Simmel,
Elm fortidrittlther Sarmer bieier Sc
geno, bot innerbolb Der lebten bier
Sabre AZ, 900 8nibels @etret0e ge-
erntet; er bot aud biele &irtoer nno
|5hneire iotpie @efliigeI groB ge3o=
gen.
aeoo. - Ser SO Sabre olte S,
Moof pi1rbe in Der Mognl<Nein ber-
i1iittet. Mebreren n1beren 8erglell-
ten geGang eg, iiiib III Siderbeh 81
bringen. Moof binterldaBt cine Bitpe
un6 3tpei fIeine @in6er. Stepba11
8erbitih, Ser Bein an feline Nodb-
barn nnsgeteiH batte, erbielt cine
inipenoierenoe @efdngnisIfrafe bon
80 Eagen uro $3.50 @eloitrafe.
s. lie / t {. - Ser Staat bot SOP
ganfen, unb III ben orei Sabrert Bat
mr. Elm ein3igeg 5inan5inifitnt oie
8oblungen eiingeiteM Sic gbiros
profftorsgorlage erIiH I'M nrterba,lie'
Ser 2egigIatlr cine Mieoerlage.
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1919-02-27


Bat cine gpe5iaApaB einberufen. ii
tueIher Hber bic Musgeb11ng bon $55,-
600 in 8onbs gum 8nu zines 0ffent-
liden 5dulbauies abgeltimmt 1peroen
ipIl.
MitheII. -Blrgermeiiter 5.
Is. Wens bon bier, nelher nngefIagt
lit, beraui6enbe @etrdnfe beridentt
al baben1 puroe inter $500 8irg,
idaft acknowledgements bes areis=
geribtes i%ibertpieien.
GREETINGS. 50. S. Nebring
bon Dem giiiro Der @etreioe-nnteriu~
dungen III Mnfbington, 1T nod Sio
Dafota gefdift tDoroen, Inn 9emon-
ltrationen be5iigIi1 Der Rontroue
bon @etreibebrnnD 5u MAIDEN.
Bierre. - Ser Senat fat 6ie
Neutrality-suspicious. dngenoms
men es fielen nur orei 5timmen 90
gegen. - Das Sans nabm cine 8or=
Iage an, la1lt tpeIder ale Nntos nit
uDimmers" berjeben tperoen mliiien.
80 Die Borlage, tpelbe Banoelbiloer-
borlteQungen an Sonntagen Derboten
bnben tpiirbe, lit I'M unterbaufe gum
afpeiten Scale abgeton moroen.
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1919-02-27

befunnter 5arrner bon Moberfg gol1r-
i, tnrb an ben Golgen eines Yferbee
buffblages.
9uron. - Sieiige ge1daftsIeute
befdaftigen iid nit Der Grnge Der
grribtllng zines neue11 @eridtgge-
badlloes fir 8ea6te gountD in Suro1.
.gs tpiro oarauf bingelpieien, oaB bas
iebige @ebdube, oas nnfangs Der Mdt-
5iigeriabre erridtet tp,lrbe, ben beuti~
gen 8ebirfniiien bes gountp niht
mebr geniigt, unb baB a11d Die 81
6erbeitsgemolbe ur5ureidenb ieien,
in 6enen 8ertpapiere I'M 8etrage bon
100000 unb piele uneriebIide 30,
fumente aufbetpnbrt tperben.
8roofings. - Ser 8ert Ser
M~olfereitBrobufte 5ib Dnfotas mar
i'm Sabre 1918 i'm 1857 700 gr0-
FER als i'm Sabre 1917 namlib $24,-
753,600. Ger groBte gin3elpoiten
mar @reamerp-8 Butter nit $12,1O2,-
600. DETERIORATION in 1918 tpar Inn
mebr als "a Hro5ent grotBer nIs i'm
Sabre 1918. Die IS Rabmeigfnbri<
fen i'm Staate iteqten I'M lebten Sab
re runb 100000 @aupnen Der.
Sieto n. - Die 51ulbeb6roe
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1919-02-27
siong gaIIg. Die Glen.

SionT 5aIIg. Die Glen.
bnbrblro Mngeitenten unb iere
Babnangeitellten, sic 1lidt irge11o ei.
ner geiperfihaf bereits nngebE00renn,,
baden lith al elmer @Ierperfi6nh ala
.Eeil Der Natio11nI J 8riiberIdynft Der
EgiienbabnangeiteQten bereinigt.
s. g. 8ot9fiB un6 GraM, Die iid} boz
einigen Monnten in Maoiion 11ieber-
lieBen urlb bon Nebrnsta gefom1len
fem ioQten, muroen unter Der An.
flage berbaftet, berm1i6enoe Betrdiin-
fe in ben Staat gebpabt 1lro Derfonfi
5u baben.
81 berbe e n. - Ser 33 Sabre
adblen6e Gran5 5nD6er begging bier
Selbitmoro, in6em er fia nit einenl
Raiiermeiier bic &eble 6urdihnitt.
Ser SOB trat a%,1genblidlih Elm. Cine
2iebesaffare ION Der unfeligen Sat
5ugrunoe gelegen baben.
@nrreton n. w. Der erfolgrei6=
ite Siibner3ubter bieler @egenb 1T
Carp McDotpe4, Der felt benz !.
Mar5 letter. Sabres uber 5000 fiji
.gier bereinnabmt bat; er bat 400
Subner.
Si5ieton. 80 S. Monoab, Elm
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1919-02-27
2tus Semi uerbtpciteft.
r11inne1ota

ct. I.-Sobn %. G6mar6s,
Elm Maaior in Ser Office BEG General
a6iutanten IS. S. 8binop mabrenb
ser &riegsperiooe, erflarte ii6 i'm 81
itriftsgeri6t IN ct. Haul Der Sal
ib11ng i6ul6ig un6 mur6e 5u flint
Sobren @efangnis in Stiatpater per=
urteilt. G0tpar6s geltano gu, bob er
fingierte Mamen fir Solbaten elm
lebte nno oos @elo %bemiaigte. Wan
ld6bt ooB ibm bieie 6alidnngen 5pi=
lden $4,000 un0 $4,000 brad,ten. CT
Got IN Sen &idimpfen 6es ipanii6=ame=
rifanilben &rieges IN &uba nno auf
Sen Ebilippinen teilgenommen. =
Ndtbnnoert S9nbbdn0ler per6en an
ser &onbention ser Metnnelota Sboe
Hetailers Mliociation am II, 18, u.
10. M4r5 in ser &npitolfta0t tell
nebme11. - SSn ser olten Mietsfaier=
ne an @robe StraBe bra6 Sreitag Elm
Seuer aus, nobel Sic SO Sabre ate
6rou Moria Eburiton ourd BEN 81
den @orbqualm int oritten Stool 10
iiberpdltigt mur6e, 6aB iie mad benz
Sta6tboipital iiberfibrt meroen mnB=
te, mo iie bol6 barauf itarb. @inrno<
5tpon5ig6amilien muBten Sic 8rano=
ltdtte, tpel6e bal6 bon ben Slamrnen
ber5ebrt tpur6e, eiligit b%erlaiien. -
Siinf5ig Srauen, Brdii6entinnen BON
fotboliiden 6ra11enorganiiotionen in
ouen Eeilen bes 5taates mer6en 9on=
nerstag bier ertpartet, I'M an elmer
1tohfnoenoen Maijenberteilung tell
5unebmen, oie bon Srau 81. q. 8elfb,
Brdiioentin Ser MISUNDERSTANDING
ser. tatbolif6en Srauen Srganiio<
tionen bon Mmerifa, einberufen NOR
ben 1T.
MinneapoIis. - SIZE an
@amstag bier gum MbidIuB gelangte
Mutomotipe= on6 Sn6uftrial=Nusftel<
lung mar Die gr0Bte Mutoausiteqnng,
6ie ie i'm Nor6peiten itattfan6, ni6t
r,1r inbe5ug ouf 6ie 3aN Der 8efu.
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1919-02-27
2lus Der Staatslceislatur

ssn einem 8obenberidte uber Die
Gdtigfeit ser itaotliben @eiesgeber
miro oaraltf bingetpieien, bob bereits
ein DrittcI Ser bon Der 8erfaIil1ng
feItgeiebten 3eit fir Bic 9auer Der
2egislatar perltriben 1T, un0 bob eS
Den Mitglteoern Ser geiesliden Rors
perld1aft allmdblib gum 8etpnBtiein
femntt, baB es elmer b%eion6eren 4n-
ltreuelna beoarf, me,ln ole Borlagen
Dor Gnoe ser 5isung erleoigt neroe11
ioQen. SIN 8ansen iteben iebt mebr
oils bunoert 8orlagen auf bent &alen-
Ser beioer SGrlier, bie ser @rleoigung
barren. Inter Sen in Sen leBten Sa-
ae1l I'M Seuat angenommenen befin-
set jid ste Clifton @orlage Die be-
itimmt, oaB amtlide 4nfiinoignngen
MIR in 3eitungen ber0ffentlidt tper-
Sen oiirfen, sic in engliider Sprabe
erideinen. Nalr flint Stimmen tparen
gege,, oie 8orlage.
Ser 6iibrer ser Sarmer-9iga q. 8.
8eld bat cine &orlage eingeretM,
0te cine @omntie ser 8onfoepoiiten
horiiebt. Die IN Der 8orlage entbaltes
zen 6or6erungen beden ii9 i'm Gro
ben un6 @d15en nit bereits IN ben
5toaten &anfas uno Ollaboma bette
benoen @eiesen. Muen 8anf0epoiiten
miro oanad cine Steuer BON einem
boIben bis bo9itens anoertbalb Broz
gent a,,ferlegt CUR S6affung zines
Tonbs, aus oem ale 8anfeinleger ets
ner perfmdten 8anf tire Depoiiten
obne @er3,,g oltsbesablt meroen fol-
len. gs beiBt, boB beimSausausi6nB
fiir 8otflpeien, Ser beinabe MIR aus
@onfiers beltebt, sic Sorlage piellei9t
ouf Oppoiition ltoben miro, oaB tie
iebpd) redt5ettia an oas Elenum 5lt=
riifberid}tet meroen mltb, 10 bnb tie
nod 9riinolid er0rtert meroen fann.
9ic %iogenonntc Motor5&orps=Sor=
logc, sic it'd i'm Souie mebrere ein=
ihncioenoc Mb5iige uro Serdnoerrn=
gen gefollen Iaiieu m,Bte> lit gege11
sic Sppoiition iamtlider Jormer=
Mitelieoer Ser 2egislatltr ange11om=
men >poroen. sSSr1 Ser lebten Debatte
crfIdrte Milen1blpmam @irling, bob
ser @alpt5tped Ser MaBnabme nob
iei,er Mniidt 6arin bsltebe, Dem
@ouperlteur elm Mittel an sic Sano
GIT geben, BEL Mrbeiterunruben nn6l
dbnliden Mnl6iien Sen itarfen Mrm
s1 bra1ben. Sem @ortlal1t Der 8or=
lage nad ion iie oa5u oienen, benz
@ouperneur cine @ilfstraft CUR Ser
fiigung 5u ltelen, sic er allein ODER
lit @erbinoung NIT anoeren militia
ridden gerbdnoen CUR Silfeleiitung
BEL aroBen 8rGn0en, ueberihpem=
ml1,1gen, 5tiirmen uip. benuben mag.
Ssn Sauie tplr6e bie3abl Der int Orie
st,nl perlangten Wanni6aften Inn
sic SdIfte beidnitten un6 oie nod
gef1dte 8emiligung bon &anonen II.
Ban5ertpagen bonitdn6tg alsgemer5t
gom a9usousf9uB fir militdrtibe
Angelesenbetten lit cine Borlage aus
aearbettet por6en, sic Die 5baffung
ether SoI6aten : @ieoerlaiiungsbe,
boroe" boriiebt. Dieielbe ion iid 5u=
lammen1eben aus etnem bonn @ou.
perneur ernanrten Mitglie6, benz
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1919-02-27
der IlnrnSterl1

net ieoe gerbinbu1g NIT Der Rat. 81
bntte leRten 3ir1ter Sronton perIai.
len nno mar gernbe 3urifgefebrt, ais
er aud ibon berbaftet mllroe. Muf iiei.
ne Berbaftnng mar eine gelobnl1g
bon $1,000 ausgeiebt porben. Die BE-
borden in Snoiano iino bon Der Der.
baftung in &ettntnis geieBt lporoen.
The sun., 1919-05-11
Triumph Complete Over German Optical Glass Monopoly

within the past decade. Chemically.
the glass industry has stood still" And
1t was the chemical end of the problem
that proved the most difficult when
Americans essayed to produce first
rate optical glass.
Not only was II essential for our
people to test out a wide range Of in
gradients, but it was equally neoes-
sary for them to learn that sands that
seemed pure enough for the ordinary
glassmaker were not TO be thought OF
in the manufacture of optical glass.
where freedom from color is a pre-
requisite. The least trace of iron
would cause discoloration; and, then.
while oxides with a percentage Of
metal might be tolerated in the mix"
for plate glass, &C., nothing short of
chemically pure oxides would answer
in the composition of the material for
lenses, prisns, &C.
Materials and Processes.
Without going into the technical
tiles of glass making, glass Is mix
ture in almost all cases of silicates OF
two or more metals and sand. Both
crown glass and flint glass are en-
ployed in. the get up of optical instru-
ments. Crown glass is made of puri-
fled sand. chalk, or limestone, and sui
phate Of soda. Flint glass is made OF
very fine white sand. red lead and u
little nitre. For optical purposes the
glass has TO be homogeneous, and II
1t is not then it is apt to be striated:
|. e., there are threadlike streaks
which, while transparent seriously at
feet the capacity of the glass to trans
NIT an image undeformed. There are
other defects in the form OF bubbles,
seed, &c. No wonder, then. that for
some grades Of glass a pot will yield
but 20 per cent. OF disable material.
One Of the things that contribute
greatly to homogeneity is continual
stirring, which must be started when
the molten mixture is quite fluid and
kept up for hours, during the succeed
ing gradual cooling, until the mass
has the consistency of workable taffy.
For this purpose we now use o fire
The sun., 1919-05-11

contributes TO the upkeep of the uni
versity library.
Perhaps the most romantic OF such
life histories is that of Mrs. John Will
lam Mackay, born Marie Louise Hun
gerford in New York city about 1919.
While she and younger sister were
small children her father. who had
fought and won a commission in the
Mexican war, caught the California
fever and took them out with him on
the overland journey. His hopes of an
FL Dorado were disappointed. He was
obliged to seek a livelihood in any
way he could, and is said to have made
his start with barber shop. With his
motherless girls he made his home in
the household of an Italian friend
named Ciprico. whose daughters
taught Marie Louise Italian, French
and music. She had some previous
knowledge OF French from her own
mother, who was OF French blood.
Major Hungerford enlisted in the
civil war and rose to a colonelcy. Not
long after his return to San Francisco
Marie Louise became the wife of DR..
Bryant. who died three years later,
leaving the young widow on her own
resources, and one daughter. after
ward the Princess Colonna. Mrs.
Bryant went to Nevada. where she
met and was married to John w.
Mackay, who was superintendent OF a
mine at Virginia City.
Mackay had been brought to Amer
lea from Ireland by his family in
early childhood. His start in life was
made as an apprentice in a rhr rY'
California called to him in 1851, After
varying fortunes as gold prospector
he went with the changing current of
still young and ambitious ex-Argo-
nauts to the Nevada silver region
The sun., 1919-05-11

than half a year all of the efforts Of
the laboratory were practically con-
centrated at the Rochester plant BY
the end of 1917 the Bausch & Lomb
works were turning out optical glass
Of good quality In considerable guam
titles. Thereafter the Geophysical
Laboratory extended its operations to
the Spencer Lens Company and to the
Pittsburg Plato Glass Company.
And now we come to the advance
part played by private enterprise in
making us self.sufficient. Two years
before the outbreak of hostilities Will
lam Bausch, the son of John ].
Bausch, who founded the well-known
Rochester firm, resumed his somewhat
secret efforts to make optical glass. He
had started this quest some years pre-
viously but had halted his investiga-
tons because OF the puzzling complex
ties Of the problem. His aim was a
clear white glass. and prior to 1912 the
best that he could attain was of a bright
green. Feeling the urge of further en-
deavor, Mr.. Bausch took up his self
The sun., 1919-05-11

had fathered IN Rochester Ave
years before was the only one
actually producing satisfactory
glass"
Quite apart from the holding many
Of their formulas secret the Germans
had sedulously circulated reports re-
garding the need of absolutely pure
materials in the making of optical
glass, and were equally careful to i'm
press the outside world with the fact
that the chemically pure ingredients
could be had nowhere else except in
the fatherland. All this was strictly
industrial and trade strategy, but 1t
served pretty effectually to check and,
in many directions, to choke off COM
petition. No wonder, then, that the
director Of the research laboratory Of
the Pittsburg Plate Glass Company
was prompted TO say, two years ago
Mechanically, the glass industry has
developed wonderfully. even magically,
The sun., 1919-05-11
Continued from Eighth PaOe.

was the first president. After his term
as Governor he went to Washington
and lobbied for Government aid. which
he secured. He personally superin-
tended the work on the Sierra stretch
OF the road, which was completed to
Ogden, Utah. by 1866.
The strain of the railroad enterprise
shortened the lives of Hopkins and
Croker, although they lived to pros
per In its success. Stanford. who had
borne the greatest burden. survived
until 1898 and was twice elected to the
United States Senate. His only son.
Leland Stanford, Jr, was born In 1863
and died at Florence, Italy, in 1885, a
blow which darkened the lives OF both
the parents and determined them to
establish a great memorial university.
The university project is said to have
been conceived still earlier, at a time
when Senator Stanford, much inter-
ested In education, was rejected by the
California Legislature on political
grounds as a nominee for membership
on the Board of Regents of the State
University.
After his death Mrs. Stanford de-
voted herself and her means to the in
stitution which bears her sons name.
In 1895 the promised immediate en-
dowment of the university was incom-
pIete, and her funds for the time being
were tied up by a Government suit for
SIS, 900. 900, brought against the Stan
ford estate on the strength Of Califor-
MIA laws holding that stockholders are
responsible for the debts OF companies.
Mrs. Stanford was granted an allow
once of $4,000 a month pending the
outcome of the litigation. She turned
The sun., 1919-05-11
liners" and How They Helped Their Hus

about 1850 and settled down solidly In
the mining business, becoming some
thing OF an expert
In 1875 came the bonanza excite
ment, after the discovery of the rich
ness of the Comstock lode. Mackay
and three associates. James c. Flood.
William S. O'Brien and James G. Fair,
were farsighted enough to get into the
Comstock development on the ground
floor. Mackay and Fair were practical
miners, working on the scene. Flood
and O'Brien proprietors of q cafe In
San Francisco. with capital to put into
the venture.
They bought the then unproductive
ground at the northerly end of the
lode. 1t was known to contain valu-
able ore. but at a depth which discour-
aged attempts to sink shafts. Mackay
and his partners reached 1t by ar
ranging with the owner of a deep
mine near by for the opening OF lat
eral tunnel from his workings. AS a
result they became men of wealth, ac-
cording to the standards OF that day,
and finally. as Mackay was about to
give up operations in the lode. a vein
was disclosed which yielded more than
500, 900, 900. Mackay's interest is said
to have been two-fifths. t..s-.
Subsequently, in 1884, partly on ac-
count Of enmity to Jay Gould. Mackay
formed the Commercial Gable and Pos
tai Telegraph companies. He died In
London in 1902, having lived abroad
for some years, during which Mrs.
Mackay. by sheer social genius, ex-
pressed In such entertaining as Lon
don and Paris had rarely II ever seen,
had become an acknowledged and spec
tacular leader OF the American
colonies. She and her sister. later
Countess OF Telfener. were the originals