davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1919-08-12
Decrease in German Reserves.

During the same period the number
of divisions in reserve diminishe ed by
sixty-four divisions. This enormous
decrease in the German reserves be-
comes still more important when it
is recalled that between July Is and
November 10. in consequence of the
retreat of the enemy's armies. the
German front was reduced in length
by some 156 miles. or very nearly 25
per cent tfrom $50 kilometers to TOO
kiiometers).
Consequently. if the Germans, on
July Is, instead of attacking. had
boldly shortened their front by re-
firing, they would have been able to
recuperate one-quarter of the forces
they had in line. This would have
enabled them to have had eighty lone
plus thirty-two divisions in reserve,
or total of 1l3.
under the sledge hammer blows of
the allied offensive the German re-
serves dwindled from 113-207 to IT.
184 of his total strength: that is to
say, from over one-half to about one
eleventh only.
Practically. as we have seen, the
German reserves were reduced to
nothing by the end of October.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1919-08-12
Fight With Little Rest.

Lastly it must be noted that the
periods of rest allotted to divisions
between their different appearances in
battle became shorter and shorter.
During September and October 60 per
cent of the divisions remained contin-
ually in line. while others were en-
gagged in fighting for periods of from
twenty to thirty consecutive days.
The whole German army, therefore,
had to suffer an enormous expenditure
of both nervous and physical energy.
The German offensives of March,
April, May and June, from the stand
point of the nervous strain and the
physical exertion imposed on the
enemy's troops, were mere child's play
as compared with the allied offensives
between July and November. AS a
matter of fact, although 178 German
divisions were engaged in battle be-
tween March 81 and July Is. at least
one-ha1f Of them were very soon
withdrawn from the fighting line and
either sent back to rest or into quiet
sectors to reform. Divisions then
fought only from ten to fifteen con-
secutive days, and sometimes less.
and were then given months rest,
or even more.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1919-08-12
No Fresh Reserves Left.

On November 10. on the contrary.
the whole Of the divisions capable of
fighting were either engaged in the
battle or had just been withdrawn
from it, and all Of them had been
engaged several times. There were,
as a matter Of fact, no fresh reserves
OF
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1919-08-12

total number of occasions on which
the various divisions were engaged
during these four months rose to 405,
whereas during the previous similar
period, from March 81 to July Is, the
total number was only 1854.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1919-08-12
HOW ALLIES FORCED
FIGHTING ON ENEMY
Reserves Were Used Up and
German Morale Broke
Down.

This is the seventh article in the SERIES
''Why Germany capituiated November IL,
1918" This and the succeeding articles pre-
sent many revelations regarding the condition
Inistice.)
By AN OFFICER OF THE, FRENCH
GENERAL STAFF.
The table below shows. for the most
important dates of 1918. the number
on the one hand, of German divisions
on the western front, and. on the
other. the number and the quality of
the German reserve divisions on the
same front, as estimated by the al
lied Intelligence and set forth in it's
daily statement:
Quality of divisions
in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1919-08-12

in quiet sectors.
Guard Divisions Become Mediocre
During September and October. ow-
ing to the causes already indicated,
distinctions marking the difference of
quality of the various divisions rapid
ly disappeared. Although some of the
"crack' units, such as the 18th and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1919-08-12
Poor tired feet

FOUNDING nail-studded leather heels on
hard pavements all day robs you of energy
i you need. Every step is shock not only to
your feet, but also to your entire system. Every
shock consumes your energy and produces
fatigue. It adds just that much more to the strain
of your daily life.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1919-01-18

short kirnono sleeves, round neck and
full trousers. The trousers IRE gath.
cred In about the ankles so that n
quaint, wide frill finishes the bottom
OF the legs. Thin. soft cottons In
light colors. or in white pin stripes
in colors. are used for lingerie of this
kind, and plated frills, bordercd with
plain and sometimes contrasting col.
or In tho same material make the best
sort Of trimming for them.
Fine pink or flesh.colored batiste.
with lace or any other of the pretty
finishing touches used In white lin
gerie. is Just now having great
vogue. The story Of under.garments
was never more interesting than II II
now. After war economies, women
are inclined to the fanciful in dress.
and are indulglng their fancies with.
out stint In the matter Of lingerie.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1919-01-18

Pajamas, of several sorts. for young
girls, have gained ground in the es.
teen of these discriminating and de-
termined young persons, and Il looks
rs If night.dresses are to be rele.
gated to second place. We are all
compelled to concede that negligees and
night clothes in which trousers sup
plant skirts. have introduced new
order Of fascinating dress for the
boudoir and have other charms than
that Of novelty to commend them.
Now that the time has come for the
annual replenlshing Of lingerie In the
wardrobe, It Is a good idea to look
into oil the new materials and styles
that January has to offer. As much
care and thought are given to design
Ing beautiful under.muslins. negligees
and all sorts Of lingerie, as to any 9th.
er apparel, and one might as well be
up to date In making these garments
as to linger behind the times.
The very simple pajamas shown in
the picture are In one piece, with
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1919-01-18

While there are st.ll three months
which call for warm wraps In most
parts of the country. interest in win
tel clothes will soon give place to
consideration o. clothes for spring.
This is particularly true Of chlldren's
wear
In the picture above styles for lit
tie Miss Winter make their going
away bow. The picture is portrait
OF little girl in velvet coat, with
mutf and hat to match, and any little
girl who isn't already provided with
an outfit for winter may take advan-
tage of this clothes.to-match idea. 1t
is a reflection of the styles for grown
people In which matched sets, as hat,
neckpiece and bag, or hat, coat and
muif made of the same materials,
have proved so smart. There Is q
vogue for them,
These velvet coats for little girls
are made in several colors, those for
the smaller girls often In rose blue,
light green beige or tan, while those
for girls of eight and upward are in
darker and quieter tones, as beaver,
brown, dark blue, dark green and the
dark purplish reds.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1919-01-18
NECKLACE IS HUGE
Ornament Is Brought Back as a
Pronounced Fashion.
Strings Of Pearls Allowed to Hang
Full Length Instead Of Being
Wrapped Around Neck.

The French designers have brought
back into fashion huge necklaces from
an ornamental past. They are not
made Of Jewels, yet they are cost
ly, and the supply Of fine ones rapidly
diminlshes. Once upon n time our
Indians bartered peltries for bright
beads. Such was the foundation Of
some Of our great American fortunes.
Today, declares fashion writer,
there are women who vehemcntly de-
clare that they would barter their sec
ond year fur pieces for n gay neck
lace. They sell old clothes in order
to get one of these much desired pos
sessions.
II is the hour of the necklace. All
that has gone before is rs nothing to
what now exists. And, mind You, the
necklace is not Of precious stones.
There are few well dressed women
who wear any precious stones about
the neck except pearls. Diamonds hold
place with some, but they are not
considered among we'll dressed women
as an ornament of parts. Costly they
are. II is true. and In unique settings
Of carved platinum they have their
place. hut the bare, bald, crude dia-
mond necklace is hit blatant for the
fostidiOus woman. She prefers pearls,
and so IL seems does every other wo-
man who can buy string, from six
dollars up.
IF the attention of the latter class
is turned toward the barbnrlc neck
'aces. It may be that they will quickly
fall into disuse: hut one thing Is cer-
tain. which is that six dollars will go
short way toward purchasing one Of
the rare necklaces of the hour.
An individual designer Of clothes In
New York found himself the for.
tunntc possessor Of n half dozen neck
laces which he had seen In an antique
shop, where they were thrown over n
string In the bnck Of the store. He
Immediately purchased them. Then
the French fashion found its way
across the ocean into America. and the
designer attached his necklaces to
costly gowns. either mt the neck or mt
the walstline. and they added to the
price he asked for the garment.
There Is nothing fastidious or deli
"ate about the new chains: they are
as heavy In appearance rs medieval
armor. They are made of great rings
or long, oblong links. and the plaque
Or medallion In which they end looks
ike japanese crest. II is rs full of
color and as massive rs the Egyptian
'ewelry Of other centuries.
All Of these new chains are short.
The big, carved medallion rests on the
bust. They do not reach to the waist,
which Is the desire of the precious
stones. The woman who owns n mar
velous string Of pearls now lets II
hang to Its full length. you know. In
stead Of wrapping II around her neck
several times, in royal fashion.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1919-01-18
DRESS SUGGESTIONS

A red organdie undersllp may be
worn under pale pink dress Of the
same material.
A blouse Of cream-dotted net is
charming when trimmed with plati.
mum gray ribbon.
A dress Of brown silk jersey may be
collared but not cuffed with pale rose
organdie.
White silk braid and black Jet beads
make charming trimming for simple
crepe de chine.
Evening cloaks and elaborate even
ing gowns are made with the new
dropped shoulder line.
In the evening one may wear a hat
Of white clipped beaver, banded with
white grosgrain ribbon.
An afternoon dress of gray and red
brown marquisette, trimmed In red
brown satin and crisp white organdie,
Is tightly draped and pulled around
the enkles to fulfill the effect Of taper
Ing.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1919-01-18

The velvet coat pictured here
hangs In straight lines with the full
ness at the top gathered to shoulder
yoke. The collar and. cuffs are Of
beaver fur. A small melon mum Is
made of the same velvet as the coat
and has a narrow band of beaver
about the center. The big, crowned
hat has an air of much importance
but ribbon ties ut each side give 1t
baby-bonnet touch to suit the lit.
tie wearer. The soft, upturned brm
has small needlewOrk squares set
about 1t and narrow band of fur
really caps the climax In this am
bilious little performance of the
styles. The muff hangs from the
neck with heavy silk cord and
safety first" requires that 1t be pro.
vided. Unless they are unusual, win
ter styles cannot expect to command
attention. This last word In outer
clothes for little girls proves to be
most interesting finale.
&<: &'*'"4
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1919-07-13

Cornell University. University OF Michi-
gan. Boston Institute OF Technology.
Princeton University. Yale University.
Drexel Institute, Philadelphia. Pa, webb
Academy. New York City, Lafayette
University. Bethlehem, Pa, Pratt Insti-
tute, Hoboken. N. J., and the Carnegie
Institute OF Technology, Pittsburgh. Pa.
sent in requests for the data.
Herbert l. Seward. assistant professor
or mechanical engineering at Sheffield
scientific School. Yale University. wrote:
Il would be very glad indeed to recei:e
the fifteen items you mention. We are
planning and developing courses in ma :
fine engineering. and this material seems
very appropriate
The reply from the DrexeI Institute was
as follows:
On account of the tremendous devel-
opment of shipbuilding in the past two
years. we are interested in knowing what
the problems are in ship construction N
order that we may include in our funda-
mental courses. the material that would
aid our graduates in tackling problems
or ship construction. For this reason we
would appreciate very much the infornla
ton suggested in your letter peuajpipg
&c ships and ship construction aud 1zSsIti
like to add all of these books to our IL
brary."
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1919-07-13

fact that indirectly their wealth has been
procured from the pockets of every man.
woman and child. The trouble with So
ciety as President Faunce OF Brown Uni
Versity, pointed out In his recent Den
YER address, Is not so much a matter of
shorter hours or larger pay, or even of
profit sharing, but a matter OF broke n
brotherhood. That is where we have
failed.
I'VE have broken faith with our broth
err man. The amelioration of the condi-
items of the poor the furnishing of op-
portunity for all workers to share more
equitably in the products OF their toll and
the Limitation of those processes by
which wealth multiplies itseIf-these are
concerns of mankind, and to the solu-
ton of the problems invo:ved, the church
must devote itself hencefortn with a de-
gree OF sincerity and or earnestness that
VIII admit of on misunderstanding and
no misconstruction. either on the part of
the workers themselves or on the part If
others who may differ from them in re-
spect to these fundamental questions OF
society.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1919-07-13
MISGIVING OF
LANCASHIRE COTTON
MEN ARE DISPELLED

London, July 12-Misgivings Lanca-
shire cotton men had regarding the
world cotton conference to be held in
New Orleans in October. have been
pretty we'll dispelled by the commits
sion of American cotton men which
has visited this country. AT first the
Lancashire people could not see any
reason for having a conference at
that time and no reason at all for
holding it in America. 1t seemed for
a time that there would be no dele
gates from the various organizations
in England.
The Americans have pointed out to
the English that as the world relies
mainly on American cotton most Of
the problems of handling it arise there
and it would be a good thing to dis
cuss them on the spot They also
maintained that although the Ameri-
cans were the first concerned, the in
terests of manufacturers and spin
ners were not inferior to those of
merchants and plants.
These arguments have prevailed and
Sir Hubert Dixon, chairman OF the
Fine Cotton Spinners' Association, has
consented to head the delegation. The
Liverpool Cotton Association has de-
cided to send delegates and it is vir-
tcally assured that the Manchester
chamber of commerce will do like
wise
1t has been suggested al Manchester
that British spinners might get along
with empire cotton and in this con-
nection James T. Broadbent. one of
the members of the Manchester cham
Der of commerce, who met the Ameri-
can commission, spoke as follows:
You may just as we'll get along with
the other English speaking people
who helped to safeguard the liberty
of the world and let us keep control
of the cotton. The question of where
it is grown should only be incidental
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1919-07-13

of its export business through reduc-
ton in its coal production.
1t Will be noted that i'm 1918 Great
Britain supplied 100000 tons TO
North Europe, 32,O00.0oO tons to
France and South Europe, that is
63,0O0,000 tons to the above named
countries, and others in Europe. AMI
IA 100000 tons to other parts of TIL
world. including about 100000 tons
to South America.
I'm the course OF the war Great
Britain instituted certain restriction
in the use of coal.
IF the restrictions are removed
Great Britain will have but 1000. 900
tons of coal for export during the com
ing year. On the other hand, IL these
restrictions are maintained, aecordinE
to the parliamentary commission
there will be 23,000,O00 tons for ex-
port purposes. IL all this coal Were
shipped TO Western and Southern Eu-
rope. il would leave a deficiency of
more than 25,000.000 tons. without con
sidering the 100000 tons which in
1913 Great Britain supplied for othel
parts of the world There is thus
a total deficit at this time of approx
mately 10000, 900 tons year which
il it is 10 be supplied at all, can only
be supplied by America, on the as
sumption that Westphalia and Belgium
are unable to materially increase pro
duction. At best there is evidently
very large amount OF coal which tn"
United States could and should supply
to relieve the situation now that there
is likely TO be sufficient shipping fly
ing the American flag to take care
of the business"
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1919-07-13

duct export.
France will be particularly hit by
the conditions prevailing in Great Brit
ain from whom she received in 1913
nearly 100000 tons of coal. Alto
gether, before the war, she consumed
81 600, 900 tons and imported from diff
ferent countries 81 Loco. 900 tons of coal,
coke and briquets. The mines destroy
ed by the Germans produced 20,000,0 900
tons Of coal in pre-war times and at
least two-thirds of the destruction wa
systematic. wanton and without mill
tary necessity.
1T is. estimated by the French en-
gineers that ii will take from two TO
five years to restore the broken shaft
Innings and to unwater the mines and
rebuild the surface plants and that it
will take ten years to completely re-
store the production rate of these
mines. The taking over by France of
its former provinces OF Alsace and Lor
raine, and its occupation of the Saar
district has. however. altered the fuel
needs of France.
Contrary to the general impression
the coal mines of Belgium were not de-
stroyed by the Germans.
"Of the great allied nations Italy is
in the worst situation regarding fuel.
In 1913 1t produced less than three
quarters of million tons of coal and
imported from Great Britain that year
10, 100000 tons.
ITO sum up the situatioR western
and southern Europe is badly in need
of coal. Heretofore. the deficiencies in
the different countries. amounting to
$4,000, 600 tons a year. We're supplied by
Great Britain, which now faces a loss
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1919-07-13

II am financial wreck because of
the expense of doctors and medicine
for my wife. She has been a chronic
sufferer for 10 years. Some pro
nounced it gall stones, some gastritis
and some intestinal inflammation.
happened to read an ad OF Mayrs
Wonderful Remedy and from the first
dose my wife has steadily improved"
1t is simple, harmless preparation
that removes the catarrhal mucus
from the intestinal tract and alIays
the inflammation which causes prac-
tically all stomach. liver and intestinal
ailments, including appendicitis. One
dose will convince or money refunded
Crystal Pharmacy and Druggists ev-
erywhere.-Adv.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1919-07-13
May
GALLON
FOR HER COAL

washington. d. c., July 11.-That
the United States may be called upon
to make up an alarming coal shortage
in Europe, due in part to what may
amount to the destruction of England
great export coal trade through labor
difficulties, is indicated in a report
just made to Director Van. H. Man
ming of the Bureau OF Mines, depart
ment of the interior. by George S. Rice,
chief mining engineer of the bureau.
Mr.. Rice, member of commission
from this country TO Europe to in
vestigate mining conditions, has just
returned to Washington after a several
months visit and with a gloomy out
of Europe.
Perhaps the most serious changes
in the coal problem are taking place
in Great BVtain. which has always
been the greatest coal-exporting ma
ton of the world" said Mr.. Rice.
With a production of 2S7 million tons
in 1913 the last pre-war year, she
exported seventy-seven million tons
to countries that were in dire need of
coal"
The startling changes in the after
war period are based on the coming
award of the coal industry commits
y
report of which goes into effect July
16 and which reduces the hours of Ia
. Dor underground from eight to seven
hours, and subject to the economic
position of the industry at the end OF
1920, the hours of labor underground
to be reduced to six" In discussing
the effect of this. Mr. Rice quotes
Sir Auckland Gaddes as calling to the
attention of the house of commons that
during the next year. under this ward,
the production of coal will be lessened
by 100000 tons. practically England's
export trade, and that the reduced
output and increase of wages will
cast s1.06 more per ton. altogether an
increase of more than 5000, 100000.
The seven hours work a day are
exclusive of the average time of low
ering or raising the workmen from
the mine" says Mr.. Rice, but include
the time of travelling to the working
place. which means according to the
day there will be less than six hours
of effective work.
The total British coal exports in
1913 We're II million tons. II the re
storations in the consumption of coal
are removed on the basis of internal
consumption of coal, this would leave
but seven million tons for export. As
France. Italy, Sweden. Norway and
Spain have largely been dependent is
serious one apart from England's
loss Of practically its only raw pro-
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1919-07-13
SHIPBUILDINC
May SOON Be
SCHOOL COURSE

, Schools of naval architecture and ship
construction may soon become important
branches of educational institutions Of
the United States if this nation continues
its Roadway in maritime strength. Four
teen universities and technical colleges
have signified their interest in a line of
instruction that was decadent almost TO
the point of extinction when the needs
Of war presented a demand for ships that
could not be denied, and some of them
have already established courses in naval
architecture. marine engineering and
ship construction, while others are plan
ming similar action.
The United States Shipping Board
Emergency Fleet Corporation. which felt
so keenly the lack of technicans in car
rying out it's shipbuilding program, and
had TO establish emergency schools for
intensive training, Is encoura ging and
fostering plans for the new schools I'm all
institutions capable of expanding their
fields of learning. 1t has furnished TO
those interested valuable data gained
through experience with all phases OF
the shipbuilding industry in every quar-
teI of the country, and stands ready 20
Give similar aid to all who may apply.
1t IS assumed by men in closest touch
with the situation that the need for ma
rine architects and engineers will grow
as the yards expand and enter the open
field OF competition in construction for
sumption. p. ]. McAuliffe. manager OF
the Iii, ision of ship construction. recently
sent letters to universities and technical
and preparatory schools which read as
follows:
Does your curriculum include a Naval
Architecture course, and II so, would
you be interested In receiving a copy of
the following information pertaining to
slips and ship construction?
1. Technical Order Covering changes
and alterations for vesselsD
2. Proposed Standa rdization of Rolled
Steel Ships.
8. Trial Trip Data.
4. Reference Data Book OF Various
Steel Vessels.
5. Structural Steel for Ships.
6. Charts Showing Total Rivets Driven
at Various Shipyards.
Z. Machinery Drawings of Government
Harbor Tug.
g:nes.
9. Blueprints Showing the Efficiency
of Shipyards, Based upon their Tonnage
Deliveries for Six Months Period
10. Employment Bulletins.
II. Material List for Wood Ships
IL. Book Of Standard Designs.
IS. Charts Showing the Number Of
Rivets Driven and the Tonnage of Steel
foI Various Designs
IA Blueprints Showing Particulars of
Designs Of Various Ships
Is. Standard Form of f. F. c. Con-
tract for Ship Construction.
Upon receipt of your request we will
forward you copies as desired by you"
The University of Pennsylvania. Col
umbia University, Harvard University,