davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1919-01-19
West Front
Tied Up

The deadlock of trench warfare set in
about December 1914. Thereafter in the
West, where the strength of the combat
ants was becoming more and more equal
lzed, the defensive was to gain steadily
in power over the offensive Open war
fare was to be abolished and great bat
ties were to be fought, with losses run
ming into the tens of thousands in which
the gains Of territory were measured not
in miles, but in hundreds of yards.
The coming of trench warfare greatly
strengthened the German grip on
France. Having failed to take Paris in
September and the Channel ports in Oc-
tober and November. the German High
Command settled down to a defensive
which lasted, except for the Verdun cpl
sode, until March, 1918. 1t was the obvi-
Gus policy of the Germans to hold fast
in the West while solidifying their power
in the East. They could do this with a
minimum expenditure of effort in France
and Belgium, because Of the vast defence
systems which they nstructed-mostly
through the enforced labor of prisoners.
Against these great barriers the French
and British armies beat for three years
without making anything like a serious
breach in them 1t was "nibbling" on
grand scale. But the cost was always
out of proportion to the results The
Germans had the man power, the arti-
lery, the machine guns and the strategic
reserves to defend their Western lines,
and at the same time they had sufficient
strength to overrun Galicia, Poland.
Courland, Bukowina, Serbia, Montene
gro, Albania and Rumania and to deal
the finishing blow to the topping Rus
sian giant.
New-York tribune., 1919-01-19
Royal German
Agents

Both Constantine and the Empress
paid tardy penalty for their perfdy.
But their services to the German cause,
while they lasted, were invaluable. They
differed from Fcrdinand's and Envcr
Pacha's only in that they were not paid
for it out Of the great German corrup-
ton fund. Allied diplomacy could never
have put the Czarina under bonds for
good behavior. But it could have oustod
Constantine long before it did, because
Greece was ward Of France Great
Britain and Russia. Greece should have
been released long before 1917 for active
service with the Entente, with whose
interests those Of the Greek people were
thoroughly in harmony.
Bulgaria, the loser in the second Bal
kan war, still bitter and vcnRcful was
the natural ally of Germany and Aus
New-York tribune., 1919-01-19

cally driven from the ocean The high
seas fleet was interned at the German
naval bases, issuing infrequently on
raids and only twice venturing real
engagement with the British. The Ash
attic squadron remained at large in the
Pacific for several months, defeating an
inferior British squadron off the Chilean
coast and subsequently, after entering
the South Atlantic, being itself destroyed
by a superior British squadron off the
Falkland Islands A few remaining
light cruisers, including the famous En-
den, were gradually rounded up in the
ends Of the earth.
German sea power seemed to have
vanished. But what the German cruiser
could no longer do on the surface of the
waters the U-boat quickly learned to
do under them. Before the war the
U-boat was merely a promising expert
ment. Few naval authorities had much
faith in its future 1t was constructed
primarily as an engine of coast defence,
supplementing mines and land batteries
The cruising radius of most of the sub
marines built before 1914 was small, and
the speed attained, either on the surface
or under it. was so low that the U-boat
seemed condemned to operate within
narrow range along the coasts which it
10rOtanted
New-York tribune., 1919-01-19
Everything Went the Germans Way
Until Megalomania Did IT.
Deadly Work
Bv William l.. Mcpherson
Copyright, 1919, Ne7o York Tribune I1c.

- HE Goddess of Fortune was over
q generous to the Germans. They
n took her gifts arrogantly. They
had none Of the old Greek dread
oS,her uninterrupted favor. They pre-
stmed on their good tuck as no other
nation has ever done. But Fortune had
her revenge. BY the time she was ready
to turn her face away she had killed
the Germans with overkindness.
Schiller wrote famous short poem,
entitled "The Ring of Polykrates." All
Germany has known the work for more
than a century But modern Germany
had lost the sense of the words. Schiller
retold the Greek legend Of king of
Samos, whose good fortune was phe-
nomenal. His guest, an eXiled king of
Egypt, became alarmed about this
omnous run of luck, and advised Poly
krates to throw into the sea the thing
he valued most in his whole kingdom
Polykrates sacrificed his favorite ring
Next day a fisherman brought fish to
the palace as a present and when the
COOK cut II open the KING ring ap-
peared. The former Egyptian monarch
took his leave in haste, exclaiming:
Die Gotter wollen dein Verderben
Fort ell ich, nicht NIT dir zu sterben."
["The gods are bent on your de-
structlon. | hurry away, SO as not to die
with you.'l
Germany was spoiled child of fort
une during the first two and half
years of the war. But she never sought
to placate the fates. She never made
single sacrifice to superstition or
prudence. The U-boat was her ring of
Polykrates. She would not abate it's
illegal and monstrous use And that de-
cision brought her to ruin.
New-York tribune., 1919-01-19
The GOeben
And BreSiau

1t is worth while recalling the many
good turns by which Germany bene-
fitted. Her first extraordinary piece of
luck was the escape to Constantinople
of the Goeben and the Breslau. These
two warships were trapped in the
Mediterranean They were obliged to
go to Messina to coal. They should
have been hemmed in from the south
and east and driven toward Gibraltar.
But steaming out of Messina they made
for the Dardanelles, evading the Allied
squadrons lying in wait for them. Their
arrival at Constantinople made Tur-
keys accession to the Central Alliance
certain They were nominally trans
ferred to the Young Turk government.
But the Young Turk leaders, working
hand in glove with the German Am
bassador, Baron Won Wangenheim, used
the big batte-cruiser Goeben to terror
ize the population Of the Turkish cap
ital and also to conduct the raid on the
northern Black Sea ports, which put
Turkey dramatically into the war
through an overt act against Russia
IF the Goeben and Breslau had been
captured-or even the Goeben alone
Turkeys participation might have been
delayed-possibly prevented. The Al
lied admiralties had calculated that the
Goeben and the Breslau would not run
for the Dardanelles, since the Treaty Of
Paris of 1856 and the Treaty of Lon
don. of 1871 both provided that war
ships should not use the straits except
by special permission of the Sultan,
which could be granted only in ting of
peace. When the Allied commanders
found that the two German war vessels
had entered the straits a true appre-
cation Of the emergency would have led
them to force that barrier themselves.
Il was one Of the critical moments of
the war. But, as was to be the case
for the next three years with Allied
policy in the Near East, military ad-
vantage was sacrificed to timidity, ir-
resolution and foolish preconceptions
New-York tribune., 1919-01-19
he Dangerous
N=BOaf

Admiral Sir Percy Scott was the only
British expert with imagination enough
to realize the great offensive power bot
tied up in the submarine. Just before the
war he wrote some articles in 1.-The
London Tines in which he predicted
that if war came battleships would have
to be locked up in harbors behind booms
to prevent their being torpedoed by
U-boats He believed that the spirit of
invention, which is mothered by neces-
sity, would, under war conditions, soon
make the submarine seaworthv and enor-
New-York tribune., 1919-01-19
led in Luck; Then Got Unbalanced and Reckless
Huge Blum er
Ended Hope of
Victory

mously dangerous, just as the Monte.
and the iron-clad Merrimac sprang snd
denly into being in our own Civil W.
Sir Percy Scott was laughed at h, -.
naval bureaucrats. But he was r;oh.
Within two or three years he saw ~.
British battleships shepherded IN ha.
of refuge about the Shetland IsIaIS.
whence they issued only under II.
closest guard of sweepers and des,ro,
ers. But in his widest speculations !.
had never prophesied the developmer.
of a U-boat which SHOULD carry e.i,oh
guns for surface fighting purposes and
should not only patrol the British lelo.
and the coasts Of France and SDain h,.
should cross and recross the Ausnhc
with ease. That submarine Will, =
base at Kiel or Wilhelmshaven sbonla
sink merchant ships off Barnegat Bay or
the Virginia Capes seemed as incred;blo
in 1914 as that German coast guns
should lombard Edinburgh or London
Germany, therefore, found herself
possessed in the U-boat Of more than on
equivalent in offensive sea power for
what she had lost in her marooned sur.
face navy Until experience began II
furnish the enemy surface fleets with an
adequate defence the submarine mads
life miserable for them The appearanc.
of single U-boat in the Egean Sea in
the spring of 1915 compelled the with.
drawal of the Allied warships which were
cooperating in the attack on the Darda-
nelles forts. From 1915 to 1918 Allied
operations in the Near East were greatly
hampered by the submarine threat
French and British military effort was
thereby localized to Belgium and France
where Germany needed most to localize
it. The incidental warfare on Allied
shipping was also grave strain on Al.
lied commerce and transportation.
New-York tribune., 1919-01-19
The Growing
Error

This was the monumental Diunder Of
German strategy. The United States
was, in fact, capable of being converted
within a short time into the most power
full military. nation in the world. Bg
the infatuated German High Command
couldn't see that. A competent general
staff should have known that the unre
stricted submarine campaign was. from
the military point Of view. only piece
of window dressing. It could not bring
victory. And dragging the United
States by the ears into the war was
bound to make victory for Germany an
impossibhty
Germany had the war nearly won IN
January, 1917. Her long streak Of good
fortune was about to eliminate in the
Russian revolution But she was drums
with success. She forgot caution. SIZE
sacrificed substance to shadow. Less
than ever did she comprehend the world
about her or the true objects Of her own
strategy. She could no longer under
stand the great poet Of her era Of N
tellectual clarity and modesty:
'Nicht einen sab ich fr0hich enden
"Auf den NIT INNER vollen Uanden
Die Gotter hire Gabcn streuen.'
l'I never saw any one come to happy
end on whom the gods showered Their
gifts from heapod-up hands "
Germany should have sent to the mad
house the leaders who wanted. in the
winter Of 19f6-1917. to run amucN
with the submarine Instead. she a'
claimed them as military geniuses thus
writing her own doom.
New-York tribune., 1919-01-19
A Diplomats
I esfinOny

IN his recent book, Ambassador Nor
penthau's Story the clear sighted
American envoy in Constantinople saws
of the escape of the Goeben and the
Breslau: II have often speculated on
what would have happened if the Eng
hsh battle-crusers which pursued the
Breslau and the Goeben up to the mouth
OF the Dardanelles had not been too gen
tlemanly 10 violate international law.
suppose they had entered the straits, at
tackled the German cruisers in the Mar
mora and sunk them. They could have
done this, and, knowing all that we
know now, such an action would have
been justified. Not improbably the de-
struction would have kept Turkey out
Of the war For the arrival of these
cruisers made it inevitable that Tur
Ney when the proper time came, should
loin her forces with Germany. With
them the Turkish navy became strong
er than the Russian Black Sea fleet, and
thus made 1t certain that Russia could
make no attack on Constantinoplc."
Germany in the frst weeks Of the war
thus was able to close definitely to the
Allies the warm water route to Russia
The preservation Of communications
with Russia was the primary strategic
object II the Entente. Could they keen
lprkey neutral or eventually buy, ca
Jole or force her INTO opening the Oar
dapelles, Great Britain, France and Rus
New-York tribune., 1919-01-19
East From
Still Fluid

There could be no genuine deadlock on
the Eastern front. The necessary solid
ity on the part of the defence was lack
ing on that side. The enormously superb
or German artillery could breach the en-
envy lines at any point and then restore
relatively open warfare. The heaviest
Allied artillery concentrations in France
and Belgium made only dents here and
there in the German defences. But, re-
lying chiefly on their heavy guns, the
Germans could clear hostile territory in
the East with almost as much ease as in
the days before the intervention of rigid
postional warfare.
In still another important develop
ment of modern war fortune was kind
to the Germans. They had built great
hopes on the Zeppelin. 1t disappointed
them; for the drigible as a weapon of
offence was one of the absolute failures
of the war But the U-boat surpassed
all expectations. 1t was exploited to an
extent which revolutionizcd warfare at
sea. 1t was one Of the greatest military
finds of the war, quito lassng in eff
fectiveness the Skoda howitzer and the
iifty-mile supercannon, and easily rival
ling in destructiveness the bombing air
plane.
Within week from the outbreak of
hostilltics the German navy was practi-
New-York tribune., 1919-01-19
King Constantine of Greece

have the effect Of immobilizing war on
the West front for more than three
years. But the Germans were to benefit
from this immobilization much more
largely than the Allies. The change
came just as the Germans were ready to
drop the offensive in the West and to go
east to recover the territory which Aus
tria-Hungary had lost to the Russians.
New-York tribune., 1919-01-19
Sir Edward Crews
DeIuSiOnS

Sir Edward Grey, an amable pacifist
and compromiser, was completely out
of touch with the realities of Balkan
politics. He did not understand the
fierce passions, jealousies and hatreds of
the Balkan peoples. He tried to deal
with Ferdinand of Bulgaria as if that
worthy were, as he claimed to be,
good European.
Greece was an ally of Serbia, the two
countries having just finished success
full war against Turkey and successful
war against Bulgaria. Venizelos, the
greatest Of the statesmen of modern
Greece, was in power at Athens The
Allies wanted to enlist Greece in the
Dardanelles enterprise and offered her
liberal compensations. Venizelos was
an ardent friend of the Entente But
when it came to realizing Greek aid
Allied diplomacy fell between the two
stools of Greek ambitions and Italian
ambitions. 1t also encountered, without
understanding it, the veiled hostility of
King ConStantine--a pro-German at
heart, who was to develop more and
more into a malignant enemy of the
Entente and as faithful a. tool of Berlin
as was his former arch enemy, the Gar
of the Bulgars.
1T is a curious circumstance that the
Allies were to suffer enormously in
Greece as well as in Russia from distaF
politics. Constantine's policy was
shaped by his wife's relationship to the
German Kaiser She was the Kaiser's
sister. SO Constantine considered him
self Hohenzollern by marriage. In
that role he did not scrupe to sacrifice
the interests of Greece on the family
altar
The Empress of Russia was a Hessian
princess, and her great influence in the
court at Petrograd kept alive
pro-German cabal, which remained in
reasonable communication with Berlin.
betrayed military secrets and obstructcd
the delivery of supplies to the armies.
In 1916 Sturmer, the Russian Prime
Minister, tricked Rumania into declar
ing war and then abandoned her to the
Germans
New-York tribune., 1919-01-19

Sla could reasonably expect TO Oofeat
Germany and Austria-Hungary without
aid from Italy or the United States.
But, like pure windfall, Constanti-
nople dropped early in August 1914, into
German hands, In the Sea of Marmora
the two fugitive German cruisers be-
came of more value to Germany than
all the rest of Germany's High Seas
fleet. They alone of all Won Tirpitz's
surface navy were to prove themselves
a profitable military Investment.
COnsfantinOpie's
Value
To the Allies in 1914, 1915 and 1916
possession Of Constantinople would have
more than offset the loss of territory
they had suffered in Belgium and North
ern France. The Entente strategists
could not see this at first, and never saw
it clearly enough. They refrained from
entering the straits in 1914. The next
year they made half-hearted effort to
enter them and failed ingloriously,
when, with little better management,
SuNSSoo was lll oiSlC' NC1 ihoily tfCiu HCi
breath while the Dardanelles forts were
attacked by the Allied fleets in Febru-
airy and March, 1915. But again fortune
was more than liberal to the Germans.
The Gallipoli campaign went down to
history as a tragic Allied disaster At
ter that Bulgaria joined the Central
Powers, Serbia was conquered and a
free corridor was opened through the
Balkans from Berlin to Constantinople
Russa's isolation, except on the Arctic
Ocean side and through far-off Vladvos-
tok, was clinched and Russias exhaus-
ton as military power was assured.
Everywhere in the Near East events
continued to play steadily into Ger
many's hand. Sir Edward Grey had
been the ruling spirit in the London
conferences which had tried to
straighten out affairs in the Balkans
after the first Balkan war. The net
result of these negotiations had been
to create the burlesque state of Albania
and put William of WED, burlesque
monarch, on its throne. They had also
forced the second Balkan war which
ended with Bugaria's collapse and the
Of
New-York tribune., 1919-01-19

protected.
New-York tribune., 1919-04-23
Defence Society
Seeks TO Increase
Respect for Flag 9
Boards of Education All
Over the Country Asked
to Include History of Stars
and Stripes in SchoolWork

An increasing lack of respect to the
American flag is declared by the
American Defense Society to be in evil
dence throughout the United States.
The organization announced yesterday
its intention to carry on an American
ization crusade through the 800
branches of the society throughout the
country. Boards of education in all
the larger cities will be called upon to
include the history of the flag in their
school work. In a circular to citizens
of the United States the society saws:
"Ihe attention of loyal Americans is
directed to The need for more respect
to be shown our flag While it has
ever stood for the best that there is in
this country, this year it stands as the
emblem of hone tor the civilized
world We urge the citizens of this
republic to see that torn. dirty, neg
lected flags be replaced by new ones,
displayed at proper intervals, and that
flags flown from municipal and public
statfs be raised and lowered with be-
coming dignity.
The flag should be regarded with
New-York tribune., 1919-04-23
Swami Asks for Return
Of Lustgarten by Army
Lawyer Who Disappeared ii
1917 Accused of Larceny
of Large Sums

District Attorney Swami asked the
War Department yesterday to hasten
the return of William Eustgarten, who
disappeared in August, 1917, leaving
a note in which he threatened suicide
lie was indicted later charged with the
larceny of $4,000 from company of
which he was president.
Complaints since made to the Dis
trict Attorneys office show, according
to Assistant District Attorney Pecora,
who has charge of the case, that Lust
garten is accused of the larceny of
more than half million dollars.
Among the complainants, all investors
in Lustgarten's company, are the fol-
lowing, according to Mr.. Pecora: For
mer Dock Commissioner Tomkins, $780,
600; ii. Lcubscher, $l00,0O0; Frank L.
Montague, S90,500; John Martin, for
merly of the Board of Education, $43,-
600, and Robert Schalkcnbach, $4,000.
Lustgarten was found with the Amer
lean Expeditionary Forces at Savcnay,
under the name of Allen II. Wilson.
lie was corporal in the 309th Engi-
neerS.
New-York tribune., 1919-04-23
Salvation Army Head
Gets Pershing Tribute
Self-Sacrifice of Workers Won
Affectionate Regard of
Troops. Saws General

Commander Evangeline Booth of >th
Salvation Army made public yester
day cablegram sent by General JOIN
j. Pershing, in which he paid a glow
ing tribute to the devotion of the Sal
vation Army workers in France. TIL,
cablegram follows:
81 wish to express to you my sin
cere appreciation. and that of all mem
bers OF the American expeditionar,
forces, for the splendid services rem
dered by the Salvation Army to the
American army in France. The out
standing features of the work of tn,
Salvation Army have been its dispo.
sltlon to push its activities as far a.
possible to the front, and the trained
and experienced character Of its work
ers, whose one thought was the well
pelng OF the soldiers they came te
serve. While the maintenance of these
standards has necessarily kept your
work within narrow bounds as com.
pared to some of the other welfare
agencies 1t has resulted in degree oi
excellence and self sacrifice in the
WORK performed, which has been sec.
onu TO none. 1t has endeared Won,
organization and its individual mer
ana women workers to all those di.
SlSlons and other units to which tbov
"aFe peen attached, and has snreaS
Az, 49, eooo name to every part of the
american cxpeditionary forces"
New-York tribune., 1919-04-23
lcebergs on Grand Banks
Delay Adriatic's Voyage

Tho White Star liner Adriatc. from
liverpool, which landed 1000 Canadian
troops at Halifax, arrived here yestcr-
day with 249 civilian and military pas
scngcrs.
Captain Ransom inquired about the
progress Of the proposed transatlantic
nights and urged that they be post
poned until summer, as the winds and
fogs that prevail on the Atlantic in the
spring would be serious handicaps to
the aviators.
Among the passengers on tho Adri-
atlc was George Bloomfield, Great
Lakes seaman, who enlisted in the Brit
ish navy and was one Of the volunteers
that went out on the Nindictive when
she blocked the harbor Of Zecbrugpc.
Others on board were a. G.. Dent. of
the London. Liverpool and Globe lnsur-
ance Company; Captain Basil Hubert
Cooper, Of the 5th Australian Division,
accompanied by his bride, who was
Miss Marguerite Strawbrdge, of Phila
dclphia; Miss Maudc Fitch, Of the
American Ambulance Corps. and Miss
Hazel Archibald. Of Seattle. Wash.
New-York tribune., 1919-04-23
1000 New Workers ON
Troopships Bound Home
Columbia Coming Here, While
Mercury and Finland Go
10 Newport News

WASHINGTON, April 22.-Ncarly
4,000 New York troops are included in
the passenger lists of three transports
announced to-day by the War Depart
ment for dockage at New York and
Newport News, Va.
The New Workers now en- route home
follow:
On board the Columbia, due to dock
at New York, May 4-eighty men f
bakery companies 305 and 327, for mus
ter out at Camp Upton; and two New
York casual companies, comprising
three officers and fifty-five men.
i4 On board the Mercury, due at New
port News, May nineteen officers
and 629 men of the 28th Division Head
quarters, 112th Infantry; 303d Trench
Mortar Battery, 103d Train Ileadquar-
ters and Mobile Ordnance Repair Shop.
Evacuation Hospital No. 6, and Base
Hospitals Nos 81, 56, SO and 115, for
demobilization at Camp Upton; sixteen
officers and $50 men of the same organ
jzations for muster out at Camp Dix.
Aboard the Finland, due at Newport
News, May 1-twenty- officers and
,743 men of the 103d Engineers, conva-
lescent camps No. 2 and No. 10, and
Base Hospital No. 23, for discharge at
Camp Upton; thirty-two officers and
526 men Of 2Sth Division HEADQUARTERS,
103d Engineers, and convalescent camps
Nos. and 10, for muster out at Camp
Dix. Also New York casual company
OF two officers and l69 men.