davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1919-04-11

sheotint galleries, moving picture
shows, Bowling alleys and theatres,
nannfee eaur1ng tools, implements, eng
ines and boilers will all take the rate
OF 50 par cent of actual value.
Buildings and improvements on leas-
edssitesNrented lands and lots, shares
OF bank stock, oil stations and feed
mills. flour mills, elevators, machinery
and equipment of water work system,
gas plants including pipe lines,
are all assessed at 100 per
cent. SO you see that, the heavy
:burdenHpf taxation falls upon the farm
lands and all revenue producing pro-
perty of city, villages and towns. All
taxes become lower upon city and viii
,lage property used for home only, pro-
vtdad LOCAL taxing districts did not ask
for more money.
Hoping that this is the desired in
formation you wish and as correctly
as 1t is possible for me to get it, beg
Jeremiah.
~ Il: @ Respectfully yours,
III III: GsssffW. NELSON, County Auditor
Fl =. We have three tax levies
that asa sneeific 5leyies and are dang
eToHss These @levies are: two mills on
the dollar of assessed valuation for
county schools, known as county tut
tion fund. One fourth of one mill for
county fair and one fourth of one mill
for better farming. If the legislature
has reduced these direct levies or
passed some law whereby they do not
become appliable on full valuation,
then the tax will be reduced in these
three funds accordingly, but If they
have overlooked these three funds
and done nothing withthem, you will
derive a.. tax on these three
funds that is absolutely too high
But I have no way of knowing if any
action has been taken on these three
leyies.
The above facts would indicate that
a person living in his own home would
be taxed a trifle less than last year
in state and county tax. But mark
what happens to. man who owns a
house that he rents to neighbor.
Revenue producing property is valued
at 100 per cent, so that man renting
a neighbor one of his houses would
have his valuation raised to ONE
HUNDRED PER CENT. All revenue
property is raised that
Continued on page ~
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1919-04-11
= VT.~S,s.s > - ~ = y
NO GUARANTEE ASKED.
What our boys had to do they

+ What our boys had to do they 4
y did. They asked for no guaran- y
Y tee. They were prepared to give +
+ their lives, and many made the f
+ supreme sacrifice. We are not Z.
+ asked to give our lives. No one ).
+ 10 asked to give money. The gov z
+ ernment offers to borrow and It q
+ offers the safest security ever 4.
4 devised and an investment that q
+ Is highly profitable as well. q
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1919-04-11
ss.* x...

THRIFT is PATRIOTISM +
Put your money where Il will +
i be eafe-,xhere e viii work for =
yot, where It will render a=patri =
{ i otic service--prepare 81 buy =
when the Victory Liberty Loan i
isa offered.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1919-04-11

now be assessed 9 for full value, i
naturally would be assessed for $s,4o'
or the purchase price. Such being tn,
case the taxes viii be- distributed fo'
the ensuing year as follows. =
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1919-04-11

Total Rate ......... 10. 80 $24. 46
BY the above figures you will readi-
ly see that the person assessed for his
home in city or village will not re-
ceive the high tax burden that will
apply to revenue producing property,
for the reason that, seeing that all
farm buildings are exempted the legis-
lature has seen fit to allow $1,000 ex-
emption for property used as your
home and assessed the balance at SO
per cent. So you readily see that the
people owning their homes will not
receive the high tax burden that you
naturally expect.
have also prepared for you under
your direction statement of the taxes
on the NWA of 11-140-58. This is
cnarter that belonged to the Nester
Estate and was sold by Ncsters' t.:
Robert E. Bergeson for a consideration
of So, 400. ss ,s..,si. - %s'
For the year 1918 this quarter was
assessed for 81 ,4O4 being at the. rate
ne-fifth of.its actual value or there
about. 2$:s. .
/: On this assessment Of $1,4O4 the:
taxes were: distributed as follows: 81:
a n G i, - .s~e.
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1919-09-29

the county has not seen fit to do any.
thing about it. If that be true, sew.
eral of your neighbors have land that
should be drained. If all of you tel
the census enumeration hctF many ac-
res you have that need drainage, The
Department of Agriculture will have
the facts to show what is needed in
your community. When the oppo-
rtunity offers, it will be in position 70
do what it may to secure for you
what you need.
Those things are fairly typical OF
the questions that will be asked in
taking the agriculture census. In or
der to answer all of the questions in
diligently, the farmer will have TO
think about the matter little before
the enumeration calls on him. He
ought to give the enumeration the
most accurate information he can,
What the individual farmer tells the
enumerator is likely to benefit that
farmer Individually, but it is certain
10 benefit any number of other farm
ers. 1t is not too early now to get
the facts straight in your mind.
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1919-09-29
STORE VEGETABLES
FOR WINTER USE

WASHINGTON, D. c., Sept. 29-
Jack Frost soon will kill most of the
tender garden crops, even in the
South, and home gardeners are d.
vised not to delay in caring for We
Setables now in the garden.
A storage cellar or outdoor pit is
of course, the most desirable place
to store vegetables but not every
home gardener has a storage cellar
or pit at his disposal and some
simple and inexpensive method must
be provided. A yer reflective storage
recommended by the United States
Department of Agriculture, may be
made by partially burying wooden
box or large barrel on its side in a
well-drained spot in the garden. Itish
potatoes, carrots, parsnips, satisfy,
turnips, beets,. and winter radishes
can be stored in this manner. Cab
bagc, as a rule, can be stored to best
advantage by burying it in the
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1919-09-29
FEED COST OF
RAISING HEIFERS

The Importance Of providing cheap
feed for growing heifers and practic-
ing thorough culling is brought out
by the results of feeding experiments
recently completed by the Dairy Di-
vision, United States Department of
Agriculture. In these experiments
groups Of calves were fed from birth
to one year and two years of age and
4 record kept of all feed consumed.
In one experiment, Ii heifer calves
were raised to the age of one year.
and two years of age and record
kept of all feed consumed.
In one experiment IL heifer calves
wer raised to the age of one year
The amount of feed consumed by
each calf was as follows: Hay, o71.S
pounds; grain, 1855 pounds; silage,
3,693.1 pounds; milk, ITO pounds;
skim milk, 2,414 pounds. Estimating
the hay at 80 per ton, grain at go
and silage at So per ton, milk at A
cents and skim milk at ga cents per
pound, the cost of raising each heif-
u " oHS ySdl VI eSC Wdo p iA.tI'.
Five of the calves from the first eX-
pertinent were then fed for one more
year. During this second year each
calf consumed on the average 1,117.8
pounds of hay; 1926 pounds o.
grain; 8,031 pounds of Stage. Using
the same figures for computing the
cost of the feeds consumed during
this second year, the total cost If
raising heifcr from birth until two
years of age was $157.96 These fig
urcs emphasize the necessity of pro-
viding cheap feed for heifers such sas
pasture and silage, and bring out The
importance of carefully culling the
heifers to avoid raising those which
will prove to be inferior cows.
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1919-09-29

ground, while celery can be placed in
a trench and covered with boards and
straw or leaves, with an outer layer
of soil to keep out frost. Sweet po-
tatoes should always be stored in a
warm, dry place, such as room over
the kitchen where there will be
plenty of both heat and ventilation.
If no cellar or storage pit is avail
able, a temporary storage should be
provided at once, and the various vS-
gctables that are adapted to storage
should be cared for before it gets
cold enough to injure them. Full IN
formation regarding the storage of
garden vegetables is contained in the
Department of Agriculture Farmers
Bulletin No. 879, "Home Storage If
Vegetables which will be sent free
on application. The horticultural der
partments of the State agricultural
colleges also have valuable bulle IS
and circulars on tn chon1e storage of
vegetables. I
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1919-09-29
HELPFUL HINTS AND REAL NEWS
TO AID THE Big And
LITTLE FARMER !
KNOW BEEF GRADES AND BUY
MEAT OF DESIRED QUALITY
Knowledge of Commercial Beef Grades Will Enable the
Housekeeper to Determine Whether She Is Getting Fl
Quality Of Meat Desired and Paid For =
S. Department of Agriculture)

which arc taken from the loins, ribs,
and some parts of the round. Choice
meat is firm to the touch and of fine
grain. There must be no watery APP
pearance on the freshly cut surfaces.
The "good" grade of beef is next
in quality to "choice" and may differ
slightly in all points or correspond
in some points to "choice" and differ
materially in others. The covering
of fat is not so smooth and uniform,
but must be white in color and dry
in appearance. The color of the lean
meat in this grade also varies slightly
and may be of darker hue thantke
"choice" grade, but it is not dark.
"Good" beef is of smooth grain and
has traces of fat, which is white or
creamy il color, distributed through
the lean. "a
MOST BEEF is MEDIUM"
The bulk of the beef offered for
sale in most markets is of medium
grade. In this there is usually very
little and often no covering of out
side fat except on the loin and rib
cuts. The fat is not evenly distri
buted During the summer and fall
months medium" grade beef has n
watery appearance and the color OF
the lean meat varies considerably.
but is usually dark, even when
freshly cut. Medium" beef has II
tendency to turn still darker very
quickly after being cut. The grain
is coarse and not uniform, and
there are no traces of fat distributed
through the lean.
The Common" grade is the lowest
quality of beef offered for sale, in a
fresh condition to the trade. One Of
its prominent features is the high
percentage of bone in proportion to
the meat. There is only slight COW
ering of outside fat on the rib and
loin cuts. "Commop" beef has a fab
by appearance, is dark in color, and
coarse in grain. A few traces of fat
may be disccrned, but they usually
are of yellow color and are uneven
ly distributed.
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1919-09-29

and bracing cars of potatoes, cab
Cars of fruit and vegetables are
sometimes dumped at large market
terminals but persons who witness
this proceeding should not conclude
that this is deliberately done to keep
up prices, according to men in the
Bureau of Markets, United States
Department of Agriculture. The
wholesale dealer is often not in po-
sition to resort and repack damaged
produce when enough decay is pres
ent to render the produce unstable
in its original container or bulk ship
ment.
Sometimes huckstcls do go over
the worst damaged cars AID salvage
limited amount of food. Often,
however, the labor cost of such sal
wage work is greater than the value
of the products saved.
LOSSES MAY START ON FARM
There are many causes for loss Of
perishable foods between the farm
field and the market. Some of these
causes go back to the time crops are
harvested. Take potatoes, for in
stance, which arc injured in digging
Unless these injured potatoes are
sorted out and not packed with the
good potatoes, rot may develop in the
shipment and spread rapidly to 9th
er potatoes, especially if the temper
allure in the car is favorable for rot
to develop.
Another source of great loss in
perishables is found in lack of care
in loading. The packages must be
spaced to permit air circulation and
also braced to prevent shifting. Tenn
perature can not be controlled in
loads packed solid without any air
spaces between the containers, while
bracing must be carefully done or
packages arrive containing only
part of their original contents.
Although care in packing, loading
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1919-09-29

bagc and the less perishable fruits
and vegetables is necessary to pre-
vent damage in ordinary freight cars,
it is far more necessary for highly
perishable products that move to
market in refrigerator cars, such as
strawberries, peaches, PEARS, grapes,
lettuce, and celery. Such products,
even with the best of care, may ar
rive at city terminals in damaged
condition caused by delay in trans
portation, overripencss, or disease
developed in transit because temper
atures were not under control while
the cars were en- route.
DISEASES IN SHIPPED
PRODUCTS
In the case of plant diseases de-
veloped in transit, there may not
have been any indication that the dis
case was present when the car was
loaded, and perhaps the shipper
thought his crop was free from dis
ease. Proper refligeration-plenty
of ice and air circulation-holds dis
eases in check, and unless long de-
lays in transit occur such perishable
produce might arrive in good condi-
ton. Such shipments, however, Of
ten deteriorate rapidly after being
unloaded and must be handled quick
ly and consumed before rot develops.
Through the food products inspec-
ton service of the Department of
Agriculture, the facts concerning
losses through plant diseases devel-
opcd in transit are being studied and
laboratories have been established at
New York and Chicago to work on
these diseases. Plant Psychologists
now report on shipments that devel-
op disease and this information is
made available to producers and ship
pcrs where the fruit and vegetables
were grown, in order that prevention
may begin in the field Nand packing
house.
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1919-09-29

each farmer. All lambs not up to the
advertised standard are returned to
the farmer, who either holds them
over for some future shipment or
sells them at sacrifice. This has
the beneficial influence of training
the owners to deliver only those
lambs which will | come within the
grades advertised by the committee.
The day for the wool sale is all
vcrtised, that bidders may be on
hand to see the feeces, which are
graded into No. 1, clear; No. 2,
slightly bury; No. 8, bury; and No.
A, hard bury. Each grade is weigh
ed, and sealed bids are received by
the committee, which also reserves
the privilege of rejecting all bids.
The farmer who owns small flock
of ewes has the same advantage in
marketing his lambs as the large
producer. Expenses are made pro-
portionate and all receive the benefit
of competitive bids. The results are
seen principally in the better prices
obtained. It is stated freely that the
club members receive from 1 to 81
a hundredweight more for lambs of
the same grade and 2 cents per
pound move for wool THAI farmers
in The community who have not The
benefit Of cooperative selling. Tnc
members are encourage to follow
uniform methods in breeding and
handling their focks, with the re-
suit thai the clubs have an establish
ed reputation in many of the large
markets for the uniformity and high
quality of their lambs and wool.
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1919-09-29
LAMB AND WOOL
MARKETING SUCCESSFUL
( CLUB ACTIVITY

Lamb and wool marketing club:
have been in successful operation in
Tennessee for more than Is years.
They were the outcome of unsatis-
factory marketing conditions in the
lamb-producing sections of Tennes-
see. The plan originated at Goodletz-
vile, where there is club with 4
membership of SO persons living
within radius of three miles from
the shipping stations, and it's success
has prompted farmers in other sec
tions of Tennessee to organize in a
similar manner.
The organization of these clubs is
comparatively simple. The officers
consist of a president and a secre-
tary-treasurer, who, with three other
members, form an executive commit
tee, the chairman of which is the sec
retary-treasurer. The annual meet
ing for the election of officers is held
early in the spring, that each mem
Der may report the number of lambs
and the amount of wool that he will
have to sell.
The secretary-treasurer advert 5
for sealed bids on the lambs owned
by the club. The advertisement indi-
Gates the number grade, and quality
of the lambs and the date shipment
will be made The lambs are then
sold at the shipping point to the
highest bidder, the executive co
mittee reserving the privilege of re-
jecting all bids in case they seen
too low. On the shipping date
the executive committee is on hand
to grade the lambs brought in by
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1919-09-29
Especial information Service, [

When the retail meat dealer buzz
from the wholesaler, he docs 10,
depend altogether ON the wholesale
firms honesty and good faith to Sc
cure the grade of meat he wants for
his trade. Instead. keeping in mind
certain points AMI characteristics
which determine grades of beef, the
retailer, before he buys ard pays for
it, decides for himself whether he
has been given what he ordered
The housekeeuer should be quite as
familiar as the butcher with the vari-
Gus grades of beef. Few housekeep-
crs, however, have this knowledge.
Even those women who pride them
solves that "cotton mixed" is not sold
them for linen, buy beef, week after
week. year after year. and deDend al
together on their butchers honesty.
Not until it is cooked and served DO
they krow whether they have been
given the "choice" meat they asked
and paid the price for. or only that
OF medium OF common Nllt''UV
Linen buvinp is only occasional. but
meat buvine is daily, and every wom-
an should be familiar with the differ
ont Grades of meat. Toward thie end
the Bureau of Markets, United States
Departmert of Agriculture, has de-
fined the four GRADES of bccf.
HOW BEEF is USUALLY
GRADED
The "choice" grade of beef denotes
the hest quality usually found in tho
markets. Only limited amount of
what is known as "nrime" beef is Of
fered in most markets. This grade
is usually offered in limited Quantities
during tho Christmas or holiday sea-
sons, and Immediately FOLLOWING live
stocv shows. "Choice" beef has Il
moderately ever coverino of fat IN
the outer surfaces. This fat is
smooth in appearance and white in
color. but is not in excessive
The color of the lean meat
is light red. with traces of fat dis
tributcd through the lean on all cuts,
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1919-09-29
FAIR PRICES FOR
RAW MATERIALS

WASHINGTON, D. C., Sept. 30
Announcement has been made at Tic
Office of the Secretary of Agriculture
that the department, in order to sta
bilizo the prices Of raw fertilizer ma
terials as we'll as the prices for mixed
fertilizers. has undnr consideration
not only the question of fair prices
for mixed fertilizers for the spring of
1920, but also of such raw materials
as sulphate of ammonia, tankage,
dried blood, fish scrap, rock phos-
phate, bulk acid phosphate and COT
tonseed meal. The manufacturers of
cottonseed meal have been invited to
conference in Washington on Oct
oho'' 7 ut IN a m. to consider the
cost Of manufacture and other facts
VIII ' ill cr~hlc tho department tn
arri-1N - fair r1'ico for this com
modify, and the producers of the 9th
er 1iv 'atcriale have been invited
to ~-o"-'s such evidrnce as thew may
dcsir" on '''o cost IF production on
the CT, 'ay Of October at Washin-,
ton. 1t is the belief of the denart-
ment after Investigation that there
should be a considerable reduction
in the prices of all these fertilizer
materials. The manufacturers of
mixed fertilizers will send in theit
proposed prices for the spring f
1920 at later time,
The Holly chieftain., 1919-04-24
AMERICAN DAIRY CATTLE
FOR DEVASTATED FRANCE
One Hundred Head of Holstein.
Friesian Cows and Bulls
to Be Shipped.

American dairy cattle are to fol
low American soldiers to France
One hundred and four Holstein-
Friesian cOWs-42 pure breds and 62
grades-and 4 pure bred bulls are
to leave this country shortly on a
specially equipped transport.
Passports" have been issued to
Havre, France, and from there the
cattle will be sent to devastated
districts where they will do their
bit in bringing back health and
happiness to the children of those
regions. The cattle were purchased
by the French High Commission,
and at the commissions request
dairy specialists of the United
States Department of Agriculture
assisted in selecting the animals.
Efforts were made to collect the
animals from herds believed to be
free from contagious disease, es-
pecially tuberculosis
OF the entire number of cattle Sc
lscted from AZ herds, very low
peccentage reacted to the tubercu.
lin test.
Special efforts were made to Sc
lect only wellgroWn, large, strong
animals, of good conformation
which showed evidences of becom-
ing large milk producers. In age
they varied from 2 to Az years, so
that long period of usefulness is
ahead. All were due to freshen
soon after their arrival in France,
so that milk will be available at
once.
The animals were shipped from
the assembling points by express
to New York. where they are to be
loaded on a specially equipped
transport TO insure proper care
throughout the ocean voyage,
dairy expert of the United States
Department of Agriculture will ac-
company the shipment
Members of the French High Com
mission expressed themselves as be
ing well pleased with the cattle Sc
lected. 1t is understood that these
dairy cows are to help satisfy the
urgent demand for milk from the
war-stricken areas.
The Holly chieftain., 1919-04-24
WHITE BROTHERS OPENING
Was Great Success and Exceeded
Firms Expectations.

The opening of White Brothers
store last Saturday was great sue
cess in every way, and the members
of the firm state that the atten-
dance and sales far exceeded their
previous expectations.
More than 200 women visited the
store besides the men and children
Needless to say there was not car
nation left at the end of the day.
Owing to the delay in receipt of
goods many of the lines were not
complete, but this fact was una
voidable, and in fact had been an
ticipated.
The firm expects in a short time
to have all goods in and one of the
most complete dry goods stocks in
the lower Arkansas falley
The Holly chieftain., 1919-04-24
BIG TANK WILL PASS
THROUGH HOLLY MAY 1
Saw Service Over Seas-Weighs
$4,000 Pounds and Stands
Ten Feet High.

Secretary Martin of Lamar Of the
County Victory Loan committee,
while in town last Monday stated
that one of the big army tanks
which saw service on the battle
front in France will be demonstrate
ed on the streets of Lamar Thurs
day afternoon, May 1st, by corps
of experienced war tank men.
This tank will pass through Hol-
ly some time Thursday morning,
May 1st, on it's way to Lamar and, it
is rumOred, will stop a short time
here when Tank Corps officer
will tell the people about the tank.
its purpose and how it is handled
on the battle field.
This tank is massive iron and
steel affair 10 feet high and weighs
14,OO0 pounds. The exact hour of
the arrival of the tank train at Hol-
ly is not definitely known but will
be announced later.
The purpose of exhibiting the
tank at this time is a part of the
Victory Loan campaign drie.
Watch for the big tank at the
Santa Fe depot on the morning Of
May 1st