davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1919-12-26

give death rate in cities of 49,
40 for the children under one
year OF age and in the country
districts OF only ll,740.
Danger from contagious dis
eases is much greater in the
cities. The people are too close
to each other. An infection like
the influenza OF last winter
spreads with frightful rapidity.
In the larger centers, measles and
scarlet fever are two and three
times as prevalent as in country
district. Transportation OF food
supplies for long distances is a
source Of peril and infections are
lying in wait at every turn.
The country town and rural
on the contrary provide good wa
ter, pure air. abundant room and
a quiet and serenity favorable TO
the normal functloning of the hui
man organs. The difference
commonly means years more OF
life and pleasant old age. Peo-
pie who rush off to the cities SO
frequently whom mere whims
sacrifice much OF happiness and
comfort and security.
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1919-12-26
THE HEALTH OF COUNTRY LIFE

People who contemplate re-
moving from country towns and
farms to so TO large cities NAV
we'll consider the sacrifice OF
health conditions that they make
in so doing. A person for a time
may enjoy the rush and noise of
the city. But lodging automo-
bileS. rushing for cars and trains
and the incessant noise and clat-
ter constitute serious nerve
strain.
Health authorities have no
ticed startling increase during
recent years in the degenerative
diseases, particularly affections of
the heart and kidneys. The hurry
OF city life is very favorable to
the increase of such troubles. AL
though health regulations are
often enforced strictly in the
cities, yet the death rate of chill
dren is larger. Census statistics
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1919-12-26
FRIDAY. DECEMBER 20, 1919.
WORK AS A TONIC

The greatest need Of America
today" declares Theodore II.
Price, editor Of Commerce and
Finance, is a passion for work
instead OF passion for idlcness
and amusement"
He says, 1--WE have over-em-
phasized the need for recreation
in this country The greatest
tonic in the world is work"
Many people may deny this.
Most Of them will probably be
men and women who have not
tried it.
Who has not heard some man
say that the happiest time he
ever had was the time when he
worked the hardest. Often, too,
coupled with this statement, is
the remark that it was also the
healthiest time. 1t is usually
when people stop working that
they go to pieces physically.
There is such thing as work
ing too hard. 1t is not often
found, however, particularly just
now, when there seems to be a
worldwide epidemic of Sinking
and frenzied quest for so-called
recreation that are more exhaust
ing than honest labor. Work
seldom hurts except when it is
accompanied by worry or COM
plicated by cross purposes.
1t is probably the literal truth
that the greatest tonic in the
world is work" II that work rep
resents conscious achievement.
The feeling Of success is better
than any other stimulant. and for
long periods may make conven-
tional recreation seem trivial and
vacations uninviting.
Are the habitual patrons of
amusement places the hard work
ers? They arc not. The really
hard workers seldom feel the
need Of such diversion.
Ii anyone doubts this philos-
ophy. let him give it an honest
trial 1t is one of the proyerbisl
blessings OF human life that al
most any kind OF work, once en-
tered into whole-heartedly, be-
comes interesting and stimulat-
ing
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1919-12-26
PROPOSALS
PROPOSALS

Bids will re received by the City Com
missioner until II o'clock. noon. December
Il. 1919. for Iayiag s-inch T. C. sewer on
Monument and Shipwright Streets. Con-
strUcting manholes, &c. Contractor shall
make his own measurements and give a
price on the work a whole. a uait price
for each sewer complete. The right Is re-
served to reject any or all bids.
For further Information and specifca-
tons apply TO
". Fl. vANSANT.
ISL City Commissioner
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1919-12-26
Member Of Tn. Associated Pres.

The Associated Press IS exclu-
siyciy entitled to the use for re-
publication OF all news credited TO
IL or not otherwise credited in this
paper and also the local news pub
lishrd herein. ALI rights Of re-
publication Of special dispatches
herein are also reserved.
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1919-12-26
TRANSFERS
IN CITY AND COUNTY
RECORDED IN COURT
Many Deeds Of Realty Are Filed
During Last Several
Days Here
MANY DEALS IN FIFTH

The following transfers OF property
have been recorded in the Court
Clerks office:
John X Sague and others to Sara
Leon. lots Of ground, at Outing Park,
Fifth district. known as lots Nos. 81
SO, 80 and 40, on plat of Outing Park.
Isaac Gerstein and wife. TO Wiley
II. Bates. lot of ground situate on
South street Annapolis; consideration
5000.
Marry A. Bonney, widow. to Albert
II. Cantler, tract of land in the Third
district, containing 5ls acres of land
Walter r. Hart and wife. TO Sadie
NJ FArrar and husband, lot on Cathed-
raj Street. Annapolis, known as No
SO Cathedral street.
Elizabeth Giddings to James Rich
ard Hesse, lot at West Annapolis.
]. Edward Richardson and wife, to
The Ellsworth Apartment Company,
Inc. tract in the Third district
Sarah c. f. Winterson, widow. to
Harvey l.. Clark and wife, tracts
situate in the Fifth district, first con-
tanning 100 acres. and the second con-
tanning acres.
The Curtis Bay Realty Company. to
John f. Jost and wife, lots of
ground. Fifth district, known as lots
Nos. 2S6 and 297, on plat of Roland
Terrace.
The Workman's COOPERATIVE Real
" Company. Inc, to Heroshi Naka-
mura. lots in the Third district.
known as lots Nos. IS and 80, in Sec
ton, ""
December IL
The Workman's Cooperative Real
ty Company. Inc. TO VIM. Johannah
and Arthur c. Schaerfe. 4 lots in the
Thied district. known as lots Nos T.
5, s and Z, in section H" being so
feel front on the Washington Boule-
ward.
John r. West and wife, to Linthi-
cum Heights Company. of Baltimore
City. tract at Linthicum Heights,
known as lots No on plat of Lin
thicum Heights.
Thomas H. Kirty and wife. to Pres
toa d. Leitch and wife. tract on Pud-
dington creek. First district, contain
ing one acre OF land.
Thomas H. Kirby and wife, to Geo
Mccullough Kirby, tract on Pudding
ton Greek. in the First district, con-
tanning l acre OF land.
Thomas II Kirby and wife. to Will
liam F. Kirby and wife. tract of land
situate on Puddington Creek, contain
ing l acre of land
Grover c. Chance and wife, to
Louis NJ Schneider and wife, tract
in the Fourth district, containing Z
aches of land
Sydney II. Bailey and wife, to
Martha L. Springer. tract at Round
Bay
William G. Eberius. to the Work
mans Cooperative Realty Company.
Inc. tract in the Third district.
Leon and Nina Fuller, his wife, to
The Workman's Cooperative Realty
Company. Inc, tract in the Third dis
trict
Charles H. Jubb and wife, to Cur
It's Greek Mining, Furnace and Manu-
featuring Company. tract in Fifth dis
trict
The Curtis Creek Mining, Furnace
and Manufacturing Company, TO
AL
district.
The Curtis Greek Mining, Furnace
and Manufacturing Company. to Arby
Peterson and wife. tract in the Fifth
district.
y The Curtis Greek Mining, Furnace
and Manufacturing Company. to Au-
gustus Trsyers, tract in Fifth district,
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1919-12-26
GEO. w. JONES
Circulating Library

The following books have been added to
the Library: -
The Dwelling Place Of Idqht nv WIN
ston Churchill
The Inevitable Balance Sheet" by Ka-
ris. AA@i
.,kennZ, by LeonOra DalrympIe.
my -Four Years In GERMANY" by !
Day. - AAoilian
The Clue In The Air." by Isabel o..
TEkAs:-EeW Books, &c peF dAv-
Old Books. lie. per day.
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1919-12-26
PROPOSALS

Bids viii be received by the City Com.
mi ssioner until II o'clock, noon, Wednes-
day. December 81, 1919. for removing BIZ
tuminus concrete from Franklin Street be
tween Church Circle and Cathedral Street
Concrete to be piled on Shaw Street as
directed. Contractor shall make his own
measurement and give price on the work
as a whole. Payment to be made on com
Dletion Of the work satisfactory to the
Committee on Streets The right Is re-
served to reject any and all bids.
w H. VANSANT
d31 City Commissioners
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1919-12-26

MILES-Iu uaemory of my dear sister.
EIZ0RA MILES. who died December
18th. 1915 aud of my children. MORRIS
e. and NINA JOHNSON.
oh for. the touch of hand that has
vanished.
And the sonud Of voice that is still.
There are three graves that are dear TO me.
Over them no willows weep.
But underneath the grassy sod,
My loved ones sleep.
Loving sister and mother,
ANNIE JOHNSON.
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1919-12-26
IN MEMoRIAM

HEMSLEY-In memory of my dear father
JOSH HEMSLEY who died - years ago,
and my beloved niece. IDA RUSH. wine
died November /, 1919.
He has crossed the mystic river.
Safe on the Golden Shore.
Where he should. rest in giory
With those who have gone before.
And in that far OF azure
That needs no light of the sun,
Her spirit has gone rejoicing.
Her soul is with her God.
by her loving uncle
JOSH HEMSLEY.
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1919-12-26

FOR SALE
Very desirable dwelling OF Conduit
street.
Double dwelling on Holland street.
Modern dwelling on West street.
Stable and garage on Holland street.
-Four dwellings, on Randall street.
Desirable business store on West street.
Double store on Maryland avenue.
Desirable business site, improved, or
Northwest street
r. j. WIEGARD
Phone 450-J 81 school Street
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1919-12-26

FOR RENT-275- acre stock and grain
farm on Chesapeake Bay, near Church
ton. Anne Arundel county. Applicant
must have stock and equipment. Eugene
z. Childs. s24- II
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1919-12-26

The noblest pursuit of woman is an
honest man.
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1919-12-26
FOR RENT

FOR RENT--noom and board IA Prince
George street u
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1919-12-26

FOR RENT-Sman apartment: good loca
ton. Address III. j. Capital Office. If
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1919-12-26

FOR SALE-Fresh cows with calves; also
buys cows and calves. Apply y. Media.
S Jefferson street: also pays highest
price for poultry. Tel. 5J5-M. is
FOR SALE-A very desirable dwelling
all modern conveniences; 213 Gloucester
street. Apply 63 Maryland avenue.
d15-d
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1919-12-26

uGtf
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1919-06-06
Astronomers Puzzled.

Some astronomers are of the opinion
that the moon was once upon a time
part of the earth, and that, while the
latter was in a plastic state, our satel-
lite was thrown out from it. They
point to the Pacific ocean as the cash
from which it was rudely rent.
Maybe so. But nobody knows why
the surface of the moon, of which we
never see much more than half, Is
covered with so-called "craters" that
bear no likeness to anything on the
earth. They are bOwl-shaped, usually
circular, and trimmed by cliffs 5000 to
10000 feet high There are at least
$4,000 of them visible to the telescope,
the biggest being 500 miles in diam
eter.
The late Professor Pickering Of
Harvard was convinced that the moon
has a little moon of its own, a few
hundred yards in diameter. which can
be seen only when the earth passes
between the sun and the lunar orb,
throwing the latter intk its shadow
Exchange.
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1919-06-06
Need for City PLANNING

The need OF city planning and the
pushing Of public work is greater TO-
day ohan ever before. said Walter D.
Moody, managing director of the Chi
cago plan commission, In an interview
with a representative Of the Christian
Science Monitor. Not only IS this true
because public work needs Ia be done
TO aid in the solution of the labor
problem, continued Mr. Moody. bur the
cities in the United States have grown
so rapidly in the last twenty years
and the problems of city life are 50
complex thar the new conditions can.
not ne COPIED with for The well-beina
OF the people In them without def.
mite city plan TO work to. The proh.
lens OF parks, better housing. santa.
ton. ample means for recreation. and
faeilitation Of traffic and the relief n
traffic congestion must be given she.
cIai attention
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1919-06-06
In the Days Of the Rustle.

l was making new dress for my
self. 1t was good many years ago. in
the days when we wore bustles. The
hustle which l wore was a homemade.
crude affair. When fitting the dress,
/ had put on the hustle in order to get
the proper hang to the skirt. So. to
save time l tied the hustle around
outside of my house dress. and then
tried on the new skirt.
During the morning l found it neces-
sary to go to the store, and while wait
ing in the crowded grocery for my
parcels, a friend, came up to me and
said, to the amusement of the by-
ISLANDERS: "Why, Lille, what have
you tied around your waist?"
found l had forgotten to take the
hustle off, and had worn It on the
outside Of my house dress all the
way 10 the stOre.-Exchange
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1919-06-06
Who's Who?

In making the interesting portrait
collection of Americans earlier than
the eighteenth century, recently pub
lished by the Boston Athenaeum, the
librarian of that Oldest history in the
New England capital had to take into
consideration the tricks that time has
way Of playing with the identity of
ancient portraits Several pictures of
men and women who lived in the
original group of colonies were ex-
Guided because 1t is no longer possible
to say with certainty that the names
by which they are known are those of
the sitterS. 1t Is now known to be
more than likely, for example, that the
English poet Charles Churchill, was
the original of the picture long be-
lieved to represent the American sol
dler of King Philips war Col. Benia-
min Church. The portrait generally
thought to be that of Miles Standish
Is open to the suspicion of really rep
resenting somebody else, and some of
the surviving pictures supposed to
show the features Of Roger Williams
have been plausibly identified as the
portraits Of other persons.
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1919-06-06
BUILD TO SUIT HOUSEWIFE
Designers Appreciate Importance of
House Construction From the
Standpoint of the Women.

The average citizen. Supported Inv
the women OF his household. is de-
handing improved home building and
this WILL of course, influence all future
building operations. From now on
consideration of the housing question
must be primarily from the point of
view of the housewife Consequently.
labor-saving devices will be increasing
~ stressed. Landlords have learned
That 1t can be Just as profitable to own
weil-kept properties rs it is to own
dllapidated tenements, or vacant lots
filled with rubbish or binboards.
The United States Housing CORPORA
ton, however, has not adopted any
Utopian building scheme. 1t has sim.
ply recognized that the efficiency Of
the workman is seriously deprecated
if he aud his family must live in un-
sanitary dwellings. 1t has been proved
that If he is TO work TO his best ca.
pacity he must be not only well housed.
but housed adequately and comfortably
within reasonable distance from his
workshop and at a rental he viii be
able to pay,
Industrial housing is Il comparatiye-
~ new proposition in America. It is
an old one in England, aud In MANY
ways it has been adequately solved.
The problem there is now largely dealt
with from the womans angle.
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1919-06-06
HOME -
W s5sszsSSs ~
II Wv Il " S->----~
I-IELpSp ]
REFUGE FROM SUDDEN STORM
Should Have Place on Every Pub
lie Picnic Ground.

There Is not much pleasure to be
had In the woods If no shelter is near
when rain threatens at any minute.
Many picnics are broken up by show
ers which last but few minutes, sim
ply because there Is no way to protect
the food or to keep dry until the squat
passes over, writes G. l., Meller, Fargo,
N d.. In Popular Mechanics Mag
azine. A shelter, such as Illus
trated, will take the discomfort out
of walks and picnics, and will induce
people to tempt the weather more
often, since they know that protection
is within easy reach.
A dead tree, the trunk of which Is
still quite sound, makes an excellent
start for such a shelter. 1t should be
cut off about ten feet from the ground,
care being taken to make the saw
cuts as even as possible. 1t may be
necessary to erect scaffolding to make
this cut properly. After the cut sur
face is worked smooth, eight rafters
are fitted into the top of the trunk,
The rafters are II feet long, four of
them being two by four inch timber
and four, four by four inches. They
are supported at the outer end by
four by four inch posts, driven into
the ground and extending eight feet
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1919-06-06
SPRAY
.PouItr1
Durin|

| The I'd
| fOosts til
| the seas
| have littI|
4 say eXpe
| The tr|
|is alnOs,
Weather
means Of
upon thd
farmers
coat Of
however
less thor
q Tery HI
|, strongd
|bolic aci|
|pfeparati|
Water ard
at the
culture 81
|the work
DE acid
be used 1
A conn
acid to ii
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1919-06-06
SHE HAD NO PATIENCE LEFT
Wife's Stock OF That Commodity
Pretty Well Exhausted in Effort
TO Reform William.

A Chicago lawyer said at a ban
quet:
"Les me tell you a temperance
story.
"A long, rangy woman said one day
to a parson:
'Parson, Bill was drunk again Sat-
urday night
"But the parson answered In a sooth-
ing tone:
Dear sister, II you would try be-
Ing patient with william Patience
and forbearance work miracles, and I
have faith to believe that in dear VIII.
liam's case 1t would be even So
'But the long, rangy woman shook
her head.
Looks to me- she said, as II I'd
tried patience and forbearance about
long enough. Talkin' of forbearance,
don't I go weeks at time without
speakin' to the cuss, no matter what
he asks me? Yes, hull weeks, but 1t
don't seem no good. Then, when It
comes to patience, why, parson, I've
locked him out Of the house all night
more oftener than got fingers and
toes, and time and again I've sewed
him up in a sheet when he was full
and walloped him with a rope till
Jest fair dropped with tiredness; and
I've bolted him in the henhouse three
days runnin In the patient hope he'd
sign the pledge, but he wouldn't; and
I've douSed him all over with cold wa.
ter on many a freezin' winters night,
and I've had him run in twice,
and I've mixed vinegar with his
booze so as to make him sick, and
then waited with the patience of Job
to see If he'd repent when he came
round, but parson, nothin' done no
good No stree, it'll take more than
patience and forbearance to straighten
that man out"
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1919-06-06

"You are suffering from brain flag
and ennui," announced the specialist.
You should take more interest In
your business"
Il would like TO-" replied the pa
tent.
Then why don't your demanded
the specialist.
THE law won't let me-" replied the
patient. I'm a pawnbroker."
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1919-06-06
Americans Rear New Town

A number of views of the up-to-date
village. built by the American Red
Cross near Pisa, Italy, are shown in
Popular Mechanics Magazine. The
village has been built to provide
homes for artisans and their families
who fled from Venice during the war
and since have not been in a position
to return. The village will accommo-
date 1000 persons.
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1919-06-06
|OvERl.0

Il It is the
every lar
fean arid !
farmer Sd
n nanur
it
IN getting
Ft AS tn,
II The fa|
#aasre fru
&aad esrof,
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1919-06-06

Shelter Is Near TO Protect Clothing
and Food
above it, The four by four inch rafters
should be fitted into the log first, the
two by four inch being added later.
Upon this framework, which forms an
octagonal, umbrela-shaped structure.
seyen-eighths inch boards are nailed
to form the roof This may be COW
cred with shingles or some roofing ma
teral.
For greater comfort, n seat built
around the trunk may be added and
other seats maybe built near it. The
whole structure should be finished in
dark, neutral brown, with Just n
touch of white trimming. If the roof
is stained Il mosSgreen the color
scheme will be in harmony during all
seasons of the year, with the prevail
ing colors throughout the surrounding
woods.
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1919-06-06
THE STATE COLLEGE Of
WASHINGTON
Founded and Maintained by the National
Government and the State of
Washington
E. o. HOLLAND, President

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE and EXPERT
MENT STATION
Farm Crops, Soils, Animal Husbandry, Dairy
Husbandry, Poultry Husbandry Horticulture
Landscape Gardening, Forestry, Farm Machin.
cry
COLLEGE OF MECHANIC ARTS AND ENGIN-
EERTNG
Architecture, Civil Engineering Electrical En-
cheering, HydroEectrical Engineering Mathe-
MATES, Mechanical Engineering, Physics
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND ARTS
Geology, Chemistry, Chemical Engineering,
Botany, Zoology English Economic Science and
History Foreign Languages.
COLLEGE OF HOME ECONOMICS
COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
SCHOOL OF MINES
SCHOOL OF EDUCATION
SCHOOL OF MUSIC AND APPLIED DESIGN =
Music, Oral Expression Dramatic Art Fine Arts
SCHOOL OF PHARMACY
DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND
TACTICS ~
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
AND ATHLETICS
DEPARTMENT OF ELEMENTARY SCIENCE
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-12-03
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
STOP LOOK LISTEN

l have Just completed another operation Of
stores adjoining the No. 2 Emergency Fleet
Housing Operation at 10th and Elmwood
ave. which contains a block OF stores and
moving picture theatre and has e neighbor
hood containing a population OF between
5000 and 10, 900 people to draw from, and
who are local buyers; there is a wonderful
opportunity here for all lines Of business,
such grocery bakery, drugs. dry goods,
shoe store. barber. cigar and pOOrom.
butcher, hardware and. in fact. any line Of
business one would care TO undertakei would
suggest your inspection OF the neighborhood;
also a look at the business being done In the
group Of stores ! have finished and sold op'
posite the No. / Emergency Fleet Housing
Operation at 9th and Elmwood ave; this
operation is completely sold out and several
OF the purchasers have already sold at an
enormous profit within months OF their
original venture; these stores are for sale
only; an offer; the best opportunity Of the
year.
DANIEL II. HSGAN
Builder and owner, on Premises
orr G.. PERCY F&X
GOT N. 10th st. Phone Pre\on 1895
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-12-03
WANTED

nationally advertised automobile tires
will finaHcs a jobbing distributor up to
$25, 900 to $40, 900.
Manufactures both cord and fabric
guaranteed 5000 and e000 miles; dis
tinctive selling feature; ready market;
numerous satisfied customers: territory
distributor must furnish cash bond Of
1000 to $50 900.
This is an unusual opportunity.
C 81. LEDGER OFFICE
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-12-03

YOUNG MAN. active, with banking ex-
perience or broker, to place allotment OF
capital of financial institution. TO handle
commercial credits: this carries position as
manager Philadelphia branch. at good sal
airy to man with local standing and ability;
replies confidential. NJ. Room 43. 1917
Exchange place. New York city.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-12-03

OLD gold silver. platinum. plated ware. old
style Jewe.ry, teeth plates bought for cash.
Eat 1917. J. 1. Clark. rennsr. e0T SRnsonas