davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17

soldier at home: the officer. even
though he be a boy of nineteen, is
treated as a responsible person, who
may stay out until u o'clock if he
likes Cor all night, for the matter of
that) without formal permit to do
so, whereas the private soldier, even
though he be a middle-aged business
man, must be IN barracks by 10 o'clock
The arbitrary fixing of bounds for
soldiers does not apply Except in some
cases, in theory to officers. a soldier
wishing to quit the dreary sandhills
OF iItaples for the drearicr promenade
Of Paris-Plage had to go through an
elaborate process Of obtaining pass to
do SO: an officer hadn't. AS a private
soldier, ! have had to spend several
hours OF my scanty leave in waiting
about Company Office while an n. c. O.
found an officer to sign my pass As
an officer, merely suggested to the
adJutant that perhaps the army could
get on for the weel. end without nv
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17
Momentum in Brasil

"The international Health Board" "
writes Mr.. Vincent, "has always re-
garded it's hookworm demonstration
as a means to an even larger end,
namely, the establishment of in
elusive public health services, ca
pable of dealing with all aspects of
public health for a community, a
state or nation. For this reason
two developments during 1913 have
been welcomed with especial salts
faction. Several Of the states of
Brazil have taken up hookworrl
campaigns energetically in co0pera-
ton with the board. The movement
has gained momentum because the
Federal government has made large
appropriations for subsidizing the
efforts Of the various states"
The authorities of Queensland
and of the Federal government of
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17

goat is from the sheep The odum
theologlcum had, it Is true, been
eliminated from the comparison;
CRIMINALS were seen as people apart,
not IN the theological but in the sci
entltc sense. Dr. Charles Mercicr the
American philanthropist. who accepted
the Lombroso cult, felt it only fair
to say to the criminal:
"Nou are degenerate; and. since
your crimes are no fault OF yours, you
shall not be punished for them. On
the contrary. you shall be entertained
amused, instructed. You shall exer-
else in gymnasium to the strains of
band of music, played by your fell
low criminals. You are Of weak
mind; and therefore you shall be
@sthetically cultured by course Of
lectures on Chaucer, and Shakespeare,
and Emerson, and Browning AS a
means of elevating your character
you shall be taught journalism and
be provided with a newspaper to edit,
whose contributors and readers shall
be your fellow prisoners.
"The Lombroso theory and its logi-
cal results were so repugnant to COM
mon sense as TO breed another ex-
treme doctrine, which insisted that
the criminal is always the product of
bad environment.
DIR. Charles Goring was the first
to apply scientific methods To the So
luton of the problem of crime and the
criminal. His conclusions, though
cautiously advanced as giving only
relative. never absolute, results, are
probably destined to revolutionize-or,
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17
|, :" Who Has Been Bot

stand why whiskey was so easily OBJ
tainable both out of the line and in it,
The men received no other alcoholic
stimulant than that provided by tea
spoonful of rum after stand-to, but
the officers had bottles of whiskey
every day. There was actually time,
in my experience in France. when it
was easier to obtain whiskev than it
was to obtain rife oil, and | have
known men to 20 into. the trenches
without rifle oil at the same time that
trainload of whiskey was lying at
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17

always for "a large whiskey and soda.
please Var strain. OF course. had
something to DO with the making Of
drunkards out Of decent lads. but |
cannot help but THINK thar the obi
Gals who sanctioned the lavish dis
tribution Of this filthy spirit N France
have very heavy responsibility rest
lng on them
Honest beer if the word honest IS
applicable to beer oowadays-would
have been better ior the officers and
would certainly have done the men no
harm
Housing arrangements at home. al
ne base ana IN rest stations were much
better fer the officers than the mca.
so were the shelters and .dugouts' in
The iine. The officers had facilities Cor
washing which simply did not exist for
the men, and although the bathing ar
rangements IN France were pretty good
much better than al home they
were not so accessible to the men as
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17

Il knowledged dramatic hits
Of the present summer
season, John Ferguson" at the Full
ton Theatre, will be interested in
knowing that the author of this play,
st. John Ervine, did his bit in khaki,
and furthermore that he has
emerged with very decided ideas
about the army life Of an officer
and a private as set up side by
side for purposes of contrast and
comparison. Mr. Ervine has had an
opportunity of studying them both
first hand. He knows what it is
both to command and to obey, and
therefore isn't merely theorizing.
Perhaps the general public would
not have learned about these views
(and the question appearing at the
head of this article is surely an in
teresting one) had it not been for
the publication in an English week
ly, The New Statesman" of a let
ter from a certain correspondent
signing himself "X. Y" the burden
OF which was that, 80 far as | have
observed, being an officer is Ger
talnly more dangerous, more firing
and not much more attractive tex
Cept tor decorations) than serving
In the ranks The playwright
thinks that this correspondent must
have had unique opportunities of OBJ
serving the difference between the
conditions of an officers life and a
prlvate's life and he strongly
doubts whether said correspondent
will find another officer in the
British Army to support his CON
clusion." Replying to this letter in
the columns of the same publica-
ton, Mr. Ervine remarks:
my experience, both as a private
soldier and as an officer, is that what
ever balance of safety and comfort
there may be in soldering on active
service is always, or nearly always
in favor of the officer, and that my
experience is general one seems to be
confirmed by the fact that the majority
Of the men who went to the front
determined to serve through the war
as privates soon changed their minds
and applied for commissions. =. ..
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17
An appreciation of Dr. Corig Who Brought nnoo,

HHE death Of Dr. Charles Cor
ing. of the English Prison
Service, passed with small
notice in the British press,
though DR.. Goring had made more
important contributions to the study
of the criminal classes than any
other Enghshman in modern times.
A writer in THE London Morning
Post" seeks to fill the gap by the
following comparative account of
DR.. Goring's work:
"The primitive view of the criminal
Is not only criminal but also sin
ner, and more of sinner than a
criminal, prevailed in this country to
the end of the nineteenth century.
Hence the horrible severity of all
punishments, and even the form of the
indictment which charged the prisoner
with being prompted and instigated
by the devil, and not having the fear
of God before his eyes The old dras-
TIC doctrine was then superseded by
the more humane theory of Beccaria
and Bentham, who regarded the
criminal as an ordinary person who
had succumbed under stress of temp
tation, and insisted that punishment
should be neither vindictive nor pro-
pitiatory of Gods anger, but solely de-
terrent. Fear of punishment, that is
to say, was to be an additional motive
for resisting temptation. The next
step in the progress of a philosophy of
crime and the criminal was a recogui-
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17
" hen Sick

ln the matter Of sickness. par,icu-
'~fiy Of She inevitable sicAnesses that
come on men living the simple hfe IN
The trenches. Offices farcd better than
the men and /, VAS easy enough fors
tined or nerve-sirainel officer 20 get
sent down from the nn TO the nucleus
at the rest bllle.s. bat is nns almost
impossible for the men TO do SO An
oaicer who had tho wind an could
r'anage TO get aVhy te ta- transport
lines. bat man with 'tae Wind up had
10 sag IN The line and get il down
again in tic best way ne could An
ofaoer hose rere bad gone could
hope fai recognition Of .he fact man
couldn't officers got leave more fre-
cnentls than men sad never heard
O. IL private soltiei getang leave 20 50
4, Amlers er rar~. except say. a sol
dier connected with the Divisional Con-
refi Party or emp.osed on mess affairs
Officers were supposed TO get Rome
leave at the end Of every four months
the intervals were rather longer than
chat unless the officer was at the base
or al school of instruction bat +
man Nas upposod 20 ger home lesse
about once year knew men ~ho
Rad not had home leave from France
for eighteen month
All fhe conversations hsgr lad
with officers repa,rated from Germany
snow taat whi'c The men andoabfed's
bad -efs bad amc indeed ln Germany.
inc officers oa iHe whoic nad q com.
Portable. - boring. time
There are. Of course. excellent mfi-
tary reasons why ar officer should re
more comfortable and secure oil active
service than Ii man. although I ttlnS
the distinction between the TWO rams
Is overdone. Life In the line is prob
ably just as monotouous for the oaicer
as it Is FOR the man. but - - not
more so. and IS is. l think little iess
dangerous II certainly Is not so turing
In theory the officers persona. com
fort is the iAst thing that the of'ecF
considers. The textbooks teach taat the
officer should think of the men before
he thinks Of himself and some officers
honorably obey the textbooks Others
don't 1t may be that X Y was al
officer who did. Nevertheless. do not
imagine that he viii find mucn support
for his statement that the life of a
Tommy is preferable to that of an OH
Ger. * y may be private himself
in which case his msgnanimlty sears
beyond my understanding"
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17
<"\HE commonwealth of sci

SIlCG kllOWS IlO IdllOIl0l
boundaries and ignores
distances, Writes George
L. Vincent, president of the Rookie
feller Foundation, in review of the
work done in 1918 by this association.
Thework of the foundation isgrouped
into three parts by the executive re-
port. These are set apart under the
general headings, "Public Health in
Many Lands" Centres of Medical
Education and "War Relief and
Welfare of American Troops"
In summing up the work done dur
ing 1918, Mr.. Vincent says:
"The Rockefeller Foundation,
through its own departments and by
cooperation with seventeen indie
pendent agencies, has
81. Extended a campaign against
tuberculosis in France.
"2. Conducted demonstrations of
malaria control in Arkansas and
Mississippi.
SO. Helped check a yellow fever
epidemic in Guatemala.
"a. Made Investigations and sur
veys and inaugurated measures
against the same disease in Ecuador.
"5. Continued or began hookworm
control, and encouraged sanitation in
twenty-one foreign states and coun-
tries and twelve states of the Union.
"6. Entered into comprehensive
cooperation for improved public
health organization in Brazil and
Australia.
~. Supported school of hygiene
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17

help, and he, with great promptitude
agreed that it could.
"The officer. particularly at home
but also in France, had better and
more varied food than the men
got more meat to eat as an officer
than l got as private soldier, although
| had less physical eXertion to make
For some queer reason the War Office
believes that private soldier does
not require any food after 1870 p. NJ
An officers dietary in France was mo-
notonous but it was plentiful, and it
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17

been carried through successfully
In 1918 d total Of 10000 was
expended for scholarships - stu
dents from foreign countries or TO
American missionaries at home on
furlough Many similar provisions
were carried on for The fitting Of
professional men to aid IN the
worldwide campaign Of prevent
ivencss
After the entrance Of the United
States into the war the Foundatio s.
staff in the war ZONES was with
drawn, and appropriations fer Al
lied countries were made directly
to the American Rod Cross. The
policy of the Foundation WAS to
work, so far as possible, through Il
few coordinatcd agencies rather
than to distribute relatively small
sums to large number Of ndo-
pendent societies Thus in the
field of Camp and Community We
fare writes M Vincent. The
recommendation Of the govern
ment appointed Commissions ON
Training Camp Activities were ac-
ceptcd as guide For example.
the large gifts to the American So
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17

demic was stamped out. The dag
nosis of yellow fever is difficult
task, since some of the symptoms
closely resemble other diseases,
notably infectious jaundice. Nor
have sthe germs ever been identified
so that laboratory tests may be used
to determine the presence Of the
malady. AS the result Of an ex-
pedition to Guayaquil, Ecuador, in
June, 1918, important information
was secured with respect to the san
itary conditions in Ecuador and con-
cerning the ARCHAEOLOGICAL chem
ical and clinical aspects of yellow
fever. Measures were actively in
augurated last November, with the
cooperation of the governments Of
Ecuador and of the municipality Of
Guayaquil, for yellow fever control.
1t is the belief of Mr.. Vincent
that this "seems to be one disease
which by persistent activity may
be brought completely under con-
troll"
The campaign against hookworm
was satisfactory, as usual In CO.
operation with twelve states of the
United States and twenty-one for
eign states and countries the In
ternational Health Board vastly de-
creased this disease, located the
sources of infection, carried on in
tensive demonstration of treatment
to cure victims and continued the
campaign of popular education as
to the nature, control and preven-
tion of hoOkWOrm disease.
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17

raiIhead am glad to say that that
particular tralnoad of whiskey was
captured in March, 1918. by the Boche,
and hope it made him very drunk and
very sick.)
"The aftermath of that lavish distribu-
ton of whiskey in France is the pres
ent great number Of young officer
drunkards- have often noticed in mess
and in hospital that while older Off
GERS either ask for water or some non
alcoholic drink, young officers, parti-
cularly the very young officers. call
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17
His Method

The method of his investigation is
defined in the following passages from
his book: OD Chronological study he
observes, whatever branch of it is be-
ing pursued, and by whatever method
IT may ultimately proceed, should be
based upon. and originally consist in,
the statistical treatment Of facts which,
II their crude form as revealed TO di-
rect observation, are valueless for re-
construction; CD To obtain the truth. ,
ha points out in an emphatic cOnclud-
ing paragraph, our appea. must be
made, not to the opinions of descriptive
psychologists, sociologists and crimi-
ncloglsts, but to the facts and calculus
OF the statistican For the virtue of
statistical inquiry is just this that it's
conclusions, whatever they may be,
have mathematical accuracy, and the
same degree of reliability as the con-
clusions of an exact science.
From his scientific survey of the
data furnished by several thousand in
mates of English convict prisons, DR..
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17

it may have. seemed presumptuous
''for Americans to go crusadmg
against tuberculosis in the land of
Louis Pasteur.' Indeed, the COM
mission which went overseas to fight
the white plague in France found
that the French knew exceptionally
we'll how to handle tuberculosis, as
indicated at the Leon Bourgeois Dis
pensary in Paris and the Bligny
Sanatorium thirty miles to the south
of the French capital. 1t was Amer
ica's celebrated genius for teamwork
that taught the French how they
could carry on against tuberculosis
with national scope.
Teanl1Uork
The Commission for the Proven
ton of tuberculosis Of the Rookie
feller Foundation and the Tubercu-
losis Bureau of the American Red
Cross set about to demonstrate the
value of American teamwork. -Four
dispensaries were planned for the
Nineteenth ACCOMPLISHMENT in Paris
three Of these being opened and in
operation before the end of 1918
Nurses were given special training
for their work and encouraged with
adequate pay while receiving in
struction. Districts were intensively
organized for tuberculosis control
with four central dispensaries and
six secondary centres. In all, the
plan of organization for the Depart
ment of Eure- ct Loir called for the
completion Of twenty-three units.
Then there was the Medicinal
Tank. This idea Of the Rockefeller
Foundation was something distinct
ly novel in France 1t rumbled
over the roads of France as might
small itinerant circus; in ad
vance the ubiquitous press agent
full panoplied with advertising lit
erature worded to quicken the curl
osity and interest of the French
peasant. Three such travelling ex
hibits with groups Of lecturers Wis
tied ten departments, and in 141
towns Of 5000 on more population
gave 875 lectures, with demonstra
tions and exhibits, during 1918. II
that period 2,115,708 pieces OF
printed matter, posters, pamphlets
postcards and games were widely
distributed throughout the whole OF
France. A series of twenty-foul
articles on tuberculosis appeared in
thirty-three important provincial
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17

rather, evolutionize the punitive
America. indeed, his book, so clearly
characterized by its authors capacity
fol taking infinite pains and avoiding
dogmatc statements, has already
proved powerful antidote to the
Lombroso theory and its equally flimsy
opposite, which makes every criminal
the product of unfavorable engiron-
mcnt and transfers the responsibility
for his crime to society
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17
4 Distinct Type

The next theory of the criminal
was that associated with the name of
Cesare Lombroso. 1t is sometimes
called the 'anthropological,' sometimes
the positive doctrine. Lombroso's
theory was in some respects rever-
sion to the old notion that the crimi-
nal is as specifically distinct from the
ordinary type Of humanity as the
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17
All the Odds

EN- every respect, whether at home
se ct the front or in hospital or even
as . prisoner Of war, the officer has
q better time than the man. The Off
Ger suffers from few, if any, of the
vexations and childish restraints that
are imposed upon the private. There
is absolutely no comparison between
ths life of an officer and the life of
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17
ST. John Ervne, Author of ~ohn Ferguson Who Has Both
An Officer and a Tommy, Gives Direct
And Unqualified Answer

was much more varied than that of the
men, and, on the whole, better cooked.
Officers, perhaps, had too much to eat;
they certainly had too much 20 drink.
Men sometimes had not enough to eat,
OF tea of poor quality or cafe u-lait,
tasting of petrol tins of water. Prob
ably their drink was better for them
than that of the officers
Easy Whiskey
81 have never been able to under
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17

taey were to the officer. The men
We're always more or less vermnous,
however fastdioas their persona,
hab.ts might be. bar officers seldom
were Al officer. when has battalion
Nas out - rest. eolld count on getting
hot bath nearly every day man
could not count on getting one more
often than once week
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17

c'ai Hygiene Assoc.af on were 70.
ward budgets winch were par ..
The governments programme for
'a~ enforcement and ,see contra,
IN the areas tributary 10 army ana
ravy camps la SIX sears $40
100000 was spent in 'ns manner,
Continuing. Mr Vincent SAYS.
In the hcld Of medical research
and relief special appropriation,
We're concentrated upon the Roche.
follof Institute. which maintained
war hospital of 3e5 patients pro
pared about 10000 doses OF serum,
conducted special Investigations and
gave instruction to l.lto army and
navy officers. nurses and Others.
upon the National Research Coun.
cii. q Som governmental agency
manned by Che leaang scientiae
men of the country. AVA upon N.
National ompnftoe for Mental Hy.
gicnc. which rendered mportan,
ard in helping the army to recruit
trained nsychIairists whose services
~ examining soldiers and sailor.
and va treating nervous disorder.
among the men proved SO valu.
able.
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17

Australia have proposed d five-y year
period of cooperation in carrying
out for Queensland and Papua Il
programme of rural sanitation in
which hookworm control is to play
a leading but not an exclusive role
In October, 1918, the School of
Hygiene and Public Health made
possible by gifts for building, equip
ment and maintenance from the
Rockefeller Foundation, was opened
under the auspices of Johns Hopkins
University. The Foundations IN
terest in preventive medicine, and
the conviction that trained per
sOnnel IS an essential condition of
progress, led to the establishment
of this institution. In addition to
the fundamental subjects stress
will be laid upon vital statistics,
upon sanitary engineering, upon the
sociological aspects of public health.
upon community surveys and upon
the technique Of administration.
Nutrition
Quoting President Vincent. 1T
is significant of the new attitude of
preventive medicine that from
the outset attention is being given
to the problems OF nutrition. 1t is
proposed to work out basic stand
ards of food for human beings un-
der various conditions. Prevention
is being more and more positively
interpreted into better standard
of living, in terms of working con
ditions, housing, food, exercise
recreation, sociability and happiness
The field Of industrial hygiene has
great possibilities.
The fifteen buildings of the Pc
king Union Medical College, which
are being constructed under the
auspices of the China Medical Board
Of the Rockefeller Foundation, went
steadily ahead during 1918. The
people have already named the
group 'The Green City Medical
education has gone on apace in
China. In Sac Paulo, Brazil, Il new
department of hygiene was opened d
in connection with the Faculty OF
Medicine and Surgery, and two
American scientists have been
lent this school for period Of
five years. A similar arrange
ment made with the Oswaldo
Cruz Institute for introducing a
department of pathology ha
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17
7hich Has the Harder Lot, Officer or Private

7 EW WORKERS who are en-
joying one of the &C
knowledged dramatic hits
New-York tribune., 1919-08-17
Easy Whiskey

81 have never been able to under
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1919-05-30
TIDAL BASIN NOW
OPEN FOR BATHING

Washington's Tidal Basin bathing
beach opened officially for the first
time this season today Gates at
the beach were thrown open at Z
o'clock this morning.
A series OF athletic meets are
scheduled to be held this summer, and
l.. Gordon Leech, manager OF the
beach, promises to have some OF the
country's best swimmers on hand.
Coach Apple. OF Tech High School. is
head life guard and will direct the
swimming meets.
The beach is open daily from to IL
and 2 to 6:45. Men and women are
allowed at all times. 1t is asked that
children come to the beach in the
morning.