davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1919-04-08
Pullman Car Porter
Jailed as Bootleggel

Special Dispatch TO The Intelligence.
KEYSER, W. Va, April 1.-osca1
Mills. colofed. Washington. D. u. lot
merry, Of Boston. Mass. Is In jail a. hey me-,
..r in default OF bail. charged with SELL
Inv tntoxicants from q Pullman car on
which no was porter. sldetrackcd at
Kcyscr since April for rcpairs. Inc
ofriccrs xho raided tho car found %
nintsi OF whlskey and a quart OF rum.
Huls' was doing a land ofrice business.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1919-04-08
HIoTING m INDIA.

LONDON. April : (Fia Montreaat-
Discontcn, among retail dealers in grain
in Bombay. India has resulted in riotinG
there. Reuters correspondent at Bonn
bay reports under date Of March 81. Two
thousand dealers armed with bamboos
attacked the office OF the assistant food
controller and several Of them assaulted
that official. The police are holding an
inquiry. No arrests have been made.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1919-04-08
nAHGn AYERTED

LONDON. April . (By Associated
p,cesS-0an official communication is
aued this evening by the war Office says
the British commander on the Mur.
mansk coast confirms the report that
FOR the time being any immediate dan
rcr of a Finnish-Carelia uprising ap-
pears to have been avertcd.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1919-04-08
Y. w. G.. A. NEWS

There win be a meeting Of the frSfuD-
trial extension committee at ESQ thin
afternoon at the Y. W. c. A. All mem
>bers arc urged to be present, AS there
arc several important matters coming uD
for discussion.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1919-04-08

The council Of tho federation OF indus
trial club will met fortnight at 7:bo In
the ONCE OF the INDUSTRIAL secrotHTy
Election Of Officers {. to DO hold and
nlans outlined for the summer. 80 It n
most important that every member Be
present.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1919-04-08
RIVER TELEGRAndS.

DAVIS ISLAND DAM o.5 feet. ntn-
tionnry: cloudy.
MoRGNNTOwN s feet. falling:
cloudy.
pARKERSBURG 100 feet. falling
clear.
OIL CITY feet. stationary: rain.
WARREN is feet, stationary: rain,
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-11-01
The Meaneat Mar.

The meanest man in the world put
fisbhoolzs in his change pocket when
he took off his trousers at night.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-11-01
HOOKING FOR
BUSINESS"

We are opening new Real Estate
and Brokerage office; temporary
headquarters, Room 4O3, First Na-
toaal Bank bldg
If you have property in this VII
ciniiy to SELL on oil stocks that are
salaDle, or il you want to buy real
estate or stocks; we win appreciate
an opportunity to figure with YOU
We are, as most of you know, old
residents Of Chickasha, and our ref
erences are any Of the five banks
here.
"A new broom sweeps clean"
Try us
cHlcKAsHA REALTY AND
BROKERAGE co.
Telephone 286.
A. N Woodbridge, w. r. Phillips,
Clyde Kelly
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-11-01
REAL ESTATE
BARGAINS


lWo prlck buildings ChicNasha
ave- Two Story wen rented Price
9lV'oVV eacn'
Two one'story pricN buildings on
y ohioAasha ave. wen rented Price
P''oV0 e"e"'
NICE Groom residence Mlnn' Ave,
modern good location pavement
uouDle garage price $oooo' easy
terms
Nlee Groom modern corhor iot lzoN
1Oo' On pavement llhe location; price
s'Vo0' terms
9 T9 So room on nn"o%pn 0uoan O"nsnlom nerron,
house. garage. cistern. cellar. and a
beautiful home; price $4,000; terms.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-11-01

Amerioanism is the keynote Of the
Third Red Cross Roll Call Noy.2 to
II. Are you an American? Are you
proud of your country? OF course
you are. Then you should be proud
Of your country's official ational Re
lief Agency-the Red Cross. Do your
part by joining the Red Cross for
1920. Membership for the year costs
one T0llar.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-11-01
PILES

Successfully Treated Without Surgical
Operation.
No knife; no caustic; no bleeding; no
sloughing; no injurious effect what
ever Does not detain moment
from business or pleasure.
DR.. Gerard Of Ninnekah has the
exclusive right to the celebrated
Pennington treatment in Southern
Oklahoma
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-11-01
E7Re EER e al e stale

12room modern, rooming house
pavement paid out. Price $4,000.
Groom house, partly modern, pave
ment paid out. Price $1,4OO.
240-acre farm, IL miles Of Chick
asha All upland; lays splendid; one
/ half in cultivation, balance in grass,
but can be cultivated. Good improve
ments plenty Of good water, orchard
and well fenced This is q bargain
at $14,5OO, You will like this farm
owing to its location and quality OF
soil.
60 acres of good upland, well inn
proved; 30 acres in cultivation; 40
acres in pasture, but all can be cul-
tiyated. Price $4,000; $1,000 cash,
balance on terms.
100 acres, small improvements
two-thirds in bottom, 90 acres of al
falfa; splendid upland; 2 10 miles of
a good town; price $4,000
100 acres of good upland Broom
house 1-2 miles southeast of MIN
nekah This is a splendid little farm
and can be bought for S4,5o0; $4,000
cash win handle the deal
80 acres Of fine bottom land, 10
miles west Of Ninnekah. Nicely To-
Gated; no improvements, all in culti-
walton; acres in alfalfa. Price 500
per acre.
16o acres Of fine level upland,
IL miles Of town; good improve
ments. Price $50 per acre.
CITY PROPERTY
Broom modern house, one block of
paving. Price $2,8oO; terms to suit
4-room house, 100 foot lot, on
North Twelfth; $500.
S-room house half of block of
ground. Price S3,5OO.
We are always in the market for
farm loans Can make immediate
inspection and close the loan prompt
ly; also, give good amounts.
See us if you want a farm loan
d = CtoCX &r Con
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-11-01

1G0 acres 4 miles east 4 north, on
Bitter creek; some alfalfa land. fair
improvements; l2o acres in cultiya.
ton. Price fer quick sale, $40 per
acre.
103 acres nice level facm, miles
west Of caiekasha, fair improvements
most al in cultivation Price $C5OO
il sold ct once.
A real choice alfalfa farm close IN
at bargain. Ask us about this one.
CITY PROPERTY
4 room modern. on West IInl, cor
ner lot 80 by 165. Price $3.50; on
terms.
room modern on West Hill, lot
80 by lC5. Price $l45O; terms.
We have s three room houses close
in on paved streets on easy terms
We have many extra good bargaina
in farm lmd and city property.
Phone or see us.
r. n. BENNETT REAL EsTATE
AND LOAN co.
ao4 10 cbickasha Ave.
Office phone 234 Res, phones 9l8
and 1905.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-11-01

FOR SALE OR ADE-Ford
touring car, REQ four touring car
REQ four roadster Haynes touring
car, Stewart one-ton truck, Stewart
one and one-half ton truck Ear
Barton. phone rs. 29-6t
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-11-01
REAL ESTATE FOR
SALE

C room house, lot 5Ox165, all in
good shape. Price $25OO. $3.50 cash,
balance S25 per month
Eight-room, modern dwelling, close
in on Minnesota ave-, corner lot;
price $1,000.
Seyenroom, modern dwelling, barn,
chicken house; lot 1O0x165; West
Hill. Price for quick sale, $3.50.
Loan $1,000
Nine-room and basement, barn and
chicken house; corner lot on South
Fifth street Price $500; loan of
1,SOO.
room modern house with sleep
ing porch, close in on South 18th St.
east front, price $500.
A. B. Thompson
Phone 86
Insurance and Loans
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1919-03-26

s4oO, 100000 less for its eettpn crop
than we believe a fair price for tho
Gro" would yield to the producers,
Surely this is stake worth striving
for. 1t means 100000 more of
deposits in our banks to develop the
farm lands and industries of the cot
ton belt.
The United States census depart
ment figures show that the produc
ton of cotton for the years 1914,
| 1915, 1916 and 1917 crops amounted
to approximately 5O,OOO,OOO bales of
American cotton during the period
supplied by these crops amounted to
! 35,O0O,0OO bales. This means that the
worlds stock Of American cotton has
been depleted by 100000 bales dur
, ...s v,." ~" war war .ur,on.' It also shows an
average consumption Of approximate
ly l4,OoO,Oo0 bales O year,
Price of Cotton Has Never Been AZ.
I tected by War. but Driven Down
Regardless of Demand and
Expansion in All Lines.
The price of cotton has never beon
effected at all by the War. The South
today is holding its cotton for re-
munerativc prices; cotton seed are on
hand unsold. The South is not on
cotton strike, but it has determined
not to submit to further robbery.
The South is tired of existing" they
wish to live, and really feel that they
nave this God-given right. The South
Is on a strike, and refuses to longer
act as "hewers of wood and drawers
of water" They really have reached
Inc conclusion that one section was
not created by God with bride in |
lts mouth and saddle on it's back. |
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1919-03-26

world for the sake of few extra
dollars in their pockets It admits
that the growers have us by the nape
of our cotton neckband, and they pro-
pose to twist it, AS The Blade ex~
plains the reason for the movement
In 1910 raw cotton was worth
$.1455 per pound. 1t slumped in 1913,
1914 and 1915. In 1916 it went up to
$.1875. In 1917 to $,2875. In 1918
it went to $50 and better. The pres
ent price is around 20 cents per pound.
1t is this slump, following the armis-
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1919-03-26

ticc and the check on military de-
'mands for cotton, that disturbs our
Southern brethren
The Birmingham Progressive
Farmer declares that
IF the South is to show the world
once for all, that it will never g ain
make cotton on the Old cheap wages
basis while men in all other lines get
nigh wages, then it should Ego on a
strike" against present prices but cut
ting acreage to minimum, and make
spinners i'll Europe and America beg
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1919-03-26
SAYS SOUTH IS NOT
ON A COTTON STRIKE
Invites Investigation by Department
Of Justice, Says Wannamaker
GIVES OUT INTERVIEW
Comment Showing Opinion of Manu-
facturers on Fight Of the
South.

The News and Courier has received
FOR publication the following interview
by j. S. Wannamaker, chairman South
Carolina Cotton Associations:
The South Not On Cotton Strike But
Demands Justice, and Invites and
Will Hail With Joy Investigation
BY the Department of Justice.
st. Matthews, March 2l.-Some
rather unpleasant comments sowing
the opinion of the manufacturers on
the fight of the South for commercial
freedom:
The Literary Digest in it's issue of
March %, under the heading, "South
On Cotton Strike" says in part:
Instead Of the pleading of South
erners for every one to buy bale of
cotton which re heard few years
ago, it seems to the Lowell Courier
Citizen that soon the begging will
come from the Northern manufactur-
er for the Southern planter to sell a
bale of cotton Speaking for the New
England textile cities, the Lowell
paper calls the course Of the planters
"high-handed in the extreme" and a
deliberate manipulation of prices by
cornering the supply" The Boston
Post thinks the cotton hold-up' move
ment is obviously one for the depart
ment Of justice to watch closely, and
If it is to be found conspiracy to
extort abnormal prices, action should
be taken To The Post thirty cents
for cotton, which in normal times sells
for around twelve to fourteen cents,
looks like extortion.' 1t reminds the
cotton growers that theirs was the
one basic commodity whose price was
not regulated by the government dur.
ing the war; and asks whether after
their years of tremendous prosperity
they are now to act the part Of the
'beggar ahorseback? The Toledo
Blade, published in a community
which Is not vitality interested in
either cotton growing or, cotton manu-.
featuring, speaks FOR the Northern
consumer by declaring that the cot
ton farmers are hurting the entire
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1919-03-26


$and that another section was created
by God with spurs on their boots
ready to ride them. To Fight thia
movement for justice, and. square
deal will be about as successful aa
to attempt TO, dam the Mississippi
with willows: or fight the tides of the
Pacific with broom. HosSever, "fools
rush In where. angels dare not tread,''
Entire Santah United.
The entire South Isl uniteds the
farmers, the merchants, the bankers
and the business, mem. They are in
this movements not from a standpoint
Of selfish interests, but they realize
the the darning iaf'srsacs that has shib-
dered the proRyesa and prosperity af
this section for. sixty odd years Thay
are impressed with the truth Of,
I'LL fares; the land to ills a prey,
Where wealth. accumUlates and men
decey.'"
IL, because we have decided to ask
for justice; to strive to snap the,
chans of commercial slavery, justi~
fies an Investigation by the Depart.
ment Of Justice, the sooner such to-
vestIgations is started, the better. IF,
| however, an investigation will be.
made as to why sale Of 600, 900 balea
OF futures on the New York Exchanges
just prior to the signing Of the arua.
'stice, doubtless revelation, a SEN
sation and scandal will be- un,.
| leQrthpd-thia inf ,okj
by Hon. f. D. Smith in a recent ad-,
dress in Columbia.
One-third of the cotton spindles Of
the world are clustered around Man.
chester, England. IN an area not
larger than one Of The small caun.,
ties of South Carolina. and these spiR.
dies alene are hungry for not less
than three and one-half millions of
oates Of American cotton before next
!'.une. Why did Liverpool sell this
vast amount Of cotton under saBd; :
tions like these? It is inexpptalnabla
to the Southern farmer. He refuses
to stand quietly by and submit to a
daylight robbery, The South is not
on cotton strike; however. it Ia do,
termined to regulate its own affairs.
and refuses to sell cotton except at
remunerative prices. The sentiment
IN favor Of permitting the farmer to
name the price for his cotton is now
so strong throughout the entire cot.
ton belt, from the borders Of Mexico
} to- old Virginia, until man who
fails to back the the movement ia ex.
tremely unpopular; in. fact, he :;
termed "slacker." a "slackerA ia
tn's movement for commercia, fre,.
dom, for Justice, for square deal,
Tor honesty and upright dealing in
S~"ainess methods could have only
been made in one wa;C:: y" heh ''ea
was making the universe He mad. az,
the nations first, and when He ,u,a
winding up the job He decided tn
make few things that would chasteu
ana humble the race Of men. He made
"ila beasts Of the forest and vicioua
hoN'ous insects, the birds Of prev. the
Vultures and other things to harrass
ana annoy, and when He got through
win all those miserable nuisances he
naa little fragment Of each one &c
Them left, and he rolled all these frae
ments into human FORM breathed info
t the breath of life, painted bright
yt'o" streak down its back and
ca I'd it "a Stacker"
,. Skottowe Wannamaker,
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1919-03-26
for a 5000 900 or 10000, 900 bale crop
next season.


next season.
Papers like the Meridian Star, i'm
Mississippi, and the New Orleans
Times Pcayunc and Item and Shreve-
port Times, in Louisiana, are strong
hackers of the cotton growers cam
paign. The Shreveport Daily insists
that the South merely is endeavoring
to insure to it's farmers fair and
living return on their labors and
CROP Modern Farming New Or
ieans), an agricultural weekly, cir
culating in Mississippi and Louisiana,
strongly backs up the statements of
the daily papers in these two States,
makes much of the cotton crop-rota-
ton argument. 1t is said that prac-
tically every cotton farmer in Texas
has signed written pledge for the
reduction Of cotton acreage by one
third, and we naturally find the
movement supported by dailies like
the Austin American, Dallas Times
Herald and Houston Southland
Farmer. The Dallas mi-Weekly
Farm News declares that
".'Another large cotton crop heaped
upon the present undfgested half of
the 1913 crop would, without any
question or shadow of doubt, de-
moralize prices to such an extent
that cotton farmers would be reduced
to the lowest economic level thew
have experienced in years. To
keep the price up, the supply must be
kept down. It's as simple as shoe
strings"
Fearful Loss to the South; Cotton
Fails to Sell at Remuneratiye
Prices Regardless of Four
Consecutive Crops.
Including this one, there has been
three short crops Of cotton in sue
cession. Were cotton to continue to
sell at present prices South Carolina
would receive $25,O0O,OOO to SAC, ,OOO,-
600, and the South $3.50 900 900 to
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1919-03-26

Ifio Strong Withstand che Winter
Con Better Than tho Weak
You must have Health. Strenath and En-
dufance to fight Colds. Grip and Ynfiuenza,
When your blood 10 noe In a healthy
condition and does not circulate properly.
Wipias cold. ''''
GROVES TASTELgSS cfsils TONIC
fortiEe9 the Syetefn .Againat Colds, Grin
the Blood. ~ - -" N'''' ''''''""'"s
q con;fina tho weli!lnowa ionic sfop.
esde1t 9g Qrinine' hid IRON Ia q fosfn
acceptable 60 the fnoet delicate atomscb.
eng 10 pleasant to eahe. You can eoou 9eei
20 s3enpath.sanine. IavlGosatlng Etsese, 60c,
Evening journal., 1919-04-15
WILMINGT0NIANS In
AUTO ACCIDENT

An automobile carrying Negroes from
Wilmington colllded in Coatesville on
Sunday with another automobile from
Wilmington. The larger car was over
turned
The small car was occupied by Mr.
and Mrs. Bayard John, and Miss Edith
Grier.
Mrs. John sustained some lacerations
OF the face and Mr.. Johns elbow was
bruised The party Of colored folks
who escaped without a scratch in
cluded Roy Iarman, Mr.. and Mrs Cal
win Purnell, Mary Lee, Mr. and Mrs.
James Sheperdson, Frances Fisher, Mrs.
Saunders. The Negroes had been at
tending the St. Pauls A. NJ. Z. Church
at Malvern and were on their way
home.
The police arrested three OF the men
in the big car and they were given a
hearing before Mayor Swing, who i'm
posed a fine Of S25 on them. The co
Ored men then agreed 10 settle any
damages that Bayard John had sus-
tanned to his car and paid him S75
Evening journal., 1919-04-15
LAST MILITARY
TROOPS LEAVE CITY

Company II. esd Infantry, stationed
at the Pennsylvania railroad barracks
and at Pigeon Point left this city at 10
O'Clock this morning for East Potomac
Park, Washington. d. C. They have
been stationed in Wilmington since
January 2s.
Lieutenant White, with a detachment
Of ten men, Will remain here for sew
eral days 10 close the post and dispose
Of the government property. No more
troops Will be located here.
As the men were leaving today the
Red Cross canteen workers supplied
them with candy and cigarettes.
A farewell party for the men OF the
63d was given last evening at the Can
Evening journal., 1919-04-15
". p. EARLEY AT
REST In HOME TOWN

The funeral OF Walter Paul Farley,
son Of James f. and Mary A. Farley,
was held this morning. at 9 o'clock,
from his home, No. 40 North Connell
street, with solemn requiem mass at st.
Paurs Church. The funeral was at
tended by many friends and associates
in athletic circles.
The young man was killed acciden-
tally in a boxing bout aboard the U. s.
S. Oklahoma, stationed in Guantanamo
Bay. Cuba. He was chief carpenters
mate on the battleship Texas. His su-
perlOr officers have written letters OF
coincidence, in which they speak highly
Of "Wock" Earley's character and abil-
ity.
Evening journal., 1919-04-15

tarine IN the house, because It stops head.
It's simply wonderful how quickly n
brings relief IN neuralgia, neuritis. sciatica,
lufnhago.
While for strains. sprnins, sore musclea,
cramps in legs, ftin neck, iniamed and
frosted feet. Il Is without an equals
A small box costs but a trine and VIII
do the work Of 20 mustard plasters
Be sure It's Begy's Mustarine-always In
the yellow box.
Evening journal., 1919-04-15
For Rheumatic Agony,
LumbagO and Neuralgia
No Choking, Binding Fumes Accompany Its Use-Contsns Real
Mustard

The pain OF rheumatism and gout-tho
eweling-the sorencss-are relieved quick
er b. Begy's Mustnrinc than by any lini-
ment or plaster
When you begin 10 feel those occasional
pains IN the chest, with tightness and sore.
ness, the best thing TO do right away Is TO
run on Begy's Mustarine.
The chances arc II viii save you from
pleurisy, bronchitis and perhaps pneu-
mOnia
Mustariae (Begy's) IS the original mus
tard preparation compounded TO take the
place Of mustard plasters.
IL Is better than any mustard plaster
lar better-fOr it has twice the strength
ana can be kept on until all Inflammation.
soreness, aches and pains has disappeared.
And Il cannot blister-nOt even the ten
derest skin
You ought to have box OF Begys Nus
Evening journal., 1919-04-15

be arraigned, and his face bore hag-
gard, loose look. that gave evidence OF
the pain he suffered.
The charge against him was changed
10 violating the law in being addicted
10 the use OF drugs after Assistant City
solicitor Malloy explained TO the court
that the youth desires TO go 10 the
Morkhouse and be cured OF the habit.
The youth was sentenced TO be COM
mitied until he Is cured.
Evening journal., 1919-04-15
WRECKED, HE HOPES
FOR DRUG CURE

A pltiful example OF the effects OF
drugs was brought before Judge
Churchman in Municipal Court this
morning when John Barnes was ar
raigned on a charge OF violating the
drug law in having in his POSSESSION
a narcotic drug. lie was so weak that
he had to be supported 30 a chair 20
Evening journal., 1919-04-15

teen Headquarters, No 906 Market st.
Music and games were enjoyed, and
ice cream and cake served.
The Pigeon Point men we're not for
gotten and Miss Isabelle B. Wells with
a party Of young women went over
in the Red Cross truck and held a party
with lots Of good eats for ALL
Evening journal., 1919-04-15
URGED TO STORE SUGAR.

NEW YORK, April i5.-The United
States Food Administration has advised
dealers in refined sugar TO take imme-
diate steps toward replenishing their
stocks to avoid possible depletion Of
supplies in the season Of heavy buying
between June and October 1.
While there is no shortage OF sugar
at present and none in prospect "at
Evening journal., 1919-04-15
DELEGATION TO URGE
JUDGE GRAY FOR MAYOR

OF It said it would be composed en-
tirely Of Democrats. 90"
When asked whether he had declined
to become a candidate for mayor, as
a morning newspaper stated, Judge
Gray today said he had no statement
TO make, as nobody had called on him
10 urge him 10 become a candidate.
Evening journal., 1919-04-15

the retail price Of groceries by the
elimination OF the free delivery and
the credit system. In some products
by that plan a reduction OF 60 per cent.
could be made, ne estimated.
In case OF deliveries being desired
by patrons a charge OF five cents for
delivery could be made. plus one per
cent for bookkeeping expense. The
plan is being worked successfully, he
said.
Evening journal., 1919-04-15

least before next fall" dealers arc
warned that there is no indication OF
lower prices and delay in placing or
ders may result i'm a scarcity when can
ming and the natural heavy consump-
tion Of the summer season increase de-
mands on the reflneries.
Evening journal., 1919-04-15
ADVOCATES PLAN FOR
LOWER LIVING COST

S. w. Roth. OF Chicago, editor OF the
Wholesale Grocers and Retailers Jour
nal, addressed the Chamber Of Con-
merce luncheon early this afternoon
and proposed a plan for the reduction
Of the cost OF living.
Mr.. Roth spoke particularly OF the
grocery trade and urged a reduction In