davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
EDUCATIONAL CONGRESS

OMSK, July 25.-An educational congress has been called to meet here to discuss development and edu cation in the districts freed from the rule of the Bolsheviki. The American Mission is expected to arrive in time to give expert advice on the ques- tions that are to be considered.
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
DELIVERY OF SHIPS
 TO THE BOARD SHOWS
 BUILDERS VERY BUSY

WASHINGTON, July 25.-Twenty- one. ships were delivered to the Fed eral Shipping Board for the week ending July IS. The total deliveries since the United States entered the war. is LII vessels of 4.OsO,SS3 gross tonnage. iN
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
TO FLY ACROSS CONTINENT

DAYTON, July 25.-.Captain Roy Francis left in bombing plane today for New York where he will start soon for Seattle. He plans to make only one stop on the way. at North Platte, Nebraska.
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
BIG NAVAL RADIO PLANT. WANTED
 ON COLUMBIA
Is Recommended by Assis. tant Secretary of Navy For Handling Oriental
 Business Increase

PORTLAND. Ore. July 25.-Assist- ant Secretary of the Navy Roosevelt has recommended to Congress the es- tablishment of high power naval radio station, costing $3,000,000 near the mouth of the Columbia River. The purpose of the station will be to relieve the congestion of the cable business to Japan and the Orient.
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
NO CENSOR NOW TO GERMANY

WASHINGTON, July 25.-Uncen' sored wireless communications began yesterday with Germany, with the sending of messages through the navy radio station to Nauen station in Germany.
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
REPUBLICANS TO TRY AND ANNUL THE
 COLOMBIA TREATY

WASHINGTON. July 25.-Repu5- lcan leaders are planning to set aside the treaty with Columbia, under which the United States is to pay $2s.OOO.000 for damages by the ac- quisition of the Panama Canal.
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
GIVING UP HER WAR LOOT

PARIS. July 25-A report received today by the French Peace Commits sion shows that the Germans have surrendered to France many head of stock, taken during the war; and that much stock also has been re- turned to. Belgium. besides machinery which was footed from the Belgian factories.
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
ITALIAN TOWN WILL
 BE NAMED "AMERlCA"
 AFTER BEING REBUILT

WASHINGTON, July 25-One of the towns in the Mugello Val ley, Italy, recently wrecked by an earthquake, will be rebuilt and named America" in recog- milton of the American aid ex tended to the earthquake sui ferers through the Red Cross and other sources.
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
VOLUNTEERS FOR SIBERIA

SAN FRANCISCO. July 25.-The transport Thomas will leave here Saturday with TAI volunteers for re- placing the American forces in Sibe- ria. The vessel will land the volun- teers and supplies at Vladivostok.
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
FAVORABLE REPORT ON BANKING BILL
 BY THE COMMITTEE

WASHINGTON, July 25.-The bill by. Senator Edges providing for the organization of Americanf corporations to extend credit abroad, for financing foreign trade. was reported favorably today by the Senate Banking Com mfttee.
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
NEW POLITICAL PARTY
 FORMED IN CUBA WITH
 FOR NON-INTERFERENCE

HAVANA, July 25.-A new poli- tical party has been formed in Cuba with a platform of non-interference of any other nation in the affairs of Cuba.
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
PLATINUM SELLS BY
 WAR DEPARTMENT FOR
 $500 FOR EACH OUNCE

NEW YORK, July 25.-A total of 5000 ounces of platinum were sold by the Ordnance Department for $500 an onunce.
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
BELLA KUN TIRED OF GAME

LONDON, July 25.-Vienna dis patches assert that Bella Kun, the Hungarion communist leader former ly in communication with Lenine and Trotsky and who was deposed, has asked the Allies for a safe conduct to Argentina, where he expects to live.
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
FRENCH RESERVES TO BE DEM0BILIZED
 BY NEXT OCTOBER

PARIS, July 25.-All reserves in the French army will be demobiliz- ed by the middle of October. accord ing to an official notice published today.
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
ARE MAKING HEADWAY

MINEOLA. U. Y., July 25.-Lieut Col. Hart, and his crew of four, who are making tour of the rim of the country on an 5000 mile trip, in a bombing plane. have left here for Augusta, Maine.
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
FRANCHISE BILL FOR
 THE WOMEN DROPPED
 IN HOUSE OF LORDS

LONDON. July 25.-(Associated Press) )--The House of Lords yes terday dropped the bill giving the fvspchfse to women of the age of < ,sefs.
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
BRITISH Al MIEkITV
 GANG Ls ORDERS FOR BUILDING gF SHC3

LONFON. July t5Saef the signing Of inc arnisiie. ritish Admira ty Aaa c4rce .ef ITS for 526 V, 5seis. re.ultir .r ct sav- ing C ta 9p0000 l9InI-
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
WILSON WILL APPEAL DIRECTLY TO PEOPLE
MEXICANS FEAR AN INTERVENTION
FREE GOLD MARKET IS ESTABLISHED BY THE
 TRANSVAAL COMPANIES

LONDON, July 25.-The free gold market has been re-estab- lished by the mining companies in the Transvaal, and all export restrictions have been removed.
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
TROOPS ARE sAREFooTED

PARIS, July 25.-Twenty thous- and Russians. many of them bare footed. are without rifles and heavy artillery, compose the northern Rus sian army which is dr 'ns back the Bolsheviki towards er3E4a. The Red troops outnumf M 1S fe cruits four time ata "fJ equipped. The attackns ar1j t clamoring for ta'ks hich tne iiii. promised to se,d
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
Reported They Have Cap tured Several. Important ToWns-Red Official
 Admits Sufferings FOR MEETING AT OMSK Purposed to Discuss Re- adjustment Problems
 For District Freed
 From BOISheviki

BASEL. Switzerland, July 25-- Vienna dispatches today report that Ukraine troops, with peasants, under the command of Gen. Petlura, have begun a concerted attack on the Russian Bolsheviki around Kiev. The Ukraines are reported to have cap tured a number of important places
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
MINIMUM WEEKLY WAGE HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED
 FOR MASSACHUSETTS

,OSTON. July 25.-The Massa- rH .setts Minimum Wage Commission $ established a $12.50 minimum weekly wage for women working in candy factories.
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25

No reference is made in the dis patch regarding the location of Sal mon river. There is a Salmon river at the head of Portland Canal in Southeastern Alaska. near the Cana dian boundary, the center of active mining activity, to which a railroad project of about IA miles is contem- plated.
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
FRENCH TO THE RESCUE

FRANKFORT, July 25.-French troops have been sent to Luxemburg at the request of the communal coun- cil, to protect the foundries there.
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
AN OFFICIAL DENIAL

PARIS, July 25-Rumors of disor- ders and mutiny among the Jugo- Slav troops are denied officially from Liabach, Jugo-Slavia
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
BIG CORPORATION
 IS FORMED FOR THE
 PREMIER COPPER MINE

SPOKANE, July 25.-The organiza- tion of $5,000.000 corporation for the development of the Premier cop per and silver and gold mine in the Salmon river country has been formed here.
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25
AGRICULTURAL BILL
 SIGNED BY WILSON

WASHINGTON. July 25.-Presi- dent Wilson today signed the agri- cultural bill.
The Alaska daily empire., 1919-07-25

h TH md @
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

A boy In Boston Ii earning an edu-
cation on an acre Of ground He paid
his way last year and be proposes 70
raise enough on that acre this year 20
put him through the Massachusetts
Agricultural college ut Amherst. He
said he entered upon last years ex-
peTience for patriotic reasons, never
expecting TO make any money out OF
IL, but he did make money over and
above his living and school expenses
Here Is an opportunity that every boy
possesses. All the capital he needs II
win power. for everything else win
come naturally. He win earn his liv-
ing and get an education and such an
education that win surpass anything
ne gets between school walls. for this
boys gardening involved more than
simply sowing and reaping. says Ohio
State Journal. He studied the best
processes and methods and got the
hest yields and products out Of the
ground. lie and nature formed n part
nership and they loved each others
company. and the latter returned tn
the boy n big profit for every bit Of
toll and science he put into the
ground. The boy is sixteen. but there
Is not a grander business man In all
Bosten than he.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

''Chinesc-Japanese friendship has
long been on the lips OF both japanese
and Chinese. but with little result"
says the Toxic Nichi-nIchi. Equally
true II In that feeling Of reliance on
America Is growing apace In China"
The editor then explains the situation
by mentioning the consideration shown
to China by the government OF the
United States in renouncing the Boxer
Indemnity. In generous treatment given
to Chinese students. and In American
educational work carried on In China.
The chief reason which IL delaying the
realization of Chinese-Japanese cordi-
nllty. the editor thinks. is that the
Chinese do not accurately understand
now necessary Is political and economic
friendship for the good of the two
countries. Japan needs raw materials
and has money enough to pay for them,
while China's resources are Inexhaust-
lblc. but she has no money TO develop
them. Then. too, the Russian menace
IN nj China's front door. I'm conclus-
Ion. the editor Of the NIchI-nichi urges
Chinese-Japancse chamber OF COM
u.erce.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07
State of Msrviand
State Roads Commission
NOTICE TO CONTRACTORS

SEALED PROPOSALS for the fol.
lowing:
St. Mary's County--Contract SM-ll:
Building all timber bridge over St.
George Creek between Piney Point
and So. George Island. Total
length 964 feet.
viii he received by the State Roads
Commission, at It's Offices, Col Garrett
Building, Baltimore, MARYLAND. until
IL NJ. on the 18th day of August, 1919,
at which time and place they will be
publicly opened and read.
Bids must be made upon the blank
proposal form which, with specifica-
lions and plans will be furnished by
the Commission upon application and
cash payment of Sl.O0, rs hereafter no
charges will be permitted.
No bids will be received unless ac-
companied by certified cneck for the
sum of Five Hundred (s5OOl Dollars.
payable TO the State Roads Commits
sion.
The successful bidder will be reouir-
ed TO give bond, and comply with the
Acts of the General Assembly OF
Maryland, respecting contracts.
The Commission reserves the right
to reject any and all bids.
BY iORDER of the State Roads
Commission this 5th day OF August,
1919.
FRANK Fl. ZOUCK. Chairman
CLYDE Fl. WILSON, Secretary.
s-7-2t.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

Germany may regain in time that
place on the sea she made so many des-
perate efforts 10 win, though shat hard
~ will he In our day. She may find
even among the allied peoples those
who are willing TO forget her record Of
deliberate savagery. But the seamen
will not forget or forgive. They do not
want "friendlIness'' from murderers.
Ali that was ended when the Lusitania
went down of the Irish coast. II II
fitting and just that the German sea-
men should dree their weird and pay
the penalty to the uttermost farthing.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

General Leonard Wood advocates
higher salaries for teachers. There Is
scarcely bigger domestic issue before
he people Of the country. There are
nearly 100000 men and women teach
ing and even II the people are deter
mined to starve them to death. higher
:alarIes are needed to enable them to
save money for funeral expenses.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07
New a Advertisements
Proclamation Of The 6overnar

DESIGNATING SATURDAY, AUG.
18th. as RECORDING DAY. and
asking every Maryland soldier. sailor
or marine. or nuFse. in or with the
armed forces Of the United States 70
attend or fill out q war service rec
ord.
Whereas. our country. With unselfish
purpose. engaged in the great struggle
90 secure freedom 20 the world. and
poured into the undertaking her great
resources and prevailing might: and
Whereas, the State of Maryland re
eponded in fullest measure to every call
of duty for the winning Of the war. and
upheld in all ways the splendid tradition
Of the State for patriotism and service;
and
Whereas, the State il especially proud
Of her sons and daughters who served
in or With the armed forces OF the
United States or OF the Allies, and e.
teens it q duty and privilege 90 pre-
serve their records in q permanent War
History Collsetion; and
Whereas, the Maryland Council OF
Defense. through its Historical Division.
has prepared = form of War Service
Record. and has organized committees
in the counties of the State and in Bal.
timore city 70 assist In compiling these
records.
Now. therefore, ]. Emerson c Har.
rington, Governor OF Maryland. do here
by designate SATURDAY. AUGUST
18th, N Recording Day. and AJAX every
Maryland soldier, sailor or marine. OF
nurse. in or with the armed forces oil
the United States or of the Allies in
the great war. 10 attend ut one OF the
appointed places and ill out a War Ser
vice Record. IL il Ii not possible for
the soldier. etc. To attend, q member oi
the family should do 30. A photograph
(Dreferably in unif.rm) should b
brought. and discharge or other papers
that may he of assistance in filling oui
the Record accurately. The places ap
pointed for the recording will be duly
published in the newspapers of Balti
more city and Of the counties.
In testimony whereof
The Great Seal | have hereunto SCI
OF my hand and causes
Maryland to be hereto affixet
the great Seal O
Maryland this ST.
day of August, 1919
EMERSON c. HARRINGTON,
By the Governor
THOMAS w. SIMMONS,
Secretary Of State
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07
ASBESTOS AND RuseER.

For the last few years this country
has been importing annually from co.
600 10 10000 tons Of asbestos. Of
value OF from 81 .37s.e00 to 81 .GTs. 900.
and practically all OF this came from
Canada. about 200 tons being imported
from Europe. says India Rubber
World. In no year previous to 1914
has the total domestic output amount
ed to 5000 tons. while the average II
less than 1900 tons n year, and In
1913 and 1914 II lgas less than 1900
tons. Rubber manufacturers are rs
ing steadily increasing quantities Of
asbestos. chiefly In packings and au-
tomobiIe brake lining. The latter IL
n narrow asbestos fabric impregnated
with rubber and valcaDized. That II
II m important product may be In
feFred fren the fact that the 100000
or more automobiles I'm this country,
and the 100000 trucks. have certainly
two, usually four, brake Innings. The
total length Of such lining needed for
a single ear is about ten feet. This of
itself would make about 100000
feet. When II Is considered that such
Innings wear out in use, and must be
renewed. 1t ,sIli be seen how Impor-
tant Is this one branch of the ashes
tos-rubher industry. The raw mate
rial Is also used for clutch lining.
About - per cent Of 1910 models OF
automobiles have dry disk clutches.
and while the amount used for this
purpose Is small, compared with that
used for brakes. still In the aggregate.
this IL. I'm itself. an important addition
10 the business. There are, of course,
other uses for asbestos In the rubber
trade. An manufacturers of mechan-
ical rubber goods use this material.
chiefly In packings.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

Great Britain's debt to the United
States is now $500 per capita OF our
population. We are proud to have
Great Britain pcrcapItated among the
very few debtors which circumstances
have permitted us to muster.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

A bin has been introduced To provide
for federal loan board and to appro-
pirate $2,0O0,O00 for m own-your-own-
home plan. and along about election
some congressman mas ask for a bill.
lion or so with which to start an own.
yOur-own-auto scheme.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

When the United States once makes
up Its mind to decltizenIze and deport
about 5,OO0,OO0 or more unassImilated
hyphenates. So they can operate their
foreign propaganda near their true
homes, matters viii be more satisfac-
tory In the United States.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

Without going to the trouble OF cata-
loguing them. 1t is safe TO assume. of
hand, that lot OF things that were de-
pendent upon the coming of hot wealth
er. have arrived or are late.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

Outside os what It meant to the dig
nifty of the occasion. when that photog.
rapher I'm the peace palace fell into
one Of the glass museum cases. think
Of the thoughts It must have sent fly
Ing through the head OF the Chinese
delegate.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

One pharisee insists that the United
States should become mandatory FOR
Armenia because England. France and
italy cannot he trusted. He should
have said "cannot he Induced"
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

Farmers who assert that daylight
saving provides the wrong working
hours for their business neglect to con-
slider the fact that there Is no law to
prevent any man from rising and go-
Ing to bed at whatever hour he chooses.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

Nobody is trying to run this country
to suit the anarchists. and nobody IL
going to try to run the country to suit
the anarchists. But somebody Is going
TO try to run the anarchists to suit the
country.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

Among the returned soldiers looking
for a job. but of which we hear little.
are the chaplaIns. They made good. In
many Instances saving bodies as well
as souls. Are the churches alive 10
the fact?
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

Trustees of the University OF Penn
sylvanla hase decided to abandon CO.
education as soon as a woman's college
can he built. Things In this world he
come curiouser and curiouser.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

Airship transportation has the nd.
vantage Of starting with a clean slate
80 fur as strikes. government control
problems and other difficulties relat.
Ing to ordinary traffic are concerned.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

Another thing about the new-rich
folks Is. they simply must stretch their
clothesline I'm the front yard for few
weeks 50 that their lingerie may add
its dainty testimony OF their wealth
and quality.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

Rabbit skins have advanced - per
cent In the last three months. which
leads us to believe that the furriers
have invented new summer fur.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

The papers announce n reduction in
the retail prices Of eggs. butter. beef
and several other things. Now to per
suade our grocer that the news Is true.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

One of the shortcomings Of this gen.
Grafton Is an insufficient number of
hoy scouts. let us see that the next
generation Is abundantly supplied.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

America has produced the concrete
ship; England plans a $3.50 concrete
auto. II should he fine for collision
purposes.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

Everybody seems to know that the
var IL over except the manufacturers
Of these war quality" matches.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

A dollar used TO be worth four Ger
man marks: now it's worth twelve.
And yet a dollar isn't worth near a.
much as IL used to be.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

The world would get along much
better II questions of expediency were
not 50 often mistaken for questions Of
principle.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

Among those who are sorry the war
is ended are the mascot dogs OF the
soldiers. Now comes their period Of
a dogs life with the boys mustered out.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

Il takes all kinds Of people to make
s world. including the man who whips
bis boy for playing hockey in weather
like this.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

BY the way, the law says that the
queer notion of some drivers that the
chief function of the automobile is to
make horrible noises Is a mistake.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

It Is probably human nature for one
to underestimate a neighbor's intelli-
gsnce and to be trifie overgenerOus In
estimating ones own.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

Presently bolshevism win get tired
Of chasing its tail and viii lie down
and 20 to sleep.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

The injunction, properly used, In q
useful device Of law, but In good time
the men who misuse II will destroy II.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

The first "airplane wedding" has
been solemnized. Usually it's only the
groom who goes ''up In the air"
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

mo where TO 60 but home" isn't
such misfortune after all. consider
ing housing conditions.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07
Bayles & Chase


1880 49, 80
can get you satisfactory and quick re-
suits buying, selling or trading farms
Or suburban property.
There II ready demand Tor large
and small farms BY the successful
Washington merchants desiring 20 be-
come ssCountry Genflemen.n We also
have co offer for sale, or exchange,
profitable and safe city investments TO
retiring farmers.
One Of the liberal and attractive ad-
vantages Of trading through this Office
10 that ws furnigh the Real Estate
dealers Of Washington and nearby
counties with o complete list OF the
properties listed with N, and In the
event they can dispose Of any of our
property before NE can, We will make
equitable division of the commission
on the transaction. This liberal sales
policy eliminates the unsatisfactory
results owners experience IN tying
their property mp 70 the efforts OF only
one dealer.
We would appreciate hearing from
you and wish 10 assure you we can get
you quick results II yon contemplate
making any changes.
Reliable bank references, rs 10 our
worthiness Of your confidence and pa.
tronage, can be furnished.
6ayles s. Chase
Sales Agents
Farms and Subushaa Acreage
| 80 PA. AVE-. ~. w..
Washlnsten. .. c.
"cALL MAIG q OR SEE YOUR BROKER
s-7-sf.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

There used to be considerable talk
about dollar wheat. Nowadays we
hear rumors Of dollar ezra
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07
Application Tor Oyster Ground

HppiIcatIOH IOr UySter OrOund
c. r. Lewis, Wynne, st. Mary's
County. About 5 acres.
Located in Smiths Greek, on the
southerly side thereof, beginning at
Miller's Wharf, running thence east
erly to the ground of +. v. Dunbar,
extending out from shore TO 9 10.
depth, as shown on published chart
No. "A and staked out by the appli-
cant.
Protests must be filed with the Clerk
OF the Circuit Court for st. Mary's
County on or before Sept. q, 1919.
CONSERVATION COMMISSION OF Md.
Silt.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1919-08-07

BY the way. what's become or those
Russian nIhilIsts that used to bef