The Washington times., 1919-04-13

themselves on their side, meaning that
they are nghtingsa common enemy. The
apes act as scouts. giving warning Of the
nearness Of leopard by uttering pecu-
liar note that Is easily understood by the
little negroes
When the scientists compared the heads
Of the man and the ape they found many
points in favor Of the latter. The shape
of the top Of the head Is admittedly an
index Of intelligence. The man Of good
intelligence has, as a rule, a large head
above the ears with a high forehead ana
a marked development at the back
SaIly's top head is considerably larger
than the ape mans and the development
at the back is noticeably larger and better.
SalIy's facial expression is far more sug-
gestive of intellect and deliberation than
the ape mans Her face Is serious and
almost solemn. The ape man, on the other
hand, has a peculiarly british expression.
His lips are thick and wide to a degree
that is nearly inhuman.
How near the ape brain comes to the
human brain is suggested by Dr. Henry
Jones Mulford, Of Buffalo, in a recent in
teresting paper on 'The Human Mind in
the American Journal Of Psychology. He
regards the ape brain as IN a stage OF evo-
luton through which man has passed, and
puts the 'ape on level with the feeble
minded man.
"The area in the chimpanzee brain cor.
responding to the so-caIled thought area
in the man brain has the same cellular
structure" he says. ''The cells carry the
same characteristics and follow the same
arrangement, but they are fewer, in num-
Der and lack in development; this thought
area In the ehimpanzee, while It is present
is very primitive
Professor Robert Mearns Yerkes, profes-
sor Of psychology in Harvard University,
and one Of the greatest students Of animal
behavior in the country, has gone further
than DR.. Mulford in ascribing reasoning
power to the ape. He has given strong
support to the conclusions that Sally is q
better thinker than the ape man.
Professor Yerkes reports how he
watched a young orangutan named
Julius for months at an experiment sta
tion. Julius was placed in a cage with q
banana suspended from the roof. which he
needed very much because he was hungry,
but which he could not possibly reach BY
stretching his arm or jumping up.
Julius looked about and found three
boxes scattered around, which he placed
one on top of the other until he was able
to grasp the banana. In this he gave eVf
dence Of reasoning and CALCULATING power
Of an advanced order. 1t required many
days and different attempts before he was
successful in reaching the banana
Despite all that has been written con-
corning the intelligent behavior of the
Orang-utan," writes Professor Yerkes,"I was
on cd Nv Init hobo
for 1t was far more deliberate and appar-
emily reflective as well as more persistently
directed toward the goal than I had antici-
pated. had looked for sporadic attempts
to obtain the banana with speedy discour-
agement and such fluctuations of attention
as would be exhibited by a child of two to
four years. But in less than ten minutes
Julius made at least ten obvious and well
directed attempts to reach the food. There
were also wanderings, efforts to obtain aid
from the eXperimenter, and varied attempts
to escape from the cage"
Other experiments confirmed JuIius's
mental ability. A narrow box, eight feet
long, was constructed, open at both
ends and too narrow to permit Julius to
crawl through. A stick as long as the box
was also left in the cage. A piece Of
banana was placed near each end Of the
box where Julius could reach it with mis-
hand and piece in the middle Of .he box
where he could not reach il with his hand.
Having eaten the two bananas which
we're within his reach, Julius paid some
to the one in the centre beyond
his reach. He ratified the box about a
little, but not being very hungry, he gave
mp the attempt.
Two days later, when hungry, he quickly
seized the stick, pushed the banana out of
The box and ate it.