The Madison journal. (Tallulah, Madison Parish, La.) 1888-current, 1919-04-26
NEGOTIATIONS of Modern Cove
nants That.Ended Wars Have
often Taken Months.
INTRIGUE COMMON FEATURE
Great Issues Involved in the Settle
ments of the Last Three Centuries
-keenest Minds Of Church
Seek Advantage.

New York.-The making Of treaties
ras~, always been time-consumlng
process since the days when the
feudal lord or monarch could say to
his beaten toe, accept these terms or
die. Then the limits of personal force
and ambition were the only curb on
the victor's demands, with the sons
OF daughters or other relatives to be
pawns In the game, execution or mar
rage sealing the hateful bargain
But with the development Of states
into something more than the individ-
ual property of kings and emperors,
and the broadening of international
relations, the resulting clashes OF
arms, often lasting for years, were
rarely brought to close except after
negotiations that lasted for weeks or
months. Over the documents that set
tlec the religious, political, or terri
torial questions at issue, the keenest
minds Of church and state fought for
advantage. Intrigues and secret deals
were a normal incident of the battle
Of wits. when more than two countries
were involved in the difficulty.
Many of the peace treaties or the
last three centuries are the landmarks
of their period, ending or beginning
on era In which the future develop
ment of peoples or nations was defin-
itely determined.
Peace of Westphalia.
Such history-making event was
the Peace of Westphalia (164S), which
ended the Thirty Years war-the last
of the great conflicts between CathOl-
icism and Professionalism. Beginning
as a strife between German states. di-
vided on religious lines, it finally in
volved France, Spain, Sweden, Por
tugal, the Netherlands, Switzerland
and many Italian states.
In 1641 preliminaries of peace were
agreed upon at Hamburg by the al
ready wearied contestants, but 1t wa:
three years before 4 congress to set
| tie terms was opened and four year:
after that when first treaties wer'
signed at Osnabruck and Munster
towns Of Westphalia. A general ant
complete peace was finally signed a
Munster on October "a. 164S.
At Aix-la-Chapelle, on May 2, 1905
was signed the first treaty, known b.
the name of that town. This was tn
climax Of the struggle between Franc
and Spain for the possession of tn
Spanish Netherlands. On the dealt
of Philip " of Spain, Louis XII
claimed a large part of the Neither
lands In the name Of his wife,
daughter of Philip. The Dutch
alarmed by the French pretensioHs
which were backed by aggressiv
military action, summoned Englan
and Sweden to her aid and halted tn
French advance. Under the treat
Louis kept portions of Flanders whic
his forces had overrun.
The Peace of Ryswick, which wa
signed at the Dutch village on tn
outskirts of The Hague in 1857, enc
ed struggle of nine years betwee
France and the Grand Alliance, a teri
which ultimately included England
Holland. Savoy, the Holy Roman en-
pire, Brandenburg. Sweden, Spail
Saxony and the Palatinate. A col
gress Of ENJOYS held sessions durin
most az the summer of 1897 and fina
~ signed a treaty Of peace on Sc
TENDER 20. This virtually restored q
! territorial matters to the status 81
ante, bu. the chief result was to chez
. the ambitions of Louis, under who:
rule France had become the first pow,
on the continent, supplanting Spain.
: Utrecht's Epoch-Making Agreement
The Peace of Utrecht was the ne,
yreat agreement between the quarrC
some powers of Europe. 1t was,
fact, series of agreements betwee