davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
Weekly Health Talks
What Doctor Pierce Has
Done for Humanity
BY DOCTOR GRIPS.

1t has always seemed to me that DR..
Pierce, of Buffalo, n. Y, should be placed
near the top when a list of Americas
great benefactors is written. He studied
and conquered human diseases to de-
gree that few realize. Whenever he found
a remedy that overcame disease, he az
once announced it in the newspapers and
.old where it could be bought at small
price. He did not follow the usual custom
of keeping the ingredients secret, so that
the rich only could afford to buy the
medicine, but openly printed the name Of
each root and herb he used. And so today
the names of Or. Pierce and his medicines
are widely known, and they stand for bet
ter health and better citizenship.
One of this great physicians most sue
cessful remedies is known as DR.. Pierce's
Pleasant Pellets. These are little, sugar
coated pills, composed of Mayapple, leaves
of aloe, root of Jalap-things that Nature
grows in the ground. These Pellets ara
SAFE because the1 iloFe the OoNels Seh1i1b
leaving no bad aiter-efeets, as so many
pills do. Very often they make person
who takes them feel like new man or
woman, for they cleanse the intestines OF
hard, decayed and poisonous matter that
aecumulates when one is costive If you
are constipated, by all means 90 70 your
druggist and get eome Of DIR. pierce's
Pleasant Pellets. They may prove to b
tire very thing your system requires e
make you well and happy.
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
BIT OF UNPUBLISHED HISTORY
Old Man Surely Looked With Prophetic
Eye Into the Future of
"Holy Russia"

Car Alexander of Russia was driv-
ing in Moscow in his bombprOof car
rage and was endeavoring to put out
"A fire in his coat-tail pocket, which had
been caused when one of his faithful
subjects had slipped an internal ma
chine into 1t.
An aged man of Semitic cast stood
at the curb and laughed Mt the cars
plight.
The car was wroth and stopped his
carriage.
"Why are you laughing, your poor
old hsn?" he asked.
II am laughing because while your
family rules Russia now mine will
rule in the near future" replied the
old man.
1t was an omen. Alexander dropped
back into he carriage seat pale and
trembling. "Who are you, my manT
ne asked.
"Ha-ha !" shouted the old party. 81
am the great-grandfathe of Leon
Trotzky."
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
Polite Phraseology.

Miss Oldbury, who prides herself
upon her correctness in the framing
of ordinary sentences, was industri-
ously plying her knitting needles when
she was accosted by her friend, Miss
Harkins, who said You are very
busy, Clementina." YES" replied Miss
Oldbury, 81 have a cousin in the army
who is "A very tall man. This sweater
Is for him, and, although | have been
knitting 1t for two weeks, | am afraid
three weeks more must elapse before
II is ready for occupancy !"
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
FooIino the Coolies.

wrote to my brother in France,
who had been in action, asking if he
had acquired "cooties." His reply came
sack: "Yes, indeed, ! had coolies
One is not n regular soldier until he
does have them, but l got rid of mine
in this fashion: l sprinkled my
clothes all over with salt, then laid
them down on a river bank. The
coolies became very thirsty and got off
the clothes to get drink, then pulled
them away quickly. Nine-tenths of the
oooties died from modification and the
Nhe other tenth from Ionesomeness.'-
Exchange.
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
RIOTERS KILLED IN HAMBURG
Others Are Injured When Effort Is
Made to Release Sailors Under
Arrest.

Paris, Jan. Disorders in Ham
burg. in which several persons were
killed and others wounded. are report
ed from Zurich.
The disorders are incident TO dem
onstrations In connection with the de-
mand for the release Of the sailors
who had been imprisoned by the gov.
eminent ms the outcome of previous
disturbances.
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
PORTUGUESE CEMETERIES.

Instead OF hendstones and monu.
ments, the cemetery of Lisbon shows
rows and rows OF tiny chapels ranged
In long avenues bordered by cypress
trees. The Portuguese are reluctant
to bury their dead out of sight. and
these chapels serve as mortuaries for
the collins. which are placed on the
shelves within Through the iron grllls
the eye dlscerns small affairs and flow.
ers cleaning through the subdued
light OF the interiors
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
TO SAIL BACK VIA THE RHINE
U. S. Army of Occupation Will EN-
bark From Hun Port When Work
Is Finished.

COblenZ Jan 21.-Arrangements are
in progress, according to reports here.
by which the American army of occu-
patton eventually will be taken home
by way of the Rhine to Rotterdam or
some German port for embarkation.
The plans for troop transportation
on the Rhine call FOR large number
of barges and also for the use of all
available river steamers.
Meanwhile, efforts are under way
to perfect plan TO bring American
army supplies up the Rhine 10 Cab
LEM from Rotterdam, thus obviating
the long rail haul across France.
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
KAISER PRECEDENT IN U. S.
Former French Premier, Leon Bour-
geois, Cites Hanging of Ander-
sonvilIe Keeper.

Paris, Jan. 21.-Leon Bourgeois, for
mer premier and French authority on
the league of nations in a statement
to the Matin cites precedent for the
punishment of Germans of all degrees
convicted of violation of .he laws of
war--the case of Henry Wirz, who
was tried by court-martial and exc.
cuted after the civil war for cruelties
suffered by Northern prisoners in the
camp he commanded at Andersonville,
Ga.
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
DOCTORS WOULD WELCOME MA
TIoN.WlDE PROHIBITION.

mo one except policeman sees
more of the results of overindulgencs
In alcohol demonstrated by pauperism,
sickness. immortality and crime than a
physician. Medicine has reached
period when alcohol is rarely employ
ed as drug. being displaced by bet
ter remedy. Alcohors only place now
Ii In the arts and sciences. National
prohibition would be welcomed by the
medical profession DIR. c. FL. Mayo.
famous surgeon of Rochester. Nina
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
AGREE ON RAILWAY CONTROL
Major Stevens to Take Charge o.
Siberian Lines With an Al
lied Committee.

Vladivostok, Jan. 21.-Inf0rmatioG
received here is that the allied ma
tions have reached an agreement re,
garding the control of the TRANSIT.
berian railway.
Major Stevens, it is said, is to he
chief executive of the system, with
the administration in charge of IN
allied committee with n japanese
chairman.
The British are to control the line
from Irllutsk westward. The French
will operate the Amur branch and the
Americans will have charge of the
Chinese Eastern railway.
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
FOOD PRICES GOING SKY HIGH
Quartermaster Corps Officer at Wash.
ington Asks More Money to
Feed Soldiers.

Washington, Jan. 21.--TIigher food
prices are anticipated by army off.
Gals, who in asking congress for ap.
preparations for food purchases dis
closed that they had allowed for a 10
per cent increase in the year begin
ming next July.
An army ration-food for one man
for one day-now costs the govern
ment 4S cents. Colonel Adams said
appropriations had been asked on a
basis of SO cents.
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
TO OVERRIDE PHONE DEGREES
8urleson TO Put in Effect New Lonu-
Distance Rates, Despite op.
position.

Washington, Jan. 21,-W, II. Lamar,
solicitor Of the post office department
and a member of the wire control ,om-
mittee, said that new long-dstance and
toll telephone rates established by
Postmaster General Burleson would be
put into effect, despite efforts Of state
regulatlve bodies TO suspend or other
wise modify application of the rates.
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
AUT0CRATIC RULE IS OVER
GRANDMOTHER of Russian Revolution"
Says Country viii Have
Strong Government.

Seattle, Wash, Jan. 21.-"Russia
will never again be ruled by auto
Gratis" Nine. Catherine Breshskovs-
kaya called the grandmother OF the
Russian revolution" asserted here IN
discussing government In the country
Of her birth "Out of the seeming
wreck of Russia will come strong
government OF the ueople." she eaie
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
REBELS RISE IN PORTUGAL
Proclaim King Manuel as Ruler-Gov.
eminent Starts Troops to
Scene.

Lisbon, Jan. 2l.-RoyaIists pro-
claimed restoration Of the monarchy.
They named former King Manuel ms
ruler of Portugal. The monarchy was
proclaimed at Oporto Braga and Vi
seu. Government troops have started
for those places to suppress the con.
spiracy Manuel Is reported to have
attempted to Illustrate the conspiracy.
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
TEXAS MOB BURNS NEGRO
Black Murderer Was Under Sentence
to Be Hanged for Killing
Woman and Child.

HIllsboro. Tex, Jan. PA mob
gathered At the jail here batfered
down the doors, took Bragg Williams.
a negro. to the corner of the public
square ana burned him TO death. VII.
liams was sentenced to be hanged
February 81 for the murder Of Mrs.
George Wells and her child December
Q 1918
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
web, but get their living by catching
cockroaches by sheer fleetness OF foot.
nolnn Ones Best Work.

To do ones best work and be ones
best self involves the quiet but nnal
acceptance Of such tools as have been
put into ones hands and such mate
rails as lie about one. To be happy
and useful and to contribute TO the
Joy OF life one must take up the
work at hand and do IL AZ best he
may, without envy, jealousy. or strife.
The Outlook.
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
WORK WHILE AT WORK.

IT'S good thing not to take your
hobbies to the Office. It's also good
thing to dispense with easy chairs and
other luxuries In your place of busi-
ness. Take the rest cure at home. The
office is place OF toll. II should be
comfortable. put it's appointments
should BIO suggestive OF work and EN-
cisacy rather than leisure. Instead
Of making man feel like taking a
nap the office environment should be
al urge to hls best efforts.
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
FLYS FROM TEXAS TO COAST
Major Macauley, Flying From Taliafer-
70 Field, Arrives at San
Diego. Cal.

San Diego, Cal, Jan. 21.--Maj. r. g.
Macauley. flying from Talaferro field,
Fort Worth, Tex, arrived ut Rockwell
field. North island at IL :05 o'clock
Monday morning. The 1888 miles from
Tucson. Ariz.. were covered In four
hours and forty minutes.
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
Premier of Serbia Resiqns.

Salonlki, Jan. 21.-Nik0lu +. Pach-
itch the Serbian premier. has re-
signed. Prince Regent Alexander has
asked Slogan Protitch, the finance
minister in the pachitch cabinet, to
form new cabinet Tor the Serb-Croat.
Slovene kingdom.
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
Trinidad Spiders.

A spider native to Trinidad has a
body as large round as a half dollar
and eight legs which spread them
selves out to circumference size Of a
cheese plate. For months at time
.hese spiders, husband and wife, viii
i've irreproachably together In a chos-
en- corner of cupboard or ceiling,
where they stay during the hours of
daylight, the wife clapsing her white
egg case to her body by her forelegs.
After dark. when they hunt. they run
ill over the house. for they spin no
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
Wilson Approves Plan.

Washington. Jan. p. - President
Wilson cabled to Secretary Tumnltv
his approval of the proposal Ia hold
Roosevelt memorial meetings through
out the country on February - Snnr
taneously with the joint memoir
services in congress.
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
Revenue Bill DELAYED.

Washington. Jan. 21.--Because OF
the Illness or Democratic Lender
Kitchin of the house the conferees on
the war revenue hill postponed ronsld.
GRAFTON OF the measure unta tcnorrov
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
Not 4 Complete Success.

81 told her that she and her daugh-
Her might well be taken for sisters"
That stuff goes good"
Yes il went good with mother bur
] lost out with the girl. louisville
dnurier-J0urnal.
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
Harkl

A combination of telephone, micro
vented in France for transmitting
sounds to distant points or 10 severai
Noints M once.
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
STOMACH UPSET?
PAPE's DlAPEPslN AT ONCE ENDS
SouRNEsS, GASES, AClDlTY,
INDIGESTION.

Jumps of undgested food causing
pain. When your stomach is acid, gas
sy, sour or you have heartburn, flatu-
Ience, headache or dyspepsia, here is
instant relief-No waiting!
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23

Don't stay upset Eat a tablet OF
Pape's Diapepsin and instantly your
stomach feels fine. All the Indigestion
pain, gases, acidity and misery in the
stomach ends.
Pape's Diapepsin tablets cost little
at any drug store but there is no surer
or quicker stomach relief known. Adv.
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
Presidents ReplN.

President Wilson in his reply began
by expressing his pleasure at the cor
diality of the welcome
A new world is coming into life the
president said adding that the world
has awakened ito its community of In
terest and It knows its future depends
on this community Of interest"
"The future Of free Institutions and
of civilization" he added, depend upon
it.
at knows that If the peril to which
ued" the president continued. "the
menace will reach to the entire world.
Against this Is not alone France. il is
the entire world which must organize
itself"
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1919-01-23
Chinese influence in Hawaii.

The Chinese first planted sugar
cane at the Crossroads OF The Paci-
fc" and manufactured sugar, and
when the Hawaiiaus began to cease
the cultivation of turo " was the Chi
neSe who became the faro planters and
the makers Of poi-the stan OF life OF
the native Hawaiian
The Washington times., 1919-05-04
Think YACHT SUNK
WITH ALL ON BOARD

CHARLESTON. :. Q. NAV An
unknown schooner yacht. which was
reported adrift in a dense fog of
foungs Island. with her upper struc-
ture in flames. is believed today 10
nave gone down with all on board.
captain Francis. OF the Stevens
line, who organized a rescue party,
stated on his return here that he was
unable 10 reach the vessel because
or the fog. The ceptsin said that
ne caught a glimpse OF the burning
snip once when the atmosphere
cleared for a moment, but fog again
enveloped them quickly and further
search was impossible.
Francis said that SGsolene tanks
were floating about the vessel. indi-
eating that she was OF the auxiliary
type and that she was about 100 feet
in length
Nothing is known in regard TO the
number Of people on board the
schooner, but Captain Francis stated
ne distinctly heard cries for help
across lhe Og-covered waters.
The Washington times., 1919-05-04
SEC. WILSON SCOFFS
AT 'REDISN' IN US.

Bolshevism holds no charm for
American. workers because il means
. "eompuIsory, labor in the opinion Of
Secretary OF Labor Wilson. E
He bases his conclusion on study
OF speeches of Nicholai Lenine,
premier or the Russian Soviet repub-
lie. The conclusions are set forth in
letter to James Wilson. president
of the International Association of
Pattern Makers.
Lenine and his government fear
the will OF the majority" Secretary
Wilson wrote. Bolshevism. he said,
means not government by the major
ity, and especially OF a majority OF
the workers. but rather, a dictator
ship OF the individual. or. al most.
OF the few
Il have no fear, Of Bolshevism, So
called, securing a foothoId amongst
the workers of the United States
Bolshevism. as understood in RussiP
means the dictatorship OF the indi-
Vidual, or, at most, the few. with the
purpose Of introducing compulsory
labor. goaded 10 higher speed. under
the direction OF an Individual die
tatorship.
i am sure that no sane American
whose mind had not been perverted
by self interest would for a moment
think Of displseing the orderly prog
ress or for and by the people which
our institutions provide"
The Washington times., 1919-05-04
37,226 ALLOTMENT
CHECKS WAIT CLAIM

The Bureau Of War Risk Insurance
has a list OF 1925 persons to whom
checks have been sent and the checks
have been returned because OF incor-
rect address, removal from old ad-
dresses. etc.
All persons who believe that they
have allotment checks due which
have been missent are advised to call
at the office Of. the Home Service
Section OF the Red Cross. SOC Henois
Building. The Home Service Section
has list OF all checks instructed 10
addresses in Washington. The list
is as follows:
Mary johnson. SIC Second street
southeast: Ella Winston. 9lS Della
ware avenue southwest: Mrs.. hath-
crime z. Humes. seventeenth and
streets northwest: Agnes Brown
Moody. IO7 Eleventh street northwest;
Lillian Jones Negley. Eighteenth and
virginia avenue. Nellie Nelson Til
ton. IS L street northwest: Mary Far
rington Flynn. 1908 Vernon street
northwest: Martin Catherine Reed,
1916 KiIbourne street; Bertha Brooks
Storied. IO2 8 street northeast;
Martha Gordon Jackson. 3j3 Fourth
street northwest; Grace Patricia. 1910
Massachusetts avenue: Ethel Haw-
kins Wafford. 4O2 East Capitol street;
Mildred Gertrude Nesper. l543 North
Carolina avenue southeast: Olive
Jacobson Ostherg. care of Mrs. Anna
Johnson. I'll Fourth street: Maude
Elizabeth Graham. 9OOl4 street
southeast: Mary Jane Thomas. 50
Summer avenue: Sallie Basket
Smith. I4O9 Massachusetts avenue;
Hattie williams. 24l3 High street
northwest: Fannie Gertrude Proctor.
General Delivery Station n. AnacOs-
tia D. e: Henrietta n. +. Maulsby,
1915 X street northwest; Elizabeth
Fell O'Brien. Hamilton Hotel Four
teenth and X streets: Pansy Lorraine
Wander Ball IS . street northwest;
Ida Lena GIasman. 300 East Eighth
street: Ara McDOrmand. 1872 D street
southeast: Mildred May Meyers, 1922
I street northwest: Violet Powers
NcDonough. 1881 Vermont avenue;
Kate Taylor. AnacostiR station; Cath
crime Mary Smith, 1927 ROsedaIe
street northeast: Emma SHOckrotte,
l246 Z street northeast: Hattie Col
bert. T43 Girard street: Irene Hen
SON. General Delivery: Helen Johnson,
1872 New Jersey avenue: Ruby Gan
scott. II2I ConnOTs street northwest: !
Mrs. Mary stuart. r. F. ID. No. =.
Box 40.
The Washington times., 1919-05-04
OPERA STARS WILT
SING ATLOAN RALLY

The Bohemian Girl" Is to be given,
in concert form. in a big operate Vie
tory loan rally to be held al Liberty
Hut on Tuesday evening, May 8. al
T:45 o'clock.
The Community Opera OF Wash
ington. OF the War Camp Community
Service. with almost the entire cast
OF solOists and the full quota of
chorus and orchestra. will give eN-
cerpts from Balfe's popular opera az
their contribution toward putting the
Victory loan over the top.
The cast OF sOlOists are the same
who contributed so greatly 70 tha
success OF the opera when Il
was sung recently at Central
High school Gretchen Hood. so
pranO. sings the role OF airline;
Marie Culp. cOntralto. the Gypsy
Queen: James Young, tenor. Thad-
deus: oliver Mellum. baritone. Count
Arnheim. and Fred L. Pratt. tenor.
Florenstein. The chorus has 100
voices. The orchestra. under RolTin
Bond. has forty members. The entire
performance Is under EdOusrd Albiou,
director general.
The performance will include the
overture by full orchestra. and Il
Dreamt That I Dwet In Marble
Halls Gretchen Hood; bliss For
ever Past" Marie Culp; The Heaft
Bowed Down. oliver Mellum: Then
You'll Remember Ne" James Young.
There viii be. also. the duets ''The
Wound Upon Thine Arm" and This
Il Thy Deed Mr. Mellum.
The chorus will be heard IN the
opening chorus. In the Gypsy's LifeR
What Sound Breaks On the Ear"
Thou Who In Might supreme
From the Valleys and Hills" with
airline. Queen. Thaddeus. and the
Count: Hold. Hold" with full cast
and chorus, and Go. Every Hope BE
Fled" with Thaddeus, Airline, the
Count. the Queen. and chorus
The Washington times., 1919-05-04

personal solicitation OF employers re-
suited in enough vacancies being
found TO place all the soldiers at that
time unemployed.
However" continued Mr.. Kline,
some OF these jobs which the soldiers
had to take were. OF necessity. not as
good as they are entitled to"
During the past week 24I soldiers
secured employment through the
Washington bureau in addition 10
l.066 civilians.
Find Al Jobs.
The total number OF registrations
during the past month were 5,226 SOL
diers. sailors. and war workers, and
Of which number all but Al were
placed. ,.-...
The United States Employment
Service is placing more than 10000
people each day through its 494 offices
maintained by voluntary subscription
but as a result of the nation wide
drive, the cooperation or the chufche
and employers. This record is expected
TO be broken shortly.
Directly Densmore states that q
per cent OF the men applying for jobs
are placed. This means 80 per cent
are without work. due in large meas
ure to failure OF employers to reg
lister vacancies.
The Washington times., 1919-05-04
SENDS
sos TOLOAN
BUYERS

The crew of the navy's
Victory Ship" has
flashed a new meaning for
the wireless call s 0 S"
The wireless signal was
made to mean subscribe
Oversubscribe. " The ship
is drifting" the wire
less dispatch said, "be-
cause subscriptions are,
coming in too slowly. 5"
But the crew has the
ship tuned" for some
fast travelling the last few
days of the campaign.
The Washington times., 1919-05-04
WOULD LET VOTERS
PASS ON RAILROADS

That. the railroad problem will be
fought out in the next Presidential
campaign is the opinion expressed
here today by Glenn f. Plumb. at
torney for the Big Four" railroad
brotherhoOds. Plumb also assert ed
his belief that no legislation OF a
definite character for solving the
railroad problem" can be expected at
the forthcoming session OF Congress.
A division OF sentiment will prevent
il. he said.
1T is a political problem" Plumb
continued. 1T requires a political
solution. The roads always have
been in politics. ] think II should
be put squarely up to the people.
Whether the roads are run privately
or by the Government. the people
have 10 pay. SO let them decide"
u was understood the brotherhoods
are paging" probable candidates as
TO their views on rail operation.
Plumb confirmed this only partially.
The Washington times., 1919-05-04
IRENE CASTLE WEDS
CAPTAIN fireman

NEW YORK. May Mrs. Irene
Castle. famous dancer and film star
and Captain Robert fireman. of Ithaca
n V, are today on their honeymoon
in the Adirondacks. They were mar
ried yesterday by Rev. Dr. HOughtor
al the Little Church Around the
Corner.
Mrs Castle and Captain fireman
were attended at the wedding by life
long friends. Philip Boyer. broker,
gave the bride away.
Captain fireman is a son Of Robert
H. fireman. a deputy governor or the
Federal Reserve Bank. The family
is wealthy. Members OF the family
accompanied Captain fireman here to-
day.
Mrs. Castle was dressed in a gray
satin dress and wore a large gray
picture hat. The secrecy Captain and
Mrs fireman had striVen for was
brushed aside by friends when prac-
ticaIIy all details OF the ceremony
were made public by degrees.