davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Fayette falcon. (Somerville, Tenn.) 190?-current, 1919-01-03
HALT SPREAD OF
EELWORM INJURY
Farmers Urged to Maintain
Careful Watch for Calls and
Stamp Out Disease.
SALTWATER METHOD URGED
Precautionary Measures Should Be
Practleed to Thwart Disease
Most Damage Has Been Done
In state of Virginia.

Rrepared by the United States Depart
ment OF AgricultureO
To prevent the spread or serious
wheat disease that recently has done
much damage in certain parts OF the
United States, especially Virginia, the
United States department of agricui-
ture advises farmers in Virginia, West
Virginia, Maryland and California to
maintain a careful watch for eelworm
gals in their grain and to make all
possible efforts to stamp out the dis
ease.
The disease may be recognized IN
the threshed grain by the presence OIL
hard, dark-colored gals about one
half the size of wheat kernel. These
gals contain the very small eelworms.
1t is best to get seed from uninfested
fields. Where this cannot be done, a
saltwater method is recommended Tor
removing the eelwOrm gals from the
sound grain to be sown.
The eelworm has done the most dam
age in Virginia, causing as much as a
40 per cent loss in some fields this
year. 1t occurs in minor degree In
West Virginia, Maryland and Cali
fornia, these being the only states
where its positive appearance is
known, but it is feared that the tron-
BILE occurs in other states and possibly
may have been overlooked or mistaken
for bunt, cookie seed or bin-burnt
wheat.
Samples of wheat or grain thought
to be affected with this disease should
be sent for positive Identification tc
the state agricultural experiment sta
ton or to the office of cereal investiga
lions, United States department of az
riculture, Washington, d. Q.
The disease is not native to the Unit
ed States and it can be controlled b!
careful precautions.
How to Clean Diseased Seed.
II disease-free seed cannot be OBJ
tanned, the "salt-brine" method i
recommended for separating the Ia
fected kernels, or gals, from the goo'
wheat kernels. A 20 per cent salt SO
luton should be made by dissolving A
pounds Of common salt in 25 gallon
of water. The diseased seed shout
be poured slowly into this solution
which meanwhile is stirred vigorously
The sound wheat kernels will sinh
while the gals, light kernels, and tras
will float. The gals and other fioa'
The Fayette falcon. (Somerville, Tenn.) 190?-current, 1919-01-03
nnnn DnIMTEDc
UUUU TUlN ] EnO
FOR BEEKEEPER
Not Always Easy to Determine
Whether Cellar Is Giving Sat-
iSfaCtOry Results.
THERMOMETER IS NECESSARY
Few Measures Given So That Keeper
May Decide Whether Methods
Could Be lmproVed-There
Should Be No Moisture.

prepared by the United States Depart
ment OF Agricultural
1t is often difficult for the beekeeper
to know whether his bee cellar is CIV
Ing the best results, for he may not
have been able to determine from
reading or observation of other cell
lars whether 1t is satisfactory. Below
are given a few measures which the
beekeeper may apply to his apiary
and his cellar, so that he may be able
to decide whether his methods OF cell
lar wintering should be improved.
"a During the winter thermome-
ter inserted In the entrance OF the
hive should show a temperature of at
least so degrees Fahrenheit.
(2) There should never be any con-
densed moisture on the covers of the
hives, and certainly never any on the
bottoms.
Keep Cellar Dark.
(3) While the cellar should be Kept
dark at all times, if candle is hello
at the entrance of hive at the end
of January 1t should be several sec
onds before any Of the bees break
cluster. Frequently the cellar doors
may be opened in March without dis
turblng the bees.
{4) There should never be many
dead bees on the bottom Of the hives
The live bees should be able to push
them out as they die during the win
ter, The bees thus carried out will b.
found on the cellar floor just below thu
entrances. If there are bees all oyel
the floor, It shows that these bees hav'
flown from the hives-an indication o.
poor wintering.
g, The bees should be quiet durini
the late winter. Noise at this tim
indicates that the bees are disturbed
by an accumulation Of feces, causes
by low temperatures or poor food.
(6) II the bees were in good condl
ten In the fall and have been wintere'
wen, the loss during the winter vii
never be more than one-sixth of the to
tai population of the hive. Such
loss rs excessive, however, and In
weii-wtntered colony 1t may be as 10y
as II hundred bees. This probably de
ponds to a large extent on the age Q
the bees which go into winter, and
the temperature is right, and the store
good there will be almost no loss Q
vigorous bees.
tD The bees should not leave th
hive while they are being carrie
The Fayette falcon. (Somerville, Tenn.) 190?-current, 1919-01-03

ing material may be skinned off, after
which the salt solution, which may be
used repeatedly, should be drained
away and the grain rinsed in water i'm
medately. After the grain is dried by
spreading 1t on floor or canvas and
stirring occasionally it is ready for
planting.
The diseased gals should never be
thrown on the ground or otherwise dis
posed of until they have been plunged
for few minutes into boiling water
to kill the eelworms. After being given
this boiling process they may be fed
to chickens.
Signs Of Infection.
The disease is usually indicated by
its effect on wheat heads in the fields,
although 1t may occur to some extent
on all parts of the plant above the
ground. Diseased heads ordinarily
stay green longer-that is, ripen later
and are commonly smaller than
those not affected. while the chaff or
glumes may be spread open a little by
the black eelworm balls. These gals
come in the wheat heads In place OF
good kernels. They are dark and
hard, and somewhat shorter and thick
er than wheat grains. Often these can
be seen plainly in the affected heads
between the spreading glumes.
Eelworm's Life Cycle.
Within the wheat gals are thou
sands of very small living but motion
less ''baby nematodes," called larvae.
These, when placed In water. can be
barely seen as short, threadlike fibers,
which soon begin active movement.
In the spring the young eelworms es-
cape into the soil from gals which
have fallen TO the ground or which
were sown with the wheat seed. With
an eel-like movement they reach the
young seedlings. finally become located
between the leaf sheaths near the
buds, and as the plant grows are grad
ually carried up to the heads. There
they enter the young flowers and pro
duce the gals. where they grow to
maturity and lay eggs which develop
into larvae. Thus the 'Ife cycle Is CON-
pleted. 1t maturity Of the plant the
larvae IN the gals become dried and
motionless. and can remain IN that
| condition alive for many years.
The Fayette falcon. (Somerville, Tenn.) 190?-current, 1919-01-03

80 members has had the use of good
pure-bred bulls for more than seven
years at an average investment of less
than SOS a member, with prospects OF
being able to use them for three or
four years more. Practically all dairy
men desire to raise pure-bred cattle.
but comparatively few can afford In
dividually to purchase such bulls as
are needed to develop profitable pure
bred herd. The bull association over
comes the difficulty, and the money
sayed can be used toward the pur-
chase of registered females.
Quick Returns on the investment.
When questioned regarding the
value of cooperative bull associations,
$50 farmers in Maryland, Michigan
and Minnesota estimated that the use
of bulls belonging to the organization
increased the value of the offspring In
the first generation from 80 to so per
cent, with an average of 90 per cent.
Usually ia business transactions In
which there is a probability of heavy
gain there is a possibility OF heavy
loss. but In the bull associations the
chances of profit are excellent, wito
little probability of loss. The invest
ment is so small and the chance for
herd Improvement so great that the
net returns greatly exceed the small
original investment.
How to Organize a Bull Association.
Success In the operation of a co
operative bull association depends q
great deal ON the care that Is used IN
its organization. Those interested
should obtain as much information as
possible regarding the plan of opera
ton and should consult with the
| county agricultural agent. He may be
able to give valuable Information
from experience, or at least viii know
where such information can be OBJ
tanned, and he can help greatly In
starting the organization, If a county
4 agricultural agent Is not available
write to the state agricultural college
or to the dairy division of the United
States department of agriculture a
Washington, either of which wil1 bt
! glad to give advice and assistance u
is advisable, II possible, to visit som'
nearby bull association In order Z
study the methods of operating, To-
the more information that is available
the better win be the prospects for
wellorganized and successful associa
tion-
The Fayette falcon. (Somerville, Tenn.) 190?-current, 1919-01-03
BnSrR IS ENEMY OF
FUTURE CORN CROPS
Growers Urged to Watch for De.
Structive Insect.
II Pest Should Escape to Corn Belt y
Undoubtedly viii Become Nest
Destructive Enemy-lnsect
Found In Stalk.

prepared by the United States Depart
ment of Agriculture1
Future corn crops Of the Um1so
States viii be exposed to the European
corn borer, the most destructive enemy
of maize which has ever invaded TINS
country, unless growers cooperate ae>
lively with federal and state authorS
ties in stamping out the pest. The NJ
itial outbreak of the bOrer was dlse0vs
cred in Massachusetts,, near BostoDs
and at present the territory In which u
appears is confined to eastern MasSas
chusetts. If this pest should escape 10
the corn belt, 1t undoubtedly VIII De.
come the most destructive enemy o.
corn which has ever occurred m fne
The Fayette falcon. (Somerville, Tenn.) 190?-current, 1919-01-03
GROWING SOY BEAN
IS VERY PROFITABLE
Seed Industry Is Being Developed
in Many Sections.
Increased Prices Brought About by De
mand for Seed Purposes and Utili-
cation as Food-crop Also of
Benefit to Soil.

prepared by the United States Depart
ment of Agrieulture.)
The soy bean is very profitable
crop when grown for seed, and the
seed-grOwing industry is being devel-
Oped in many cottOn-growing sections
and in the southern part of the corn
belt. The character of growth, Its uni
form maturing habit, and its large yield
of grain recommended the soy bean
for seed production. The many disad-
vantages which attend the harvesting
of cowpeas are not common TO the
soy bean. The increased demand for
seed for planting purposes and the
utilization of the dried beans as food
The Fayette falcon. (Somerville, Tenn.) 190?-current, 1919-01-03

United States, because its capabilities
Of INJECTING injury to the crop are NJ
most limitless. State and fedefai an'
thorities are striving to destroy the IN
sect, and to control and confne 1t witiS
In the present infested area.
Corn growers and other fntefesteo
persons are requested to eo-operaie
with these authorities by carefully az
aiming cornfelds, stalks OF ecgp, ano
dried vegetation In such fields, 10 ae-
termine whether the insect 10 preseus,
Stalks and stems should be split open
from end to end and If slender, dirty
white or pinkish, naked caterpillar 10
discovered therein, the examiner Shouts
communicate with the State Bnt0ntoio>
gist, State Experiment Station, sssse
Board of Agriculture, or the Bureau ot
Entomology, United States Departments
Of Agriculture, Washington. ID. O.
The parent of the European corn
borer is a yellowish moth measuring
about one inch across the expanaeo
wings. II lays its eggs upon the corn
leaves or leaves Of grasses or weeds
In or near the cornfields. These eggs'
soon hatch and young caterpiilars APP
pear and begin feeding on nearpy
leaves. Later they crawl to me IN
folding heads of the corn and begin
their work of destruction. They ire
quently bore into the tassei stem, de~
vouring its internal portions 10 seen
an extent that the tassei will fall on
This phase of injury is readily seen
and is usually the first Indication on
the presence of this borer, When the
caterpillars become larger they attack
the main stalks at the base of the
leaves and 1t is not unusual to hn6
more than % insects attacking d single
stalk Of corn. After the ears rave
formed they are promptly attacked ana
very seriously injured.
The caterpillar is almost naked. sien<
der, pinkish or dirty white in color, as0
about three-fourths of an inch In iengfh,
Almost invariably 1t Is to be f0un0
within the stalk or other portions 81
the plant, as its instinct causes the
caterpillar to hide away within Ube
plant upon which II may be feeding
When the caterpillars mature they Do
pate within the stalks, and about 81
gust /, in the neighborhood Of BOSTON,
new brood of moths energies to lay
their eggs upon the corn, and thus con
tinue the work of destruction. The
caterpillars resulting from this sum
mer brood OF moths live thrcusheof
the winter, hidden within the dead znd
dried stalks of corn. stems 81 grsss.
weeds and green garden vegetables,
where even the coolest weather does
not injure them IN the least. How
ever, at this time. they Ray easily ~
destroyed by burning sueh vegefatton
while II Is dry and In good eo1ftkbsn
to ignite readily. II II more ffHfsF~
tant that all grasses and large weeds
which have grown m and near cora
fields be burned. because these may
harbor thousands Of caterpifiArs. De-
struction Of the insects by burning, ~
described above. is the only ssfizfse~
tory means of destroying the pesf
which has yet been discovered. Al e.
forts to poison the insects have prov
en- both expensive and unavailing<
The Fayette falcon. (Somerville, Tenn.) 190?-current, 1919-01-03
Ne spottlng.

Ne spotting.
e, Before removal from the eel
lar there should be no spotting of the
hives from dysentery. There may be
q little spotting after the bees have
had q free fight outside, but IL this
IL SMALL In amount II does not indi-
cate q serious condition.
CO.. When the bees are taken from
the cellar there should be no mcidy
combs. for the cellar at the right tenn
perature viii be too dry for the growth
of molds
(1O There should be no brood when
the colonies are taken from the cellar.
Brood-rearing In the cellar Is proof
that the cellar Is too cold or that the
food used by the bees Is inferior.
QD Enough brood should be in each
colony at the opening Of the main
honey-now to gil completely II Lang
stroth frames.
(12) The population of the hive
should not decrease appreciably after
the bees are removed from the cellar.
Such a condition. known as spring
dwindllng, Is an indication Of poor win
tering. For three weeks after the
hives are set out no new bees win be
emerging, but the loss Of bees during
the time should be so small as not to
be noticeable.
The Fayette falcon. (Somerville, Tenn.) 190?-current, 1919-01-03

Il doesn't cost much to plant trees,
yet they add great deal to any prop
erty. The New Jersey forester says
the shade trees Of New Jersey are
worth s90,0o0.0oo. Still. there are not
nearly enough trees even IN New Jsr-
scr.
The Fayette falcon. (Somerville, Tenn.) 190?-current, 1919-01-03
URGENT need OF
PURE-BRED BULL
Cooperative Associations Are
Especially Valuable to Own
ers of Small Herds.
ORGANIZATION IS HELPFUL
Makes II Possible for Dairymen Who
Could Not Afford to Own High
Glass Animal to Use Regis
tered Sire-Cost Is Low.

The history of the cooperative QUIZ
associations shows that they are espe-
cinlly adapted to small herds where a
valuable bull for each herd would con-
stitute too large part or the fotai n
yestment. Through these associations
farmers or dairymen who have only
few cattle can have joint ownership
use and exchange Of pure-bred bulls.
The cash purchase and cost OF main
tenanee of the bulls belonging to the
members Of the association is distriD-
uted according to the number of cows
owned by each member. thereby CIV
sng the farmer an opportunity to build
ND his herd at a minimum expense
The typical cooperative bull sssoei-
alton, as organized In this country, Is
composed of from is to 80 farmers
and Jointly owns Ave bulls. Its terri
tory is divided into FIVE breeding
blocks" one bnll being assigned to
each block. As many as 10 or ~
cows may belong to the farmers In
each block, and the bull In the block
should be kept Gu farm conveniently
situated. To prevent inhreeding eacn
bun Is moved to the next block every
two years. II al the bulls live. and II
all are kept until each has made one
complete circuit. no new bulls need be
purchased for ten years. In this way
each member Of the association has
the use of good pure-bred bulls for
many years, at cost of only small
mart Of the purchase price of one built
Ordinarily the purchase price and the
expense Of supporting the bulls are
distributed among the members OF tne
association according to the number
Of cows owned By each.
Lew Cost Of co-operation.
That the need Of pure-bred bulls Ia
urgent in many parts Of the country u
evident from the facts brought out by
the United States department of agri
cultures study Of eight districts II
the states Of Iowa. Minnesota, anc
Massachusetts In which there were nc
associations. In this survey infcrma
lion was obtained regarding LIN
farmers owning SIT bulls whose aver
age value was $40 Had the owners
OF these cheap bulls been properly or
canIzed the same investment would
have purchased the necessary bulls O
nm average value Of $3.50. On tn
farms mentioned nearly four times Al
many bulls were used as would hav'
been required under proper organiza
ton. The farmers were THEREFOR
feeding four bulls when they shoui'
have been feeding only one.
Actual first-cost figures from othe
cooperative bull associations are NOR
encouraging. In one association nav
inc more than 100 members the or
ginal cost to each member was oni
SIS. The members already have Ia
The use Of good purebred bulls 70
four years and probably win hav
shel- use six years longer without aS
dstional cost other than maintenance
Another association with more ths
The Fayette falcon. (Somerville, Tenn.) 190?-current, 1919-01-03

Even though you raise but . fey
chickens every year. they shoui- -
good birds and worth raising. fsu
cannot afford TO give your time sn9
feed to poor fowls.
The Fayette falcon. (Somerville, Tenn.) 190?-current, 1919-01-03
Helping the Meat and Milk Supply
BETTER DAIRYNG THROUGH BULL ASSOCIATIONS.

Special Service Agrculture)
The Fayette falcon. (Somerville, Tenn.) 190?-current, 1919-01-03

The problem Of feeding the wosse .
not one for the world TO solve. - -
Individual Communities Each ee<z~
munify must have q definite zsrI<z'>
fnrai plan.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1919-06-10
PERHAPS THE GOVERNOR IS LEARNING

governor could not fan to observe that
he would presently lose control of the
board, no matter whom he might ap-
point In Luptous place The least
Troublesome way out was to appoint
Mr. Adams. whose election WAS made
trehly certain by the governors m
ability to find anybody to run agains,
him,
whether the governor VIII be able
to make any political capital out of
the one really suitable appointment
which he has made since he entered
viii not find in Mir. Adams the viii
ingnesa 20 obey ohsequiously the gov
ernors every wlsh--a quality which
he has hitherto demanded of every
appointee and enforced with the rigor
nf martinez is assured by Mr.
ADAMS long record of independent
thought and action In every public
matter The state Ia to be congratu-
lated on "A turn OF events which makes
certain that the most I'm portant 80
diciai-a administrative body In the stats
will no longer te under the dfctation
Of any person outside its own MEM
tsarsifp.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1919-06-10
NOVA SCOTIA SEEKS tn
STRENGTHEN DRY ACT
avg fer Cent Beer Fails to Score
FIRST Offenders WIN Draw
Stiff Sentence

on May 5 the bill TO amend and
consolidate the Nova Scotia temper
ance act passed it's third reading in
the mouse without the clause per.
nitting the sale OF liquors with a low
percentage Of alcohol Two per cent
beer ia numbered among the forbid
oen drinks in Nova Scotia. Thus the
Dill IA passed contains a number of
provisions making the temperance act
more stringent and more effective.
Rev. II. Fl. Grant. secretary of the
social Service Council. in quoted in
the st. Johns Telegraph as follows.
Amendments to the temperance act
winch have been under consideration
by the law amendments committed
were reported on favorably at the
house this afternoon. The more i'm
portant are: % The penalty for first
offense convictions hereafter to he
$500 to $500, or Imprisonment from
three to six months. and for second
ofrense. to twelve months: (21
The penalty for violation OF the
act by any person in shop or
other place in which any other per
son has previously been convict ed
within three months, is Imprisonment
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1919-06-10

stttute The faculty OF school Of
home canning, the student body be
ing the domesac-seience teachers Of
the French agricultural schools
After that "a tour Of France will be
made, the itinerary covering the In
situations at which are stationed the
domesuc-scienee teachers who were
students in the initial school. A three
days canning demonstration will be
held AT each of these agricultural
schools which are described as in
termedlate between state colleges OF
agriculture and agricultural high
schools in the United States.
1t is expected that between four and
hVe months viii be required for the
work. The anticipated result is the
framing OF a corps of French teachers
Tor nome instruction In canning. Incl.
denaily, some results beneflcial 10 Tho
hlted states win he ACCOMPLISHED
WIN the development of home can
nlnG In France there will be a demand
Tor American made cans and tars and
canning equipment. As vet France
mas done little toward quantity rro-
duct1on at cans and canning rc,5fr-
fnent Tin cans are still made nnoa+ic
ny hahd' slowly and in small QUAINT
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1919-06-10

ThA London Morning Advertiser. OF
Actza organ Of the liquor trade Of
Or~g4 Britain. shortly after the inter
nak1nnai conference OF temperance
wo93rers In Paris IN April, published a
dtAfrfbe On the proposals arrived at by
the~cpnferencs TO be presented to the
peaca1k conference. This wet news
paperedidnr like the idea of prohibit
ing ttH~ sale of liquor TO native races
and suggested that inasmuch as the
Anti-SAloon League representative Is
now in1London the proposal that one
nation 41o not interfere with another
nation Aslfhandl.ng OF the liquor ques-
don bekput into immediate effect by
giving the~ league representative his
passportA The Advertiser. Of course.
Irefused tpsStve a right Interpretation
~ this ps,prosal dealing with relation
Sahtps be<>wesn nations on the liquor
slVe9don which affects commerce
The chief source OF worry
~ fhs Advertiser is the fear that Eu-
80pean Temperance leaders will adopt
g1Anu- SAL CON League methods. Com
aenting UPON the report issued con-
Herning thixSparis conference that all
IM0ndes OF Temperance opinion were
the Advertiser said that
M this were@true it was only evidence
r. ~ anS Quasica manipulat!ons OF
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1919-06-10

from four to six months: az The ap-
poiutmeut of one wholesale vender for
the province. This vendor shah i'm
port all liquor which IS to be used fer
industrial and medicinal purposes and
from this vendor all supplies of liquors
must be purchased by local vendors,
physicians ana rugeists- The COVER
nor-i council is empoW cred to make
the appointment ard all regulations
for the control Of he business: (4l
Important amendments have been Sc
cured to provide against abuses which
prevailed in the past because of the
giving of indiscriminate prescriptions
by physicians.
The legislators are to be congratu-
lated on their action in giving this ad-
vanced legislation. II is gratifying to
the members Of the war service coun-
ell and citizens In general that the mo-
tIon TO amend the act so that beer
might he sold was not entertained.
The act az amended is splendid
piece of of legislation and now with
proper enforce ment will he OF great
service in suppressiug the liquor traf-
Ec