davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun., 1919-09-28
Sam Develops the Worlds Greatest Phosphate Mines
Invaluable Peace Time Asset in Re.
SOURCES Brought to Attention by War
Needs Vast Holdings Near Tampa
Taken Over From German Control

phosphates are useful to stimulate
metabolism. Dilute phosphoric acid
Is used as a gastric stimulant.
Bronze manufacturers have long
been aware that their product Is great
ly improved in quality and strength
when fiuxed with phosphorus. The al
Toys prepared in this way, known as
phosphor bronze, may contain only
about per cent. Of phosphorus in the
ingot, which may be reduced to a mere
trace after castings. but the phosphorus
nevertheless enhances their value for
Use in making implements which re-
quire a hard, strong metal, such as
pump plungers, valves and the bushes
Of bearings.
smoke Screens OF Phosphorus.
One of the most important constitu-
ents OF the material used in distress
signals at sea Is phosphorus in the
form of calcium phosphide. AS vari-
GUS phosphorus compounds make a
very dense smoke, this fact was util-
ized in a. most curious way during the
war, when clouds of phosphorus smoke
were constantly employed to conceal
vessels in danger OF submarine at
tack, and many valuable cargoes and
craft were saved in this manner.
Acid phosphate, for years one of our
most popular soft drinks. could not be
manufactured or served at the soda
counter IL 1t were not for the output
of the Florida mines.
The methods of phosphate mining in
Florida are entirely different from all
other mining operations and very va
ried and interesting. There are sew
eral natural variations of phosphate,
known principally as hard rock. soft
and pebble, and they are all freq GENTLY
found in close conjunction. but they
require different mining and handling.
Literally speaking the phosphate
The sun., 1919-09-28
Wealthy Filters in Japan.

IL is. expected that the homo produc-
ton will equal soon both the govern
ment demand and that for recreational
purposes.
Tsunetaro Oguri. a civil aviator, was
delegated by the Mitsubishi firm to
come TO the United States to study the
latest military airplanes. The com
pany Is having an extensive aviation
factory designed under the direction
of DR.. Ito and it has bought a foreign
patent for flying motors. Twenty
operatives were sent to France and
Italy by the firm to look into all latest
improvements in the aviation line.
The company expects to devote most
Of its energies in supplying planes to
the Japanese army.
The Kawasaki Shipbuilding Com
pany will establish a factory for fly
ing machines near Kobe. its output
to be designed mainly for the Mikado's
navy. Lieut.. Himasu was sent to
France to CLEAN pointers for the
project.
The sun., 1919-09-28
Facts About the Life of Guns.

ones are now constructed with Innings
in the tube, which, when the bore Is
worn out, are removed and replaced
by new ones. The cost of refining a
gun is approximately 80 per cent. Of
the cost of the gun. There appears
to be no limit TO the number OF times
that a gun can be refined.
The small arms used by the United
States Army are considered TO be
worn out after 5000 to 1900 rounds
have been fired. Small naval guns
can be fired about 1000 times before
they are regarded as worn out. Large
twelve inch and fourteen inch naval
guns are considered to have a life,
on one lining. of from $50 20 200
rounds. Low velocity guns. such as
howitzers and mortars. have corre-
spondingly longer lives than high
velocity guns of the same calibre, be-
cause of the pressures they develop,
] and hence the lower temperatures.
The sun., 1919-09-28

for the duration OF the war. An army
OF four million men was modified ny
the Government, trained and eQl'Ppso
and sent to France. We won the war
sooner than we expected-about inr"
years sooner.
And now that the great army IS oe.
ing demobilized at the rate ~ 9oV0V'
to 5000 a month the soldiers cannon
be left to drift back into Jobs Tn'
work OF getting Jobs for tho soldiers
and sailors who have lately served nv
United States has been organized, Ihs
United States Government is eulalhs
this work. Under the guidance ut No-
Arthur Woods, former Police ComHhs,,
sioner Of tho city OF New YORK a"'
now assistant TO the Secretary Of wan
all the Federal departments, tho GOV.
ernors OF all the States and the Mayors
of the principal cities are cooperauhss
10 give soldierless Jobs to the joosS'
soldiers
The sun., 1919-09-28

cial phosphorus is generally yellowish,
owing to its content Of allotropic red
phosphorus. Almost every time we
strike a match, we burn some red
phosphorus, as II is employed very
extensively in the manufacture Of
matches. 1t usually Is made by heat
ing yellow phosphorus in iron pots
provided with air tight lids which,
however, bear long pipe open TO the
air. A small quantity OF the phos-
The sun., 1919-09-28
Wars Then and Now.

times past when the country was
In danger and wars had to be
fought the United States Army
was recruited almost entirely from
volunteers. The brave and the pa
triotic rushed to the colors to do what
ever task was needed for the defence
OF the flag and then go home. The
American Revolution was successfully
fought by volunteers who went back
to the farms for their spring plough
ing. These soldiers had dropped their
occupations only when their own fire.
sides were threatened, but 1t took tho
United States eight years to win the
American Revolution.
This war was fought on a different
basis. The people OF the United States
decided TO organize TO win the war in
the shortest possible time. Through
Congress and the President the people
OF the United States established the
draft and universal military service
The sun., 1919-09-28
Government Figures Show Deposits
in Florida Contain 81 Per Cent. of
Known Supply and 80 Per Cent
of That Found in This Country

Guilty in the way which every practical
farmer in the United States realized
the shortage of fertilizer. A great in
crease in the production of foodstuffs
or intensive agriculture implies much
greater use of fertilizer. To get this
fertilizer meant a more energetic min
ing of phosphate rock. 1t was then
that eyes were turned toward Florida,
and despite many handicaps (the
shortage of ships, railroad cars, con-
gestion of freight and scarcity Of la
bor) Florida phosphate miners did
their bit.
Not only Cigars In Tampa.
Many have heard the slogan Tampa
without a chimney makes the whole
orld smoke" because the south Flor
ida city for years has maintained the
worlds lead in the manufacture OF
clear Havana cigars, but few people
! know that in the vicinity of Tampa
there are in the ground and yet to be
n ined the greatest and richest beds of
phosphate to be found in the entire
worldS
To keep our farmers supplied with
quickly gave Tampa the distinction,
which she is likely to hold indefinitely,
| Of being the largest shipper Of phos-
| phate rock in the world. The facili-
ties at the port of Tampa were devel-
oped until rhey are now the finest in
the world for the loading of this prod
| uct, and the port has the distinction
of having the worlds fastest phos-
phate loading elevator. 1t is possible
! for large vessels to arrive, take their
full cargo and depart in the same
! day.
With her present facilities Tampa
can ship through her port alone some
thing over 100000 tons of phosphate
| q year. In normal times most of the
rock is carried to the markets of the
world by boat because OF the cheaper
rate than by rail and a number of
boats were engaged regularly in this
traffic. When the war broke out the
Government Communicated some Of
these craft, but when the Importance
Of the phosphate industry TO the Gov
eminent and to our farmers was
| pointed out the boats were allowed
to continue in the trade.
We had not been in the worlds
conflict long before it was discovered
that Germany. with her wonderful
trade foresight, had control of some
OF the best OF the phosphate mines
in the vicinity of Tampa The Gus
todian Of Allen Enemy Property how
ever, quickly was on the job.
Much Used In Munitions.
Every one knows the Importance Of
| phosphorus in the making of explosives
and war munitions. Now a charge OF
phosphate rock. coke and sand. upor
being heated in an electric furnace,
yields about Sc per cent OF crude
phosphorus. This crude phosphorus
is purified by filtration through porous
tile. channels skin or canvas. the OPP
GRAFTON being carried on under luke
warm water, which keeps the phos-
phorus liquid.
Phosphorus usually is marketed in
the form of sticks, which are made by
conducting the phosphorus from the
melting pot through a pipe surrounded
by water. 1t solidifies in the pipe and
can be removed as a continuous rod.
Perfectly pure phosphorus is a white
transparent. waxy solid, but CONNER
The sun., 1919-09-28

atomic realm, both magnetic and by
drostauc.
THE utilization of the force OF the
atom" said DIR. Langmuir in response
&c a request from THE SUN for his
views of the forecast of Sir oliver
Lodge, has been in the minds of
scientists for several years. have
often thought of it myself, 1t has
been pretty generally recognized that
all matter contains enormous amounts
Of stored energy, which is present in
the form Of what we may call atomic
energy. Since you are more or less
familiar with my recent publications
The sun., 1919-09-28

TINE life of a gun depends upon
the progress OF erosion. which
sooner or later is certain to i'm
pair the accuracy of fire. Erosion is
caused by the action Of the explosive
gases at high temperature and press
ure. The hot gases cause a thin film
OF steel to absorb heat. The Aim ex-
pands and becomes set. Upon the re-
lease OF the pressure It contracts.
which action causes minute cracks
that grow larger with every discharge.
AS they increase In size they form
passageways for more hot gas, and
that tends to enlarge them still fur
Their. The inner surface thus becomes
roughened and the bands begin to
corrode.
Finally the bore becomes so en-
iarged that It allows the gases to
escape. The shell does not then ac-
quire Its proper rotation, and It's flight
becomes erratic. All guns except small
The sun., 1919-09-28

and the quantity of heat is immensely
greater than that which can be OBJ
tanned by the chemical interaction of
any other forms Of matter. 1t seems
certain. therefore, that the atoms Of
radioactive elements are storehouses Of
tremendous quantities OF either NOV
ing or potential energy. We have very
strong reasons for thinking that the
atoms Of other. elements also contain
large amounts OF energy. II some
method Of unlocking this energy and
OF making 1t available can he discov-
cred the prophecy of Sir Oliver
Lodge will come true. At present we
have no means by which we can use
this source Of energy In a practical
way and no hint as TO the direction
in which we should search. While any
discovery or invention OF this sort
seems now very improbable. scientific
men would not be inclined TO say that
1t is impossible"
The technical and scientific world Is
discussing these days with keen Zest
the remarkable paper of DR.. Irving
Langmuir of the General Electric
Company Of Schenectady, N. Y, who
is a practical and research physicist
OF high standing. Observations In the
brilliant review Of them by Elwood
Hendrick, the president of the Chem
lists Club of this city. indicate that
they should have a most important
bearing upon the development OF
chemistry. DIR. Langmuir. whose sub
jeot was Arrangement OF Electrons
m Atoms and Molecules traces the
relationships OF the elements in new
ways and by diagrams illustrates
many forms OF atomic structure. His
postulates are regarded as epoch
making In physical chemistry. They
account for the conditions in the world
The sun., 1919-09-28

w T1ALTHY men in Japan have
w turned TO airplaning as a
sport. Many of those who
made fortunes during the war
in manufacturing munitions and
building ships are peglecting their
motor cars to devote time to Swimming
through the air. The Japanese Govern
ment Ia encouraging the innovation in
every way, for 1t Is realized that the
more persons who indulge in the pas
time the greater will be the prospects
of progress in aviation in the Island
Kingdom.
Japanese have a natural leaning to-
ward aviation, for, like the Chinese,
they are great kite fiers. young and
old INDUCING in the sport. Large
kite-fiying tournaments are held and
contests take place in which the fiiers
compete for prizes awarded by judges
by a point system that is hard for
an Occidental TO understand.
In aviation most of the machines
used have been Of foreign make, but
The sun., 1919-09-28

Of atoms in n way which will be an
important aid to scientists who have
to deal with this newest study of
matter.
1.-The properties of the atoms" to
quote from the seventh postulate of
Langmuir. "are determined by the
electrons in the outside layer and the
ease with which they are able to re-
vert to more stable forms by their
giving up and taking on electrons or
by their sharing outside electrons
with atoms with which they combine"
Throughout the entire paper are
many references to the forces OF the
The sun., 1919-09-28
PHOSPHATE r0H eS cAEeo sS5 oapsT w

phorus combines with the oxygen IN
the vessel. and the operation then is
practically conducted in an atmosphere
of nitrogen, which affords additional
safety from explosion. The product
is ground under water and any UNI
changed yellow phosphorus it may
contain is eliminated by boiling it with
caustic soda. The product is then
washed and dried and finally packed in
tin boxes.
The sun., 1919-09-28

T AKING account of stock is now
one Of the principal and vital
= occupations of the entire world.
On every hand, in every land, mer-
chants and manufacturers are prepar-
ing for the after the war demands for
their goods.
Back Of this. Governments them
selves are figuring on their natural
resources. Largely upon these re-
sources rests the continued prosperity
of any nation.
Restrictions on international COM
merce during the war threw every ma
ton on its own resources to n very
great extent and focused attention on
these resources considerably more
than was necessary in times Of peace.
In this country some very interesting
discoveries" were made when we
came to the stock taking of our natu-
raj resources, discoveries which were
In more than one case of surprising
nature.
Take an instance in Florida. Every
one of course is aware that this far
Southern State produces most of the
fresh vegetables utilized in the North
ern and Eastern States during the
winter and early spring months. We
Aox ali e.. 4Ia
try Uncovered by Ponce de Leon when
In search Of the fountain of perpetual
youth as the great restorer of the
youth" of the nation to-day as our
great winter playground. But there
are few Americans who have ever
looked upon Florida as a mining State
Of Importance
World Demands Phosphate.
SO to many It will come as a sur
prise to learn that in one mining
product. phosphate, Florida to-day
produces about 50 per cent Of the en-
tire worlds supply and about SO per
NCht. Va hhO ohPPhy Va thc ohAtCh
States; and the war has shown how
exceedingly important and valuable a
product this is both in time of war
and in peace. Incidentally these phos-
phate beds undertaking to a greater or
less extent almost the entire surface
Of the State are one of the great rea-
sons for the wonderful productivity OF
Florida soil.
Although they have been known to
some and worked for years it was not
uBtil 1917 that Uncle Sam really
turned his attention seriously to the
Florida mines as one of his greatest
natural assets.
At that time a very general effort
was being made to increase the pro-
duction Of phosphate rock owing to
tho conviction that the people Of the
United States must greatly increase
their production Of foodstuffs. Besides
supplying food for ourselves we were
more and more Importantly required
tc make large shipments to our allies
But there was a tremendous diff
The sun., 1919-09-28

But this is by no means the whole
story of the Importance OF the Florida
phosphate mines, as there are various
valuable medicinal preparations of
phosphorus. Owing to its remarkable
influence on the growth Of bone in
young animals, it has been used in the
treatment Of ricketts, and osteomalacia.
Its most effective use, however. is as
a nerve tonic in paralysis agitans,
locomotor ataxia and nervous exhaus-
The sun., 1919-09-28
e rsSsEHAJE ~ R4 &C.! c sr,Mg

ton. 1t also is a remedy for skin
diseases. The hypophosphites have
been recommended as remedy for
pulmonary affections. in which they
are said to act as free phosphorus
without being irritant and the glycero-
The Aberdeen weekly. [volume] (Aberdeen, Miss.) 1878-1933, 1919-10-31
TO TRY INCREASE
RAILROAD RATES
EXECUTIVES OF ROADS DECIDE
TO APPEAL TO INTERSTATE
COMMERCE COMMISSION.
WILL ACT ON OWN MOTION
Director General Hines Makes II Clear
That Government Will Not Make
Recommendation For In
crease IN Rates.

Washington. = Increases in rail
transportation rates, to offset the in
crease in operating expenses, will be
sought Immediately from the Interstate
Commerce Commission by railroad
corporations.
This decision was reached at con
terence between Director General
Hines and representatives of the AS
ISOLATION of Railway Executives. Di-
rector General Hines made clear that
The government has no intention OF
initiating advances, but is willing to
put all its information and the serv-
Ices of its experts at the disposal of
The railroad corporations if it was de-
sired to act Independently before the
interstate Commerce Commission. The
offer was accepted and the following
statement of the conference and its
results was issued:
Following the recent correspon-
ience between the director general Of
railroads and the chairman OF the
Association of Railway Executives. a
conference was held between the di-
rector general and a committee of
considering the request of the execu-
lives that the director general recon
slider his decision not to make gen.
oral readjustment of rates during fed
eral control. The director general
having after discussion announced that
ne felt obliged to adhere to the con-
clusion he had already reached and
reiterated his offer to place at the
disposal of the railroad companies all
the information in the possession of
The railroad administration bearing on
the subject and to provide the aid of
the traffic experts employed by the
railroad administration in studying
the problem and bringing it to con-
clusion.
1T was thereupon resolved that the
above mentioned offer of the director
general be accepted and immediate
steps be taken by the railroad compa-
MES, with such aid, to ascertain the
pertinent facts and prepare their pro-
posals for readjustment of rates in
such way and to such extent as will
establish proper relationship be-
tween the expenses and revenues of
the railroad companies, in order that
their financial needs may be ade-
quately provided for and they be put
in a position to perform efficiently
their transportation duties after their
properties are returned to them
There was no indication how much
of an advance the railroad men
thought necessary.
The Aberdeen weekly. [volume] (Aberdeen, Miss.) 1878-1933, 1919-10-31
MASTERS OF SOIL FERTILITY
GuIIies Between Corn Rows Act as
Channels Which Wash Deep and
Do Much Injury.

prepared by the United States Depart
ment OF AgricultUre)
Gullies are MASTERS OF soil fertility.
In many compromising sections the
rows between the corn sometimes act
as channels which soon wash deep and
carry away much of the best soil Of a
field. Although it is not a simple mat
ter to reduce these gullies il is prac-
teal to attempt IT, A successful
scheme practiced throughout the corn
belt by many farmers consists in
thrashing settings of grain-where
grain follows corn in the crop r0ta-
tion-at intervals along the gully SO
that the by-product straw viii be de
posted in such a manner as TO block
ade and prevent further soil erosion.
Even though wheat and rye straw are
valuable for bedding purposes. it is
advisable to sacrifice some Of the lat
ter as the farmer will eliminate a ma
terial source of loss and an eyesOre
from what probably is otherwise an
attractive field.
The Aberdeen weekly. [volume] (Aberdeen, Miss.) 1878-1933, 1919-10-31
FlREWOOD PREPARED
FOR WINTER SUPPLY
Labor Requirements Reduced by
Use of Machinery.
Where Cooperative Plan Is Not Feast
BILE Many Farmers Prefer to Hire
Work Done Rather Than Buy
Individual Rig.

prepared by the United States Depart
ment of Agricultural
Use of power machinery in prepar-
ing firewood will reduce labor require
mentS to q point where the farmer
should be able to get his wood ready
to burn without seriously neglecting
other work. A great many farmers al
ready have gasoline engines suitable
for furnishing the power for wood-saw-
ing machines. The saving machines
themselves are comparatively mex
pensive and the labor one saves will
be sufficient to pay for it long before 1t
is worn out. One outfit can do the
york for several families each year.
The purchase of complete outfit, in
Guiding an engine to furnish power,
may be profitable for group of farm
ers or for one who has an opportunity
to do custom work for his neighbors-
Where the cooperative plan is not
feasible. many farmers prefer to have
their wood cut with hired outfit rath-
er than to purchase an individual rig.
The machines are sometimes hired by
the day or hour and sometimes by the
cord. In cutting poles or heavy wood
that has not been put into cordwood.
the outfit is usually hired on a time
basis. When the saw owner furnishes
the fuel for the engine and his own
time. 81 or less per hour is usually
charged in the eastern part of the
country. II the saw is kept busy wood
can be cut at the rate of at least
two cords per hour. Thus the use of
a hired machine for cutting wood will
cost the farmer less than 80 cents per
cord. In cutting cordwood the outfit
is often hired at fixed rate per cord.
Where the saw owner furnishes the
fuel and only his own time, the price
is usually 80 to 80 cents per cord. Il
a custom rig has a great Gea; of saw
ing to do every year the charges for
depreciation. interest. and probable re-
pairs will be considerably less. per
cord than on the individual outfit. Con-
The Aberdeen weekly. [volume] (Aberdeen, Miss.) 1878-1933, 1919-10-31
ADJOURNMENT IS
TO Be BLOCKED
HOPE THAT CONGRESS WILL COM
PlETE ITS WORK NOV. 10
is VAN SHING.
SOME IMPORTANT MEASURES
Railroad and Other Important Legisia.
ton Will Have to Await Senate's
Action On World Peace
Treaty.

shington.-Pressure from admin
| istration sources for enactment of per-
manent railroad legislation may block
the tentative plans of congressional
leaders for adjournment of the extra
ordinary session about Nov. 10.
Leaders were of the opinion that I'M
less consideration of the German peace
treaty is expedited action by the Sen
ate on the railroad bill prior to Nov. 10
would be impossible. House leaders,
however, were hopeful that the bill
might be enacted at least by that
branch prior to adjournment.
The railroad bill as completed by
the senate interstate commerce COM
mittee is expected to be in position
for consideration Immediately after
ratification of the peace treaty. The
house interstate commerce committee
hopes to report out its bill about No
vember /.
While the senate treaty fight con-
tinues, the house expects to pass the
budget bill, decide the election contest
of Representative Fitzgerald and Peter
F. Tague, both democrats, from the
Tenth Massa chusetts district, and take
up the public land leasing bill. The
house elections committee plans dis
posal of the custer proceedings against
representative Victor Berger, socialist,
of Wisconsin.
Many important committee activities
are planned in both senate and house.