davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1919-08-19

Two Oe4u1GonS OF AeGo
Senator Borah: That IL true always
is 1t not?
The President: Yes. SENATOR. but
have already Defined IN wnat special
Senator McCumber: In my mind
those two articles are s.k lsxaa os.iss-
the moral conscience Of the American
people 6 the conditions ~ Justify Il:
therefore the Language does not fit.
IN internationai lsw q. the nans word I'd Legal
sional law and the word hardly ap-
Senator Rorah: I wish TO ask some
treaty. Do not feel as frea; aAout
thess matters - !! Dc about tie
thinss that / rocoGntsQ may net ~
zion; ~ hsvsFtAslsaA h o - e
Evening star., 1919-08-19
withdrawal Clause Discussed.

Senator Harding: Mr.. President.
assuming that your construction Of
the withdrawal clause is the UNDER
standing of the formulating commits
sion. why is the language making tho
proviso for the fsfhllmsnt Of cove
nants put into the article?
The President: Merely as an argument
to the conscience Of the nations. In
other words, 1t is q notice served on
them that their colleagues will expect
that At tho time they withdraw they will
have fulfilled their obligations.
Senator Harding: The language hardly
seems to make that impltcation, because
1t expressly says: provided It has full
filed its obligations"
The President: Yes.
Senator Harding: II 1t were a matter
for the nation itself to Judge, that Ia
rather a far-fetched provision. IL 1t not ?
The President: Well. you are iliustrat-
Ing my recent remark. senator. that the
lphraseology is your difaculty, not the
idea The idea 10 undoubtedly what
have expressed
Evening star., 1919-08-19

IL,
that her alliance with Germany and
Austria was purely defensive. and
that she did not see anything defen-
sive in it.: so when yoa come to judg-
ment Of the facts. % onsade OF the IN
must determine, If I understand
whether or not there has been ex-
ternal aggression!
Agrees with Mr.. Williams.
The President: I think you are
right. sir. Senator (addressing SEN
ator Knox, you were about to ask
something? =.
Senator: only wanted to tell
you that I asked that question be-
cause I was . little confused by the
language Of your message transmit.
ting the proposed Franco american
treaty to the ssna5sa ana N ,h,nh Mnaeh nro YOU
ticaily in these terms-that this IL
only binding us to do Immediately
what we otherwise would have beer
bound to do under the league Of ma
tions?
The President Yes
senator Knox: Perhaps I am mis-.
taken with respect to fts having beer
| in that message. am sure am
mistake on; it was not in that message
| ulty gave out
Senator Lodge dnterposing): Ma,
10th.
/ Senator Knox: Yes.
/ The President: Yes.
I senator Knox: That IT was msret,
binding US to do Immediately, without
waiting for any other power, that WHO
We would otherwise have been bound n
do under the terms Of the league o
nations.
The President: I did not use the vor.
| isbound, "sbat morally bound" Iet m.
tsay that you are repeating what sai,
Ito the other representatives. said so
IcouruA, II b understood ~ WouN haSs
ia - oauS1na96 tAax Is ~ An -
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-11-09

chairs are of the armchair type, and
very comfortable. There are hand
grips at the end, but no straps have
been considered necessary.
The tail group Of the giant ma
chine is on the order Of the NC type
OF navy seaplane; and, in fact, of
all the huge type aircraft. 1t is of
the biplane type, and is equipped
with upper and lower elevators.
There are three parallel rudders. In
flying unlter Mr.. Lawson's rules, the
machine is turned with the rudders,
rather than banked. Even in climb
ing the angie is remarkably low. so
that practically at al times the cabin
IS at normal angle.
The air liner has singular APP
pearance in the air, due to its great
size and the remarkable contrast of
its color finish. The wings. are
painted solid vivid red, while all
the other parts of the machine are
painted brilliant green. The name
Of the designer and of the ship are
painted in huge white letters on each
side Of the fuselage and on the
rrfor ma 1T Cf ~
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-11-09

able glass, and the curved windows
of celluloid.
The Eagle is equipped with three
turtlss k-6 50-horsepower motors.
One of them is fitted into the nose
OF the fuselage, whle the other two
are arranged en- either s.des of the
fuselage between the wings. All
are fitted with sells. arters.
WIN this arrangement il is DOS
slble to start cut with all three mo-
tors running. AS Va trip gradu-
ally consumes the s4soline supply
of the ship (Which Weighs SIX
pounds to the gallon) and he ma
chine becomes lighter, it is possible
to shut off the center engine. To
ward the end of the trip the two
SIDE motors can be shat off, and the
n-ght continued with the center en-
glne which can be started again.
1t is claimed by the designers
that this arrangement gives greater
engine efficiency, and at the same
time practically holds one engine in
reserve for emergencies at all times
with he exception Of the first thir.v
minutes Of the fight.
The combined 45O-horsepower
of the Eagle gives it a maximum
speed of 107 miles an hour in the
air. At this speed the ship has a
radius Of $50 mics, or three and
one-third hours flying.
AT cruising, or economical, speed
the Eagle can cover Ats miles in six
hours and twenty minutes with a
full load. In addition to its own
weight the Eagle can carry d USE
full load slightly over one ton. or
total of $3.50 pounds.
1t is claimed by the makers that
the Eagle will glide with full load
from an altitude, of 5000 feet ten
miles to a safe landing. AS in the
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-11-09

waukee q giant airplane of entirely
new construction, capable of carry
ing twenty-six passengers in great
comfort.
This machine, which has con-
WINGED the laughing experts by its
performances, was flown all the way
from Milwaukee to New York in
preparation for its first flight across
the continent to San Francisco. The
flight was made in easy stages, and
an average of nine passengers was
carried over each stage.
This giant craft is an entire de-
parture from the war type of con-
struction. 1t is equipped with two
Liberty motors, giving it an aggre-
gate Of 500 horsepower. There is in
use a war type machine Of practi-
cally the same dimensions and the
same engine power that has been
converted for commercial work,
which can handle only twelve pas
sengers at the same speed.
Mr.. Lawson is flying across the
continent from New York to San
Francisco for the sole purpose of
demonstrating the reliability Of
aerial travel, and obtaining an idea
of the operating costs Of such a trip.
Early next spring" he says, ~
shall have ten more ships just like
this completed. I am going to put
them into operation between New
York and San Francisco immed;-
ately. 1t is my purpose to maintain
q regular schedule between those
two cities. We will carry passengers
from New York to San Francisco in
thirty-six hours.
Some of my machines will be
built as day coaches, and others as
sleepers. The passengers will enter
sleeper at New York, so to bed,
and wake up the next morning in
Omaha, Neb. There they will change
into a day coach machine, and thir-
teen hours later they will arrive in
Salt Lake City. Another change to
a sleeper will be made in that city,
and the following morning the pas
sengers will wake up in San Fran
cisco.
What will the fare be? That is
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-11-09

sleeper under the circumstances
would be pure speculation until 80.
Lawson either disclcses his plans or
puts on exhibition the finished ma
chine.
There is possibility that for
sleeping purposes he may carry the
cabin further back toward the tail.
but this seriously affects the bal
ance of The machine by throwing
the center of gravity too far back.
Moreover, Nj. Lawson promised
that the passengers travelling in the
ar liner sleeper would enjoy all the
comforts Of a modern Pullman
sleeper. There would be hot and
cold water, and it would be quite
possible for the men to shave. The
ship is certainly steady enough for
this.
There is no question that all Mr..
Lawson has said about the ability
of his machine is true. have I'd
den in it, and was deeply impressed
with the roomlness, comfort and
general stability of the giant ma
chine.
| do not, however, agree with his
optimism regarding the New York.
San Francisco service being a COM
mercial success, as do not believe
there is a sufficient volume of bust
ness between the two cities at pres
Ont to make the project even self
supporting. In my opinion it will
be several years before such a ser
vice can be put into successful oper-
alton, and aircraft manufacturers
and aerial transportat on companies
can better or = on shorter runs be-
tween more populous cities.
He might achieve bitter success
hetweeh New York and Chicago.
The Z. S. Postofice Department is
about TO establish an aerial mail
service between New York and San
Francisco, which after a years ser
wee will give US very good idea on
costs Of operation.
Despite all this Mr. Lawson has
built very remarkable commercial
machine. Moreover, he is flying it
Under the best possible circum-
stances and under rules that he has
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-11-09

Lawson air liner, the controls are Of
the Dep" or wheel type. and are in
duplicate. The pilots sit side by side.
At tie rear of the cabin there is q
compartment for baggage.
The landing chassis of the Eagls
is novel departure from usua con
struction. It consists OF two pairs
G: wheels in tandem, covered with
guards, and so constructed as 70 re-
move all Jars in landing on rough
ground.
The machine is Glenn Il. Curtlss's
own conception Of a modern pas
senger flying craft. 1t belongs 70 the
medium-size Class Of airplanes.
The main dimensions are as fcl-
lows:
Wing span, 81 feet inches.
Wing area, 77O square feet
Gross weight, 1850 pounds.
Useful load, 1920 pounds.
An elaborate system CT aerial IN
struments has been equipped on the
instrument board in front Of tho
pilot. These include Ar aaeroil
barometer; tachometer, motometeg.
clock, OIL pressure gauge, switch for
magnetic, angle OF inciGence inl.ea
tor, compass.
The tai Of the machine is com
pletc'y streamlined in the most moo
ern fashion, and al cortro, wires /.
the tail section elevator and rudaer
are carried internally. The elevator
and rudder are balanced
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-11-09
Safer Than Railroads

st will be safer than travelling on
The railroads, because, travelling at
an altitude of several thousand feet.
safe landing always can be made.
My alrplane has a very long gliding
angle, and can glide fully fifty miles
with the engines off from an altitude
of 5000 feet"
How will the "sleeper air liner"
be constructed?
That is a question Mr.. Lawson
refuses to answer.
IF l should describe nv plans in
this respect" he says, ut would tin
off my competitors, and / would be
confronted in competition with NV
own ideas.
81 can say this, however: The
sleeper will be equipped with
enough berths to accommodate as
many passengers as the day coaches
can carry. You can draw your own
conclusions from that. They will
not be cramped for room, and each
one will have a regulation BERTH
The Lawson day coach air liner
can carry twenty-six passengers and
was designed to accommodate that
number. When the ship is carrying
capacity load, however, a few ad
ditional chairs have to be fitted in
the aisle. With the aisle vide open
the ship will accommodate eighteen
passengers.
Now the inclosed cabin of the
air Liner is seven feet high, and in
order to accommodate the same
number of passengers with bertns
as are carried in the day coach the
berths would have to be built in
three tiers. This would not leave
sufficient room between them ror
comfort even to slender persons,
while for portly passengers it would
be entirely out of the question.
And description Of the air liner
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-11-09
us Construction


The giant machine has a WING.
spread of 95 feet and measures So
feet over all. The ruselage is built
INTO the form Of a cabin seven feet
high and about twenty feet long.
This allows the passengers to walk
erect in comfort up and down the
aisle between the two rows of wicker
chairs that are secured on each side
Ct the cabin.
A series of large celluloid win
dows enables the passengers to get
4 good and clear view of the scenery
below them. The controls of the
machine are Of the Deperdussin or
wheel type, and are in duplicate.
Both pilots SIT side by side in the
front end of the cabin and can
(as:ly converse with each other WITH
cut artificial means, despite the
oar of the two Liberty motors. They
have clear and unrestricted vision
in front and on the sides through
large windows. The side windows
open wide.
There are no struts or interior
bracing to interfere with the COM
fort of the passengers inside the
cabin. The cabin being inclosed
enables the passengers to converse
wltn eacn o.ner w.tr.a, any undue
difficulty. The most remarkable
feature is the fact that neither the
pilots, mechanics nor passengers
need carry any special flying cloth
ing. The day I rode in the ship
there were sixteen Of US, all dressed
in ordinary street clothing, while
many of us wore straw hats
throughout the flight.
The interior of the cabin is very
plainly decorated, but nevertheless
tasteful and pleasing. The wicker
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-11-09

ME tive hundred mile an
hour airplane will be in
Il daily use within the next
decade. In design it will
surpass the widest phantasy Of the
nineteenth century dreamers.
In the air it will be but single
wing with tail. That is all. When
landing an undercarriage will be
released from the interior of the
wing and the remarkable machine
will be able to land within the con-
fines of a backyard.
How will this airplane be con-
structed? That is the question all
will ask. Let Grover c. Looming,
designer Of the fastest monoplane
IN the world, explain:
1.-TWO important factors govern
the development Of speed in air
planes: they are improvement Of
airplanc engines and elimination Of
unnecessary resistance At pres
ent in tho biplane type of aircraft
q tremendous amount of parasite
resistance is caused by the struts
and wire bracing between the
wings.
"Thc Fokker machines were the
first to have very thick wings, we'll
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-11-09
The Eagle

There has just been publicly de-
monstrated another brand new COM
mercial machine for passenger car
rying by the Curtiss company. Like
the Lawson air Liner, the Curtiss
eagle is a complete departure from
the conventional war design and in
many details is entirely novel. 1t is
also of the multi-engine type, but
not nearly as large as the Lawson
ship.
1t also has an inclosed cabin ca
pable of carrying eight passengers.
When viewed from the outside it
has the appearance of an eagle. for
which it has been named. In fact.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-11-09
An 4dapsed Bonn bcr

Another giant commercIsi are
plane that has just been put on ira
marl.c, is The lapted Glenu /. Mar.
tin bomber. This machine. originally
designed as giant bomoiag ma
chine. has been converted 10 carry
twelve passengers
The fuse,are retains the sa,ae ir-
divldualify IS in the var type, bu.
for commercial purpo.es 1t has bee
Enclosed into the form o. q cab
and glass windows placed IN the SID
Owing to the peculiar war construc
ton the pilots are now placed where
the forward machine gun operators
were formerly placed. This elevate
them somewhat above the pas-
seDgers riding behind them.
The Martin bomber is practically
the same size as the Lawson ar liner
IN general dimensions, and is also
equipped with TWO Liberty motors
giving it an aggregate OF 500 horse
power II has an average speed of
ll5 miles an hour.
Quite recently one Of these famou.
machines flew from Cleveland e.
Mineola in a nonstop fight in
hours ana 20 minutes, setting new
record tor speed between the t,vc
places
In tins fiight the machine few 81
an altitude of 5000 feet between two
ayers of clouds, and practically tho
entire trip was navigate by IN.
compass alone. This machine ~ AZ
present in the transcontinentas
aerial race, and IS being piloted by
Captain Roy n Francls.
\ large number 6 European lars,
passenger-carrylng airplanes havc
ready made their appearance. but
practically all of them are modifca~
tons Of the existing war types.
The most famous is the Farnan
Goliath, which is making daily trims
between Paris and Brussels. carry
ing fourteen passengers in an in
closed cabin. This machine - 3
twin-engined biplane, comfortably.
equipped.
Its most remarkable performance
was nonstop flight from Paris T..
Casab'anca, Africa. in II hours AMI
-. minutes, when it covered a tot.
distance of 400 mites. with .,gh
passengers on board
The British types include botb
sizes of the giant Hand,ey.pag. hi
pane which have been adantej Wit,
an inelosed cabin for passenger g.
ryiny. In this case, however. cross
struts reach across the cabin NAL
ing access somewhat difficult. The
interiors of the cabins have been
deliberately upholstered, however.
There are two types of these ships
one with two engines and the o,b.r
with four engines. The latter tvna
has successfully flown from Enylsu.s
to India with only five stops.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-11-09

streamlined, and they were sue
cessful. In my opinion the machine
of the future will be a single wing
and tail. The wing will be several
feet thick and will be braced in
ternally. Its total load will be dis
tributed along the total surface of
the wing, which will give the ma
chine greater efficiency. The pas
sengers, pilot and mechanics will
all ride inside the wing.
'This machine will be driven
forward by several engines equally
distributed along the wing"
This view, radical as it appears,
is held by several aeronautical en-
gineers and one machine along
these lines is under construction.
Despite the tremendous speed that
Will ultimately be achieved with it.,
the single wing airplane Will be
able to land at very slow speed,
in fact, much slower than the slow
Wv iAAe'NiiiAiC liOW III use.
an Air Brake
This will undoubtedly be accom-
pushed by means of the ''air brake. /"
which all engineers are now engaged
IN seeking. This is device that will
KILL the forward speed of an afr
plane while in the air and about to
land. In other words, it will permit
the machine to land with almost the
same facility as the bird.
The present practice Of airplane
construction not only adds a lot OF
unnecessary resistance to it's prog
ress through the air, but also puts a
large amount of unnecessary strain
upon the wing surfaces. In fact, it
~ because of this strain that there
L limit in the size of wings that
can be used in airplanes.
The single wing airplane will have
no limit in size other than that dc
tated by the size of landing fields
available. Nor will there be any
limit upon its possible carrying Ca
pacity.
Under present construction the
entire load Of an airplane is central
lied in a body known as the fuse
lage, which is suspended from the
mifdle Of tina wings. While the
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-11-09

something I can't tell you at present.
But whatever it is, l feel sure that
the advantage Of speed and the saw
ing of time to business men will alb
so.utely compensate the difference
between it and railroad fares.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-11-09

cirplane is in the air the wings are
the supporting surface of the entire
machine, therefore there is severe
strain on the outer edges Of the
wings in present types of airplanes.
Such is the outlook that the future
has in store for us in aviation.
What is the present stage Of aerial
development?
What, for instance, will it cost a
passenger for a flight across the
continent next year?
These are the questions in which
the public is vitality interested at
present, and the engineering COM
panies are trying to solve them on q
practical basis.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-11-09
The Present Cost

According to the theoretical fig
ures based on a very careful en-
gineering study of costs of opera
ton, and all the other costs that
arise in the business of transporta-
ton, one local firm stated that at
first the fare cannot be less than
$500. Against this large sum is
placed the fact that the flight will
save the business man three full
working days in travel. He will be
enabled to go across the continent
in thirty-seven hours.
The most ambitious and romantic
effort to answer the question of cost
is being made at the present time
by Alfred W. Lawson. To solve the
question Mr.. Lawson built in Mil
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-11-09
By Jack Binns

TIE five hundred mile an
hour airplane will be ir
Il daily use within the next
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-11-09
Mans Triumph i'm the Air! ~
The Early Mistakes Have Paved the Way for Nobody Knows
What Marves of the Future--Five Hundred Miles an
Hour, for Instance, Within the Next Decade

This is the third and
last of q series on the
aircraft of the past,
present and the future
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-11-09

the entire painting of the machine
has been made to increase that i'm
preston. The nose of the fuselage
has been painted to look like the
beah Of an eagle, and the landing
carriage has been painted TO look
like claws.
The fuselage is enclosed in a ru-
selage body fitted with the lux
urious completion of a modern au-
tomobile de luxe. Eight individual
upholstered wicker chairs are ar
ranged in two rows, with spacious
aisle between them. The interior
is finished with whipcord lining, and
, there is dome light at The top Of
The cabin. The fiat windows on the
side are made Of triplex nou-break-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-11-09

devised which are characterized bv
common sense and sanity.
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1919-03-02

re-apportionment OF the debts under
The financial section OF the league
OF nations which was reported IA
vorably yesterday
Neither suggestion, however, has
net been passed upon by the supreme
council or the plenary conference
and the magnitude OF the propose
leads 10 the belief that there will
be considerable discussion before any
such measure assumes definite form.
Would Stabilize Exchange.
Another heading OF the financial
report concerns tho method OF
stnhlllZlng international exchange.
which has been seriously deranged
by war conditions, the issuance o.
paper currency and other measures
Another heading IL the possibilities
OF inter-allied loans from neutral
states, as It is understood that neu-
trails have large stocks OF money
which may assist In the read justment
OF world finances.
The article concerning enemy
fInanciJ interest in backward com
munlties covers such countries as
Morocco, Turkey and China and
what should be done with the Ger
man Bagdad railway and German
concessions In Shantung and other
parts ot China
Most OF the foregoing subjects are
being considered with view 10 per
manont conditions after the war, al
though the requirements conCcrnina
the war ana prc-war debts OF tho
enemy may figure In tho peace
treaty.