davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1919-01-02
WORCESTER

Rev. William Shaw of St. Johnsbury
and district superintendent preached at
the Methodist church Sunday and later
addressed the Sunday school.
The Red Cross dance, held at the town
hall Saturday night, was well attended.
Several of the returned soldier boys were
present and Sl5 was turned over to the
Red Cross society.
Mason White of Camp Upton was at
home on short furlough last week.
Jerry Bolton of the L. $. S. Florida IS
at home on a Is days furlough
Charlie Pedrozo has received his dis
charge anrd is at his fathers.
Byron Cane, who was at home from
the u. V. NJ. for the holidays, has re-
turned to Burlington
II. w. Buckland and daughter, Mrs
Pearl Dane, and granddaughter, Elizabeth
Buckland, of Newport, are guests at w
r. Buckland's.
Mrs. Dennis Kellogg is teaching the
school on Hampshire hill.
George Moore is quite i'll with heart
trouble
Mildred King is very sick with ton
silitis and Bernce Merrill is recovering
from tonSiliia and artcular rheumatism
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1919-01-02
RANDOLPH

Mrs. r. w. McAllister of Waitsfield
has been in town for few days, visiting
friends and also to look after her sis
ter, Miss Louis Folsom, who is at the
sana forum for treatment. Mrs. Meal
lister visited Mr.. and Mrs. d. d, Howe,
and other friends, and on Tuesday left
for her home, leaving her sister much
NOR comfortable.
Mrs. Edwin Litchfield came from
Champlain, n. r., on Tuesday and
stopped off to pass the night with Mrs.
S. Fl. Mccullough Mrs. Litchfield left
Wednesday for her home in Dandy, n. II.
Fred Goodwin, who is employed by the
United States Rubber company in Cam
bridge. Mass, has been in town since
Saturday, passing the time with his par
ents. Mr.. and Mrs B. G. Goodwin, and
Wednesday left to resume his work An
other son, Edwin Goodwin, of Hyde
Park, Mass, is also with his parents for
few days, while gaining strength from
a recent operation for appendicitis.
Mrs. Arthur Drake with her children
left on Wednesday for Hancock, where
she will visit her parents, Mr.. and Mrs.
Roberts, for few days.
Miss Winnfred Richmond went to
Royalton Wednesday to visit her uncle
and aunt, Mr.. and Mrs. George Laird.
Mrs. Edwin Morgan of Lebanon, n.
H, is passing several days here with the
family of her sister, Mrs Ray Ordway.
Miss Ruth Adams and Miss Ons Ladd
left Wednesday afternoon for Middle
bury. to resume their studies at the
college there, after passing their vaca
tions here with relatives. Miss Margaret
| Cheney left Wednesday for Burlington
to resume her studies at the university,
after passing her vacation with her par
ents.
Daniel Putnam, who has a govern
ment position in Washington, d. C..
closed two weeks vacation here with
! his mother. Mrs. A. G. Putnam, and went
to take up his work on Wednesday.
All places Of business were closed on
Wednesday and the town was very quiet
during the entire day.
The dance given by Mrs. Kate Brock
at the Dubois & Gay hall on Tuesday
evening was we'll attended. and the even
ing was enjoyable. Gibson orchestra o.
Bethel was present to furnish the mu
sic.
Barney Shapiro went to Burlington o.
Sunday night on a business trip, re
turning on Tuesday.
j The youngest son of Rev. Erase
Metzger has been i'll with the prevailin.
distemper for few days, but is nov
improving and his recovery is expected
in the near future.
Miss Susie Burridge, a teacher in Lyn
donville, was home for her holiday va
cation.
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1919-01-02
TERSHTRE

Mrs. Matte Clark Humphrey of Brad
ford was a recent visitor at her niece s,
Mrs. w n. Orr, and at Don Orr's.
Mrs Leon Avery and children visited
her mother and other relatives in Corinth
the first of the week.
Mr.. and Mrs George Avery, Charles
Mann and Mr.. and Mrs. ROBBIE ate Christ
mas dinner at Mr.. Lory's in West Fair
lee
Mr.. and Mrs. Robbie of Concord, n. H.,
were recent guests at George Ayery's.
Doris Kicker was home from Bellows
Falls. Alice Pratt from Rhode Island,
Frances Pratt from Barre, Mr.. and Mrs.
Henry Spear from New York, and Miss
Ula Orr from Smith college for their va
cation.
Mrs. Brown visited her daughter, Mrs.
W. Hurlburt. last week.
Mr.. and Mrs. Freeman Spear enter
tanned a large gathering on Christmas
day. .,,.
Vincent Rowell and William Kicker
and Chauncey Iathrop were home from
their various camps for few days.
John Lawliss has moved TO Ernest
Lakes house known as the John Robin
son or Bixby place.
Mrs. L. S. Spear of Fairlee spent some
time with Mrs. Fred Straw
! Julia Picksn and Merle Nation are
home from Bradford academy.
A very pleasant evening was spent at
the hall Dee. "a,
LYLE and Clifton Blanchard spent some
days visiting their relatives, especially
the Picken family.
Mrs. Picken visited her people in Wal
| den last week
Report says Joseph Sleeper has bought
farm of John Brown in Corinth.
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1919-01-02
WOODBURY.

Mr. and Mrs r. F. brennan are guests
of relatives in Montpelier
Bernard Ainsworth of Hartford, Conn.
was an over-Smday guest of Clifford
Doty
Ralph Doty returned Saturday to
Hartford, Conn, after a weeks visit with
his parents, Mr. and Mrs. p. F. Doty.
Frances brennan returned TO her work
in Montpelier Thursday.
Alice Ross and Minnie Doty left Sat
urday for Springfield, where they expect
to find employment,
Eddie Ferris visited his mother in
Adamant Friday.
Lawrence and Francis Donlin were
over-Sunday guests of Mr., and Mrs Eu-
gene Laplapt
Phillip Drennan was a weekend guest
of his mother, Mrs. Myrtle brennan, in
East Calais.
J.W. ButterfeId of Cabot was bust
ness visitor in town Friday.
Leslie Doty returned to her work in
Springfield after weeks vacation at her
home.
Robert Davis returned Saturday to
Camp Devens after four days leave Of
absence He expects soon to 60 TO Vir-
ginia
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1919-01-02
EAST CALAIS

4. j. Rutter, optometrist from Mont
pelier, will be at A. A. Loves store Sat
iuday, Jan. 4. Call and have your eyes
attended tC.-adv.
In order to accommodate the people
living outside the village, the community
church will resume morning preaching
services Sunday at ii o'clock. Sunday
school at y noon. 1t is hoped this
plan win suit all persons interested in
The religious services.
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1919-01-02
KIDNEYS WEAKENING?
BETTER LOOK OUT !!

crlands granted special charter authorizing
its sale,
The good housewife Of Holland would almost
as soon be without food as without her Real
Dutch Drops" as she quantity calls GOLD
MEDAL HARLEM Oil Capsules Their use re-
stores strength and is responsible in great
measure for the sturdy, robust health Of the
Hollanders.
Do not delay Go to your druggist and insist
on his supplying you with a box Of GOLD
MEDAL Haarlem Oil Capsules Take them as
directed, and if you are not satisfied with re-
suits your druggist win gladly refund your
money. Look for the name GOLD MEDAL on
the box and accept no other. In sealed boxes
three sizes.-Adv.
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1919-01-02

Kidney and bladder troubles don't disappear
Of themselves. They grow upon you, slowly
but steadily. undermining your health with
deadly certainty, until you fall victim to in
durable disease.
Stop your troubles while there is time. Don't
wait until little pains become big aches. Don't
trife with disease To avoid future suffering
begin treatment with GOLD MEDAL Haariem
oil Capsules now Take three or four every
day until you feel that you are entirely free
from pain.
This welLknown preparation has been one
OF the national remedies of Holland for CEN
turtles In 1896 the government of the Meth
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1919-01-02
SOUTH WALDEN

Alvin Simpson and niece, Miss Olive
Cromwell were guests at A. F. Grow s
Christmas day.
Mrs. Foster and son, Carroll, of Lyn-
donville, were in town a few days last
week
Agnes Paronto, who has been working
for Mrs. A. L. Beals, has gone to North
Danyile, where her parents recently
moved.
Mr.. Nissenin and son of Quincy, Mass
spent Christmas with their family here.
Roy Goodenough and Miss Jennie Web
ster both of this place, were married at
Hardwick Dee q. Congratulations and
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1919-01-02

Don't wait until a cold and the grip
have firm hold. Take Lanes
cold and grip Tablets as soon as you
feel cold coming on. Neglect is
dangerous and often spells Pneu-
monia. Keep a package handy for
emergency. Results are guaranteed.
Sold bY druggists everywhere.
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1919-01-02
PLAINFTELD

Moving pictures at the D. Of L. hall
Friday evening, Jan. 3. Mary Pickford
in stirring photopIay of great patriotic
appeal, THE Little American" Prom
enadc and dance after pictures adv.
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1919-01-02

Does your wife make a fuss over a
late dinner?"
Depends ON whether it is due TO my
meeting friend or her being to the
matinee Boston Transcript.
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1919-01-02

well. Pat said the visitor, 'we must
all die once"
That's phwat bothers me- replied
the very sick man. 'If OF could die half
dozen times OF wouldn't mind it.
Boston Transcript.
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1919-01-02

best wishes are extended by their many
friends
Mr.. and Mrs. Roy Goodenough returned
home Monday from their trip to Massa-
chusetts
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1919-01-02
In Both Senses.

When we see man on the opposite
side of the street who owes Us a dollar
we wish he'd come aeross-B Boston Tran
script
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1919-01-02
CABOT

T.. J. Rutter, optometrist, will be at
Mr.. Barnett's Monday and Tuesday, Jan
6 and Z. Call and have your eyes at
tended to.-adv.
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1919-01-02
CROTON
Burial of Alexander Cochrane at Groton
on Saturday.


on Saturday.
News was received here Wednesday
morning of the death of Alexander Coch-
rane, which took place at an early hour
that morning at his home in Wells River.
Funeral services will be held at his late
home Friday afternoon at 3 o'clock, and
interment will be Saturday in Groton be-
side his wife, who died several years ago.
Mr.. Cochraue was prominent business
man in this and the adjoining town OF
Ryegate for many years and was widely
known. He was of Scotch descent, his
grandfather coming from Scotland near
the beginning of the century and settled
in Ryegate, where Alexander was born
NAV 81, 1885. He received his education
in the common schools and at Newbury
ter of Judge Isaac n Hall of Groton, in
seminary. He married Theresa j., dRugh-
1866, and they resided at Ryegate Corner,
where Mr.. Cochrane conducted general
store for % years. In 1882 he formed a
partnership with his brother law, Hon.
r. B. Hall and moved to Groton about
1889. where he resided until going to
Wells River around II years ago. In
r..
of the National bank of Newbury, and
later vice president and held the Office Of
president at the time of his demise. Mr..
Cochrane was a man of sound judgment,
clear insight and possessed a remarkable
capacity for details and was a successful
fnancier. He was member of the Meth
odst church Of Groton. Mr.. Cochrane is
survived by three daughters, Mrs, Jo-
sephine Clark of Wells River, Mrs. How
ard Fletcher of Boston and Mrs. Horace
Armstrong Of Chicago, and several grand
children.
Mrs. Richard Dennis went on Saturday
to Tilton, n. H., for two weeks visit
with relatives.
Mrs. c. c. Lord and Miss Alice Lord
returned to their home at Island Pond or
Monday.
The body of Jesse WEIGH was brought
here for burial on Saturday from New
bury, where his death occurred earlier il
the week from pneumonia. He was th'
son of Mr.. and Mrs. Deverett WEIGH o.
Groton and his childhood was spent here
He is survived by his wife, who was Miss
Matte Heath of this place, four children
also his father and one brother, ASS
WEIGH.
Mr.. and Mrs. c. A. Kicker were callei
to Woodsville, N, H., on Sunday to as
sist in the care of the families of Mr.
and Mrs. Harry Hosmer and Mr.. auC
Mrs. Robert Hosmer, who are i'll with in
fiuenza and the last named with pneu
monia
The schools which were closed the sec
ond time on account of the epidemic wer
opened Tuesday morning with fair at
tendance.
Mrs. II. A. Stevenson returned to he
home at st. Adams Wednesday after
10 days stay with her parents, Rev an
Mrs. Il. w. Lewis,
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1919-01-02


Peace.
Mr.. and Mrs. Moses DeCell received a
letter from Lewis DeCell, who is with
the eth engineers in France, lately, and
he saws in part: am feeling fine and
happy as a clam. Am in town that
can spell, but not pronounce. 1t has
been shattered to pieces some, but we
located in a good place to stay. We
lust left a little town in the Argonne
forest. You can Just bet there has been
some hard fighting there. Shall not try
to tell you all ! have been doing, but
some of our work was building bridges
and roads for the troops and heavy ar
tiIlerv to pass over. OF course, we we're
moving around most Of the time seeing a
lot Of France, sleeping in tents, dug
outs. etc, but now we are getting 1t
fine. I have nice little coy room, with
another fellow that left the first camp
with me. He Just received some maya
zines from a nice young lady IN Ne"
Jersey. There are not many women
near the front here We see a few IN the
towns where we have been, but thy are
scarce articles / expect it will not be
long now before will be again in the
! L. S. A. We are all happy here. but, OF
course, the boys are all anxious to get
| home.
Schools re-opened Tuesday morning
but with very poor attendance.
The ban on public meetings and gath
erings of all kinds was removed Dec. III,
yet a little precaution will be each one
best safeguard.
! Mrs. Sarah Maxwell Ina returned to
Waterbury, after week with her daugh,
ter, Mr.. Sheridan Boyce,
! Aaron Somerville was week Wis.
itor at the home of Levi Boyce.
The remains Of Mrs. Livonia Cady are
expected here Tuesday night and The
burial will be in the Congregations
cemetery Wednesday forenoon.
Mr.. and Mrs. Justin Cady OF Bling
hamton, n. Y, came to Fl. \. Bushnell''
Tuesday to attesd the burial service oil
! their grandmother on Wednesday.
A. r. Farr and family and l.. Jean Bis
bee were in Waterbury Monday.
Mrs. Christopher Spaulding passeC
away very suddenly Monday noon anC
the funeral viii be at the old home OF
Wednesday.
Miss Ruth Farr spent a part Of las
week B. D. Bisbees.
Jessica Joslin, Charlie Greene, FTnei
Bragg and Vern Pierce's family have al
Joined the distemper victims,
Earle Pierce of the L. S. navy cam
Monday night to spend week with hi
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. Vern Pierce,
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1919-01-02
" ATTSFIELD
Private Walter Perry Died of Wounds
Received in Action.

Received IN Action.
Word was received Tuesday morning
here, that Private Walter Perry died in
France on Oct II of wounds received in
action. Walter is the second Waitsheld
boy to pay the supreme sacrifice, and the
sympathy of the whole community goes
ont to the bereaved relatives and friends,
He was called to the service in the May
drive and left for Camp Devens with
Private Philip f. Bisbee, Percy Arlinii,
Roy Bragg, Gerald Stokes and Guy
Boyce, became part Of the 76th divi-
sion and sailed for France the first day
in July.
He has answered the Heavenly roll call;
From fighting he soon won release,
F., His was a noble living
And he died that the world might have
Peace.
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1919-01-02
ust What We SayYou Can Save Money Clothing at th

Heeh fall
a
ninun 10perc
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-01-28
SHIP RESCUED AFTER
s DAYS GALE BATTLE
AnsaIdo III. Is Towed to
Block Island by U. S. Vessel.

NEW LONDON, Conn, Jan. 27.-After
wallowing helplessly for six days in
heavy gale with her steering gear and
wireless out OF commission. and after
being abandoned by a naval tug which
had started to tow her 10 Block Island
when the hawser parted. the italian
steamship Ansaldo III was safely at an
Choir on Southwest Edge Light here to-
night following her rescue by the U. S. 8.
Acushnct.
The Ansaldo Ill, which Is comma nded
by Capt NJ Razedo. left Philadelphia for
Genoa, Italy, with a cargo OF crude oil
In her tanks. In addition to her skipper
she had n crew of forty-six on board
hut no passengers. She struck heavy
weather 900 miles southeast OF the Nan
tucket Shoal lightship. when heavy seas
knocked her rudder awry. Almost at
the same time a part of her wireless
equipment was blown away The gale
increased. and from January 10 TO Jan
uary Is she was battered by mountain
Gus seas.
On the latter date repairs were made
to the wireless and o signals sent
out. They were picked up by the naval
station at Newport and the oceanRoinE
Coast Guard tug Snohomish, Capt G. L.
Stewart, was ordered out from here. 1t
was two days before Capt. Stewart
picked up the Ansnldo. The tow lines
parted again and again and finally the
last ono broke. The Acushnet mean
while heard tho calls and lowed tho
Ansaldo to port.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-01-28
BRAZILIAN COFFEE STATISTICS.
FINANCIAL NOTES.

The committee on securities Of the New
York Stock EXCHANGE has ruled that con.
tracts for Norfolk and western Railway
bonds, when Issued. must be setued on
January 20. Contracts m, may .. be settled settle
he buyer days notice OF his intention
to make delivery. The notice must be
given Th. o snm,o,iaatcd Salt Company. cap
itaiized at 5000, has been chartered at
been admitted TO dealings on tho New
York Stock Exchange.
H. q. smith of glasgow has boon named
secrutury of the Kentucky Bankers As
ISOLATION, TO succeed ]. G. Cardwell. who
has been elected vice-presidant OF the Lib
erty National insnra nee b fih.r,v Na,,or.,
BANK have elected Joseph s, Maxwell and
George +. Murnane additional vice-presi-
Charles a. Kahl. formerly with Georss
II. Burr & Co, has become manager OF
Kelly & Hort9n's bono depsIstmssm ,. Nv
change membership OF August Haeussler
has been sold to j, Herbert Ware for
$3.50. The price Of the last sale was
Charles F. spesre, financial editor OF the
New York krentnO Man has become associ'
The Mobile shipbuildlns Company of
Mobile hs: i .S ono edo l" eaD''a' from
ceived application for membership from 8,
Henry l.. Doherty a. Co. and Montgom-
err 4 Co announce that N7.boo.ooo In
cities Service Company per cent. con-
strong. Sturgis a Co. and Colgate. Park.
ar Go. announce that the Soob.ooo
South Porto Rico Sugar Company pre-
erred stock Issue was sold yesterday.
The Guaranty Trust Company Of New
York yesterday established specie divi-
sian In its foreign department for buying
and selling foreign bank notes, gold and
silver, and will publish three timSs week
stoble showing prices at which II will
purchase the currency OF about thirty Ave
listed countries
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-01-28
MUST CUT PRICES OR
QUIT CITY MARKETS
Commissioner Day Gives Uiti.
matun, to Food Dealers.

DR.. Jonathan p. Day. City Commits
sioner OF Public Markets. said In an adj
dress before members OF the Merchants
Associations OF West Washington and
Wallaoout Markets, yesterday. that food
dealers renting space in city markets
must adjust their retail prices to meet
the big slump In wholesale prices which
has Just begun. or suffer the conse-
Quences.
II am Convinced there is going to be A
further fall in wholesale prices" DR..
Day said. land I want the public to get
the benefit Of It To this end have ap-
pealed to the merchants in both the
wholesal and retail markets under my
department. urging that big cuts be
made In prices In order that the public
may be served. I am CONVINCED this 10
a function OF the Department Of Public
Markets. The persons who occupy space
In the public markets must make def
mite arrangements TO reduce cost of food
to the consuming public or give UP their
space
The markets are run at big loss TO
the city financially. The difference In
the prices In the markets, both retail
and Wholesale. Ia not commensurate
with the difference In rentals between
public and private markets. In other
words, persons occupying public market
space, to Justify their continuance on the
present basis. must be made to serve the
people or become producers 10 help de-
fray the expenses OF the city govern
ment
IT am sure the tenants Of these mar
kets are going 10 cooperate with the de-
partment TO the end OF reducing the costs
Of foodstuffs TO the people. Mayor Hy-
Ian Is particularly anxious to have the
markets under his administration realIv
effect a reduction in the cost OF living"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-01-28
INTEREST IN BONDS
LEADS TO THE CURB
Trading Generally Narrow and
Shows Mixed Changes in
the Prices.

There was more interest yesterday IN
bonds than In other sections OF the curh
market The Russian Governments
were the most prominent. moving 10 new
high levels for the present movement
with an advance OF more than points
in the bIa per cent. obligation. The
sihs rose about 2 points. The cont!n-
ued buying of these securities during
the last few days reflects confidence that
they will be paid at maturity.
Trading In stocks generally was on n
small scale with mixed price changes
During the greater part OF the day the
tone was irregular. with the exception
OF one or two issues General Asphalt
common was the most active OF the in
dustrial shares and established new
high record with a gain OF points.
There was increased activity In the
war stocks with a gain OF half point
In Aetna Explosives. OIL shares gener-
ally were lower. International Petro-
leum. Royal Dutch Shell and United
Western OIL did not follow the course
of the others and displayed q firm tone
Mt the close with moderate gains. Cities
Service stock and tho per cent deben-
ture bonds series c were active for the
first time in several days Bonds sold
at new high records.
Total sales and range of prices fol-
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-01-28
ASKS $5,OOO,OOO TO
BUILD STATE ROADS
Duffey Plans to Finish Uncom
pleted Highways Only in
Coming Season.
sperdl Despatch 10 THE sus.

Albany. Jan. a7.-The Legislature
should appropriate 100000 from the
second 1000 900 highway bond issue
TO cover the expense OF completing all
unfinished highway contracts during the
coming season, and to enable the State
Highway Department to resume the
work of construction when material and
labor costs readJusts themselves, prob
ably some time next summer. Edwin
Duffey. Commissioner OF Highways
makes this recommendation in his an
nuai report.
One outstanding feature OF the re-
port Is the enormous increase in cost of
road building that has resulted from
war conditions, This increase. the Com
missioner points out, renders II mad
visable at this time 10 resume con-
struction. but he suggests that money
be made availble in order that the de-
partment may be In a position to take
advantage Of the expected drop in ma
terial costs. His plan calls for the COM
pletion OF roads now under construction
and a waiting policy as regards the
letting OF new construction contracts
until both the materials and the labor
markets assume normal proportions.
On the basis Of present prices the
State would be forced to spend $4,000 a
mile for waterbound macadam roads
which prior to the war cost $4,000 a
mile; $4,000 for bituminous macadam
road formerly built at a cost of $4,000
s2S.oo0 for concrete roads formerly cost
ing $4,000. and $4,000 for brick roads
formerly built for $25, 900.
The report shows that the entire FIRST
s50.o00,o0o highway bond issue has
been obligated md that s3s. 900 900 OF
the second bond Issue, which totaIled
s50.ooo.00o. has been appropriated by
the Legislature. There Is now avail
able for highway work s15.ooo.ooo
The mileage Of State and county
systems OF highways Is estimated at
1855. Highways completed on Janu-
airy !. 1918. totalled 6.s72 miles. while
highways completed and under contract
on January 1, 1919. raised this mileage
to e,023. leaving approximately 1000
miles 20 be improved to complete the
State and county systems.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-01-28
Reports 70 Interstste Commerce Commission

CHrSkPEAKE AND OHIO