The Clio messenger. (Clio, Mich.) 1907-current, 1919-10-23
, DOCTRINE. Cor occurring the maintenance

Doctrine. for securing the maintenance
OF peace
ARTICLE 22.-To those colonies and
territories which as consequences of
the late war have ceased to be under
the sovereignty of the states which
formerly governed them and which are
inhabited by peoples not yet able to
stand by themselves under the strenu-
Gus conditions Of the modern world.
there should be applied the principle
that the well-being and development
of such peoples form a sacred trust OF
civilization and that securities for the
performance OF this trust should be
embodied in this covenant.
The best method of giving practical
effect to this principle Is that the tute-
lage OF such people should be intrusted
to advanced nations who by reason of
their resources. their experience or
their geographical position can best
undertake this responsibility. and who
are willing to accept 1t, and that this
tutelage should be exercised by them
as mandate ries on behalf of the league.
The character Of the mandate must
differ according to the stage OF devel-
opment of the people. the geographical
situation of the territory, its economic
conditions and other similar circum-
stances.
Certain communities formerly be-
longing to the Turkish empire have
reached n stage of development where
their existence as independent nations
can be Professionally recognized subject
to the rendering of administrative adj
vice and assistance by a mandatory un-
til such time as they are able to stand
alone. The wishes of these communi-
ties must be a principal consideration
in the selection of the mandatory.
other peoples especially those OF
central Africa, are at such a stage that
the mandatory must be responsible for
the administration OF the territory I'M
der conditions which will guarantee
freedom of conscience and religion,
subject only to the maintenance OF pub
lie order and morals. the prohibition OF
abuses such as the slave trade. the
arms traffic and the liquor traffic. and
the prevention Of the establishment OF
Notifications or military and naval
bases and Of military training of the
natives for other than police purposes
and the defense of territory. and will
also secure equal opportunities for the
trade and commerce Of other members
of the league.
There are territories. such as South
west Africa and certain of the South
Pacific islands. which, owing to the
sparseness of their population or their
small size. or their remoteness from
the centers of civilization. or their geo
graphical contiguity to the territory
Of the mandatory. and other circum-
stances can be best administered under
the laws of the mandatory as integral
portions of its territory. subject to the
safeguards above mentioned In the In
terests of the Indigenous population.
In every case of mandate the man
datary shall render to the council an
annual report in reference to the ter
ritory committed to its charge.
The degree Of authority. control. or
administration to be exercised by the
mandatory shall. If not previously
agreed upon by the members of the
league. be explicitly defined in each
case by the council.
A permanent commission shall be
constituted to receive and examine the
annual reports of the mandataries and
to advise the council on all matters re-
lating to the observance of the man
dates.
ARTICLE 23-Subject to and in ac-
cordance with the provisions Of inter-
national conventions existing or here
after to be agreed upon, the members
Of the league:
(a) will endeavor to secure and
maintain fair and humane
conditions of labor for men.
women, and children, both In
their own countries and in
all countries to which their
commercial and Industrial
relations extend. and for that
purpose will establish and
maintain the necessary in
ternational organizations;
CD undertake to secure just treat
ment of the native inhab-
itants of territories under
control;
Co will intrust the league with the
general supervision over the
execution of agreements with
regard to the traffic in wom-
en- and children and the traf-
fic in opium and other dan
gerous drugs;
(d) will intrust the league with the
general supervision of the
trade in arms and ammuni-
ton with the countries in
which the control of this
traffic is necessary in the
common interest:
(e) will make provision to secure
and maintain freedom of
communications and Of tran
sit and equitable treatment
for the commerce of all
members of the league. In
this connection the special
necessities of the regions
devastated during the war of
1914-1918 shall be borne in
mind;
(O will endeavor to take steps In
matters of international con-
Germ for the prevention and
control of disease.