davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1919-07-25
9be &apitel.

S Sen l1ge, 1om fl1lgte, bleb Morhet paa 3otnren
6cba1l6let beb @6}bor1eretten. sSa.en bar Iaa fl1lo, at
oct par til at fpGles, e~n0ifignt syprbn11olinge11 1t9r-
nfeit nar cit 5or,ns ag.s % 8epter for eller inoo
%nral1gleoe. Som olti61 i %ioo6onne Gilfeloe fonotes
Der :1of ct 4or 8i0ler, Ser "troe6e" at bape Jet bo1n
i g5prbeelr al @11let, men 1iffert" fu1oe De fife 1ige
set, BET bar set belle. &aroIine 8rieboI,Siom sSorDa=
reret1 bapbe falot ino Joni @ibne, f1noe operbope6et
ifffe begribe, bpao 1na,, baloe ber1oe, eller bporon Ser
bar Sale, og bel0es Optre0er gior0e ct for @reiil
ugu:1itigt %SSn6trpf.
Mrnan6 talte mes garnle ia Oberbepisning til
@reils CUNT % f%lon6reoe Mgnoigbeoer11e for, at Sc
paa ton1r1e Or6 bnb6e trltfffet en- N9rgelps for Met-
ten. Saa0ar Gale bafte olninrelig 11pillie, og man
fG16t set l%igefren1 %ifan1lpit al cit Sg1 al Sen Wepr=
oeoe at billie optre0e til @nnl.. for 6ell Mnfldge6e.
Meb fneffet Mo6 og fDl6t al mogtl6fft @a1eri beret-
te6e ban for fin Sorlopeoe, bppr0ol1 a1ting par gaact.
Seq tror, jeg bliper ba1bittig," %itgnneoe ban.
"5fatnine1 % &reoe1 f1tllfer niigl Seq peo fnort
fife mere ielp, bpao leg ifol tpnfe. &pis @refil Bit
Der oarnt, %forlaber leg Sro1frig."
"5amunen mes mig, iag0e 8ertbil0e gonite enfelt.
"geeL ube1t sig! Seq bil6e olorig babe set O1o6 at
lRr,fe Big til ct forbitret, %fortbtblet5 Merlneife! Seen
ieg pil bort .... nb Set fremn1eoe."
8ertbiloe rpleoe rolig paa Sope6et;; at bum life
biloe forluoe ban1, ito6 10 faif.
so 6t bprt nogef fra galpognnt?" ipurgte
ba:t iaa.
"gsei, intet. 0g 0ettte gausbeb ipnes jeg er
l1bDggelig. sS0ag CT set %forient, 1nett tmorge1 fiierer
leg bis"
"Sam11en meo n1ig?"
See, l1oen Dig. Seq ntda bore til6age fpr @6fbor-
1~1erettet er faroig meo Sogef Mrmastb, bbis
ieg bar taget fell, bits leg r1eo l1rete bar beItprfet
Dig | ben Sanfe, 6erbringer Sig til ssSSortptplelie, Mrs
ma116, iaa tranger leg %iastoelig Sin gilgtpeIie, ia CT
oig f1apt not mere bprb.
On gulagttig 5tribe I giten f%orffp11ote, at Dagen
%1tnrlneoe fig, oa 8ertbiloe Sen l,eite Msorael1 forloo
Glern1o1t i%16e1ffet gogn, geien ferte tiIFfieI6s
%gienren1 2gpifoD, Der et1o1ll bite SGIteng Sarber.
Start par Solpagnat 11aaef, oe SijnIenes Mn11Ien
Ioffffeoe en- bleg, gutter, abi.toe Set offffioeg lille &lls
ben til ginouet. anapt bar gogne1 itonfct, f6r bum
bar l16e % tog tnob oelt fonn1tenbe.
naain ge1? e. iplrgte bun aonoelts spe1oine.
nSGnn e. ffrHift,r iDareoe 8ertbloe rolig. 50 Ssor bans
SfDlo pi1be leg .gierne Inaffe rneb Big
Som s fiagoes 95ru aoDfel.
Senoes gpreIlfe iferife Gtnge - fhun oe1,rles fllnbe
beboest bar lille. Sc boibfaIteoe gngge, Ell sSer,,-
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1919-07-25

Compound blev mig anbcfalet. Jeg
toy det eg det gjengav mig NIT
Helbred. bet er utvivlsomt Diet
sbedste Middel for Kvindesygdom.
me, jeg endnu har SET" Mrs. Sa-
"a ShasO, R. No. l., Portsmouth,,
Ohio.
Mrs. Shaw beviser, hyad denne
Medicin er verd, og skrev dette
Brew for at andre lidende Kvinder
kan finde samme Legcdom som
hun.
Kvinder, der lider som hun, bur-
de like gaa fra Dag til Dag uden
at prove Lydia E. Pinkham's We
getable Compound, Diet ber6mte
Rod :og Urtemiddel Angaaende
specielle Rad for den Slags Syg-
domino skriv til Lydia E. Pink
hams Medicine Co, Lynn, Mass.
Resultatet af diets 40 Aars Erfarine
STAR til Deres Tjeneste.
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1919-07-25

I
Barr, Robert: En- livlig Dame.
oAse Io'u otranlegn
Benneche, Olaf: Marie Loui,e
Keventlow.
BIRMINGHAM c.o a. c,.,L~
Dukater.
|pa
lord.
- A Dlo~n
E1oyle a.. Conan: Hunden frs
Fletcher, j. S.: Mysteriet
uioue ie1p1e
Flower, Newman: Den ride
Hest:
Glyn, Elinor: Hvad var Grunden.
Hallon, Joseph: Ghettoens Dron-
ming.
Hay, Ian: Lady Cars Eeteskab
u;.h. Do.-.
>l.e4As' Nooe1' opanleH.
pens K1ssr Dfo''n'n-
!. stor. p,n,
: ID ue store Banker.
Mdr : 11''ee MAUD: VI m
t1yiAe
o nart george: Dpo over Bona
Parker, Gilbert: Den Fremmede
Seeliger, Eward Gerh.: Million
tyven Peter Voss.
ISidvick, cecily: Cynthias Even
'yr.
;onen 44e J@eefoa'al-
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1919-07-25
bcld|sIe .McdIcIn
for kundeP.
Hvaa LydM Z. Pinkhams Com
pOnnd gjorde for en- Kvinde
fra Ohio.
Portsmouth, Ohio. aJcg led.
at Uregelmessighed, Sidesmerter eg

var saa svag I'd
Tider, at jeg
n appe kunde
gpre NIT Ar
bejde; da jeg
havde fire i Fa-
milien og ire
Logerende, var
det ternmelig
haardt for mig.
Lydia 3. Pink
hams Vegetable
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1919-07-25
"Udvalg Al
verdensiteraiuren."

Ale Boyer er at samme Formal.
4Rx6A" elegant indbundne
med Titelen trykt i Gsld.
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1919-07-25

Pris pr. Bind. 4oc.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-05-17

control of the food supply and mill
tary dictatorship are able to prevail
over the unarmed majority. Once
the food control is wrested from
them, their Influence is gone. Boil
shevism is not a new political phi
losophy which has saturated the
minds of the Russian people. The
bulk of the Russian people would be
very glad to rid themselves of it, If
they had the means.
"Petrograd could be taken in less
than two months if the alliest sent
between 10000 and 10000 additional
troops to North Russia.
Capture of Moscow would require
an enveloping operation on a much
larger scale for which from two to
three hundred thousand additional
troops should be sent
Tchaikovsky predicted that unless
checked militarily, Bolsheyism will
certainly spread over all of southern
Europe and perhaps northern lu-
rope. whether it will reach Eng
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-05-17

land and France, l don't know. Per
haps not
On piece of paper he penciled a
rough map of North Russia, embrac-
ing the provinces of Archangel. Wat
ka, Olonetz, Yuroslavl, and Kostro-
ma, total population of about (525.-
600 inhabitants) remains in the pro-
visional governments control The
Bolsheviks have occupied the other
provinces.
The present zone of operations
roughly resembles right-angled tri-
angle, its apex at the town of Arch
angel, it's perpendicular the Archan,
gel-Vologda railroad with Vologda
at the angle) it's hypotenuse the
Dvina river as far as Viatka, and its
base the ePtrograd-Siberian railroad
running through Viatka, and Vologda.
The present front is about one
third the way down both legs o. the
triangle, along what is now the boun-
daries of Archangel province.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-05-17

They believe that America has pros
perity ahead as soon as war condi-
tions are readjusted, and they say
there is comparatively little class dis
tinction.
Some OF the experts admit that
bolshevism has been oveTpainted.
One high American official declared:
81 don't believe there has been any
more violence in Russia under boil
shevism than there was before. You
remember the thousands in the ST.
berian prisons under the czar; and
you recall how many were slaughter
ed in that regime. Well, there prob
ably aren't anymore killed now. The
trouble is that bolshevism is simply
a new form of autocracy. 1t seeks
to impose the reverse of the former
SYSTEM
None of the Americans think that
food is cure-all for bolshevism but
these experts do believe that food
will help. They point out that it has
worked well so far in Austria, that
it had a tendency to keep down vio-
lence in Hungary, and that now ad-
vices are coming in, proving that
Russia is thinking more sanely under
the spur of hunger.
"If these people could have food
they would become more normal"
said one expert. "They would real
ize that bolshevism is an extreme
which is impractical"
The experts do agree that new
industrial and economic era is upon
the world.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-05-17
RUSSIAN PRESIDENT
STRUCK KANSAS OIL
By United Press.

BY United Press.
London, May 1.-(By MALL Mich.
olas Tchaikovsky, white-haired pres.
ident of the North Russian republic
was ploughing ON the Kansas rrai
ries just AZ years ago.
At Cedar Vale, near independence,
Kan, he and twelve fellow country.
men owned and worked two farms
during 1875 to 1877. They constitut-
ed a little Free" communistic COM
munity. Their neighbors probably
spoke of them as "those Russian inn
migrants"
One Of the farms is today the site
of a rich oil well. Techaikovsky and
his friends themselves began the well
and discovered traces of Gil. But
they didn't know what it was. AS it
spoiled the water, they abandoned
the hole
Later, Tchaiskovsky spent year
visiting shaker" and other religious
settlements in New YORK. He work.
ed two years as a laborer in the
Roches Ship Yards at Chester, near
Philadelphia
His kindly eyes shining and his
face aglow with reminiscences-tha
is, that small triangle of it that sohw-
ed above his wonderful white shaggy
beard-the aged president, now one
of the gerat influences of Russia, told
Of those days Of peace out there with
his wife and baby daughter-when
the Sunflower State was still young
81 broke 30 acres of sod all alone
one spring" he said. 1--WE went to
Cedar Vale from New York. There
were thirteen Of us, both men and
women. We owned everything in
common-land, horses, cattle, imple-
ments.
Now there Is a rich oil we'll in
our front yard. | remember when
we dug that well. About 20 to &C
feet down we reached a layer of
queersmelling clay. We didn't know
what it was. The water was no good,
of course, so we didn't finish the
hole. Now l know what we struck
was oil"
OF the situation in Russia, he
said:
Within two months after Petro-
grad and Moscow are captured, order
could be restored completely in Rus
sia and a constituent assembly elect
e representing all Russia.
"The Bolsheviks are simply vib
orous minority who by virtue of their
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-05-17
EXPERTS SAY AMERICA
WILLNOT COFOR REDS
(By C. D. Groat, United Press Staff
Correspondent)

(By C. D. Groat, United Press Staff
Correspondent)
Paris, May 1.--(By mail )--Thai
bolshevsm will never take any firm
hold in the United States is the state
ment of American authorities here
who know economic and sociological
conditions both here and in tho Unit
ed States.
They based their conclusions large
ly on the fact bolshevism has flour.
ished most extensively where the
class distinctions are the greatest
where the gulf between the rich and
the poor is the widest. - this con.
nection, they pointed out that Russia
was the first nation to fall victim to
the excesses of bolsheylsm. There
the gap between the rich and poor
was the greatest.
Bolshevism does not surprise the
men who have studied it. They point
out that every great war in Europe
has been followed by a more or lesa
violent reaction. Once it developed
into a struggle for political liberty;
now it develops into a struggle for
more equitable distribution of the
wealth of nations.
Americans here who have been
keeping their finger on the pulse of
Europe believe that the pendulum
will swing back to more nearly
normal state. There has been much
talk that Germany would dissolve
into bolshevism. This may or may
not be rue. Some people coming out
of Germany say they doubt it. The
French have recently been circulat-
ing what purports to be a speech Of
Observation-Disclosures declaring that
there Is no menace of bolshevism in
Germany, but declaring that the
threat will be held over the heads Of
the allies in the hope of securing a
better peace than otherwise would |
be the case.
Then there are predictions that
France will stir into revolution when
she finds that she must pay higher
taxes because Germany is not to be
forced to pay the whole cost of thu
war, as the politicians originally sal
she would But American expert
have told the United Press that tn
believe there is more prospect of IN
lustrial unrest-and perhaps real bo,
England than in France
AS for the United States, they say
hat there are less chances of boi-
ihevism there than anywhere else.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-05-17
Suggestion for a Camping Trip.

Buy a bottle of Chamberlain's
Collie and Diarrhoea Remedy before
leaving home. AS rule it cannot
be obtained when on hunting, fish
ing or prospecting trip. Neither can
it be obtained while on board the
cars or steamships and at such
times and places it is most likely
to be needed. The safe way is to
have it with you.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-05-17
THE PICTURE SHOP

Kodak films and packs developed free
(any s1ze)
Pictures finished 3 cents eacn;
every picture guaranteed to be as
good as can be made, regardless OF
price. Look for the sign.
THE PICTURE SHOP
400 Chicksha Ave.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-05-17

Cash paid for clean cotton rags
at Daily Express office.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-05-17

There is more Catarrh in this section
of the country than all other diseases
put together, and for years 1t was sup
posed to be ineurabe. Doctors prescribed
local remedies and by constantly falling
to cure with local treatment pronounced
II incurable. Catarrh is a local disease,
greatly influenced by constitutional con-
ditions and therefore requires constitu-
tional treatment. Halls Catarrh Medi-
cine, manufactured by F j. Cheney e.
Co. Toledo, Ohio, is a constitutional
remedy, is taken inter and acts
thru the Blood on II rs Surfaces
of the System. Opr Dollars re-
ward Is offered r. 1T Hairs
Catarrh MedicrG ~end for
circulars arr
+. J. CHS ..esr bio.
Sold h, ..
IIa -ao a q uf 1a'i"n,
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-05-17

Sold by your grocer
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1919-04-30
u. ID. G.. 22d Annual
Convention
Amendment to Limit Terms of
Office Adopted. Officers Are
Elected

Darlington. April 24.-Spccia]: The
twenty-second annual convention OF
the United Daughters of the Confed-
eracy came 0 a close here this after
noon With the election of officers for
the ensuing term. The convention has
been from start to finish crowded with
work and the meetings have all been
full of interesting reports aud adj
dresses.
The meeting this morning was TAX
en- up with reports of standing COM
mittccs. The historical committee,
through it's chairman. Mrs ST. john
Allison Lawton, made its yearly re-
port. The report Of the committee
on education was submitted by Miss
Arnida Moses, Of Su1ater. A note
worthy fact in this report showed that
during the past year fifty thousand
dollars has been spent by the South
crn organization in educational work.
Another committee to submit an ex-
cellent and most Interesting report
was that on war relief. This report.
among other things, showed that sev-
en- wards were endowed by the Daush-
tcrs in an American hospital in
France, with ten beds to the ward.
The afternoon meeting was taken up
ters and with the elecion of officers.
A proposed amendment to the con-
sitution to limit the terms Of office
for all officers to two years was voted
upon and adopted, except that in the
case of the historian, registrar, record
ing secreary, recorder of crosses and
treasurer, the term OF each should be
three years. The convention voted
down proposal to meet yearly at one
place. to be chosen, believing it to be
to the best interest of the organoza-
ton and convention to meet at vari-
Gus places in the State. The conven-
ton also voted down the proposition
to change the time Of the annual
convention from December to July.
The following officers were elected:
President. Mrs. John Cart. of
Orangeburg; first vice president. Mrs.
c. J. Milling, of Darlington; second
vice president, Mrs. O. d. Black. Of
Johnston: third vice president. Mrs.
Mollie J. Perry. Of Lancaster; fourth
vice president, Mrs. J. w Nixon. Of
Union; recording secretary, Mrs. W.
r. Darlington. of Allendale: CORE
spending secretary, Mrs. Barr. of
Georgetown: treasurer, Mrs. d. III.
McEachen. of Florence; historian.
Mrs. John Lawton Of James Island; !;
registrar Mr.. buckingham, Of Ellen
ton: recorder Of crosses, Miss Lille
Cooper, Of Denmark.
80 place has yet been chosen for the
next meeting of the convention.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1919-04-30
One Hundred Per Cent. Game.

No doubt there are various kinds OF
bravery. Last summer the country
talked a great deal about the Amer
lean soldiers meeting death with
smiles on their faces" and we felt
that this display Of courage could
never be ovcrshadowed. Perhaps it
cannot, but lately there has been
reason to believe it can be equallcd at
least. Has enough thought been Siv-
en- to that other kind Of courage that
bears deformity with cheerfulness :?
This true incident is only one Of
many that illustrates the moral .iber
that makes the American soldier lG0
per cent game and grit.
A trainload of wounded for a
Southern hospital was met at one OF
the way stations by the Red Cross :yo-
men. who went through it. giving aid
and comfort.
One, noticing the unusual pallor on
the face Of boy stretched out oa Z
cot. unfastened a rose from her breast
and handed it to him. AS the soldier
made no move to take it, she asIe1
him if he did not want it. and another
who lay near said: Lady. you don't
understand He wants it. but he can't
take it. for he has no hands
Tears came to. her eyes and She
choked when she tried to speak. ::ut
the first boy laughed and said: "Nev-
err mind. lady. it's all right; he h:asn' t
anything on me, for he hasn't any
feet"
No more important work than the
retraining Of these crippled soldiers
remains for the government to do.
There are to be nov war dependents
among the brave boys who suffered
to bring about victory. Those who
have lost their feet are learning to
walk on artificial ones. Machine
made hands are being turned out so
perfectly adapta bic that a man who
has lost both of his own is now train
cd rs mechanical engineer.
But this work takes money-1uIte
a lot Of it. Is it not money we'll
spent? The Victory Liberty Loan will
in part so toward this work.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1919-04-30
English Jealous Of German Trade.

London. March 30-London bust
ness men and British manufacturers
whose plants are located outside OF
London are alarmed lest the Germans
should again obtain profitable foot
hold in the country. and wide pub
licity is being given all information
which tends TO show that Germany
expects to do business here. The
latest is the publication OF labels
which Germans have prepared for
tho expected trade and which have
been sent TO London by soldiers with
the Army Of Occupation at CoblcnZ.
Superior scissors made of the best
double refined castSteel. Made in Ger
many" reads one label. and Finest hol-
ground raZors. set ready for use.
warranted: made in Germany is
another Still others carry the guar
antcc of the German manufacturing
firm. and all Of them bear the place
OF origin.
According to an announcement by
the Board OF Trade. the regulations
against the importation of German
goods in Great Britain are still in
force. and there is no danger of Il
German trade invasion until these
have been removed The British are
jealously guarding their home trade
from the German
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1919-04-30
OFFICE WORKERS AND SCHOOL
TEACHERS ORGANIZING.
Labor Movement Now Embracing
Large Numbers Of Women Clerks.

A big organization movement among
| women clerical workers is one Of the
significant developments to be noted
in the labor movement of America
today 1t marks the expansion of this
movement into groups OF workers
which have hitherto been unorganiz-
cd This is particularly true in the
South where large proportion OF
the recent phenomenal gains in un-
ion memberships has been recorded.
According tC reports received by
the National Womcn's Trades I'm
ION League, which is affiliated with
the American Federation Of Labor.
more than $4,000 women office work
ers have joined tradc-union orSaniza-
tions during the past year These
are for the most part. stenographcrS,
clerks and accountants in the rail-
way Offices throughout the country
and in various branches Of the fed
nral civil service. School teachers
also have been rapidly adding to the
strength of their organization and the
number Of their unions.
In Washington at one recent meet
ing alone 100 paid applications We're
received from clerks in the railway
Offices, about half Of whom! were wo-
men. From government departments
$500 Office workers. about three
fourths Of whom were women, have
been initiated into the National Feder
alton Of Federal Employees since
January l Of this year. In groups
such as retail clerks, garment work
ers, textile workers, machinists, etc,
the number of women joining unions
is known to have greatly increased,
though no definite figures are now
available.
Baltimore Washington, Richmond.
Atlanta. Birmingham, and other rail
road centers of the South, as we'll as
Harrisburg. Pittsburgh. Chicago. New
York. and all the large northern and
western railroad cities. have local
lodges of the Brotherhood Of Railway
Clerks. with a large percentage OF
women members while heavy gains
in membership of the National Fed
Grafton of Federal Employees among
women are recorded in New York.
Boston. Philadelphia. Baltimore. Chi
cago. Charleston. S. c.. New Orleans.
and San Francisco. IN Washington
one local lodge of $500 members is
composed entirely of women. while
another has more than 5000 women
members
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1919-04-30
Burleson Scores World
Quotes Official Record to Prove
That New York World Lied s
and Knew 1t Lied When
1t Printed Slander

Washington. April 26.-RepiylnG
late today TO a telegram from Charles
Johnson Post, director of the pup-i
fishers advisory board, regarding the
use of convict labor on his plantaelon
in Texas, Postmaster General Burlee-z
son said:
Answering. your wire. The full
facts in connection with the lease 10
the State. of Texas of the plantation
in which J was interested, upon which
the state used its convict labor and
the terms of the contract in connees-s
ton there with, have been placed be'-.
fore the congress more than once ana
have long been u matter Of public rec.
ord It would be quite interesting
for you to publish now and later have
laid before congress the facts in the.
same detail about moneys raised ana:
spent to secure the repeal Of the zone
postage rate law. OF course, you;
know. as the New York World did
when it published this falsehood, that.
I did not use convict labor on my
plantation but that the plantation was
leased and cultivated by the State OF
Texas and the convicts used thereon,
were at all times under the States
exclusive control and management.
Later Mr.. Burleson issued a state
ment declaring that the resolutions.
adc.:ted yesterday by the. publishers
association committed it to "a petl-
ton for the repeal or suspension Of
the law increasing the rate Of postage
on newspapers and magazines. !"
This makes the issue plain" said
Mr.. Burleson's statement. Should the
law be repealed or should it be per-;
mitted TO stand?'
The statement that the public and
not the publisher suffers by the zone.
rate is an insult to the intelligence OF
the American people. However, much
selfish publishers may attempt to
camouaage the situation the thought
full, intelligent reader will not lose
sight Of the real issue: Shall the old
time s72,OOO.0oO postal subsidy, taken
from the pocket of other users OF the;
mails. be restored to the few parasite
publishers who have for years plund-
cred the postal reevnues?
''It shall not be if by the use OF the
biudgeon of truth the present post
master general can pound the honest
facts into the minds of those upon
whom the final responsibility rests.