American Falls press. [volume] (American Falls, Idaho) 1907-1937, 1919-05-09
NEGOTIATIONS of Modern Cove
nants That Ended Wars Have
often Taken Months.
INTRIGUE COMMON feature
Great Issues involved In the Settle
ments Of the Last Three Centuries
-Keenest Minds Of Church
Seek Advantage.

New York.-The making OF treaties
tas always been II tl~me-consumilg
process since the days when the
Soudal lord or monarch could say to
his beaten foe, accept these terms or
die. Then the limits OF pefAonal force
and ambition were the Only curb on
the v~ictor's demands, Hith he sons
OF daughters or other relatives to be
pnwns in the game, execution or mar
riage sealing the hateful bargain.
But with the development of states
into something more than the lndivld-
ual property Of kings and emperors,
and the broadening Of international
relations, the resulting clashes OF
arms, often lasting for years, were
rarely brought to "A close except after
| negotiations that lasted for G or
months. Over the documents that set
lied the religious, u0litieal, or terri
torlal questions at Issue, the keenes
minds of churcn and state fought foI
advantage. Intrigues and secret deals
were a normal incident Of the battle
of wits, when more ,han two countries
were involved In the difficulty.
Many Of the peace treaties OF thu
last three centuries are the landmarks
of their period, ending or beginninj
IN era In which the future develop
ment OF peoples or nations was defin
itely determined.
Peace Of Westphalla.
Such n hlstory-maklng event wa
the Peace Of Westphalin (164S), whic
cnded the Thirty Years war-the lns
OF the great conflicts between Cntho
iclsm and Professionalism. Beginnln
ns Il strife between German states, d
vlded on religious lines, II finally II
volved France, Spain, Sweden, 20
, tugnl, the Netherlands, Switzerlan
and many Italian states.
In 16i1 prellmlnarles OF peace WEI
, agreed upon at Hamburg by the q
rendy weurled contestants, but II WI
A three years before a congress to Sc
4 tic terms was opened and four yea
a nfter that when first treaties we
signed ut OsnNhruck and Munst'
@ towns of Westphnlla. A general n
Il FDIlIllflt IfuNN NhN INJURY ''hHNN
Munster on October "a, l64S.
At Alx-la-C hopelle, IN May 2, 16t
n was signed the first treaty, known
10 the name of that town. This was
n climax OF the struggle between Fran
IS and Spain for the possession of
Spanish Netherlands. On the deu
- of Philip ~ OF Spain, Louis y
N claimed n large part OF the Meth
" lands In the name of his wife,
daughter of Philip. The Dut'
alarmed by the French pretenslo
nj which were backed by aggress
m military action, summoned Engln
II, and Sweden to her aid and halted
French advance. Under the tre'
or Louis kept portions of Flanders VIII
his forces had overrun.
cd The Peace of Ryswlck, which v
IN signed ut the Dutch village on
~ outskirts of The Hague in 1907, e
ey ed n struggle of nine years betw'
re France and the Grand Alliance, n t.
which ultimately included Engln
nd Holland, Savoy, the Holy Roman
nlre, Brandenburg, Sweden, Spi
Id. Saxony and the palatinate. A c
gress Of ENJOYS held sessions dur
most OF the summer of 1897 and I'll
In " signed n treaty Of peace on 5
Is, tember 20, This virtually restored
ey territorial matters TO the status
iol ante, but the chief result was TO oh
Is the ambitions of Louis, under WI
rule France had become the first pu'
so on the continent, s%upplonting Spain,
rT utreeht's Epoch Making Agreeme
The Peace of Utrecht was the I
IN great agreement between the qual
XII some powers of Europe. II was
W. fact. a series OF agreements betW