davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24
Clearly Defines
Monroe Doctrine

"The fifth Interpretation defines the
Monroe Doctrine. AS the expression
Monroe Doctrine is used in Article
XXI, and as the United States is the
author of the doctrine and has main
tanned it for ninety-six years, it is
fairly within the limit of an interpreta-
tion for it to state what the doctrine
its development to the present day. AS
the time has come for it's world recog-
milton, the time has also come for it's
definition, and 1 believe the language
used correctly states what we have q
right to claim it to be and all that we
have the right to claim it to be.
"These interpretations, it seems to
me, reasonably answer all the reason
able or sincere criticisms made against
the league except as they are met by
the single reservation as to Article 10,
Root, in his letter to you, proposed
that the operation of Article 10 be
limited to five years when the settle
ments of the war should be reex-
amined, with the view to the further
operation of the article after a re-
settlement. Influenced by some direct
information that l have as to the at
titude Of France in respect to Article
10, | am confident that the period of
flVc> years is not long enough tor this
stablization and does not offer the
security which France eagerly seeks
under the league or by supplemental
treaty. l think, therefore, that the
cautionary influence of the league
would be greatly strengthened by
lengthening this period from five to
ten years. 1t seems to me that ought
to be done by the formal exercise of
the right to withdraw as a member of
the league after ten years by giving a
notice to that effect.
"The nations of the league can be
sure that should the league work we'll
the United States will withdraw the
notice and continue to bear it's part of
the worlds burden in securing the
benefits Of the league, if those benefits
are apparent after ten years trial. The
provision, however, may tend to satisfy
doubters in respect to the league by
requiring for it's extension beyond ten
years the affirmative action of the
President and two-thirds of the Senate
in favor Of such extension after the
trial of a decade
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24
Taft's First Letter
To Chairman Havs

Mr.. Taft's first letter follows:
"Pointe-a-Pic, Quebec, July 20, 1919.
My Dear Mr.. Hays:
"In what I said yesterday I did not
60 over the various interpretations and
reservations, because I thought that
in our previous espondence they
we're sufficiently explained. I think it
wise. now that | have formulated them,
after good deal of thought, to take
up my reasons in detail for sug-
gesting them.
"Speaking generally, I wish to en-
phasize my conviction that the United
States Senate might we'll ratify the
present treaty without any reserva-
tions or interpretations. | am conf
dent that the actual operation of the
treaty after ratification would bring
about exactly the same result as that
which would be attained by the accent
anoe Of these interpretations and
reservations, but it seems to me to be
the part of statesmen % recognize the
exigencies, personal, partisan and po-
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24
Opens Way for U. S.
To Quit the League

"Meantime should the failure of the
league be apparent before the expira-
ton of the ten years the withdrawal
clause gives US full opportunity to end
our relation to the league by two
years notice"
~ venture to think that my suggcs-
tions are not amendments, but only
interpretations or action authorized
by the league itself. | don't think
they will weaken in any substantial
way the forcible effect of the league,
and Iuhope that they may remove the
qualms and anxious concern of friends
of the league whose votes are neces-
sary to ratify it. Sincerely yours,
"W1LLIAM II. TAFT"
The second letter follows:
'"My dead Will: Referring to you,
telephone to me this Sunday morning
understand you to agree with me
that it would be unwise at this time
to bring my suggestions to the atten.
ton of Mr.. Root, Senator Lodge or ot
the Republicans ranged in general op
position to the ratification of the
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24
Says He Should Have
Consulted Elihu Root

"The attitude of hostility toward the
President has aroused criticism and op-
position which might have been avoided
had he taken with him such a man as
Mr.. Root and two representatives of
the Foreign Relations Committee in the
Senate. The criticism thus aroused
has stirred the conscience Of a number
Of Republican Senators and has en-
dangered the ratification Of the league
by two-thirds of the Senate.
"Mr. Wilson's influence with his
Democratic supporters in the Senate
will secure perhaps forty-fve votes
Nineteen Republican votes are needed,
and the question is how they can be
secured. l don't think they can be Sc
cured except by relieving their con-
sciences through reassuring interpre-
tations Of the league of such charac-
ter that they are likely to be accepted
without further negotiation and con-
ference and delay by the other ma
tions who dictated the peace
after consideration of the argu-
ments made on the subject. I have
formulated these interpretations and
reservations, with the hope that they
will suggest basis of agreement be-
tween the Democrats and sufficient Re-
publicans to ratify the treaty and Sc
cure us the inestimablc benefit of &
league of nations which will be the
foundation for growth and develop
ment into a new era in our interna-
tional relations
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24
Strongly in Favor of
Treaty as 1t Stands

The attempt of such men as Sena-
tor Borah, Senator johnson, Senator
Sherman and others to defeat the
treaty, and the deliberate exaggeration
of the Shantung feature of the treaty,
do not, think, indicate the attitude of
the majority of the Republican party
IN the Senate, and | do not think that
any attention should be paid to the
suggestion that the treaty be amended
IN It's provisions with reference to the
Encouragement of the map of the region
of the war
"To repeat, l am strongly in favor
OF ratlfyng the treaty as 1t is. Were
IN the Senate, | would not hesitate to
vote for it, but the situation may re-
qure concession to secure ratification
and suggest what | have already sent
to you, copy of which | incose, as
something that will secure useful
league Of nations, which may be i'm
proved and which at the same time may
satisfy the genuine objections Of the
Republican friends of the league in tho
Senate.
" Coming now to specific interpre
tations, 1t seems to me that the first
achieves all that the craftsmen OF
the withdrawal clause intended, an,
as thus interpreted relieves tina
clause from possible construction
by which the actual withdrawal OF
Two years notice might be great,
hindered through tho claims of tn,
other members OF the league
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24
Sees No Objection /.
To the Article Ten

"The third Interpretation is an exact
legal construction of the effect of
Article X, and | do not see how any
of the signatory powers can object to
it. The conclusion in respect to the
function of Congress under this article
is the necessary result of the distribu-
ton of power under our constitution,
to which none of the associate men,
bers of the league can object.
"The fourth Interpretation is a mere
statement of international law and the
proper construction of the seventh
paragraph of Article XIV, which is
inserted only to satisfy criticism Of
that paragraph, based on the un-
founded assumption that some tribunal
of the league will be found which
will declare issues in. respect to i'm
migration or the tariff to be some
thing other than question of
domestic policy. If, as all authori-
ties show, immigration and tariff un-
affected by treaties are purely domestic
questions, then it cannot injure the
league to say that which is undoubted-
ly maxim Of international law and
remove the concern of those who sus-
peect other nations of being in con-
stant and unprincipled conspiracy
against the interests of the United
States.
eve may deplore this attitude of
mind, but where it costs nothing in the
effectiveness of the league, we may
we'll insert provision to remove the
fears it prompts.
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24
McKelIar Says League
Foes Hit at Wilson
Democratic Senator Declares
"Reactionaries' Are Piqued
at Part President Plnxed

WASHINGTON, July 23.-The league
of nations was supported in the Senate
to-day by Senator Mcclellan, Democrat,
of Tennessee, as one of the greatest
forward steps in the nations history.
Most of the opposition, ne asserted,
came from "reactionaries" of the same
school as those who opposed the Fed
eral Constitution and those who later
handicapped the growth and develop
ment of the country.
The speaker quoted Senator Lodges
speech in the Senate last December,
and declared the peace terms laid
down there had been substantially
embodied in the treaty Senator Knox,
he said had desired to go even fur
ther than the league covenant in his
resolution declaring the United States
would cooperate to remove any future
menace to European peace.
"The real criticism of the league in
the minds of it's opponents in the
Senate" continued Mr.. McKellar, "is
that Woodrow Wilson took a COM
manding part in the formation of the
league. There may he better plans.
but why haven't they been produced ?''
Three incontestable reasons for the
league, continued the Senator, are the
cost of war, it's sacrifice of human
lie ano the utter folly OF creating
nations in Europe without giving them
the guarantee Of life" He said he did
not agree that Article x imposed only
moral obligation to go to war to
preserve the integrity of mem bers, but
that it rightly imposed legal obliga-
tion to do SO.
Replying to the charge of Senator
Reed, Democrat (Missouri), that the
league might be controlled by black,
red and yellow races, Senator McKellar
quoted from speech made when JET
ferson bought Louisiana.
eve are soon to look for our rulers
to the black, yellow and red brethren
beyond the Mississippi"
missouri" continued Senator Nc
Kellar, "was part of the Louisiana
purchase. l am curious to know if
some ancestor of Senator Reed did not
speak those words. The argument is
idle. I think the Senators from South
Carolina and Mississippi will compare
favorably with the representatives of
other states in this body, regardlc less
of the black majority in each of these
states
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24

league without reservations. What /
fear is that if these reservat ons come
TO knowledge of such opponents of the
league their authorship will at once
prompt opposition to them. | under
stood you to say that at later time
an open statement by me to the public
that l approved these interpretations
and reservations as proper basis Of
compromise might be useful in secur-
ing the acquiescence OF some Rcpub
leans and the needed support OF the
Democrats.
81 am ready at any time, when it is
thought to be useful, to make such a
statement, but | don't wish to make it
when it will merely create confusion
worse confounded | have opened com
munication on the subject with the
defeat radical reservations in the ma
tLre of amendments likely to come
from the majority in the Foreign Re-
lations Committee. These recommended
tions have to be voted for by Borah
in order to bring them out of the COM
mittee, if, as hope, McCumber will
vote against them. After their defeat,
which, | hope, may be accomplished
by forty-five Democratic votes, with
three Republicans, against them, then
the deadlock will be on.
l Hc DcIIiUCIdlS ana tlToe hepuDll-
cans can defeat amendments, but they
cannot ratify the treaty. Sixteen more
Republicans are needed. We may be
sure there are that number of Repub-
licans who are friendly to the league
of nations and are anxious to ratify
the treaty and relieve the Republican
party from the burden Of defeating it.
We can be sure also that the Democrats
who favor the treaty will be anxious
to have ratification, if not without
reservations, then with reservations
that do not destroy it's effect
1T is at such time, | conceive, when
suggestions of the character I have
made can perhaps be useful My view,
therefore, is that you would better
keep our correspondence confidential
until the issue is thus clearly drawn.
Then it may be possible for me to be
useful with the Democrats, because
they know I am in favor of ratifica-
tion of the treaty without reservation
or amendment, if possible, and thus
stand with them. Understand me,
have no desire to appear as the author
of compromise, and I am entirely
willing and anxious to suppress my
relation, if by so doing it will facilitate
satisfactory ratifcatio of the treaty.
I only wish to help where and when
can, and / wish to avoid injury to the
cause by complete self -effacement, if
that will help.
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24

following instances of supposed viola
tions:
Paragraph IL of Section of the Con-
stitution of the United States: "To de-
clare war, grant letters of marque and
reprisal and make rules concerning
captures on land and water"
Violated by Articles K and XVI of
the league covenant.
Paragraphs 12, 13 and IA of Section 8
of the Constitution: "I2) To raise and
support armies, but no appropriation
of money to that use shall be for a
longer period than two years" "I3 To
provide and maintain a navy" 500 To
make rules for the government and
regulation of the land and naval
forces"
Violated by Article VIII of the league
covenant.
Paragraph of Section of the Con-
stitution: ITO regulate commerce with
foreign nations, and among the several
states, and with the Indian tribes"
Violated by Subsection Of Article
XIII of the league covenant.
Paragraph of Section 9 of the Con-
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24

Fisherman's Luck, with
its long hours of hungry
and often fruitless-waiting
will not prove so tiresonle
if your eyes are protected
from the glare of the sun
by a pair of vi. II. Harris
Sportsmen's Eyeglasses.
These are made with specially
ground lenses and set in very
comfortable frames designed
particularly for outing wear.
They are much liked by men
and women on holiday, who
find that the sudden change to
outdoor life and brilliant sun
shine is hard on the eyes, and
sometimes headaches and eye
strain result.
You may also have an eye
examination, so that our OCulisf
can advise you as to whether
your eyestrain is due to a de-
feet in vision or some organic
disturbance.
In the latter case he will rec
ommend you to your own ply
sician. but if glasses will prove
beneficial for outdoor wear-in
either case-he will tell you so.
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24
Meets Objections of
Administration Men

This meets the objection the Admin
tration forces have raised to the Root
reservation on this point, however, by
providing that any claims other nations
might have against the United States
at the time of withdrawal could be ad-
Indicated afterward. 1t meets the OBJ
jections of opponents of the league to
the present provision by removing the
fear that the United States could be
held in the league during the litigation.
On Article X Mr.. Taft suggests that
the functioning of the council shall be
purely advisory and not binding on
members, leaving each free to deter
mine its own obligation, and in the
case of the United States leaving this
determination to the Congress sitting
at the time. This is virtually the
modified form of the Root Article x
reservation. which has the indorse-
ment Of the Republican majority in
the Senate. Senator McNary, in his
speech yesterday, declared this is what
the league provision means, anyhow,
but his view is not shared by other
Republican Senators.
Mr.. Taft, it developed to-day, has
been carrying on correspondence for
several weeks with three Republican
Senator'S friendly to the league--Sen-
ators McCumber, McNary and Colt
He has also been corresponding at the
same time with Chairman Hays of the
Republican National Committee.
Mr.. Taft has sent to the three Re
publicans with whom he has been cor
responding copies of the letter he
wrote to Chairman Hays. and Mr. Hays
himself sent copy OF the same letter
70 Republican Leader Lodge.
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24

htical. of situation in seeking to
achieve real progress and reform.
"The situation which confronts us
now in reference to the ratification Of
the treaty is one created by very Sc
rious mistakes of policy committed by
Mr.. Wilson. The partisan character
of his administration during the war,
together with his appeal to his coun-
trymen to elect a Democratic Congress
in November, 1918, created condi-
tion of personal and political antag
onism toward him among Republican
leaders, which was shared by major
ity of the American people. This was
shown in the results of the election.
Notwithstanding this, Mr.. Wilson
persisted in continuing Ahe same par
tisan exclusion of Republicans in deal
ing with the highly important matter
of settling the results of the war. He
selected a commission in which the Re-
publicans had no representation and in
which there we're no prominent Ameri-
cans of any real experience and leader
ship Of public opinion. With such a
commission his unusual course in 60
ing abroad himself, as President, great
ly emphasized the personal element in
the framing of the treaty and intensi-
fed the general tendency to oppose
anything that he might bring home,
because Of his apparent wish to dictate
the policy of the world and to monopo-
lie the credit for it
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24

to the peace treaty to President Viii
son at the White House to-day and
told the President he would not ap-
prove it. Beyond this statement, Sen
ator Page would not discuss the con-
ference.
Senator Sterling, of South Dakota,
another White House caller, said
neither he nor the President men
toned the Shantung settlement. They
discussed Article X OF the league Of
nations covenant, referring to protec
ton of nations against external ag-
gression," and the clause relating to
the withdrawal Of nations from the
league.
Senator Sterling told the Presi-
dent he could not accept Article X
except with reservation leaving to
Congress the decision as to what part
the United States would play in any
specific European conflict. While it is
understood Mr.. Wilson did not express
an opinion as to whether such reser-
vation would be acceptable to the other
powers, he reiterated that he was op-
posed to any action which would send
the covenant back for renegotiation.
The South Dakota Senator assured
the President Of his friendliness to
the idea of league and expressed a
he outlined would be accepted readily
by the other powers. He expressed
dissatisfaction with the withdrawal
provision, but the President is under
stood to have declared the language
of the provision would permit easy
withdrawal on two years notice.
Senator Mclean, of Connecticut,
spent an hour with the President. He
said the conversation had turned prin-
cipally upon Article X, Shantung be-
ing mentioned only incidentally The
Senator declined to say whether, his
conference with the President had
changed his views, but added that he
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24
Against a Double
Council Membership

"The second Interpretation had TO
do with the presence in the league,
as members. of sclf-govcrning do
minions Of colonies Of home govern
mont also Il member. Certainty in \
small body like that Of the council
IT would be unfair to have home
government represented and also one
ci It's dominlons or colonies, and I
cannot thlnk II was the intention Of
thc trainers OF the covenant that this
might happen. Yet am bourd 10 INV
that snch result IL not excluded bv
the present language OF the covennut
In Article X and Article ~: nor
does the language of Article XIV
nece@sarily exclude from the trib-
ounal home government whore ono
OF 'ts dominions or colonies is pnrty.
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24
Wilson Denies He
DreUShantungPact

WASHINGTON, July 2s.-President
Wilson surprised many Senators to-
night by statement issued from the
White House denying that he was the
author of the Shantung provisions Of
the peace treaty.
Following is the text of the state
ment:
"The President authorizes the an
nouncement that the statement car
rled in several of the papers this
morning that he originated or form
ulated the provisions with regard to
Shantung in the treaty of peace with
Germany is altogether false. He ex-
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24

nor does it necessarily exclude a do
minion or colony from such tribunal
where the home government may be a
party.
IL have no doubt that both of these
exclusions were intended by the franz
ers of the covenant Nor is there any
express description of the function to
be performed by the council or the AS
sembly under. Article XIV, SO as to re-
quire that it ehould act judicially and
according to international law or
equity and justice. have no doubt
that it was intended that the language
of the preamble should characterize
the function of the duties of the coun-
ell or assembly under Article XIV, and
therefore that the language | have in
troduced in the second Interpretation
is merely giving expression. to that
which ought to be inferred as the in
tention of the trainers of the covenant.
may say that it supplies that which
Mr. Root forcibly represented as de-
foot +l,o ooyopop+
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24
-Four League Violations
Of Constitution Charged
Edmonls, Of Pennsylvania, Says
Po,0ers Of Congress Are Trans.
terred TO Foreign Control
r.c. York Trfbure
Washington Bureau

Woshin QtonBur
WASHINGTON, July 23.-Four in
stances in which the league of nations
covenant violates the Constitution Of
the United States were specified In
resolution introduced in the House to-
day by Representative Edmonds, OF
Pennsylvania. 1t asks that the Judiciary
Committee be instructed to report to
the House whether the President, with
the Senate's consent, can negotiate
treaties or agreements with foreign
governments which provide for the
placing in the hands Of foreign com
mission of certain powers vested by the
Constitution in Congress alone.
Representative Edmonds cited the
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24
Bread Cards IL, France
Likely Nest September

DARIS, July 23.-France may again
be put on bread rations in Sep
tember. 1t was said to-day that the
system of bread cards probably
would be reestablished in that month
because of possible shortage of
wheat.
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24

tors point out that Great Britain is the
only country which has them.
The third Of Mr.. Taft's reservations
would permit the withdrawal on two
years. notice by the United States de-
spite any objection which might be
raised by other powers.
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24
Poincare at Funeral of
Soldier Slain bv German,

PARIS, July 23.-Paris honored 70
day the memory of Sergeant Pss
Mannheim, Of the French army. VI
was murdered in Berlin July IL. Th
burial of Sergeant Mannheim toe
place at the Pere-Lschaise Cenesery
Great crowds followed the fuuer
procession, in which President Poi
care and Premier Clemencau wr,
represented.
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24

+ st,tution: "No money shall be draw
from the Treasury but in conse quens.
of appropriations made by law; and
regular statement and account of III.
receipts and expenditures of all publ
money shall be published from lime 70
time"
Violated by Article XVI of the isaga'
covenant
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24
Presidency Is Barred
To Royalty in Germany

WE1MAR, July 23 (By the Asso-
ciated Press No member of a
family that at any time has ruled in
Germany is eligible for the office of
President of Germany The National
Assembly has thus ruled by adopting
a motion Of one Of its women mem
bers, Frau Agnus.
New-York tribune., 1919-07-24
Borah Is Still
An Implacable Foe

mo, there will not be anything left
Of the league if l make them,' said
Senator BorAh.
II am sure of that" Senator McKellar
said.
"The Senator ought not to commit
himself too far" Mr.. Borah warned,
because at the present time the great
coadjutor of the President, the ex-
President of the United States, is ap-
parently with authority arranging for
certain reservations, said Senator
Borah
THAT may be true" said Senator Nc
Kellar, "but hope that he will not
succeed"
"And that will likely be the pro-
gramme within the next forty ght
hours" Senator Borah continued
II hope he will not succeeed,' inter
rupted Senator Mcclellan