davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1919-11-30
rorknem' Sunlight England These rented to
hings club moke at
Lord LererhuImes

hours a week. But there began a
steady movement for the reduction
of hours Of work. which meant, of
course, reduction in the number
of hours the factory ran. And
with every reduction of hours
the overhead increased. At eight
hours a day, or forty-eight hours
week. the overhead is too
heavy ] am confident that unless
the overhead charges are divided
over more than forty-eight hours
week they form too heavy a proper
tion Of the cost Of production. There
fore. from the machines point Of
view. we must go back to the sew
enty-two hour week. while from the
human point of view we must come
down to the thirty-siX hour week.
The solution is the twelve-hour day
divided into two shifts Of six hours
each.
"'Why not two shifts of eight
hours?' have been asked. The an
swer is the domestic side Of the prob
lem. You cannot divide properly the
time for meals, sleep and recreation
in the household under any system
Of eight hours of labor, but it can
readily be done Under system Of SIX
hours of labor. The domestic life
has to be considered if the man and
woman are TO be kept healthy"
New-York tribune., 1919-11-30

on Lever Bros common stock
vas 20 per cent Therefore, the
certificates distributed TO the en-
ployees called for l5 per cent div
idend. The dividend is paid in pre-
ferred shares, which the employee
can hold or can redeem at any time
for cash at par value. If he holds
them he gets an additional profit Of
the dividend on the preferred stock
and any bonus that may be paid.
Last year the bonus was 20 per cent.
making a total dividend on the pre-
ferred Of % per cent.
The copartnership plan was in
troduced in Lever Bros. in 1909, but,
owing to a sentimental desire Of
Lord Leverhulme to have it date
from the first year Of the century,
it was dated back to 1901 and made
retroactive to that date Up 10 and
including last year the certificates
were distributed among employees
who had been with the company four
years. Beginning with this year the
distribution will include all those
New-York tribune., 1919-11-30

for the opening and closing of fac
tories. The hours fixed do not per-
nit of a twelve-hour day. The gov
ernment is favorable to the propo-
sal for twelve-hour day, with two
six-hour shifts, but there is no use
asking for a new factory law until
labor agrees to two shifts. Labor
is blind now. but its eyes will be
opened"
On the specific questions as to
whether the six-hour day could be
applied TO the coal mines. Lord
Leverhulme replied, "Of course. but
only with two shifts. The test ap-
plies there as everywhere in indus
try. The six-hour day can be APP
piled wherever the overhead exceeds
the cost of labor, and that is true
of the mines. The six-hour day IN
the mines with two shifts would re-
duce the costs, increase production
and raise wages. Sweat the machine
and not the man"
New-York tribune., 1919-11-30
On Queen vs Drr Sunlight More OF the model dreings

We don't bank mans money for
him unlesc ne asks us 10. The man
first signs a slip asking Us to put his
money in the bank for him and Civ
ing the name of the bank he wants
used. Until he makes this appllca-
ton we pay him at the cashiers
window in the o way
Port Sunlight, England, the home
of Lever Bros, is the practical
expression of many Of the Lever
hulme industrial theories 1t is a
built-to-order city covering i62
acres. Of which 239 are allotted
TO the works and 223 to the village.
The village represents an outlay OF
about S3,25O.000.
II contains churches. clubs.
schools for the children Of the en-
ployees Of Lever Bros, and tech
nical and other schools for the
adults. One of Lord Leverhulme's
pet ideas IS staff training college
for his employees and one Of the
things he expects from the slX-hour
day is that many of the employees
will take advantage OF the oppor-
tunity to attend school or one Of the
technical institutions.
The houses for the employees are
Of Elizabethan architecture and
each has its own garden. No houses
arc sold, but they are rented for a
few shllings a week. Besides the
separate garden for each house,
there is big commons tnat all can
enj,y and there is an inn. a swim
ming pool, baths, gymnasium, ten
MS courts, library and a hospital.
Besides the factory buildings Port
Sunlight contains A printing plant
covering four acres. whore literature
IS turned out in every civilized Ian
guage: and when butter became 50
scarce in England during the war
and Premier Lloyd George asked
Lord LeverhuIme to take up the
manufacture Of margarine he built
margarine factory quarter OF
mile long adjoining Port Sunlight.
New-York tribune., 1919-11-30
By Fred B. Pitney

I<OWEAT the machine and not
the man." says Lord Lever
~ hulme. the unofficial British
Prime Minister Of Industry.
II would rather make fine men
and women than fine dividends" IS
another Of his principles.
And Lord Levcrhulme is not
merely a theorist. He will be sixty
nine years old on his next birthday,
and has been tifty-three years III ac-
tive business. Born in Lancashire
IN 1851. he was at sixteen an errand
boy in his fathers grocery store IN
Bolton. To-day he is chairman Of
the boards Of directors Of Lever
Brothers. Ltd. the largest soap
making concern in the world, which.
through his endeavors. has grown
from tiny factory producing
twenty tons Of soap q week in lso'
to a concern with 100000 CAPT
tai and $4,000 shareholders. the
largest industrial firm in Great Brit
ain. It has factories IN England
and on the Continent. in the United
States and Canada. Australia. South
Africa and Japan; cocoanut planta-
tions in the Pacific. palm forests IN
;he Congo. oil mills in Australia and
Africa. Altogether there are ninety
three constituent companies through
out the world.
No. Lord Levcrhulmc is not
merely a theoriSt. Moreover, he has
put into practice in his own business
many Of the industrial theories he
profcs-c-. and he Is only waiting for
Parliament to change tho factory
law Of England to put into practic'
in his own plants tho theory he now
holds dearcst-thc siX-hour day
New-York tribune., 1919-11-30
An Optin'ist

Lord Leverhume says he is an
optimist on the workman and on IN
dustrial conditions Industrial
conditions are becoming better in
England all the time he said.
England and America both have
reason to be tremendously proud
of their working people. There
never has been known i'm history
such disturbance as We have
passed through in the last five years
with so little upset in the social life.
Formerly we could not have fire
works display without a huge
amount Of talk about il ,he next
day. This was no fireworks. and We
have had remarkably little talk
bout it. When we thinA Of how
our workmen ard yours faced the
enemy in the trenches We realize We
have nothing 20 fear from men who
can play their part that way in a
Great crisis"
Then you DO not fear the prog
ross Of Bolshcvism in England"
was remarked.
"Bolshoyism,' he replied, SIS only
an old thing under a new name. In
other days We had highwaynen and
pirates. To-day We have Bolshe-
visits. But il is all the same thing.
Their principles are the same. We
will always have with u the man
who wants TO overturn society and
get on top himself without working
for his reward"
Lord Leyerhulmc vas asked how
the settlement OF the coal mine
question was coming along in Eng
land.
The question Of the natlonaliza-
tion of the mines is still in an un-
settled state" ne said. Personally.
# were mine owner would be
only too glad 20 have 'he govern
ment take my mines OIL my hands.
They will not be a paying PROPOSE
tion much longer. with oil coming in
as a fuel. as it is, and with the ma
tionalization Of industry don't
know how the miners would get any
wages at all.
IL don't believe in the nationaliza-
tion Of any industry. | don't believe
the government could run a toffee
shop and make it pay. The govern
ment is not built for running an in
dustry. 1t could never get away
from the political aspect"
New-York tribune., 1919-11-30

<<~WFAT the machine and not
the man." says Lord Lever
~ hulmc. the unofficial British
New-York tribune., 1919-11-30
Not to Al Business

Lord Lcverhulme was asked if nc
thought his theory could be applied
to any business.
NO" he replied. 1T can only he
applied to industries where the over
head charges under the present sys-
tenn are at least as much as the
weekly wage bill. Wherever the
weekly wage exceeds the overhead 1t
cannot be applied Take such an in
dustry as farming. for example
where the overhead consists Of the
COS. Of implements and machinery
that have to be renewed only at IN
frequent intervals and the weekly
ware bill is far higher than the over
head. and the siX-hour day could
not be put into effect without IN
creasing the cost of the product. But.
fortunately. in all industries where
the machine contus for less and the
man for more the mans occupation
i, more healthy and the strain on the
man is less than in industries where
the machine counts for less and the
the mans wages for the least IN the
cost of production. On the farm
even the long hours do not bring the
same strain on man as there IS IN
the factory or foundry, the shop or
the railway locomotive
There are technical considerations
that have 70 be taken into account
in putting into effect the slX-hour
day in England.
"The British workman has become
accustomed TO having his Saturday
afternoon off," said Lord Lever
hulme. IF one week he had every al
ternoon off the next week he would
want his Saturday afternoon Just
the same. SO in England the morn
ing shift would go to work at I
o'clock and quit at 1:15 p. m. every
day. except Saturday, when they
would quit at noon. That would
make them work a thirty-slX hour
week. The afternoon shift would 90
TO work at lis p. m. and work
seven hours and twelve minutes and
TO work on Saturday. That would
,,ivethem thirty-six hour week, ana
the two shifts would alternate on the
morning and afternoon shifts.
The six-hour day is still only
theory with Lord Leverhulme. how
ever. He has not yet been able to
put it into effect at his plants.
eve proposed to start it this sum
mer" he said, but we found there
are two obstacles in the way. In the
first place. the trade unions VIII not
agree to two shifts. They are afraid
of increasing the output, and thereby
decreasing the demand for labor.
They are frightened by the bogey OF
over locked warehouses. But they
will get over that. They will learn
that increased output will mean low
or prices because of decreased costs,
and that will mean quick sales and
omptv warehouses, with in turn
rrv for more workmen to supply the
demand.
1.-The second obstacle is the Brit
;sh factory act. which sets the hours
New-York tribune., 1919-11-30
Method Of Paying

Another innovation with Lever
Brothers is in the method Of paying
The old way Of the men coming 70
the cashiers window once a week
has been dropped. TIE workman's
money is now paid irto the bank 70
his credit in checking account. ani
ne Is allowed TO name his own bank.
THE banks like it and the men
like it," said Lord Leverhulme. 1T
encourages thrift and abolishes
many of the obstacles to the work
mans saving. Instead Of spending
all his money at the end Of the week
ard having nothing left TO put in the
bank ne draws out Of the bank only
what he needs for his expenses and
he gets interest on what remains in
the bank.
"The system is quite voluntary.
New-York tribune., 1919-11-30
The Man

Lord Lcverhulmc reached New
York last Tuesday on the Maureta-
nia. lie a small man with an erect
carriage. a smooth-shaven, forid
countenance, gray eyes. and silver
white hair brushed straight bacN
from high and broad forehead
you will have to come close to the
table" he said. "and speak very dis
tinctly, as am quite deaf lie sat
for an hour and talked. with his
right hand cuppcd behind his ear
hut. unlike many deaf persons, his
orn voice is not strained to a hgh
pitch. but is low and smooth.
Il find | have been greatly mis-
understood in my proposition for a
six-hour day" he continued. 1T has
cen thought that | advocated fac
tory open for six hours only. 1t
really means q factory open for
twelve hours. but working in two
shift.
Il believe, in short, in sweating
the machine and not the man. l
would ike to make the mems work
easier and the machines work
harder. -.
"If a machine wears out IN half
the present normal time the world
! richer. for a new machine has to
he made to replace it, and that
means more work for the workman
and more pay for his work. new
machine sold for more money for the
ma2yfacturer, which becomes more
dividends for the stockholders. But
if man wears out in half the time
the world is poorer, and that needs
no demonstration.
81 also want to reduce the cost OF
production so that | can increase
wages. and that can be done only py
increasing the output. Modern
buildings, the plant and machinery
Of any business, so costly even before
the war and so much more cost!
NOW. run into such huge sums tnat
the overhead charges dlstrlou'eu
over a limited output will XII any
industry. But double the output ana
vou at the same time lower the cost
of production, thus bringing the
business to a paying basis ana ere
eting a fund for increasinT wages,
That is the basis Of my 'ory OF
the six-hour day.
AT the beginning Of the last
century, the twelve-hour day was
the rule. The workman went u
his task at 7 o'clock in the morning
or earlier and worked twelve hours,
The factory ran twelve hours ana
th. overhead was distributed over
tvs,ys hours . day, or ssventy-tw0
New-York tribune., 1919-11-30

emulation of the preferred stock.
But the stock is of a special class,
which can be cancelled if the holder
leaves the employ of the company.
In the case of the death Of an en-
ployee his certificates are cancelled,
unless he leaves a widow. A widow
is entitled to hold her husband )
certificates unless and until she
marries again, when they are can
celled.
New-York tribune., 1919-11-30

is copartnership between the en-
ployees and the employers. When
the words cooperation and profit
sharing were used he corrected them
quickly. you mean copartnership,
don't you?" he asked. My plan is
not cooperation or profit sharing.
New-York tribune., 1919-11-30

employees of Lever Bros. Of CO.
partnership certificates. But as
these certificates contribute no new
capital to the business the dividends
paid are 5 per cent less than those
paid on the ordinary shares. For
example, last year the dividend paid
New-York tribune., 1919-11-30

don't like either of them, and |
don't believe in them for either the
employer or the workman. Co
partnership is the thing.
Lord Leverhulme explained that
by his plan of copartnership there
is an annual distribution among the
New-York tribune., 1919-11-30
Four Glasses

For convenience in making the
distribution Of certificates the en-
plOyees Of the company are divided
into four classes: staff, management,
statesmen and directors. On the
average an employee receives GER
tificates to the extent Of 10 per cent
Of his annual earnings, but this Is
not hard and fast rule. \ man
reported as Il Stacker gets nothing.
the apathetic receive from 10 10
per cent Of their wages. while an
enthusiastic. appreciatlve and re-
sponsive workman will receive more
than 10 per cent. with special al
lotments for special services and
helpful suggestions. If maC IS
dissatisfied with his allotment he
can apreal to committee made up
Of managers and wornmen for a
readjustment.
In 1919 four thousand certificates
were distributed, to value Of more
than $4,000 Tis year the dis
tribution Is expected 10 equal ST.
$50 900. There is outstanding now
approximately $5,OOO,Ooo Of the Ger
tiiicatcs. while the issue Of further
S5.O00.00o has been authorized.
This will probably last five or SIX
years. when another $1,000, 900 lssuc
will be authorized This year moro
than six thousand certificates will be
distributed. The company now has
1000 employees who may become
eligible to receive the certificates.
and Lord Leverhulme thinks the
number will rise to $4,000.
I'VE put the system into opera
ton everywhere that we have white
employees" he said. but there are
many places where We cannot use It.
Take the Congo. The negroes there
and the natives in the Pacific would
not understand it. We would have
to use some system based on cowrle
shells with them.
The question Of membership in a
trade union does not enter into the
copartnership plan. I'VE don't want
our employees to come out Of the
unions" Lord Leverhulme said.
we encourage them to belong 20
the unions, but we think our system
attaches cur employees 70 the firm,
makes them better workmen and
more likely TO stay with IL. Some
OF the unions object u our plan.
however They want a fat wage
scale, the same money paid 70 the
good workman and to the bad. That
is state Of mind. 1t did not exist
three years ago and it may pass
away in another three years.
Il am sometimes asked if the sys-
TEN pays he continued. ut is i'm
possible to tell. | only know that
our business is prosperous and it
goes on succeeding year after year.
Our workmen are happy and pros
porous, and # our system tends 10
make finer men and women | be-
lieve it is right, and do not look for
any better indications. ] would
rather make fine men and women
than fine dividendr. And | believe
if make fine men the dividends viii
take care Of themselves as long a.
the work people share in them.
New-York tribune., 1919-11-30

who are twenty-one years old and
have been with the company for a
minimum of one year An employee
who remains with the company year
after year gets an additional CO.
partnership certificate every year,
and ultimately will have quite an ac
New-York tribune., 1919-11-30
COp0rfnPrShip

Another of Lord Lcverhulme's
theories. and one that he has al
ready had in operation for ten years,
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1919-05-19
News of Brooklyn.

Special TO Times Republican.
Brooklyn, May 1a.-The funeral
services for y. II. Wright took place
Thursday at the " L. church He
had been i'll FOR many months tho
able to be around until a few weeks
ago. For thirty five years he was a
trusted employe of the First National
Bank and has been greatly esteemed
by large circles of friends. The bust
ness houses close for the services.
He was 60 years of age this month.
Mr.. and Mrs. F.. Dewey left for Lake
Mills where they will take charge of
hotel owned by them. Their son
Claude. who has just been married.
will be the proprietor of the hotel
here.
Our city council voted to inaugurate
an extensive system of paving and has
asked for bids
Frank Dougherty, Warren town
ship hoy. after being confined for many
months in a German prison. arrived
home last week. Philip Wells, OF the
16Sth. is also home to stay. He re-
turned home several weeks ago but has
been in Dubuque and was taken i'll
while visiting there.
Miss Elva Wilkinson. of Salt Lake
City. is guest at the home of her
uncle, T. r. Lang.
Miss Esther Hardin. a grade teacher
has accepted an offer of $1,000 per
year from White sulphur Springs,
Mont.
! Thomas Robinson. from Arizona
! and sister. Mrs. Burroughs, of Ne
| brasl<a. are visiting at the w. X. Kari
home.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1919-05-19
Most Of Corn Planted.

Ford Dodge. May is.--under condi-
tons favorable. four-fifths or the corn
is now planted in Webster county and
the end OF the week will see N all In.
The acreage 10 fully an large and In the
opinion Of A. w. Monosmlth. county
agent. somewhat larger than last year.
Tho ground Is In excellent condition.
II Is singuiarly free from weeds. The
cold weather has made IL impossibic
for the farmer TO work the land until
Just lately.
Tho small grain looks fine and the
winter wheat IL in excellent condition.
Mr., Monosmith says that there has not
been piece of II plowed up and In his
opinion IL would run about Ito per cent.
There has been an increase OF about 50
per cent in the amount OF spring wheat
planted.
While there has not been the axita-
tion over increased production that
there was year ago this time when
Iowa was invited TO feed the world.
the prevailing high prices are in them
selves sufficient inducement for the
farmers to get busy and plant. plant.
plant That is what they arc doing
and the acreage planted viii run con-
siderably higher than in 1915.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1919-05-19
Northern Io,Ua Items

charge secure a plane at his expense
and fly home in it. Irwin Northey is
the aviator and q Sioux Rapids boy,
graduate Of the University of Mime
sofa and since the United States en-
tered the war has been in the air serv-
ice. being in active service on the At
lantic coast. There is no doubt of his
accepting the offer made him. and
Sioux Rapidsites will be out with the
glad hand to welcome the flyer home.
Mr. Snyder is a land man here.
Boone.-George Long well known
young farmer residing on the Lincoln
highway. three miles east of the city is
recovering from an accident which
happened when he accidentally shot
himself in the right leg. He was pre-
pairing to shoot some rats at his place
and was pulling the revolver out of his
pocket when it was discharged and the
.32 bullet plowed from the hip down
to nearly the knee thru'the flesh Of the
leg. Longs condition is not serious,
but he will be unable to use the leg
for some time.
Sioux City.-It is not possible to buy
building materials Of any kind in
Sioux City. Dealers in all kinds of ma
terials are understood to have entered
agreement at the instance Of the lead
ing building contractors in retaliation
for the strike of building laborers, hod
carriers, plumbers and electricians
which has been on since the first OF
the month hating work on nearly all of
the big jobs in the city. Most Of the
strikers, 1t Is said, have gone to work
Independently and so long as mater
ials to carry on their work could be
had could continue the strike in
definitely and thus enforce their de-
mands or tie up ali important work in
the city.
Dubuque.-Eighteen freight cars
were demolished in the wreck Of a thru
freight train bound from minneapolis
to Chicago at q point about one mile
north Of Nutwood Park on the Chicago
Great Western road. No one was in
jured. A broken wheel on one of the
cars caused the wreck, railroad men
say. The car was derailed and the
others piled up against it. A mark left
on the rail by the broken wheel was
visible all the way from the east
switch at Durango to the scene OF the
wreck. foreman Of one Of the wreck
ing crews said. The cars wrecked were
practically in the middle Of the train,
which WAS made UP OF thirty five cars.
The conductor and brakemen. who
were riding in the caboose, were
shaken up but escaped without a
scratch. Five cars contained crude
4 e.. l. all
two lumber. one copper, one household
goods, one box lumber and the other
two feed. 9