davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-06-22

reform until the Bolshevik coup at
Petrograd and Moscow forced their
hands. Presently the "universale,"
or decree, was issued at Kiev, or
dering the taking over of all landed
property under a communal owner
ship. Land committees were ap-
pointed and the execution of the
reform began.
Here, however, the Nationalist,
who in their economic policies were
of the Kerenskist shade of doctri-
naire Social Revolutionaries, Nom-
.nitted mistake which soon proved
fatal. The Ukralnian peasantry did
not desire communication of the
land; it desired the land. Small
freehold ownership was the Ukrai-
MAN ideal. The reform, therefore,
while embittering the great pro-
rrietors against the Nationalist
regime, did not satisfy the peasants.
In the mean time, the eyes of the
German High Command became
fixed on the Ukraine. The full gran
aries of South Russia were held up
to the slowly starving German peo-
pie as a glorious promise. Getting
a foothold in Kiev and Odessa was
now one of the principal detectives
Of German strategy; and with the
separate peace of January, 1918, the
objective seemed to b.! attained.
The Ukrainian government signed
the treaty for three reasons: First,
because it shared the belief then
generally held all over Europe that
Germany would win the war; Sec
ond, because the Rada was much
more afraid of the Bolsheviki than
OF the Germans; third, because the
Ukraine had not a single ammuni-
ton factory, all those of the old
regime being situated in Great Rus
STA and now in Bolshevik control.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-06-22
HE reply Of the Allied and
associated governments to
: Germany's counter proposals


to the peace treaty and .
copy of the revised treaty were
given to the German peace dele
gates at Versailles. The Germans
were given until Monday to sign
the treaty, and this time limit in
cluded the three-day period for
terminating the armistice. Marshal
Foch has an army Of 100000 men
ready to begin an invasion of Ger
many from the Rhine bridgeheads
in the event of a refusal to sign
the treaty.
The German delegates reported the
general terms Of the revised terms
by telephone from Versailles to
Weimar. After hearing the report
the German Cabinet was said to
be divided seven to seven on the
refusal to sign the treaty. Count Won
BrockdorR- Rantsau's telephone re-
port to Wsimar said: "The tone Of
the document is extraordinarily
harsh and insulting. Germany
bears all blame and must in con-
sequence be punished. It can be
glad II it comes out halfway we'll"
When the German delegation left
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-06-22

did among the Poles of Posen and in
Alsace-it called forth a national
istic reaction. The lions share in
Ukrainian national rebirth belongs to
the Ukrainians of Galicia, the So
called Ruthenes, who, although cru
ely oppressed by the Polish aristoc-
racy, the ally of the Hapsburg gov
eminent, were still allowed to de-
velop their language in literature
and to- spread the national idea
across the border. 1t should be re-
marked here that the hostility of the
czaristic government to Ukrainian
nationality was shared even by the
Russian liberal parties, such as the
Kadets, and even by the Keren-
skists.
The Ukrainian national movement
came to head after the overthrow
of czarism. In April, 1917, the
Ukrainian National Congress applied
to the Russian Constituent Assembly
for degree of autonomy. The re-
quest was shelved; whereupon the
Ukrainian Rada, or Diet, proclaimed
independence. However, there was
still no intention Of seeding from
Russia altogether; the plan was to
form an independent Ukrainian state
as member of a Russian federal re-
public.
Secession became the war cry first
after the Bolshevik upheaval of No.
vember, 1917. The Ukrainian gov
eminent was composed almost ex-
clusively of the radical bourgeois
element and backed by the peasan-
try on the assumption that a free
country meant also free land. The
Nationalists, however, were tagging
behind with the all-important land
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-06-22

Up to quite recent years the great
mass Of the Ukrainian people was
little affected by the nationalist
movement of the intellectuals. The
latter, however, were substantially
assisted in their uphill task by the
stupidity oppressive policy of the
czaristic government, which did it's
worst to eliminate the Ukrainian lam
guage from the schools and all pub
lie uses. The plan worked just as
the similar policy Of the Prussians
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-06-22

1t would be unfair to charge the
Rada with pro-Germanism. 1t
signed the separate peace because it
saw no other way out.
Probably fear of the Bolsheviki
was strongest of the three motives.
This fear was not altogether unjus-
titled. No sooner was the separate
peace signed than, the Bolshe-
vlk army invaded the Ukraine, cap
tured Kiev and chased the Rada to
the winds. This diversion was well
come to the Germans. They simply
could not resist the~impulse to save
the Rada. A strong German and
Austro-Hungarian army was dis
patched to the Ukraine; Kiev was
taken, the Bolsheviki were routed
and the Rada was reinstalled, this
time under German protectorate.
Those Full Cranaries
Now, the "full granaries" of the
Ukraine played an important role
in the calculations of the German
General Staff, and a role even more
important in the home propaganda
of the German government. Never
theless, they were only part Of the
story. The German generals had
plans reaching far beyond immedi-
ate food relief. First, there was
the "buffer state" idea, the scheme
of weakening Russia by detaching
a fringe of national states on the
west and southwest. Moreover, the
Ukraine Nis by far the richest Sec
ton of the former Russian Emnire
10 quote Mr.. Butler, "the Ukrainian
provinces contain the best part of
the black earth zone, the granary of
Eastern Europe; most Of the coal
and iron, nearly all of the oil, all of
the salt, 80 per cent of the beet, 70
per cent of the tobacco, one-third of
the livestock of all Russia" By no
means a contemplate booty. But,
above all, the Mesopotamian and
Syrian Successes of the British had
already shattered the dream of Ber-
lln-Bagdad; suddenly the Germans
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-06-22

and temperament the Ukrainian is
an extreme individualist. On the
abolition Of serfdom by the Car
Alexander II, the land coded by the
noble proprietors-ceded on heavy
terms, needless to say-was, in
Great Russia, taken over, mostly, by
the communes; in the Ukraine by
individual peasants. Communal
tenure Of land, that specifically Rus
sian institution, has never had a
root in the Ukraine. In his excellent
book on "The New Eastern Europe"
Ralph Butler calls attention to the
radically different appreciation of
business success in the Great Rus
sian and Ukrainian villages. Aca
cordingly, in Great Russia the
farmer who extends his holdings and
"piles up" is looked upon askance,
is almost despised as a heartless
egoist, "pusher"; he is known by
the characteristic nickname of
"kulak," meaning "hst." In the
Ukraine the same peasant is ad-
mired and envied as superior per-
son, just as he would be in America
or Western Europe.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-06-22
.HERE is to-day in the east
Of Europe No Mans Land
as big a3 France, Italy and

Of Europe a No Mans Lane
as big a5 France, Italy ano
England put together. Per.
haps it is not altogether accurate
i to call it No Mans Land, since il
IS inhabited by a population of
So.Ooo,ooo- over one-fourth that
OF the United States. Nevertheless
politically it's status is not much
more clearly defined than that of
the strip between two enemy
trenches somewhere in the Ar
come.
This No Mans Land is the
Ukraine, also called Southern or
Little Russia; also called the Gran
airy OF Europe. One of the richest
territories in the world, destined TO
play role of foremost Importance
in reorganized Europe. to-day the
Ukraine has no government, no law,
no central authority.
We say the Ukraine has no gov
eminent. To be more precise it has
five or six governments, which, how
ever, amounts to the same thing.
The so-called Directory, which
is about the nearest approach
to legally constituted execu-
tive authority, has no perma-
nent seat. Two of it's heads. Hru-
shevsky and Vinnetchenko, are ex-
lied, the latter in Vienna at pres
ent; the third leader, General Pet
lura, is encamped with his peasant
army somewhere in Volhynia. There
is Bolshevik government at Khar-
kov, another at Odessa. Kiev, the
Ukrainisn capital, is, for the time
being, ruled by one Zeleny, an ad-
venturer who, after serving his
time in Rakovsky's Red Guard and
in Petlura's nationalist army, went
into business on his own account
and organized some sort of legion
whose machine guns constitute the
legal background for his regime.
Parts of the country (Cholm and
Eastern Galicia) are held by the
Poles; in Bessarabia there are Ru-
manian troops, and in the east the
Cossacks of General Denikine, head
of the anti-Bolshevist government
of Yekaterinodar, help keep things
lively. Until lately there were
French and Greek contMgents in
the Ukraine; these, however, have
been withdrawn.
And out of this maze of conflict
ing passions and interests, Of racial,
religious and class animosities, this
veritable "bellum omnium contra
omnes," one thing stands out as
certain: that there will be no peace
in~Europe until the problem Of the
Ukraine is satisfactorily settled.
The Ukraine, mind you; is not a
small nation; it is one of the largest
in Europe and it's area is second in
size only to that of Great Russia.
Before an explanation of the pres
emit situation in the Ukraine can be
attempted it is necessary to give a
brief historical sketch of the coun-
try and the people. There is prob
hbly no nation within the boundaries
o. civilization Of which so little is
Known, comparatively speaking.
Only a year ago it was possible
Tor Mr.. George Creel to say, in his
capacity as head of the Committee
on Public Information, that he
thouuhf tho TfLra;ra ,r,.c -, ~....,.,
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-06-22
he Ukraine Is
Europe's No.
mans Land

instrument. The main reason back
OF this general ignorance is that for
the larger part of the last five CEN
turtles or so the Ukraine has not
been an independent, organized state.
Originally the cradle and centre of
Russian civilization and Russian
power, it was subsequently con-
quered and subjusated, in parts or
as whole, by Lithuanians, Mongols,
Turks and Poles. until in the middle
OF the seventeenth century it passed
under Russian, or, as the Ukrainians
prefer to say, Muscovite sovereignty.
Owing to the wars and foreign
conauests, the Ukraine did not pos
sess any upper class for many GEN.
turtles. The landed afYstocracy, or
that portion of it which survived the
ravages of Mongol and Turk, was
fully Polenized first, Russianized
later. There was sort of military
middle class, a caste of hereditary
warriors, the Cossacks, who in times
OF peace were small freehold pro-
prletors; they formed the kernel of
the free Ukrainian republic in the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
But the mass of the population was
composed of serfs, crushed under
the iron heel of Polish or Polenized
landlords.
Ukralnian national consciousness
did not develop until the middle of
the nineteenth century. It's prophets
were the poet Shevtchenko and the
historian Drahomanov. The aims Of
the nationalists were not political a.
ALL to begin with, but merely cult ,
ural.. There was no talk of secession
from Russia even as late as Anri,
1917, when, following the March
revolution at Petrograd, a Ukrainian
national congress was held at Kiev
But the, Ukrainian intellectuals. i'm
bued with Western spirit and ideals.
strove to develop a national language
and literature. It is now generally !
acknowledged that Ukrainian forms
separate branch of the Slavonic
family of languages; it differs from
Great Russian more than Polish diff
fers from Czech.
The chief difference, however,
that which constitutes the Ul,ra;-
mans as nationality distinct from
Russia. is in the character and ira
dition of the people. The Ukrainians
are essentially southerners, the
Great Russians northerners. In
/ habits, temperament, ways of think
ing the Ukrainians are closer to the
Serbs than to the Great Russians.
Their Slavic strain is purer than
that of the Muscovite with his
strong Mongol- Finnish admixture.
The Ukrainians, generally speaking
are a tall, dark people; the Rus
slams fair and of a lower stature.
In contrast to the mystical, religious,
paci6stic, patient, submissive, rather
indolent Great Russian the Ukrai
MAN is hard-headed, industrious
realist and a stubborn fighter. His
tory explains the difference: from
the earliest times the Muscovite has
never known freedom, whereas the
Ukrainian is proud of his tradition
inherited from the free soldier re-
public of the Zaporoghi Cossacks.
Indiuidualists
Above all, the Great Russian is
socialistic- communistic by tradition
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-06-22
Free for All

And now followed what will
probably go down into future rec
.ords as the greatest free-for-all
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1919-02-03

M MAHrr eeks 1sVasce. ~ ar
n< ee Cd as ~rt &. - oraTs
sl-f 81 s1asa.ss eaHeasas. @lN-g egT
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sverT tAy rsnre stus-s .a -a9 fes .ng
t.r 1h~rrs sAai ss.ze csa 1sks "a.
ro- u psscale werrA ~af
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1919-02-03

us s4ai Fres seok s1s -
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srre-- 81 r.T osts a1ae a re-or1 rar.
s@t 81 srze--ei iAs raass a. osr &
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ls~rzc-F IS teer< s~~T1s 81 - q eha'e
e et EFsft-r surrvar1t-g Eh.rst
ctfT nelr fhe ez L1wsn Cc0nfs e-aaA
ssua facse 1nf WAy~,rcf
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1919-02-03
Town Topics of a Local Nature,
TsrSIey Told

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The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1919-02-03

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Al
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The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1919-02-03

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Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-08-19
BRITISH NEWSPAPERS
SCORE LLOYD GEORGE
Failure to Attack Government
Extravaganza in Speech
Draws Editorial Fire
ASSERT HE HAS NO POLICY

London, Aug. 10. -- disappointment
that Premier Lloyd George in his nd
dress in the House Of Commons ycster
day ignored the general demand for Il
reduction of national expenditures was
the feature Of the comment of most of
the newspapers today.
Friendly and hostile editorials gen
orally agree that he made an excellent
plea for economy in industry and ~fRS.
creased production, and also that he
offered some sensible proposals for a
future industrial policy. Such com
mcnts. however, nrc overshadowed i'll
most of the newspapers by sharp con
demnaton of what is5tSrmed his failura
to recognize the cxrava sancc and waste
in government departments.
Newspapers PftwidclH differing views
declare bis spcesh shows the government
has no policy pnd dog not know its
own mind. Tbcsc newspapers declare
the nation will pc filled with disquietude
at the govcrnrcnt's failure to show
Strong leadership.
Advocates off naturalization of the
coal industry aSrusc the g9sernment Of
breaking its pranise tossfarry out the
findings of the Sankcy. commission. The
tfTcrah. a labor papE notifies the gof-
crnmSnt that thcSEorkcrs are deteN
mined to have NATURALIZATION and tllkt
The rejection ofthc SAnkey report, which
favored suchsa course will provide Fdi-
'''r Th" " refcrcncss d tin premier to the
United States and TurKsy"eand to the
loaguc of nations are virtually ignored
by the commentators although the Her
aid says:
"As long as the outrage misrule
continues all talk of a league of nations
is idle and hypocritical babble."
to the Daily MailFopinion
in tRrIobbics of Parliameptris that the
premier has apparently cast his lot
with the Unionists, rather than with
his old followers. His defense of bust
ness men. the correspondent says. def
nitely antagonizcd labor, which hence
forth will regard him as "a masters
man
The House took recess today until
October %.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-08-19
CHEERFUL CRIPPLES
MOCK MISFORTUNE
Men Deprived Of Arms and Legs
Manage Very Well With
out Them

London, Aug. 10.-Corrcspondence of
the Associated Press. thousand
mon ooch of whom had bccn crippled
49,,
permanently during 'he war "''' 'o'"
recently by Sir Laming Worthington-
Evans. minister of pensions. at a meet
-. :, Co,.r,, Hall thot "if ono wo,tod
me - NV "' "., '' 49,. -
TO get among people VINO were really
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-08-19

not accept amendments to the treaty.
In brief, the administration has as e
sumed the aggressive. 1t has forced the
foreign relations committee to go to
the White House in order to avoid the
charge of delaying the treaty needlcssly
and not genuinely seeking information
upon it. And now it is apparent that
the administration intends to make n
stand aggrcsivcly against further delays.
Reservations needing the acceptance
of other nations come under the head
of things causing unnecessary delays.
The President insists that, once the
way is opened by the United States for
making changes in the treaty by means
of reservations requiring acceptance,
the process will never end. He says in
his statements he knows of powers
which are only waiting our lead to de
mand such reservations. Presumably
he has reference TO France, with its
bourgeois plan of super state, with
military forces at its disposal. But
probably some of the smaller powers.
would make reservations about bonndar
les. As these reservations would come
back to the United States Senate. as
we'll. and they would go. IS we'll, to-
foreign powers for consideration. rati-
hcation would be indefinitely postponed.
With regard to reservations which
merely are interprrtativS it is urged that
the United States can Stand upon them
and. if the other powers object to our
We shall be free to re-
tire from the league. Iu word. the
United States is so p9Serful aAd so
to the other nations in
the league TINT its interpretation of
the treaty will prevail. There VIII be.
no one to constrain it to accept any
other view. Moreover. legally these
will not be mefeIS those,
of the Senate. for the President. by hiSi
statement today. says he interprets 40
covenant just ms those do who .pp6Pose
He may reitVFate this
after the reservations have been adopted
and then the courts will have before
them the interpretations of the treaty
by both the treaty making branches Of
the American Government
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-08-19
GERMANS AND POLES
BATTLE IN S|LES|A
Tcutons on Border Take to
Warpath, Whereupon VIII
layers Retaliate
U. S. OFFERS OLIVE BRANCH
Ry the Associated Press

Warsaw, Aug. 10.-l1ostilities broke
out between the Germans and Poles on
the southeastern Silesian frontier. the
Germans suddenly attacking the Polish
lines and occupying two villages. The
Polish population arose. drove them out
and occupied two villages on the Ger
man side of the line Of dcmarcation.
Herbert Hoover. chairman of the al
lied relief organization, who is visiting
Poland, Immediately ordered Amcri-
can army officers in the area to CO.
operate in an effort to bring about
cessation of hOstilitios
Colonel Goodyear was summoned from
Vienna by Mr.. Hoover, and Colonel
RYAN. of the American contingent in
Rerlin. was ordered 10 co operate with
him and with Colonel Barber, who is
in this city.
Berlin. Aug. Is (dclayed) .-By A.
PA general uprising in upper ST.
lesia as a climax to the numerous dis
orders that have occurred throughout
the district was planned for today by
Polish organizations, according to dis
patches. Polish troops are reported on
their way to support the military,
which has been attempting to restore
order.
The strike of many industries which
virtually paralyzcd industry for tim"
is reported by other dispatches to have
become less effective. Most of the
miners are voting to discontinue it.
The railroads and electric light and
power plants are again in operation
under military control. Troops arc
guarding many mines and control the
water works at GOtt"SScgPn. which sup
ply mines. Strike agitatOrs have been
dispersed by troops. Negotiations be
tween strikers and employers yesterday
were favorable.
Leaders Of the proposed uprising, it
is reported. declared they would not
wait for a peaceful solution of their
difficulties by the commissions now in
conference here. These leaders, de-
scribed as greater Poland" agitators,
are said to be responsible for many
disorders.
In many places German troops were
attacked. public buildings were StormPd
and there was much bloodshed. The
uprisings are said to have begun at
Halemba. where the troops prevented
trouble by prompt arrests. In Bud
arms and ammunition had been stored
by the agitators and there was street
fighting, followed by many arrests.
At Paprokau the attackers seized n
battery Of guns, arrested the military
and disarmed them and, it is rumored,
killed them. The railroad station and
postofice were taken by storm at Tirau
and mobs captured buildings at Lasick
At Myslowitz 2000 miners gathered or
pay day and stormed the administra
ton building. After one soldier was
shot troops fired. killing four persons
and fatally wounding two.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-08-19
REPORT MAXIM GORKY SHOT
Gable Says He Was Captured and
Killed by LettIsh Troops

New York, Aug. 10.-The New York
World prints the following special
cable dispatch dated London, August
IS:
Maxim Gorky has been captured
and shot by Lettish troops by order of
Jake Peters. an extreme Red. who
was leader of the Houndsditch gang of
thieves here in 1911. says Vorwaerts,
the Socialist organ in Berlin"
The arrest of Gorky, the Russian
novelist and politician, has been re-
ported several times in recent months
Born in 1868, he was Successivply fl
painter Of ikOns, peddler of beer. a
scullery boy, gardener, watchman and
bakers apprentice. lie visited the
United States in 1906, and was so i'm
povcrished that he served as waiter
in an Adirondack hotel
GoTky's fame as novelist came
quickly and declined as rapidly. He
enlisted in the Russian army in 1914
After the revolution he seemed to be
friendly with Lenine and TrOtzky, and
was reported to have accepted the post
of director of Bolshevik propaganda.
Then he and the Bolshevik leaders
Quarreled and GOrky wrote in The New
Life, journal he published in Petro-
grad. thus:
"Lenine, Trotzky and their com
rades are already infected with the
indolent poison of power"
Recent dispatches from Russia have
called Jake" Peters ''the man killer
aud accused him of staying hundreds
of persons suspected of fomsntinE q
! counter revolution.