The Newark journal., 1919-11-13

tPrepared by the United States Depart
 ment of Agriculture)
 X source of regular income lying at the door of many a farmer, but too often neglected, is the farm woodland. With increasing scarcity of lumber, and with excellent prices now being offered for forest products, proper care of the wooded area on the farm will amply repay the farmer.
 To secure fair price for this tim Der the owner should know how much material he has and for what purposes 1t is best adapted The first thing for him to do, according to the forest serv- ice of the United States department of agriculture, is to find out how much timber of each kind the woodland con- tains, what products it will yield, and what is it's general condition and quail ity.
 If the wooded area is small it will be best to measure each tree separate ly. The diameter should be measured at about Az feet above ground with calipers made for the purpose. Heights should be carefully estimated, CT measured with some sort of height instrument to the first large limbs. Knowing the diameter and height, the amount Of timber in board feet in each tree can be found by the use of volume tables. Such tables are included in Farmers Bulletin 715, Measuring and Marketing Wood-lot Products, which will be sent free on application to the department of agriculture. The quan- tity of cordwood Il tract will yield can hardly be estimated by an inexperi- eneed person. Sales of such material will usually have to be made on the basis of actual cut.
 Measuring on Large Tract.
 If the woodland is large it will, Of course, seldom be possible to measure each tree separately. In such cases every tree may be measured on paral- Tel strips 66 feet wide running through the tract. Every eco feet in length of such strips comprises an acre. Aver aging all the acres comprised in the strips and multiplying by the total acreage of the tract gives the total stand. The strips should include at least 10 per cent of the woodland. Proper allowance must also be made for defective timber Dead trees. e1- cept those killed by fire or other out side agencies, are apt to be very de fective and should be culled. When the tract is exceptionally large, it may pay to employ professional cruiser" to estimate the timber
 If the owner depends altogether up- on local industries to buy his product, he is likely to find his market extreme ly limited. Some products, such as erossties and fuel wood, have to be sold locally; 1t would not pay to transport them far. But other products, among l them tan bark. can be shipped l50 miles, and still others, like walnut timber for gunstocks, can be shipped almost any distance.
 Railroads Large Purchasers.
 Railroads are the largest purchasers of crossties. Any station agent will furnish information concerning sneci- dcations and prices. Electric railways in cities and towns also use ties, but unless the distance to town is short it will not pay to ship them. Electric interurban lines offer the same op- portunity for disposing of ties as do the steam roads. Telegraph. and tel ephone companies are always on the market for poles. Electric power and electric railway companies also use poles.
 The market for piiing is not very extensive, but railroads, large construc- tion firms, and docking companies pur- chase considerable quantities. Filing timbers, which must be straight and long, bring good prices. Mines are large users of timber.
 Sawmills, veneer mills, and fruit and vegetable package factories offer a market for the particular kinds and qualities of the woods they handle. These industries buy their material in log form, and all the farmer needs to do is cut and deliver his timber in the rough to the mill Veneer logs must be of good quality and usually 16 inches and over in diameter. Selected stock brings high price.
 The forest service has prepared bull letins on the wood-using industries of number of states which tell the uses to which various woods are put and the quantity used annually for each purpose.
 The forest service has prepared bulletins on the wood-using industries of number of states which tell the uses to which various woods are put and the quantity used annually for each purpose. A list of these bulle- tins and information as fn how sa pro-