davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1919-01-12
The Eastern Question; That Final Stage

In two recent articles have discussed the situation
in Northeastern and Southeastern Europe. the prob
lens which be solved the Versailles congress
in these discussions have sought indicate the ques
presented by Poland. the Baltic Provinces, the
new Juso-savic and Czecho+slovak states, together
with the changed condition o Rumania In the pres
article deal with the old, familiar East
ern question. which than centuries has
plagued Europe and produced wars innumerable. of
which the recent struggle only the terrible.
once more as at Vienna and again at Berlin. Eu-
rope this with America sitting a full partner.
TO strive the old obstacle toward peace.
At Vienna not the smallest thought paid to the
demands or rights Of the peoples of the
Near East that they had rights that there even
natonaes cOntrasted with subjects in this remote
region, recognized those who laid down the
constitution o the New Europe followed with the up
neaval of French Revolution Of the Napoleonc
Wars Nor did the Congress OF Berlin pay
attention this phase its task, although the de-
msnds of nationalities had already made themselves
heard.
sress. had. years. the decade.
uninterrupted succession OF and threats OF
war growing of the Eastern question and begin
ming with the annexation OF Bosnia and Herzegovina
by Austria 1908 From the Congress of Berlin to
the outbreak tho world the balkans have been
lighting ground Of Austrian and Russian intrigue am
in this time Germany has more and more completely
directed and shared in Yiennese policies.
all this time the battle the possession of thu
straits with Constantinople has been moving
tive of the Russian statesmen while Austria has sought
push her empire southwark Saonica But these
purposes, which directly opposed and
might have realized by cooperation, brought
into conflict BY the German determination to create
Mltteeuropa and extend German domination from the
o Persian gulf.
German policy thus aimed preventing Russia
from reaching the Golden Horn. This the tradi-
tonal British policy. surviving from. the Beaconsheld
era growing weaker after the occupation Egypt
and the construction of the Suez canal changed the
whole OF the situation the Neast Britain
withdrew from COnstantinpole ard was becoming
onciled Russian supremacy. while Germany succeed
ed England the first friend and defender of the Os-
manli against the hereditary
In the present OF the many
between the Allies recognized the right of Rus
STA hold Constantinople and all of the
shores either side of the Straits the of
MarmOra. A final compromise between British and
Russian policies arranged and Britain abandoned
a policy which from the Crimean onward had de-
Russia outlet the But the fall OF
Russia abolished this understanding and rescinded this
agreement There is longer any need to recognize
Russian claims they have abandoned BY
the Russians themselves.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1919-01-12

Editorial Comment, School PagA
Wouan's Section and Other FsA-
lures OF General Interest
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1919-01-12
ADMIRABLE OPPORTUNITY
TO DISPOSE OF PROBLEM.

As a result there today admirable opportu-
nifty dispose OF the main difficulty in the Eastern
question the possession of Consta ntnOple and the
Russia Austria the immediate rivals in the
Balkans having disappeared factors. one by COM
obteration. the other by the fall anarchy and
bolshevism. Europe today deal with the whole
hereditary rivalries of RomauOn Hapsburg. while
power influence the situation has gone,
as has German prestige a Stambou
IL is for Europe for the Allies at Versailles. to de-
tormine Constantinople. The solution OF
the problem may take Of three The Turk.
under sort Of international direction may be per-
united remain in his present capital The Greek
permitted revive the memories of the great
Byzantine period and reoccupy regions entirely
Hellenic and still inhabited by large Greek
lation. Finally, the Great Powers set
oi of international control outside the limits OF any
existing nation, they may make Constantrople in
ernatiOna state ruled by the League of Nations by
machinery devised by the Versailles conference.
OF these three solutions the first is by all odds the
desirable. If the Turk stays In ConstantinOple.
though his he reduced HE destroyed,
the old intrigue and the old rivalry will return. For
century the Turk played the different powers OF
Europe OF AGAINST each other and thus maintained
his own existence and held 10 the European prov
which he misgoverned and periodically laid in
AS administrator the Turk Is impossible.
he lay any claim the Of the Straits
and the Sea OF Marmora based upon self de-
termination Outside Of COnstantinOple the Greek is
a majority within the city the Greeks the
most considerable single element the Turks
a relatively small minority.
IS long Turk holds ConstantinopIe and
outlying districts the Eastern question will remaia
the Turk has for centuries displayed
ty for assimilation organization, ne has merely
camped in Europe. he has pitched mis- amidst the
surviving monuments OF Byzantium and there he has
lived and awaited the inevitable hour when he would
evicted and back Asia. whence he
and where alone there is hope for him in the
leave Constantnople TO the Turk therefore would
ton has postponed so many times before 90
the great disaster world.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1919-01-12
AGREEMENT Non
ACCEPTED By SLAMS.

This agreement was never accepted liz the Slavs Il
heads and against their rights
and interests In refusing &c accept now, they
do they repudiating a agreement made iy
them. but which disposed their lands and peo
pies without their agreement. Certainly
such agreement have binding force for the
United States and it does violence all the principles
expressed in Prest Wilson'S many utterances
n addition this agreement OF London is that cf
Corfu, made between the various tribes of the JugO-
Slavs and arranging association between these
tribes including the serbs Of Montenegro and serbia
This the basis for the JusO-Savic state which
has been constructed in very recent days. this
agreement did not surrender any Of the Slavv claims
to Adriatic coast lands.
Finally there is Delphic utterance at Rome last
spring. which committed Italy TO nothing but sympa-
thy with the Slav aspiration for united nation and
rather indefinite recognition OF the principle sell
determination and the claims race and language
settling the disputes between Savs
this was my Slav friends point out purely Patonic
and has not yet been embodied in any definite
ment nor has the concession made in language been
made in fact vet by the Italian government
said and I repeat that this problem OF the
Adratic. with that Of the Aegean added, is the
troublesome of the material questions
Versailles Only the Polish complications
parable in potential obstacles As il stands Italian
aspirations contemplate doing violence the legt-
mate ambitions Of two small peoples, the Southern
Slavs and the Greeks Behind the Italian purposes lies
the sanction Of France Britain and Russia which
given at the critical hour when necessary TO
pay any price to persuade Italy to enlist But how
the governments may he bound it is clear that
both the British and the French people strongly
pose the Italian demands and rely upon the United
States which is not bound Dy any pledge 70 Italy but
by every pledge made 10 her peoples che
world.
If Dalmatia falls 70 italy which part, Italy
insists upon the possession OF FiUme and Cattaro
she prevents Greece from reganing Ecpirus
occupying Rhodes the other Aegean islands then
there is a beginning Of Eastern question Neither
the Greeks the Slavs win accept final such
a solution. As the southern slav stron:.
il will the peril conflict will increase and italy
in self defense, will be led intrigue with Bull
CARS ana perhaps with the Russians. seeking TO sain
allies against the Slavs and the Greeks Then at
shall the old disease breaking
again.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1919-01-12
SACRIFICE OF ASPIRATIONS
BY ITALY Is SOLUTION.

The in the sacrifice by Italy OF
piratons inconsistent with the period aspirations
a strong fleet vindicate be sub
mtted to decision Of at the first opportH-
nifty. American sympathy with italy Is very keen
shall have opportunities in the future
Italians. who will have real need assistance
financially and otherwise in regainng prOsperit.
but should he perfectly plain TO tho Italian states
men, becoming plain the Italian people that
American sympathy in the present DISPUTE with the
Slavs and the Greeks and not with the Italians.
If only the Eastern question be settled
corjance with right and justice If the Rumanians the
Southern Slavs the Greeks have rights
recognized If COnstantnople can be- placed under
ternational control and Bulgaria at last removed
breeding place OF war and revenge then there VIII be
sound for hoping that the peace Versailles
endure. But spirit OF Berlin
manifested, II me Greeks and the Southern
slavs sacrificed the Poles sacrificed. with
the italians Vienna and the Rur1aniaEs. Bulgaus
and Greeks a Berlin then there VIII be enduring
cause for disappointment.
In Albania italy md vide field for effort
She has Albanians her subjects at home.
gaining Vaona she viii establish her mastery OF
The Adrauc; under her wise direction the ola pros
perty o. Ulyra may Albanian protest against
protectorate Will hardly a heartn-.
since there is not and never has been the sigttes.
and living tribal barbaIisn. their vendet-
tas AMI grudges could ever alone rise 90 uait. o-
achieve order. this must be sole warrant for
Italian occupation sufficient but 10 ne accepted Sree
il does not do violence ideals would italian
occupation Dalnatia indirect control Epirai
In last phase. the Eastern question remains
troublesome as ever gone Austria is -ones
France Britain Germany have any direct
with the straits Vet there stl SURVIVES this
ancient menace. the only clear threat successful
accommodation OF conflicting interests And the
nature things this precisely the problems
which American advice help most solve II tlat
advice is wise influenced or the raj but
dangerous preJnection Washington for BuIsartan
claims claims which have solid foundation ard
have been forfeited by treacherous attacks upon
neighbOring states. At the moment when honorable
settlement assured.
Copyright 1919 b. Mcclure Newspaper syndicatsl
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1919-01-12
Britain Faces Great Task Despite Victory, Says Churchill
Now Putting War Machine Over to Peace Gear

the world for the restoration OF economic conditions
countries which shattered, but only object
TO ibarate the Of individual enterprise TO
which have been found CALLING di
ourselves the responsibilities which the state
has only accepted in this perilous emergency
our only wish help industry and labor TO
the peace side-w7th minimum of dis
withdraw government control than the government.
other hand, must be that the transi
ton period is bridged safely
Churchill explained the rehabilitation board of his
ministry would wind up and nquidate quickly
possible the firms under their management and put
them a position get started work with the
least possible impediment o delay
Il pressing very strongly that considerable 8
nancal latitude shall be given TO solve the many
difficulties involved in outstanding accounts which have
into being between the various firms and the
state"
British industries have been ordered TO carry
a reduced speed until further orders" Britain
does intend TO prejudice the chance Of reaching
solid peace by the possibility OF the Germans sup
posing British industries had been dslocated
to make the resumption Of the struggle diffcult
The low Of steel and explosives for shell Of
stampngs and forgngs OF all kinds required for higher
grades OF production has been arrested, because
British Of ammunition, ETC. are great And
it is necessary waste munitions material
But tanks guns etc. 50 per cent completed are being
finished. churchill explained. these things
viii scrap than dnish- Besides labor
must be kept
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1919-01-12

LONDON (by mail THE great Industrial war m
chine of the United kingdom is being slowly thrown
into peace convoutions This tremendous change
hundreds of factories millions
is being directed by winston Churchill Minister Of
Munitions with the help of the best brains British
Industrial life
being guarded against reasons-frst.
millions Of workers would be thrown OF employ
me millions of dollars PARKWAY finished
would be wasted, second. because the
allies cannot afford TO take the risk of further dis
and machinery for continued quick produc
ton of them.
Consider the broad the world" Churchill
told a conference muniton factory managers. 1T
very dangerous. complies breakdown threa
whom have been warning. That is formidable
involved. Russia Persia the Balkans Turkey,
distress Russia is the melancholy spectacle
presented and that the powers
amending the state into which the world has fallen
OF this quarrel. We win. win
the right only TO further great responsibilities.
The need Of the OF material a great
and he need for maintaining for long period
very considerable armies by the allied and associated
governments viii be forced upon u.s."
Churchill believes that Britains task does end
with victory.
The victory viii he absolutely barren il not
able to bring our soldiers uesy home to active condi-
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1919-01-12
INTERNATIONAL CONTROL
Is THIRD SOLUTION.

There the third solution, that of interna-
adjusted. But here the task will be easy.
ternational control has never proved happy. a
failure wherever tried in Turkey; it succeed
only If there is spirit in the world and a new
atmosphere OF trust between tie nations But If the
Eastern question could settled by the occupation
administration of Consantinople by
tional force, then there would be the plot
tings and strivngs of the various nations
this the outlet of Russia Rumania per-
haps the most important single strategic point
world il has been the struggles
than any other point.
What the geographical limits of such a would
be remains problematical 1t might be wise permit
Bulgaria to reoccupy Adrianople to
EnOsMidia line, thus finding solaoe for the
mnation of her hopes in Macedonia Europe accepted
such solution after the Balkan war Bulgaria
threw away her gains when she risked second,
Turkey took advantage of Bulgarian defeat return
TO her lost citadel.
Callipoli, the northern shore, with its evil
Ories will have be included interna
state we'll the whole Asiatc shore Black
Sea to the Plain of Troy with small
islands the mouth of the Dardanelles notably
Tencdos, but this would in reality only very
small state little more than thin facade facing the
vital waterways but including Constartinople Back
it the population is Turkish. Brusa
OF the Osmans perhaps their headquarters II
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1919-01-12
SOUND IN JUSTICE.
CNWISE IN FACT.


To me. the claims of Greece to ConstantinCpe.
we'll as 10 the Bulgarian shore, sound enough
justice, but unwise in fact. At all would BE-
unwse TO press them Nothing certain
than that internatonalzed Constantnople will at
no distant time become Hellenic city more. rho
Greek element is very great, there Greeks
in ConstantnoLIe than Athens; departure
Turk with the creation OF a Armenia, mich will
draw to u the Armenans of Cofistannople leave
the Greeks masters of the situation despite the
that they citizens of internationalzed state.
In all human probability fate of Con-
stantinople will be 10 become part OF a Greek
world. II Is not idle dream imagine that there
Will be rapid and enormous Hellenic renaissance
when both sides of the Aegeans and all the islands
Joined TO that Greek state which has already pushed
far north in the Balkan peninsula retaining much
OF the Macedonia of Alexander the Great few years
of and the Greeks will the rest they
traders of this region they have the conercial apt
tujes and the traditional mastery of this market
even under the Turk they have retained it.
This is what the Italians perceive and this is the
explanation Of the Italian effort curb Greek aspira-
lions all Sides in Epirus in the Aegean the main
land of Asia Minor. But these Italian
complete defeat; II would be crime give
and Sicily to Spain to Britain just crime
deprive Italy of Trieste and the Trentino.
nothing that said for Italy with respect
irredenta that be said with equal emphasis
Greece in her Irredenta.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1919-01-12
y
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CsGOEEH ZSZt3lZ2S OCCUPIED BI/ZYLI +n0@6

Epirus. they divided by religion into three
separate groups, the Mohammedans, the Roman Cath
olics and the Greek Catholics. The Catholics
in the north have been long manipulated by the Aus
TRANS. who sought to them to block the Serb road
way the The Mohammedans the center,
have supplied the Turk with his trusted
soldiers until very recent years. The Greeks the
south have been divided between Hellenic and Italian
synpathies
Albania, created in 1912, nothing more than
a makeshift. Austria wanted keep the Serbs from
the sea, Italy wanted curb Greek aspirations in
Epirus France. Britain and Russia, although in sym
pathy with the Serbs and the Greeks unwilling
fight permit them to realize their ambitions, and
Germany although standing behind Austria and italy,
was yet ready to have the world break and
therefore seconded Sir Edward Grey in his effort
find a compromise. This compromise the ridiCu
Albania. which had for brief time its
ruler William of WED who latterly had his capital
on an Austrian warship and promptly disappeared
the world began.
Serbia and Greece had agreed divide Albania, the
portion north of the Skumbi Serb portion
south he Greek But today Serbia is less interested
in the Albanian problem since portion of Jugc-
Slavia she assured outlet the UnqUes-
tionably the old Serb claim Scuar will pressed.
Probably the Serbs will ask that the valley of the Drn
northern frontier of Albania instead of the
traced London but this relatively
Il minor point.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1919-01-12

Minor in considerable part is conceded by all save the
Italians who rivals this inheritance without any
claim founded modern principles That Greece
should have the islands Of the Aegean which are
Greek Sicily is Italian all the Italians agree
That Northern Epirus also Hellenic, should
Greece and not TO that Albanian which Is 10 be
p,otectorate OF italy. all but Italy
does italian ambition seem OF with
temporary ideas than in the eastern Mediterranean
where Rome seeks to hold acquire
ries which are Greek by every right can cite.
But conceding. must. that should
ceive these gifts Versailles which constitute an
elimination Of her lrrederta, granted that she
islands mainland in Asia
Minor and Epirus. by exactly the same logic that
Trieste and the Trentino allotted TO Italy will
the friends of Greece seek saddle upon little
nation the great responsibilities incident the posses
sion OF Constantnople and the guardianship of the
Straits? This would mean put Greece between
two fires that growing Of Italian jealousy and that
strength.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1919-01-12
GREEK SOLUTION Is
MORE APPEALING.

The Greek solution is more appealing Il is the de-
mand OF the Greeks that they be permitted extend
their frontiers include all the Aegean left
Bulgaria 1913. the lower valley Of the Martha
shores OF the Sea OF NarmOra. the shores of
Black far north Mida and the Asiatic shore
OF the Straits the Sea of Marmora the mainland
o. Minor. includins smyrna. with ISLANDS
OF the Aegean sea. This would the restoration
of Byzantine Empire. which has Greek
dream long centuries. ON the whole this
would not do violence 20 the principles OF self
determination and IL would follow the tradition tits
region which has been Hellenic the beginning
history
difficulties many Greece is a small state,
~ a limited population and a small revenue. She
would be called upon defend her territories
agaiEst the Bulgarian GhO would permanently
deprived OF all the seacoast
the fruits the balkan since WITHOUT this
she would be cut of from the open sea and
placed the mercy of the Greeks. Even
possession Of ConsautinOple would 10 open al once
% BuEar and Runanian challenge ard ultimately o
Russian. in Russia ever regains her strength.
That GTeecc should have the western shore OF ASH
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1919-01-12
NewS-TimeS and Associated NewSpa-
perS War Expert.

great naval post which WILL in reality be the Gibral-
tar OF the Adriatic In doing this wishes push
Greek frontiers war away from this naval port
possible This Is the practical for her demand
that the Greeks abandon THEN claims "a Northern
Epirus. But the demand is unreasonable and Is 10
oe hoped that it viii be h1nored az Versatile.
Argyrocastro. Tepelleni DelvinO Santi Ouarant7.
rytza, these towns, wholly Greek sympathy should
De returned to the Helas
Two weeks ago pointed ont tho clash between the
Slavs and the Italians The Dalmatam coast Il
viii be seen that ir the lower Adriatic
Aegean IL is the Greeks who have reason just
10 complain of Italian mperalistic aspirations.
one sincerely hope that ITALY viii not
claims which do violence her own history and
her aspirations expressed half a century
longing for Trieste Trentino. she earns
the lasting hostility of both the Southern Savs and
the Greeks, she viii mv up trouble herself and
for Europe which can hardly be exaggerated.
At this point. ] should like correct an error i'm
of the previous articles. which gave cause a
certain friendly criticism in and Tugo-Sav quar-
There are then poi-tod three separate
statements which affect the Jugo-Slav and Italian
dispute The first is the between italy and
her allies. France. Britain Russia which preceded
Italian entrance into the This assigned italy
ntally the territory she has occupied as
of the terms Of the armstice and included northern
Dal
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1919-01-12

they Asia Minor. within sight of the Sea
of Marmora-.
Further south. facing Greece, Syrna and a consider
able area, including tho many pcEnsuas and islands
and fairly extended hinterland from Mytilene 70
Rhodes. should be Greek. Here dwell something like
two millions OF Greeks ard behind thent population
Hellenic and still preserving the Greek tradition.
In this way there would be created Greece Of
from eight millions of people while by aban
doning its aspirations for ByZantum, TINS state
with ancient memories would avoid the great perils
which any small country holding the
gateway by whtuh large states WOULD advance The
history o Belgium perhaps best argument
Greek possession of ConstantinOpe the pres
time But the Greek claim may be placed file
and it is from improbable that due time the
inheritance may return to The Hellenes.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1919-01-12
BELIEVES 1T SINGLE
SOUND SOLUTION.

international control of COnstantnCpe and TIE
Strait is then the single sound solution of the East
question. With Rumania, the Jugo-Slavs and the
Bulgariens well the Greeks finally arranged
within boundaries which based upon right
justice with Bulgaria. the disturbing factor final
ly eliminated a factor for harm, will no
longer be able to of the other states in
single combat, the Eastern question may disappear
the unhappy people OF Balkans last, after
centuries of suffering. be able to begin life.
sessing ,asIthe opportunities Of prosperity and lib
erty long denied Them alike bv their Turkish
by the rival jealousies of the Powers
their hands.
Apart from tho problem of Constantnople. there
only the question of Albania be settled. To-
day this is less difficult than it when the Confer
of London wrestled with and the
Of Europe hung upon the ultimate agreement Of rival
alliances the ultimate disposition of Ipek and ia
There is Albanian race. but there is Albanian
nation and there has been. The AlbaIians in
habit the shOrs of the Adriatc from Montenegro TO