The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1919-11-13

Prepared by the United States Depart
ment OF Agriculture)
A firebrand applied to inflammable
finder Is no more destructive than are
the smuts which annually ravage and
plllage the grain crops of the United
States. Last year 25,50O.000 bushels OF
wheat, 110,000.000 bushels OF oats. and
100000 bushels Of barley were the
tribute paid to smut.
There are two smuts which attack
wheat. the loose and covered smut.
Loose smut Is most serious In the
southern winter wheat section. which
includes southern Illinois. southern In
diana. southern Ohio. southern Penn
sylvanIa, southern Missouri, Maryland,
Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee,
where 1t causes yearly losses ranging
from to 20 per cent Of the entire
crop. Loose smut shows, conspicuously
when the wheat comes into head. At
this time Il reduces the grain to dusty
black refuse. consisting largely Of
spores of the fungus which are spread
broadcast by the wind and rain. The
dissemination OF the disease Is fur
thered by the fact that the blooming
period Of the healthy plants and the
shedding OF the spores in the diseased
plants are simultaneous. Some OF
these spores reach the flowers and IT.
feet the developing seed. The seed
shows no external evidence of the pres
ence Of the smut fungus, but when
planted gives rise to the black heads
In the next crop.
Loose Smut Difficult to Control.
Loose smut Is hard to control be-
cause the fungus exists inside the seed,
and hence cannot be reached by ordl-
nary chemicals without killing the
wheat embryo. Fortunately. the dis
ease can be controlled by the hot-wa-
ter treatment, which consists of soak
Ing the seed in cold water from 8 to
hours and then dipping II in hot wa
ter at a temperature of 1872 degrees
Fahrenheit for ten minutes. Subse-
quently the seed should be spread out
to dry. Great care must be exercised
not to have the water too hot nor to
allow the seed to remain In the water
too long. An advisable system Is to
treat four or FIVE bushels OF seed and
to sow 1t In special plot. Isolated
from the wheat fields proper. In or
der, that the seed from the plot may
be used for seeding operations the fol-
lowing year. Farmers who treat their
seed In this manner fortify their fields
against invasion by loose smut.
Bunt or sinking smut ranges at
large over the entire whrat-growing
section and generally causes a crop
damage of from 1 to per cent, nj
though frequent individual fields
show losses which range from 20 to 40
and even as high as 80 and rs per
cent. Bunt is sporadic In distribution
occurring here and there and every
where In irregular sequence. One
field may be seriously infested while
the neighboring field on the right may
be free from the disease. The disease
shows up few days before the wheat
is ripe. If one carefully examines
the diseased head at this time he VIII
note that the glumes are pushed
slightly apart. while the developing
kernel is OF dark color. II he crushe'
open the kernel, really a smut ball
a mass of ill-smelllng, brownish blacl
spores is released. In thrashing, thes'
smut balls are knocked out and more
or less broken apart so that the spores
are scattered over the sound seed. Oh
account of its bad smell, millers dis
count and penalize wheat covered Wit
bunt dust.
FormaIdehyde Bath Kills Bunt.
Sinking smut or bunt Is easily con
trolled by use OF formaldehyde, on
pint or one pound Of commercial for
malln being dissolved in 40 gallon
of water. The seed to be treate'
should be freed as much as posslbl
from smut balls and other foreign mat
ter and then should be placed in
loose gunny sack, filling the sacl
about two-thirds full, and then tn
sack should be dipped in the formalil
solution and kept there about ten min
utes. BY raising and lowering tn
sack the grain viii be mixed thorough
ly and brought into complete contac
with the solution. After treatment tn
grain must be dried and carefully pre-
tected from further contaminatio
either in the sack or In the plantin
machinery. One pint OF commercii
formaldehyde solution dissolved In 4
gallons OF water is usually sufficier
for the treatment OF 40 bushels of see
grain.
In the far West and on the Pacif
coast. because of the occurrence
soil infestation by smut In that +
gion. the copper-sulphate treatment
preferable to the formaldehyie methe
on controlling bunt. The form'
treatment consists In dipping the ses
IN solution OF one pound of copp'