davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1919-02-20
ARMY DISCIPLINE
WON THE WAR"
Former Capt. Prettyman
Says Firm Policy of Courts
Martial Was Necessary.
APPROVES MANS DEATH

Anerica and her allies were doomed
to defeat, declared former Capt Bar
rett Prettyman yesterday, had more
lenient rolicy in regard to courts
martial md punishments been adopt
ed during the war than that which
obtained.
Capt. Prettyman is the son of Rev,
F. J. Prettyman, chaplain of the Sen
ate. Since his honorable discharge
from the Army February l he has
been assistant attorney TO the com
missioner of internal revenue. While
in service he was on duty at Camp
Meade and was judge advocate to two
general urts-martial. prosecuting
about forty cases before these courts.
He was also summary court-martial
of the 154th Depot Brigade at Camp
Meade, in which capacity he tried
about 400 cases.
Evening star., 1919-02-20
80 WOUNDED SOLDIERS
VISIT MOUNT VERNON
Walter Reed Patients Go as Guests
of Four Welfare Or
ganizations.

|. party Of eighty wounded soldiers,
patients at Walter Reed Hospital
made the journey yesterday to Amer
ica shrine of patriotism. the home
OF Washington at Mount Vernon
The young heroes were the guests Of
the Red Cross. Young Mems Chris
tian Association, knights of Colunl-
bus and Jewish Welfare Board, who
furnished the transportation and
| looked after the pleasure and com
fort of their guests. This is the first
>of a series of excursions to Mount
Vernon in which the wounded soldiers
of the hospital Will be the guests.
While the party of eighty were on
their trip the boys at the hospital
We're enjoying a band concert from
3 to O'Clock. The night entertain
ment consisted Of a boxing and wTest-
! ling carnival under the auspices of
the knights OF Columbus, Then there
was a dance by the Red Cross at the
Old Masonic Temple which was at
tended by large number of the sol
der patients from the hospital
The Let's Go company Will be
hosts to the wounded soldiers at the
hospital the night of Washingtoa S
birthday.
The company is made up of soldiers
and war workers from the District of
Columbia. Those who will take part
| in the cast are:
Privates Charles Smith, George
Thurston, Fred Anderson William
Lewis. Sergt. Godfrey, Henry Cahoon
Albert Swift, Charlie Sha oxford. Stew
en- Armstrong, Ensign Thomas Suter,
T. j. Quinn. Lieut. Muller Edward
Murphy, Fred c. Parker. George Dow
den, Harry Sidel. Miss Betty Arm
strong. Frank Trapp, Felix J. Murphy.
Lee King, May Armstrong, Martin
Richardson, George OConnor, Arthur
Pierce. Thomas T. Sideil, Henry de
Orio, Paul Brindle, Kennedy Meeks.
Miss Alice Roach. f. Edmond Boyer,
Lou Brown. George Cowles and Otto
Werner.
Evening star., 1919-02-20
THIRTY AMERICANS
IN RUSSIA HONORED
French War Crosses Given
for Gallant Service Against
BolShevikl.
WEATHER BELOW ZERO

ARCHANGEL. Tuesday February
IS tby the Associated Press) Thirty
officers and men OF the American
forces in northern Russia were today
given French war crosses for gallant
service under French command on
the Vologda railway front during the
brisk offensive against the bolsheviki
in September. October and November.
They were given their medals by the
French commander in the presence
Of Commander-in-Chie Maj. Gen. Ed
mond Ironside and Col. George E.
Stewart, commanding the Americans
in northern Russia. The ceremony
took place in arctic costume. The
thermometer was below zero while
the decorations were being presented.
The lis; of awards follows:
First Lieut. James r Donovan. wau-
pun. Wis: First Lieut. Clarence ].
Primo. Manitowoc. Wis; Second Lieut..
Dwight Fistler. st. Johns. Mich; First
Lieut.. George W. stoher, Monroe
Mich: Second Lieut. William X.
Wright, Chicago. H.; Second Lieut.
Robert J. WieczeFek, Cleveland, Ohios
Corp. Clement A. Grobbei, Warren,
Mich: Corp. Theodore S. Sieloff, De.
troit, Mich; Private Leo r. Ellis, Chi
cago; Sergt Matthew q. Grahek. Calu-
met, Mich; Sergt Frank Getzloff, Har-
ris Mich. Charles Hebner, Chicago;
Sergt. Harvey y. Peterson, Manistee,
Mich. SerEt. Charles Y. Riha, Detroit,
Mich. Corp. Robert NJ. Pratt, Ashton,
Mich. Private Alfred Strittoff, address
unknown. Private Thomas McElroy,
Valley Center, Mich; Private Clarence
4 Miller, Battle Creek. Mich; Sergt.
John = Gray. Detroit, Mich; Sergt.
Jacob Kuntrowitz New York; Corp.
Frank O'Connor, Detroit Mich; Pri-
vate Benjamin Wondro, Monroe, Mich.
and Private Ray Lawrence, Battle
Creek Mich
Evening star., 1919-02-20
HONOR JAMES R. LOWELL.
Dinner Opens Four-Day Celebration
in New York.

NEW YORK. February 2o.-Dis-
tinguished men of letters from vari-
Gus cities in England. Canada and the
United States attended a reception
held last night at the home of DR..
Nicholas Murray Butler. president of
Columbia University, which marked
the opening of the four-day celebra-
tion of the centenary of the birth of
James Russell Lowell, arranged by
the American Academy of Arts and
letters.
A banquet will be held tonight, at
which John Galsworthy. British now
elfst, will speak. A theater party is
scheduled for Friday and literary Nx-
>eneiooa. .fa1, ,EsatQxdaN. N.afsag
Evening star., 1919-02-20
Outcome Hung on Discipline.

To sustain his statement Capt. Pret-
lyman went on to say that the out
come of the war hung on the disci-
pline of the American Army; no mat
ter how successful were the loans and
food conservation campaigns. the ma
tion would have failed if discipline
had not prevailed in the American
Army,
And a course had to be adopted" he
declared, that would not only check
disobedience, but one that would pre-
vent it absolutely"
referring to the long sentences
which have been the subject of criti-
cism, Capt. Prettyman placed new
light on the causes preceding their
imposition. In practically all cases.
he said, such sentences were not
given for a mere casual refusal TO
obey some one order. Were a man
to disobey he was taken to the
guardhouse and there asked if he
had read the Articles of War, and il
he realized the severity of the pen
atty which might be inflicted upon
him for such disobedience. If he
were ignorant on these points he was
carefully instructed thereon and sent
away.
Evening star., 1919-02-20
TRANSFERRED TO PARIS.
w. H. Beck Becomes Confidential

William H. Beck. son of Mr.. and
Mrs. James H. Beck of 1S45 Lamont
street northwest, has been transferred
from London to the peace conference
at Paris, where he will assume the
duties of confidential secretary TO
Henry White. American peace COM
missioner.
Mr.. Beck was formerly in charge of
the statistical department of the
Army and was also for ten months in
the Aviation Corps. He attended the
Eastern and the Business High
schools in Washington.
Evening star., 1919-02-20
Given Another Chance.

The same order was then given him
again, after he had been given time
TO null the situation over, and upon
second refusal to obey he was tried
by court martial. Only those who
showed a persistent refusal to subject
themselves to discipline; only those
whose continuance in the Army
would jeopardize the morale of the
whole, were given these severe SEN
tences.
The sentences had to be severe in
these cases, said Capt. Prettyman, or
men similarly disposed would com
nit the same offense, preferring to
suffer a comparatively light term OF
Imprisonment in the safety of the
barracks or guardhouse than to be
sent overseas
Evening star., 1919-02-20
Shipvard Strikers Hear Terms.

SEATTLE, Wash. February 90
Shipyard strikers must return to their
work under conditions prevailing Jan
uary q, when they struck for higher
wages. before the government will
consider their demands, according to
a statement by the committee named
by Director General Piez of the
Emergency Fleet Corporation to settle
the strike
Evening star., 1919-02-20
Had Choice of Attorneys.

After referring to the fact that the
prosecuting officer in a court-martiai
was sworn to protect the interests of
the accused as well as the Army, and
the fact that all of the evidence (not
merely that objected to by the at
torney for the defendant as in civil
life) was taken down in shorthand
were reviewed and investigated by
three different men and bodies. Capt.
Prettyman stated that the accused
had his choice of attorneys, military
or civilian, and if he had no choice.
men of the highest professional
standing were assigned to defend him.
He spoke also of the fact that all
courts martial were open to the pub
lie, and instructions given to refuse
no information to the press or public
in any case He also made point of
the fact that three different investi-
cations of each case were made before
final steps were taken
Individual cases were cited by the
former officer, an instance of which
was the case of private named Nash.
The man refused absolutely to obey
any order because ne had not received
his pay. He had been absent without
leave at time when he should have
gone to France. and consequently his
records, on which the pay roll is
made up, had gone overseas. There
was no way to ascertain how much
was due him, and the fact that he
would have to wait until the records
were returned was explained to him.
Then, on his continued insubordina-
ton. he was court-martialed.
THE whole question" summarized
Capt Prettynan, resolved itself into
this: Could we mold an army sub
ject to discipline. It was doubted
We did it in the only way we could"
Evening star., 1919-02-20
Denies Troops We're Sacrificed.

Gen. Traub denied that the men ot
the division were sacrificed by failure
of artillery support.
I'VE were up against three crack
boche divisions" said the general
but we advanced twelve and a hall
kilometers on two or three kilo.
meter front and held it. In the first
three hours of the battle we had taker
what the French had been up against
for four years"
Evening star., 1919-02-20
New Light on Collectors"

Most of the other instances in which
other severe penalties were imposed
continued Capt. Prettyman, were those
of conscientious objectors, and here
also a new light was thrown on the
situation.
All conscientious obiectors were
taken before a board of eminent men,
examined, and by that board charter
lied as sincere" or "insincere." The
"sincere" objectors were given farm
furloughs, and the others marked in
competent" and given posts where
they would not have to do any fight
ing, merely TO work about the camps.
If the sincere" objectors refused to
work on the farms they were added
to this group of "incompetents,' but
obedience or refusal TO subject them
selves to discipline and resulting
court-martiai came only to those who
had becn given every chance, and had
such disobedience been countenanced
chaos would have prevailed 1t had
to be stopped, avowed Capt. Pretty
man.
For the protection of the 90 per cent
of the recruits who were more than will
ing to defend their country and TO keep
that percentage up to this high mark,
there was no course to be pursued other
than one of severity.
And in this connection he indorsed the
case of the officer noticed wearing a
special insignia for distinguished serv-
ice, but was unwilling to speak of the
circumstances which had brought this
mark of honor TO him at the hands of
his country.
1t developed that the officer had given
the order to go 'over the top" nom
commissioned officer had shouted COM
mand countermanding the order. Again
the officer had shouted "Charge" Again
the other had urged the platoon to re-
fuse.
The officer on whose breast today is
the medal of honor had turned and shot
the other to death--a member of his
own company. The charge was made;
success was won. For this, perhaps one
of the greatest incidents Of individual
courage in the history of the war, the
officer had been decorated.
Evening star., 1919-02-20
Library Hours for February %.

The central building of the Public
Library will be kept open for read
ers on Washington's birthday the
usual hours. from 9 o'clock am. TO
. o'clock pm, it was announced to-
day Attention is called 10 the Sun
day hours of the library from 3
O'Clock pm. TO o'clock pm.
Evening star., 1919-02-20
Quo ota tons furnished By W, B. Il

In the West Indies the large PALM
tree caterpillar - considered great
tfnod 1QxuH
Evening star., 1919-02-20
Says Treaty Cannot Bar War.

BOSTON, February Ex-senator
George L. Chamberlain of Oregon, in
a speech last night before the Boston
Boot and Shoe Club, said it was his
belief that no peace treaty which
could be drawn up would stop war
and that universal military training
would be the greatest safeguard
a gainst another conflict.
Evening star., 1919-02-20

A handsome outfit, consisting OF
Large Buffet, Oft. Extension
Table, Square China Case and
Serving Table to match-a Won
derful value on easy credit terms
for
Evening star., 1919-02-20
WASHINGTON BUSINESS and
CIVIL SERVICE SCHOOL
NORTH CAROLINA

psI7 NEW YORK AVE. NV. Tel. Main 4s04.
Gregg Shorthand Stenotypy, Graham Pit
pnan Shorthand. rypewrfting English. Speik
Evening star., 1919-02-20

general strike has been declare
in part of the Ruhr industrial district
along the Rhine, and the Spartacans
have occupied Bochum, Hamborn and
a number of other places, according
TO a report from Berlin.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-03-17

By.yirtue Of decree OF the Chan
cery Court OF the city OF Richmond, in
VS.. CharIes staude ct ais entered Jans
3, 1913, the undersigned special com
Inissioners will proceed to sell, subject
TO tho confirmation of tho court, at
public auction, on the premises. on
TUESDAY, MARCH Is, 1919,
at o'clock p. NJ,
tho above properties. which consist Of
icsville Turnpike, and described "a FOL.
All that lot land lying and being in
described as follows: Beginning on The
west line of Meehahicsvilie Turnpike
, %ns5s said al tho lot sernsrs Yite lsna
thence north los feet to braneh
about $50 feet to the west line Of said
said turnpike 2s5 feet 10 inches to che
acres. -'''
This property has large frontage on
inEs on the property viii rent wei and
tho land that is not built upon viii
make q good ate for florist 'or early
TERMS: one-third of the purehas.
money to be paid in cash, and balance,
in equal instaiimentk payable at one
and two years after date. the deferred
instailments to be evidenced by notes
Of purchaser and to bear interest from
tn. sass Of Il wh Per sen
be secured by deed of trust upon the
said property. or for all cash, at the
L. c. HAzELGROvE.
ROBERT II. TALLEY,
r. e. PEYTON. JR.,
Special Commissioners.
hereby certify that the bond re-
CURED OF special commissioners has
CHAS. o. SAyILLE,
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-03-17

guard Writer'S Aithird less. Leah.
LINE .TiME.,If you are q stenograph.r
It will Bavo you time, energy and heaiis.
These machines PLACED on. trial without
eastern Equipment and Saes Corporation
ll6 1.yrlo building. Richmond. Va. -,
READ all these classincd ada = = -
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-03-17
PUBLIC
SALE
Horses and Mules

There will be sold at public auction
to the highest bidder number OF sur
plus animals from the Front Royal
Remount Depot, at tho
HANDLING PEN, FRONT ROYAL.
REMOGAT DEPOT,
FRONT ROYAL. VA,
SATURDAY. MARCH %, 1918,
"a Cavalry Horses.
116 Brood Mares
Horse Colts,
Mule Colts.
All these animals have been dechared
surplus by the government. and mus
be sold. Very few are unsound Sale
begins promptly satI0 O'clock A. M.
TERMS: Cash.
Animals cannot be removed from
premises until paid for. Remember
they VIII DO sold to the highest btdder,
Don't fail to be on hand Free trnnr.
pofsadon furnished all out-of town
bidders from Front Royal 10 Rsmount
6. NJ LEE.
Lientenant-c Colon al. q. Is. a
Commandsng Front Royal Remauht
AZ. "a ESA ads SstnE auisx fssliG
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-03-17

Don't buy another checkwriter un-
within tho next 10 days form OF
check protector that will make OBJ
soiete every form OF present day
protection. at will be TO your adj
vantage to get In touch with me
before you spend any more money .
for machines, as you will regret IL
il you do before you see MS II In
terestGd In check insurance. phone
some time to get around 10 you.
lanes IL. Lcath. ITO Power Bldg.
Phone Randolph Bloc.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-03-17

5.HEIS--TByGHtIVI QCVICt. ftoAI
opportunity TO producers. lIl0 Power
building.
Statesmen "A responsible concern In
Charlottesville desires tho service OF a
few good alesmen. Must be hustIcrs, am
bilious and forceful. Our line Ia very easy
20 sell, and VIC offer rapid advancement to
the riGht parties. No advance expense
SERVANT. good wages. Phone Madison $3.50
27l2 East Erankltn Streor unper fiat. u
A Time. -DIspatch ad.iakerT viii help, you
set quick results Phone Randolph j I
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-03-17
Suburban For Sale

SUBURBAN ,!I "a, LoTs.n eash aud 81 per week
J. Daughtrey zoos Mutual Building a.
WE HAVE some beautiful small homes on
the Seven Pines and Petersburg chr lines
and on r.. II. & p Railroad, out OF which
you can lind home 10 suit you. See us in
East Main. Room - o'
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-03-17
EMPLOYMENT
Help Misunderstanding.

OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES ladies and girls. II
you arc going to work. why not work 10
the incest place aud the place where you
cun mako the most money! We can plsc,
a few learners and experienced girls In GU.
hand department rust at this time. whit.
lock Branch. Twenty,hird and Main
Streets
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-03-17
AUCTIONs--LEGAL
Legal Notices,

of the Old Dominion Trust Co. Ninth ava
Main Streets. Richmond. Va. has this dav'
declared Its regular quarterly dividsn. OF :.
per Ger, cent 70 stockhoiders of record on Match
". II. slankhter. Secretary.
NOTICE Is given that Roger c. Nelson and
\ ID. B. Pittman. partners, trading as Boulcs
Ward Market. have sold out their grocery
bushes, at $500 West Broad Street, Rich.
tors OF said business win pleasesrrrsss "u,:
promptly their claims for payment Nclxon
& Pittmsn: March -. 1919.
nFSDY Az ~ IccrCgr,
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-03-17

No one need know you arc borrow.
ing. III you want money for coal or
other necessities. and want Il with
out delay, at lowest legal rates and
on terms of repayment arranged to
suit your convenience as to time and
amount open your account with tho
Standard Credit Co. 1Iousek
school teachers and others have
found our service courteous con-
Hidcratc and safe. Your promise to
pay is our security. Standard
Credit Company, 2i2 North Fourth
Street tsccond noor). Madison 3G72.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-03-17
BY II. T. RlCHESON &C co.
w. r. PURCELL, JR., CO.. INC.
Real Estate Auctioneers.
COMMISSIONERS AUCTION SALE
Desirable Houses and.
Acreage

IN THE CITY OF RICHMOND. VA.
FRONTING THE MECHANICSVILLW
TURNPIKE, NEAR FAIRFIELD
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-03-17
EMPLOYMENT
Help Wantcd-NIaIc..
Hclp-Mutc or Female.

HELP OF ALL KINDS FURNISHED
Hundreds of men and women, white and
and women for every trade II you can use
any. write us with particulars. Richmond
Etnploymcnt Agency. 40S East Broah.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-03-17

MONEY to lend on real estate RUM &
!, Sloan, IL North Eighth Street. - q. y
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-03-17

BOULEVARD AND BEYERLY-oWner de.
7, siIes 10 sell beautiful BYRD Park Lot near
apartment house Phone Boulevard a4si.
or address % 737. caro- Times Dispatch
HIGHLAND PARK-For sale, I2D-foot trian
gle shaped lot in Highland Park on Soc
end Avenue. between Milton and Highland
streets AZ 81 per front foot: can build two
or three houses on same This Is q pick mn
Call Boulevard 1867, ~
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-03-17
FINANCIAL

UARBER SIiOP-One of the best iwo-chai
barber shops In town. Viii sell cheat
going into other business. Address X sis
care Times Dispatch.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-03-17

VIRGIN1A NAVIoATION cOMP1Gy
THE annual meeting of the stockhoiders AZ
this company for the election or director
p Sess as may be Necessary or proper. viii be
ns,n Inc 9aGr o. the Old Do
u tho itty,s 81 Fiehmond; va, ON Tuc.d.y.
and p; NJ mo stock transfer BOOKS viii III
DO closed ten days prior 10 date OF meetinr'
~ C q. AHL9TROM -
seerstary.
The bystander., 1919-10-24
BARTLETT AGRICULTURAL AND
INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL NOTES

Prof. and Mrs. j. w. Butler have re
turned to the campus and received 8
hearty welcome from both faculty and
student, bodies.
The sophomore class welcomes Mr.
Raleigh Taylor again after a few weeks
absence.
The Bartlett Literary society rendered
a splendid program on Friday evening
on the life of Roosevelt. Prof. Butler
and Mrs. Cobb made talks at this time
Lillian Christopher and Evelyn Chap
man spent the week end at Keytesville
with relatives.
The student Y. M. c. A. met this
week and elected the following officers
for the scholastic year: Raleigh Tay-
lor president; Foster Palmer, vice pures-
ident; Nathaniel. Thornton, secretary;
Prof. II. L. Drew, corresponding secre-
tary; Ernest Jones, treasurer and R. S.
Cobb, religious work director.
The Y. M. c. A. Of Camp Dix, N. j.,
presented our school with some new song
books, testaments and other religious
for which accept our sin
cere thanks
Principal Bruce was a Huntsville
visitor this week
Andrew Clay is on the sick list. We
hope for him speedy recovery The
school was visited by Mr.. Peterson and
Mr.. Herschel Bartlett, trustee, both
of st. Joseph, Mo-, last week.
The bystander., 1919-10-24
SIOUX CITY ITEMS.

Especial to the Bystandcr.)
The Cooperative Business Club is 9
recent association of a little band com
prising few energetic al, hustiinq
good fellows of real business acumen
who grimly determined on purchasing a
lot and erecting thereon three-story
structure. The third story Of which will
be for lodges and other public purposes.
The company, by it's plan of monthly
payments on subscribed shares of $50
each has raised in less than two n.,nths
several hundred dollars and will in a
short while purchase lot at a cost of
$1,000 or $1,000.
o. j. Mullen, President,
$40 Market.
r. F. Cowan,
10 West Thirteenth.
The bystander., 1919-10-24
Young Women's Christian
Industrial Mission
21-23 North Fourth Street

21-23 North Fourth Street
Keokuk, Iowa Phone Red $40
An Agency for the MORAL PRO
TECTION, GUIDANCE AND TRAIN
ING Of Lone Colored Women and Girls
coming as stranges to Iowa for work
or visit. WRITE US, and we will as
sist you to find A PLACE TO WORK
A HOME AND THE CHURCH YOU
WANT in any Of our Iowa towns.
Southern girls not qualified for serv-
ice in modern northern homes can re-
ceive training, in our Housekeeper s
Emergency Course-Bible Training and
other subjects also taught.
This Institution supports a Free
Reading Room, Bureau of Information
and place of Christian recreation. Open
afternoons daily. For all Christian
workers. When in Keokuk come to the
mission. This means you.
MISS SIDNEY J.. DAVIS, supt.
The bystander., 1919-10-24
Chamberlain IS Cough Remedy.

This remedy is intended especially
for coughs, colds, Group and whooping
cough. From small beginning its
sale and use has extended to all parts
Of the United States and to many for
eign countries. This alone is enough to
convince one that it is medicine Of
more than ordinary merit. Give it a
trial and you will find this to be the
case.
Adv.
The bystander., 1919-10-24
Consultation.

The beginning of almost every Sc
rious disorder is constipation. If you
want to enjoy good health keep your
bowels regular. This is best accom-
plished by proper diet and exercise, but
sometimes medicine is needed and
when that is the case you will find Cham
berlain s Tablets are excellent. They
are mild and gentle in their action, easy
and pleasant to take. Give them trial
They only cost quarter.
Adv
The bystander., 1919-10-24

The name "Bayer" identifies the
true, world-famous Aspirin prescribed
by physicians for over eighteen years.
The name "Bayer" means genuine
Aspirin proved safe by millions of
people.
In each unbroken package of
sBayer Tablets of Aspirin" you are
told how to safely take this genuine
Aspirin for Colds, Headache, Tooth
Aspirin il trade mark of Bayer Manu-