davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Pokrok zaÌpadu. [volume] (Omaha, Neb.) 1871-1920, 1919-12-10
Srbske vanocni zvyky

MA Stedry den rano . kazde
~ chalupy jdou do lesa pro dri-
Vi a "badnak' jenz musi byti sill
n6jsi dubovy neb hruskovy. ably
vydal mnoho zaru. Badnak pora-
III Sc sekerou, a sice ia .Jedne stra-
ne a to vychodni, kde Sc pomaze
mcdem a maslem, ia druhc stranc
Sc pax jen lloml a re zemc vynda.
Drive nczli vsak zacnou badnak
porazeti, obrati Sc muai k yycho-
du, ndela.ji krl1 a fekuou .sEj,
bud buh a stedry vcecr chvaleny
ia to ud6lajl jeden ncbo til "a
seky, ably jei podsekli. Jest-li Sc
badilak 20 druhe rane nsekne, ne
bcrou lio, nybrz hlcdajl .jinv. Jest
lie pc trcti ranG SC nepodda
chytnou no rukama, lomf ho. III
kdy vsak sekery ia neho neberolt,
Nesm6ji no zde nechati, jinak by
jc proklinaI a chalupa, q ktere mua
zde badnak useknuty zanechal,
nemela by stesti. Phi nakladani
do vozu nesou no .jrdni ma rame-
nou yrskcm ku pfcdu, druzi drzi
no il spodu, opacne, nez Sc to oby-
ccjne della.
Zeny zhotovuji RUNE pecivo
kolacc, RUNE veci Q tesla, jake
busy, zajicc, kond, vozy, knfata,
voly. kachny, kriity. jehnata atd.,
dale dclajf veIiky kolac zvlasf pfi-
praveny ma Stedry yeeer d ozdo.
beng uprostfed krizem, kol DO ko.
Ii lily j vcclkami, vozy, kolibaml
pro ovcc d j. Nektert zeny uyaIl
ncjprv obycejny chldb, pax zho.
.tovi z tezta -obruc, jiz pfiIepi na
pokraji chleba, pies ncj dali diva
prouNky tesla, cimz povrch chleba
rozdeli ia 4 stejue Oily. Do jed
noho oddilu dali hostii, do druhe-
.bo kriz, do tfctiho maly kolac, do
.ctyrtelio postrojc d vozy, jiehz mn
II bgti ncjmeic pet. Jint opct
zhotovilji kulieky ofechdm Iesnim
podobne q vyplhujf JIM prazdna
mistd ma kolaci d We stfedu jehO
npeyni rtizovy kvet, oyscm 10 Z
tesla.
Ma nektergch mistech unecou
zeny diva velike kolace, jeden sni
Pokrok zaÌpadu. [volume] (Omaha, Neb.) 1871-1920, 1919-12-10

pisne narodni; potion nabiraji do
msdniku (kotie) vodyy a kiadou
do nj suche vetvicky, trochu pse-
nice a iecmene, a takto upravenou
vodou zadelavaif "turtu" neb
.'bogoyicu'', tez s'pogae" nebo
"badnik" zvanou (stedroveeerni
.chleb) a zapekaii do tesla stribr-
ny neb zlaty penfz. Namnoze po-
znamenavaji svetnici Aizem, do
lapy' (skrine We zdi), konirny,
chevy a polni nafadi, pastyfi sve
gegy" (hole) atd. Kdo dostane
chIeba 5 penizem, Dude Y novem
roce ne.jstastnejsim 2 rodiny. Cd
tud vzniklo bulharske prislovi 0
opilei: ''Ispil 81 j OF badni vecer
%groseeto" Cpropil j stedroveeerni
gross.
Nejstarsi V dome jde 0 Stedrem
vecerI ma dvur Sc zapalenou loucl
do dreynlku, "a MIN vslchnl ostat-
hi, a hledaji nejsilnejsi a nejdelsi
poleno (dnbove a syrove). Otec
rodiny (stupan Il domakinl smek-
ne pax kalpak (beranici), fekne
Pomozi ny Boze, i ty. koledo, Ola
Idozivejem i druha koleda' a Cd
lnese poIeno ma ramemi domu, pro-
yaazen d6tmi, zpivajiclmi Amin :.
Hospodar vstonpiv do kasty (do-
Emu), klade poleno ma ohen a po
pfecteni mobility zvola: "Chri-
stos ga narodi r. Domaci libaji sc
~vzajemile. a hospodaf namnoze
tluctc zapalenym polencm bad
lnikem'' 0 zem a ffka 'aIa plod
Il "a zdrave.'', Jiskry, jez prl
Fpryem nderu Sc rozleti, znameraji
plodnost koni, pfi druhem plod-
most krav, pfi tfetim ovel atd.
Bank ma zvolna doutnati az do
IZjeveni Pane.
v Rodopskych krajich uhasi Y
nektarych obcfch vslde ohen a
potion sejdou se muzi y nsktcrcm
dome d trou diva kousky slIcheho
dffva tax dIonho, pokud ncyznlk-
ne oheh, iejz nazyvaji "svety Q.
gen d JIM rozdelayaji ohed 20
vsech domech.
Veeer prostira hospodyut ia
sofru" (sthl) dDprostfed stavi
'bogovicu' (stedroyecernf chleb)
ozdobcnou ffguyami die zamestna-
Inf ho~spodafoya FjeIi krcjfi, nj
prftkem, jehion a nhzkanii JILL
roIpik, plullem atd okolo bad
ma byti sefadt1 dsxsttro
jfdel vafenych toho due, dyanact
druid ovocc d sedm druLu tekutiu,
Pokrok zaÌpadu. [volume] (Omaha, Neb.) 1871-1920, 1919-12-10
Vance slovanske

CLOVANE slavivali Vanoce "a
~ starych dob nadmiru vesele.
DIE Zibrta zachovaly Sc o slaveni
svatkd va~nocnich u starych Cechu
diva vzacne doklady re stoleti 10. a
Is. Pr~estrojovali Sc "a zvirata a
o~bchazejiee pc domech zpivali las
kovne pisne, i vedli sobe nevaza-
ne. Cirkev kresfanska dlouho "a
pasila S temito zakofenenyml IVY
ky q dob pohanskych, jimiz proJe-
yovana radost mad zimnlm sumo
yratcm. Z Slovani zapadnlch po-
darilo Sc il konecne vyhladiti TO-
to prestroiovani masky 0 Ste
drem yeceru, aysak ii Rusl. kdc
nelnohl vliv osvet.y zapadnl tax
blahodarne pusobitl, trva praday-
ny zvyk ten Tia mnoze pc dnes. la
kukleni "okrutnici prestroJenl
"a ,zvlrata, karikatury, nazyvani
tel "kudesniky' fsibaly), tropl
zerty 20 domech, behalf po uliclch
a skadli nimojdouci. | a ivan
Hrozny prfestrojoval Sc prli takto
se svymi ssopricnfky" (jlzdIli drll-
zinou) nekde byvaly prdvody ty-
to vypraveny Sc zvlastnimi obfa-
DIV. Podobn6 chodivali koledou
Srbove .jeste koncem Is. s%toleti y
podivnem obleku, zertujice a zpf-
vaiice. | Polakdm byl obycej ten
znam a zacilosral Sc ieste ia Litye.
" Cechach yymizel obycej pfestro-
iovati Sc o Stedrem veeeru snad
nadobro; toliko starodavne poye-
ry a cary ieste zivofi mczi lidcm
ceskym.
Bulharske Vanoce z~achoyaly 20
dnes syilj raz staroslovansky, pa.
triarchalni; mnohe povery a oby-
ceje tamnl, Jlmlz syatky tyto Sc
vyznacuji, sahaji svym pllvodem
do pohanskfch dob. Vanotnl swat
Ky pocinaji Sc "badnym' yece-
rem "a. prosince) q trvajl az DO
"Babina" dine rs. Iedna) Pc ce-
lych ftulacte dni jest ysnde vese-
10. Y mestech ! M ysfch oz9uajl
Sc zvuky "ciguIky' lhonsli) J,
NgaId' (dud), "kavaI' (risfall
Oh rama NJ do veeera, ba ma mnoze
ani I noel neutichnou. Stedry ye-.
Ter nazyya IL Il Bulharu badnik
boziceyyn III srbn 'mozic' peb
koeda) Dne "a. p%roslnce ranc
pred vychodem slupce clodi MIA
az diyky . zeny K fece . kfepei
ehoro'' (narodni tanec), zpivaJi
Pokrok zaÌpadu. [volume] (Omaha, Neb.) 1871-1920, 1919-12-10

kdo da 81 te chvile napadati ka-
pradiho kv6tu do stfevlce, Dude
pr,y rozumeti vsem zvifatum. q
poGasf dvanacti dnu obdobl va
nocnfho soudi Sc ma pocasi dvana-
Ell mesicn.
New Britain herald., 1919-03-03

Light and electricity travel at the same rate of speed. Scientists place this rate at 1SS,0OO miles 8 second. fast as this is, it would take a ray or light sent out from the earth about eight minutes to get to the sun; for the sun is about 93,OoO, ,oUU miles away.
 Going around the sun in 8 sort of majestic minuet-like dance are eight planets, of which the earth is one. In the order of their sequence and ap- proximate distances from the sun these planets are: Mercury, 36 6,000000 miles from the sun; Venus. 67 100000 miles; Earth, 93,o00,000 miles; Mars Al, 100000 miles; Jupiter, ASA 100000 miles; Saturn, s87 100000 miles; Uranus, 1900, 100000 miles, and Nep- tune, 28OO,OOo,o0O miles.
 A Message to Neptune
 wireless message sent from the earth would reach the planet Nep- tune in the same length of time as would be required by ray of light, that is to say, in about six hours; hay ing in the meantime also touched at the intervening planets. According to the latest theory of astronomers, based upon the disclosures of astrophysics, the atmospheric and other conditions of the fellow-planets of the earth are not favorable for animal life; and it therefore {s not likely that any or ganized creatures which might pos- siblv dwell there possess a sufficient degree of intelligence to have devel- oped the means of receiving or trans mitting any such messages. 1T any do dwe1l thare, so much the better: if
New Britain herald., 1919-03-03

not the waves carrying the message would continue their interminable night through space, until they reached the shores of planets in other solar systems and there, perhaps, find instruments attuned for their recep- tion.
 Going outside our own solar sys- tenn, the nearest sun to us is Alpha Centauri. Its distance from us is 50 prodigious that, although it travels through space at an almost incredible speed, it's position in the heavens ap- pears to shift less than foot in 200 years. As light travels at the rate of nearly six trillion miles a year ana, according to astronomers, it takes ray of light more than eight years to reach us from Alpha Centauri, the 1atter's distance from us is eight times six trillion miles; that is to say, about forty eight trillion miles, which when expressed in numerals looks like this: 4S,000, 100000 900 miles.
 Sirius, the brightest star in the heavens, our next nearest neighbor, re- quires ten years to send ray of light to us.
 As Signor Marconi says he sent forth his radio-messages into space ten years ago, it is possible that by this time, they have been received by dWellers of planets which un- doubtedly course around both Alpha Centauri and Sirius, and that answer ing messages are on the way and may reach the earth in six years, from the nearer star; in ten years from the more remote one (Sirius}
 If no signal comes to us within that time, the outlook for ever re- celying one will be extremely prob
New Britain herald., 1919-03-03

SignOr MarConi's suggestion appears to be more feasible, although the for mula he has adopted to illustrate it two plus two equals four"-ts not an altogether delicious one.
 Put that sentence before a college of Chinese savants, who, we will as- sume, have never seen a written line or heard a spoken word of English; and the chances are they might pore over it a hundred years without guess ing it's meaning.
 Nevertheless, it is mathematics-the most elementary branch of it. arithme- tic-which is probably tl> sole hone we have of ever establishing conuu. nication with distant orbs The rea- son for this is that arithmetic has direct relation to time, which is the simplest and most indispensable chan mel of our perceptions.
 Time is the indispensable mold. if one may so express himself, through which objects, emotions or even thoughts must pass before an or ganiZed, sense-endowed being can by any possibility perceive or be con- scious of them. Time is as much constituent part of the mechanism of perception as is the turning of the reel of the cinematograph in the sue. cessive unfolding of the motion-picture film.
 Arithmetic is based exclusively upon this timesense within us. Any mum. ber we can think of is but so many times" one.
 For the perception of actual forms, on the other hand space is required, in addition to time. Thus, while the sole essential mold through which our thoughts and feelings and our arithmetical sense must pass has an analogy to the turning of the cinema reel, space is the mold which bears an analogy to the screen upon which the motion picture is cast before it becomes perceptible. And this added requisite, naturally, complicates the process of perception and renders so much more difficult any attempt to convey this class of perceptions over such vast distances by such tenuous means as wireless telegraphy.
 The comparison of time with the arrangements of the motion picture machine recalls the interesting fact that Plato, the profoundest of the thinkers of ancient Greece, speaks of time as "the moving picture of eter- nity."
New Britain herald., 1919-03-03
Universal Time-Sense

Arithmetic, then, is what must be resorted to for establishing communi cation with distant orbs; for no mat ter how the living organized beings anywhere are constructed, no matter what their shape may be, if they havo any means of perception at all, they must possess at least the time-sense upon which, as we have just seen arithmetic is based. For without this tirne-sense it is absolutely incon- ceivable how there could be any sense-perception at all.
 In this view of the matter the fol- lowing mode of procedure is respect fully submitted, in case scientists actu- ally in all seriousness intend to make an effort to get into touch with the stars
 Let a dot stand for one, two dots for two, three dots for three and so forth up to ten.
 The first day, for twenty-three hours, single dots should be sent out a ire quent and regular intervals, conclud- ing with the word one in the dots and dashes of the Morse system.
 After an hours interval the series of two dots should be sent forth for two days at the same intervals as be- fore, until the tWenty-third hour Of the second day, when the word two, spelled out in dots and dashes is to be sent.
 Again an hour should be allowed to elapse and then the series of triple dots should be sent for three days, con- cluding, in the twenty-third hour of the third day, with the word three.
 This system should be continued until all the numbers up to ten have been exhausted, ten days having been devoted to the tenfold dots until at the twenty-third hour of the tenth day of this series, the word ten Is spelled.
 After this an entire day should be allowed to intervene before the expert ment is begun again, starting, as be- fore, with the single dots.
 The hour which is to elapse between each series is intended for the purpose of making it reasonably clear that the word with which each series ends belongs to that particular series. rather than to the one which follows it.
 And for a similar reason, twenty. four hours should always be allowed to intervene between one serial period and the next one.
 Now, it cannot be but that any in- telligent person perceiving SO regular a series of signals, kept up for months or years, will at last come to correlate the phenomenon with that simplest of all the forms or channels of his fac ulty of perceptton-time.
 He will note that to the one-dot se- ries is devoted period of time which is just half as long as the time de- voted to two dots, and that to the series of three dots Is given just three
New Britain herald., 1919-03-03
Universal Codes

It is also likely that those distant correspondents would have sent us a duplicate of what we have transmitted to them, enabling us to ascertain just what signs stand for the correspond. ing or equivalent words in their Ian guage; and who shall say but that in the end we may be able to communi- cate with each other with as much fa- cility as if we actually understood their language and they ours? Of course this means of communication by the very nature of things, would never be other than that which is conducted by cipher code. But this code system would eventually have at. talned so perfect a degree of practica- bility that, for all intents and pur. poses, 1t would be like the ideographs employed by the Chinese and Jana. nese, by which identical signs are used in both languages for words signifying the same things, although these words have an altogether different sound in Chinese from that in Japanese Thus rice, am informed, in Chinese is "bei," while III Japanese 1t IS kome"; yet both are expressed alike in both Ian. guages by a common sign or ideo- graph.
 If there are intelligent inhabitants of any distant world, possessing the nec- essary means of communication, & persistent campaign of this sort would compare most favorably with, let us say, the polar expeditions, to which so many lives and fortunes have been sacrificed, and if productive of affirma- tive results would prove infinitely more instructive and advanta- geous than any good that could pos-s siblv come from even the complete att tainment of whatever 1t is that people are after when they set out for the Arctic or Antarctic regions,
New Britain herald., 1919-03-03

times as much time as to the first one, 'o the four-dot series, four times as much time, and so on up to and in- cluding ten.
 Unless the observer is incomprehen. ololy dull, it will be forced upon him ''iae whoever is sending the signals is i1efely counting over and over again up 10 ten, and the dot-and-dash sign 4' the end of each series he will un- oouoteoly assume. at least tentatively, 10 De the arithmetical name of the particular series which 1t concludes.
 If there should at last come a re- sponse sufficiently clear to show that the signals from earth have actually been received, the message should be varied as follows:
 One and two are three"
 The distant orb dwellers would by this time know or have guessed the meaning of one, two, three; and in regard to the two new words and" and 'are," they would require but little ingenuity to guess at the mean. ing.
New Britain herald., 1919-03-03

Ienatical. The more distant stars are so far away that the generation sending a message would long have passed away before the answer could be received. Indeed, most of the mil lions of stars with which the heavens are studded and which constitute what is known as the Milky Way would require 10000 years for ray of light or a radio message from us to reach them; and other clusters of stars are 50,000 light-years removed from us. Expressed in spatial figures, this so gibly uttered 5O,OOO light years would be 293, ,284 ,800,OO0, 100000 miles, which is pronounced two hun- tred and ninety-three quadrlIllon' two hundred and eighty-four trllllon, elsht hundred billion miles.
 However, assuming that Alpha Gen. tauri or Sirius does possess a planet situated like ours, having inhabitants at about the same stage of lnteIIl- aence and culture, and that they should have instruments for recelVlng and transmitting radio messages how co1lld communication with them be established?
 Mir Tesla is quoted as saying: The problem of conveying through space knowledge of form has occupied me for years and I have found solution; but my idea is still in the unde- yeloped, experimental state"
 signor Marconi's statement in re- card to the mode Of communication was as follows:
 Mathematical Message
 Tt (he necessary difference in lan- guage) is an obstacle; but l don't think it is insurmountable. You see, one might get through some such mes- sage as two plus two equals four, and go on repeating it until an answer came back signifying yes which would be one word. Mathematics must be the same throughout the phys ical universe. By sticking to mathe- matics over a number of years one might come to speech. It is certainly possible"
 As every inadequate system of sig naling to the stars necessarily in- wolves a loss of from sixteen to twen- ty years time, it is most desirable, of course. that at the very outset method of communication be chosen which would make it almost iYnpossi. ble for intelligent beings to whom it is addressed to misunderstood it. It is hard to see how conveying through space knowledge of form" of which Mir. Tesla speaks, is possible, espe- cially where such almost tncompre. hensib,e distances are concerned
New Britain herald., 1919-03-03

daily enacted all around us such acts or injustice that, if the sun had really been created for no other purpose than to purge man of his iniquity. it might well wish to veil it's face in shame? Do the Pleiades shine in the skies to furnish forth an evenings spectacle to a, race 10 which thefts, frauds, back bitings robberies, hypocrisies, class and race fatreds and murders are of hourly occurrence? The saying is an- cient that man is a wolf to man." No other animal kills, as does man, for the pleasure of the killing, for the sport of it. Even tigers slay only for food or when they are in fear or anger; man alone, for a pastirne. And yet, we are asked to believe that 1t was for him that this universe was created and will cease to be when the race Of this paragon is run.
 Let us just take a look around a. this mighty fabric, the world, and try to measure it. The earth looks pretty massive; does it not? If we could dig a hole straight through it's center to the opposite side. this hole would be 2U00 miles in length. And to go around the earth on it's surface would be a jaunt of 24,o00 miles.
 Needless to say, 1t would take an express train a good many days to make that distance. ray of light can travel it nearly eight times within & second.
New Britain herald., 1919-03-03

and 'are," they would require but
 little ingenuity to guess at the mean.
 ing.
 Method of Communication
 Of course, they would not call lone"
 by the same name as we, any more than would a Frenchman, a German or Hungarian, although it so hap pens that in the languages of the h tier the equivalent words are also of three letters; as, tune" in French, "ein" in German and "egy" in Hunga- rian But, coming with every indica- tion of an intention that the three let ters signified by the dots and dashes constitute a unit, the orb dwellers would give them a provisional form. such as let us assume, bat or "can," or the like Professionally then, the three signs which to us spell one would, to them, always spell bat or can, etc, but in effect the meaning conveyed would always be equivalent to "one" And so also in regard to the other numbers. Therefore, when our sig naIs will have conveyed to them the information that one and one are two, two and two are four, three and three are six, etc., they will know precisely what we mean, no matter how they spell or pronounce it.
 And as their replies will probably take the cue from us and be return message of exactly the same import, we will be in fair way of enIarging the knowledge of the respective vo- cabularies in a very brief time.
 For the twelve words with which we have already made them familiar contain sixteen letters of our alpha bet; namely, a, c, d, e. f, g. h, l, n, O, r, s, t, u, and x. Although there are missing from this number the letters b, ], k, l, m, q, ", and 2, we can easily make shift to get along on what we have, especially as our list em. braces every one of the vowels-a, g, ]. and II.
 With such a good start there should be no difficulty in conveying the entire alphabet; and, following this, to spell put the numeral adjectives up to q hundred.
 The next step in this course of in- structicn to the star-dwellers would be he entire multiplication table.
 By this time they would have come o attach fixed meanings to a great many signs common to both of us, md an excellent working foundation would have been laid for what would prove to be a complete sys- em of communication.
New Britain herald., 1919-03-03

Tor no other purpose than to afford man an opportunity to practice vtr- tue. That such a view can find lodgment in a modern brain is at- tested by the fact that at least one fairly good-sized book to that effect has been published quite recently.
 The Speed of Light
 Can anything be more absurd or better calculated to slander Him whose majesty and omnipotence such treat fses profess to hold in especial rever- ence? What is there about man that he should feel entitled to consider him. self so precious a paragon as to merit the creation of worlds trillions of miles away to serve as sort of lure fo draw him, by their sublime spec tacIe at night, into a more edifying course of conduct? Yet this, seriously, Is one of the arguments urged by those who. although there is nothing in re- yealed religion to warrant 1t, declare if irreligious to even imagine that o+her orbs than the earth are inhab- lied CT that communication may be esta blished with them
 Man a paragon, forsooth! Memory of the war we have just been through Is too recent to justify so crass a sen- delusion. Moreover, are tne1e HUI
Dziennik Chicagoski. [volume] (Chicago [Ill.]) 1890-1971, 1919-09-22
WPLYWY z DO
CHODOWEGO.

Komisarz podatku dochodowe,
go w oswiadczcniu wydanem d.
ego wrzeSnia RIB. wykazuje, re "a
rok fiskalny skonczony 3Ogo czer-
wca 1919 r. wplynelo do skarbu
Stanow Zjednoczonych z podatku
dochodowego 1889. 95O,612.05.
Dalej wykazuje on, &c ten poda-
tex zapiacito 6l5,29S osob, maja-
.cych rocznego dochodu ,mniej jak
$1,000. Majacy roczneso dochodu
ST. 100000 piacili "a 1913 rok II
procent podatku dochodowegc
czyli $4,000, a "a rok 1919 pla,
cic beda 73 procent.
w ciagu ubieglego roku 1885,,
666 osGb wypeinilo papiery wyka-
zujacc roczny doch6d, a wick
szoSc tych osob zap}scila nalczny
'podatek W caiosci pred 15tym
marca 1919 roku.