The sun., 1919-08-13

OF nationalittes and every attempt OF
any oppressed people to secure their
freedom. Lord Castlereagh was a Tory
Of the Tories. but at that time, only
three years after the treaty OF Paris,
when the representatives of the alliance
met at Aix-la-Chapelle he began 70 sus-
poet that this new European system
was wholly inconsistent with the liber-
ties to which Englishmen of all types
were devoted.
"At the succeeding meetings. at Trop-
pau and Laibach, his suspicion was con-
firmed and England began to draw away
from her partners He had indeed de-
termined to break with the alliance be-
fore the Congress Of Verona, but his
death threw the question into the hands
of George Canning, who stands forth
as the man who separated Great Britain
from the combination of the continental
powers.
In 1890 the British Government
stated thai they were prepared to fulnn
all treaty obligations, but that II It was
desired to extend the alliance so az
to include all objects. present and future,
foreseen and unforeseen, II would change
Its character to such an extent and
carry US 30 far that we should see In II
an additional motive for adhering to our
course at the risk of seeing the alliance
move away from us. without our having
quilted It. The Gear Alexander aban-
doned his liberal theories and threw
himself into the arms of Metternich, as
mean a tyrant as history can show,
whose sinister designs probably caused
as much misery and oppression in the
years which followed rs have ever been
evolved by one man Of second rate abii-
tiles.
1.-The three powers, Russia, Austria
and Prussia, then put out a famous pro-
tocol In which 1t was said that the
states which have undergone a change
OF government due to revolution. the re-
suits OF which threaten other. States,
tpso facto cease to be members of the
European Alliance and remain ex-
cluded from it until their situation gives
guarantees for legal order and stability.
II, owing to such alterations, immediate
danger threatens other States, the Pow
ers bind themselves. by peaceful means,
or II need be by arms, to bring back
the guilty State into the bosom Of the
great alliance To this point had the
innocent n laudable declarations of
the Treaty of Paris already developed.
England's Remonstrances Vain,
In 1922 England broke away and
C Az otSAON VI Ills DlcdSuTo
al the breach. In a letter to the British
Minister at st. Petersburg he said:
$50 things are getting back to n
wholesome state again. Every nation
Tor itself, and God for us all. The time
Tor ~Areopagus, and the like of that, Ia
gone by
He also said. in the same year, 1898 /:
what Is the influence we have had in
the counsels of the Alliance, and which
prinnA ATANNa--fA
careful not to throw away We pro-
tested at Laihach we demonstrated at
Verona. Our protest was treated as
waste paper our circumstances mingled
with the air. Our influence, II 1t is to
be maintained abroad, must be secure
IN the source OF strength at home and
the sources Of hat strength are in the
sympathy between the people and the
Government In the union OF the public
sentiment with the public ~counseis; in
the reciprocal confidence and coopera-
ton OF the House of Commons and the
Crown These words Of Canning are
as applicable inc as weighty now as
when they were uttered and as worthy
OF consideration.
1.-The Holy Alliance, thus developed
by the three continental Powers and ac-
cepted by France under the Bourbons,
proceeded to restore the inquisltion in
SPAIN. to establish the Neapolitan Bour-
bonS who for forty years were to sub
Ject the people Of southern Italy to one
OF the most detestable tyrannies ever
known, and proposed further to inter-
fere against the colonies In South Amer
lea which had revolted from Spain and
to have their case submitted to a con-
gress OF the Powers. 1t was then that
Canning made his famous statement
We have called a new world into exist
ence to redress the balance OF the
old
1T was at this point that the United
States interviewed. The famous mes
sage Of Monroe, sent to Congress on
December 2. 1928, put an n to any
American continents. A distinguished
historian. Mr.. William Alison Philips,
says:
attitude of the United States
effectually prevented the attempt to ex-
tend the Dictatorship OF the alliance be-
yond the bounds of Europe, in itself a
great service to mankind
In 1926 Great Britain recognized the
South American republics. So far as the
New World was concerned the Holy AL
lance had failed. 1t was deprived of
the support Of France by the revolution
of 1880, but it continued to exist under
the guidance of Metternich and its last
exploit was in 1S49, when the Emperor
Nicholas sent a Russian army into Hun
gary to crush out the struggle of Kos
suth for freedom n independence.
Carries q Lesson for To-day.
II have taken the trouble to trace In
the merest outline the development of
the Holy Alliance, SO hostile and dang
erous to human freedom, because ]
think 1t carries with It a lesson for us
at tho present moment, showing as II
does what may come from general prop
o%sitions and declarations OF purposes in
which all the world agrees. Turn to the
preamble of the covenant Of the League
OF Nations now before US. which states
the object of the league. 1t Is formed
in order to promote international COOP
Grafton. to achieve International peace
and security by the acceptance of obli-
cations not to resort to war, by the
prescription Of open. just inc honorable
relations between nations, by the firm
establishment of the UNDERSTANDINGS OF
international laws as the actual rule OF
conduct among Governments and By the
maintenance of justice and a scrupulous
respect for all treaty obligations In the
dealings of organized peoples with one
another
"No one would contest the loftiness OF
the b~enevolence Of these purposes. Draw
words, indeed! They do not differ es,
~sentially from the preamble OF the treaty
of peace of Paris, from which spranl
the Holy Alliance. But the covenant OF
this league contains a provision which
/ do not find in the treaty of Paris, and
hich is as follows: