davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Morris tribune., 1919-08-22

paratively large. For; the most part
the land on which tractors are used
is. level or gently rolling and free
from stones. The plowing conditions
vary widely, owing to spots of heavy
black SOIL, locally called ,"gumbo."
Plows pull hard in this soil even un-
der most favorable conditions, and
when the soil is at all dry the draft
is excessive. AS mentioned elsewhere,
this soil, when it is too wet, has a
strong tendency to pack to an ex-
tent which will injure the crop plant
ed. The fields are large and gener-
ally. regular in shape, and usually
range from about 40 acres UP, quart
er sections fields (160 acresl being
quite common. :.
The? general conditions are favor
able to the tractor because of the
large, level fields, the fact that the
tractor can be used In most. of the
operations involved in the raising of
small grain, and that there is little
cultivation or other work for which
the tractor can not be used, except
on those Minnesota farms where corn
is the principal crop. Thus the tract
or is enabled to displace horses to a
greater exten than is possible in other
parts of the country where the heav-
lest work for the horses is often work
which the tractor can not do.
Both spring and fall plowing: are
practiced, slightly more ground be-
ing plowed in the summer and fall
than in: the spring. On an average
about one-f1fth of the lands on farms
from which records we're obtained are
never planted to crops, although fire.
quently land not. titled or included
in the farmstead is used for pasture
or for the growing of wild hay.
ADVANTAGES OF THE TRACTOR
The answers of several hundred
owners to the question, What do you
find to be the principal advantage
of the tractor for farm work." may
be summarized as follows:
The saving of time, with conse.
quent ability to have farm operations
Continued on page p
Morris tribune., 1919-08-22
TRACTORS DO NOT
DISPLACE HORSES
Old Dohbin Still Retains Place of
Usefulness on Minnesota
Farms

Many. men look to the tractor to
enable them to do away with the use
of horses for farm work, at least in
great part. To date, however, the
tractor has not misplaced horses to
the extent commonly expected by
purchasers, but it's greatest advant-
age, as before mentioned, lies in the
fact that 1t does the heavy work
quickly, and thus completes it within
the proper season, since it places at,
the farmers command large amount
of power when needed.
The tractor does displace horses to
some extent, but only in about two
thirds of the cases where it is used
on the same number of acres. previ-,
Ously farmed. In these instances the
horses displaced average only about
four, and represent slightly less than
so per cent of the cost of the tractor
outfit. The number of horses dis
placed does not appear to vary to-:
any great extent with the size Of
the outfit: about as many horses be-
ing laid off after the purchase of a
oAA10AA OOIAL OSo o4tC4 Duy ing d AC1 sc
one. The number will vary under
different conditions, however, the
principal influencing factors being
the number of acres farmed per horse
and the distribution of the work
throughout the year. In the corn
belt, horses are seldom displaced on
farms where the average titled acre
age per horse is 80 Or more. On the
farms in Illinois where horses were
displaced by the tractor, one horse
had been kept for each 20 acres Of
titled land. After the purchase Of the
| tractor one horse was kept for each
80 acres of titled land, or approxim-
ately the same as on farms on which
no horses were displaced.
There is much work on most farms
for which it is neither practicable
nor profitable to use the tractor. This
is especially true in the corn-belt
section, where cultivating frequently
requires more power at one time than
any other farm operation.
Morris tribune., 1919-08-22

will be at meeting of the Military
Board in St. Paul which will take
place tomorrow. The towns of the
state are sending delegates to the
meeting to plead their case. Major
p. L. Spooner says that with the con-
certed action of the small towns of
the state there is good chance that
the men of the towns will keep the
regiment control in their own hands.
He says they decline absolutely. to
be simply part of a city regiment
under Twin City leadership.
Morris tribune., 1919-08-22
Bulletin the History and Development the Tractor
.-..- Gives Average Results Obtained in Actual
.st2~; - Operation .: ........ -: : IA =.
TRACTORS SAVE TIME AND DO THOROUGH WORK
Purchased Fit the Work Expected Do
Work Should be Planned to Get the Greatest Possible Use
Out Of thefTraetor !.
Out of the esTraeto1

The following from Farmers" Bulle-
tin No. 1885, issued by the United
State Department of Agriculture,
gives the history and development of
the tractor in the Northwest:
FIRST USED IN THE NORTHWEST
Gas tractors first came into gen
eral use for farm work in the north
west. Their introduction in this re-
gion came when great areas of new
land were being opened up for set
tlement, and million of acres of virgin
prairie were being broken. Horses
were scarce and high priced in this
territory, and little feed was avail
able. Prairie breaking with horses
and oxen, both of which were used
extensively in this work, was tedious.
flax or wheat from a large acreage
Of this newly turned land were suffi-
cient to warrant the investment of
considerable capital in an attempt
to make a winning
The earliest gas-tractor outfits,
usually pulling from 6 to IL or IA
breaker bottoms, offered a means of
putting under cultivation at a very
rapid rate this virgin land. The re-
turns from the acreage planted by
the use Of the early outfits were such
as to lead thousands of settlers to bor-
row money for the purchase of gas
tractor outfits.
inefficient operation, however, with
overlooking, delays for repairs, crude
machines, crop failures, and other
difficulties, soon served to discredit
the gas tractor for farm work in the
| eyes Of a large percentage of farm
| ers. Within few years horses were
bought colts were raised, and much
of the wrok which had been done
previously by the large tractor out
fits was performed by horses. Many
of the large tractors which had been
bought at great expense were sent
to the junk heap, and most of the
owners and their neighbors were con-
vinced that the tractor was unpro-
fitable for farm operations. AS a
consequence, while farm tractors
were developed and improved rapid
ly, and increased in numbers in other
localities, their employment in this
territory where conditions we're al
first, exceptionally favorable for their
use, was discontinued very largely
SMALLER AND BETTER TRACT,
ORS MADE
AS a result of the experience with
the large tractor outfits in the area
mentioned, manufacturers rapidly i'm
proved their machines, and. at the
same time there was a decided tend
ency to produce smaller and less ex
pensive outfits. While at first six
plow machine had been considered
small, within year or two most o
the outfits being produced pulled less
than six plows. Many machines pull
ing only two plows were manufac
tured and sold, while three and four
plow outfits were quite common. 4
tractor which, a few years before hat
been considered small, soon came II
Morris tribune., 1919-08-22

be considered large for general farm
purposes.
For two or three years following
the passing of the large tractor,
farmers in the Northwest were very
skeptical in their attitude toward the
small outfits, and sales of these mach
ines were decidedly limited. Within
the past two or three years, however,
there has been a reawakening of in
terest in the gas tractor on the part
of farmers in the northern Great
Plains region.
FACTS AND FIGURES FROM AC-
! TUAL. SERVICE .... =.
! The intention is to present the most
important facts and figures reported
by experienced tractor users for the
benefit of men who are considering
the purchase of tractors for use on
their own farms.
These figures represent average re-
suits obtained in actual service, and
not the maximum possibilities Of the
! tractor. These averages are worth
more to a. farmer in determining the
probable value of tractor for this
! work than are maximum figures from
tests, no matter how carefully con-
Quoted. The latter represent, at best,
only limited number of machines
operated under especially favorable
conditions, while the averages here
given represent large number of
machines operated by incompetent as
4 well as by competent operators, and
under actual service conditions which
it is exceedingly difficult to duplicate
in tests. A prospective purchaser
may reasonably count upon equaling
the average performance Of his neigh
bors. He should strive; of course, tc
equal the maximum performance OF
experts, but should not depend upon
being able to accomplish such results
in order to Justify investing in g
tractor. For example, an outfit with
sharp, new plows, operated by an ex,
pert, may plow an acre of ground
with, say, gallon of gasoline; but
since, under ordinary conditions
with plows that have been sharpeneC
several times and perhaps are not il
perfect adjustment, the fuel con
sumption will ordinarily. equal al
least the average given herein, it i!
obvious that the farmer should isC
p, the average figure in determining thu
probable value of the tractor for thi!
work, rather than the exceptiona
figure. -. !. :.
MINNESOTA CONDITIONS
In Minnesota farming is done on {
} comparatively extensive scale. Corr
shows larger total acreage than an!
other crop on the farms where tract
ors have been used, the corn acreage
being about 40 per cent greater thar
the wheat acreage on these farms
Oats and hay are important crops
and flax is grown to a considerable
extent on the first breaking Of nev
ground. ''-
FARMS ARE LARGE
, The farms in Minnesota are com
Morris tribune., 1919-08-22

Otto Huxmann had as his guests
over the week end his mother, Mrs.
F. A Huxmann and two. sisters of
Minneapolis. They motored on Sun
day afternoon to Fergus Falls where
they visited friends.
Morris tribune., 1919-08-22

Miss Tina Watzke left last, week
for Casper, Wyoming, where she will
help her sister, Miss Lillian Watzke
who is in the. millinery business.
Miss Lillian Watzke opened an estab-
lishment In Casper q few months ago.
Morris tribune., 1919-08-22
Close Summer Home

Mr.. and Mrs. H. H. Wells returned
Tuesday from their summer home at
Glenwood where they have spent the
summsr, Mr.. Wells going back and
forth to- business. Mrs: c.. H. March,
daughter of Mr., and Mrs. Wells, re-
turned to her home in Litchfeld after
spending several weeks with her par
Morris tribune., 1919-08-22

w. J. Kohl was injured in the eye
last week when board flew up and
hit him while he was carpentering.
He is able to be around again now.
The Colorado statesman., 1919-06-21
Most Deadly Of
All War Gases

later known as ''methyl," because the
latter name meant nothing to curious
persons, was being manufactured by
the war department at the rate Of ten
tons a day when the armistice came.
The gas is being variously described
as ''the climax of the country's
achievements In the lethal arts" and
as "the most terrible instrument of
manslaughter ever conceived" The
department itself declares that II is
the most deadly of all war gases.
Most Deadly Of All.
1t is said that ten airplane loads of
''methyl" would have been sufficient to
destroy all life in Berlin, If such ex-
treme measures had been necessary,
and that single days output would
have been sufficient to snuff out the
4,0O0,O0 human lives on the island of
Manhattan.
This gas was not only discovered by
Professor Lewis, but was also devel-
oped by him to a point where 1t was
ready for production at the American
university while those laboratories
were still under the control of the bu-
reau of mines, one of the organizations
of the department of the interior.
When this work was first taken up by
the bureau in behalf Of the military
authorities Professor Lewis was called
from his civilian duties as professor OF
chemistry at Northwestern university,
Evanston, ILL.,, and at the request of
the bureau was commissioned as cap
tain in the ordnance department and
assigned to the gas warfare service of
the bureau of mines. While acting in
this capacity Professor Lewis discov-
cred and developed this gas and 1S
days after the gas work of the bureau
of mines was transferred to the juris-
diction of the war department an H.
acre plant for its manufacture was
started near Cleveland, o.
"Mouse Trap" Plant.
This plant, which was dubbed by the
workmen the mouse trap" because
in order to prevent the leakage of in
formation, 1t was understood that the
men who entered would not leave un-
til the war was over, was in operation
within miraculously short time, and
plans were made by the war depart
ment to have 5000 tons of this most
diabolical gas at the American front
by March 1, 1919. When the armisttce
came the plant was well ahead of it's
production schedule, but the opportu-
nifty had not come for the use of the
gas at the battle front.
The Colorado statesman., 1919-06-21

the grain control committees at each
market, and in view OF the very COM
prehensive data and information In
their possession as to storage faciii'
ties, anticipated movements out OF
markets, the needs of different sec
tions of the country, not only as to
wheat but as to other cereals that how
coincidentally with wheat etc., were
Of invaluable aid in the accomplish
ment of the permit system with
minimum economic disturbance. The
same character of assistance is being
arranged for from the grain corpora
ton, or the wheat director, In antici
patton that 1t will be necessary to re-
inaugurate the permit plan within the
next one or two months.
The wheat director Is as vitality In
terested as the railroad administration
that the grain tonnage shall be ham
died with the least possible friction as
between all interests concerned, and
is in entire harmony with the railroad
administration as to the plans pro-
posed in that direction.
The Colorado statesman., 1919-06-21
Railroad Administration Giving
Careful Consideration to Nee
essary Measures.
EXPECT GREAT wheat YIELD
Tonnage Of Grain VIII Exceed That
Of Last Year by Large Margin
May Try Permit System
Again.

Washington.-The railroad adminis-
tration is giving careful consideration
to the measures necessary for the sat-
lsfactory transportation of the antici-
pated large crops of grains. according
to a statement authorized by Walker
D. Hines, director general Of rail-
roads. The department of agriculture
has estimated that the yield of winter
wheat will exceed 9O0,OOO,OOO bushels.
A fair estimate of the yield of spring
wheat approximates 300,OO0,O00 bush
els. The total yield of wheat this
year will in all probability exceed the
total of last year by from three to
four hundred millions of bushels. No
estimate of other grains is, of course,
possible at this time, but, barring
unusual climatic conditions, 1t can per-
haps be properly expected that the
tonnage in grain that will be pro-
duced this year will exceed that Of
last year by a considerable margin.
The stable price fixed last year by
the government on wheat naturally
producer to realize his earnings as
quickly as possible, and since a stable
price has again been fixed by the gov
eminent for this years crop 1t is as
sumed a similar condition will obtain.
Last year this economical condition,
coupled with more or less disarrange-
ment in ocean tonnage and consequent
disruption in shipping, resulted In
such an acute situation at the interior
grain markets and at seaports, that 1t
became necessary to install the So
called permit system" which was
early made operative at the ports, and
In September, 1918, at the principal in
terror markets.
Controlling Traffic.
The permit system is highly bene-
Hcial system of controlling traffic at
the sources to prevent serious conges-
ton on the road and at destination.
This system prevented in the fall of
1918 serious transportation paralysis
of former years due to widespread
congestion of traffic which had been
shipped but which could not be dis
posed of at destination. This paraly-
sis of traffic in former years was most
apparent in the East, but its injuri-
ous effects were felt throughout the
country.
While the permit system at the
ports is still in operation, it was sus-
terror markets, due to improved ocean
shipping and the fact that the bulk of
the grain had been moved. 1t is. how
The Colorado statesman., 1919-06-21
Plan Moving of
Big Grain Crops

ever, to be expected that the system
will again be inaugurated with the
opening of the new wheat season. and
in view of that possibility the railroad
administration is already preparing
the necessary machinery SO that 1t
may be prepared to act without delay
at the proper time. Conferences
have already been held with represent
atives of the grain corporation.
As graphically illustrating the ne
cessity of regulating the transporta-
ton of this tonnage. and the results
obtained from such regulation, the fol-
lowing facts are Of value and interest
ing: For the nine months of the crop
year, July 1, 1918, to May 1, 1919. there
passed through the grain handling IA
cillties of the country-elevators and
mills-a. total of 3,440, ,236, 600 bushels
of all grains, although the highest
point of grain storage of all kinds at
any one time in that period was 4SO,-
100000 bushels. That is, in nine
months the flow Of grain was seven
times the quantity which accumulated
in storage at the highest point during
that period. This Is direct illustra-
ton of the necessity of keeping the
grain-handling facilities of the coun-
try liquid to avoid the distress to all
interests that would follow the block
ing of this flow of grain.
Relnauuurate Permit Plan.
The permit system as operated last
year contemplates the closest co-orer-
alton between the railroad administra-
tion and the United States food ad-
ministration grain corporation. The
local representatives of the grain cor
poration were in daily contact with
The Colorado statesman., 1919-06-21
Live on Grass Roots

great part of the relief work there.
Mr.. Heinz says reports that some of
the refugees, driven frantic by hunger
and suffering, have resorted to canni-
balism are true In his opinion. He
adds that food for 100000 in that ter
ritory will have to be provided by out
side sources for another year.
"The lack of food Is SO serious" :"
says the telegram, that the women
are forced to go into the fields and
obtain grass roots, which they cook
into kind of broth and serve as
boiled green's, occasionally getting Il
bit of rice to mix with it. This con-
stitutes the principal diet of many.
The little children, naturally, get the
worst of this situation, because they
cannot eat such material, and it is
among the children that the death rate
is the highest.
"It is difficult to make comparisons
as to the degree of destitution and dis
tress in different districts of towns.
The Colorado statesman., 1919-06-21
FIGHT IS ON
IN SENATE
BILL TO SEPARATE LEAGUE
FROM TREATY CAUSES
SCRAP.
THE KNOX RESOLUTION
CHARGE MADE THAT POLITICS
HAS STRONG BEARING
ON ACTION.
western Newspaper Union New, Service

Western Newspaper Union News Service
Washington, June 20.-Debate of
the League of Nations shifted to polit-
ical grounds again in the Senate with
resulting furry of party feeling
which ended in an admonition by the
chair that Senate rules must be
obeyed.
The flareup started when Senator
Williams of Mississippi, Democratic
member of the foreign relations COM
mittee, charged the Republicans had
STACKED" the committee against the
League. Senator Moses of New Hamp-
shire, a Republican member, made
spirited denial and Senator McCor-
mick, Republican, of Illinois, declared
the Paris peace mission had been
STACKED with Democrats"
Other senators quickly got into the
discussion and still others were ask
ing recognition when Vice President
Marshall called halt, ruling that the
discussion, which had interrupted a
speech by Senator Thomas, Democrat,
of Colorado, was out of order. The
Colorado senator then resumed his
address, directed against the Knox
resolution, by which the Senate would
ask an opportunity TO accept the peace
treaty without the League of Nations
covenant Incorporated.
Senator Williams charge followed
one by Senator Thomas that the Re
publicans first had put the League into
politics by the celebrated round robin
Of the last session, and now were con-
demning Democratic support of the
League as partisan.
Mr.. Thomas is one of the Demo
cratic senators who have taken no
definite stand regarding the League,
but in his speech he read many ex-
tracts from historical works to show
that in the past beneficial proposals
often had met the same arguments as
now confront the League covenant.
The Knox resolution he opposed as
improper and would be interpreted as
a presumptive effort to dictate to the
peace conference. Answering the plea
that the people should have more time
| to consider the League proposal, he
asserted there already had been wide
| discussion of the subject for several
years.
"If there is a man between the two
oceans who hasn't discussed it and
reached some conclusion regarding it,
he said, 1.-The fact argues for his igno-
rance and for the impossibility of his
ever reaching any conclusion"
There was no effort to bring the
Knox resolution up for a vote and
there were predictions in some quar-
ters that it would be permitted to die
on the calendar.
The Colorado statesman., 1919-06-21
"Mouse Trap" Plant.

but 1 think the worst situation that
came to my knowledge was in Igdir,
where there is a larger proportion of
sickness and higher death rate than
In either Erivan or Alexandropol.
Regarding reports of cannibalism
which have come out of this district
from Goa I have been forced against
my will to believe these reports to be
true. saw with my own eyes mutt
lated remains of corpses which had
been exhumed from newly-made
graves. 1 did not see anybody who
had actually witnessed the eating of
human flesh, but there Is so much cir
cumstantial evidence that 1 personally
came to believe 1t true.
'Typhus has been epidemic during
the winter, and has taken away thou
sands, but with the moderate of the
weather it is now decreasing: but
cholera is making its appearance, and
the outlook is threatening"
The Colorado statesman., 1919-06-21
Labor,s New Declaration.

Atlantic City, No. IA comprehen-
sive reconstruction program, designed
to "bring to all people greater hope for
a better day, brighter life, greater
liberty and larger degree of happi-
ness" was adopted by the American
Federation of Labor at its annual con
vention. Radicals and conservatives
united in approving a report embody'
ing reconstructive recommendations
devised by the federation's executive
council. The report was termed by Ia
Dor leaders "a new declaration of in
dependence for the workers of Amer
ica
The Colorado statesman., 1919-06-21
Quick Mobilization.

New York.-Ten regiments of the
New York state guard demonstrated
what they could do by the way of pro-
tecting the city in an emergency, when
they answered a test mobilization call
and quickly threw cordons of armed
guards about public buildings, power
houses, car barns, public utilities and
the homes of prominent citizens. The
guardsmen carried out the practice
drill so grimly that in many quarters
it was believed that they were to re-
main on guard duty to protect the city
from "red" outbreaks.
The Colorado statesman., 1919-06-21
Dive From AeropIane.

Atlantic City, N. J.-Diving head
first from an aeroplane 1000 feet up
Maj. Ordo Lees, the parachute expert
demonstratOr of the British air force
and Miss Sylvia BoydOn, British WON
an parachute expert, gave convincing
demonstration of aerial life preservers
at the Atlantic City air port They
flew up to 1000 feet with Eddie
Stinson, and after making circle OF
the air port they dove head first from
the aeroplane. Their drop was stopped
with hardly any shock by the para
chute.
The Colorado statesman., 1919-06-21
Throat Injured by Bomb.

Chicago.-Lord Northcliffe, one Of
England's strongest leaders during the
war, who went under the knife for
throat trouble, is believed to be the vic
tim of a Chicago "stench bomb" That
the lowly homemade missile, hurled
during the banquet at the La Sale no.
tel here two years ago, was responsible
for the famous editors long illness,
eliminating in the operation, is indi-
Gated by incidents that happened dur
ing NorthcliffeS visit.