davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1919-05-23
KAPPA ALPHA PSI BANQUET AT
WILBERFORCE.
{ Special to Bystander. J

The social history Of Wilberforce
! University reached it's zenith in the
annual BANQUET of Delta Chapter of the
national Fraternity, Kappa Alpha Psi,
at Emery Hall, Wilberforce, Ohio, Sat
urday evening. Wherefore and its
vicinity were treated to an affair which
surpassed any social event which has
ever graced the halls of the institu-
tion. 1t is the general concensus Of
opinion that the banquet was the most
elaborate and unique event that Will
berforce has ever experienced. Every
thing was novel, from the smethod of
decorations to the Kappa Alpha Psi
Kewpie favors. .,....
The parlors and reception rooms of
Emery Hall were profusely decorated
with festoons of crimson and cream, the
fraternity colors. Palms and ferns
were everywhere and also masses Of
sweet peas, the fraternity flower. One
of the parlors was converted into a
Kappa Alpha Psi forest, by means of
these decorations; and from the depths
of this woodland glade, punch was
drawn and served from rustic we'll.
In another one of the parlors, from be-
hind a screen of ferns, came the sweet
strains of music, furnished by Parker IS
orchestra of Columbus. y,
After the guests had assembled, the
way was led to the dining room. Here
also the garlands of crimson and cream
stretched to every corner, and the very
walls themselves were hidden by roses,
palms and sweet peas. The color
scheme was carried out in the table dec
orations, which were decidedly beauti-
full. While the orchestra furnished the
guests with beautiful selections and the
latest popular airs, delightful six
course banquet was served. II
During the course Of the evening a
program was rendered. Among the
numbers were the solos by Miss Doris
Wells and Mr.. J. NJ. Bard, and an ad-
dress by Mr.. R. A. Braxton, Polemarch
Of Delta Chapter, and few remarks by
President Scarborough and Dean Jones.
The main feature of the evening was
the .Grecian dance by Miss Yvette
Jones. (This number deserves special
mention because of the beauty, grace
and emotion with which it was en-
dowed.) The members of the frater-
nifty favored their guests with the Fra
ternity and Chapter songs. N
The banquet was brought to close
at the hours of midnight and the guests
left the hall Feeling that never before
had there been any superior event and
that never again can there be one which
will surpass that which they had just
enjoyed).
Besides the Kappa Alpha Psi mem
bers and their ladies, and the members
of their sister sorority, the Alpha Kap-
pa Alphas, the guests Of the evening
were the members of the faculty and
wives.
Among the out Of town guests were
the Misses Gladys Brummell of Indian
apolis, Vandalia Wallace of Washing
ton, D. c., Grace Gothard of Columbus,
Ruth Calender of Xenia, Ella Avery
of Dayton, Margaret Speaks, Katherine
Jones, Irene Brown from Springfield,
Ohio, Its. Eurpin of St. Louis and Clay
Hunter of Yellow Springs, Messrs. E.
E. Simpson and Clyde Minor of Colum-
bus.
The bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1919-05-23
Biliousness and Constipation.

For years I was troubled with Dill
,iousness and constipation, which made
life miserable for me. Ny appetite
failed me. I lost my usual force and
vitality. Pepsin preparations and ca
thartics only made matters worse. 90
not know where should have been TO
day had I not tried Chamberlain 8 Iao-
let's. The tablets relieve the Ill feeilns s
at once, strengthen the digestive func,
tons, purify the stomach, liver ana
blood, helping the system to do its WORK
naturally. Mrs. Rosa Potts, Blrmlng-
ham, Ala.
For a burn or a scald apply Chamber
lain 3 Salve. It will allay the pam al
most instantly and quickly heal the IN
lured parts.
The bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1919-05-23
Dr.. Du Bois
Clues Lecture.

DR.. w. +. B. Du Bois of New York
City, ,editor of the Crisis and secre-
tary of the recently held n-African
Congress, delivered forceful address
at st. Paul's A. M. z. church Tuesday
evening to an cver-crowded house. The
lecture was given under the auspices of
the Des Moines branch of the N. A. A.
G. P. The seating capacity of st. Paul
was over taxed, there being 1000 seated
and many were turned away.
short program was rendered before
DIR Du Bois was introduced by Hon.
Harvey Ingham, editor Of the Register
and Tribune, who had performed this
same office on former occasion fifteen
years ago.
DR.. Du Bois severely criticised the
carrying of American prejudice against
the Negro in civilian life to the army
and to the handling of troops in France.
He said, "Now that the war is over it
is opportune that we find ourselves and
determine what we may have lost or
gained. It is not over stating to say
we have gained much The Negro has q
better chance to work, and better OPP
p0rtunity to prove that he is an Amer
lean than he had before the war. The
troops made good record wherever
given an opportunity to do so.
After the lecture refreshments were
served and short reception held in
the church parlors for Or. Du Bois,
after which he was banqueted by the
Roosevelt Club at the Army Club.
Others present outside Of the club were
| DR.. f. A. Carter and DR.. Willis of Bux-
J ton, Miss Lottie Pearl Mitchell, Mr..
Ebert r. Hall and wife, making total
of 48.
DR.. Du Bois came to Des Moines from
Gary, Indiana, where he spoke, and left
fer Lincoln, Nebr., to deliver another
lecture.
The bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1919-05-23

The Western College commencement
will start May % and end June 5.
Mr.. Frank Blair of Berier, Mo-, col
ored, was stabbed by white boy Sun
day. He died instantly. They had
been quarreling.
The Admore--team played Western
College Saturday, but VIC. won.
Miss Flora jackson of Admore, Mo-,
will visit her mother, Mrs. NJ. McCarr,
Tuesday and attend the exercises.
The bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1919-05-23
UEDAR RAPIDS. IOWA.
Last Weeks News.

Mr.. James Baker received word from
his son, Chester, that he had arrived
safe from overseas.
Mr.. Harry Martain Of Omaha visited
his mother, Mrs. Laura Aikens, Sunday.
This Odd Fellows and Household of
Ruth held their annual Thanksgiving
sermon Sunday at Mt. Zion Baptist
church. Sermon by Rev. J. P. Sims.
1t was largely attended. Collection
$500.
Silver Leaf Chapter No. S, O. E. S.,
will give a box social May 81 at K. Of
P. hall. Admission Csc.
The bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1919-05-23
MACON MO. NEWS.

The Daughters of Tabernacle held
their annual sermon at the A. M. r..
church Sunday.
Rev. J. w. L. Underwood preached
the baccalaureate sermon to the Dumas
high school, His subject was " Educa-
tion, (which was enjoyed by all.
Dumas high school will hold their ex-
ercises at the opera house May 20.
Mr.. H. Chin spent Monday in Macon
visiting. 81
The bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1919-05-23
NOTICE

The Bystander collector will can IN
the following towns next week, IN
which every subscriber is asked TO oe
prepared to pay him: Monday IN Us
ceola and Creston; Tuesday in Clarlnda
and Wednesday in Red Oak; Thursday
n Council Bluffs; Friday in Omaha,
Nebr.; Monday, May Goth, in sioux
City; Wednesday at Yankton, s. D.;
thursday in Ft. Dodge.
The bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1919-05-23
NOTICE TO CORRESPONDENTS.

. Owing to the fact that next Friday,
May 30th, is Decoration Day and legal
holiday, all news items to be published
in the Bystander and all other items to
be published must be in the Office not
later than Tuesday evening, May 9th.
The bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1919-05-23
Tribute To The
92nd Diuision
The following poem in honor of the
o9d Division, composed of colored men,
was written by Len Donaldson, col
o,ed musician of Paris:

Won we heard about the greatest wa
upon the land or sea,
NJ how our soldiers fought and dice
to bring us victory,
OF how the idea fostered in great sa
tanic brain ....
10 plunge the world in battle just te
serve his selfish gain.
You've heard about poor Belgium and
how she was betrayed
By beings "scraps of paper,' which
the German lords had made.
You've heard the stories of the war of
Canada and that '~
| Brave bunch of heroes that she gave by
name, "The Princess Pat.''
You know about the sturdy French, her
soldiers tried and true,
Of England IS navy, who controls the
ocean blue. . .-
You we heard of the Italian armies scat
tered left and right,
1 And then how they redeemed them
selves and put the Huns to fight.
And now word of Uncle Sam, the men
who turned the tide,
Who sent his men so thick and fast,
the Huns eyes opened wide.
Just thirteen hundred thousand men he
sent to yonder shore. .... I'D.
And said that's just a starter, we have
twice as many more.
And when the kaiser saw this steady
increased flow Of men
He quietly slipped away from home so
that the war could end.
The armistice is signed, the war is over
now, I reckon,
But I would like to say one word about
the Ninety-second. .-..
This was bunch of colored boys whom
Uncle Sam did send -s.
Three thousand miles away from home,
their country to defend.
Good patured, laughing set of boys and
who were to be placed
In the front ranks to meet the hard
trained soldiers face to face
Some OF these boys a hundred miles
from home had never been, sa
And they were sent 50 far away to-bat-.
tie there with men.
They were not tough or hardened like
For every man that's born on German
soils a soldier made.
The Prussian Guards, the Crown
Princes crack and we'll trained
regiment,
We're what these laughing jolly boys to
battle with were sent.
But did they hesitate or stop? No
onward was their cry,
They knew what they were sent for,
they were there to do or die.
Won Hindenburg, the Lord of War, Won
Hindenburg the Great,
Who boasted that he had line no one
could penetrate.
This bunch Of fighting boys went right
on out across emo Man s Land,
Right through Won Hindenburg' pet
line; the Hun g retreat began.
Let history record these facts in whip
ping out the Hun,
A Drawer bunch than these boys, never
did shoulder a gun.
Now listen, have you ever heard or
have you seen it beat,
The Ninety second colored boys, one
inch did not retreat.
Let others praise their heroes, ana
think it's just and right,
Well praise the Ninety there s
no better in fight.
Now mark this on the record when the
armistice was signed,
This bunch Of fighting colored boys was
nearest to the Rhine.
pnk -. 3a no% an hard TO see. IL
plain as day reckon,
That all the Devils out of He'll couid not
stop the Ninety ty-second.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

St;H. the United States will have
certain obligations toward the rest Of
che world even though they are not
specifically expressed in a treaty Of
world peace.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

That this fad Of wearing wooden
shoes Is not to become generally Cop
ular is the earnest prayer of the man
who lives in the fiat directly under
meath.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

How does it happen that immedi-
ately after the war the amiable allies
found it impossible to reach agree
ment upon anything?
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

The French eat chrysanthemums.
but the present high cost of living may
drive the American public TO an ex-
pertinent with ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS diet.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

It's all the tougher. too, now that the
daylight saving law has been repealed.
that we can't keep the daylight we
have saved.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

At last the farmers of the United
States have forced congress to vindi-
cate that reliable luminary the sun,
as the most efficient timekeeper.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

In some cases the failure to make
salaries cover living expenses is due
to a desire to put on as much style
as certain neighbors whose incomes
are larger. A little plain common
sense helps a lot in such matters
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

Striking out the word "obey from
the marriage ceremony will merely
make. the ritual conform to the previ-
Gus and melancholy fact.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

Having investigated about every
thing, it's almost time for the govern
ment to shed some light on that a
IN market quotations.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

= reduction in meat prices is sell
dom large enough to Justify the ulti-
mate consumer Ia becoming an uneom-
promising optimist.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

The American citizen has made no
complaint against gasoline1ess days,
but draws the line at any 'foodless
day" attempts.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

Manufacturers deny that shoes win
cost $25 or $50 a pair The average
citizen is still permitted TO feel that
he can afford to walk.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

About all some business men get out
of cost initiation is a chance to con-
duct more elaborate system Of book
keeping.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

Well anyhow. those people who
were caught boarding sugar during the
war ought to know better than to try
it again.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

The argument still goes on as TO
whether the cost Of living is push
ing up the pay rolls or the pay rolls
are pushing up the cost of living.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

The ''jitney." SO far as fare is con-
cerned, long since lost any close assoc
citation with the coin from which it
derived its name.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19
AmpliHes Sound.

In sound amplifier invented by a
California scientist the fail Of feath-
er makes a noise like a wrestler
thrown upon a mat.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

It is very evident in this investi-
CATION of shoe prices that they are
beginning at the top and working to
the foot
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

Our government Is Investigating
food 1t is understood that it win also
inquire into the price Of prunes
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

Astronomers report that the North
polar snow cap on the planet Mars
Is shrinking. SO is the coal supply on
the planet Earth
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

The millions of eggs that are being
found in cold storage show at least
that the hen is not Stacker.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

A long time has elapsed since econ
omists felt it necessary to warn the
country against overproduction
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

Man who always speaks of his
possessions in the terms of their cost
has to do some tall talking nowadays.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

Somewhere there must be coed
citizen who has not d plan Of his own
for saving the railroads.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19
oulta True.

Jones' This war has made every
thing else looks small and triyla,,
BROWNIES; especially fellers ~
come"
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

Here's. another heavy burden added
to our trouble with the n. G. Of L.
Diamonds are going higher.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

Using automobiles as deadly weap
ons Is much too common.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

Winter is bad time to have a coal
famine. The public authorities should
look into the matter now.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

Uncle Sans keen hunt for concealed
sugar shows that somebody has
sweet tooth.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

Shorter hours and more pay sounds
magnificent as slogan, but where
does all play and no work lead to?
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

In these days Of meat scarcity the
wolf is afraid to come to the door.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

Although the war is over. the canoe
goes right on with its work of destruc-
ton.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

Poker chips have gone up until it is
said to be impossible to play penny
ante any more.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

Price fixing would be less confusing
II prices would stay fixed.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

You can't judge the size Of mans
purse by the model of his automobile
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

There is a skeleton in many a cold
storage plant
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19

Labor cannot ssfeeA % loaf on Its
job.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1919-12-19
Double Life +;
ga4sD }
BY ALvAH JORDAN GARTH !


fCopyri9ht, 1918, BY the Western News
paper Union.l
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1919-11-28
REGARDS THE RHINE
GERMAN BOUNDARY
French Society Declares for
Erection of Independent
State on Left Bank.
by Cable to The Star and Chicago
Daily News. Copyright, 1919.

BY Cable to The Star and Chicago
Daily News. Copyright, 1919.
PARIS. France, November 25.-""The
Rhine should be the military, political
and economic boundary of Germany"
This is the motto of a French society
called lie Comite Pour la Rive
Cauche du Rim (the committee for
the left bank of the Rhine). The only
way to assure this is to erect an in
dependent state on the left bank.
There in a neutral country French and
German cultures can meet in peace
ful competition Is show which is best
worthy of winning the sympathies of
the population.
History proves that the Rhineland-
ers are a mixture of both races.
Originally of Celtic stock, they abb
sorbed a large mixture of Teutonic
1899 to 1914 they turned again toward
Latin civilization. One thing. say the
French, is certain: They want to es-
cape from Prussan tyranny.
View of Treaty Opponents.
The foregoing epitomizes a move
ment which long has been apparent in
intellectual circles in Paris. The OPP
ponents OF the peace treaty assert
that it is criminal for France to have
no policy on the Rhine. Sentimental
lists remember the epoch of the revo-
luton and the empire when the Rhine
land lived happily undr French rule.
Most educated F-enchmen believe that
France has not gained sufficient guar
antees from the peace treaty against
a recrudescence of Prussian militar-
ism. A good illustration of these cur
rents Of feeling is found in a series
of articles published recently by
Maurice Barres, a member of the
French Academy, in the Echo de Paris
on the need of a consistent policy in
the Rhineland.
Denial of Imperialism.
1--WE are not imperialistic," said M.
De Lalande, former consul general in
San Francisco. I'VE do not want
annexations. We simply want to
create another buffer state like AL
sace-Ltorraine between France and
Germany. The peace treaty declares
that Germany shall build no fortifi-
cations and keep no garrisons any
two miles) of the Rhine for a period
of fifteen years. That is not enough.
Such a provision ought to be enacted
in perpetuity. Our propaganda at
present is spread chiefly by means Of
books. pamphlets and lectures. M.
been two of our ablest opponents for
years
Work Wholly Unohlcial.
Besides this, we are in communi-
cation with a French newspaper pub
lished in Mayence, named LIE Rhin
Illustre, and we hope soon to found
weekly review and newspaper in
Paris. The work of the committee
is wholly unofficial and is not assisted
by the government"
NJ De Lalande denied that he was
in relations of any sort with DR.. Hans
Dorten the autonomist leader of the
Rhineland. He forgot to mention
that. although the Rhinelanders want
autonomy and liberation from Prus-
sian rule, they do not want indie
pendence from Germany.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1919-11-28
OBSTACLES TO REMOVING
u. S. DEAD FROM FRANCE
Lack of Transportation and Fear
of Danger in Excavating Com
plicate the Situation,

BY Cable to The Star and the Chicago
Daily News. Copyright, 1919.
PARIS, France, November 26.-The
reported reopening Of the discussion
concerning the removal Of the bodies
of the American dead from French
soil will not find the French govern
ment better prepared to give an at
firmative answer than 1t was when
the subject was last preached. The
officials are now making great efforts
to improve transport conditions in the
devastated areas and feel that the
task is too enormous to be complfcat-
ed by the removal of the American
dead. 1t is further said that the dan
ger Of excavating in the battle re-
gons is still too great. Still another
consideration is the fact that grant
ing the American request would be
followed by similar request from the
British.
Little hope is held out that the
ashes Of the fallen Americans can be
taken to a proper resting place before
next spring, the French agreeing
m meanwhile that such must be their
ultimate disposition and expressing
entire sympathy with the reasons I'M
DERIVING the request.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1919-11-28

Take LAXATIVE BROMO QCISINE Tablets,
which destroy germs, act as Tonic and Iaxa-
tive, and thus prevent Colds Grip and Inhl-
E. W. GROVES signature on the box. Doc
Advertisement.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1919-11-28

An eccentric old lady in Paris has
the roof plate of her false teeth made
Of two thin sheets of gold. between
which is inserted miniature copy Of
her will for safekeeping.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1919-11-28
Disgusting Two Twenties

Two twenty
dollar bills are
disguised in a
P-B suit to look
like two tWenties
and a ten.
Not lust one
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1919-11-28
Relief for Foot
Sufferers

Hundreds of physicians are
sending their patients to Our foot
comfort expert for relief and cor
receive appliances; doesn't this
mean something to you?
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1919-11-28

Black and Tan English
Shoes, including cordovan,
$500, $500 to $3.50.
"Brogues full design, with
heavy sole; dark brown; $3.50.
Tan English Shoes, with
gray buckskin tops; $3.50.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1919-06-16

One sometimes hears people who are
disappointed IN mAtrunony blame ih"r
dlSapp":nt ou tn" fact that the
party "f the second part produced som"
entirely unexpected AMI dl$aErrcable
characteristic after marr'aG".
one never hears people say Il mar
ricd him tor h-r) h"Caus" h" had THIS
or that quality aud NV | wish l could
unmarry HIM hceauEC he suil has it.
And Yet | fancy that - quite as Oft
On the case as the first.
He Likes Hcr To Be Siny-Before
Marriage.
!. Take for instance the man who falls
in love with n young girl partly be
cause he enjoys her thoroughly feminine
IaccordimG TO the old conn"tatIons of
hat word) reactions TO everything. In
vour;sh;p he finds her lack Of logic per
fcctly charming. her tnCons"qu"nt'al
ways are adorable. even things border
ing on stiffness delight HIM All these
things are such a change from the
world Of men and business in which he
lives.
BY and by they arc married and IN
tho course Of time como down tu the
brass tackS Of everyday life. And then
10 his surprise h" finds that her old
fashioned fcminin!ly. her lack 6f logic,
her inConscqu"nC" are not haif :" ad"r-
able when they come into play in the
relations between man and wif". He is
at first surprised. then cNaSpcratcd an
perhaps in the end CT all depends on
how she develops and what is tho
strength OF tho other tics between
thcm) alicnat cd.
She Has Not Changed-Just Stayed the
Same.
Yet she has not changed or produ cd
any new qualities. II is only because