davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Tombstone epitaph., 1919-01-19
SCENIC ROAD TO FRISCO PEAK

FLAGSTAFF, Jan. Is. - Frank McCabe of Flagstaff has been granted a 50-years' lease by the United states government to build scenic railroad from Flagstaff to the .op oi San Fran. cisco peak. The road will be Tour teen miles long.
Tombstone epitaph., 1919-01-19

An English fire department is test ing . new fire escape by which per sons arc lowered in a basket from a tower raised against a building in- stead of being carried down ladders.
Tombstone epitaph., 1919-01-19
ARIZONA NON-cOMS ANXIOUS TO GUARD
 PRESIDENT WILSON

How Arizona non-commissioncd Of hcers almost tough; for the privilege of being de,liled as members of q special company formed from the 18th Infantry told First Arizona) to guard President Wilson during his stay in Paris. is recounied by Stars and Stripes. the official pub ica.ion of 'he American eSpeliticnary forces It says
 Hat. Who's there?"
 The intruder. advancing suddenly discovers that it is a hrst sergeant :s lealing with and s just a little
 re careful about explaining his mis- :on than he woI,l he win C mmon. .d.aary buck private
 8u. whl. has the serce3n: done? Nhy is ne wa king post? Sergeants -e not supposed 10 do sentry duty
 he-e is a reason. howeeyr
 Around the Mur3t mansion. Pres.- lent and Mrs. Wi,soaf temporary home h Paris. American sentr.es si- enIly pace ;heir posts day and night Their uniforms well pressed for the occasion. every button buttoned and their shoes shining as though they had just come from the Quar;erm2s;ar's SsIe room. the guards are as spick ind span as any you might ti.'d should .3I saa-ch the world over
 Almost All Non-coms 4 company vas chosen from [. <. G5Sil infantry. consisting a.mcs; ell , .ireiy oi noa-coms. 70 be the guari of lonor 10 President Wilson during his soiourn in Paris When ii was an nounced .ha; non-coms were e,igibi. for the guard or honor. first serseants mess serceaGts and sugly seTgeants | some or them who had not stood 3 guard shift for years. clamored for d '!ace in the company. Many pll.oon, here are in the ljsth infantry whi,l are shy several serGeanis. and in on. or two cases the company clerk i: handling the top cutters work for tha lard-5oiled lord of dough5oys ha,
 one away for few days to do honol 3 the Prsslder; of the United State:
 his commander in chief.
Tombstone epitaph., 1919-01-19

For reviving nearly drowned per sons a doctor in Europe has invented a table, to which a patient can he strapped and swung head downward to empty his lungs.
Tombstone epitaph., 1919-01-19

SUBSCRIBE FOR THE EPIrAPH"
Tombstone epitaph., 1919-01-19

ARIZONA GOODS ROADS ASSN. DWIGHT B. HEARD. President HARRY WEIGH. Secretary.
Arizona republican., 1919-04-12
WOULD NAME ROADS
 ID HELP TRAVELLERS

Suggesting a new plan for the nam- ing of roads throughout the country in order to enable the tourists and oth- CTS to more easily find the location of ranches in this vicinity, ]. D. Stannard, a ranch owner residing on R. F. D. No. 6. in a letter to the chamber of com merce states that the new system, if adopted could be founded upon the public land survey, making the Gila and Salt River base and meridian the starting point for the road names He also suggests that since the white aces have moved along east and west lines in the settlement of our country and the Mexicans, coming originally from Mexico, have moved more along the north and south lines, that the name road" be applied to the east and west highways and the Spanish word for road. 'Camino" be applied to the roads north and south
 MT. Stannard'S plan would be used to designate the number of miles the ranch was from Phoenix, as Road '1' N, meaning 1 mile north, or Camino "30," 90 miles east, The road along the base line would be the Base Road East or the Base Road West as the case might be-
 The suggestion from MT. Stannard was referred to a committee by the chamber of commerce officials and will be given early consideration.
Arizona republican., 1919-04-12

lectures and demonstrations with the Ideal F1reless cooker, beginning April IA. Mrs. Decker is quite well known i'll Phoenix, having conducted a num- Der Of very entertaining demonstra- tlons here in other years. It is hoped that Mrs. Decker's health will permit her being here the week beginning April 21.
 SCHOOL OF MUSIC RECITAL ' At the Arizona School of Music this afternoon at 3:30 o'clock, boys and girls from the piano, violin, expression and dancing departments will be heard in recital. An attractive program has been arranged, and everyone is cor dially invited to attend. Piano pieces will be played by Hollis Clark, Elsie Caughiin, Eloise Leppla, Isabelle Ja- cobi. Helen Perry, Adeline Greene Nancy Rhuart, Sarah Spitalney, Viv- ian Ward, Cecil Talney and Jane Schnabel; violin pieces by Fillmore Frasch and Lucelia Harris Readings will be given by Virginia Peters and Harry Rosenweig and dances by Col leen Ferguson and Dorothy Stauffer.
Arizona republican., 1919-04-12
REPRESENTS STATE
 AT BIG CONFERENCE

Mrs. J. C. Norton, president of the Arizona Congress of Mothers, will rep resent Arizona at the national confer ence of the Congress and Parent Teach CT associations to be held in Kansas City, May 6-10
 A leader of the child welfare move ment of the state and for more than a hozen years head of the Congress, Mrs. Norton is asknowfedged as the most representative delegate that the state could send to the confere nee, which will be attended by welfare workers from every state in the union.
 Under the leadership of Mrs. Nor ton, the Congress has developed re- markedly. It now embraces many de- partments, although the child welfare work is featured. in. its activities. The Congress mothered the Kindergarten bill and it was largely through its ef- forts that it passed the last legislature.
Arizona republican., 1919-04-12
TOWN TOPICS

APACHE JURlST HERE-Judge Crosby of Apache county is in Phoenix on business.
 PRESCOTT BANKER HERE-M. B. Hazeltine, president of the Bank of Arizona of Prescott, is a visitor in the city.
 BACK FROM COAST VISIT-J. E. Morrison, a prominent local attorney, has returned from a weeks business trip to the coast.
 CHICKENS CAUSE A FINE-J. D. Porter paid S10 fine in Justice De Souza's court yesterday for permitting his chickens to run at large.
 PHARMACY BOARD HEAD HERE -E. J. Huxtable of Douglas, president of the state board of pharmacy, is in Phoenix for the meetings and exam nations given by the board.
 BOOKS TO SELl-A widow in straiglteaed circumstances desires to sell a set of correspondence school books, Anyone interested is directed to call tue Associated Charities, tele- phone 1885.
 BACK TO OLD JOB-Roy W. Null, who has been cashier of the Jefferson hotel for the past three months, has resigned his position and will resume
Arizona republican., 1919-04-12
LOWER RAIL RATES
 FUR ROAD MATERIAL

The highway department has re- ceived from the bureau of public roads a telegram stating that freight rates on roads under government control VII be lowered ten per cent on road building material.
 No details were furnished, but these are expected to be furnished to State Engineer Thomas Maddock by mail It is considered, however, that this reduction in rates will be of material help in the big road construction pro- gram about to get under way, and for which plans are being prepared by the state highway department.
Arizona republican., 1919-04-12
REPUBLICAN, BOYS
 ID SEE MINISTRIES

The Republican carriers are to have the time of their young lives this after noon. when they will see Harvey's Min strels at the American theater as guests of the manager.
 Arrangements have been made for the circulation manager to give them cards that will admit them to the big show, and it is a foregone conclusion that that enthusiastic bunch of boys will enjoy the show.
 Last night. after the conclusion of the Harvey Minstrel show, buck and wing dancing contest for local talent was put on, to the intense interest of some of the audience.
 Slippery Slidin' Sloan won the first prize, Duke Anderson annexed the sec ond, while the third went home with Fred Mays.
Arizona republican., 1919-04-12
CHURCH FEDERATION
 MEETS, AGAIN TODAY

'What can one hundred Christian men do for Phoenix" will be the sub ject for discussion, led by Rev. Geo. Lo- gie, at the church federation luncheon club at the Y today. Luncheon will be served at 12:30 and it is desired that all members be present at that hour when the program will begin.
 The club is one of the most remark ably growing institutions in the city. It has attained membership of 200. Some of the members have not yet ae- quired the attending habit, but that too is growing and the members are learn ing that the program is worth much more than the twenty-fi five cents weekly for the luncheon.
 It is expected soon to increase the membership to 300.
Arizona republican., 1919-04-12
TO SELECT COLLEGE ATHLETES

CHICAGO, Apr1l LA system of determining the best athletes in va rious colleges and the standing of the individual schools, by means of com petitive meets, the week ending May 24, on the grounds of each institution, was outlined today by Dr. J. H. Me- Curdy. secretary of the American Physical Education association, and formerly director of physical training activities for the Y. M C. A. among the men in France.
 The results. of the meets will be sent to a central bureau he said. and added that he thought that the method was fairer than intercollegiate meets Oberlin college and the University ot Rochester, as well as a number of western schools have joined the move ment he said and later the high schools might be similarly organized.
Arizona republican., 1919-04-12
CARD OF THANKS

We wish to thank the public and our many friends, and especially the mem bers of Queen Esther Chapter, Order of the Eastern Star. for their many kind nesses and courtesies to us in our be- reavement in the death of our beloved husband and brother. E. A. Fink.
 MRS. F. A. FINK
 DR. F. c. FINK,
 MRS. F. l.. HART
Arizona republican., 1919-04-12
WATER REPORT FOR APRIL ii
WEATHER FORECAST

Arizona: Saturday and probably Sunday fair; little change in tempera- ture.
 New Mexico: Saturday and probably Sunday fair; little change in tempera- ture.
 West Texas: Saturday and Sunday fair; colder Sunday except in south east portion
 Southern California-Fair.
Arizona republican., 1919-04-12
SAILOR HOME AFTER
 TWO YEARS SERVICE

J. N. Maris, Jr, who has recently been stationed at the San Pedro, Calif submarine base, is here on a two weeks sick leave and is visiting his parents, MT. and Mrs. J. N. Maris of South First avenue.
 Maris enlisted in the L. S. Navy two years ago and has travelled 25,000 miles since his enlistment He was a member of a crew on one of Uncle Sam's U- boats during portion of the past two years, but was transferred to the base at San Pedro some months ago.
Arizona republican., 1919-04-12
HIS LIMIT

The Noble Lord-I say. what a deuce of muddle this table is ini You can't have laid it yourself, Simp- son?
 Simpson (hurt) t)-Certainly my lord, I laid everything myself-er-except the eggs, my lord.-Passing Show Iondon)
Arizona republican., 1919-04-12

WANTED-Young man for posi- ton in the Arizona Republican. Want young man about IS to 9 years for clerical position to start at fair sal ary and work up. Must be neat appear ing. quick, accurate and fair peuman
 Hppl ythis morning to Sidney Myers at Republican office.-Adv 1t
Arizona republican., 1919-04-12
LOCAL WEATHER YESTERDAY


 Excess in temperature since the first of the month, 10 degrees. Accumulated deficiency in tempera- ture since January 1, 156 degrees. Normal precipitation January 1 to date, 2.59 inches.
 Actual precipitation January 1 to date, 1.97 inches.
 Deficiency since January l, .62 inch
 ROBERT Q. GRANT.
Arizona republican., 1919-04-12

FOR SALE-Hartz mountain cana ries, Chinese pheasants. Bluette and Carneaux pigeons. 526 E. Portland. It
Arizona republican., 1919-04-12
TOO LATETO CLASSIFY

TOO LATE TO CLASSIFY
 YOUNG man with good references desires opportunity to go to coast in automobile with someone going over about April g. Address O. w. K, care Republican. bn
 FOR SALE
 Sixty acres cotton; near Phoenix; fine stand ready to thin; come look it over you cotton spectators. Box 4Y Republican,. bg
 WANTED-Colored lady to clean house Saturday. 25O North Second avenue. bg
 WANTED-Table girls at the Rose Tree blk
 A HOME AMONG THE PINES
 The finest lfttle stock ranch on the market. Eleven miles from Skull Val ley in the forest reserve. Open range all around; 16o acres patented land. House and small orchard, about F acres in cultivation; sD5- irrigated; plenty water for irrigation if you want it; cool, beautiful and practical. Owner must sell and has priced it low. Oak, Cedar, Walnut and Manzanita 1 timber on place. Ideal for hogs or cattle. Don't delay on this. 5000 | takes it.
 MCKEE INVESTMENT co. i TOP North Seventh Avenue. Phone SSi9
Arizona republican., 1919-04-12

Use The Republican Classified Page for rcsults-read for profit
Arizona republican., 1919-04-12
FOR SALE

i WANTED-Colored lady to clean
 1 house Saturday. 250 North Second ] avenne hg
Arizona republican., 1919-04-12
FORMER PHoENIcIAN pI.

licenses were issued yesterday to Charley Miranda, 26 Tempe. and Mary Jimines, 23, Tempe; H. Bamesberger. 52, Los Angeles. and Mary F. Baum. 39, Phoenix: Garry ]. Ramsey 2S, Phoenix, and Rachel R. Acuff, 22. Phoenix; Lorreta Luna, 2S, Tempe, and Panchan Olivia, 20 Tempe; Juan r. Cazares, 29, Chandler, and Felesito Moreno, T., Chandler: Antonio San chez, 8, Chandler and Manana Flores
Arizona republican., 1919-04-12

WANTED-Table girls at the Rose Tree blk
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-09-27
SAYS PRESS AGENT
MUST DIG UP NEWS
BY United Press.

BY United Press.
New Orleans, La, Sept. 25.-Pub-
iicity for American corporations is
legitimate only when it is based on
public interest the information it
contains, it was declared by James
|. Clark, manager of the service de-
partment Of the National Bank of
Commerce in New York, at an ad,
dress here today before tAe Finan,
cial Advertisers convention.
When built on this principle it is
nos only guide post to clear think
ing set up by the public, but a con,
tribution to the success of the news.
paper that publishes it, Clarke said.
The benefit to the institution whose
name becomes an essential part of
the news value should rightly be in
cidental, although for that very rea.
soa more certain, lasting and digni.
fled"
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-09-27
Remedy in Michigan

Mrs. A. II. Hall, Caseville, Mich,
says, 81 wish to thank you for your
grand good medicine. Chamberlain q
Collie and Diarrhoe Remedy. We ara
never without it in the house, and !
am sure it saved our babys life this
summer"
Mrs. Mary Darlington, Caseville,
Mich, says, 81 have used Chamber
lain's Collie and Diarrhoea Remedy
fcr years and it has always given
prompt relief" d&w adv.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-09-27
FIRST CHRISTIAN CHURCH
Rev. G. B. James. Pastor

ANCN. -. ID, JdmSS, 1dslOI
Morning services at 9:45.
Evening worship, 500 p. m.
This is the closing Sunday Of oui
first years work together We hope
you have enjoyed the work as much
as we, and that you are just as eager
to make the new year the best year
for the church as we.
We are unable to get our correct,
ed membership address quite COM
plete so will be unable to mail our
letter to you before Monday But
be sure and read it carefully
We hope to see you at all services
Sunday.
Lest you forget-We have our uni.
fled service and the second part of
our service is well under way by
1850,
Here is cordial welcome to all for
each service.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-09-27

eral days It has been going early
and late preparing ground for wheat
Mrs, Aaron Diehl and children re-
turned home several days ago from
New Mexico, where they had been
visiting relatives The formers sis
ter came home with them and vii
attend school at Arcadia this win,
ter.
G. d. Fisher and family spent
Sunday the guests Of Mrs. Fishers
parents, A. r. Brown and wife.
Tom McGraw injured his bach
quite seriously while working at the
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-09-27
The Joy of q Home
of Your O1O11
()1Un

What beautiful living room house only had one like it,
But then this whole house suited Look those
miseraby small The of the impractical and the
woodwork could have finished much
unless the home is his
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-09-27
CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH.
Ninth and Texas.
c. j. Kellner Pastor

Church school, 9:45 a. nj
Morning service, II a. m.
Senior Endeavor ------7;SO p. m.
Evening service ---------8:30 p. m
Sunday is cur great Rally Day.
Every member and friend of the
school and church is urged to he
present 1t will be one of the great
est days in our history Be on time
Sunday morning.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-09-27
: - . - -
FIRST CHURCH OF CHRIST,
SCIENTIST.

Services at 619 iowa avenue.
Reading room, No 5O7 fifth floor OF
First National Bank building.
Sunday school at 9:45 o'clock a. m.
Lesson sermon at IL o'clock a. m.
Subject of lessen, Reality
Testimonial meeting, Wednesday
evening at s O'clock.
Free reading room open to the
public every afternoon except Sun.
days, from to o'clock p. m.
The public is cordially invited to
attend all services.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-09-27
Build A Home First

Then the plans all be made fit taste Everything will
be in harmony with everything else steps will be saved the floors
stained the Woodwork finish will blend with the furnishings
you'll have dozens of little always wanted
why it's time build home that ideal home of
Come and let show plans honey
Our service free and be BILE to offer valuable
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-09-27
HOLY NAME, CATHOLIC

Corner Seventh and Kansas Ave.
Rev. 7. Wilwerding, Rector.
Early mass at 8 a. m.
Late mass at 10 a. m.
Always glad to have you with US
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-09-27
ST. LUkE's EPISCOPAL CHURCH

Corner Sixth street and Kansas
avenue.
Fifteenth Sunday after Trinity.
Sunday school at 1000 a. m
Morning prayer and sermon 1900
a. m.
Choir practice Saturday evening
1880 p. m.
Rev. John A. Chapin will officiate.
A cordial welcome to all.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-09-27
= : = = = + = = + = = = .
, ARCADIA ITEMS =
! = + - j. = 4 + + + + + \

With only a few fields Of shocked
grain still standing the threshmg
season is nearing completion.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-09-27
SECOND BAPTIST CHURCH.

Eighth and Michigan.
Sunday school at 9:45 a. M; D.
W Beets, superintendent.
Preaching at IL o'clock a. m.
Sermon. morning and evening, by
Rev. Mr., Alcorn.
Senior B. Y. P. ., at p. m.
The public is cordially invited to
all these services.
WESLEY METHODIST CHURCH.
Corner Eighth and Michigan.
Preaching at II a. m. ami $3.50
m.
Everybody cordially invited to
worship with u.s.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-09-27
WHATS DOING
IN GRADY
REAL ESTATE

Z nNlnnNnnnlnlnlRInmlnIUIn ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Mrs. Harry Huntley has purchased
the Dr.. Baze residence, 9O7 Kansas
avenue. Sale price was $4,000,
Fred Andrews has purchased the
residence property located at III
South Eighth street, from Emma L.
Carter. Sale price was $22OO.io,
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-09-27
CHURCH OF CHRIST.

lW. p. Morgan, Minister
Meets in X. p. han on Chickasha
avenue every Lords day at 10 a.
m. for Bible reading and communion
service. The public is cordially in
Sited to attend. Preaching third
Sunday in each month, morning and
evening.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-09-27

Mr.. Cobb, who is in military
camp near Chicago and recently got
a thirty day furlough, arrived here
Sunday to rspend few days with his
protheg, WiAocobb. and family,
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-09-27
PULPIT NEWS i
SPECIAL NOTICE.

To Minister'S: Copy for
Sunday announcements should
be received at this office not
later than Friday afternoon.
Compliance with this request
will be greatly appreciated by
printers ana publishers Ed
itor. I'm ~
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-09-27

VIII Kysar has the distinction OF
being the first farmer in this school
district to own a tractor For sew
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-09-27
thresher last week, but he is able to
walk around again now.

A revival meeting has been in
progress at Arcadia last week and
this. with Bro. Gage and Bro Luton
in charge. There have been a num-
ber OF conversions and workers are
greatly encouraged All day services
were held Sunday with large
crowd present from this and sur
rounding communities 9ulo h
is---4- Hu o. fINIrgfff4
Mrs. lSyles sister, Mrsa Martha
McQuelstain ands nieoes, the Misses
Johnson Of Houston, Texas arrived
here Mondaydto visit with relatives
The Corpus Christi caller. [volume] (Corpus Christi, Tex.) 1918-1987, 1919-11-23

Sent TO JAIL
:, Hy GEORGE q. WATERS.
~ e. a. Washington Bureau ii2s- 1884
Munsey BLDG, WASHINGTON. ID C.

-
Jan sentences fcr food pgofitacrs
That's the goal reached by Now York
OFFICIALS trying to cut the cost OF lv.
ing.
Two sugar spectators. George and
julius Roth. we're the firnt pcispnn con
Nl'ied ana given Jail terms Tor food
pruiitecring ~ New York
This may stir up federal prosecutors
M anti profltcoring campaigns. which
mus TAR have resulted ln nothing but
words few Indictments. no convlc.
tinus and NO Imprisonment.
What New York ala 90 food profit
ecrs. men who bought sugar az less
thhn 10 cents the pound aud sold IL
ger over 22 cents, may DE dome 60 nm
iuod pfofiicers undur the Lever hlw Ii
the federal authorities get busy
Which the Department. of Justice is
doing ao little 90 enforce the Lover
law, The Department of Labor n COLI
lectns Figures on cost ~ living Ia
cities and notes a small drop in pricou
since threats ~ prosecution were first
made
The bureau of labor atatlstlca has
h table % ~ articlcs 81 food with their
food weights meaning their relative
Importance 90 the daily diet ~ the
American p 1ple What Kind of food
and how much the people cat is no
guess with this department kuowa
states consumes 20 pounds Of sirioin
steak ~ pounds ~ round atenk ~
pounds of rib roast. 20 pounds ~ chnre
ronsf. 10 pounds Of plate beef MA
pounds ~ pork chops pounds OF
bacon. Oh pounds Of ham, 50 pounds of
lnrd 0s pounds ~ poultry g2b ie-
ounce loaves N bread 4h4 pounds OF
flour PEI pounds ~ corn meal 81 ,rnsen
eggs III pounds Of butter $50 nounds
~ potatoes. 2da pounds ~ sugar. aba
quarts ~ milk. 10 pounds ~ cheese. af
pounds u rice "a pounds OF coffcc
and n pounds " ton each year
Everywhere Cost
Of Living 10 Lower.
The department receives reports
from 30 cities each month on retail
prices ~ AN these articles IN an hut
five ~ them the average family OK
pendiiure for the % articles hns de-
cllned
The decreases were no follows, De
tToti per cent. Denver Dallas In
iinnapolis Little Rock. Memphis
pcorln. Portland. Mo per cent. fiir
tningham, Butte. Chicago Cincinnati
Jacksonville Kansas CITY Manchester
nnd Springfield per cent. Atlanta
liotton. lirldrcrort Buffalo Charles
ton. Cleveland Milwaukee. Mime
fuoiia Mobile Newark. New Orleans
Norfolk Omaha Pittsburgh. Rochester.
~ Louis 81 Paul scranton and
Washington . por cont. Hnlfirtnrn
vile Sew Haven. New York. phiia
delphia md Richmond { per cent Tho
cities showing increases were Port
'and ore and San Funcisco. o per
cent. Los Angeles 1 per cont salt
'f" CITY nnd seattle, re per cent
l,ut these five cities had shown leqs
Increase since 1913 than any of the