The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1919-05-06
TREATY FRAMING :
I. IS SLOW PROCESS
Negotiations Of Modern Cove
nants That Ended Wars Have
Often Taken Months.
Great Issues involved In the Settle.
ments Of the Last Three Centuries
--Keenest Minds Of Church
Seek Advantage.

New York.-The making of treaties
has always been n time-consumine
process since the days when the
feudal lord or monarch could say ia
his beaten foe accept these terms OF
die. Then the limits of personal force
and ambition were the only curb on
the victor's demands, with the sons
or daughters or other relatives to be
pawns in the game, execution or mar
riage sealing the hateful bargain.
But with the development Of states
into something more than the indiyid-
ual property of kings and emperors,
and the broadening of international
relations, the resulting clashes of
arms, often lasting for years. were
rarely brought to close except after
negotiations that lasted for weeks or
months. Over the documents that set
tied the religious, political or terri
torial questions at issue, the keenest
minds of church and state fought for
advantage. lntrigues and secret deals
were normal incident of the battle
~ hiiGy NHOh luOAC lilul LhO COuulIlCS
We're involved in the difficulty.
Many Of the peace treaties Of the
last three centuries are the landmarks
of their period, ending or beginning
an era In which the future develop
lnent Of peoples or nations was detn-
itely determined.
Peace Of Westphalla.
Such histOry-making event was
the Peace of Westphalia Q64S), which
ended the Thirty Years war the last
Of the great conflicts between Cathol-
icism and Professionalism. Beginning
as a strife between German states, d.
vided on religious lines, 1t finally in
yolved France, Spain, Sweden Por-
tugal, the Netherlands, Switzerland,
and many Italian states.
In 1641 preliminaries of peace were
agreed upon at Hamburg by the al
ready wearied contestants, but it was
three years before congress to set
tie terms was opened and four years
after that when first treaties were
signed at Osnabruck and Munster.
towns of Westphalia. A general and
complete peace was finally signed at
Munster on October "a, 164S.
At Aix-la-Chapelle, on May 2, 1868,
was signed the first treaty, known by
the name of that town. This was the
climax of the struggle between France
and Spain for the possession of the
Spanish Netherlands. On the death |
of Philip ~ of Spain, Louis XIV |
claimed a large part of the Neither |
lands In the name of his wife, a
daughter of Philip. The Dutch, |
alarmed by the French pretensions,
which We're backed by aggressive |
military action, summoned England |
and Sweden to her aid and halted the |
French advance. Under the treaty
Louis kept portions of Flanders which
his forces had overrun.
The Peace of Ryswick, which was
signed at the Dutch village on the
outskirts of The Hague in 1897, end
ed struggle Of nine years between
France and the Grand Alliance, term
which ultimately included England
Holland, Savoy, the Holy Roman EN-
pire, Brandenburg Sweden, Spain,
Saxony and the Palatinate. A con-
greSs Of ENJOYS held sessions during
most Of the summer of 1897 and final
ly signed a treaty of peace on Sep
tember 20. This virtually restored all
territorial matters to the status quo
ante, but the chief result was to check
The ambitions of Louis, under whose
rule France had become the first
power ON the continent, supplanting
Spain.
utrecht's Epoch-Makina Agreement.
The Peace of Utrecht was the next
great agreement between the quarrel.
some powers of Europe. 1t was, In
TACT, series Of agreements between
he years 1713 and 1715 that brought
10 close the war of the Spanish sue
oession (knOwn in American history
IN its later aspect as Queen Anne's
Nar). To prevent the union of Spain
and France under Bourbon rule, VIII
lam III of England formed another
Erand alliance, which included Aus
ria and several German states, in
'ludlng Prussia. An armistice was
concluded between France and Eng
and In 1712, but it was not until April
3, 1713, that peace was signed 1t
Utrecht between France on the one
'ide and England on the other Spain
iettled with her enemies in the next
wo years.
A second treaty Of Aix-la- -Chapelle,
igned October 1S, 174S, marked the !
conclusion of the war Of the Austrian ,
notable for the long and I,
uecessful effort of Maria Theresa to
,eep her throne against host Of
laimants.
First of the treaties that vitality af- !
ected the future OF North America
vas that Of Paris, which ended the
;even Years war. Beginning with a
truggle between Prussia and Austria, .,
he war spread to the German states, :,
1