davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Idaho Republican. [volume] (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1904-1932, 1919-05-09
Bingham Motor Company
Blackfoot, Idaho

factor for American development to-
wards strength and idealism, will be
one of the ways in which this organi-
cation proposes to do things.
For getting place and a program
for the get-acquainted smoker the
following committee was appointed
by the chairman: W.. B. Goodenough,
Chester Vincent, Fletcher Alfred,
Fremont Kutnewsky and Percy Ste
wart. Their announcements will be
made in the newspapers.
The Idaho Republican. [volume] (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1904-1932, 1919-05-09
A REVIEW OF
DANCING

b.
While on the subject Of DANCING Il
is worth while to listen to- Nelson's
encyclopedia. Dancing is practised
universally, and always has been
because it is an instructive means Of
self expression. Two persons
| strangers, can become we'll &C
quainted, you might say, whill
/ dancing around" and never open.
ing their mouths in conversation
Nelson's loose leaf has this:
Ancient Dancing
Dancing corresponds to universal
primitive instinct in man. In many
parts of the world, and in every age
it has been the custom to arouse
the battle fury, as well as to cells
brate the conclusion of peace, by
means of dancing; and the war dance
of the Zulus is still a noble exercise
for warriors, as was the Pyrrhic
dance of the ancient Spartans
Dances have been held at seed time,
to insure a good harvest; in drought,
to produce rain; on many high So
cial apd tribal occasions; and in
honor Of the sun and other gods.
Everywhere in ancient religions
is dancing one of the chief acts of
worship. Religious professions went
with song and dance to the Egyp-
tain temples; the Cretan chorus,
moving in measured pace, sang
hymns to the Greek God Apollo and
one Of the muses. (Terpsichore) -
was the special patrOness of the art.
Dancing attained high excellence
among the ancient Greeks, where it
ranked with the arts of poetry and
music.
The Spartans practised dancing as
gymnastic exercise land made it
compulsory upon all children from
the age OF five.
Modern Dancing
Everywhere the people have pre-
served their own dances, stamped
with distinct impress Of nationality.
Representative of these are the
Basque "Mutchiko", the Spanish
"Seguidilla, "Cachucha," Fan
dango," and "Bolero." the Italian
"Tarantella," "Saltarello," and
"Forlana;" the Polish 'Mazurka, +"
and "Polonaise; the Scottish "Reel"
Highland Fling" and "Strathaprey"
and the Russian "Cainca."
Folk dancing has recently been
revived in many of the schools of
England and America. Its advocates
claim that it constitutes an enjoyable
form Of exercise especially for girls,
developing the aesthetic sense and
encouraging self expression.
In 1910 the first of the animal
Dances the Turkey Trot" was in
troduced, followed by such variations
as the Bunny Hug" and the "Grizzly
Bear" and these spread rapidly
thruout the United States and Eur
ope. During 1912-1914 these steps,
along with the Argentine Tango"
and the Brazilian, "Maxixe," were
so universally danced, notwithstand-
ing their doubtful character, that
they incurred the srious displeasure
and the condemnation of many
churches and respectable people. In
January, 1914, an official disap-
prevail was issued by the paper of
the Vatican in, Rome. AS result,
the societies of dancing masters of
the United States and Europe in 1914
formulated standard set of artistic
figures for the more popular society
dances, and adapted the various
steps and positions to accepted moral
standards. The standard list of
dances was augmented by the Boston
Waltz, the Hesitation Waltz" the
One STEP" a modification of the
Turkey Trot," and the Fox Trot."
The Idaho Republican. [volume] (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1904-1932, 1919-05-09
Commissioners Return
Ready to Build Roads

CONTINUED from page one)
The Idaho Republican. [volume] (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1904-1932, 1919-05-09
Service Men Frame
Lasting Organization

Continued from page one)
La prensa. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1913-1962, 1919-07-21
EDITORIAL
COMO Sc FORMA La OPINION

publican tcdos esas noticias que suelen desagradar 4
los facciosos, pero jamas a los patriotas conscientes.
ESa intencion no es otra que la de que ell pueblo meXl-
cano sc &c cuenta eXacta de 10 que sucede o Sc dice en-
nuestro' pals o fuera de el, pero siempre con relacion
a Ell. En- esta labor, debemos confesar que nos he
mos quedado muy cortos. No hemos reproducido TODD
aquello que a litimas fechss han estado publicando en-
contra del carrancismo magazines, que por ser de los
mas importantes Y de mayor circulation son de los que
EN- este pals contribuyen mas eficazmente a orientar
la opinion publiea. Asimismo nos hemos abstenido de
hacer concentrates mercedes en- infinidad de casos re-
lacicaados con la poltca International del gobierno
carrancista, v que, 10 decimos sin modestia pero sin
vanidad, lutheran impresionado 10 bastante.
En- termincs generates, podemos afirmar, por ser
de justicia que todos los ~periodicos mexicanos indie
pendientes que Sc publican en- este pals, han estado
muy por encima, en- question de patriotismo. de TODD
aquello que pudiera decirse, con motive de los ultimos
successes.
La prensa independence y patriotica no debe por
ningun motive ocultar 10 que Sc dice de nosotros.
Solo conociendo ell NAL puede combatirse Y curarse a
tempo. Ell engano Y las ocultaciones son las armas
de que Sc valen los impotentes Y los inmoraies que no
tienen valor para enfrentarse con las situaciones gra-
yes.
Nosotrcs entendemos asi ell deber del publicista
indie pendiente. resulto a cumplir con su labor informa-
tiva y sus obligaciones civicas.
En- ell case especiahsimo en- que Mexico Sc en-
cuentra colocado, estimamos como I'm deber indeci-
nable dar a conocer con la mayor puntualidad posi-
bic. TODD 10 que Sc dice, Sc hace o Sc proyecta hacer
en- relacion con nuestro pals, puesto que solo de csc
modo podremos saber a tempo cual es la opinion que
Sc tiene de nosotroS en- un pals donde la opinion es
la que gobierna. Y que ademas contribuira forzosa-
mente a orieutar en- Mexico la opinion publica.
Debeu. pues, estimar nuestros lectores,-por mas
que los sensatos no han menester de eNpiicaciones,-
la publication de todas esas noticias, adversas o pro-
picias a la faccion predominante, a las antagonists,
a Mexico en- general, como una labor informative de
gran utilidad, Y, sobre TODD, p%atriotica.
La prensa. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1913-1962, 1919-07-21

Hay una tendencia erronea. pueril. fragil, in
consistente a confundir Ell Estado con la nacion, al 60
bierno con ell pueblo. sin otro objeto que ell de tormuiar
en- las contiendas polticas, cargos o ataques de partldo'
en- ell nombre de IA patria.
Esta tendencia es err6nea entire nosotros, y sobre
TODD en- las actuales tiempos, porque nj ell Estado re-
presenta leg~itimamente al pals. nj ell gobierno esta
identificado con ell pueblo. Solo cuando ell Estado es
legal, representa- yerdaderamente a Ia Nacion, y GUAM
do ell gobierno es legitimo, una emanacion denocratica
pcsitiva. esta identificado con ell pueblo.
Y aun asi no puede decirse con propiedad cuando
un c~iudadano. un partido o IN periodico. eombate a la
administration, que ataca al pueblo o la nacion. 81
asi fuera, no habria pueblo patricia que permitiera la
oposicion a los gobiernos. Pero es Ell case que no
faltan quienes supongan o figuren suponer que aigu-
mas informaciones adversas al regimen actual no de-
ben publicarse en- los ~periodicos mexicanos, sobre TODD
81 esas informaciones son de origen exterior. porque
hacen aparecer a quienes las publican. desprovistos del
sentimiento de la nacionalidad, es decir, de patriotismo-
Tai concepto es a todas luces infundado y male
volo. Es perfectamente insensato. impolitico Y anti
patriotico. Todas aquellas noticias adyersas o alar-
nantes que Sc publican en- relacion con nuestro pals,
DEREMOS, 81 senores, PUBLlCARLAS,
porque elias a tempo nos advierten los pehgros a que
nos exponemos. Y ell concepto que Sc forman de nos
otros, 10 cual intereSa saber a todeS los buenos meSi-
canoS, para pOner de nuestra parte todcs los esfuer-
EOS necesarios a fin de corregir los errores verdade-
res que nos senalan, r~ectificar los supuestos, Y sobre
TODD para preyenir danoS mayoreS, medlante una rec
tificacion oportuna de los informes falsos. o de nues-
ira propia conducta. 81 son mercedes los conceptos.
Ademas, la publication de todas esas noticias.
es una obligation de Ia prensa. Ell diarismo esta obi
gado a informar minuciosamente al plblico de TODD
10 cue sucede. de TODD 10 que Sc dice, de tcdo 10 que
Sc proyecta Y pueda interesar o divertir ST Sc desea-
Es asi como Sc fOrma la opinion publca, que no puede,
que no debe prescindir por ningun motive de las in
formacioneS. sean ~prosperas o adversas.
En- nuestro case, hay una intencion manifesto.
perfectameute calculada, emineatemente patriotica al
La prensa. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1913-1962, 1919-07-21

'jarse en- la historic de los EStados
Unidos.
Otro senador ha revelado que Ia
cesjon de Shaptung es el precio de Ia
firma del Japon en- el tratado, que
solo a csc precio Sc obtuvo, porque
dicha potencia Sc mostro infleXible en-
sus pretensiones, sin ceder I'm apiece,
como 10 hicieron los italianos, que Sc
derrotarcn a 81 mismos.
Otro senador ha intentado demos
trar que Ia session de esa peninsula
china pone en- pe!igro el control ma
ritimo de los EstadoS Unidos en- Ell
Pacifico, porque d~ominando en- el
Shantrng Ia marina japones& tendra
en- jaque a las Filipinas Y al Hawai-,
e intentara excluir ell concrete anne
ricano del Pacifico.
Los miembros democratas del Con-
greso alegan que Ell Presidente Wilson
Sc opuso a Ia cesion de Shantung, en-
un principle, pero que Ia acepto como
IN hecho consumado que iba 4 IA
cilitar IA termination del tra:ado de
Paz Y que Ia Liga de las Naciones no
Sc habria establecido 81 la delega-
cion americana no hubiera convenido
en- dicha session.
La prensa. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1913-1962, 1919-07-21

La discussion del tratado de paz
ha revelado que China fue inducida a
entrar en- Ia guerra del lado de los
aliados por Ell Japon, habaendo antes
convenido IL Gran Bretana, Fran
cia e Italia en- ceder al Jap0n, 81 To-
graba cue China entrara a Ia guerra,
de su parte, Ia peninsula de Shan
tung, siempre que los japoneses hicie-
ran, a 81 veZ, a dichas Haciones, al
gunas concesiones comercialeS en- Chi
ma. De eSa manera, Ia venta de Shan
tung Quedo pactada desta antes de
que China Sc declarara en- favor de
los aliadoS, Y TODD ESQ Sc hizo cor
medic de IN convenio secreto. con
detrimento de China, de cuyo terri
torio Sc dispuso como de cosa propia.
ST tai revelation llega 4 confirmar-
Sc, acknowledgements cue China estuvo
en- 10 justo al rehusarSe a firmar iel
tratado de paz.
Sc alega por los aliados qIe Asa
cia Y Lorena volverrian a fran
cla porque lie hablan Slco ~arrcbata-
das a esa naci6n en- una guerra in
Justa. Pero en- la guerra de 1870
Alenania teaia, al menos, Ia diScul-
pa, pohre. 81 Sc quiere, pero disculpa
al fin. de que arrebato esas proviu-
cias a Francia por medic de las arnas,
pero nj aun desde csc puato de Wis
Ia puede justificarse e. despojo de
China.
FL caso de Shantung es una lection
cbjetiva para los pueblos debiles.
Los aliados no Sc lutheran atrevido
a proponer al Japon que cediera n
porcion de 81 t~erritorio, porque Sa-
5iaR que habria contestado con for
midables aprestos militares.
Ojala entiendan las %naciones, los
pueblos debiles, sobre TODD, los que
Sc hallan cobatidos por discordias in
testinas.
La prensa. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1913-1962, 1919-07-21

y va que dc hueigas hemos ha-
blade, demos para ~concluir, la nota
de que en- Chicago 100000 hombres
han sido puestos fuera de trabajo
por orden de Ia Association de Car
pinteros Contratistas Y de "a dc En-
pleados de construction de edificios.
por haberse rehusado ochenta mil de
los obreros a volver al trabajo, que
abandonaron ultimamente, exigiendo
que Sc les aumentara veinte centavos
por bora. Las companies les conce-
dieron IN aumento de doce Y medic
centavos, SCORE 10 que estaban ganan-
DO, Y ~enviaron a los obreros un ulti-
matum dandoles un plazo perentorio
para volver a sus labores. Y como
ninguno Sc rresent6 en- las fabricas,
estas fueron cerradas, suspendiendo
todos los trabajos.
Esta suspension de los trabajos por
los patrones, o lockout, como Ia Ia
man los a~mericanos, paraliza obras
por valor de S50.O00.000. Sc calcula
que la perdida diaria que sufren las
classes obreras es de 100000.
La prensa. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1913-1962, 1919-07-21

Con el Tratado de Paz firmado 81
me pasa6o en- Paris, eSta ocurrlenoo
n cosa nunca ~ista. A nlnguno
de los Que intervinieron en- 81 fornla-
ci6n lie agrada Ell trataao, 10 cGaI no
deia de ser eStupendo.
De suerte que el mundo tiene ante
81 dos problemas que resolver: eQuien
ees 81 responsible de que Ia guerra
mundial Sc haya desencadenado?
.Ouien es el autor del Tratado de
Paz, tai como Sc conoce:
FL Secretario Lansing, y con el to
dos los diplomaticos que intervene
ron en- Ia ~confaccion del tratado, c.
pinan que hay muchas cosas que deoe-
rian haber figurado en- el, as. como
hav otras muchas que deberian haber-
Sc omitiCo.
Los franceses no obtuvieron TODD
10 que deseaGan. Los italianos queda
ron descontentos. China Sc rahuso q
firnarIo. Las pequenas naclones de
Europa que han surgido con motive
de Ia guerra, tampoco 10 aprueban en-
todas u parties. Solo el Japon, que
fue la mica naci0n favoreciGa en-
ell reparto ' la que menos sufro 4
co~nsecuenciaS de la guerra, Y Ia qle
obtuvo muchas ventajas de ella, no
dice nj palabra del Tratado. Y tam
bien su aliada. I~nglaterra, guarda IN
prudente Silencio.
Algunos senadores Gmericanos d.
cen que Ell tratado es de factura in
glesa. Sc sabe que el general boero
SHUTS p~resentc IN plan general que
fue el u sirvi0 de base para los ira
bajos de Ia CoHferencia de Paz, pero
caardo Sc lego Ia bora de IA firma
no encontro en- el trata6o NADIA de las
bases propuestaS por 81 Y que sirvie-
ron de base a los trabajos. En- vista
de este firm6 Ell documento bajo pro-
tesla. diciendo que Ell tratado no era
10 que debia ser.
Y firmo no porque considerara Sa-
tisfactorio e. documento, sino porque
era imperative concluir Ia guerra, pa
IA que Sc hiciera Ia paz completa,
en- la que los pueblos completarian Y
enmendarian Ia paz de los estadls-
tas, autores del tratado". Parece
cue esa fue tambien la opinion del
Secretario Lansing Y de todos los d.
plomaticos que firmaron tai docu-
mento.
Resulta, pues, que Ia paz firmada
er Paris, el me- pasado, es una paz
de estadiStas, como 81 ~dijeramos: paz
de politicos, pero de la que Sc espe-
"a que resulte al paz de los pueblos.
La prensa. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1913-1962, 1919-07-21

Ell partido del Trabajo ha to-
mado tai incremento en- Inglaterra,
que esta en- visperas de subir al po-
der, por ser uno de los dos partidos
que en- 10 fut2ro So alterarln en- el
gobierno igles.
Winston Churchill, despues de ha-
Der con acknowledgements con
La prensa. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1913-1962, 1919-07-21

En- Ell Congreso americana han
eomenzado largos ' acalorados deba-
ties con motive de Ia discussion de!
tratado dc paz. Unos senadores de-
al separar 81 tratado, proplamente
dicho. del convenio de "a Liga de
las NacioneS, en- tanto que los prin-
cipales opositores atacan IA esencia
misma del trata6o de paz.
La concession de Sangtung al Japon
ha sido hasta hoy el argumento prin-
cipal que Sc ha esgrimido contra d.
cho documento, alegandose que con-
ira todos los principles proclamados,
Sc ha cedido al Japon una ~poblacion
de S0.0Oo.oo0 de chinos sin consul
t~arseles 81 voluntad, Y con mengua
de los derechos de China. Sc Ia lie
sado hasta decir one Ia aprobacion
del tratado por el Congreso seria Ia
mancha mas negra que podria arro-
La prensa. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1913-1962, 1919-07-21

bordamiento de algeria nacional por
el colossal triunfc.
La prensa. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1913-1962, 1919-07-21

(Pasa 4 Ia 5a. pag. Col. 7a.)
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1919-05-27

what acid-mOuth does to the teeth
how it eats right through the hard
enamel and causes them to decay.
Think then Of the havoc that must
be caused by excess acid in the StOm
achi
Even If you are not suffering any
immediate stomach pains, but are not
feeling just as fit and fine as you
should, you should by all means make
this test: Go to your drug store at
once and get big box of EATONIC.
1t is in the form of pleaSant-tasting
tablets-yOu eat them like a bit Of
candy. EATONIC is prepared for just
one purpose-correcting acid-stOmaCh
by driving out the excess acid.
EATONIC literally absOrbs the excess
acid. 1t brings instant relief from
the pains of Indigestion, heartburn,
belching, sour, gassy stomach, blOat,
etc. It makes the stomach pure, sweet,
cool and comfortable, puts it in a nor
NAL, healthy condition, so that your
food is properly digested. You need
every bit of strength you can possibly
get out of the food you eat-and
EATONIC helps you get it.
Don't put this test off If you value
your future good health and happl-
ness. Iou run no chance at all be-
cause EATONIC is absolutely guar
anteed to give you relief or your drug
gist will refund your money. The
cost is a mere trifip.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1919-05-27
Session May Last Until July.

SESSION way Last OHti July.
With $40 bills introduced in the as
sembly and 507 in the senate, bi;is and
resolutions keep coming in from COM
mittee chairmen and under suspen-
sion of the rules. Although assembly
and senate are making an honest eff
fort to wind up business of the ses-
sion by June [, it does not seem like
ly that adjournment sine die can be
taken much before July 1. Older mem
bers of both houses, as well as the
chief clerks, insist that the usual wait
ing for bills to go through the gov
erGor's office will be tedious. Several
times during the session bills sent to
the governor have had to come back
for technical corrections. The legisla-
ture cannot adjourn until all bills con-
cured ia by both houses have been
acted upon by the governor.
Up TO May 10 the assembly had
passed 227 of its own bills, billed 156,
had withdrawn SO, leaving 1913 to be
considered. OF bills passed, Ill have
been concurred In by the senate and
IA non-concurred in.
The assembly had received 279 sem
ate bills, concurred In lit, non-con-
Cured in 10 and had 81 to consider.
The senate has passed 270 of its bills,
killed 80, had "a withdrawn, one We
toed, 1873 concurred In by the assem-
bly,, and IL non-concurred in, leaving
1O2 in the assembly and 159 to be con-
sidered. The senate received 237 as
sembly bills, has 90 to consider and
has non-concurred in 10.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1919-05-27

There are millions of people who
suffer almost daily from the horrors
of an acid-stomach-indig sour,
gassy, stomach; distressing heartburn !;
sickenipg food-repeating; painful
bloat and that miserable, pulled up,
lumpy feeling after eating. Many of
these people have tried treatment after
treatment; medicine after medicine
others have gone to doctors and stOm-
ach specialists and some to hospitals,
but in spite of all of their efforts they
have obtained no lasting relief or a
permanent cure.
These symptoms simply mean acid
stomach. If allowed to run on, they
are very likely to cause lot of seri-
Gus trouble. Dyspepsia, rheumatism
govt, lumbago, sciatica, splitting head
ache, dizzy spells, nervousness, sleep
lessness, mental depression, melan-
eholia, feeling of listlessness and
all-goneness-these are just a few of
the disorders which can be traced to
acid-Stomach. AS matter of fact,
acid-stomach is often the direct cause
of those almost incurable conditions
known as catarrh of the stomach, in
testinal ulcer, and cancer of the stom-
ach. The lives of those who suffer
from these serious troubles are moth
ing short of daily agony. Surely,
then, you must see how important it
is to go at once to the seat of the
trouble - acid-stOmach. You know
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1919-05-27

General Ewell, then prisoner of the
Federals. Doctor Smith told Grant
that the Confederate generals had de-
cided the game was lost when they
crossed the line of the James river.
Soon after came word that Sheridan
had captured the last remaining provi-
sion trains of Lees troops. The
Confederate soldiers had nothing to
eat except parched corn. 1t was nee
essary to station guards at the feed
boxes Of the artillery horses to keep
the men from taking their food.
The same day General Pendleton,
chief of reserve artillery for Lee, went
to his general and suggested surren-
der as the only alternative. Lee said
he would not propose surrender for
fear Grant would insist upon uncondi-
tional terms.
Lee made his dispositions for further
fighting. Like wounded lion brought
to bay, the gray troops struck this way
and that at the ring of tormentors
about them. At five o'clock the after
noon of April Grant sent his first
note to Lee. 1t read:
General r. E. Lee, Commanding C.
S. A.: The results of the last week
must convince you of the hopelessness
of further resistance on the part of
the Army OF Northern Virginia in this
struggle. / feel that it is so. and re-
gard 1t as my duty to shift from my
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1919-05-27

eral, Grant. Meanwhile the fighting
went on. Sheridan threw his troops
across Lees front. In a final surge of
heroism the worn and hungry Confed-
crates fixed bayonets and drove Sheri-
dams cavalry almost in rout Even
the infantry WIS disorganized. For a
few brief minutes hope surged beck
into Confederate breasts. Perhaps
after all they would break the blue
Gordon, escape TO the South. unite with
the army of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston,
and then In tn hills of western vir-
ginia reorganize force that would be
the bugbear of the Union again. But
1t was only dream. Ord came up
with fresh troops. formed them behind
Sheridan's retreating men and
stopped the Confederate attack.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1919-05-27

sealed the unity of the free peoples of
the world.
Marshal Foch. Premier Clemenceau
and the other French leaders who
participate in the decoration of the
graves of our soldiers in France know
well that they are celebrating an event
much vaster than the mere honor
ing of the heroic boys themselves who
had gone TO the aid of their cause.
They know that they are celebrating
the birth of the old world revivifled
and liberated by the coming of the
new world to their fair fields devas-
tated by war.
q glorious symbolism clustered. Memo
rial day had ceased to be sectional. 1t
had become national. 1t had taken
a long step toward world democracy.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1919-05-27
Farmers Win Market Eiaht.

Farmer members of the assembly,
after six-hour debate, gained what
they claim as the greatest legislative
victory for the farmers by refusing to
accept the marketing bill prepared by
the joint legislative committee. They
passed the COe substitute amendment
to the committee bill, Incorporating
most of the features Of the Equity so
ciety bill.
This bill drew such strenuous oppo-
sition that it was recommended for
death by the agricultural committee
The amendment creates a board of
markets with seven members. The
board would appoint a market commits
Sioner.
He would be empowered to inveStt-
gate all questions affecting supply and
demand, prevailing prices, cost of
manufacturing and profit, would col
lect information relative to production
and marketing, promote the organiza-
ton of public markets, investigate the
methods of business, prevent unfair
methods and license all mills, factories
and plants engaged in the manufacture
and distribution of agricultural prod
ucts.
The committee bill would have
created a division of markets in the
department of agriculture.