davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Weekly Caledonian. (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1919-1920, 1919-08-27
LOCAL NEWS

Mr.. and Mrs. Frank Davis and
two daughters of Newton Center,
Mass, who have been visiting Mrs.
Davis niece, Mrs. c. L. Somelville,
returned home Monday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Arthur Simmons and
Miss Annie Heath, all Of Richmond
spent Monday night at the home OF
Robert Riggs. They are en- route to
Worcester, Mass, to visit Mr.. Sim
mons son.
Robert Armstrong, who lives on 4
farm on the North Danville road, has
perhaps the largest field of cabbage
in this section. He has 1890 cab
bagcs and they are ripening in fine
shape.
MI and Mrs. Ned McGrath from
Natick, Mass, and Mrs. J. II. Wark
and Mrs. Ernest Skinner of Pas
sumpsc, and Eugene Kendall of East
Barnet, called on their cousin, Miss
M. +. Hurlburt, Saturday afternoon.
The Outlook club will meet for
work Thursday afternoon with Mrs.
Beulah Brickett, 2 Washington Ave.
1t is hoped that good delegation of
the club will be there and will the
ladies please bring all apron patterns
that they have. 81 1t-wkly
States Attorney James Campbell
was in Hardwick Monday and
brought back John Besaw, who
pleaded guilty of being intoxicated
and was given 30 days in the county
Jail. He also arrested Fred Ann
brosc, charged with furnishing the
liquor and he is in the county Jail
awaiting his hearing.
The town of Randolph will give a
welcome to its returned soldiers and
sailors on September Is, and are for
tunate in securing for the orator of
the day our distinguished townsman,
Judge Wendell p. Stafford. The
theme of Judge Stafford's address will
be 'Thc Labor Question: the New
Riddle of the Sphinx"
Mr.. and Mrs. John Stewart of New
York city are visiting Mr.. ID. M. Mil
Ter.
Henry Kidder is taking vacation
from the Asselin store and is visiting
in Middlebury.
Mr.. and Mrs. II. P. Wetherbee of
Burlington have been visiting Mrs.
c. II. johnson.
Mrs. l.. E. Harris, Mrs. Robert
Lane and Kenneth Lane spent Tues
day in Woodsville.
c. II. Bagley was a business Wis
itor in Woodsville and Wells River
Tuesday.
Guy Gilman has returned to his
home in Rock Island after visit of
a few days with Jack Hinch.
Raymond Peterson is in Brightlook
hospital recovering from an opera
ton performed a few days ago.
Mrs. j. M. Thompson left Tuesday
for Springfield, Mass, to visit her
sister, Mrs. Mountain.
Mrs. Mantle Palmer is home from
several weeks spent in Rycgate and
Barre visiting relatives.
Miss Maud French has finished
work at the Caledonia Garage and
accepted position in Piermont,
leaving Tuesday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Warren Gaskill and
Mr.. and Mrs. Livingston attended
fair Tuesday by automo-
bile.
Weekly Caledonian. (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1919-1920, 1919-08-27
Chance for Congressman Dale
Gutland IIerald)

\hutld1lu Ilefdlu)
If Congressman Dale has anything
actively to do with the war risk in
surance bureau, it might be hoped
that he would either brace it up or
turn it over to some practical insur-
ancc man for reorganization.
Weekly Caledonian. (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1919-1920, 1919-08-27
PREVENT
INFLUENZA

If you are "run down" or out of
condition, if sluggish bowels have al
lowed poisonous impurities to accu-
mulate in your system you are liable
to suffer severely with the grip. DR..
True's Elixir, the famous household
remedy of CT years. reputation, may
ward off the grip or make an attack
light and easily thrown off. Why?
RecauSa
Weekly Caledonian. (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1919-1920, 1919-08-27
WANTED

ATTENDANTS wanted.--Men and
women wanted at Vermont State
Hospital for the Insane, to take po-
sitions as attendants. For those who
so desire, opportunity is offered to
enter training school for nurses. For
particulars apply Vermont State Hos
pital for the Insane, Waterbury, Vt
Weekly Caledonian. (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1919-1920, 1919-08-27
DIR. TRUE'S ELIXIR

is a vegetable medicine that puts the
system IN good condition, prevents
and relieves constipation, stimulates
the appetite and improves the diges-
tive powers. 1t can do no harm. 1t
is purely vegetable. Ask your drug
gist for 1t, or write DIR. J. r. TRUE
& CO., Auburn, Me. 40c,60c, $l.00.
Weekly Caledonian. (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1919-1920, 1919-08-27
w III DIV ID
M. M. Taplin, Auctioneer.
WALDEN

Mr.. and Mrs. Harrison Chase from
West Burke are visiting at Lyman
and L. w. Orton's.
Mr.. and Mrs. Stephen Hooper from
| West Barnet visited at Henry Do
mey's Sunday. Eugene Domey re-
turned home with them for a brief
visit.
Miss Dora Cote of East Hardwick
and Miss Mary Siren of Connecticut
were recent visitors at Henry Do
mey's.
Much sympathy is felt for our
mail carrier, Ernest Dimick and FAM
lily who lost their home by fire dur
ing the electrical storm Sunday.
Leona and Lyle Sinnott have been
some time with their grand
parents, MI. and Mrs. Whitney at
Hardwick.
Mrs. Augusta Kingsbury and Mr..
and Mrs. Lee Kingsb''"-- r wv
ton, VT, and Herbet
gate visited at G. H
week.
Pvt. Eugene A.
welcomed home by
host of friends and
commence his dutie
the Star school whe
several years previo
the service.
Albion Michard h.
Winnerson farm of
takes immediate pos
Bert Stevens and
Johnsbury were rec
B. H. Moore's.
Mrs. Henry Hase
James were bushes
Peacham recently.
The Bennington evening banner. (Bennington, Vt.) 19??-1961, 1919-04-23
NATIONAL GUARD
RECONST RUCTI0N
BEGINS TO-DAY
900
War Department Authorizes
Organization
900
NEW PEACE TINE UNITS
600
Will Replace State Troops--Frst Of
Them for States Where Armed
Forces May Be Needed
NEW PEACE TINE UNITS
NNW

Washington, April %. Reconstruc-
tion of the National Guard was act lal
ly started today when the War DE.
partment, through the Militia Bureau,
authorized the organization of ssyen
regiments and one extra battalion of
infantry, one squadron OF cavalry and
eighteen companies OF coast artillery.
New York is authorized to raise
four regiments Of infantry, a squad
ron of cavalry and twelve companies
Of coast artillery. These new units
are intended to replace state troops,
which under the national defense act
cannot be maintained in peace times
Other authorizations for units are ex.
pected to follow soon.
The states first considered, New
York, New Jersey. Ohio and Oregan
were those in which conditions wore
such that their governors considered
armed forces might be necessary un.
der certain contingencies.
The Bennington evening banner. (Bennington, Vt.) 19??-1961, 1919-04-23
"THE LITTLE CLoC'AoPPER"
Comedy to Be Given by Forester,
April 2426.

The cast OF characters for the three
act comedy TO be given at the Fores.
ters Fair on April "A, 25 and 26 under
the direction of Miss Mary l.. Pleas
ant and Mrs. f. J. Starks is as fol.
lows:
Miss Julietta Bean. a Splinterylle
boarding house keeper, Mrs. f. j..
Starks.
ocey Gump. country product, by
heck Merrill Pleasant
Septimus Green fresh young
book agent who is full Of pep, William
Kearnc.
George Chiggerson, an innocent lit.
tie lamb from the city, Earl Weeks.
Mrs. Chiggerson Boggs, his doting
mama with a smooth scheme, Mary
H. Pleasant,
Chairman Carter, who think she's a
vampire, Marcia Starks.
Judy Elliot, waif from the poor
house, Edna Pleasant.
Lucindy Filter, the kissngest gal
in Splinterville, Claudia Miner.
Act Room in Miss Beans board
ing house one evening in April An
old fashioned birthday party The
theft,
Act 1.-THE city home of Mrs. CHG.
gerson Boggs. couple Of weddings
Judy is turned out in the storm.
Act LI-Scenc same as Act IT,
The blackmail scheme. Your daugh
| ter is back in the Splntewille poor
house. The Man from Texas
The Oyerture-"When saw that
Spanish Dancer from Madrid, Irene
Cardinal Marcia Starks, Valieda
Langlois, Rachel Brown, Catherine
Clark Mary FRAZIER Edna Pleasant
Mary Caron
Country Folks-Es,er Parker, Lucia
Brooks, Lydia Miner, Marceline Car
on, Florence Barnes, Florence Pleas
ant Edward Langlois, Mary Monroe
Songs
"IIow va Coin to Keep En- Down OF
the Farm" Edna pleasan
Can You Tame Those Wild. Will
Women William Kearn
my Marys Eyes Edward Shaw
Only Rose in No Mans Land"
4 Marcia Stark
Mickey" Samuel Weichmai
Every Day win be Sunday When thu
Town Goes Dry" Earl Week
Specially Between Acts
Florida Moon Nevis and McGuir
Black Face Monologue and Jokes
Nevils and McGuir
Finale by Entire company
IAN Aboard for Home Sweet Home,
The Bennington evening banner. (Bennington, Vt.) 19??-1961, 1919-04-23
DR.. C. w. COMFORT HoNoRED
Has Brilliant Record AS Army Sur
geon


The many friends of DR.. Charles w.
Comfort in Bennington will be pleas
ed to learn OF his brave and success
full career in France. DR.. Comfort
spent several summers in town as a
guest at the Vail Homestead in the
west part of the town.
DR.. Comfort is one of the group of
young men who went out from New
Haven with the lst Field hospital
corps OF the Connecticut national
guard.
Brilliant as his record has been as
a surgeon in the war. it is small COM
pared TO the affection expressed for
him by men of his regiment who
have returned to this country
On June 81. 1917 he was ordered
to Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia for fed
eral service, where he lectured, or
ganized and trained men for field
hospital work in France.
He sailed for France Oct. 3, 1917.
as a first lieutenant of the medical
corps Army officers had advised him
20 enter the administrative branch of
the service, but he preferred work in
the front line.
Three days after he arrived in
France he was placed with the 1920
infantry sregimental surgeon In
Sept last he was promoted to be a
captain,
DR. Comfort received his first de
coration, the croiX de guerre, as a re-
suit of a divisional citation for his
work at Seicheprey, the first battle
in which his regiment took part. In
this fight he administered aid for 36
hours without rest, or relief. almost
constantly under heavy shell fire in
the open. Dr Comfort timed the Ger
man shells and ran between shots
taking care of the wounded men.
Other decorations are as follows
He was cited Sept. is, 1918; cited
Sept 25. 1918; awarded bronze oak
leaf Sept 20, 1918; awarded distin
| guished service cross. April 20, 1918
II is said that he has received more
citations that any other soldier in
New England and prior to his sail
ing for home he was promoted to the
rank of Major.
Major Comfort is now engaged in
writing history Of the 1O2d having
been chosen by his superior officers
for this work
He is STAFF member of the New
Haven hospital; an instructor in the
Yale medical school; and superinten
dent OF the city dispensary In com
mand of the Connecticut First Field
Hospital he served six months al
Nogales on the Mexican border.
The Bennington evening banner. (Bennington, Vt.) 19??-1961, 1919-04-23
WOMEN OPERATIVES
HELPED SAVE STOCK
Worked Like Amazons During Fire
at n. &. BRADFORD xm,t Goods
Factory Last Night

Fire at the knit goods factory of
the H. II. Bradford Co., Inc, about 6
O'Clock last evening caused consider
able damage to stock and the loss
would have been much heavier but for
the energetic work of the women op-
eratives.
The fire started in the picker room
department in which a fire is likely
to start at any time. The automatic
sprinklers checked the fire from
spreading outside of the picker room
but they poured a flood of water over
the machinery and floor.
The picker room is on the second
floor and the water naturally went
through the ceiling underneath where
a large quantity of stock was stored
The women operatives paid no at
tention whatever to the water bu
worked like Amazons carrying out the
stock. Some of the operatives were
soaked to the skin but they did moi
quit until everything that could be
moved was out of danger.
The officials of the company wish tC
express through the columns of the
Banner their appreciation of the in
terest manifested by the employees il
the welfare of the concern.
The night shift did not return t
work and the factory has been closeC
today. Operations will, however, b'
resumed Tomorrow.
The Bennington evening banner. (Bennington, Vt.) 19??-1961, 1919-04-23
QUOTA WILL Be
SUBSC R|BED
BEFORE NIGHT
900
Sales Already Amount to
Sl32.450
go
VICTORY TRAIN ON WAY
@@4
Plans Completed for Parade and
Speech-Maklng at Local Rail-
road Station
VICTORY TRAIN ON WAY
600

The Victory Loan parade will be
carried out this evening according to
the plans previously announced. The
parade will form at Library hall at
6.45 so as to start Is minutes later
1t is expected that a large. number OF
service men, soldiers and sailors will
take part. At least one band will be
in attendance.
Dexter NJ Gleason, chairman Of The
Woodford Fifth Liberty Loan reports
that Wocdford's quota is over sub
scribed two and one half times. The
quota was $4500 and the subscrip
tions have passed $1,000.
The Victory train will arrive at the
local station at $50 this afternoon II
is understood that there are 16 men
with the train including seyera
speakers.
Benningtons subscriptions to the
loan were today announced to have
reached the total of $l32 ,450, Nortt
Bennington has as good as subscribed
its quota and it is highly probable
that the quota for the town of Ben
nington will be subscribed during the
day Anyone who desires to own one
of the bonds should make application
at once as the loan is bound to bt
largely oversubscribed.
The Victory train will remain at .ht
local station until an early hour to
morrow morning and vii lprobaby re
ceive visitors until as late as II
o'clock this evening
The Bennington evening banner. (Bennington, Vt.) 19??-1961, 1919-04-23
26TH DIV. MEN IN ACCIDENT
Auto Goes Over Thirty Foot EN-
bankment

Aver, Mass. April 22-Seven ar
tillery men of the Goth Division and
two civilians were taken to the base
hospital at Camp Devens today suffer.
ing from injuries received in an auto
mobile accident.
The skull of Private John H .ThOm.
as of Wilkes Barre. Pa, was fractured
and Private George A. Thurll of North
Adams. Mass, received broken ribs
and decorations. Both were members
of B Battery. 102d Field Artillery.
The men were riding in a public
automobile from Lowell when the ma.
chine, failing to make sharp curve
near the Main street railroad bridge,
crushed through a heavy guard rail
and plunged over a 30foot embank-
ment. 1t turned over three time in
the descend, scattering its passengers
in all directions.
a patrolman who saw the accident
said the car was travelling nearly fifty
miles an hour.
The Bennington evening banner. (Bennington, Vt.) 19??-1961, 1919-04-23
CEN ALVAREZ
EXECUTED BY
FIRING SQUAD
go
He Was Mexican Rebel Leader
Recently Captured
90
HE MEETS DEATH BRAVELY
HE MEETS DEATH BRAVELY
90
Maintained BY Him That His Execu-
tion Would Be llIeeal-Sends
Message to Family


Vera Cruz, April 22.-General Fran
cisco Alvarez of the anti-government
forces was executed shortly before
midnight last night. He met death at
the hands of firing squad with the
utmost bravery.
Alvarez was sentenced by court
martial on Monday. He was captured
here on Tuesday OF last week in the
battle in which General Aureliano
Banquet, Minister of War in the
Huerta Cabinet, was killed.
Many thousands of persons sur
rounded the barracks when the execu-
ton took place.
Alvarez had been sentenced to die
at an earlier hour, but on orders re-
ceived from the Supreme Court the
execution was held up. The War De-
partment, however, ordered compli-
ance with the sentence of the court
martial, and the prisoner was brought
out TO face his eXecutioners.
Two hours before the execution the
correspondent Of the Associated Press
visited Alvarez in his cell. He was
absolutely calm, showed no fear, and
said he was prepared to die.
Il consider the sentence OF the mill
tary court illegal" said Alvarez, las
ceased to be soldier when the Fed
eral army disbanded and | left the
country If | am shot it will be illeg
al. If were still soldier the courts
sentence would be just.
My wife and child are in New Or
leans and perhaps at this hour do not
know of my impending fate. My
mother lives in Queretaro.
Il am reardy to die without fear, be
cause know man is born eventual
ly to die. Many friends have visited
me in prison, and their kind words
have helped me to face death bravely
None of my old companions of the
Federal army, however, has come tt
see me-"
Alvarez requested the correspon
dent to advise the members of his
family in New Orleans that his las
thoughts were OF them and that ht
had left letters for them
The Bennington evening banner. (Bennington, Vt.) 19??-1961, 1919-04-23
q % q g q
INTERSTATE LEAGUE FORMED
None Of The Players viii Receive
Salarles

Brattleboro. April 22-Delegatos
from Rutland, Brattleboro, Newport,
N. H.. Claremont ~ II, Bellows
Falls, Springfield and Windsor gath.
cred at the army last Sunday after.
noon and organized the Interstate in
dustrial league for playing baseball
from June ] until Labor day
II was voted to invite Lebanon, n
H.. to come into the league. thus max.
ing eight teams. None of the players
CT officers are to receive a salary and
It is hoped that the gate receipts will
be sufficient to meet travelling and
other expenses The next meeting TO
consider further perfeeting of the
league will be held in Windsor, May
"a
The Bennington evening banner. (Bennington, Vt.) 19??-1961, 1919-04-23
RESTRICTIONS REMOVED
American Soldiers in France Now Go
Limit In French Pastry

Paris, April Wartime restric.
tions on the making Of pastry have
been removed and American soldiers
here are enjoying numerous delica.
cies of the French cuisine. At one
of the restaurants frequented by
Americans the French cook produced
several lemon pies but the supply
was soon exhausted.
Before the embargo on pastry was
lifted the American soldiers had to
obtain flour from the army commits
sary and then find a French woman
to make it into pastry. Now the
French cooks have a free hand.
The Bennington evening banner. (Bennington, Vt.) 19??-1961, 1919-04-23

LAUNCHING APRIL 80.
superdreadnoueht Tennessee to Be
Set Afoat.

Washington, ID. C., April 22.-An-
nouncement was made at the navy de
partment today that the superdread-
nought Tennessee would be launched
at the New York navy yard on April
80, probably with Acting Secretary
Roosevelt, Governor Robert of Ter
nessee. and Governor Smith of New
York present.
Construction of the Tennessee was
begun nearly two years after the
world war started and many of the
lessons of the war were embodied in
her design, special attention having
been given to protection against tor
pedo attacks. The ship is 624 feet
long over all and will have a full
load displacement of about $4,000
tons.
In her main battery will be twelve
14-inch so calibre guns and two 81
inch submerged torpedo tubes. Elec-
trically driven engines are designed
to give the vessel speed of q knots
an hour.
The Bennington evening banner. (Bennington, Vt.) 19??-1961, 1919-04-23
q y v y y
BODY MUCH MANGLED
Caesar Gregoire Was Killed by Train
at White River Junction.

White River Junction, April 22-
The body of Caesar Gregoire was
found at daylight yesterday morning
lying upon the track OK the Central
Vermont railway a mile above White
River Junction. The body was ter
ribly mangled and the supposition is
that he was run over by the passeng-
er train due here at 3,15 a. m.
The body was taken in charge by
the Hartford town selectmen, as the
deceased had no known relatives in
town, and placed in the mortuary of
n. c. Powers TO await possible turth-
er information The deceased was
about % years old and had worked in
the yard of the Boston & Maine rail
road for several months.
The Bennington evening banner. (Bennington, Vt.) 19??-1961, 1919-04-23

AMMUNITION TRAIN
WITHOUT IT'S STANDARD
Members Of iotst canndt Understand
Why Their colors Were Not De-
oorated Tuesday

Boston, April 19.-Omcers of the
lOist ammunition train auxiliary are
endeayoring to find cut why the col
ors of the l01st were not decorated
Tuesday at Camp Devens
II was stated at headquarters this
morning that the colors were present
ed to the organization to be used
for that purpose and the officers ex-
pressed surprise this morning that
the decoration had not taken place.
The ammunition train marched yes.
terday without a standard.
The Bennington evening banner. (Bennington, Vt.) 19??-1961, 1919-04-23
BUDAPEST is AT
POINT OF CRISIS
There Is Apprehension That There
VIII 6e Violent Swing to
Anarchy

Budapest, April 22-This city Is 30.
ing through a crisis worse than ehat
OF April 3. There is apprehension
that there will be a violent swins to
anarchy with the Socialists losing
control to Bolshevik leaders like
Bella Kun and the Chiefs Of the Red
Guard.
Looting, which hitherto has been
held in check or legalized as Nation.
alization OF Property" and assassina-
ton of the old political leaders and
aristocrats, are feared.
The Bennington evening banner. (Bennington, Vt.) 19??-1961, 1919-04-23

BAPTIST cANTATA
Easter Music Admirably Rendered by
Choir


The Easter music at the First Bap-
tist church will long be remembered
by the great number Of people who
enjoyed the carols, anthems. and the
cantata Victory Divine which was
so admirably rendered in the even
ing.
The cantata is one of the most
beautiful Easter interpretations and
was sung with talent and feeling.
Great credit is due to the choir dir
ectors, Frank Hurley, to the organist.
and the following singers:
Sopranos: Mrs. Harry Sharpe; Miss
Helen Carpenter; Miss Lulu Gold
smith.
Altos. Miss Mabel White; Miss Jes-
sic LOOMS; Mrs Harry S. Moses.
Bases o. r. Clayton; f. r. Brown ;
Earl Chase.
Tenors: T A. Davenport; James
Loyett; Frank Hurley
The Bennington evening banner. (Bennington, Vt.) 19??-1961, 1919-04-23
NAVY AlRMEN PLAN FLIGHT
Party to Prepare Transatlantic Trip
Comprises SO.

New York. April 2l-Thirty-six
observers, mechanics and repairmen
selected by the bureau Of navigation
in connection with the navys plans
for a transatlantic flight next month
leil the naval mir station at Rockaway
today on the mine layer Aroostok,
bound for Newfoundland u is under
stood the Aroostok later will proceed
10 the Azores.
The Bennington evening banner. (Bennington, Vt.) 19??-1961, 1919-04-23
YER-LAWSON
Sister of Former Pastor Of Baptist
Church Weds in New York.

SHhiSi III lfCW OTks
The following is a clipping taken
from New York paper. Miss Martha
Lawson the bride, is a sister of DR..
George b. Lawson, former pastor of
the Baptist church. Miss Lawson
has visited several times in Bennmg-
ton;
Miss Martha X. Lawson, daughter
Of the Rev Dr. Albert G. Lawson of
2,0il Fifth Avenue, this city, and F.
Wayland Aver Of Camden, N. j., Presi
dent OF n. w. Aver & Son, a prom
inent advertising firm of Philadelphia,
were married at noon yesterday at
the home of the brides father. Rev.
Lawson officiating.
THE brides father, now retired,
was formerly pastor of the North
Baptist Church OF Camden, where Mr..
Aver is President of the church board
Mr. Ayers first wife died four years
ago. He is President of the New Jer-
sey Baptist Association and Chair
man of the National Baptist Laymen S
Association, which is raising $6,oOO,.
o0O war fund"
The Bennington evening banner. (Bennington, Vt.) 19??-1961, 1919-04-23
STILL MAKE MARGARINE
English War Product Is Being Exten.
siVely Manufactured

London April 19.-NIargarine manu-
tactureres using vegetable oil and op
Grating under the government war for
mula' are still making about 5000 tons
Of margarine every week
AT one of the most important fac.
tories the buildings cover Sc acres.
Al present market prices margarine
is retailed at is cents pound; butter
at 90 cents, both prices being set by
the government.
The Bennington evening banner. (Bennington, Vt.) 19??-1961, 1919-04-23
F. {. THOMPSON is REPORTER
Supreme Court Appoints Barton hlan
TO Position.

Montpelier April l9.-Justices
of the Supreme court have appointed
Frank d. Thompson Of Barton as re.
porter of decisions to succeed Sher.
man d. Moultou, elected superior
Judge by the 1919 General Assembly
The Bennington evening banner. (Bennington, Vt.) 19??-1961, 1919-04-23
GIFTS TO MISS GREGG

She Has Been Employed in Same
Factory As Years.
Miss Clarinda Gregg was substanti
ally remembered by her fellow EN-
ployes at II. b. North's paper box fac
tory April II, which was her 18TH
birthday anniversary. She was pre-
sented with a ten-dollar gold piece
and a gold bar pin, in token of 'he
esteem in which she is held by the
factory force.
Miss Gregg has been employed con
tinuously in the paper box factory
during the past forty-fye years.