davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-26
Bismarck Disdained
Oversee Empire

The illusion of German sea power took
root in the brains of the post-Bis-
marckians The Great Chancellor al
ways trod the solid ground. He cared
nothing for oversee colonies. He en-
couraged France to go into Tuns in
1881. He was glad to see the French COM
mitted to policy of colonial expansion
in Northern Africa He believed that
the acquisition of Tunis would help to
reconcile France to the loss of Alsace-
Lorraine. He also foresaw that the eX-
tension of French power on the southern
coast of the Mediterranean would in
cense Italy and drive her into an al
lance with Germany and Austra-H Hun
gary. But for himself he coveted no
colonial establishments no place in
the sum for Germany beyond the limits
of the European continent
William II brusquely elbowed Bis
marck off the stage and broke melo-
dramatically with all the Bismarckian
traditions. With q showman's instincts
he turned to new ideas Of imperial policy.
Sea power was one of these. Germany
was to enter the race for overseas trade
and dominions She was to have great
merchant marine, great navy and new
found African and Asiatic colonies.
German industry, making enormous
strides under the protection of a semi
socialized government, responded eagerly
to the new foreign programme. Ger
many. producing cheaply had goods to
sell, and a subsidized German merchant
marine sprang up to carry them to all
parts Of the world. Dependencies were
acquired in regions not yet preempted
by other colonlzing powers. The German
flag was raised over the Cameroons,
German West Africa, Togoland, German
East Africa, New Guinea, Samoa, Kiao-
chau and the Marshall Islands. France
was badgered into surrendering a part
OF French West Africa in return for
quitclaim in Morocco. The creation of a
modern navy followed the rapid and
profitable development of the two great
German sea transportation companies
the Hamburg American and North Ger
man Lloyd
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-26
Afraid to Cross
The Kaiser

Within the High Command, as With
in every other governmental BODY,
there was no true freedom of opinion.
Only as late as 1917 did German mill
tary experts begin to feel little free
dom in discussing the gigantic blunder
OF German naval policy. In his DE
auctions from the World War" pub
lished in that year of German military
good fortune, Lieutenant General Baron
Won Freytag Loringhoven, deputy chief
of the German General Staff, INDUCES
IN these cautiously skeptical reflections:
This is not the place to examine
how far, in view of the all too rapid
growth of her trade, world politics and
world economics may have been prema-
ture IN the case of Germany, inasmuch
as our continental position was still bv
no means assured. Here Rancke's words
are applicable: Who can control cir
cumstances, calculate future events.
govern the surging of the elements? ."
This is yelled way of saying that
William lis venture in sea power was a
disastrous misjudgment. Won Frevtag-
Loringhoven also says: CAS- the result
OF our geographical position it will al
ways remain our task to form a lust es
innate of the opposing demands Of
world economics in the narrower sense
and of oversee and Continental poll
tics"
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-26
Outside N ahan's
Theory

Her case fell outside the scope of
Admiral Mahan's theory that sea power
is the necessary adjunct of empire She
needed merely enough warships to keep
control of the Baltic and to assist her
land operations against the Baltic PROV
inces, Finland and the Petrograd dis
trlct. The Baltic was closed by mines
against the British fleet The Black
Sea was closed by the Dardanelles forts.
Germany could therefore proceed in
the East without any fear of hostile in
reference from Allied sea power.
Many writer's have asserted that AL
lied sea power defeated Germany. But
this claim entirely overlooks what the
Germans went out of their way to do
to defeat themselves 1t is true that
control Of the sea made possible the
transportation Of the American armies
to France; and American man power
turned the scale in land fighting against
Germany. But Germany would never
have been obliged to fight the United
States if she had had the sagacity to
pursue military policy dictated by her
own strategical necessities and limita.
tons
The blockade, conducted with ever in
creasing rigor, greatly hampered the
Teuton allies. But they had no reason
to expect anything different And they
were in nothing like the desperate stu
alton in which the Confederate states
found themselves from 1861 to 1865.
Germany was self-supporting, so far as
the manufacture Of war material was
concerned. She had enough for her
purposes. There was shortage in food
after 1915. But the Teuton people were
never near the starvation point The
armies were always sufficiently sup
Piled and lost nothing in fighting power
by reason of shortened rations. And
Germany constantly extended her terri
torial conquests, finally getting posses
sion of the rich grain lands of Rumania
and the Ukraine.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-26
BuiIded for
Defeat, Not Victory

But Germany entered the war with no
clear idea of using the strength of her u
boat squadrons as an offset to the weak
ness of her surface feet. The develop
ment of the submarine was an after
thought. Tirpitz lavished hundreds OF
millions of marks on battleships and bat
tie cruisers. With these he intended to
make the North Sea a German lake-jus-
tifying the nomenclature of the old geo.
graphers, who used to call it the German
Ocean.
He overlooked the fact that in surface
sea fighting under modern conditions IN
feriority is fatal. A weaker army, IA
vored by accidents of position, may easily
defeat stronger army But on the sea
there is no advantage of position The
inferior squadron or fleet rarely wins and
is always lucky to escape destruction. on
Jutland the German navy was clearly
beaten, though low visibility conditions
allowed it to stink back to port. It's next
appearance in the open was for the pur-
pose of surrendering.
Tirpitz had builded for defeat, not for
victory. His naval policy was radically
wrong. Sea power.i long, slow growth.
And of all the belligerent nations of the
first rank Germany was the least quail
fed in military sense to engage in
war at sea. Her future lay elsewhere
And she would probably have made it Sc
cure if she had only followed from the
beginning the modest but adequate naval
policy of Austria Hungary, her Lightly
esteemed neighbor and ally.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-26
Sea Power Didn't Win War; Futile Dream of Sea
Surrender Of German Fleet Fitt;nc
Climax OF Mistaken Naval
Policy

ence to Herr Won Bethmann-H ollweg ap-
plies still better to Herr Won Tirpitz: /
believe that never has minister done
his country graver injury than he"
Germany lost the war, therefore, be-
cause she had handicapped herself with
naval power and then misemployed it.
Had she had no navy or only a moder-
ate sized coast defence navy she might
not have had to fight Great Britain at
all. She certainly would never have
had to fight the United States And
since her true field of conquest was in
Eastern and Southeastern Europe, The
lack of navy could have made no DIFF
ference whatever in her offensive
strength
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-26
British Suspicion
Aroused

Great Britain finally protested and
began negotiations with Germany for a
mutual limitation of building pro
grammes. The German Admiralty
backed and filled, protesting innocencc
of any intention to challenge British
sea power. But no limitation agree
ment was ever reached. Thereafter
Great Britain and Germany became no.
tentlal enemies. However tinped with
pacifism the Asquith- Haldane- Grew gov
eminent might be, however slight at
tentlon it might pay to Lord Roberts's
appeals for military preparation, Brit
lsh dlstrust of German naval ambitions
had been aroused. Tirpitz had made it
impossible for Great Britain to remain
spectator in any European war which
Germany should precipitate.
German indignation when Great Brit
ain joined France and Russia in 1914
was therefore petulant and insincere.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-26

primary strategical aim. That was Tho
conquest and absorption of Russia
The Allied fleets faltered at the Oar
danelles in March, 1915. The Black So.
was never entered by French and British
warships until after the armistice w.s
signed.
Control of the sea enabled the Allies
to deliver war material to the Russian
armies through Kola, Archangel ava
Vladlvostok. But the difficulties of land
transportation from these ports to tba
eastern fighting front had still to bs
overcome. They were successfully over
come only for short period in 1916
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-26
Captain PerSius's
Verdict

Even naval officers and critics turned
against him. Captain Persius was the
falrest and most competent of the Ger
man writers on naval affairs. He had
been booster of the big navy idea
and of unrestricted submarine warfare.
But he was finally disilusioned enough
TO write IN the "Berliner Tageblatt'
Herr Won Tirpitz may be assured that
all attempts to cover over his guilt will
mlserably fail. The German people will
some day have a clear understanding Of
the situation and then it will realize
that the phrase which Kammerherr Won
Oldenberg-J anutschau used with refer
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-26

The violation of Belgian neutrality fur
nished the Asquith government with a
welcome moral issue on which to re-
verse it's own policy of sluggish non
concern. But even without the Bel
gian perfdy Great Britain would have
been obliged to enter the war Her
own security compelled her to accept
the opportunity offered to end the grow
ing menace of German naval power.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-26
Secondary Effects
OF Blockade

Won Freytag- LOrlnghoven saws verr
justly of the military effects of fl.
blockade:
Inc consequences of the blockade to
which the Central Powers were sinh.
Jected made themselves felt at once Al
though we have succeeded by our own
might in developing and carrying on orr
economic life during the war. none tbo
less the disadvantages of our econor;.
position in the world have made Them.
selves felt all the time. They alone ey.
PLAIN the fact that new opportunities %
resistance constantly revealed themselves
to our opponents, because the sea was
open to them and that victories which
formerly would have been absolutely do.
clsive and the conquest of whole king
doms still brought us no nearer IN
peace. Thus was Russia able to recover
from the severe defeats of the summer
of 1915, and to attack once more in the
following year with newly equipped
armies
But Brusiloff's Galician offensive Of
1916 was the last flash in the pan Of
Russian fighting power Allied control
of the sea could not check the Russian
dlslntegration. 1t could not prevent the
elimination of Russia as a belligerent
And to hold Russia in line was the chief
ann of Entente strategy, until the United
States came in to replace Russia. Sea
power was therefore an important con-
trlbutlng element to Allied strength. But
1t could never have decided the war in
the Entente's favor if the war had re-
tanned its strictly European character.
The development of the submarine has
greatly complicated the problem of the
sea strategists. There is some talk among
them of trying to get the Paris peace
conference to pat ban on the sub
marine But it would be Just as reason
able to try to put a prohibition on the
use of long distance guns of the Big
Bertha" type, or of bombing airplanes.
All these instruments of destruction rem
der more or less precarious the guaran-
tees thrown about the lives Of non-com-
batants by the rules of civilized war as
they existed before 1914 But the char
acter of war itself has changed. 1t has
become more terrible. 1t has now been
so intensified as to obscure the old dis
tinctions between combatants and nom
combatants. Armies no longer fight
armies; nations fight nations.
If wars are to continue it would be
against human nature and against all
military experience to expect bellgerents
to forego the use of any of the means Of
destroying the power of the enemy which
this war has developed So the U-boats
will undoubtedly remain a highly dis
turbing factor in naval warfare and sur
face fleets will have to fight for existence
against the giant submarines of the
future. This wars effects on sea power
will probably be more revolutionary than
its effects on land power. The weaker
sea powers may be benefited, relatively
at the expense of the stronger.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-26
Cermany's Future Was Not ON the
Water but ON Land, in Spite
of the Kaiser
By William l.. Mcpherson
Copyright 1919, Ne1o Yoyh Tribune Inc.

British good will and on the preservation
of peace
In a letter written in December, 1917,
by Albert Balm Of the Hamburg Amer
lean Company, the greatest figure in the
German shipping world to Dr. Rathenau,
the president of the General Electric
Company and one of the leading
German ndustrialsts, candid ad-
mission is made of the complete
dependence of German overseas trade
before the war on the favor of Great
Britain. Says Mr.. Balm, who died just
before the end of the war, having first
lost the favor of his former friend and
patron, the Kaiser
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-26

has troubled the extreme parti-
sans of the Mahan theory. Mahan's con-
tentions were indicated. but in an in
verse sense.
Sea power such as Germany had
proved milestone around her neck. 1t
confused her strategy 1t tempted her
away from her safe and natural field of
military effort. The contine Of Europe
was her true terrain, just as it was Ma
poleon's. Speaking broadly, she would
have been better off in a military sense
if she had had no navy
"Germany's future lies on the sea"
said William II in one Of his expansive
and vainglorious moments. No prophecy
could have been more inept. No policy
could be more dangerous for Germany
than one which committed her to an eff
fort to challenge Great Britain's mas
terry of the ocean. Germany's geograph-
zeal position was an ideal one for con-
quests on land-for territorial expansion
east and south. But it was almost pro
hibitive Of sea empire.
Germany had risen to the rank of the
first military power in Europe without
The aid of navy. Bismarck, Moltke,
and the generation which vanquished
Austria and France and created the en-
pire would not have known what to do
with a high seas fleet. They would have
looked on it as a superiority and an in
cuD,hraoro
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-26

NEA POWER did not win the world
war Yet the misuse of sea power
~ lost it. This is paradox which
has troubled the extreme parti-
The Birmingham age-herald., 1919-05-27
MAJOR BULGER HELD COMMISSION
 EXACTLY Z YEARS
Former Alabama Man Gives Some Interesting Facts About His Experience
 in the Army

In A personal letter to B. W. Barrett sditor of The Age-Herald. Maj. Boze- man Bulger, former Age-Herald man. but during recent years on the stan or the New York Evening World, gives some facts about his army experience that will be interesting to his Alabama friends. He writes:
 "4e Fort Washington Avenue,
 New York, May 22, 1913.
 .Dear MT. Barrett: am sorry not to have been able to answer your very kind letter sooner, but have just been discharged from the service and for the past two weeks have been very busy at the camp of demobilization. Mrs. BulEer kept your letter for me until returned.
 ~1 sent e note tc you at London ex- plaining my inability to write the few reminiscences that I promised on ac- count of the signing of the armlstice. At the time I was following the Ger man army into Luxembourg and con tinued to follow it until we reached the Rhine at Coblenz. I had rather sooo fortune there in being able to see the Germans two weeks before the united States army arrived. AS you remem- . Der was on the general staff then ana went to the Rhine with my little stan to join the bridgehead mission. II was a very inter resting two weeks as we were constantly in contact with the German officers. We saw the last Ger man division cross the Rhine and also the first American division follow them. By the way, do you remember the predictions we made that night at Neuf-Chateau as to when the armistlce would be signed? All of us who came down from the front expressed the opinion that hostilities would end be- fore November 15, and it looks as Ii we made a good guess. Lieutenant Pozzi, the Frenchman, was very much disappointed that his prediction of No- yember 5 missed by six days
 T find it almost impossible to com
The Birmingham age-herald., 1919-05-27

Aston Fitts, Capt. H. B. Searcy, Ma1- Earl Drennen, Lieut.. Stark Q. Park, Maj George H. Sercy, Capt John U. Mcqueen, Lieut.. J. r. Harding Capt Maxwell Moody, Lieut.. Leslie A. al ker, Lieut., Fred R. Maxwell, Lieut.: b.
 F. Moore, Lieut.. Griffin Harsh, sam Clabaugh, Lieut.. D. K. Jones, Privates Altman and Smith. C. F. Tillery, Gen eral Steiner and General Sibert.
 Mir. Ferguson made mention of the heroic service of Miss Marion Waiter
 who was sent to Vassar college to train as a nurse, and afterwards vol unteered for an influenza ward-to take care of sick soldiers and contracted the dread disease and died.
 PRAISES M'CORIVY
 John Mcqueen of Tuscaloosa paid a glowing tribute to one of the unlVer- sity's oldest and most distinguished professors, Col Thomas c. McCorivy,
 professor of history and member of tile Alabama state centenial commission n A silver loving cup is to be given to this venerable historian. MT. McQue sl stated that he had sat at the feet of Colonel McCorivy for four years. Du-
 nations toward the purchase of the cup are being made to Sam Clabaugh Col
 onel McCorivy has just had an opera tion performed on his eyes at MO Dlle dHu MT MCNSuSSil otdICu eAlAN AA~
 was proud to announce that the opera tion. was successful and that Colonel McCorivy would soon return to the university, where he would round out 50 years of service to the institution. The toastmaster next introduced Sydney Bowie of Birmingham, chair man of the Alabama education com mission, who paid glowing tribute to |the university and to the sentiments expressed by Governor Kilby toward a greater educational system in the state An unexpected visitor was pr Murphy, president of the University of Florida as man from the land o1 flowers and Alabamian, who said he wished to say that "Alabama car boast of the greatest educational gov ernor of the south
 l Dr. Frank L. McIvey, president o1 | the University of Kentucky, followed with few well chosen remarks, aftei which the benediction was said by Dr Duncan of the Methodist church u Tuscaloosa.
 A business meeing of the alumni was ! held in Morgan Hall in the morning Sam Clabaugh of Tuscaloosa was re
 elected president; Tom Garner. secre- tary, and Shaler c. Houser, treasurer Hill Ferguson, Mcqueen and Smitf
 were chosen on the executive commit tee, and c. A. Young and Moxley Rog- CTS were elected first and second vice | presidents, respectively. MT Clabaugl | stated that the two main tasks for tht
The Birmingham age-herald., 1919-05-27
Local Data

society within the next year was to erect memorial to the boys fallen In war and to establish. the Alumni New s on a monthly basis. A motion of Judge A. S. VandeGraaff was carried to appoint a committee of five men to raise an endowment alumni fund, part of which is to be used for a me- morial and the remainder to be used as the trustees see fit.
 The programme for tomorrow con- ssts of the senior law exercises at 10 o'clock, and commencement address at Il o'clock by Dr. Frank McIvey. president of the University of Ken lucky. Tn conclusion Dr. Denny will present diplomas to the graduating class robed in cap and gown.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1919-05-27

dietary committee, and Senators Reed of Missouri and Smith of Georgia gave up their places on the military affairs com mittee Senator Ransdell of Louisiana retired from the naval committee and Senator Shields of Tennessee from the commerce committee.
 From the agriculture committees, Sen ators Sheppard of Texas and Chamber lain retired, and Senator Harrison of Mississippi obtained membership. Sena- tor Reed gave up his membership on the banking committee and Senator Walsh of Massachusetts was chosen a new member Senator Gerry of Rhode Island retired from the privileges and elections committee.
 Of the new democratic senators the following important committee assign ments we're made: Dial, South Carolina, postoffice, Cuban relations and national banks Harris, Georgia, Appropriations, immigration and public health; Harrison, Mississ ppi, agriculture, rules, and immi- gratioi Stanley of Kentucky interstate comme cce, Pacific railroads; and expen- ditures in the department of commerce, and " alsh of Massachusetts, postoffice banking 2, manufacturers and Canadian relations.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1919-05-27
Price Increase Due to Restrictions Being
 Lifted, States Smith

Washington, May 26.-Recent in-
 creases in cotton prices were attrib-
 uted to the raising of restrictions upon
 cotton exports to GermanAustria ant
 Jugo -Slavia by Senator Smith of Geor- gia in a statement issued late today.
 While cotton is still on the embargo list" Senator Smith said, "the war trade board under powers vested in it by the President. has practically relieved cot ton from being on the embargo list
 The principal cotton mills of Austria were in German Austria and Jugo- Slavia and all of this territory is now open to cotton shipments without re- strictions. The quantity restrictions of l shipments to Switzerland, Holland, Den mark, Norway and Sweden have also
 been removed These broadening mar
The Birmingham age-herald., 1919-05-27
OPPONENTS BLOCK EFFORT TO SPEED
 CONSIDERATION OF
 SUFFRAGE MEASURE
Continued From Page One

(Continued From Page One) over democrats of senior service retain their places.
 The democratic members of the for eiegn relations committee selected were Hitchcock, Nebraska, former chairman; Williams, Mississippi; Swanson, Virginia; Pomerene, Ohio; Smith, Arizona; Pitt man Nevada, and Shields, Tennessee Retiring members were: Thomas Co., orado, and Robinson, Arkansas.
 ONE DEMOCRAT DROPPED
 On the finance committee all democrat ic holdovers remain, except Senator Robinson. From the appropriations com imittee Senator Chamberlin of Oregon, retired, and Senator Harris of Georgia was added From the interstate com merce committee, Senators Gore of Okla homa and Pittman, retired, and Sena- tor Stanley of Kentucky were chosen to membership.
 Senators Wolcott of Delaware and Fletcher of Florida, retired from the jul
The Birmingham age-herald., 1919-05-27
Large Storage House

Raleigh, N. C.. May 26.-The Ma tiOnal Cotton Manufacturers asso- citation of Boston will erect large cotton storage warehouse in Ra- leigh. according to an announce ment today by local business inter ests. The structure will he large enough to shelter the entire cotton crop of North Carolina. 1t was stated.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1919-05-27
CALL FOR INVESTIGATION


 Washington, May 6.-Investigation of the press and publicity bureaus of the various departments of the government is called for in resolution introduced today by representative Mott, republican of New York. The resolution would as certain the nature and cost of work done by each. what employees are used, and whether their employment in this press and propaganda work is authorized by laW'
The Birmingham age-herald., 1919-05-27
ENGINEERING DEGREE

Bachelor of science in engineering: V P: Caldwell, Birmingham; Melford 1' Cleveland, Birmingham; Louis J. Farley, Montgomery; Lee o. Gordon, Moplle Walter S. Patton, Jr., Tuscaloosa; Johli M. Sherer, Jr., Tuscaloosa; Raymond d. Staggers, Jr., Benton; Donald Il. Ihoin- bury Birmingham.