davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1919-12-14

two months in the den before she
brings them out into the open or
comes out herself for food or drink
The male bear comes out Of his den
a couple Of weeks before the female
will emerge with her cubs. When
she brings Them into the open she
protects them with the utmost care,
neither a male nor another female
can come near them. The reason
for this is that male bears, like most
other wild animals, are cannibalistic
and will greedily devour' their own
young. Male bears have been known
to kill the females in order to eat
the cubs at ease.
Black bears are not nearly so cam
nibalistic as the grizzly, and black
bears climb trees, while the grizzly
does not. Hence, one Of the first
things a black bear cub is taught is
to get up tree when danger threat
ems. This teaching results in the
black bear cub being ready for an
independent life by the end Of its
first summer. But the grizzly
mother takes her cubs into her den
with her for their 6rst winter, and
it is not until the end Of the second
New-York tribune., 1919-12-14
Some OF the bears at the Bronr Zoo

summer that she sets them adrift to
fend for themselves. The black bear
will have cubs every year, but the
grizzly only every second year.
Female bears in captivity follow
to a certain extent the habits Of free
bears in this important matter of
their offspring. Black bears have
cubs every year and grizzlies only
every two years, despite the careful
protection they are given to prevent
the old males from devouring the
cubs. In this latitude the mating
time is the spring, from the middle
Of April to the middle Of May, and
the cubs are born in January while
the mother is still alternating.
Following the custom of free
bears, the female bears at the Bronx
Zoo do not come out Of winter quar-
ters and resume their summer eat
ing habits after the cubs are born,
but remain in retirement for an
other two months and continue their
winter diet. So far all is regular,
and a fine litter of outstanding cubs
might be expected, but the differ
ences begin at this point.
Bear cubs, though their mothers
New-York tribune., 1919-12-14

may run up to eight or nine hundred
pounds in weight, weigh not more
than nine or ten ounces at birth.
The average is nearer eight ounces.
They are naked little creatures with
hardly a hair on their small bodies,
and the drowsy mother gathers them
in her arms and holds them close to
her for two months, keeping them
alive with. the warmth of her own
body while they suckle her, growing
fat and strong and acquiring a COW
ering of fur to keep Jhem.warn. Dur
ing all that time the mother neither
eats nor drinks. Her whole time
and attention are given to feeding
her cubs and keeping them warm in
the protecting circle of her arms:
But the female bear in captivity
cannot stand the strain of this regi-
men. For one thing, her curiosity
is too overpowering. 1t is well
AlIOW IL Cll0L NV CVCll CllO 1llOIlhcy CA-
ceeds the bear for curiosity. Every
new thing, big or little, that comes
under its ken must be investigated.
If Peter Romanoff taps ever so light
ly on the nameplate on the front of
Ivan's inclosure, the big bear will
come clear from the back of the
place, rear up on his hind legs and
sniff and smell around that name
plate for five minutes to see what has
happened. A keeper dropped a
broom near old Baldy one day not
long ago, and Badly dissected that
broom and separated it straw by
straw before she had satisfied herself
as to what it was and how it was
made.
Mother bears in captivity will
leave theSr cubs and come out of
New-York tribune., 1919-12-14

slams inclosure. She did not leave
her den for either food or drink un-
til she could bring her cubs out
strong and we'll grown.
Czarina, a Syrian bear, furnished
an example year later of how far
bears in captivity can wander from
ancestral customs. She had cubs,
but instead of retreating to the FIR
thest and warmest corner of her
den, she came out into the open and
down to the corner of her inclosure
nearest to the public road and most
exposed to view. There Peter Ro-
manoff found her one January morn
ing with three naked and shivering
cubs.
Ordinarily a female bear with
her cubs is more dangerous than
eight ounces of TINT, but Peter,
after carefully considering the sit
uation, ventured into the inclosure
with large bundle of straw. Gar
ina Let him gently push the straw
under her and her cubs and add
more to it until she had a soft, warm
bed. Then she lay there quietly
while he built wooden hut around
her and over her and provided her
with new den to replace the one
she had deserted.
Lest those who know something
of bears accuse Peter of "string-
ing" let it be added that DR.. Horna-
day confirms him.
Those who go to the Bronx to
see and study the bears there will
find them living in pairs, and, in
the case Of the black bears, four in
one inclosure. This is a curious
difference between bears in captiv-
ity and the same animals in their
free state.
New-York tribune., 1919-12-14
Pine for Donesticity

Out in the open bears are not
particularly sociable beasts. They
don't object to one another's society
so much as that they don't seek it.
Solitude seems to be their prefer
ence. If they come together it is
casually and by chance. They do
not herd together. They den up
each by himself in winter and each
has his own lair in summer Male
and female do not live together at
any time of the year, no more in
the mating season than at any other
time.
In captivity, on the other hand,
they get along better when they live
in pairs, male and female together.
To be sure, each has his separate
den for the winter asd each makes
New-York tribune., 1919-12-14
DIR. Hornaday Asserts His Hairy;
Charges Are Among the Most
Treacherous of Animals

the den at the sound Of a. pebble
rolling down over the rocks. The
indignant snort Of a male bear be-
ing harried up the hill by a keeper
who wants to clean the den will
bring her out. Any little sound,
anything unusual, will make her
leave her cubs, and she comes out
regularly for food and takes her
time eating it, leaving her cubs, Of
course, to shiver and freeze until
she gets back. AS a result, bear
! cubs born in captivity are more
than likely to die from pneumonia.
There is only one good bear
mother in the Bronx Zoo. She is a
Russian brown bear. She can be
counted on to bring her cubs
through safely. A year ago she had
three cubs and all lived to be fine
young fellows. Two Of them were
sent to Antwerp with two black bear
cubs to replenish the zoo there and
the third is still in the Bronx.
One winter few years ago, when
the snow was especially heavy and
remained on the ground unusually
late in the spring, there was an op-
portunity to observe how self-deny-
ing really good bear mother is.
This old Russian had a litter Of cubs
born in January Of that winter.
The snow was on the ground when
the cubs were born and remained
until late in March. During the
whole time not single bear track
appeared in the snow in the Rus
New-York tribune., 1919-12-14

his own bed on the rocks in the
summer, but when they are sepa-
rated they seem to pine. A captive
bear wants mate. 1t is not enough
for him to see other bears in the
Enclosures to either side Of him.
He wants a mate in his own in
closure. And he will fight for his
mate.
Up in the Bronx couple Of years
ago it was deemed necessary for
some now forgotten reason to take
the female from one inclosure and
put her with the male in the next
inclosure. The bear deprived of
his mate went into a furious rage.
The two Enclosures were separated
by twenty-foot steel fence made
of panels, three feet by six feet, Of
two-inch steel bars woven like bas-
network and the panels strongly
bolted together. With marvellous
exhibition of strength the bear
which had lost his mate tore out
one of the panels and went through
the opening into the next inclosure,
where the two male bears engaged
in life and death struggle. 1t took
small army of keepers with an
unlimited supply Of pick handles 20
separate them and drive the first
bear back into his own inclosure.
And his mate had to be returned to
him.
An ashen pick handle is the best
weapon for dealing with a bear.
Bears are often accused Of ferocity,
and wonderful tales are told Of
their lying in wait to attack the
hunter trailing them. The truth is
that they are almost timorous. They
rarely fight unless attacked first
and then will seek safety in fight
if the least opportunity offers. 1t
is only when cornered that they
will fight, but when they do turn
and fight there is no other wild
animal so greatly to be feared.
Bears in captivity are more to
be feared than those in their native
state, for they are confined in a
small space There is no room for
flight, no place to fly to, no cover
10 seek and no road to take. Yet,
even in these small bare Enclosures,
at menacing gesture from the
keeper they will shuttle away to the
furthest point, and pick handle
sent Gathering among the rocks will
rout any venturesome spirit that
considers returning without per-
mission.
New-York tribune., 1919-12-14

and, off the Alaskan coast. She be-
gins In the autumn as soon as the
leaves start to fall from the trees
to corral all those the wind carries
into her inclosure and carefully
drags them into her den to make her
winter bed. The keepers give her
straw to finish up her den, but they
give no straw to the other bears, for
they only drag it out and throw it
into the pools.
The old Admiralty bear goes into
her den along toward the end of
November and truly hibernates for
the next six weeks. For the other
bears in the Bronx the chief differ
ence between winter and summer is
that in summer their dens are
cleaned out every week, while they
are not cleaned out at all in winter.
In the matter of water, they come
out every day, break the ice in their
pools and go>in for a good bath. A
self-respecting bear is far cleaner
than the average human. They come
out of the bath and trot around their
Enclosures, while the water freezes in
their fur and they sound like glass
chandelier in a high wind.
Motherhood is another thing that
distinguishes the free bear from the
captive. In her native state the
female bear is one of the most care
full mothers known to students of
animal life. In the Northern Rock
les the mating time is between the
middle of June and tie end Of Au-
gust. and the most careful observa-
ton extending over thirty years has
never discovered two bears pairing
off and living together during the
whole or any part of the mating Pc
riod. The period Of CESSATION for
bears is from seven to seven and
half months, and the time of birth in
northern ATTITUDES is the latter half
Of February or the first part of
March.
New-York tribune., 1919-12-14

THINE enemy offend
Akv thee give hi1na bear cub, "
SAYS DR.. William I. Horn.
aday, director of the New
Id Geological Gardens in The
nnx
n Hcnnanay starts the bear off
u he'd name, as 1.-The most
..,chsrous OF all wild animals,
~ the apes And he Illustrates
| !, theory with examples.
srhers was nlzn in Winnipeg"
!. avs who had pet bear. He
,,uught the animal up from cub,
a hin, petted him and played with
IN They were the most intimate
.,mpanicns. One day he was show
- the bear to two friends He
IA basket OF apples on his arm
cd fed one to the bear, gave the
,smal second apple and turned
| n reak to his friends As soon
q the man turned his head the bear
srurk him terrible blow on the
M Of the head, knocking him down,
sd then pounred on him and be-
nn chewing him 1t was with the
mstess difficulty that the man was
nrued. fearfully injured"
There is q rule at the Bronx Zoo
lat no keeper is to go into a bears
! an alone and no keeper is to try
to make friends with a bear. The
| rule has oeen broken twice, DR..
Yornaday says Two keepers have
kred to be friendly with bears and
Ultimately each one was attacked
- his bear friend and had to be
Eescued at considerable peril to his
Irscuers and with severe injuries to
himself. On the contrary, no keeper
/ as ever been injured who has
obeyed the rules, says DR.. Horna-
New-York tribune., 1919-12-14
A Confirmed Woman Halter

The polar bear is the only one
in the Bronx Zoo which does not
want a mate. Old Silver King in
sists or living alone, and when an
endeavor was made to supply his
predecessor with a mate, the male
polar bear promptly killed the
female. The polar bear differs in
his diet also from the other bears.
Silver King eats only meat and fish.
The other bears eat anything. Silver
King turns up his nose at sweets,
while the others are eager for any
thing sugary.
In the wild, bears often have a
special diet, based on what is to be
found in their particular haunt.
Bears are not great wanderers. A
twenty mile range is about their
limit And Il a bear happens to
live in the Selkirks in British Co.
lumbia he will not know anything
about fish and probably will not be
on speaking terms with meat. His
diet Will Ne almost exclusively vege.
tartan. Further south, in the Bitter
Root Mountains of Montana, the
bears are great fishermen; they are
meat eaters, when they can get it,
and they eat great quantities of
roots and herbs. But they ignore
some Of the roots most priced by
the bears Of the Selkirks and eat
ravenously some herbs utterly
passed over by their northern
brothers. More to the south, yet,
in Wyoming and southern Idaho,
where game is plentiful, the bears
make meat larger proportion Of
their diet.
In captivity bears collect all their
various appetites into one basket
and are truly omnivorous. They
ere fed twice day, six days week,
in the Bronx. There is no feeding
Sundays, on the theory that they
probably miss a meal occasionally
N the woods and mountains and the
Sunday fast will approximate
natural conditions. Ivan gets twice
o day, except when he is hibernat-
ing, eight or ten pounds of meat
or fish (either fresh water or sea
fish, It makes no difference to him) ,
twenty loaves of stale bread, ten or
a dozen heads of cabbage and a
couple Of bushels of mixed vege-
tables. The meat and fish are alter
mated, meat one day and fish the
next. When he is alternating, the
cabbage and other vegetables are
cut out and the bread portion is
cut in half, while he is fed only
four days week. Two days a
week he gets six pounds Of meat
at feeding and two days six
pounds of fish.
! That is what Ivan calls fasting.
New-York tribune., 1919-12-14

sleeps until new supply Of food
is ready for him in the spring.
The strange part of it is that
he does not supply himself with a
stock Of food, a cache, to last
through the winter, but merely
crawls into a den and sleeps un-
brokenly for weeks and months
without either food or drink. The
duration of Information varies, ac-
cording to the latitude and altitude,
from six weeks to four and some
times nearly five months.
Coming out Of Information, the
free BEARS intestines are absolutely
fiat. One would expect him to be
ravenously hungry. Probably he is.
But he does not proceed to gulp
down food in enormous quantities.
On the contrary, he is delicate about
his eating. He selects carefully and
eats but little so as not to strain
his weakened intestines. At night
he returns to his winter den. 1t is
only after ten days Of resurrection
that he displays the full measure
OF an appetite acquired by several
months of fast, and then forsakes
his den for bed in the open.
Zoo Hibernation Is Short
In the Bronx Zoo the bears start
preparations for Information about
the middle Of October. The signs
ere certain sluggishness of move
ment and decrease in appetite.
Between the middle Of November and
the first Of December they begin to
hibernate" That is, their rations
have been cut down from 30 to so
per cent Of what they eat in the sum-
rner, and they go into their dens to
sleep at night and don't get up so
early in the morning. BY the middle
Of January their Information is over
and they come galloping out for a
full meal.
Three of the Alaskan brown bears
in the Bronx Zoo make no pretense
Of alternating, while the only bear
there that really hibernates is an
other from the Far North, female
Admiralty bear from Admiralty ISL
New-York tribune., 1919-12-14
|Irm Not ''The T'errible''

Iran Not THE Terrible"
The average man will be salts
fed with this testimony. But there
is testimony on the other side also,
and certainly Ivan, the big Alaskan
brown bear up at the Bronx Park,
suggests nothing either treacherous
or ferocious by his somewhat hu-
norous, very inqulring countenance.
Why, when he stands up on his hind
gs-lvan is nearly eight feet tall
and weighs more than 400 pounds,
the biggest bear in captivity-and
y with his right arm across his breast
motions with his huge left arm for
Peter Romanoff, his keeper, to throw
loaf of bread over the high steel
fence, he almost weeps in his fear
that his pleading will go unre-
mrded.
Neither is there anything treach-
aous in the kindly, inquiring face
Ct Baldy, VANS mate, bald-faced
grizzly. The only bears in the
bronx Zoo with which one would
INK treachery are a Kadiak female
bear called Carrie Nation, "because
10 IS such crank" and Silver
hhg, the big polar bear, who
aorts and growls so angrily with
lowered head and barred teeth when
be is disturbed.
But Silver King has an excuse.
de was full-grown bear when he
vas captured and he never took
nndly to it. Most bears in zoos
we're captured when they were cubs
of were born in captivity. Moreover,
SlNer King had a rough time of it
Snen ne was caught. He was taken
The water, and the memory was
70 unpleasant that after he reached
ne Bronx ne would lie at the edge
'l his pool and suffer from the heat
the hottest summer days rather
nan go in the water to cool off.
ne only way he could be persuaded
60 IN the water was by throw
ag his food into the pool, and even
"en IT was a long time before he
would go in voluntarily.
Horrible, Hairy, Human"
One wonders if there is not an
Individuality among bears lust as
much as there is among humans,
ana If there is not a difference be-
seen bears IN captivity and those
Fhat have never known chains q,
bars. Old hunters, particularly those
who have specialized on bears, will
|tell you that there are TO two bears
Exactly alike, any more than there
are two human beings who have the
ame thumb prints, and they will
ay that the only thing the bea,
aeks Of human gifts is speech, while
n intelligence, sagacity and cunains
ae average bear far surpasses tn,
average human. AS for the differ
ences between bears in captivity
aud those in the wild, there arr
e@e that can be readily observed
a the Bronx Zoo.
Ihis is the winter season, and out
The Rockies the bears are hiber-
aanne. That goes for every bea,
s'Om the Mexican border to the
Asctlc Circle. Whether or not Mexi-
@a bears hibernate is disputed
4aeseion. DR.. Hornaday thinks they
p'o0aoly do not, as the climate is
sS0.roplcal and they can get their
tNO all the year round. Others say
~ probably do, as instinct would
'sAe the Mexican bears do what
IVY other member of the family
we Bronx Zoo the bears are
New-York tribune., 1919-12-14
ears at Bronx Park Zoo Play at Hibernatin
|ruin in Captivity Is Drowsy in
Winter But Doesn't INDULGE
In Long Maps

doing what tlSy cali alternating,
but there is a vast difference be-
tween their kind of alternating and
that Of the Rocky Mountain bears.
In the Rockies bear gets ready
to go into winter quarters when the
first snow falls. He cuts his rations
down, eats little less from day to
day and spends large part Of his
time preparing his winter den.
dragging in pine boughs and fallen
leaves to make himself soft and
comfortable bed, chinking up all the
crevices to keep out the drafts and
blocking up the entrance until there
is only room for him to get in. BY
the time the big snow comes, from q
fortnight to a month later, the
bears intestines are entirely
empty. He crawls into his den and
curls up for his long sleep. And he
does not waken or emerge from his
den for either food or drink until Il
is time to come out the next spring
and find the sweet and succulent
young roots beginning to sprout in
the still snow-covered earth.
New-York tribune., 1919-12-14
It's Sleep or Starve

DR.. Hornaday offers this explana-
ton for Information: The bear is
omnivorous, to be sure, but his food
is largely herbivorous. When winter
comes and the big SHOWS fall, if he
had to stay in the open and hunt
for living he would die of starva-
ton. So he crawls into a den and
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1919-05-09
Sunhower Make Si1age

Several farmers in the northern
part of the state have found that
sunf1oWers make very good silage and
that they can be grown more sue
cessfully than corn, reports A. j. Nc
Guire, of the agricultural extension
division of the University of Mime
sota
The sUnfiowers are grown either in
hills or drills and cultivated. When
planted in drills about IS pounds of
seed per acre are required. The Rus
sian variety is considered best.
The Montana experiment station
has been experimenting with sun
flowers for silage and reports very
favorably, giving the following an
alysis as compared with corn silage:
Sunfower silage, Water 1875, Pro-
tein 2.2, Carbohydrates 1913, Fats
5. Corn silage, Water 1911, Protein
IL, Carbohydrates II, Fats 8.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1919-05-09

Blue prints Of the plans for the
Chokio creamery have been received
and after few changes the board
expect to have matters in shape to
start work. The question of putting
down a we'll for the creamery has
practically been settled and it is
hoped that drilling may be started
very soon. The only question now
before the board is that of providing
suitable means for refrigeration.
r. w. Keller and F. T. Schlegel, have
been appointed to visit several cream
cries in the state using artificial
cooling systems and make report as
to whether ice or the artificial system
is the most practical-Chokio Re-
view.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1919-05-09

the equal of corn pound for pound,
adds Mr.. Eckles At current mar
ket prices barley is cheaper than
corn. Barley supplies 70 pounds of
digestible food to the hundred pounds
and corn sc pounds. With corn at
$1.40 a bushel, a pound of digestible
food in corn costs three cents. With
barley at IS cents a bushel a pound
of digestible food in barley costs two
and quarter cents. When corn is
worth $1.40 bushel, barley is worth
about $1.10 bushel
Barley for COWS should be fed
ground and may be used with advant-
age up to half the grain ration. A
good ration, containing barley, would
be as much corn silage and clover
hay as the COWS will eat up clean
and a grain mixture Of four parts
barley, two parts wheat bran, and
one part oilmeal or cottonseed meal
The grain mixture should be fed at
the rate of one pound to each four
pounds of milk produced by Hol-
stein or two to each three pounds Of
milk produced by a Guernsey or Jer-
Sey.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1919-05-09
Right Way to Buy Stations

This is the season when stallion
statesmen are opening their selling
campaigns. Prospective stallion buy
ers should remember that the poorest
horse requires the hardest selling. A
good horse sells himself to any one
who knows. When it becomes neces-
sary to practice the selling methods
that include a slick salesman who
spends his money freely in an effort
to induce twelve men to invest two
hundred dollars each in a stallion
that would not make a high class
market gelding, it is time for pros
pective buyers "to lay off," The
present prosperity of the farmer calls
forth more than usual activity on the
part Of promoters; and a company
stallion is a good selling proposition.
When stallion is needed in a
community, adopt the company-buy-
ing plan. Let the men interested Or
ganize themselves and delegate deal
ers and make their own selection.
They would not only have the barn
full Of stations from which to pick,
but they would also save at least the
amount of the salesman's time and
the various items of his expense &C