davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1919-05-02

DR.. Samuel J. Fort, Of Baltimore
has been appointed Deputy Health
officer for the three Southern Mary
land counties, Charles, Calvert and
ST. Mary's, He came to the county
this week to assume his new duties and
expects to make his headquarters here
at La Plata. He will work in conjunc-
ton with the local health officers OF
the three counties mentioned above,
DR.. Fort practiced medicine in Ho-
ward County for number Of years
where he stood high in his profession
and since 1910 has been practicing in
Baltimore. up to the time the war
broke out when he Joined the Army.
His service in the Army was successful
and creditable. He has now been
honorably discharged after faithful
performance of his duties in the Ser
vice Of Uncle Sam.
The following article from a cores
pondent in Catonsville shows his ex-
cellent service in the Army.
Major Samuel J, Fort, formerly
Ordnance Officer on General Chas. 4.
Gathers STAFF, while he commanded
the 1st Brigade Maryland National
Guard, has been discharged from the
Army and is visiting in Gainesville.
Major Fort was one of the famous
fifty-four expert rifle and pistol shots,
selected to form the instrumental per-
sonnet of the Small Arms Firing
School at Camp Perry, Ohio, and re-
ceived his commission May 2nd, 1918.
After serving at Camp Perry until
October Of that year, Major Fort was
one Of six officers detailed from the
School to assist in training the 18th
Division at Camp Dodge, Iowa, this
tour of duty being completed when the
Armistice was signed, and he with all
other instructors was sent to the In
fantry School sof Arms at Camp Ben
ming, Georgia.
From the start to the finish OF his
service in the Army, Major Fort was
Chief Instructor in the use of the auto
matte pistol and assisted in the train
ing of six thousand officers with that
weapon, besides running of the Ma
tional Pistol Match of 1918, the first
time a National Guard officer has had
that honor.
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1919-05-02
Mrs, NJ, E. Hill. Dies Of Burns.

Mrs. Vary E. Hill, thir.y-scven
years old, died at Casually Hospital
last night about $50 o'clock as re-
suit of burns she received four hours
earlier, while preparing dinner at her
home, IS l street northeast. Thomas
c. Hill, her husband, received burns
to his hands while trying to save his
wife's life.
Mrs. Hill became suddenly i'll while
preparing dinner, her husband ex-
planned, and fell on the lighted gas
stove Her dress ignited and, being
desperately i'll, it is stated, she was
unable to assist herself. Coroner New
lit gave certificate Of accidental
death. WASH. STAR
Mrs, Hill was Miss Eva Langley,
formerly OF Charles County, and sis
ter OF A. De Sales Langley. She
leaves one child, girl three years
old.
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1919-05-02

OF the Ownership, Management, Cir
culation, Etc, Required by the Act
Of Congress of August "a, 1919,
OF Maryland Independent, pub
lished weekly at La Plata, Md, for
April, 1919.
Before me, a Notary Public in and
for the State and county aforesaid,
personally appeared, F. Stone Posey,
who, having been duly sworn accord
ing to law, deposes and says that he
is one of the publishers of the Mary
land Independent, and that the follow
ing is, to the best of his knowledge
and belief, true statement of the
ownership, management land if daily
paper, the circulation, ETC., of the
aforesaid publication for the date
shown in the above caption, required
by the Act of Augusta, 1912, embodi-
ed in section 44J, Postal Laws and Re
gulations, printed on the reverse OF
this form, to wit:
/. That the names and addresses oil
the publisher, or editor, managing edi-
tor, and business managers are:
Publishers, Adrian and F. Stone
Posey, La Plata, Md.
Editors, eAdrian and F. Ston,
Posey, La Plata, Md.
Managing Editor, F. Stone Posey
La Plata, Nd.
Business Manager, F. Stone Posey
La Plata, Md.
2. That the owners are: (Giv,
names and addresses OF individual
owners, or, If corporation, give il.
name and the names and addresses O
stockholders owning / per cent Of
more OF the total amount OF stock.)
Adrian Posey.
3. That the known bondholders
mortgages, and other security hold
ers owning or holding l per cent o.
more Of total amount OF bonds, mort
cages, or other securities are: Il
there are none, SO state.)
None.
Sworn to and subscribed before mt
this 18th day of April, 1919.
J. MITCHELL COCHRANE,
Notary Public.
(SEAL.)
My commission expires May
\
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1919-05-02
FRIDAY. MAY End. 1919.
Victory Liberty Loan
Meetings.

WAYsIDE, Friday, May End
& p. NJ.
HUGHESvILI.E, Saturday, May
Bird, 4 P. NJ.
WALDORF, Saturday, May Srd-
8 P. NJ.
LA PLATA, Sunday, May 4th.
4P. NJ.
A BRASS BAND WILL BE IN ATrEN-
DANCE AT ALL OF THESE
MEETINGS,
Demonstration of a Tank used in
France, at the La Plata Meet
ing, also day light Fire
Works.
These meetings will be adj
dressed by prominent out-of-the
County and local speakers.
The Banks Of the County will
loan money to purchase Victory
Liberty Loan Bonds at A "a per
cent interest, being the same as
the Bonds bear.
For further information as
to purchasing h e sc
Bonds apply at any
Bank in the
County.
VICTORY LOAN COMMITTEE
Of CHARLES COUNTY.
JAMES M. BOWLING. Chairman.
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1919-05-02
Death Of Mrs. Murphy.

The death OF Mrs. Kate Murphy,
widow of the late John f. Murphy,
occurred at her late home near La
Plata, on Sunday morning the 9th
inst, in the 6sth year OF her age. The
deceased had been in failing health for
some time and on Thursday of last
Thursday suffered a stroke of paraly-
sis from which she never regained
consciousness. She is survived by the
following children: Messrs. r. p.
Horace, Z. and Dolor +. Murphy and
Miss Blanche Murphy Of this county,
Mrs. Edwin Forest of Baltimore and
Mrs. Joseph Blandon, Of Rockville.
Her funeral took place on Monday
the 18th, at St. Thomas Church, where
Requiem Mass was said for the reposc
OF her soul.
Nay she rest In peace
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1919-05-02
LOCAL BrEvIl.Es.

Mr.. John G. Owen was visitor to
Washington on Sunday last.
You can always find the comforts Of
home at the New Wills Hotel.
MIR. and Mrs. Eugene Norris have
returned from their honeymoon trip.
DIR. George o. Monroe, local health
officer, was a visitor to Washington
on Wednesday last.
Go to church Sunday morning and
attend the Victory Loan meeting in the
afternoon.
Make Sunday next a gala day in
the county for subscriptions to the
Victory Loan Bonds.
We join the many friends of Mrs.
A. I. Lloyd who has been quite sick in
wishing her speedy recovery.
Cashier r. ]. Mates of the Southern
Maryland National Bank visited
Baltimore on Saturday last
If you believe in good investments
and want to save your money, buy
Victory Loan Bond.
Messrs. William and James Fergus
son of Baltimore were visitors to the
county during the week.
Mr.. Leo Farrall has begun the cree
ton of dwelling on the State Road
near this town where he will make his
home.
Mr.. Austin Hamilton, formerly of
this county, now resident of WASH
ington, spent Sunday last with friends
in the county.
Serve your God, and your country
on Sunday next, first by attending
church and then by subscribing to
Victory Liberty Loan Bonds.
Be on hand for 1.-THE Victory Liberty
Loan meeting alta Plata ard see one
of the tanks that brought the hun to
his knees in the recent war.
Mr.. Frank Roach and family Of
Washington motered down for the
week end which was spent at the home
of his father-in-law, Ex-senator S. S.
Lancaster
The white wash brush is beginning
to make its appearance. Lets all hope
the residents OF this town will follow
the example shown and make our town
neat and attractive.
Come and enjoy the beautiful motion
picture, ''The Price Of Peace, which
will be shown at the Victory Liberty
Loan meeting at La Plata on Sunday
next.
Have you any gratitude9 If so
show it to our young men and womer
who fought and worked so hard, facing
death in active service, thatyou SHOULD
continue to enjoy freedom and happi
ness.
The Southern Maryland Nationa
Bank, has limited number of $50. o.
and $4,000 coupon Victory Libert.
Loan Bonds. These bonds will b
delivered Immediately to persons pay
ing for their subscriptions in cash.
Mr.. Somerset Owen who recently re
turned from France with the Marylan
University unit, who is now statione
at Camp Meade awaiting his discharg
spent Sunday last with his parent.
DR.. and Mrs. T. S. Owen, this town.
Among those who witnessed tn
memorial services in honor OF Lieu
Harry White Wilmer on Friday la.
was DR.. W. 3. Bureh and his sol
Lieut.. Burch, Of 81, Mays Count.
the latter having been among the nun
Der who saw active service oversee
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1919-05-02
COMMISSIONERS MEETING.

The Board of County Commission
ers of Charles County will meet at
their Office in La Plata on
TUESDAY, MAY 9Th, 1919.
for the purpose of transacting mis-
cellaneous business.
GEORGE A, WADE, Clerk,
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1919-05-02
NOTICE TO CREDITORS.

In the United States District Court
for the District of Maryland, in
Bankruptcy.
TAKE NOTICE, That Andrew II.
Mcdaniel, bankrupt, having been ad-
Indicated bankrupt by the Honorable
the Judge of said Court, first meeting
of creditors will be held in the Uniteo
States Court Room, p. O. Building
Baltimore, Md, on Friday, May 10th
at IL A. NJ, for the purpose OF allow
ing claims, examining the Bankrupt
and selecting a trustee or trustees,
DANIEL NJ, MURRAY, Referee,
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1919-05-02

-Four changes allowed to yearly
advertisers without additional charge
All advertisements due and pay
able after the first insertion.
Obituaries and personal commu-
nications will be inserted at 10 cents
per line.
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1919-05-02
Order Nisi.
In the circuit Court for Charlie.
County, Maryland
No. 1872 Equity.
Adrian Posey and Mary A. Posey, his
wife, ct al, Plaintiffs,

VS..
Joseph Brooks and Mollie Brooks,
his wife, ct al, Defendants.
Ordered by the Circuit Court for
Charles County, Maryland, this 22nd
day of April, in the year 1919, that
the sale OF the real estate mentioned
and described in the above entitled
cause, made and reported by F. Stone
Posey and Ferdinand c. Cooksey Trus-
tees, be finally ratified and confirmed,
unless cause to the contrary be shown
on or before the 18th day of May
1919; provided, a copy Of this order
be inserted in some newspaper print
ed and published in said Charles
County once a week for three sue
cessive weeks before' the said 18th day
of May, 1919.
The Report states the amount ef
sale to be 1906. 90.
WARREN NJ. ALBRITTAIN,
Clerk of the Circuit Court for Charles
County, Maryland.
True copy,
/ Test:
= WARREN N. ALBRITTAIN: F.
81. &Aut
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1919-05-02

For Sale H S;'ss 4 I5 SSFH n
tedious correspondence, / have sue
ceeded in having the price Of horse
manure reduced to $3.50 per ton, +. o.
b.. Stations on Popes Creek, r. r.
Will make prompt shipments on or
after May 18th, 1913. Please send
orders promptly.
DE LANCE ROBERTSON,
2-lm Billingsly, Md.
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1919-05-02
NOTICE.. NOTICE. NOTICE.


There will be Grand Concert and
Ball, at Mr. VIM, Young's, Indian
town, Md. on
MONDAY, May 5th, 1919.
Concert begins at $50 p. NJ.
Proceeds for benefit of Cedar
Point Neck School.
Good Music. Admission 25cts.
Refreshments in Abundance.
Committee.
Mrs. Emma Wheeler, Mrs. Cecilia
Simmons, mrs. maggie Farrall, Mr..
Vim. Young, Mr.. John Farrall and
AIR. John Bowman.
Come and have a delightful time
down at Indiantown. All are welcome.
Miss Edith Viola Blair, Teacher.
advt.
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1919-05-02


Baltimore
YOU CAN SHOP HERE FOF
EVERY MEMBER OF
THE FAMILY
Perhaps all the readers of this
paper may not know just whai
sort of a store Baltimore's Bes
Store is.
There are more than fifty
separate departments, devoted
to the selling of
Women's Wearables.
Misses Wearables,
Children's Wearables,
Babies WearabIes,
Mems Clothing, and
Furnishings,
Youths Clothing and
Furnishings,
Boys Clothing and
Furnishings,
Silk, Wool and Cotton
Fabrics.
In addion there are special section
devoted to
Rugs, Curtains, Uphol-
steries and furnishings
for the home.
A spacious store" in
which the housekeeper
will find all the latest
conveniences for tighten
ing her tasks, and COM
plete stocks OF everything
that's needed for the
comfort and convenience
of the household.
Sections devoted to jew
elry, hand bags, silver
ware, neckwear, hosiery,
dress trimmings, laces,
embroideries, III o es,
gloves, ribbons, handker-
chiefs, veilings, umbreI-
las, art goods, pictures.
toys, luggage, candy,
notions, stationery,
kodaks and cameras, and
a Complete Book Store.
Victrolas and Victor
records are also sold here.
You will save time by
doing your shopping here
when you visit Baltimore,
or our Mail Shopping
Service enables you to
shop satisfactorily without
leaving your home.
Write US in reference to any Il
formation you may desire as
any merchandise in our stock.
i .Mzyad65sGza HSzsnSm
- Baltimore, Md.
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1919-05-02

1m.sm. m. SIM Year.
in.Iss.5Ols Observation-Disclosures
ain. $50 s.5Ol 1851 1901 ls.oO
sin. s.OO 1851 s.5Ol1O.OOI 1900
Ain. ZOO s.5Oi1.OOIl2.5OI $500
Sin. s.OOlO.OOls.5OllS.SOl $500
Sin. O1s.OOrs.OOIsO.OOl 5000
lsin.I17.oOlzO.oO IsO.oOlaO.OOI 1000
IA in. 1873 90 O.oOIsO.oOI7 .OOpsO.OO
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1919-05-02
STATEMENT

OF the Ownership, Management, Cir
culation, Etc, Required by the Aet
of Congress of August "a, 1919,
OF Maryland Independent, pub
lished weekly at La Plata, Nd, fol
The Washington times., 1919-11-11

The "~ets' may seek 70 have the -
tire vote thrown out IN this prseansl
IL was said. The s.wets~ Alec cia1n
that an apparent error In a Dayton
precinct would give them an add
uonsl ninety-eirht votes.
The Washington times., 1919-11-11
SILVER DOLLAR IS
WORTH OVER 81 NOW
Rise in Price Of Metal Gives
u. s. Coin Higher Value
As Bullion.

For the frst time IN thtrty-fve
years the metal in the American ST.
yer dollar Is worth more than the face
value of the coin
Sales of the metal were made in
the New York market yesterday at
1.3o1a cents an ounce The gold
parity of the silver dollar Is $1-2929;
that is, when silver metal sells At
that price the silver in the dollar n
worth a dollar.
With silver selling around the high
price established yesterday II WIN be
profitable to melt down dollars and
sell them as bullion Bullion dealers
estimated the melting cost at about
half a cent an ounce "Goulashing"
OF dollars, as the bullion trade calls
melting them down, is not likely to
become much of a practice, however,
because of the limited number of dol
lars in circulation. Upward of $780,
00o. 900 worth OF silver dollars were
melted down and sold as bullion un-
der the provisions OF the wartime
Pittman act Much OF that silver
went to India to pay for war pur-
chases.
Silver, like most other commodities,
has been steadily rising In price since
the war began, and the movement has
been accelerated since the signing of
the srmistice by reason of the heavy
world demand for the metal for coin
age. With the Withdrawal of gold
from circulation in various parts Of
the world as a result of the war, sill
yer has come into greater use,
particularly in Europe, where II has
Temporarily taken the place of gold
as a hard money.
Since last May, when the United
States lifted the embargo upon ex-
ports of silver from the country,
China has come into this market as
a heavy purchaser. and recently sales
for shipment to the Far East have
been running at the rate OF 1000 900
to 100000 ounces a month. In
August exports to China reached the
larger figure, and in September they
exceeded 100000 ounces. China is
bidding against the world for silver
at present and is willing to pay a
higher price than England. That Is
the principal factor in the market at
the moment, and the demand from
that quarter is expected to continue
heavy for some time.
The Washington times., 1919-11-11
.DRYS ASK RECOUNT
IN OHIO ELECTION
May Be Forced Into Court,
Entailing Wait of Several
Months, Perhaps.

COLUMBUS, Nov. 11.-with an ap-
parent wet" majority of ga against
ratification of the eighteenth amend
ment. Manager James A. White, OF
the Ohio Dry Federation, HIS made
formal demand of the State secretary
for a recount of the election vote.
The courts may be called upon to de-
eide whether the voters repudiated
or upheld the action OF the State leg
islature in ratifying the amendment.
White, however, has not yet ad-
mitted. defeat of the proposal, con-
tending that il will take the COM
plete official count to decide the re-
suit. Hamilton county's official
count. including Cincinnati, has not
yet reached the office OF the secre-
tary of State.
AS required by law, a copy of the
demand for d recount will be filed
with the clerk OF courts of Franklin
county (Columbus) tomorrow, White
said. Should the election be forced
into the courts the final result may
not be known for weeks or even
months.
1t was pointed out at the secretary
Of States office, however, that the
errors found in county returns may
be more apparent than real, and after
The Washington times., 1919-11-11
]. B. LORD OBSERVES
|. HIS 93D BIRTHDAY
Relatives of Venerable Brook
land Man Gather to CeIe-
brate Event.

A real family reunion marked the
passage OF the ninety-third milestone
in the life of John B. Lord, lifelong
resident of Washington. at his Brook
land home, 1912 Monroe street, last
night.
Members of the family. including
one son, Milliard Lord; sixteen chill
dren and seven great-grandchildre
assembled at the residence. Mr.
Lords birthday was celebrated very
quietly.
However. Il was a decidedly differ
ent celebration than that of last year
for sitting around in the family circle
last night were Isaac. John B.. jr.,
Herbert and Ernest Lord, four grand.
sons, who one year ago were in the
trenches in France.
Possibly they paused for moment
on the 10th Of November last as they
thought of their grandfather's birth
day, and at the little home in Brook
land everyone was sad because those
four faces were missing, and prayers
that the boys would be present at the
next birthday were answered the next
day when Germany agreed to the
armistice terms, and the boys were
waiting to come home
However, war was NOT menuoheo AT
the little reunion yesterday evening.
as II Is not regarded as pleasant
subject to bring into such a oelebra-
tion, but probably the minds of those
boys and the mind OF their grand
father recalled November 10, 1913.
Mr.. Lord was born In Washington.
He is a carpenter by trade. When the
cfvfl war broke out he sought to
serve his country by obtaining en-
rloyment In the Government
When the world war broke out he
was reluctant because he could not
answer the ca1 to the colors, and he
was q very proud man when his four
grandsons responded
The Washington times., 1919-11-11
COMMISSION TO CONSIDER
EIGHT-H0UR DAY POLICY

A bitter fight, in which Samuel
Gompers led the labor forces, in the
International Labor Conference met
with partial victory yesterday, when
the question OF the eight-hour dav a.
opposed to the forty-eight-hour week
was referred to a commission Of
fifteen.
George n. Barnes, British delegate.
presiding in the absence of Secretary
of Labor Wilson, stated that the ac-
tion OF the congress was not TO be
construed as a reputation of the
eight-hour day principle.
Shorter hours OF work in tropical
climes is to be considered by a COM
mission appointed by the congress
yesterday.
The Washington times., 1919-11-11

CnD ysur Liberty DssS ss~psss -
exehange then fer ~. O. q. shesp&v
The Washington times., 1919-11-11
DRY new WORKERS
DRINK HAIR TONIC
Bartenders Produce "Whis-
key" From Varied Ingre-
dients While You Wait.

NEW YORK, Nov. 11.-Hair tonic at
80 and 40 cents a glass Is now the
favorite drink of ebullient New York
ers since the prohibition law went In
tC effect, according to Col. Daniel l..
Porter, internal revenue agent here.
Prune juice and caramel have aid
ed bartenders to cater to customers,
and whiskey made while you wait
from the hair tonic ingredients has
been colored and served as scotch"
frye" and other favorite brands.
This has come about because there
has been no genuine "red liquor"
available since July ], Colonel Por-
ter said. 1t has proven satisfactory
tc customers who have not been let
In on the secret, because 1t has a
powerful "kick."
The "nonbeverage" alcohol was
manufactured under the wartime
food control law and cost s240 a bar
rel. When the saloon keeper obtain
ed IL his next business operation was
to buy a half dozen empty barrels
and dilute il, then with his stock of
prune juice and caramel at hand and
his bartender ready, he served his dis
guised stock by the small glass, max
ing proft of anything from 81 900
to $4,000, according to how much
The Washington times., 1919-11-11


~ and liuls pimplss came on
IN them. The p.mpies got larger
N~S and were v,sery, and devel-
oped into bad, sore erup-
ions could hardly do my
W work and I could not sleep.
"Isens fora free sample Of cutieura-
I beuxht mors and used two cakes Of
Soxp and three boxes of Ointment
vhsu I wss heaed." tsigned) Miss
Lsna Parks, R F. d. =, Fayetteville,
Tenn, Dec ., 1918.
Rely On Cuticura Soap, Ointment
AM Taleum 10 care for your skin.
IS. Sd tSro.ssess DE world. For
sxnple each frse sddrexz: Cnerura Lab
tsssws.a. Dssa =. AalSs.. kass-"
c~ki<xa S>sp sAAvss without mag.
The Washington times., 1919-11-11
. CUT|CURA HEALS
ECZEMA ON FACE
And AIMS Could Hardly
Work and Could Not Sleep.

1vls su6xing with eesema. Ny
knea and arms beEan 10 kch and burn,
The Washington times., 1919-11-11

heart he had for his customers. Col.
onel Porter asserted
New York hotels have invented a
rev charge-"corkage," one dollar
II means that hereafter men who en-
ter a restaurant armed with a flask
and women who secrete in their van
ity cases tiny tube loaded with a
prohibition cocktail, must pay for the
privilege of providing their own
drinks. One hotelman explained to-
cay that there is about as much
drinking as ever in public dining
"corkage" tax.
The Washington times., 1919-11-11
BABY BUGGY AS BAR
SUBSTITUTE URGED
Grand Passion of Paternity
Dominates Mans Whole
Energy, Pastor Says.

NEW YORK, Nov. 1i.-where the
grand passion of paternity is aroused
IL dominates a mans whole energy"
explained the Rev. Melville X. Bailey.
in urging the baby carriage as a
substitute for the saloon.
"It drives him to the greatest er-
forts to succeed, and kindles in his
heart sort OF barbaric price in the
young whelp that is being wheeled
about in the baby carriage"
Bailey, who Is vicar of the Holy
Spirit Episcopal Mission, explained
that by Substitute" he meant "a
chief object of interest to replace in
terest in the saloon"
The Washington times., 1919-11-11

verincation by the local county
boards. may leave the results. as frst
certified officially, stand correct.
Wet leaders claim that official re-
suits as certified from a number of
counties may prove TO be incorrect.
In Muskingum there is said TO have
been discrepancy in the number Of
votes cast as compared with the
number OF voters in one precinct.
The Washington times., 1919-11-11
PARIS NEWSPAPERS
tied UP BY STRIKE

PARIS, Nov. 1.-THE newspaper
workers strike went into effect today
and only two morning papers ap-
peared. One was q composite journal
la Presse De Paria." to which the
nonstriking STATS papers contributed.
and the other was the socialist organ
-Humaniate." Police are guarding
the Newspaper offices.
The Washington times., 1919-11-11

TOHN B. LORD, who Gel
ebrated his ninety
third birthday at his
Brookland d home, 1912
Monroe street, last night.
His son, Milliard Lord,
sixteen grandchildren, and
seven great-grandchildren
were present.