davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1919-06-05
CONGRESS OF VIENNA, 1s14-FIRST SESSION.
After Nspoleons o
Making the One Time Emperor of France

bled than the congress resolved itself
into a mad scramble for territory.
The rights Of people to self-determi-
nation were utterly ignored. The
proceedings were secret, but enough
leaked out TO cause Whtbread to pro-
test in the house of commons. 1--WE
live in an age when free nations are
not 10 be sold and transferred like
beasts of burden" But that was just
what was done.
Lord Castlereagh pursued at first a
wavering policy. until early in Janu-
airy, when the news OF the signing Of
a treaty OF peace between England
and the United States caused him to
oppose boldly, but without success,
the rapacity of Russia and Prussia.
When the congress had been in ses-
sion nearly six months the division
Of the spells was nearly completed.
To Russia was assigned Poland as
she held II until the recent war
Announced Escape OF Napoleon.
Prussia got one-half of Saxony, a
slice of Poland and the territories Of
which Napoleon had shorn her. North
ern Italy was given to Austria and
central Italy furnished duclries for
Austrian princes. Holland and Bel
GUM were erected into separate
kingdom. Norway was taken from
Denmark and given to Sweden.
France was confined within her old
limits. The smaller German states
were dealt with according to their
pull" England'was allowed TO keep
ST. Lucia in the West Indies, the Cape
Of Good Hope and few other oversee
trifies. along with HelgOland.
The delegates considered their work
nearly completed when, on the morn
ing OF March IL, Talleyrand entered
the council chamber, his face pale and
drawn, and announced that a courier
had just arrived from France with the
news that Napoleon had escaped from
Elba and was marching on Paris.
At first the delegates broke into
peals OF laughter; the laughter was
succeeded by anxiety; and. hastily
passing resolution declaring Napo-
leon an outlaw. the congress adjourn
ed. Kings and ambassadors hurried.
home TO reassemble 1.0ll 600 troops TO
hurl again against the man OF destiny.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1919-06-05
The Need Of God.

People are asking In these days OF
upheaval and chaos what is wrong
with the world II needs God; II
needs the religion Of Jesus Christ and
Il needs that religion practically EN-
bodied In the lives OF men. We see
Il In the lives OF these men Of the
gospel. We need men like that null
tiplied MANIFOLD In every church. We
need men like that multiplied ten thou
sandfOld In our land.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1919-06-05
Diu In. Not Out.

The soldier whose speciality had
been sewer trenches for some months
past was found leaning on his shovel.
"What are you dreaming about
nowf' the nOncom asked
81 was just thinking" responded
the shovel wielder, that II these
bitches were straight up and down in
stead of lengthwise. I'd have dug my
way back home long before this
The Spiker Engineers Railway,
United States Army.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1919-06-05

10 know there Is
One who never
changesi Friends
may fail us, loved
ones may forsake
US, health may
leave us, money
may take wings
and fly away,
times and circum-
ces m a y
change, we, even
ourselves, De al
tered, but the
Lord Jesus Christ
Is the unchanging
and Interchangeable
One.
Our text tells
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1919-06-05

New York.-The fioorwalker said
Miss Margaret Mcbride had man In
her room. She said there wasn't The
foorwslker looked. The peep was
worth $4,000. according 10 her suit
against the Vanderbilt hotel manage
ment. No man was In the room.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1919-06-05
Electric Car Strikes Auto; sis Killed

Albion, n. Y--Jacob Mc. ter, a
farmer, residing near this city; his
wife, their three children and Mrs
Bertha Crudin, of Holley, n. u, Me
Alllster's sister, were killed when the
automobile IN which they were riding
was struck by Buffalo, Lockport a
Rochester interurban car at crossing
on the state road near Albion.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1919-06-05
FAMOUS
PEACE TREATIES
PEACE OF TlLSlT, 1907.
Napoleon the couqueror Up Europe to Sui. His Needs
By ". IRVING KING

The treaty Of Tisit signalized the
defeat of the fourth coalition against
France. which consisted Of Russia.
Prussia. Austria. England and Swe-
den. Napoleon had won the battles of
Jena. Auerstadt. Eylau and Friedland (;
all continental Europe was NJ his feet /:
he dictated the terms Of peace. The
Russian army had been thrown back
over the river Niemen In the northeast
corner Of Prussia. Napoleon went to
the town Of Tilsit on that river and
opened negotiations with Emperor
Alexander. The king Of Prussia. whose
domains were entirely in the grasp Of
the conqueror, came to Tllsit hut was
allowed no part In the negotiations.
In a stately pavilion erected on a
eorgeously decorated raft anchored in
the middle Of the river Alexander and
Napoleon met on June 20 and began
the drafting Of treaty between Rus
sin and France which was signed BY
the two emperors on July Z. Russia
was given practically free hand in
Turkey, allowed to seize, II she could.
the Danubian principalities. and. in
case Turkey did not assent to the
peace. to have all Of Turkey in Eu-
rope except COnstantinople and Rou-
mella. The two emperors also dis
cussed the fate Of Prussia. Frederick
William begged the car TO make the
best terms he could for him.
What His Reason Disapproved.
Napoleon said to Alexander: what
ever ] grant to Prussia | grant at your
intercessionS adding that in that mat
ter his heart caused him to seal what
his reason disapproved."
The best terms Car Alexander
could get for his friend the Prussian
king. were these: All the lands that
Prussia had stolen in the partition OF
Poland in 1893 and 1875 were taken
from her and erected into the Grand
Duchy Of Warsaw, an Independent
Polish state. Prussia ceded to Napo-
leon all her territory west of the
Elbe. most Of which was added TO the
new kingdom Of Westphalla, which was
constructed for Napoleon's brother.
Jerome. small portion of Prussian
territory was given to Russia and
small portion to Saxony. King Fred
erick william was allowed TO retain
only Old Prussia, Pomerania. Brand
enburg and Silesia. And even the lat
ter province had "a string to IT," for
the king Of Saxony, TO whom the
grand duchy of Warsaw was as
signed. was to keep open military
road across Silesia. Prussia was re-
duced to half her former territory and
deprived Of her most important towns;
for Danzig became free city and
Magdeburg went to Jerome Bonaparte.
Prussia was obliged to close her ports
against British commerce. A war in
demnity of a large amount for those
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1919-06-05
The Unchange-
able Christ
By REV. W. W. KETCHUM
Director of the Evening Glasses.
Moody Bible Institute. Chicago

TEXT-Jesus Christ the same yester-
day, and today. and forever.-Iieb. 1873
In the midst Of all the vicissltudes
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1919-06-05
RsIoleel

o God, animate us TO cheerfulness
May we have a joyful sense Of our
blessings, learn 10 look on the bright
circumstances OF our lot, and main
tain perpetual contentedness.-
Claiming.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1919-06-05

The Salvation Army Home Service
Fund campaign for sl3,000000 will be
conducted during the week OF May 10
20. Its success will enable the Saliva
tion Army 10 practically double Its
efforts among the poor.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1919-06-05
~" to Open Clubs for Troops.

~" TO Open Clubs Tor Troops.
AT the request OF the French mifiis-
ter OF marines the Y. NJ. C. A. is
planning the establishment OF clubs for
American and French troops In roolon
and In the suburbs Of that city.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1919-06-05

The congress that assembled to set
In order the affairs Of Europe after
the recent tremendous upheaval nat
urally calls to mind the congress of
Vienna, which met over hundred
years ago for similar purpose after
the vast upheaval of the Napoleonic
wars. Then, as now, the delegates
professed 10 meet to establish a con-
dition which should ensure a lasting
peace.
The armies of France had been ut
terly defeated. Napoleon had EN-
braced in farewell the imperial eagles
In the courtyard OF Fontainebleu and
passed away TO Elba. Nearly mil
lion troops, which the allied sover-
eigns had employed to drag down
the Corsican, had gone back TO their
own countries for rehabilitation or
which. with slight intervals for re-
freshments and rest, had ravaged the
world for is years. were over with
one exception. The United States
and England were still at war. The
United States had come into the con-
fiict only two years before, had made
no alliances or associations, and was
"playing a lone hand" against Eng
land.
Royal Pomp and Splendor.
The congress assembled on Septem-
Der s. 1914. and Vienna was scene
of royal pomp and splendor. THE en-
perors Of Austria and Russia. the
kings Of Prussia. Bavaria. Wurtem-
berg and Denmark. the princes of the
smaller German states. great states
men like Talleyrand and Castlereagh,
and a host of minor delegates repre-
senting every political division in
Europe were there. The delegates
spent the mornings in discussion and
the evenings in revelry, each nights
entertainments ecllpsing in splendor
those OF the night before.
Napoleon had changed the map OF
Europe, erecting new nations and en-
larging or Remembering old ones.
The old order OF things had been
blown away on the smoke OF battle
fields and the delegates proposed 10
rearrange the map according TO their
own ideas. In spite OF protestations,
no sooner had the delegates assem-
Pine Bluff daily graphic. (Pine Bluff, Ark.) 1893-1942, 1919-08-03
COMPARATIVELY EASY TO find OIL
when YOU KNOW JUST HOW TO DOT

where outcroppings are found, several
holes may be drilled before oil is
found. Chances of success is increas-
ed by surface indications, but after
all it is a gamble.
"The real truth about the oil bust
ness" said the Oklahoma man, "is
that geology plays prominent part
in locating new oil county, far remov-
ed from proved fields.
"The oil industry might be divided
pay high prices for leases in proved
first play a comparatively safe game,
with high expense and smaller prof
it's. The wildcaters pay little or
nothing for leases in unknown coun-
try. Their biologists choose the like
ly places for drilling. If few good
wells ar brought in their profits are
large. Theirs is really the gamble
end Of the oil business, for chances
are much more in favor Of the opera
tor in country that already is pro-
ducing oil"
Another operator declares there is
no science in locating oil, other than
knowing the boundaries Of the sea of
past ages that covered parts of the
United States. He declares that I'M
less an oil seepage is found or sur
face oil stain is traced to it's sources,
only the drill used in territory known
to have been under water in past
ages will disclose oil--and even then
it will fail rs per cent Of the time.
Then there are some who believe in
the ''oil smeller." His class is small
and his followers few. He has a
profound mien, is mysterious in his
methods, and, strange to say, now and
then makes as good showing as the
scientist. He uses an instrument of
secret composition, which is said to
bed toward the ground when over
oil pockets. The secret composition
is supposed to have an affinity for
oil, and it is from this instrument
that he gets the name coil smeller."
Some persons have faith in the oil
smeller.' as in the case of an Okla
homa farmer who was drilling on his
farm He had just brough in a small
well when "smeller" offered for a
moderate fee. to locate a gusher. The
farmer agreed. The "smeller" COW
cred most of the farm and finally
"smelled" the gusher site just 80 feet
from the farmers well. The farmer
is drilling on the new location.
How Kansas Field Located.
There are other methods employed
sometimes in the oil game, such as the
operator who "locates" we'll, starts
drilling and in the night hauls in a
barrel of oil, pours some in the hole
and greases the dirst. The following
day the countryside is good. But these
methods are few in the oil industry.
Locating oil wells is matter of
some knowledge, some experience and
Pine Bluff daily graphic. (Pine Bluff, Ark.) 1893-1942, 1919-08-03

section he was a scout for the con-
trolling enterprise of the oil industry
and located oil in many of the MID
die West fields. His theory OF the
origin of oil:
"Oil is sulphur and salt under
heat and pressure 1t is a geologic
fact that all of the country west OF
here was at one time, perhaps MIL
lions of years ago, under sea. rms
sea extended from the Ozark upllft
to the Rockies, perhaps on out TO the
Pacific. The Rockies may have been
the western boundary OF the sea, or
may have been thrown up later.
down through the ages the
erosion from the mountains washing
to the sea gradually filled it, great
deposits of salt being left as the
water vanished. The sulphur in
these deposits from the mountains
combined in many places with the
salt, and under the pressure OF the
thousands of feet of new earth laid
over them, and under the terrific
heat of the interior Of the earth was
| transformed into oil. To locate oil,
find the salt, then get away from it..
The presence of salt indicates the
presence in a locality in past ages
of sea. The presence Of salt indl-
Gates an absence Of oil there, for the
salt has not combined with other
elements. But somewhere near Oil is
likely to be found. The presence OF
salt indicates the former sea. Where
| the former sea existed, oil now
exists in places. Oil in paying guam
titles cannot be found in the Ozark
uplifts reast of it until the Mis-
sissippi iS reached. East of there
was a sea, or bay of other ages and
the oil fields Of Indiana, Onion and
Pennsylvania are the result"
Decayed Animal Life.
| One geologist declares that the low
est order of animal life came into
existence with the formation of the
Potsdam and Trenton rocks, and the
source or origin of natural gas and
oil must be attributed to the burying
and subsequent decay of these mus
sells and other invertebrates. He
adds:
"Periods of storm and calm laid
the sand down loosely, then disturbed
it, filling it with either silicate or
lime and cementing it together. First
the spaces between the little pebbles
became reservoirs for gas OR oil gen
Grated by decaying animal life, then
! the sand was cemented together. Elk
| IRENE storms formed the shell and
held down the major portion of the
gas and oil until an drilled through to
it. Oil is a product of natural gas,
caused by the confinement and pres
sure of gases in the rocks"
Other biologists are noncommittal
however. One says. Glow, when and
where the constituents of gas and oil
were formed is not known definitely.
We need not bother about the various
theories that have been propounded;
that is, whether these constituents
originated from cosmic, organic, in
organic animal, vegetable, volcanic,
animal bacterial, diatomic or fatty
algal SOURCES. The incohtrovertible
facts are that we have bas and oil as
crude natural substance ade up of
mixtures Of widely varying consti-
tuents, even though we do not know
Pine Bluff daily graphic. (Pine Bluff, Ark.) 1893-1942, 1919-08-03
$4,000 FOR TEN ACRES

Eastland, Aug. Workmen are
building a rig on the ten-acre tract
two miles north of Eastland recently
purchased by r. D. Gordon, president
of the Okeh-Ranger Oil company, for
$4,000. This ten acres is out of the
Garrett tract, exactely one mile east
of the Mother Pool we'll.
This location will open up some
new territory around Eastland. The
Bumgarner well is about a mile to
the north of it and the Brelsford well
mile to the south. No other devel-
opment has been going on between
these points and the opening of this
strip will mean the pulling Of devel-
opments more in the Eastland dis
trict.
Pine Bluff daily graphic. (Pine Bluff, Ark.) 1893-1942, 1919-08-03

a preponderance of chance. The ma
jcrlty of large companies employ a
staff of geologist, whose entire time
is devoted to stury of earth structure
in various field, and locating drilling
sites. a majority Of the smaller COM
panies deal only in leases.
In the pioneer days of the oil in
dustry, before Kansas had thought of
oil, Kansas City man made a re-
port to a large company declaring that
all of Kansas was oil country, and
that the southern part of the state
would produce oil in huge quantities.
That was before the days of geology
in oil industry, and his report was
based entirely on his belief that Kan
sas was at one time under salt water
and that several deep holes of the for
mer ocean bed were under that state.
1t was through his recommendation
that some of the early drilling was
begun in that state.
Later this man went to Wyoming
and discovered oil, but his discoveries
there were the result of finding oil
seepage. He declares the greatest oil
fields in America are yet to be dis
covered, and believes he knows their
location, although he is not now in
the oil business, and says he intends
to ''let the other fellows" discover
the new oil banana.
In these days, when probably half
the population of any city is in some
way interested in oil, the world may
bring wilson's only Of drill rigs, pumps
refineries and bank accounts-the
1a++ OF rrro l,xy loo
and bounds, but more otter vanish
ing.
What Is Crude Oil?
There is, however, another angle to
the industry, one that brings fact and
theory together in attempt to solve
the origin Of oil. The theory Of oil
carries one back through the geolo-
gis ages ranging all the way from the
Archaen to the Quaternary, and pass
ing through such ages as the Silur-
ian, Devonian, Carbonic and Cretace-
Gus.
While the knowledge, apparently,
is not necessary to successful oil OPP
GRAFTON, and on the whole the vari-
ance of opinion indicates more theory
than knowledge, oil operators have
devoted much time to an attempt to
explain by geological science the orr
gin of oil. Some measure, perhaps,
it aids them in locating wells. Their
theories vary widely, and each is
inclined to scout the opposing theory.
Two theories advanced by Kansas
City men are extreme opposites. Each
theory may have defenders and OPP
ponents; biologists have taken neu-
trail ground.
A Kansas City man, who holds the
gold medal of the Chicago Worlds
Fair for the finest grade of oil ex-
hibited, gets entirely away from
beaten paths in theorizing the origin
of oil. This man pioneered the oil
industry of Wyoming, travelled by
wagon train over the state and at
one time held under lease $4,000
acres of oil lands in the famous Pow
der River fields in that state. His
operations brought into association
with him the greatest independent oil
interests in the nation, and in the
early days Of the oil industry in this
Pine Bluff daily graphic. (Pine Bluff, Ark.) 1893-1942, 1919-08-03
BIOLOGISTS BEST EQUIP
PED TO CHOOSE LIKELY
PLACES IN IMPROVED
FIELD.
Some Men Able to Smell Oil
Others Detect Presence of
s'Pay Grease" by Surface
Indications.
How is oil located !?


Are there any hard and fast rules
to follow in selection of drilling
sites? Is locating Of oil science
or guesswork? Are some men natural
oil finders, and, if so, how do they
do it? Do they smell it, see some
thing on the surface that says coil, .
or can they tell by the "feeP OF the
earth?
Ask oil operators these questions
and they'll look very mysterious, and
answer: "It's easy--if you know
how" says the Kansas City Star.
AS to the show" all operators or
locators, or scouts, which is perhaps
better name, do agree. The one
answer they do agree on is that geo.
logy takes some Of the hazard out Of
the oil business, but after all it is
only 10 per cent science and 80 per
cent guesswork; that it is almost pure
ly a gamble and the greatest gam
BILE on earth.
One operator, who has located more
than one hundred wells and who has
chit" in 80 per cent Of his locations,
declares he follows not set rule.
where there are surface indica-
tions," he said, "it is easy to deter
mine where to drill. These surface
indications are called anticlines, out
groupings Of rocks which indicate geo.
logical formations that mean oil. Then
again there may be outcroppings Of
oil sand. Once a person learns to
identify an anticline it is not hard to
locate oil country"
Another Kansas City oil man can
"sec" oil land at long range. Re-
Gently he was on train in the South
west when he looked out of the win
dow and remarked to a travling
companions:
There's oil land. ! am going to
get some leases there"
He made hurried trip over the
land and found outcroppings that in
dictated oil. After obtaining leases
on several hundred acres, he found
paying oil country, and evidence from
the indications that his leases were
the center of long oil-bearing dis
trict.
Geology Plays Big Part.
Oil men agree shat even in cases
Pine Bluff daily graphic. (Pine Bluff, Ark.) 1893-1942, 1919-08-03
SUNDAY MORNING AUGUST 1919

how these mixtures were thrown to-
gether."
Biologists in general are inclined to
the treory that oil results from de-
cayed animal and vegetable matter
in combination with heat, pressure
and other elements.
uBt theories, as one operator said.
will not find oil wells. The drill
will, if it sthere. 1t costs money to
drill, and many lose where another
wins. Oil is a gamble, the greatest
gamble on earth. The amateur who
uses comon sense is tablet strike
it rich. The old experienced expert,
loaded down with science, is apt to
get dry hole-Little Rock Gazette.
Pine Bluff daily graphic. (Pine Bluff, Ark.) 1893-1942, 1919-08-03
SMALL OIL LEAss
BRlNes

pesoem0na, Texas. /
sale Sale Of 2,7 acres Of l,,,1
den tract in the ,s'a !
reported re-! in oil G e;ss1
Price Pre- paid for the 'l1l es's
i inc tract lies betv ,sss !
l lars, producing wee" vs13.
es o. district snd ss ~
Eastland. ''roleunI
The Del Norte COW.
acres in the EpD Ilp.'la y
pier well has been ep,' ~ ~ !,
and the company win sSn'l !
pump. 1t has fiow r,Il !. y
heads and then lan nvu y
Pine Bluff daily graphic. (Pine Bluff, Ark.) 1893-1942, 1919-08-03

Read The Graphic regularly, anc
keep we'll informed.
The sun., 1919-01-09
THE SUN, THURSDAY, JANUARY 9, 1919.

HtTNICKOw. Leonte. corp.. Grecns6urg CM).
KING, Iensston, corp.. Chester tDDn.
LAB0Rph, John. corp. Scranton sw).
Sullivan Co. (Dw)
scMuI5. Alber, Henry, riHsbu,s WS,,
WEBER. Frederick R.. Philadelphia WU'.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
sMAlI,S. John. seret.. Cherleeton ODD.
HEWlTTF Samuel, CORP. Burcol WV.
foN. Waymon f.. CORP. Anderson CW).
TENNESSEE.
BRuMTT. Phillip l.. Capt. Hampton (w,.
GILLEa i r. serrt.. Nashville. W:
GLASSCoCK. Malcolm H., corp, Chattanoora
HEMBY. Claude II 60; wsverly w,.
HILL. Charles H.. Morristown Cw.
TEXAS.
D1TTMAR- Gustave c., Capt. Houston (w).
WAsHINGToS. Robert r. ssrgt. Dallas
s 8 .,p6 Marvin c. CORP. Hsch.s.yyr ~.
KLAUS Peter, San Antonio (DW).
pA.RMSeIsEAu, Ernest A. corp Burlington
VIRGINIA.
HALL. Lyle O.. Lieut.. Charlottesvii.e wv.
PRosIso: Alan b. Lieut.. Alexandria IVY.
GREEN Laurie G. corp, surry wv.
War. Clarence II: corp. Buena vl,tatwl:
WARRINGTON. william. corp. Springfield
(DD)
CRUMR1NE, Charles F.. PsrksrseurG (DD)
WASHINGTON.
JONES. James H.. corp, Centrslia tw).
WISCONSIN.
MAREK. Fred Lieut.. Oconto IVY.
sARGENT Harold J.. Lieut.. Amigo *.
HUDSON. Henry j., CORP. PORTAGE DDl.
KoERTH. Walter r.. corp, Richlend Gem
ter fKl.
Williams. Charles v. cayusa tws,.