The labor standard., 1919-05-15

ing character, France lost Canada ant
 much of her India possessions to Eng | land. The latter also established hel
 supremacy on the seas.
 Just 20 years later it was England's
 fate to sign a treaty acknowledging the
 independence of her former American | colonies, and simultaneously to make | peace with France and Spain. The
 negotiations which ended the Ameri- | can Revolution were under way for | months. Franklin, Jay, and John | Adams, as America's plenipOtentiaries, signed the preliminaries of peace on l August 30, 17S2, but it was more than year later (September 3, 1783) that
 the definite treaty was formally agreed to at Versailles.
 Treaty of Ghent.
 At Amiens, on March 27, 1902, Eng land signed a treaty with Spain, France, and the Batavian republic,
 (Netherlands), wherein the first Ma poleonic successes were recognized and accepted Peace preliminaries had been arranged at London nearly six months before.
 The Treaty of Ghent, which closed the second war of the United States with England, required more than four months for negotiations.
 Another Treaty of Paris had only a few months before (May 30, 1S14), been signed by France with all the allies, who had been fighting Bona parte. By it all the territorial advan- tages won by Napoleon, were given back. At the same time provision was made for the calling at Vienna of a conference to settle the general af- fairs of Europe, disorganized and dis 'racted by the long years of war.
 The congress of Vienna thus sum- mOned, was the most remarkable as semb1age of it's kind the world had ever seen. All of Europe, except Tur- key, was represented by delegates, the number of those who assisted at the gathering being over five hundred.
 Opening on September 30, 1914, 1t lasted until June 9, 1915, or more than eight months. Crowned heads, in- cluding three emperors, were in at- tendance at various times. An ex- traordinary round of festivities was provided, and amid it all the master diplomats of the epoch (Talleyrand Metternich and Castlereagh) played their games of intrigue. The unprec- edented decisions of this congress dominated the course of European statesmen for 40 years.
 The Crimean war (1s54-6) was con- cluded by another Treaty of Paris, which admitted the Porte to the Eu- ropean concert and guaranteed the in- tegrity of the Ottoman empire. The document was signed March 30, 1856, after nearly five weeks of negotia- tons.
 The Settlement of 1871.
 The Franco-Prussian war was brought to an end when preliminaries of a peace treaty were agreed to at Thiers on February 25, 1871. The formal treaty was taken up by con- ference at Brussels on March 2S. Signature of the compact was accom- plished at Frankfort on May 10, the negotiations thus lasting six weeks.
 After Russia's overwhelming sue cess in her war against Turkey in 1S77-S, she enforced severe terms by the Treaty of San Stefano (March 3, lS7S). Thereupon a congress of the powers was called at Berlin to settle questions involved in what Austria and Great Britain regarded as the un- due aggrandizement of the Petrograd government. This gathering, which included among it's delegates Sails bury, Beaconsfeld, Bismarck, and Andrassy, met on June 13, and closed it's labors just one month later The treaty which was signed stripped Russia of a large share of the fruits of her victory. war in 1898 required negotiations that lasted two months and nine days. The first session of the envoys took place in Paris on October 1. In late November there seemed to be danger of breaking off of the barley, but the difficulty was smoothed out and the treaty was signed on December 10.
 It took 27 days for the Russian and Japanese delegates to reach an agree ment at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1899, thus ending their comparatively brief
  first meeting on August 9, and peace | was signed on September ,.
 First Hague Conference.
 It was in this same year that the first peace conference was held at | The Hague. At the instance of the | czar of Russia 21 European countries | and the United States, Mexico, China, | Japan, Persia and Siam sent repre- | to confer with regard to action to maintain general peace. The first meeting of this con- c1ave, which was hailed at the time as a highly promising effort for the punishment of war, was held on May IS, 1899. Conclusions were reached and a final act signed on July 29, the conference having thus lasted two months and eleven days.
 Even more impressive in the char acter of the personnel and the seri-