The Broadus independent. [volume] (Broadus, Mont.) 1918-1919, 1919-05-01
Negotiations of Modern Cove
nants That EnGed Wars Have
Often Taken Months.
INTRIGUE COMMON feature
Great Issues involved in the Settle.
merts of the Last Three Centuries
-keenest Minds of Church
Seek Advantage.

New York.-The making of treaties
faS always been time consuming
process since the days when the
feudal lord or monarch could say to
his beaten foe, accept these terms or
de. Then the limits of personal force
and ambition were the only curb on
the victor's demands, with the sons
CT daughters or other relatives to be
lHWnS in the game, execution or mar
riAge sealing tue hateful bargain.
But with the development of states
INTO something more than the individ-
,al property of kings and emperors,
and the broadening of international
relations. the resulting clashes Of
arms. often lasting for years, were
rarely brought to a close except after
negotiations that lasted for weeks or
months. Over the documents that set
tlec the religious. political or terri
torial questions at issue, the keenest
minds of church and state fought for
advantage. Intrigues and secret deals
were normal incident of tine battle
of wits, when more than two countries
we're involved in the difficulty.
Many Of the peace treaties of the
last three centuries are the landmarks
of their period ending or beginning
an era in which the future develop
ment of peoples or nations was defin-
itely determined.
Peace Of WestphaIia.
Such a history making event was
the Peace of Westphalia G64S). which
ehded the Thirty Years Wharf.-The last
of the great conflicts between Cathol-
icism and Professionalism. Beginning
as Il strife between German states, di-
vded on religious lines, it finally in
Holved France, Spain, Sweden, Por-
tugal. the Netherlands, Switzerland,
and many Italian states.
In 16ll preliminareS of peace We're
agreed upon at Hamburg by the al
ready wearied contestants, but it was
three years before 4 congress to set
tie terms was opened and four years
after that when first treaties were
signed at OSnabruck and Munster.
towns of Westphalia. 4 general and
complete peace was finally signed at
At AiX-laChapelle on May ., 1868,
was signed the first treaty. known by
the name of that town. This was the
climax of the struggle between France
and Spain for the possession of the
Spanish Netherlands. On the death
Of Philip " of Spain. Louis NV
claimed large part Of the Neither
lands in the name of his wife, Il
daughter of Philip. The Dutch
alarmed by the French pretensions
which We're backed by aggressive
mil.tary action. summoned England
and Sweden to her aid and halted the
French advance. Under the treaty
Louis kept portions of Flanders which
his forces had overrun.
The Peace of RySwick. which was
signed at the Dutch village on The
outskirts of The Hague in 1897, end
ed struggle Of nine years between
France and the Grand Alliance, Il term
which ultimately included England
Holland, Savoy, the Holy Roman EN-
pire. Brandenhurg, Sweden, Spain
Saxony and the Palatinate. A con
greSs of ENJOYS held sessions during
most of the summer of 1867 and final
ly signed a treaty of peace on Sep
TENDER 20. This virtually restored al
territorial matters to the status quo
mite. but the chief result was to check
The ambitions of Louis, under whose
rule France had become the first power
on the continent, supplanting Spain.
Utrecht's Epoch-Making Agreement.
The Peace of Utrecht was the neX1
great agreement between the quarrel
some powers of Europe. 1t was, il
fact, series of agreements between