davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-02-09
Failure at
The Straits

The Allies had made only one real
venture in grand strategy up to the
midsummer Of 1918. That was the at
tempt to force the Dardanelles. Be-
cause this venture failed-and failed I'M
necessarily - Winston Churchill, its
chief sponsor, was most numerically
criticised. But it was a thoroughly
sound project. The capture of Con-
stantinople, early in 1915, would have
localized the war in Europe. 1t would
have saved Russia, connected and great
ly shortened the Allied battlefront and
carried the war at an early date into
Hungary and Austria. 1t would have
eliminated Turkey and Bulgaria as Teu.
ton allies.
The Dardanelles expedition was a
CHASTITY disappointment Great Britain
was probably unequal in 1915 to the con-
duct of any very highly organized Of
fensive And France had to think first
Of her own protection. But the Darda-
nelles forts were weak and poorly NUM-
toned. They would have fallen and the
whole face Of the war would have been
changed if the British had not bungled
the great opportunity then put in their
hands.
The fiasco at Gallipoli and the fruit
lessness for a long time of the Salonica
venture led to the ascendancy in Allied
military councils of the so-called West
ern school. This school maintained that
the only hope Of Allied victory lay IL the
West and that all effort should be con,
centrated there. It was necessary for
France to employ practically all her
strength on the Western front, and it
was more convenient for Great Britain
to help France in the West than to carry
the way elsewhere. Yet it is clear now
that France and Great Britain alone
could not have won in the West. The
sole chance of German defeat there lay
in the accumulation of forces sufficiently
superior to break through the German
lines. And that accumulation was pos
sible only after Germany had forced the
United States into the war
The extreme Western school cherished
fallacy And British military policy grad
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-02-09
The Primary
Allied Problem

The primary aim of Allied strategy
was to connect the scattered exterior
fronts and to coordinate the operations
on them. If the Russian front from the
Baltic Sea to the Black Sea could be
Joined physically with the Balkan, Ital-
ian and Franco Belgian fronts the more
distant Asian fronts would become neg
ligible. Turkey could not long defend
herself in Mesopotamia, Palestine and
Armenia if the passage Of the Dardq-
nelles were forced Constantinople cap
tured and the Balkan battle line adj
vanced to the Danube, the circle within
which the Central Powers were confined
would become too narrow for comfort.
Concerted and continuous Allied pressure
would then be possible at all points of
the circumference-the sort of pressure
which Foch applied superbly after Aug
ust,. 1918.
But the Allies never forced the Oar
did not succeed in getting into actual
contact with the Russians, either in
Europe or in Asia. The nearest ap-
proach to this great strategical objective
was the temporary junction of a small
body of Cossacks with the British adj
vance guard in the Tigris Valley, north
east of Bagdad, in the spring Of 1917.
So nearly till the end of the war the
Allies had to fight disjointedly on seven
different fronts. The results Of their
scattered and wasteful effort were ap-
palling. Russia was put out of the war
because she was not highly organized
enough industrially to supply herself
with guns and munitions. She needed
supplies and stiffening of first class
Western officers and troops-the sort Of
stiffening which Germany constantly
furnished to the Austro- Hungarians
Bulgarians and Turks. She couldn't get
them, and in spite of her immense sur
plus Of man power she steadily deterio-
rated in the field, as she had done ten
years before in the war with Japan.
Military exhaustion in her case was az
gravated by pro-Gernan perfidy inside
the Russian Court and Cabinet Russia
passed out of the war for all practical
purposes at the end of 1915. While she
vas in it. no single purpose Of Entente
strategy was achieved.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-02-09
LIED Strategy Was Rudimentary Until F0ch Arrive
Entente's Hands Tied by Russian
Isolation and German Grip
ON France

the Allied armies on the West front
were never again in position to invade
Germany.
After November, 1914, the revolution
in tactics brought about by trench war
fare overweighted the offensive and
wholly negatived the idea of obtaining
q decision against "the most powerful
opponent" There was reversion to
imnobile warfare-to the stagnation of
trench operations, which were, in effect,
siege operations conducted in the open
field. With deep, continuous defence
lines, stretching from Switzerland to the
North Sea, development ceased to be
possibility. The only grand scale often
sive which was practicable was an at
tempt at "breaking through" after the
Napoleonic manner.
Joffre's famous policy of "nibbling"
aimed at preaching the German defence
barrier at one point or another-trust-
ing to some favoring combination of cir
cumstances to widen out the opening.
But no real "break-through" was effect
ed. The limited French and British Of
fensives of 1915, 1916 and 1917 were all
of the same pattern. They achieved To-
cal uccesses-usually at an excessive
cost. But they never altered the situa-
ton on the Western front. They could
not end the stalemate Of rigid positional
warfare. 1t was not until after the Bat
tie of Cambria, in November, 1917, that
the way was opened for revival Of the
warfare Of movement. Up to that time
the destruction" of the German army
by the French and British or the "de-
struction" Of the British and French ar
mics by the Germans was practically out
of the question.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-02-09
Obstacles to
Unified Control

The Allies had shown themselves in
capable Of unified concentric offensive.
The reason of this lay on the surface.
They were unable to attain anything
ike unity Of command. Germany abso-
lutsly dominated the Quadruple AL
lance. Her General Stats word was
law for all the Teuton powers. But
there WIS no similar coordinating in
huence on the other side. Great Britain
and France were loyal associates. But
neither wanted to yield military priority
TO the other.
National pride and interest stood in
the way Of merger. France, by the
superiority Of her military organiza-
ton and her greater wealth Of military
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-02-09

~ ERMANY never achieved clarity
in her strategy, although her
~ true military policy was obvi-
Gus. She had seized the Of
fensive and held on to it. Her geo.
graphical position gave her enormous
advantages She fought on interior
lines. She enjoyed unity of command.
Everything contributed to give her
free hand in military way. Yet she
could never fix her goal clearly in her
minds eye and move steadily toward it.
The case with the Allies was entirely
different. Their geographical position
was against them. They were strung
out around the periphery Of a vast
circle. At the beginning of the war the
British Isles, France and Belgium con-
stituted one Allied cluster in north
western Europe Serbia and Montenegro
constituting second group-were
isolated in the Balkans. Russia was
cut off on the distant Eastern front.
The northern sea passage to Russia
through the Baltic was sealed by Ger
man mines in the Cattegat and the Dan
ish Great Belt The southern passage
through the Dardanelles was blocked by
Turkey Only the precarious Arctic
Ocean route remained open-and the
almost prohibitive 'round-the-globe con-
nection through Vladivostok.
When Italy came into the war. in
1916, the Atlantic and Mediterranean
fronts were partially linked up. But
Italy had been a belligerent hardly six
months when Serbia and Montenegro
were overrun by the Germans. For
more than two years thereafter the
only secure footing left to the Allies in
the Balkan peninsula was the intrenched
camp of Salonica. In Asia there were
minor Allied operating fronts in lower
Palestine, in Mesopotamia and in Ar
menia-all distinct and widely separated
from one another. German communica-
tions radiated from the centre of the
circle, within which the Teuton powers
were beleaguered. Allied communica-
lions around the circumference were
struggling and difficult to maintain.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-02-09
F0Ch, Organizer
Of Victory

Foch didn't have a chance TO unity
Allied policy until July, 1918. He was
eclectic in his strategy. He could afford
to be so. By the time he got ready to
attack he had an unlimited strategic
reserve in sight He could assume the
offensive on all fronts without risk.
This he did in a most brilliant and skill
full manner. The final Allied campaign
was marked by extraordinary confidence
and energy. 1t aimed at the destruc-
ton of all the enemy armies in the field.
And those armies, one and all, surren-
dered IN order to escape destruction.
foch's generalship from July Is on was
without flaw. He realized the original
French conception of destroying the
principal enemy simultaneously he
destroyed the subsidiary enemies
Before he became commander in
chief, however, Allied strategy remained
rudimentary. Equally with the German,
Allied strategical preconceptions were
upset by the unforeseen developments
of the war. But since Allied policy was
limited in the main to a four-year effort
to eject the Germans from France, 1t
never suffered, as German policy did,
from the temptation to adhere slavishly
to pre-war plans which experience kept
showing to be impracticable
The Allies were guilty of many glar-
ing faults in the conduct of the war
AS has been pointed out, dispersion OF
command was one of these. Diplomatic
and military mismanagement in the
Balkans was another. The Entente was
chargeable with one very damaging stra-
tegic blunder-the failure to effect
contact between the Western and the
+ Russian fronts. But it made no such
fragrant and irreparable error as Ger
many did when she ran amuck with the
U-boat and forced the United States into
the fight
Speaking broadly, the strategy o.
neither side was clearly thought out o.
shrewdly accommodated to the vieissi-
tudes of the military situation. Ger
many profited immensely by blunderS
of omission on the part Of the AiIes'
She lost the war because she was capao'S
of blunder of commission more w.
pardonable than any of theirs
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-02-09
The Original
French Plan

The Franco Russian compact called
for a vigorous offensive against Ger
many. The French agreed to devote
more than five-sixths of their first line
troops to such an effort. They planned
to use not more than ten of their seven
ty-fve infantry divisions on the Italian
'front.' which was strongly protected by
mountain barriers. The other sixty-five
were to be used on the German border.
French strategy was summarized in
these sentences: "The French General
Staff is penetrated by the principle that
in such a struggle the essential object
is to prosecute the destruction of the
principal enemy. The defeating of the
others must inevitably follow. In a
word, once Germany were conquered, the
FrancoRussian armies would be able to
impose their will on Austria and Italy"
Russia was therefore to model her
policy after Frances. She was to con-
tain the -Hungarians in Galicia,
Bukowina and Southern Poland with
thirtythree divisions and employ her
other thirty-three divisions in an inva-
sion OF East PRUSSIA.
'These forces" said the agreement,
added to the sixty-five divisions of the
French army, would be sufficiently pow
erful, especially If they arrived in time,
TO make an end of the German army"
Futile expectations. Italy broke away
from the Triple Alliance in 1914, as
soon as war was declared Her neu-
trality enabled France to disgarnish the
Italian frontier and concentrate all her
first line divisions in the North. Russia
did "arrive in time" on the East Prus-
sian border. But the East Prussian in
vasion was shortlived. 1t ended in the
huge disaster of Tannenberg The Rus
slams won an initial victory over the
Germans at Gumbinnen-in the early
days of August, 1914. But thereafter
they never succeeded in defeating the
Germans except when fighting on the de-
fensive. Russia as military power was
no longer in the same class with Ger
many or France. Her armies could still
defeat those Of Austria Hungary or
Turkey. But they we're always hope
lessly incapable, through defects in
equipment, leadership and morale, of an
offensive against Germany.
The natural result was that the Rus
SLAMS abandoned the strategic prccept
which the French staff had enunciated--
that "the essential object is to prosecute
the destruction of the principal enemy"
They turned the force of their attack
against Austria Hungary, the secondary
enemy. On the Austro Hungarian front
they had series of remarkable sue
cesses. They conquered Bukowina and
more than two-thirds of Galicia. They
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-02-09
The Eastern
aside Shows"

These Eastern "side shows" were hit.
terly denounced by the extreme school
of "Westerners" in England. But thew
proved their value later, when Allenby
destroyed the Turkish armies north and
northeast Of Jerusalem in September
1918, and took both Damascus and
Aleppo That was finishing blow to
Turkey, which at once followed Bull
garia's example and deserted the Quad
ripple Alliance. The Eastern campaigns.
always important from a political point
of view, had helped to realize the true
Allied strategical conception of con-
centric attack on the Teuton powers
They also enabled Great Britain to
utilize about 100000 East Indian
troops, who could not have been EN-.
ployed to advantage in Europe, as ex.
perience with the first Indian contingents
In Flanders in the fall of 1914 had
clearly demonstrated
Except for the Russian offensives of
1914 in East Prussia, Galicia and Buko-
wilma, no serious progress was made
toward an occupation of Austrian ter
ritory. The Russians nearly reached
Cracow in the early days of the war
and got across the Dukla and Lupkow
passes, in the Carpathians Then came
the great retreat of 1915. Brusiloff re-
covered a little ground in Gaicia and
the Bukowna in his brilliant offensive
of 1916. The Italians took Gorilla and
pushed short distance eastward of the
lsonzo toward Trieste. But they were
fighting on their own soil when the war
ended. Bulgara's territory remained
intact up to within day or two of the
Bulgarian armistice.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-02-09

ually admitted that fallacy and BEGAN >.
initiate the natural German policy 90
seeking to make conquests at the exnens.
of the weaker enemy powers. Great Brit.
aims imperial interests were Wild
spread. She was forced to cons;dau
Asia and Africa as we'll as Eurona
She intended to absorb the lions shar.
Of the German colonies. She also roo,
lied the advantage of establishing
claim on the outlying portions of tho
moribund Turkish Empire-partly for
her own benefit and partly for Frances
So, after defending Egypt in 1914
Great Britain started in slashine au,o,
at the outer fringes of Turkeys posses.
sions in Asia. One expedition IVA.
started up the Tigris River toward Bac.
dad. Another was organized to pusb
across the desert of Sinai into Southern
Palestine. Progress with both thesa
ventures was slow. The first came to
dead halt with the British defeat below
Ctesiphon and the retreat to Kut.el-
Amara. What was left of the first
Mesopotamian expeditionary army sur
rendered to the Turks at Kut in Anri
1915. Bagdad was captured, however.
by General Maude about wear later
and with its fall Mesopotamia passed
into British hands. Jerusalem was not
reached until December 9, 1917. But
meanwhile Arabia had been detached
from Turkey by British diplomacy, ma.
tive Arabian states being established
under Entente protection
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-11-14
SATURDAY. NOVEMBER Is. 1919.
at IL O'Clock NJ,

SATURDAY. NOVEMBER Is. 1919.
at IL o'clock NJ,
the following described Real Estate:
First All those two certain tracts.
of land containing together sixty
eight and one. half acres, situated be.
tween the Darbytown or Central Road
and the Charles City Road, fronting on
both sides of the Miller Road, about
three miles south OF the city OF Rich
mond. and bounded by the lands Of
Aigner, Holder and others.
Second. tract OF land OF Ave and
half acres, more or less. situated near
the Charles City Road in the County
OF Henrico. near the. Pioneer Chapel,
about Ave miles south of the city or
Richmond.
The above tracts OF land are we'll
wooded. consisting Of young pines and
other growth suitable for cord wood.
course OF construction near this prop
erty, and it's nearncss to the city OF
Richmond. together with the lay OF
the land and the wood thereon, it
should appeal TO those who desire good
investments, or those who wish homes
adjacent to the city.
TERMS: Onc-fourth cash: balance
in three inStallments at six, twelve
and eighteen months; such lnstallments
to be evidenced by notes OF the pur-
chascrs and to bear interest from day
of sale and title retained until TIN,
whole purchase money has been paid
cash at his option.
Executor of Mary Ann Perry, de-
ceased
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-11-14

calendars l@-shret and ar: calendars and
cGuaicd We ard manufaciu Is, M, va
means big commissions. low prices our
new Europc man vast seller. Two live
statesmen needed for This state. each with
eXciusivc territory Write now for contract
Tor balance this ynar and 1920. Thc Ken
yon Go. Des Moinca Iowa fourth
Scar.)
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-11-14
Statesmen and Agents.

Observation-Disclosures. AGGRESSIVE
Statesmen BY y NELL.KNowN
WESTERN ROOFING AND PAINT NAN
ufAcruRlNG CONCERN SALARY. EN-.
rENSEs AND DOUBLE BONUS PAID ON
ALL SALES. SEND REFERENCES WITH
YOUR APPLICATION. ADDRESS BAD.
GER PRODUCTS COMPANY. SIC PARK
STREET. MILWAUKEE. WIS
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-11-14
MERCHANDISE
Articles For Sale.
EInoR. STAINS. PAINTS.
FLOOR Wan. FURNITUEE pOf.ISu
EEOOMS. BUSTERS
COOK PANS
AND MANY OTHER ARTICLES .-SEFr;r
ELBA HARDWARE CO.
I25 WEST BROAD.
:.
L 5 ARMY EOnnS SAIl.--

L. $ hhySy A I',NrI GOODS SAI.E -,
,.' nsh'I ., %4f s shcr as%H sDSss ii,
hot water, tank: oven az inches Gccr, " e &
varmPr clos iaeh@s nlrh iEn a i Mi!h s }s
mental SacE wth nh sRof = hSN ."h Srn' 70
t:"o large bo. I ," wi, M1e ~ iYin,s sim
;oscInrnen, sisl55 Our spee IT, nt iCs'
u $ AKMf ralvnnized hot water tanks.
s2-rallon capacity. S5-lb. pressure: Almost
Il 7, $ ,AMMY hfa,erf: haiian, home hot hot
nInice, halls schools stores. ,tc. i.Gu.
good as nc% Viii i Gurn t "Ssf ana ri
[, S. SAW hammocbs. cIir.. heavy Jan Can
nshsa Day vt nar& 20 ,nrhSs wi s G +,
T. $ olive irab uuro Wiooi shirts Siass
eaeh 6r in G@3en lo's . cl.s !s's s.tsioGo:
AKI,2 r Ss1fs e. n '2G iiy,, dg ;. r
c AM NiSh' eon,i isa, Zach 1ofor, So
each we or 81: s.e a. or sis do1 Ciagss t. s2.2S
i IS xxi Tisfs s s5s s.sR So don don or
snr 70 i et,sf sa iSefs;: ae W.'h
10 ss, BE- you a' Tor f %sary "T;nh tn; Mi
L. $. ARMY WOOL olive disb coats; s''aS
,o sp'ena,l cos, good condition Wor,h
L s, Army w@ol ovcrcoa;. i:o:r: ,,; i,S5
,,.aainnI Storm weather YOU cannot secure q
cn,o Ny b y III FT 6rae,, 'a OF liu s02f
L. Amy shs"pskin llnea c66ai;s. s.
L. IS, ARMY tents iGxi6xil' II. ,.,ass ~ ~
free from holes anu ,oars MGtc, Of rc :!Ii,
.: On, AT nu, ~ IA IL aqG Iso I23;a wTirG
A Ar Soi isns isSds;b 4, Gssl only ten Iav
50 Zach Xrny =" tent n aidE class .'Gi /,
s.Iss '?aa't HSav I'M 1iiSnil cs IT. Flint
L. ,rs $ Amy my. ,khs.i breGches Those
are in good. servic"ablc condition We offSr
hem in dozen lots At $500 uar dozen vars
L. s ARMY raincooais doubic-h,a OK vrn, s?e
nt'oi; bought from government cuntr.c-
'HFS AR iSa y ranso,,;s ssr,,c.. 81 %
L NEMY russ, iea;h@srr Shoe" shoes. used Used
i AHM} web s VAST Hsis S SsS. each sc
a6le Tor hotels: families tanipins. VIC 1,S
L. ). ARMf reruation dcpGie t" wheel ha =?
ness. GOOD condition, This harnoss is
Somp!ete Double vhec! hsfness worth S,a5
& ARMY asth:er omen brdic:s;-:f SG,i"
at Rock Island Arsenal. Good. snund
L. $ ARMY, leather hsavv hsl,:srss.".L'RI
sPen %RM9 Sa, very n nsiy
s,, ws,Gr or fire buckets Worth new. 81 %
Most Of these good. have seen :cry;i SSc
CASH with order. References any bank in
p-Y,.our ;MoNEr BACK II Eor SATISFIED
Jude p9s n yYhGin ordering goods sent hv
ada f" ys, Tsf"n OUR s;95
All nhA b9IigT fa2S % or Hrt,o,s
GREESNILLE 6 G
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-11-14
A FARM
BARGAIN

AS acres of good land: about 20
acres in cultivation. balance Is young
timber; 9.room dwelling. practically
new; metal roof: new barn, with metal
roof. and old dwelling needing repairs;
orchard. large stream Of water Excel
II miles from Richmond. This farm
can be bought at half Its real value:
$500.
J. A. CONNEIJ,Y g. "a,
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-11-14
Situations Wantcd-FemaIe. sc

COMPANION OR IIOUsEK EEPER - A
bright attractive. capable lady desires a
position as companion or housckecpcr. Adj
dreAs iiox 9S. Amelia Va.
EXPERIENCED STENOGRAPHER and as
sistant bookkecper desires position with
good. reputable firm. Prefer automobile
line Good reference. r 49, Times
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-11-14
YOUNG LADIES

WANTED YOUNG LADIES. ls YEARS
AID OVER TO WORK rIEcEwoRk.
ALSO soHE DAY WORKERS. APPLY
A. HOES & CO. sol RANDOLPH
STREET.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-11-14

BUTLER wanted. Apply 1920 West Frank
In street. Must have city references.
CARPENTE RS and laborcrs wanted. Seven
tetnth and Washington.
~ Rpf;S'rERS--
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-11-14
LIVE STOCK
Poultry and Supplies.

fumiNA ciiicKEN CuowDER-Colonel
make your hens Law. thvv mus, u, roos,.rs =
AZ your Eroc"r's Ia - OF 100 pound bags
or from Srtu"r q hasten. Distributors
l:oS Eust Cary street
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-11-14
DISfLhf-LLASSitiED


a COMMUNICATIONS OF Dove LodSe.
M In its lodge room In the Masonic
Temple on Friday. Novombsr ~.
1919. as follows: At $3.50 p. NJ. tspeciAD. to
pay the last sad tribute Of respect to our
deceased brother, Thomas Alvin tHer6erD
sister lodges and transient brethren ara
By order OF the worshipful Master. Ar.
ARa Union Lodge. No. $50. a. T.. ~
IA a. NJ. will be held In Masonic Halt.
~ 7l7!5 North Twcnty-ifth street.
TN, Friday at 2 ?, NJ: to pay, the ia,t
Gay Members of sister lodges and tran
silent brethren are fraternally invited TO be
present.
Joseph s. Wilson. Secretary.
- 4 CALLED communicable Of Lodge
~ OF Strict Observance: No. 2O7. y, t.
NE 4. 4. NJ. will he held at s 80 o'clock
W. this evening in the Masonic Temple.
corner Adams and Broad Streets. for work
IN the r. G. Degree: Members OF sister
lodges and transient brethren are cordially
BY order OF the worshipful Master. j. j..
Scclinger. secretary.
BY r. b. CHAFFIN &. CO.. INC,
Real Estate Auctioneers,
Main and Twelfth Streets.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1919-11-14
T. 3iPIOt NEW
situation, Wnntc1-,tcm,,c

LADY having from L. : hours u.r d.y
i,x M, NON, would like to sell same by max.
''S "ut STATEMENTS. only homo work CON
s.n"r"i. T. 49,. cnrc Times Dispatch
NJ e., ~ En Nonpg Canadian Protestant wo-
=, inih WiHh"S POSITION fruit and poultry
arm wh"r" sEc could 1.-Two IA ono uf In INV
. IT. car" Times Dlsnatch
~, Nv LADY desires position IN dental
1. ScNSrnl years experience Address
~. care Times Dispatch