davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-06-09
MAY TRAIN LATlNS IN U. S. I
Polk Recommends Law Opening
Naval and Military Academies

Washington, June 9.-(By A. L. }
Legislation authorizing the President
TO invite each of the Latin American
republics to send two representatives
to this country after June I, 1920, to
receive instruction either at the naval
or military academies was recommended
to Congress today by Acting Secretary
of State Polk.
'The success of the United States
forces. military and naval, while CO.
operating with the forces Of the Allies
in bringing the present war to sue
cessful ISSUE" said Mr.. Polk, will,
It is thought, cause the people Of our
sister republics of the Americas to re-
gard our methods Of military and naval
training with increased respect"
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-06-09
JAMES M. LACKAYE DEAD
Character Actor Succumbs to Pneu.
monia In New York


New York, June 9.-James NJ. Lack
aye. brother of Wilton Lackaye and a
we'll known character actor himself,
died yesterday at the Broad Street Hos
pital of pneumonia after a few days
illness. He was fifty two years old.
Born at Washington. d. c., Mr..
I.ackaye had his first stage experience
in amateur theatricals and for a time
attended New York dramatic school.
His first success was in the production
OF Way Down East" and after head
ing many stock companies in various
cities he became known to Broadway
through excellent characterizations in
New York productions. He played for
many years in York State Folks and
attained great success in character
parts in 1.-The Gentleman from Mis-
sissippi' and THE High Cost of Liv-
ing" For the last three years he
had been appearing in motion picture
plays for many of the large companies.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-06-09
|KERENSKy'S AIDE
MAY LEAD RUSSIANS
heIslngfors Reports kartasheft
VIII Include omsk Officials in
New Petrograd Cabinet
ESTHONlANS TAKE 2 TOWNS

Random, June GA provisional gov
ernment for liberated territory in Rus
sin. after the expected capture of Petro-
xrad, has been arranged for. according
to dispatch to the Mail from Hell
singsfors.
Professor Kartasheff, non Socialist
member of the cabinet headed by A r.
Kerensky will be the head of this gov
erpment and will choose his colleagues
from elements forming the kolchak gov
ernment at Omsk and the Russian po-
litical committee in Paris.
M. Kartasheff held the post OF min
lister of religion in the coalition cab
met headed by Premier Kerensky.
which succeeded the Lvoff ministry in
October, 1917.
The dispatch states that the cabinet
will include democrats. constitutional
lists, republicans. socialists, moderate
revolutionists and representatives Of in
dustry and commerce.
The Esthonian general staff considers
itself forced to start military operations
against the Germans, says the dispatch
This action is in consequence of the
action of Germans in the Riga district
in advancing behind the Bolshevik lines
for the purpose of occupying the east
erp frontier of Livonia, which. with n
treacherous attack upon the Esthonians
by the German cavalry under orders
from General Won der Goltz, commander
Of the German forces in the Baltic
3 region, 1t is said. "unmasked the Ger
mans as accomplices of the Bolshevikl.
Copenhagen, June 9.-(By \. p
Kreitzburg and Jakobstadt. important
towns southeast of Riga, have been oc-
cupied by Esthonian forces, while
further south Lithuanian troops are ap-
proaching Dvinsk. according to an OH
cial statement issued at Esthonian head
quarters. The statement follows:
s'Esthonian forces have reached the
Duna river and. advancing southward
have occupied the railway junction ot
Kreitzburg on the right bank, and the
town of Jakobstadt, opposite, after
fighting in which many prisoners were
taken.
1.-THE victorious Lithuanian army is
rapidly approaching the fortress OF
Dvinsk from the south, driving the
yolsheviki before it.
..In the Petrograd sector. the scene
4 fighting is still twenty miles west O.
Gatchina.
Fighting with the German landwehl
forces is proceeding in the Ramoszk
sector. Esthonian troops sent to re- en-
force Lettish forces which has been in
combat with the Germans at Wender
have been forced to retire after violent
hghting with superior landwehr detach
ments. Several detachments raised BY
the Baltic barons have been repulset
by our armored trains. The fightin,
continues"
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-06-09

John J. Rowlana ceSrtdsls James "a ZEN. en-.
sesifs: cSsIies < ccosky. $50 Christian street
rn''oe'p"'" wounded slishtiy
CAPTAIN--Herman H., Fair. Meadyllle
sERGEANTs-Jsmes x, Brought. Noun,
street, Philadslphla; Joseph r. Elyersop.
Catasauquai WILLIAM E oTa1t, Pittsoursh'
coRPoRI,yALsJssmgsll C, lMogEell,n r,n Ssa. Ss9a
"e pIvkTEs-Barold T. Carroll. Lancas-
ter; William A. luncheon, Allegheny; Ray
mond s, German slatedale; John Pontuss,
Peter BS,scsk9 shsmokni !, ,s GeGrges e,,SS W.
deiphia; Dorsey j. Mock. Windber; Martin
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-06-09
HUNG4RIANS DEFEAT
ARMIES OF CZECHS

Copenhagen, June 8. Hungarian
communist troops have captured the
town of Kaschau. in northern Hungary,
northeast of Budapest, from the Czechs
after two days of fighting. A dispatch
from Budapest Saturday announcing the
victory says the Czechs were defeated
decisiyely
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-06-09
HUNGARIAN REDS
MASSACRE 5000
Peasants Murdered for Re.
fusI to accept Bolsheuism

vienna. June 9.-(By A. P.)-
Three thousand peasants. including
women and children, have been shot or
hanged by the Red army as conse-
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-06-09

quence OF revolts In western Hungary
around Oedenburg, according to news
considered trustworthy. which has been
received here. The entire village OF
Kolnhof was burned.
The massacre took place after thirty ,
two villages surrounding Oedenburg nad
refused to 20 over to bolshevism. IheS
desired to join with Austria.
Bella Kun. the Communist leader ana
minister Of foreign affairs. and Joseph
Pogany, Bolshevist minister OF war
visited the districts, then sent orders
to Commissioner Semely, to whom such
class of work is usually deputed because
of his bloodthirsty character, to conduct
requisitions of clothing, food and i'm
perial paper crowns, now called blue
money. to distinguish it from "Red,
or Soviet money.
The peasants, according to the ad
vices, gathered small army, number
ing few thousand, armed with rifles
axes. scythes and similar weapons,
against which Red division was sent
The peasants were surrounded. Koln
hof was shelled. Then machine guns
were turned against it on Thursday anC
Friday nights. A majority of thost
| fleeing from the burning village wer,
shot. Those who were captured were
| hanged.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-06-09
HOOVER SEES QUICK
EUROPEAN RECOVERY
Declares Economic Delirium
Tremens" Will Come to End
With Peace
NEUTRAL STATES FLOURISH

Paris, June 9.-"This sort of econ
omic delirium tremens will end with
peace" said Herbert G. Hoover, chair.
man of the Inter Allied Food Commits =
sion today. in discussing the situation in
Europe and the need of financing diff
fcrent nations. Asked for a statement
as to the financial requirements OF
Europe from the United States, during
the next year, he said
amy statement is promised upon
peace and the return Of Europe to work
I do not take it we will finance any
more wars in Europe, directly or in
directly, nor that we will provide money
to enable the people of Europe to live
without work, or to work part time, as
nt present all over Europe. This sort OF
economic delirium tremens will end with
peace.
Four Credit Conditions
"The amount of credits from thu
United States to Europe during tn,
year after peace revolves around tn,
inability of the nations to pay for Ga
raw materials, machineray and tools
(b) food, (c) currency reorganization
and Cd interest on money borrowed
from our government.
"The volume of financial assistanc,
needed and the solution therefor var!
with the situation in each state. Neu
tral states are f1ourishing and neet
cause no concern. Rumania, Create
Serbia. Bulgaria, Arabia, Turkey, ex
cept Armenia; Portugal, Greece ant
Hungary will be virtually self support
ing. In fact, some of them should b.
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1919-01-20
Refires After Long Term in Public
office at Age OfFOW Score Years

Eishty wears old 1hursd,y Jan
vary 10, Judge John ! Slaok re-
rlsnsd IN" office ~ Justice ~ th.
f"sce rec~uiIY after having bsen
.lscied Ia that offio. b, Tho poopls
~ Tulsa fnr Hls consecutive terms
Juds" Slack hecain- Justice ~ tho
prnre imin"iiaisy after the state
was admitted into the union IN 1907,
and has been chosen ~ succeed him.
Hrf ~ each hlcnnlql election since
tha, time
Judsp Hlsok came id Tulsa ~ 1905
FROM iIenry county. Mo Whstr he
had lived since tSs-ily after me
'Nil war. uiuIug there bonn LINN
county where he was born ana
reared H." SAYS that he lsed ist
Two mllcs uorih ~ lacl"dr. no vi.
rpr Whoi" General IrrshiuP was
born
judg" slack saws that he has seen
Turn grow from a village into the
modern city " nav IN aud not only
has "" seen u grow, he has hrlpad
10 hulld b. lle was n stone puuf.
rler nv ir,dc when hs came ~ OkIs
hnmn unt ho SAYS that be married
the stone FOR nil the oldest hu'ld
ins- IN the ctiy he admits that he
could not locate some ~ the huild
inHr which he helped 70 erect IN tho
'htiy dave ~ the citys growth, hut
that number of them atc stlll
standing somewhsrs between First
and Second streets lie also luarrled
U hrSs part of the Atonn used In the
construction ~ the fltsl buildings In
Haskell
lie has seen the litigation ~ tho
city ana county grow from Tho time
when the largest Part ~ II was
handled through his court a- JUS.
iico of the peace, untll II has reached
l's present vast proportions rolulr-
ING n superior court for the county
In addition 10 tho district ana county
courts nat TO mention the halt
iorcn or more Justices ~ the peace
IN tho city alone
For soine tim. Judge Slack has
his residence at the klhs'
home, where hp has u room and is
very comfortably situated Despite
the faci that h." has passed his spth
he IL still quite active Al
though very few ~ his nnat intimate
Jury during his four years ~ sorv-
Ice In tho Confederate army from
which he has svsr fully recovered
H.. haA no relatives living In Tulsa
bui has n daughter IN North bnkUa
It's friends are only limited by his
nrpusin,srr~- which are very MI
In Tulsa because ~ his long
residence here. coupled With his
public service m Justice of ths peace
Tor ~ years
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1919-01-20
PLUMBERS DtM DEMAND
FOR lhCHEASED WAGES

Members Of the local plumber"
union yesterday denied the state
ment that they had made a demand
Tor Increased pay. say inE that they
wer. very well ntiHfl"i with ihc
present scale
In announcing the settlement of
the electrical workers strike after
seven days ~ ldlenors the statement
was made on the authority OF on"
~ the electrical workers es"ouiiN"
committee members that IN" paint
Ar Rnd plumhors ~ the city wer"
preparing tu or had already made u
demand on the contractors Tor IN.
creased wages
40 strike IL contemplated how
ever. ~ II i- believed that an
amloahlo settlement ran b" rrnchHh
without r"Sutting ~ "a Htrikr. Ne
.o,intions are under way by the
painters Tor new contract which
will provide "a higher wage scale
than tho one under which thoy are
now working
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1919-01-20
OKLAHOMA AVIATOR
DOWNS HUN PLANES
Lieut.. I'rrr~lI. Former University
Siasirnt. tic,s Cr~dit for tine and
tH,r Third Ucrmsn Marhinc~.

spsei' 70 The World
NOIlMAS. Ohla ian ~ --Ofh-
cial cr.dit for bringing down one ani
onc-thIrd ilun planes IN France has
been given an oklahoma aviator not
yet - years old.
The aviator ~ Lieutenant Enorh
F"rrp'l formerly student In tn.
University ~ oklahoma
On october ~, 10 days before
hostilltirs ceased Lieutenant Fsfrel !
was returning from a trip on which
he photographed enemy positions
when he was attacked s~u alone, he
downed IN. an-ny plane lie had
only 20 shutH left IN his machine
sun when the enemy plane fell
Previously while acting m ob.srV'
er In "a plane With another pilot.
Ferrclls machine with a single scout
plane. brought down an enemy ma
chine ana The credit was Officially
divided among tho three avlstorr, On
another occasion he participated In
q battle IN which two German planes
Tell but had not received official
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1919-01-20
RAINBOW COMMANDER
AND TROOPS PRAISED
General rcrui,ing 'i,~s wrn"'"' fpr
Gallant Is~diev~hip--bi,i-'"n IN
Al Principal Ingasrrnrnt-
ALLEN IS ALSO DECORATED
~a4iew of Ninrti~th on list ~ ~
Gss,~rAls Iionor'd b, Amcricnn
Leader for Work st front,

wAAHI NuTOH. Jan. 70 Ten
major generals. ~ hriEtdi"r p'nrr
ais and one colonel have boon r".
iccted by Gon"fal rrfshlnR IN dlS
tinguishcd service mri'lr fnr hrr
work IN connection with the ,rrH
ton Of the American army in Fran .
and Its pucoo-ful ASSAULT On ~"
German lines rho citations v'r'
made public today Nv tho war do
partmant
one ~ the ma Ior generals thutl"
T. Mencher, commander of tho isuh
tRainbow divisionI nov dift"tur ui
the air wry-o.. Was decorated yes.
ierday by Secretary Iihkct G,urf -
pcrshings Ci'atiun ~ thif util'"f
showed that the division participated
IN practically all ~ the important
enEnsenentH of tho American army,
and u is said that the reputation
nn a fighting unit ~ the ANA iiys
ton is In no small measure due to
the roldicfly qualities ana military
leadership OF this officer
The other major generals tn u"
decorated are william NJ wright.
successfully commander " the 37th
division, the third flf'h and seventh
army corps, and the Spth division.
ueorse W. Read. 3Oth division. John
l. Hines, suooessively tesimontal,
brisS de, divirioa and corps com
mander. Charles II Muir, asth hi-
visioni Charles u. Hummsrall first
diviaion and ffth army corpH wa
liam q, llaan, lfnd division, Henry
~ -. AI.lh..s A
Cronkhite s0th division ana Francis
J, Herman, organizer of the ovtruenr
service of supply and member ~ the
supreme war council.
The brissdier generals decorated
nre IrHax EltinGe. assistant chief ~
staff, A. ", ". Preston Nrown. Chief
OF staff Of the second division nnp
later commander of the third divis-
ion. Avery -. Andrews. assistant
chief Of staff IN charge ~ trRnapur
tation; Dsnnis y Nolan. chief ot In
teifiKvncr, A. ~ y; Fox Cunner as.
sistant chief OF staff. In 0A,prse ~ op
-rations. usorse v " Mo-eley, ~
sistant chief Of staff. In charge cf
equipment Harold II, Fiske. chief of
training section, general staff, A, "
w.; Harry A, smith, commandnnt of
army schools nj LanHron. France,
German territory johnson ltasood,
organiser OF training system In
Franco. Paul II. Malone, brigade
commander during major opera
uons, rAnh H. Mccoy, secretary
eeusral staff. A. E. y. and pubse
qusntiy commander OF tho s5rd in
fantsy brigade. Hush A. Drum. chisf
Of staff. first army. and William y.
Conner, assistant chief of staff OF
the A. ". ". and later chief of staff
Of the service OF supply.
The colonel named " John McA.
Palmer. who was ON tho general
staff and later commanded the bsth
infantry brigade north Of Verdun.
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1919-01-20
60 OF l3l LOTS SOLD
IN DR0ADM00R ADDITION

The Adams walker Invssim" NJ
.omnan} reports The. sale Of " OF
the i1l luf. 90 irutdmuur addition
turing 'n' Ws,k ana from this II
- appnr'ui that this Is the most
pnplilr addition differed the puhli'
Ia som, nut rho addition lived
up 20 tho, ,,p, nIuu- of this com
pauy Ia tht many south side rcd-
dents are hu,iuN thts property
\ few ~ ihr Woil known resi-.
dents ~ TULSA who put'hHH lots
Hrd esp".t TO- luI.I Immediately N
this popular tdiNIUu.
O1b. ,aihu. " a Moore
let'hmhu. i u hawkins. IN g.
\ S'iul " " shaver lpr hhutk
IrN. q u walker Roy " bunIap,
Aria Mason ! ! t'aS'uu, Mfs Fan
.Ir Nl.II'". 4 g. li'hiY. Nu Me.
kiul.Y A Is Dtwapu. " " Adams
u 4 Duuklng. n T. T"aleV, G.
Cook tIIft \ Thutlwell u. l.
Moore. g. g. Npillsfs. lnma cham
berlin Mplt HtrI. MniEti'i II.hrt.
MtuN nfnctr purchased IuIH durlns
~, v,,h pui the above iH a phital
llW ~ sllrs n IL estimated ihai
90 homes VIII no urdei course of
ronv'rucuon Ia ms addition within
Gu days
From tho pstuum'nhl Hu,,,H or
N II apparent that rNa estate In
again votY active IN the wonder
Iiy ana the year 1919 VIII Prov"
one ~ the most active iu real -
tate IN the history ~ the city
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1919-01-20

III" FOI~Of" Uf 'hsuphtIOh
are gently but positively rSpelled
from the suffering system by Df,
Kings New iIfe Pills pipin--s de-
appears. sick hesdsch. vanlshes the
digestion perks up, senern( health
Improves Your druggist has them
same ns always, sbc
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1919-01-20
FOCH AGREES TO RETURN
OF SOME HUN PRISONERS

METER DAM. Jan, ~ Weplylns
Ia "a letter from Matthias ErEbrrscr'
head of the ueIman hrmisilc. dele
Hstion, urging the return of German
prisoners of war and relaxation of
trade restrictions b-twren occupied
and unoccuplcd uermnny, Marshal
Fooh, IN "a letter dated January is
said ho Intended 10 recommend tho
return of prisoners most deserving
nympathy and VAS prepared TO per
nit AN exchange of food between
occupied and unoccupied uermany
to an extent which would ohviate un-
employment and consequent dis
turbnnces
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1919-01-20
Dental Authority Dead

flllLApEDrllIA, Jan n. Dt
Simeon w. 0uilford. FOR many ,.at.
dean of the Temple university drnl.l
school and widely known a. A. 40
thorlty on dental practice, dirt 10.
day.
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1919-01-20
EHFf.7a RPSseeS. PseeS :x4s'. :S.e''' jss' ss'"'Irs;' Is'

Robert Hsnson of Wooster, Ark..
whose name appeared In tho ofn-
ssI ,,,.s " ..|or m ,,,,.o a. ns,'n Az h"m. @
today. Ills mother. had received
three instailmsnn on her sons war
risk insurance policy. but she had re
fused 10 believe that he wis dead be
cause she received q letter from him
dated two or three days after Sap
tsmbsr ls. the date on which he was
reported Killed. Henson was wound
ed three times but had rejoinsd his
company when the armistlce was
aligned.
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1919-01-20
DID YOU KNOW THAT THERE
ARE VERY FEW REAL
LIVER MEOlClMES7

You just a well not take any
thing n to take some,hing that
merely. evacute- your bowels This
only relieves you for n day or 40.
and than you ara In worss shape
than before Naturised Liver Tablets
are guaranteed to net on tho liVer
better than oalomel and pills ibo and
ebc, NJ all good drug stores Adv
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1919-08-29
THE UNION MOVEMENT
AMONG THE TEACHERS

teachers salaries, and to gain for the
teacher democratic voice in the con
duct of the schools.
Until teaching offers self-respeet-
ing living and self-respecting condi-
tions of work, young men and wom-
en- of ability and independent spirit
will continue to refuse to prepare
themselves for that calling, which is
so essential to public welfare, and it
will be increasingly difficult to retain
experienced teachers in the service
which has received such niggardly
recognition from the public.
Labor's aid has been effective, not
only locally, but nationally, as shown
by the support given by the Ameri-
cam Federation of Labor TO the
Smith-Towner bill revised, which now,
owing to the amendments to the orig
inal Smith bill made at the request
of the American Federation of Labor
and the American Federation of
Teachers, provides Federal aid in in
creasing teachers salaries, and abso-
lutely safeguards State and local au-
tonomy in school administration.
The teachers in the American Fed
Grafton of Teachers with their spe-
cialized training and experience, af-
filiated with, and back of the labor
movement, the most powerful and
progressive, democratic force in our
national life, and the force most Vi
tally interested in equality of edu-
cational opportunity, are conducting
a vigorous campaign to make educa-
tion mean what it should mean in a
democracy, campaign that should
enlist every forward-looking teacher
and secure the support of every
friend Of the schools.
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1919-08-29
By CHARLES B. STILLMAN
President, American Federation o
Teachers.

President, American Federation of
Teachers.
The rapid growth of the American
Federation of Teachers during the
past year is exceedingly encouraging
to all who appreciate the critical sit
uation faced by our public schools.
This national organization of class
room teachers, affiliated with the
American Federation of Labor, has
increased fiye-fold in both number OF
locals and membership, now having
issued over hundred charters to To-
Gals representing every section of the
country and all classes Of public school
teachers An interesting cecent de-
velopment is hs extension into the
university and normal sc'iaol fields
where ten charters have been issued.
Though there are several instances
of controversies with reactionary
school authorities, it is indicative of
wholesome trend of public opinion
that in the great majority of cases
boards of education and superinten-
dents of schools welcome the new
possibilities of closer contact and CO.
operation with the community opened
up by the affiliation of the teachers
with the American Federation of
Teachers.
There is no space for detailed ac-
count of the substantial achievements
/ of the organized teachers, but, in
brief, our locals in various sections
of the country have been able to Sc
cure salary increases; important re
forms in school administration, such
as reduction in size and number of
classes, and simplifcation and inn
provement in the methods of rating
teachers; the election or appointment
of progressive boards of education;
and the enactment of such legislation
as provisions for continuation schools,
for free text books, for increases in
school revenue, and for tenure of po-
sition.
And everywhere the teachers have
found their most steadfast ally in
labor, that great, organized body of
parents which is determined that the
children of all the people shall have
square educational deal. For la
Dor realizes that the primary factor
in the efficiency of the schools is the
| teacher, that the best of buildings
and equipment, without competent
teachers, is so much junk
Teachers in the past have held
! themselves aloof from the economic
and civic interests of the community,
and have had little opportunity to
develop living sense of the duties
and privileges of citizenship.
Neither, as a rule, have they had
| Iany democratic opportunity to give
the schools the benefit of the initia-
tive and experience gained in daily
contact with the children in the
Ischoolroom.
Misgoyerned cities are testimony
to the inevitable result, the failure of
teachers to prepare their pupils for
life under economic, social and civic
conditions of which the teachers them
selves have no intimate knowledge.
Removal of these handicaps through
affiliation with labor is a hopeful sign
for the future.
Organized labor is giving every as
Isistance in our movement to raise
The Butler County press. [volume] (Hamilton, Ohio) 1900-1946, 1919-08-29
R "a
WILL FINANCE BUREAU.

Chattanooga, Municipal au-
thorities announce that the city
treasury is BROKE" and it will be inn
possible to maintain the local office
Of the United States employment SER
vice. Officers of the trades and labor
council offer to loan the city sufficient
funds to maintain this service, which
is urged by every class of citizens but
the Manufacturers association.