davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-10-05

What Is the matter with my Liberty
bonds? l paid 100 cents on the dollar
for them to help the Government win
the war. Why can't get 100 cents on
the dollar for them now?'
That question, one which has been
asked a thousand times and more a day
Of bankers and Government officials by
bond owners since the close Of the war,
bids fair to answer itself because Lib
erty bonds are coming back and COM
Ing back strong Prices on the 1--WE Is
sues have climbed gradually but steadily
upward within the last two months un-
til four of the issues are quoted at APP
proximately 100 cents on the dollar. and
two Of them. the short term securities,
command a premium when purchased or
sold in the open market.
There is only one answer to give to
the question Of why some OF the LIB
er'y Issues have fallen below par. With
the war ended and the argument that
II Is a patriotic measure 70 hold the
bonds thrust into the background. more
Of them have come on the market than
the market has been able to asslmilate.
Liberty bonds have become a market
commodity. the price OF which Is gov
erne0 by the law that controls every
other commodlty-the law OF supply and
demand. BY the same token the recent
advarces have followed that inevitable
law. Many people are seeking Liberty
bonds for investment purposes and as
the demand increases a lettering OF the
price naturally follows Probably the
most graphic example of that demand
and the higher prices current is TO be
seen In the first second convertible AIS
OF the 1932-1947 issue On April 16 the
bonds touched the low figure Of 93.3S.
To-day they are selma at 10000 and
have sold fractionally above that figure.
The appreciation amounts TO few cents
moro than 81 on every Liberty bond Of
thar Issue.
The overlooking OF the Liberty bond
market and the pressure which natu-
rally reduced prices has been a general
condition, not local one. But il has
been felt more ksenly in New York
than elsewhere. because here Is the one
! open market for Liberty bonds. here
their prices fuctuate officially from day
to day rs t'c supply and demand in
| creasrs ~ ds"'cta'- and here, in the
hnancla District, arv the big banking
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-10-05
OYSTERS MOST POPULAR
OF ALL THE SF1ELLFISF1
After Herring They Are the Most Valuable OF Sea Food
and Worlds Crop Annually Is Worth SIS 600 OO0
HEAVY Mortality Offset by Immense Number of Young

similar oysters already formed. or els.
IL he is not fortunate enough TO And
companions. rock or solid substance
of some kind. There the egg of the
oyster clings, developing with the
others It has found, or with those who
come along afterward and find 1t, un.
til II is full grown.
As every female oyster lays from
$4,000 to $4,000 eggs in a season, II /,
not surprising that the oyster beds
are not exhausted, even though the
consumption of oysters is enormous
Immense quantities are shipped from
certain beds along the Atlantic coast
throughout eight months Of the year.
and yet the supply never seems to
come to an end.
Among the smallest oysters known
is that which the people Of England.
France and Germany usually eat--ths
oysters dug in the neighborhood OF
cstend, in Belgium. The largest
oysters are those OF the Pacific Ocean
Australia and the Philippine Islands
Ordinary oysters of choice varieties
transplanted from the Atlantic coast
to the Pacific, have been found to de.
velop into great size. but to lose their
favor to such an extent that they be.
came scarcely eatable.
oyster Trees in Florida.
A singular characteristic OF certain
varieties Of oysters that have been
found en- our Atlantic coast, especially
off Florida, Is that they have been
found growing on trees-not, indeed,
upon the branches of trees IN the air,
but upon the trunks and roots which
extend into the water along the creek,
and inlets.
When the tide falls the oysters
clinging to these trees are left out Of
their proper element for hours at
time, a circumstance that has never
seemed to interfere with their deyel.
opment.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-10-05

But now difficulties began to de-
velOp. The steam was SO highly
charged with boric acid, sulphuretted
hydrogen and sulphuric acid that it
seriously corroded the iron parts Of
the engine. To obviate this the steam
was no longer used directly in the, en-
CINE, but was employed instead of fuel
in an ordinary multi-tubular boiler.
In this indirect way it was made to
serve for driving a 300 horsepower
oondensing steam turbine engine,
actuating ! three phase electric gener-
ator which supplied not only the borax
works but the villages near Larderello.
Then came the war, and Italys con-
sequent shortage of coal. But Ginori-
Cont, with his practical experience
of the internal energies of the earth,
was ready for the emergency. Not con-
tent with the supply of steam which
came voluntarily from the natural
vents In the rocks, he had driven
bore holes lined with iron pipes down
to depths of from 900 to 500 feet, pene-
trating a subterranean ledge, or
stratum of hard rock, from beneath
which the steam issued. These bore
holes were made from twelve to
twenty inches in diameter, and the
steam came kissing up through them
at pressures of from two to as much
as FIVE atmospheres and temperatures
from 800 to 375 degrees Fahrenheit.
Thus armed and prepared. early last
year the Prince came to the rescue of
the crippled industries of Florence,
Leghorn, volterra, Crosseto and many
smaller towns, by installing three
great groups of condensing turbo-
generators. each OF 5000 kilowatts,
employing the volcanic steam in the
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-10-05

volcanoes is that in relation to the
Harvesting of their power.
AT Larderello, Italy, it recently was
announced, success had been attained
in utilizing a volcano to provide heat,
light and power in enormous Quanti-
ties.
From time immemorial many blow
holes in the ground and rock from
which superheated steam issues under
pressure have existed at Lardarello.
The existence of this steam shows
that the crust Of the earth Immediately
underneath the surface is highly
heated, and the long and steady con-
tinuance of the emission proves that
It is no temporary condition to which
the phenomenon is due. but one that,
measured by human standards of time,
Is practically permanent Ancient
volcanic energies are still active
there. although they no longer pro-
duce eruptions of lava. The underly-
ing rock are so hot that they turn
water. reaching them from the sur
face, into steam.
Utilizing Volcanic steam.
AS long ago as 1908, Prince Ginori-
Cont. who is president of a borax
producing company, undertook to
utilize the natural steam vents OF
Larderello to drive a motor. He act
ually succeeded. at the first trial, in
running little rotary motor with the
volcanic steam, and soon afterward
made it drive a reciprocating steam
engine attached to a dynamo from
which enough electric current was de-
rived to light the borax works. In
1906 the Prince made the same steam
drive an ordinary steam engine of
forty horsepower.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-10-05

way Just described and generating
current at 5,400 volts, stepped up by
oil transformer to $4,000 volts, and
transmitted by cable to the towns
above named, where it is employed in
factories by day and utilized for light
ing purposes at night.
Only the beginning.
But this is only a beginning, for
there is enough volcanic steam escap-
Ing from the earth in the neighbor-
hood of Larderello to drive engines
aggregating hundreds of thousands of
horsepower, and this can be distrib-
uted by electric cable over thousands
of square miles of territory. Such is
the power that a single ancient vol
canic vent, which has been slumber-
ing for centuries, and which was per-
haps never OF a very high rank among
similar phenomena, has. demonstrated
The lessqb which it teaches is that
what has been done at Larderello may
also be accomplished in other parts OF
the world where volcanoes exist.
Take as an illustration the United
States. While Mount Lassen, Mount
Tacoma, Mount Hood and Mount
Shasta are inactive, many scientific
men believe their roots are still full
of thermal energy, and some of our
Alaskan and Hawaiian volcanoes are
famous for their eruptive power
Kilauea, with its lake of molten lava,
1t would seem, is an admirable prac-
tice ground for the coming inventor
of a volcanic engine that shall not
only take advantage Of natural steam
issuing from the rocks, but seize upon
and utilize the source of that steam
the internal heat of the earth.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-10-05
DEVELOPING A NEW TYPE OF
SHEEP.

EVERAL results of Importance to
y Western sheep men have been
ascertained by experiments at
the Government sheep ranch near
Dubois, Idaho, which has been in oper-
alton two years. Formerly 1t was Gus
tomary for range sheep men to discard
ewes which did not bear lambs when
years old. Extensive investigations
by the Department Of Agriculture have
developed that such ewes are Just as
valuable for future breeding as those
which bear lambs at years old.
Individual records are kept on the
Government sheep ranch relative to
the weight of fleece. fineness of nbre
and mutton quality of each animal.
while detailed account is maintained
OF the offspring of each eve. The par
ucular utility of the results obtained
arises from the fact that the flock is
handled Just as are all similar bands
OF sheep In the hands of Wyoming
stockmen.
Experiments are being conducted to
develop type of sheep more suitable
TO the Western range conditions than
the types now prevalent.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-10-05
VOLCANOES MAY
AID MANGREATLY
Scientists Gaining Much knowledge
of Settling Interior of Earth
It's Uses and Products.

600 tons of potash, that when TO this
is added the supply from the vol
canoes the world over before long the
worlds present serious potash short
age will be thing of the past and
that ultimately all the nations OF the
earth will grow to depend to a very
serat extent for their supply on vol
canic' sources.
supply Virtually Unlimited.
Another very important point in this
connection is that as many volcanoes
are still more or less constantly active
the potash supply from such sources
would be practically inexhaustible, be-
cause just as soon as one volcano had
given up its supply more potash would
be belched forth from It or from other
volcanoes in other parts of the world.
II a brand new source of potash
supply was the only valuable discov-
cry that scientists had made in refer
ence to the utility of volcanoes during
the war it would be big enough to
satisfy most any one, but il is by no
means the whole story, as scientists
now know that in addition to potash
there are numerous chemical sub
stances which are generated in gr,~it
quantities in the vast natural labora-
tories in the interior of volcanoes and
beiched forth in great quantities dur
ing eruptions
Sulphuretted hydrogen, which gives
on one Of the most penetrating and dis.
agreeable odors of all chemicals, Is a
volcanic production. When this gas
decomposes it precipitates a yellow
deposit of sulphur about the mouth
or the volcano and at the present
time great stores of this necessary
article are now lying idle and await
ing harvest adjacent to many of the
worlds Volcanoes.
Sodium and several chlorides. par
icularly those of iron, copper and
lead, in more or less abundance. are
erected from many volcanoes. Some
times sodium chloride appears in such
quantities that wide spaces of the
cone OF the volcano, as well as the
surrounding lava, are so heavily
crusted with salt that it is believed the
quantity is so great that 1t could be
marketed with considerable profit.
Other Valuable Substances.
Some other valuable substances
erupted from natures vent hIoes are
sal-ammoniac, specula iron, oxide of
copper and boric acid.
quite another and different angle to
the story Of the practical utilization of
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-10-05

pable OF changing its position. This
is in marked contrast with the newly
born young, which Is free swimming
creature. floating about with tides and
currents, and quite as likely to settle
down on a far distant bank or bar as
to rejoin its progenitors.
Keats, in picturing the depths, re-
fers to 1.-THE poor patient oyster. where
it sleeps" Yet, while the oyster may
be patient and is, indeed, with the eX-
ception above noted. immovable, 1t
does not always sleep.
The body of this bivalve is a poor,
weak thing. apparently incapable OF
doing anything at all; yet around his
delicate substance the oyster builds a
marvellous house. For some unknown
reason the oyster always fixes him
self on his round shell, never by his
fiat shell, and being once fixed he be-
gins to grow. But he grows only in
summer.
Age Told by Lines.
Close examination Of an osyter shell
will show that it is marked with dis
tinct lines. As the rings we observe
in the section of the trunk of a tree
denote it's years OF growth, so do the
markings of an oyster shell tell us
how many years the oyster has passed
in his bed at the bottom of the sea-
The beard of an oyster is not only
his breathing organ, l. e., his lungs
but also his feeding organ, whereby he
conveys the food to his complicated
mouth with its four lips.
When the warm, calm days of June
come, the oyster opens his shell, and
by means of his beard, begins building
an additional story to his house. This
he does by depostiing very fine parti-
cles of carbonate of lime, until at last
they form a substance as thin as may
we'll be, and exceedingly fragile. Their
he adds more and more, until at last
the new shell is as hard as the old one
When oysters are growing theil
shells they must be handled with the
greatest care, since the new growth
of shell will cut like broken glass, ant
wound on the finger from an oyster
shell is often very dangerous.
The oyster Is the earliest OF al
travellers, for his travels begin before
he is Matched. The egg, or embryo
from which the young oyster is de-
veloped is provided at first with so
called ella or vibrating hairy projec
tons, a number of which give the In
| FAINT oyster a swift movement through
the water.
This lively journey continues unit
the little creature strikes bed o.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-10-05
Selling mt Bargain Prices.

Liberty bonds are receiving favorable
attention from investors, not merely be-
cause they are selling at what appears to
be bargain prices but because of the
tax feature. which puts them in an in
vestment class by themselves, far above
the average collateral drawing the iden-
teal rate of interest. To begin with, all
issues are free of the normal Federal
income tax, which in the case OF in
dividuals is 4 or per cent, depending
on the size of the income, and 10 per
cent In the case OF corporations. All
issues also are free from taxation by
any State or political subdivision. When
States are imposing their own income
tax on residents, as has been done by the
State of New York this year, for in
stance, II will be seen that this Is be-
coming material consideration. 1t is
only the surtaXes, excess profits and war
profits taxes that apply to certain war is
sues and then only after certain modifi-
cations and allowances. But all issues
arc subject to estate or Inheritance taxes.
The various periods, with the aggregate
amount of bonds a person may hold COM
pletly tax FREQ from income taxes other
than exemption from normal income tax
during various periods, may be sum-
| married. as follows:
For period of two years after the
war, income of 100000 of bonds
For period Of two to Ave years after
| the war. income on $4,000 of bonds
After five years, exemption for life
on income OF $1,000 of bonds.
The most remarkable advances in re-
cent weeks have been by the first Sec
ond Convertible 4hA On April 1e they
sold at 9S.3s. Recently they touched
10o.62. an advance Of 72t points. Tho
Third Ans also have registered an Inn
portant gain from 94.70 on August s to
$3.50 on September "a. The Second Is
have shown an advance of IT'S points.
The Second ANS are up about 100 points.
The First 8 Us and the Victory ANS and
ANS. none of which has sold far below
par. also have had gains, but I'm these
cases the gains were not so wide or spec
tacular. Both are swinging around par
and, In most market days, a slight pre-
MUM is obtalnable on these short term
! issues, They are always in keen de-
mand because OF their early maturities.
1t is entirely out OF the question
for any one to predict when all the Lib
erty issues will reach par In the market
One guess is as good as another. Many
conservative bankers believe, however,
that the conditions which caused their
wide swing downward at the start of
this year will never come again and
that the gradual absorption OF those
gilt edged securities by discriminating
investors will make for a thinner and
thinner market as months roll by with
advancing prices. Liberty bonds were
purchased at 100 cents on the dollar
they are worth 100 cents on the dollar
and without a doubt eventually will
return 10 the investors 100 cents or more
for every dollar out into them.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-10-05

are the most popular
I and extensively eaten OF all
shellfish. 1t is held by some
authorities that they are the most I'M
portant of all cultivated water prod
ucts and with the single exception OF
the sea behring's the most valuable OF
the aquatic animals. From zooiog-
ical standpoint oysters are lamell-
branchiate mollusks of the genus
Ostrea.
In many countries oysters support
a special fishery and In various otner
countries enter into the food supply.
In the, waters near shore OF all the
temperate and tropical oceans ana
seas oysters are found in more or less
abundance, but the supply In the
North Atlantic exceeds that Of all the
other waters combined. 1t is esti-
mated that not less than 10000 men
and women are engaged in the oyster
industry, and the capital invested IN
vessels, boats. apparatus oyster lands
and cultural establishments aggre-
gates many million dollars,
worlds Crop s2B,OoO,Ooo.
According to the latest figures the
oyster crop of the world amounts to
over $4,000, 900 bushels and is valued
at nearly $25.0o0.00o. OF this output
the share of the United States is So
per cent. of the quantity and SO per
cent. of the value. OF the remaining
portion about So per cent. Of the
quantity and so per cent. of the value
belong to France.
Fully 100 species are known, with a
comparatively wide range in size,
shape, habits, flavor and food value.
Some fine species exist in the equa-
torial and subtropical regions, but the
best are found in temperate climes.
The northern limits of their habitat
are Gulf OF st. Lawrence and south
ern Norway in the Atlantic and Hok-
kaido and Puget Sound in the Pacific
oysters produce an immense number
Of young in order to compensate for
the heavy mortality that occurs in all
stages of growth. but especially in the
early months. 1t is a curious biolog-
ical fact that in certain species of
oyster each sex is represented by a
different individual, as In the oyster OF
the Atlantic coast OF North America,
while in other species both sexes are
united in one individual-the male
stage alternating with the female. as
in the common oyster of the Atlantic
coast of Europe.
After the oyster attains a size that
] Is visible to the naked eye it is inca
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-10-05

institutions which the floating supply
OF Liberties-and of every other sort of
bond-naturally gravitate for redistri-
button.
The cause for the selling OF Liberty
bonds, as ascertained by agents of the
Treasury Department, have been legion.
One of the main reasons, these agents
lave ascertained, is the fact that many
subscribers, in the excitement OF patri-
otto campaigns, literally bit off more
than they could chaw. These bonds, of
course, trickled back TO the banks and,
eventually. into the open market An
other reason has been that of the high
cost of living. Strikes have brought out
many Liberty bond, as have troubles
OF all sorts. But in the main, they have
been the bonds OF small denomination
$50, 500 and $500 bonds To, no such
reason can be ascribed the selling of
Liberties in thousand bond blocks.
A large security house in the Wall
Street district recently compiled a SYM
postum OF opinions on topics of the day,
from answers Ito QUESTIONABLE
sent TO some 1900 leading business
men In all sections of the country.
One of the questions asked was: Are
the people in your section generally
holding or selling the Liberty bonds
bought during the war;" OF the 1890
answers, 1.202 replied that the bonds
generally were being held closely, and
AIS replied that since the war crisis
many people in their sections were sell
ing the bonds. To the question, 'Are
the Liberty bonds that are sold those of
large or small holders7' 1891 answered
that most Of the bonds coming on the
market were purchased by small holders,
and 1872 replied that they were bonds of
large holders.
Government Pursues scaIpers.
Two evils have sprung into existence
since the close OF the Liberty bond cam
paign which no doubt have brought out
millions OF dollars worth OF Liberty bonds.
One of these is the faker and the other
the scalper. Thousands OF dollars worth
OF perfectly good Liberty bonds have
been exchanged by gulllble people for
worthless securities, most of them oil
stocks, from which large returns were
promised That traffic was for n while
carried on openly through newspaper
and other advertising mediums The
line, 1--WE accept your Liberty bonds at
par In exchange for this stock" used to
be familiar one in many newspapers.
A vigorous. campaign started by sew
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-10-05
LIBERTY BOND DEALINGS REACH RECORD VOLUME
ONEXCFIANGE; PRICES STEADILY SWINGING UPWARD

proxlmately 500 per cent. OF tho Third
loan has been retired and 3.75 per cent.
of the Fourth and about one-fourth of
l per cent. of the First. These total
cancellations to the close of business on
August 81 amounted to $717,537.55o of
the $16,936,995.367 issued in the first
four loans These bonds have been can
celled and retired in three ways. First,
by purchase for the per cent. bond
purchase fund authorized by the Third
Liberty bond act. Second, by purchases
on account of repayments of obligations
of foreign Governments under section
of the Second Liberty bond act. Third,
payments of estate taxes under the
Third Liberty bond act.
The number of bonds retired, the
amounts issued and the amounts out
standing, of these first four loans. now
stand as follows:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-10-05
Individual investments an Important
Factor in Growing Demand for
Government Securities.

New York to fnd the Liberty bond
scalper. His Liberty, Bonds Bought
for Cash" sign is TO be seen in all parts
of the business district. Either the Gov
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-10-05

eral agencies and aided by the Govern
ment has about succeeded in stamping
out all but surreptitious dealings of that
nature. One does not have to go far in
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-10-05
Music Notes

(0ontinued from Preceding Page. J
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-10-05

lnez Thetge, soprano, and Freda L
glehardt, violinist, Will give a Joint RI,
cital at the Selwyn Theatre on Sunda}
afternoon, October 10. Harold Bende.
will assist both artists at the piano
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-10-05

Stella Geneva will give song recital
at Aeolian Hall tomorrow evening
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-10-05

Some other valuable substances
erupted from natures vent hloes are
sal-ammoniac, specula iron, oxide of
copper and boric acid.
Quite another and different angle TO
the story Of the practical utilization of
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-10-05

Toscha Seidel will give his first violr
recital of the season at Carnegie IL
next Sunday afternoon. Harry Kau
man will accompany him at the piano
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-10-05

Cyrena van Gordon OF the Chicac
Opera Company will give a song re
cit1l at Aeolian Hall this afternoon