davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1919-12-27

I'OCKETBOOk-I.ady' large, black leather,
gu Lincoln Park Christmas day: identifi-
cation card keys. etc. Return =. Z. keech.
J .,.k} 29nd u. d. w. and receive reward. 2Se
Evening star., 1919-12-27
WANTED-HELP.
SkE.ESTEV.

SALESMAN wsuted to cover Washington ter
IItory: cac"lltqIt opportunity: experience not
~SeBtial- Addre>s EOX :,;u-C. Sta- office
~NIESMEN-Vri'. for LIST OF openings and
fuN particulars. Lam 5000 TO $4,000 yearly.
Zig demand for men. Inexperienced or cApe-
icif-d. City o. travelling. Natl Salesmens .
III. Assn, Dept 3sl, Chicago.
WO LIVE. active statesmen to
Ipresent reliable New York
buse; city and to travel; good
ny weekly. Call Room 12O,
MGill %dg, G st. near 9th NV.
Evening star., 1919-12-27

POCKETBoOk, Wednesday morning; over $50
; and watch key. Liberal reward. Address Box
.-i3 C, Star Office. :S'
Evening star., 1919-12-27

NIUFF-Ncar Iowa circle and 18th st. Doc.
3. Old brown fur nIun. Reward. L. 1--we.
I2p4 sf n
Evening star., 1919-12-27

MULES. pair. black; sfrayed Sunday. bee. II.
from Saver Spring. Md. Tall or write VIM. s.
Tyler, tel Woodside 2:i-W.: reward 21s
Evening star., 1919-12-27

diamonds and L ri.H. Reward. Finder notify
Mrs. T.. McComas. 3s16 Jocclyn So. Cleve.
.3:, 2Ss
Evening star., 1919-12-27

IISG-L1dys Tiffany diamond ring between
business High School and New National Thea
ter Dec. D. Notify q. DE Spain, 1415 Rhode
Island ave- aYr-Reyard 27s
Evening star., 1919-12-27
I )(I

GLOVES-White kid. friday afternoon
Great Falls car. Kindly return to Miss +.
l.eyton, Room 3Ss, Treasury Dept. 2S'
Evening star., 1919-12-27

SACRIFICE if sold at Republic 2-ton
truck in excellent condition, mechanically ANA
otherwise. A bargain for the quickest pur-
chaser Edgar Baum. SD 9th ST. NV.
Evening star., 1919-12-27

MANUFACTURES desires exclusive represent-
ative for Washington Investment Of 81 600 to
5000 required. Address Box 296-D, Star Office.
Evening star., 1919-12-27
AUToMoRILES FOR SALE. ETC.

FORD sedan: late 1915; in Al condition; = "
Kelly Spriuyfield tires and demountable n is'
will take your old car as part payment "'
terms AZ X st. NV. =?
Evening star., 1919-12-27

MANS TRAVELLING CASE-Tan leather.
marked T. X. Bristol, Dec. II. Red room, Will
lard Hotel 81 reward. Return cashier Will
lard Hotel
Evening star., 1919-12-27

GOLD WRIST WATCH gold bracelet. mono
gram &. NJ. T.. Christmas evening. Return
10 33Os 14th NV. Apt. - Reward
Evening star., 1919-12-27

HANDBAG-Black velvet; silver top: night
bee. -; &1: either in front of 924 Pa.
or 1915 X ST. NV Reward $40. Mrs. c. &.
Won BIucher. 1216 X st. NV. NJ 1905. 2S'
Evening star., 1919-12-27

RING-One large amethyst ring, Sytle box
citing. Reward if returned 1916 Sth ST. NV.
Evening star., 1919-12-27

HANDBAG, blue, containing money. glasses.
keys and hook with name Wednesday evening.
III or near Kann's store. Party may keep
money il return bag and rest of contents. A.
J:yrnes, 9Th floor. 3. kann Sons Go. 27'
Evening star., 1919-12-27

MAN who is allowed to wear
his soldier clothes. Virginia
Theater, 6O8 9th.
Evening star., 1919-12-27

WHITE WOMAN. middle-sged. looking for
good home: to housekeep In small apartment
ana give limited amount Of care to elderly
lady; to start January 1. Apply 171I Lamont
st. NV. oas
Evening star., 1919-12-27

DODGE 1917 touring; excellent condition; good
tires; fine; needs new top: this car must
be sold anG he bought at a low figure
Seaton Garage, Lincoln road and Seaton place
Evening star., 1919-12-27
FOUND.

BLACK PURSE. keys. reccipjs. change. Friday
afternoon. in United Cafeteria. ST. or Wood
wards Reward. Josephine Baird, Govern
-nent Hotels. p Y building.
by identifying safder and paving for this ac
vertisement Address Box 2Sa-D. Star Office
Evening star., 1919-12-27

FORD SEDAN. 1918; fine running condition.
good tires, two ones; can be bought
at right price; will fake Ford touring in
trade. Seaton Garage. LinoJn road and
Sra'ou nlate ne.
The news scimitar. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1907-1926, 1919-10-18
COTTON MARKETS
Market Disposed to Sag Early
But Receivers Later and
Closes Irregular.

Saturday afternoon, Oct. Is.
Not much Of importance was in the
news coming TO hand during the short
session and the cotton market kept
lar. The weather was better, although
some sections of the upper eastern sec
tons had some rains which did not do
any good and lowered grade Of some
more of the crop. Temperatures were
cool, but there was no frost anywhere
and indications were for continuation
of the fairness for at least a day or so.
The slight chance OF another cool wave
in q few DAYS failed to attract much
notice, as did the private guessing
toward the close that conditions favor
ed some disturbance in the Gulf,
The market really seemed to be with
out fresh incentive and spot conditions
dominated, this contributing to the
steadiness. December in New York
opened at S34.1S. dipped to SS4 on
hedge selling and playing for a turn,
but later recovered and sold as high
as s3i.S5, closing near the top. There
was further alteration OF differences be
tween the near and distant months
finals being from 5 down to IL points
up. In New Orleans the reverse situa'
ton prevailing and bears increased Their
| premiums, finals being from 30 to I
points to the good.
Liverpool to make full response or
Monday should come from 10 to l poin'
up.
In the spot department sales were
fairly large, but lack OF offerings OF
less urgency on the part of buyers &C.
counted for II. Memphis sold S,00'
bales, without change in price, while
Houston sold 5,266 and made no change
Dallas, however, raised prices 5 points
| middling to $500, with sales by
bales. In New Orleans sales were 5,S7
bales and quotations were unchanged
The news scimitar. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1907-1926, 1919-10-18
TIGHTNESS IN MONEY
IMPORTANT FEATURE

NEW YORK. Oct Brighter money
was the governing factor OF the active
but irregular week on the stock eN-
change, obsCurinE an other develop
ments. even the improved ~induSirial sit
uattou, Scarcity Of funds seemed 20
exert little adverse effect upon the
operations upon pools in various spe-
c~talties, some Of those issues scoring
uew maNimums, while various obscure
stocks made gains OF ) to 20 points.
Reasons for the money ~stringcuCN
were found In the tremendous eNpaU-
sion Of brokers loans and last weeks
report OF the clearing house, actual
loans and discounts Of that institution
exceeding al records.
There were occasional snurtS in high
grade industrials and rails. but the
movement as a whole suggested an
over-CXteuded bull position, which
evoked warnings from conservative in
t~ereStS.
Speculative conditions were offset to
a degree by the more hopeful labor
outlook. sustained investment INQUIRY
and favorable tenor Of general business
advances. although retail trade In Ger
tain sections suffered a moderate set
back.
The only distinct r~etrograde movement
was I'm foreign exchange, virtually az
| forms Of remittance working against
London and continental Europe. Little
was heard " foreign loans, II being IN
derstood that their outcome depends
upon vents at Washington
The news scimitar. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1907-1926, 1919-10-18
MISCELLANEOUS

CHICAGO. oct. 1S.-Buttcr higher;
creamery, 50@65c.
Eggs, receipts 1850 cases; unchanged.
Poultry-AliVe, lower, springs, 23lac,
fowls, lSa25c,
SAVANNAH, Ga. oct lS-Turpen-
tine, steady, 159; sales, 50, receipts, 2a2;
shipments, 9; stock, 5000.
Rosin, firm, sales, SSG recetpts, S92'
shipments, 1903; stock, ~, 706. Quote: b,
b. n +. c., $l700; H., SIZES; l., $3.50;
X, $3.50; M, $20,25; A., Sgl, 90; VIC,
$21.75 WV. S22,50.
NEW YORK, Oct. 1S-Bar silver,
S.l7Ss; Mexican dollars, 92c,
CHICAGO, Oct, 1S-Polatocs firm
arrivals, SO ears; Northern, sacked and
bulk whites, $2,25@2,40
NEW YORK, Oct, tS,-CofCee, No, :
Rio, 1874 Futures, steady, Dec, 1928
March, 1880.
ST, LOUIS, Oct. 1S.-PoultrN, butter
ana eggs unchanged,
NEW YORK, Oct. 1S-Ruttcr, steady
receipts, 9,l3S tubs; creamery firsts
| 57iSG6Sc.
Eggs, steady; receipts, $500 cases
| fresh gathered firsts, 60m63c.
Cheese, firm: receipts, l,093 boxes
average run, 30h @8lc,
Poultry, alive, not quoted. Dressed
steady. Western chickens, 25Gt43c
Others unchanged.
The news scimitar. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1907-1926, 1919-10-18
NEW YORK COTTON.

NEW YORK. Oct. 1S.--There was a
good deal of Southern selling at the
opening OF the cotton market today,
while realizing or liquidation for over
weekend was promoted by a more ia
vorable weather map, smaller spot sales
in the South yesterday, and bearish
weekend statistics. The opening was 2
points higher on October, but generally
10 to 20 points lower and active months
sold Is to 80 points under last nights
closing figures, during the first few
minutes, with December touching 34,00c.
The western belt forecast for increas-
ingly cloudy weather checked the de-
cline, however, and there were rallies
later.
Apprehensions Of renewed rains in
the western belt and bullish private
crop advices including claims that some
Of the Georgiagins were closing down
Of the Georgiains were closing down
rally which carried prices 5 to % points
net higher with December selling at
1896. The market closed steady net
3 points lower to 20 points higher.
Cotton spot quiet; middling. 34;S0c,
Futures closed steady at decline OF
5 to advance of II points.
The news scimitar. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1907-1926, 1919-10-18
NEW COTTON.

NEW ORLEANS, Oct, 1s.-Better
weather conditions over the belt and
continued reports Of a somewhat easier
spot situation in the interiar caused q
lower market for cotton on the opening
today. During the first half hour of
business prices lost Is to 81 points.
Fear that the storm area on the
weather map to the west Of the belt
meant more rain for the Texas crop
caused a buying movement after the
middle of the session on which trading
months recovered their losses and went
5 to II points higher than the last
prices OF yesterday,
Spots closed steady and unchanged,
Ordinary, %. CSC; good ordinary, 25.2Sc;
low middling, 80. Soc; middling, 35.25c
good middling, SO. soc. Sales on the
spot 2,446; to arrive, S,425; delivered on
contract, 100.
Futures closed steady at advance Of
rs to 4 points.
The news scimitar. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1907-1926, 1919-10-18
%COTTONSEED PRODUCTS
REPORT IS ISSUED

WASHINGTON, Oct. 1S,-The census
bureaus c%ottonseed products report for
the period, Aug. | to Sept. 30, issued to-
day, shows:
Cottonseed, crushed, 254, 800 tons,
compared with $40 25 a year ago; on
hand Sept. 30, 232. $50 tons, compared
with 644, 1853 a year ago.
Cottonseed products produced and on
hand at end Of period
Crude oil. 1902. 1875 pounds and 49,
sos, $50 pounds. compared with 90, i27, =
223 and 55, 2S5, 500.
Refined oil, 37,312,OS3 pounds and So
1872, 113 pounds, compared with 40.i71, 1873
and 124,t16, 424.
Cake and meal, III, 048 tons and 81 .39i
tons. compared with 166,070 and 6s,31s,
Linters, 1851 bales and 2f5,h65 bales,
compared with 97,404 and 7l,4lS.
Imports of oil, 6.25S, 727 pounds, com
pared with 1.527, 1914
Exports OF oil, "A, 1876 3S pounds. com
pared with 5,607 ,54f; cake and meal, 5S,
1877 tons, compared with two tons. and
linters, $500 bales, compared with 3d.
314.
The news scimitar. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1907-1926, 1919-10-18
DOW JONES SUMMARY

NEW YORK, Oct, 1S-Specialists de-
clAe operation on president necessary
nov
Fall amendments to peace treaty de-
feated In senate.
Secretary of Labor Wilson, coal min
ers and shippers fail TO reach agree
ment over threatened coal strike.
Industrial conference adjourns until
Monday without reaching agreement on
collective bargaining, but compromise
expected.
Judge Gary to resume his part in de-
Iiberations of labor conference on Mon
day. Gompers back after brief illness.
Hines declares government war pow
or should not be used to increase rates
for benefit of private control Of roads.
Dun's report 1l5 failures in United
States this week, against 50 last week
and 142 year ago,
Bradstreet's says trade and Industrial
reports are rather more favorable this
week.
United States Rubber and subsidiaries
for six months ended June 30 show
S23. 10 a share earned on common stock
after charges and federal tax against
S21. "a same period In 1918.
Twenty industrials 1898, up ~.
Twenty rails 1.36. up .0S.
The news scimitar. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1907-1926, 1919-10-18
COTTON AREA SUMMARY.

Temperatures continued somewhat
above the seasonal in the Carolinas,
Georgia, Florida and Southern Alabama,
but elsewhere they were 4 TO 10 be-
low normal with minima 40 to 4S in the
northwestern portion Of the belt. Light
frost was reported from Osceola, Ark,
Moderate to heavy rains occurred In the
Carolinas and showers, mostly light to
moderate, numerous places In Georgia,
Mississippi. Alabama, Louisiana, South
ern Arkansas and extreme Eastern
Texas. Heavy rain: South Carolina,
Florence 2.30, Kingstree lao; North
Carolina. Lumberton 210.
The news scimitar. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1907-1926, 1919-10-18
FROM WALL STREET
Short Session Sees ReSump-
ton of Upward Movement
in Speculative Issues.

NEW YORK, Oct. is.-The week end
session OF the stock exchange opened
with a resumption Of the upward move
ment in speculative issues, including
many secondary or low-priced shares.
Motors and rubber specialties featured
the advance, gaining . TO ) points. oils
and shippings were one to two points
higher and equipment, textile, leather
and chemical shares trailed along at
gains OF one to two points, Steels and
rails were heSitant, but elsewhere gains
were extended within the active first
half hour
The news scimitar. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1907-1926, 1919-10-18
MONEY.

NEW YORK. oct ls-Mercantile ma
per. 5d5H. Sterling, 6o-day hills,
81 l2aa, 6O-dav bills on banks, We;
commercial 60.dav bills, Slli-; de-.
mapd. $4tI&. cables, Atbh Frames,
demand. SS.G2: cables. IS, so, Guilders,
demand, rs: cables, 3S1 Lire, demand,
stO,i5. cables. $l0.l2. Marks, demand,
49, cables, 3S,,
Government bonds, irregular; railroad
bonds, irregular,
The news scimitar. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1907-1926, 1919-10-18

BANK CLEARINGS.
COFFEE.
BANK STATEMENT.

NEW YORK, Oct. 1S.-The actual
condition of clearing house banks and
trust companies for the week Give
This is an increase OF $1l, 533, 100 from
last week.
The news scimitar. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1907-1926, 1919-10-18

NEW YORK, Oct. ts.-Final prices
on liberty bonds today we're: 3hs,
500 so; first Is, 1880; second a.,
SS3. so; third AIS, 3 $40: fourth AIS,
$685. IS: victory, 3%s, sss.ss; victory
ANS. 1884.
The news scimitar. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1907-1926, 1919-10-18

Cash corn, No. 9.mixed, Sl.8SU1,39ia;
No. 9 yellow, St.40% Gle,
Oats, No. , white. 72'a G72&c; No. 3,
white, 6SA a7ithc,
dl.S5; timothy, $S.5Omll25; clover,
nominal; lard, $9S.75; ribs, SlS.50al9.5O.
KANSAS CITY. Oct. 1S.~~Cash wheat
mostly unchanged: No, I hard, $2.2s0
2.4S; No. 2. 81 0@2.4S; No. 1 red, S2,26
m2.2S; No. 2, S2.25@2,26.
Corn, lie to Sc higher. No, 2 mixed,
S1.44@i45; No. . white, S1A4at.4a; No,
2 yellow, $1.4t.
Oats, steady 10 lie higher, No.
white, lie; No, ? mixed, 66m6ic; No. 2
red. 67G6Sc,
The news scimitar. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1907-1926, 1919-10-18
GRAIN MARKETS
BuIIiSh Sentiment PeTmeateS
Grain Market Helped by
Unsettled Weather.

ment continued TO influence the corn
market today owing more or less 10
forecasts OF unsettled weather. Open
ing prices which ranged from isc to
NC higher with December Sl.24is to
Sl.s4S and May Si.23k TO $l.23G were
followed by material further gains.
Despite profit taking no Important
setback ensued The market closed
strong with December Sl.26ta to St.2oAs
and May Sl.242 to $l.245s.
Oats took an upward swing with corn.
After opening unchanged 10 Nc higher
including December az Il to TlNC the
market scored moderate additional
gains.
Provisions were helped by the
strength Of grain,
Toward the end lard underwent a re
action because OF realizing sale.
The news scimitar. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1907-1926, 1919-10-18
LOCAL SECURITIES.


Quotations are unofficial, being %.
cureI from the most reliable sources
and are based on the last known sale
and bid.
The news scimitar. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1907-1926, 1919-10-18
DAILY
CONSOLIDATED PORT.

1919, 1918. 1917.
Rcts. / day. 32,776 2S,5sJ 43,Oo5
Total stocks .1.o7s,2 S$ l,l54,7s 72S'ssS
Total rcts, .. 9S2,8 O6 1884, S9 ], $50, 1893
Foreign expt., 1924 826,60S LAO, 1875
The news scimitar. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1907-1926, 1919-10-18
Memphis District
Weather Bulletin
Memphis, Tenn. Oct.
TEXAS RAINFALL.

II delayed,
The news scimitar. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1907-1926, 1919-10-18
TOMORRoW's MAY

Last
1919. Week. 1918.
New, Orleans. 8, OOOG 5000 S,277 5,32s
Galveston 80. IL, GOOGLE 900 II, 800 IL, 797
Cottonwood chronicle. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1917-current, 1919-12-19
BIRDS EFFORTS TO DECEIVE
Pathetic Deception PractIced by Moth.
or Of Brood In Her Attempt to
Save Her Young.

II has been pointed out that the
military tactics which a commander
may employ to deceive the enemy are
practiced Ia a limited way by many
birds.
There is nothing more interesting in
the study Of bird life than the efforts
to deceive which many species put
forth to save their young or their nests
from the despoiler. They flutter just
in front OF the trespasser to attract
his notice, and then they trail OFF with
a broken" wing dragging on the
ground, emitting cries Of distress.
The bobwhite Commonly called
quail) Is a most notable tactician In
this kind of deception. This bird is
physically helpless In the face Of dan
ger, possessing no weapons. Its power
Of swift flight for a short distance Ia
great, but when there are little bob
whites to protect the mother will not
leave them. The nest Is always on the
ground, and the eggs are thus peculiar
~ open to the ravages Of snakes and
other enemies.
AneEe hEe bOmellIneb hCOES Va SBBSl
sharply pointed at one end and round
at the other, 80 that space in the nest
iE economical. The chicks quit their
birthplace before they are fairly out Of
the shell.
They inherit a knowledge Of the
family vernaculRr, and each little head
about the size Of a pea, holds quick
perception and resolute will. II dan
ger threatens the brood, the mother
bird calls. The young all go dead"
Instantly; they drop down wherever
they chance to be at the moment, A
man or q boy might step on them;
they are almost invisible among the
dry leaves and grass. The mother bird
renders herself very conspicuous, nut
terlng with broken wing"
The mourning dove IL another hmid
and helpless creature; she also tries
the broken wing rnse to divert dan
ger from her nest. The dove acquired
the 'broken wing habit" Of deception
while the tribe yet nested on the
ground. The habit persists, although
rather ludlcrous when exercised ON the
bouRh Of a tree or on the top OF =
rail fence.
Cottonwood chronicle. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1917-current, 1919-12-19
The Joy of Living.

With all my heart l believe In the
Joy of living; but those who achieve
it do not seek it as an end in itself,
but as a seized and priced Incident
of hard work we'll done and of risk
and danger never wantonly courted,
but never shirked when duty COM
mands that they be faced. And those
who have earned joy, but are re-
warded only with sorrow, must learn
the stern comfort dear to great souls,
the comfort that springs from the
knowledge taught in times of iron
that the law of worthy living is not
fulfilled by pleasure, but by service
and by sacrifice when only thereby can
service be rendered-Theodore Roose-
welt.
Cottonwood chronicle. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1917-current, 1919-12-19

Johann at the { Harness shop
buys hides. 46-4
Remember those taxes must
be paid by December goth. 49-3
Reduce the hight cost of hv-
ing by using flour producing
more loaves of better bread. "a
Marriage licenses were issued
to Miss Stella Mclaughlin of
this city and Percy Campbell
of Piniele, Mont. at Lewiston,
this week. The Mclaughlin
family have just recently remov-
ed from the Walla Walla country
and have again made Cotton
wood their home. Mr.. Camp
bell was at one time employed
here as a barber.
Cottonwood chronicle. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1917-current, 1919-12-19
CLAW Eatsra.

The AgInara Indians, inhablting the
shores Of Lake Titlcaca and the lofty
plateau of the Andes, find the strug-
gle for existence hard at an altitude
of more than 1900 feet above the
sea level. Their principal articles OF
food are qulnoa, q coarse grain re.
sembllng rice, and potatoes, Of which
tuber their country Is the original
home. The difficulty Of boiling food
at 80 great an altitude necessitates
the previous maceratiOn of all articles
intended to be so cooked. The potato
ls therefore prepared for storing and
use by exposing 1t to the frost; then
It is placed in water and stamped
into a paste. all the soluble matter Is
washed out and the Starchy and fart-
naceous substance remains. This IL
called hunO and II IL made into a nu-
tritious though insipid soup. The Ag'
maras use clay as an article Of food,
mixing 1t with Quinoa. The clay they
use is Of q whltish color and rather
gritty. Careful analysis shows that
It contains no OsGanic matter.
Cottonwood chronicle. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1917-current, 1919-12-19
Can't Lose II.

Adolph TandIer, symphony orches-
ira leader, was commenting on the de-
mand that music by German com
pOsers should not be played.
"There is so much music that is Ger
man, that I doubt if 1t can be DONE"
he remarked, and added, with laugh,
besides, they tell me that they are
using it at the peace conference, or, at
least, that is the claim Of a certain
German musician 1 used to know.
"This German, after listening to the
uproarious discord attending the peace
celebration, cried:
"'Ha! Observe that in order to cele-
brate they have to raise to the Wag-
merriam style of music ="
Cottonwood chronicle. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1917-current, 1919-12-19
There in Profusion.

Mary had been promised visit tc
certain camp. which was in an ad-
Joining town. The promise was full
filled one pleasant day and Mary, on
tiptoe with excitement, started on the
trip. Each time a soldier appeared
she exclaimed: ION, see the khaki
boy" But when the camp was at
length reached Mary had nothing to
say. Her mother, noticing this, asked
her why she did not talk about them.
Drawing long sigh, Mary exclaimed:
'Oh. motherI there Ii = whole fore
ADnn fall Of thsph"
Cottonwood chronicle. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1917-current, 1919-12-19
DRAW NO INTEREST.

More than $4,000 worth of
First Liberty Loan Bonds, with
accrued interest amounting to
nearly $4,000 is going begging
for rightful owners in the FEEDER
al Reserve Bank of San Francis
co. The bank has had the
Bonds for over two years, and is
anxious that their owners, who
were given Interim Certificates