The labor standard., 1919-05-15
TREATY FRAMING
 IS SLOW PROCESS
Negotiations of Modern Cove nants That Ended Wars Have
 Often Taken Months.
INTRIGUE COMMON FEATURE
Great Issues Involved in the Settle. ments of the Last Three Centuries -keenest Minds of Church
 Seek Advantage.

New York.-The making of treatie
 las always been a time-consumin, 7 process since the days when thu feudal lord or monarch could say tt his beaten foe, accept these terms O. die. Then the limits of personal force and ambition were the only curb or the victor's demands, with the son: or daughters or other relatives to bt pawns in the game, execution or mar riage sealing the hateful bargain.
 But with the development of states into something more than the individ ual property of kings and emperOrs and the broadening of international relations, the resulting clashes o1 arms, often lasting for years, were rarely brought to a close except after | negotiations that lasted for weeks OI months. Over the documents that set tied the religious, political, or terri torial questions at issue, the keenest minds of church and state fought for advantage. Intrigues and secret deals were a normal incident of the battle of wits, when more than two countries were involved in the difficulty. l last three centuries are the landmarks of their period, ending or beginning an era in which the future develop ,nent of peoples or nations was defn- itely determined.
 Peace of WestphaIia. | Such a history-making event was the Peace of Westphalia (164S), which ended the Thirty Years war-the last of the great conflicts between Cathol- icism and Professionalism. Beginning as a strife between German states, di- vided on religious lines, it finally in- volved France, Spain, Sweden, Por- tugal, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and many Italian states.
 In 1641 preliminaries of peace were agreed upon at Hamburg by the al- ready wearied contestants, but it was three years before q congress to set tie terms was opened and four years after that when first treaties were signed at Osnabruck and Munster, towns of Westphalia. A general and l complete peace was finally signed at Munster on October 24, 1649.
 At Aix-la-Chapel1e, on May 2, 1868, was signed the first treaty, known by the name of that town. This was the climax of the struggle between France and Spain for the possession of the Spanish Netherlands. On the death of Philip " of Spain, Louis XIV claimed a large part of the Neither lands inj the name of his wife, a daughter of Philip. The Dutch, alarmed by the French pretensions, which were backed by aggressive military action. summoned England and Sweden to her aid and halted the French advance. Under the treaty Louis kept portions of Flanders which his forces had overrun.
 The Peace of Ryswick. which was signed at the Dutch village on the outskirts of The Hague in 1897, end ed a struggle of nine years between France and the Grand Alliance, term which ultimately included England, Holland, Savoy, the Holy Roman em- pire, Brandenburg, Sweden. Spain, Saxony and the Pa1atfnate. A con- gress of envoys held sessions during most of the summer of 1897 and final
 
 tember 20. This virtually restored all territorial matters to the status quo ante, but the chief result was to check the ambitions of Louis, under whose rule France had become the first power on the continent supplanting Spain.
 Utrecht's Epoeh-Makins Agreement.
 The Peace of Utrecht was the next great agreement between the quarrel, some powers of Europe. It was, in fact, series of agreements between the years 1713 and 1715 that brought 10 a close the war of the Spanish sue cession (known in American history in its later aspect as Queen Anne's war;. To prevent the union of Spain and France under Bourbon ru1e Will liam III of England formed another grand alliance, which included Aus tria and several German states, in- cluding Prussia. An armistice was concluded between France and Eng land in 1712. but it was not until April 13, 1713, that peace was signed at Utrecht between France on the one side and England on the other. Spain settled With her enemies in the next two years.
 A second treaty of Afx-la-Chapelle, signed October IS. 174S, marked the conclusion of the war of the Austrian succession, notable for the long and successful effort of Maria Theresa to keep her throne against a host of claimants.
 First of the treaties that vitally af- fected the future of North America was that of Paris, which ended the Seven Years war. Beginning with a struggle between Prussia and Austria the war spread to the German states Russia. France, Sweden, England and Portugal. Prelininaries of peace , were signed on November 3, 1762, but the definitive treaty was not consum- mated till Fet ruary 10. 1763. Tn the