davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1919-04-30
BUSINESS MEN HOLD BACK
Workers Have Been Faithful
but Cannot Be Held Longer
for Poor Results.
WILL AUGMENT FORCE TODAY
Those Who Have Not Sub
scribed to Extent of Means
Will Again Be Visited.

Tulsa's Victory loan campaign or
ganization will be dissolved Friday.
We are going TO quit Friday fol-
lowing the noon luncheon, win or
loose, quota or no quota"
This was the statement OF A V
Davenport. city manager OF the loan
campaign forces, made Tuesday eve
ming at the end OF eight days work
when II was found that there had
been only S3,375,750 worth OF bonds
purchased. Bonds to the amount
OF $2,253,250 must yet be sold to
complete Tulsa county's quota.
After Friday continued Mr..
Davenport, anyone who cares to
purchase bonds must go TO the
banks, for ] am going to release the
workers from further service.
can't deny that am discouraged and
that the outlook Is gloomy for any
kind OF respectable finish.
Tulsa has laid down misera ably
1t is Just ono more testimonial to
the fickleness OF the American pub
lie. Now that the war Is over 1t IL
forgotten. Posters, speakers ap-
peals to patriotism and public
demonstrations have all failed to
accomplish the purpose and finish
we are going to quit Friday and
as far as we arc concerned the lob
will then be finished. Certain bust
ness men who have not subscribed to
the extent OF their means may be
called upon hy special committees
and requested to increase their sub
scriptions. But the van OF the
workers will be discharged Friday.
II is foolish 10 force the willing
few to carry the burden that all
should share"
In order to release some OF the
workers who have devoted their en-
tire time TO the issue the Victory
forces Will be augmented this after
noon by new solicitors Although
Friday has been definitely named as
the last day OF the campaign spe-
cial effort will be made Thursday
TO put Tulsa over the topSh order
that the campaign may be formally
closed the following day.
Mr.. Davenport commended the
women workers Tcr their wonderful
work or the total amount to date
the ladies have reported sales to the
amount of s1S2.750
County reports indicate sales OF
but s27a,000. Mr., Davenport ex-
pressed disappointment In tho 70
ports from Frisco employees with r
total OF but $4,000, much less than
We expected.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1919-04-30

Battle formation flying over tho
city, spectacular antics I'm tho air
sham battles and demonstrations Of
practically every fcht known 10 nvi-
alton Will he the treat 10 Tulsa Sat
urday afternoon At tho expense Of
the governments flying circus which
will arrive saturday s. morning
Hearing II airplancs ana a ucr-
sonnel Of rs experienced hands o.
spcsi1l train ,pf 10 cars ls scheduled
10 pun into Tulsa Rt o'clock SH'ur.
day morning The spDClB' Wl'. N'
placed on siding near the field of
the curtis SOuthwes' Airpl1uo ,nuf.
pany. east Of kendall college. whcro
'fhc exhibition IN 20 take plaD" ni
1850 o'clock In the afternoon.
Because mos' OF IN, d'norHrh.
tionH require low flying large nr'.
tlc formation flight over fh" ,'t
will be the only pcr'orNln." uHIF
from the field
-Four captured German Iu H"'
will feature the collection ~ n,'.
ships. The famous french spri
midget machine which develops
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1919-04-30
MONROE DOCTRINE
UPHELD BY BRITISH


by inc Associated Press.
PARIS, April 29-The British
delegation issued today a series OF
commentaries on the covenant cf the
league OF nations. expressing their
deflnite views and making some
changes from the official analysis
issued or Sunday. with regard TO
The section dealing with the Monroe
doctrine the commentaries say:
Article 81 makes II clear thai the
covenant Is not intended to abrogate
or weaken any other agreements, 80
long as they are consistent with its
own terms. into which members OF
the league may have entered or may
hereafter erter for the assurance OF
peace. Such agreements would in
clude special treaties for compulsory
arbitration and military conventions
that are genuinely defensive.
Tho Monroe doctrine and similar
Understandings are put In the same
category. They have shown them
selves In history 10 be not instru-
ments OF national ambition but
guarantees OF peace The origin OF
The Monroe doctrine Is we'll known,
II was proclaimed in 1879 10 pre-
vent America from becoming the
ater for intrigues OF European abso-
luttsm. At first principle OF Amer
lean foreign policy. It has become an
International understanding and It Is
not illegitimate for the people OF the
United states TO say that the cove
nant should recognize that fact
In ib essence Il ls consistent with
The spirit OF the covenant, and in
deed. the principles of the league as
expressed In article TO- represent the
extension to the whole world OF the
principles OF this doctrine: while
should. any dispute as TO the mean
ing of, the latter ever arise between
me Su1rr !can and European powers,
The league is there TO settle IT,"
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1919-04-30
William Ballard Home
on Verdigris River
Is Scene.
GASOLINE IS CAUSE
Tom Ballard Pours Ii on
Stove Mistaking 1t for
Coal Oil.
ONE SURVIVOR TELLS STORY
Charles Ridenhour Escapes
by Leaping From Up
stairs Window.
SLEEPING VICTIMS PINNED IN
-
Family Members Unable to
Get Out--All Are Well
Known Citizens.
ONE SURVIVOR TELLS STORY
SLEEPING VICTIMS PINNED IN

Spedial 10 The World
CHELSEA, April 2o.-Gathered
FOR a family reunion Al rhe home OF
william Ballard. near Nicholson
Ford on the Verdigrls river. nlne
miles west OF Chelsea. 10 persons
we're burned to death early this
morning following the explosion OF
fiye-gallon can OF gasoline with
which Tom Ballard. ono OF the vic
tins. attempted to IN n lighted coal
oil stove. The dead are:
william ballard. 81 years old.
Tom Ballard. IS years old, .
hon.
Mrs. Tom ballard, 81 years old.
Infant Of MIR. and Mrs. Tom Hal
lard.
Mrs. Charles Ridcnhour, dAugh-
ter Of william ballard.
Three Ridcnhour children, 3, .
and ~ years old. 90
E Biily and Andy Ridcnhonr. chill,
) drcn of Ira ltidenhOur, who were
spending the night nj tho Ballsrd
home. ages 9. ., md years.
Tom Ballard. ubc only one In tho
list of tho dead who wns not crc-
mated In tho burned building,
died nj ~ o'clock Tucsday morn-
Ing nj Chelsea, where he was taken
for medical attention.
Charles Ridenhour. the only sur
vivor OF the eleven persons In the
building, is severely burned about
tho hands. These burns he re-
reived In attempting TO rescue his
wife and children. He escaped by
jumping rom "A second story win
dow.
Prominent Jtsidcnis
The Ballards and Ridcnhours are
prominent residenb or the western
part OF the county. About rs mems
bers OF the family live In the com
munity. nearly one-half OF whom
were wiped out by the fire.
The burned home was large
two story building and all OF the
victims were sleeping upstairs. Tom
ballard arose at an early hour and
went to the kitchen to light the fire
for the preparation OF breakfast.
Mistaklng a five-gallon can OF gaso-
limo for coal oil. he undertook TO I'LL
lne kltCntn IbnRt, WHICH nau
previously been lighted. A terrible
explosion followed and In an instant
the entire house was filled with
flames.
slccpcrs Pinned In.
The sleepers upstairs were pinned
I'm on every side and had little oppor-
tunity TO escape. Charles Riden-
hour, after frnnticaIly trying to res
cue his wife and children, who were
asleep IN the same room with him,
Jumped from second story win
dow, after being burned about the
face and hands. He found Tom Bal
lard. blinded ana burned, crawling
from the kitchen door and helped
him out OF the way OF the flames.
The two men were brought to Chel-
sea few hours later. but Ballard
died at II o'clock.
Tho victims will he buried in the
family cemetery near the scene OF
the fire.
The Ballards and Ridenhours were
In the grading business. having had
large contracts on railroad con-
Atruction Ia tho eastern part OF the
state. They are well 10 do and own
considerable property In the county.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1919-04-30
STRIKE NAY DELAY
GIVING HUNS TERMS.

PARIS. April 2s.--Bccause OF the
2t-hour strike set for Nav I. espe-
cially nffe citing transportation and
communication some doubt was eN-
pressed today whether the peace
terms would he presented 20 the
Germans on that day. as had been
planned. 1t was thought the function
probably would be postponed until
Friday, MAY z.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1919-04-30
WIRE BRIEFS
TRY HOUENZOILERN
AS CRIME INSTIGATOR

LONDON. April 2s.-The Evening
Standard claips that II has the
highest authority for asserting that
william Hohenzollern will be prose =
cuted and tried. not as originator or
the war but as one OF the instigators
OF crimes. as provided in the report
OF tho commission on war responsi-
bilitles.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1919-04-30
Officials
and Commerce Body
IndOrse Road Bonds

MUSK OGEE. Okla. Aprll 20
Sentiment for tho $50 900. 900 road
bond amendment In Muskogce
continues TO grow moro over
whelmInR To-day the city COM
mission unanimously adopted n
resolution indorsinR the issue. and
the chamber Of commerce voted to
support n by 2l9 TO 25. ! Elmer
Thomas, leader Of the opposition.
Will speak here tomorrow night
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1919-04-30
Martial Lap In Effect
OUer Telephone Strike

LYNDON, Ind. April 2s.-Martisl
law was put In effect this morning
AZ a result OF strike OF The teie-
phone operators OF the New Tele-
phone company. State troops are
patrolling the streets. aided by the
police. No violence has occurred
since a mob was dispersed early this
morning. The striking telephone
operators demand increased pay.
shorter hours and recognition OF
their union.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1919-04-30

ASoUTTH MAY COME
HERE As AMBASSADOR

LONDON. April Herbert II
Asquith. former premier. Is likely TO
succeed the Earl Of Reading Az am
bassaf1r' to the United states, ac-
cordfAv TO the Evening News today.
The paper states Its belief that all
the ministers strongly faHr Mr.
AsqyHh'S appointment and NAT he
may consider II his duty 10 accept
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1919-04-30
BOJSHENIKI BEATEN
IN ATTACK ON ALLIES

LONDON. Aprn 2o.-Bolshevikl
forces attacked the allied troops on
the Murmansk railway at kurr-
gomin on Monday. but were easily
repulscd. says "A statement today
from the British war office The
enemy lefta number OF prisoners be
hind.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1919-04-30
PRESIDENT WILL PRESIDE
Wilson TO Call First Confer
encc Together; Plans Being
Perfected in Paris.
REPUBLICANS TO CONFER
Leaders Ask Senator To With
hold Expression Until They
Can Study Pact.

PARIS. April 29.--It has been vir.
tually decided that the first meeting
Of the league NJ nations shall he held
IN Washington next October.
Plans are being formulated for the
holding Of this meeting. the Initial
gathering to hc In the east room OF
the white house under the presidency
OF President Wilson
At yesterdays plenary session OF
the peace conference President WI
son moved for the appointment OF n
com mittec Of nine TO arrange for the
Inauguration Of the league and this
committee will begin It's work to-
morrow. Its task will include tho
formulation of permanent plans for
the league at Geneva and for an In
augural meeting in Washington.
@ Meanwhile Lord Robert Cecil and
Col Il. NJ. House and other repre-
santatives OF various nations have
discussed the holding of the meeting
In Washington and found general ap-
proval among the delegates, 80 that
II has virtually been settled upon.
The salary OF Sir Eric Drummond,
secretary OF the league OF nations is
to be $4,000 yearly. with similar
amount for the expenses OF the Of
flee. including the clerical staff, nc
cordinR To the representative OF Reu-
ter's Limited in Paris.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1919-04-30

O sM. Strange. OF DrumriEht, who
Is charged with assault on Flora
shores. Is East Easton when she
was run down by his automobile on
April i3th. was given a preliminary
nearing before Judge Gray last night.
j. Iudge Gray reserved his decision for
Three daya - -
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1919-04-30

ny The Associated Press
PARIS. April 2e.-Tbc British
prime minister has ngnin inter
vcncd In the Italian situation by
sc'siing one Of his trusted associ-
atcs 10 communicate personally
with Premier Orlando nj Rome.
While the desire Is to conctliatc
Signor Orlando, yet the associate
II advised against the inclusion Of
Fiumc under Italian control as
likely 10 make settlement difficult,
II not impossible.
The person bearing the message
was member OF tho Asquith cnbi-
net with Mr.. Lloyd George.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1919-04-30
GERMAN TROOPS
SURROUND MUNICH

PARIS. April 20 CHavasD The
enclrcloment Of Munich by German
government troops has been com.
pletcd. according to German dis
patches received here This result
was accomplished. It Is stated. by
the occupation OF Lanhshut. about
35 miles northeast OF Munich, which
city has been closely approached on
all sides
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1919-04-30
A m b a S sa d or Page
Says Premier Can
not Come.
CRISIS MORE CRITICAL
Absence of Italy More Sc
rious Than Leaving
Paris.
ORLANDO GIVES ADDRESS
Tells Rome Parliament
Situation Is Grave
but Must Be Calm.

BY The Associated Press
COPENHAGEN. April 2s.--
There have been noisy and
Amer rican demonstrations In
Fiumc. American Officers were
hootcd In the streets, according TO
a report received by way OF Ger
p,any, and British and French
ifoos,s maintained order with dif-
flculty.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1919-04-30
Serenfeen Miners Die
In Alabama Explosion

BIRMINGHAM. Ala. April a.
Seventeen miners were killed and
Seven seriously injured as a result
Of n blast IN No, north right entry
At the Majestic mines, az miles north
OF here, today. All Of the entomhed
men havo been removed by rescue
teams. The seriously injured have
been brought here on a special train,
Ten OF the dead miners are white, the
others are negroes. The severely In
Iured are white mine officials.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1919-04-30
STRIKE CAUSES HALT
Twent-Four Hour Walk
out in Paris May Delay
Giving Terms.
JAP QUESTION UNSETTLED
Council Proposes Com
promise but No Re-
suits Obtained.


~ The Associated Pres
VERSAILLES. April The
main German peace delegation ar
rived al the Nau Cresson station at
s:s0 O'Clock this evening and came
to Versailles by automobile.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1919-04-30

ny The Associated Press.
' ROME. April 2S.--Thc chamber
OF deputies tonight voted conf
dcnce In the cabinet by count OF
s82 TO 40. the latter votes being
cast by socialists.
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1919-04-30

WARRINGTON, April ?e.--Teie-
grams were sent TO all republican
senators today by Senator Lodge OF
Massa chusetts, floor leader. and
senator Curtis Of Kansas whip. ask
ing that public expressions OF opinion
urnn the league OF nations cove
naht be withheld until republican
conference could decide upon what
attitude should be adopted.
The message follows;
We suggest that republican sen
ators reserve final expressions OF
opinion regarding the amended
league covenant until the latest draft
has been carefully studied and until
there has been an opportunity for
conference"
Senator Lodge and other republi-,
can leaders. II was stated, have no
intention OF summonlng republican
senators to Washington Immediately.
The republicans will he urged TO give
the revised draft OF tho covenant
careful study preparatory TO "A con-
ference before the senate meets 1t
was considered probable that sena,
tors now here would hold informal
conferences with the Massachusetts,
senator.
Sonator Lodge and Senator Borah
OF Idaho conferred today and the
Idaho senator said that the confer
ence had been very satisfactory. THIS
announcement attracted attention
particularly in view OF the known
attitude OF Senator Borah In oppo-
sltion TO the league Of nations
Lodge Suggests Amendment.
Senator Lodge gave The first init
nation of his opinion as TO the re-
vised covenant In the following
statement:
Il am not prepared to make n
statement in regard TO the new
draft at this moment. because de
sire to examine II carefully and com
pare II with the former draft and
also TO confer with my colleagues for
II Is obvious that II will require
further amendments II II IL 20 pro-
mote peace and not endangor Ger
tain rights OF the United States,
which should never be placed In
jeopardy"
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1919-04-30

Orland0NOt to MeetGermans;
N1ainHunPeace Env0ysArive
THE WEATHER

TULSA Okla. April 20 Maximum,
% minimum, 50 north winds clear.
OKLAHOMA: Wednesday and Thurs.
day partly cloudy to cloudy.
LOUISIANA: Wednesday and Thur.
showers east portion: Thursday cloudy.
day cloudy probably showers.
EAST TEXAS Wednesday and Thurs
ARK ANSAS Wedncldly cloudy
day cloudy, probably showers.
WEST TENAS;, Wednesday aud
KiSsAs, Partly cloudy and warm.
or Wednesday: Thursday fair and cooler
REAL GLORY
You can do lot Of clever things aud
not be truly great
You csn paint perfect picture and still
stain your soul with hate
You can hoard UP gold and silver til
your time Of lie shall end
And still remain, unhonored herv and
never have a'frisnd.
You may live YOUR generation through
and not become man,
You may build great cathedral and
snll fail the Masters plan
You may be q skillful workman and the
topmosi heights may gain.
But sttll II ihstis al you do your liis
Is spent In vain. G. %
FOR tho things which make for great.
ness are not bJn OF power and
skill
The tyrsnt With his oonquerinr troops
remains tyrznt still
And the sculptor with his chisel and the
poet with his pen
Must find their glory not In works, but
how they lived as men.
Copyright, 1919. by Edgar A. Guest
The Morning Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Okla.) 1919-1927, 1919-04-30
p,Ynanc suit Cou,iuued.

The suit Of A. q. spaulding versus
W. u. Smith and r.. ~, Brown 10
recover damages due tc the alleged
Misrepresentation OF certain hotel
property being heard before Judge
cole was continued TO this morning
after an evening session last n'shI
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-12-12

each 100 mon. which is out Of all pro
portion. II has been found necessary
TO discard some Of the pieces
Boshcvik attacks continue along tho
Esthonan front south. of the gulf of
Finland and east Of Nurva. according
to an official Esthonian statement. Sit
ter fighting has been going on along
the korostcll Ferodorovka hamburg
sector. but all attacks have been re
pulsed by the Esthonians. il is said.
On the Caucasus front the soviet
troops have been rPpulscd before
Tartan with heavy losses. Don Cos
sacks also have been successful in
pushing back the Reds. Fighting on
the southern front has curiously re
verted 10 the type Of the days of
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-12-12

mine owners TO fourteen pence per ton
for the year ending March n. 1920.
This bill is the governments method
of redeeming its pledge to give legisla
tive effect to the report made by the
Sankey coal commission. Coal mine
owners and business men generally are
urging withdrawal Of the bill.
Mr.. Bonar Law. in accepting ad-
iournment. said the labor party de
cisiou had released the government from
its pledge. but that the House must rea :
ize that abandonment Of the bill would
upset the country's finances by enabling
coal mine owners to make and retain
enormous profit. for which losses the
treasury would be expected to make
good.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-12-12

county court yesterday. All the prison
ers were charged with conspiracy and
intimidation to prevent men from work
ing in steel mills here. Ninety OF the men
were released on bail and the other
eleven. unable to furnish bond. were
returned to the county Jail.
The raid last Friday, according to
authorities, was the elimination of n
to drive from Donora men
suspected of being implicated in some
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-12-12

Waterloo. Cavalry has again come
irto its own and IL proving its su-
periority to infantry. The ma ior por
tion of the battles are being wagcd by
well trained. mounted men.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-12-12

Auditor General Snyder yesterday am
nounccd the appointment of Magistrate
Thomas +. Watson as mercantile ap-
praiser. Magistrate Watson, who is
Ware leader of the Twenty second ward,
will succeed William II. Finley, coun-
Gilman plprt
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-12-12
Cow Yields 1000 | bs. eutter In Year

Cow rields 1000 Lbs. Butter In Year
New York. Dec. 12.-All records for
the. production of butter are believed
to have been broken by the registered
Nearling Lula Alphea of Ashburn, which
produced l3.G6D pounds of milk from
whim 1000 pounds of butter we're made
in tho year ending November I accord
ing to statement made by the Amer
ican Jersey Cattle Club.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-12-12
ioi STEEL STRIKERS HELD
Must Face Court on Charges Of
Conspiracy and Intimidation

Donora. Pa. Dec. 12.-tBy A. PD-|
The 101 men arrested by state troopers
last Friday when the officers raided steel
strike headquarters here, were held for
the February term of the Washington
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-12-12
Watson Mercantile Appraiser

explosions which have marked the steel
STRIKE here.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1919-12-12
BRITISH COAL BILL HALTED
Government Suffers Rebuff in Dis.
cussion Of Profit Lmitinu Measure

London. Dec -. fBy A. PD-An-
other rebuff was met by the government
in the House of Commons last night
when it was obliged to temporarily sus
pend discussion upon second reading Of
the coal bill. which limits profits Of coal
Imperial Valley press., 1919-11-08

list in some phase of church and com
munity work. Special services will be
held in the colored churches in FL Cen
tro, CaleXico. Brawley, Imperial and
Calipatria. A missionary mass meeting
will be held at Imperial in the after
noon &
Visiting ministers, experts and Work
els will speak at all of the chutGheS
Large crowds have been in attendance
since the institute began and mich
good is being accomplished.
Imperial Valley press., 1919-11-08
ENLISTMENT DAY; NEGROES
DOING, HELPFUL WORK

Tomorrow will be observed as Enlist
ment Day by the Imperial Valley Mis-
sionary and Evangelical institute that
has been in session since Wednesday.
There are more than ten thousand
negroes in the Imperial Valley and less
than eight hundred are in the churches,
of all denominations.
Efforts will be made to have all the
colored people, young and old, to en-
Imperial Valley press., 1919-11-08
ship COMPANY
RESUMES WORK
(By Associated Press)

Los ANGELES, Nov. S-The South,
western Shipbulding Company yards
at Los Angeles harbor resumed active
opera tions today after having been
closed about five weeks following the
strike of meployees.
Imperial Valley press., 1919-11-08

Evan Davis is again in charge OF
the picture framing and commercial
departments with the Vreeland studio
His farmily are in Los Angeles and
will remain until d home can be found
here
Imperial Valley press., 1919-11-08
L0cnZRN6

Columbia and Jordan ears and Gary
trucks. f. III. Hansen Co., 669 Main
St, El Centre.
Imperial Valley press., 1919-11-08
SUGAR BOARD HAS
Z NO CROP CONTROL
(By Associated Press)

NEW YORK. Nov. Sugar equali-
zation board today issued a statement
explaining it had no control over the
present beet sugar crop and is willing
that it be sold anywhere in the United
States.