davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1919-07-01
BEAUTIFUL BOOKLET
To Be Distributed By The c.
& G. Cooper Company
of This City

One of the many features of the
Welcome Home Day celebration in
Mt Vernon on July will be the dis
tribution of a beautiful pamphlet to
all the boys who were in service. I
The book is entitled "Our Bit" and
is brief account of the c. & G.
Cooper company's 2art in the fight
for world freedom. This book is ded-
icated to the Cooper boys who went
to fight for their country and human
ity, and to those who stayed at home
to provide the machinery essential to
warfare.
1t will be especially interesting,
however, to all boys who were over
seas as it shows exactly what work
those who stayed at home did in
backing them up.
The cover design of the book is
simple, yet beautiful. At the feet of
woman holding an American flag,
who represents freedom, there kneel,
in a guarding position, a soldier, a
workman and a sailor. The title of
the book, "Our Bit" is at the, bottom
of the page.
The booklet is illustrated with
hal(.tones of enginks, shell-making
machines, gas poducers, forging
presses and a picture of the Cooper
service flag which contains fifty-two
stars and one gold star.
The entire organization and facil.
tiles of the Cooper company was
placed at the disposal OF the govern
ment as soon as state of war was
declared. AS early as 1915, the com.
pany started supplying the allies with
machines for making shells, lathes,
grinders special machine toolsff.
When the United States entered
the war; forging presses of large
capacity were needed and the local
company built fifty of them, which
were distributed in various munitions
plants, arsenals and shipyards Each
of these presses had capacity OF
from 900 to 1900 tons of steel, and
did much to augment and speed up
Americas contribution of guns, am
munition and ships in the hour of
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1919-07-01
FLETCHER ROBINSON
DIES In DANVILLE

DANVILLE, June 30--Fletcher Rob.
inson, aged Ga years died at II 100
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1919-07-01
PROGRAM
(contInued from First paoe.)

game, will be staged in Riverside
park.
At o'clock in the afternoon Gin.
clones band of Columbus will give
a concert on the public square from
a bandstand which will be erected
near the Hotel Curtis. This band is
considered one OF the finest musical
organizations In the state. Master
Henry Cincione, the 10-year.old neph-
ew of the celebrated band leader, will
be heard in solo work and also seen
directing the band.
The evening program will start
with band concert by Cinciones
band on the public square at seven
o'clock. The Mardi Gras parade will
form at the corner of Chestnut and
Main streets and the line of march
will be south on Main street to West
Gambler street. A prize of $40 will
be given to the best masked couple
and So to the best masked individual.
Dancing will start at 8 o'clock to
music furnished by Cincione's band
and will continue until midnight.
Those not masked are invited to par
ticipate in the dancing. The fire.
works display will be at the east en-.
trance to the public square and will
start at 9 o'clock.
Besides all these free attractions,
which have been furnished by the
general committee, the Vine and
Lyric moving picture theatres will be
open from after the parade until mid
night. The Vine has an excellent
picture for the day, Charles Ray in
"The Girl Dodger." In this picture
Charles Ray is said to be seen at his
best The Lyric has booked Mae
Marsh in "The Bondage of Barbara" "
This picture is composed of whimsi-
cal comedy and gripping drama.
At the Athletic park, after the gen.
eral program of the afternoon, Cliff
Brinkley, Ohio heavyweight wrestling
champion, will meet Lee Hendricks
of Detroit, Mich. There will also be
two first-class preliminaries. Al Haft
young Scotch) will referee these
bouts.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1919-07-01
TIE BANNER

supreme need on the western front.
Another Cooper production which
aided in winning the war was the gas
engine. Sixty-nine of these engines
were built in the local shops and in.
stalled in main line pumping stations.
Marine engines and steam turbines
for destroyers we're also built here.
for the Emergency Fleet corporation.
The feature engine Of the local
company was the 1000 Horsepower en-.
cine. These engines played an i'm.
portant part in the building Of the
war essentials. The engines we're
used in building the famous Liberty
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1919-07-01
MISS EDNA KING
n DIES ON SUNDAY

Miss Edna King, aged "a years, of
Columbus, died at 4 o'clock Sunday
afternoon at the Mt. Vernon hospital
after ten weeks illness Of tubercu-
losis.
She is survived by her grandmoth.
or, Mrs. Matilda Smith.
Funeral services at 10:30 o'clock
Wednesday morning at McCormick's s
chapel, with Rev. w. E, Hull officiat-
ing. Burial will be made in Mound
View cemetery.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1919-07-01

motors. In developing the power to
build thousands of motor trucks. and
the power in steel mills, m.nes and
factories.
Many other articles are mentioned
in the pamphlet, showing the work of
the local factory.
On the last page is a picture of the
Goddess OF Liberty and the words,
1--WE Will keep the tue faith with you
who lie asleep in Flanders fields"
The book will also be presented to
members OF the Chamber OF Com.
merce by the Cooper company.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1919-07-01

medical certificate was furnished by
DR.. John X. Claypool and DIR. r. +.
Dowds. The man was adjudged In
sane and application was made to
have him admitted to the state hos.
pital, Columbus.
o. v. Elery filed an fiidavit in lun-
acy against G. v. Mckee. The med
ical examination was conducted by
DR.. F. l.. Singrey and DR.. r. L. Eley.
Application was made to have the
patient removed to the state hospital,
Columbus.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1919-07-01
Clerk Of Courts-Elect Burris
Makes The Appointment
Today
ASSUMES DUTIES
EARLY in AUGUST
Two Lunacv Cases In Probate
Court: Injunction Granted
By Judge Blair

Mr.. Walter c. Burris, the newly.
elected clerk of courts Of Knox coun-
tv. who will assume his Office the first
Monday in August. on Monday an.
nounced the appointment of his den.
uty. Mr.. Oliver M. Walker. we'll
known young man of Clinton town.
shin.
Mr.. Walker is 22 wears of age and
was born and reared in Clinton town
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1919-07-01

o'clock Sunday evening at his home
here after several months illness Of
cancer OF the stomach.
He leaves his wife and thirteen chill.
dren. Funeral and burial at 200
yo'clock Tuesday at Tiverton.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1919-07-01
KICKED BY HORSE; m I
IS BADLY INJURED

James Mathews OF Gambler was
kicked by horse Saturday evening
and knocked unconscious. He was
brought to the Mt. Vernon hospital
for examination. to determine the. ex
tent OF his injuries.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1919-07-01
oHioAN KILLED IN ACTION

WASHINGTON, Juno 28-Six mon
killed in action we're reported in Fri
days war department casualty list.
Private Ray w. Hathaway, East Clar-
idOn was the only Ohioan shown In
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1919-07-01
Injunction Granted

Injunction Granted
John Maffett has commenced suit
for injunction in the court of COM
mon pleas of Knox county against
William Dugan and May Dugan. The
plaintiff states he rented a house, To-
Gated in Fairview addition, from the
defendants and paid his rent in ad-
vance. The plaintiff alleges that the
defendants are now trying to remove
him from the house. He asks for an
injunction. A temporary restraining
order has. been allowed by Judge
Blair. F. o. Levering for the plaintiff.
Answer Is Filed
In the case of William w. Young
VS.. Thomas A. Byrnes, an answer to
an amended petition has been filed in
the court of common pleas. Frank O.
Levering represents the defendant.
o.
Guardian Appointed
Bugess e. Thompson has been ap.
pointed guardian of Olive M. Busen.
burg in the pobate court of Knox
county. Bond $500, with Charles d.
Mitchell and Mortley Busenburg as
fsureties.
Appointment Made
Verda M. Dill has been appointed
guardian OF Paul A. Dill in probate
court. Bond $2,4OO. THE sureties
4 are Ray M. Hull and L. M. Dill.
i s.9,8s %
Administrator Named
4 John +. Gardner has been appoint
ed administrator of Mary j. Gardner
in the probate court. Bond $4,000
with A. A. Gardner and Emma j
Gardner as sureties.
The Workman Estate
Grover Workman has been appoint
ed administrator of Hiram Workman
giving bond in the sum of $4,000
with G. p. Rice and Charles M. Wan
der as sureties. The appraisers are
Joseph Blubaugh, d. S. Workman ant
C. M. Rice.
Guardian Appointed
Hugh McMillen has been appoint
ed guardian of Violet McMillen IL
probate court. Bond $1,000. Th
sureties are w. A. Shuff and C.
Lloyd
License Issued
A minister's license has been is
sued in the probate court of Kno,
county to Rev. James A. Dowds o
!, the Adventist church.
Marriage License
Charles Edgar Fair, box-makel
Hartford City, Ind, and Maude e
eanor Mahaffey, clerk, Mt. Vernon
Rev. ]. A. Long.
: Real Estate Transfers
II. II. beal 10 ". "A. Deal, acres 1
Berlin, 81 400.
Ida b. Hoovler to George X. Tisf
20 acres in Brown, 81.
--O-
Paper Filed
Percy A. Greer, discharged so
d dier, has filed his paper in the offic
y OF the county recorder.
MISS EDNA KING
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1919-07-01

ship, Knox county. He is the son of
Mr.. and Mrs. j. M. Walker. The new
deputy graduated from the Mt. Yer
non high school in 1915, and after
his graduation he taught school for
one year in Union township. Later
he took a postgraduate course in the
high school.
Mr.. Walker enlisted in e Battery in
Mt. Vernon and remained with that
oganization at Camp Sheridan until
two weeks before the battery was or.
dered to France. Mr.. Walker was
transferred to the 134th Field Artil.
lery band and on June %, 1918, sail.
ed for overseas. On October II, 1919,
on account of sickness he was sent to
a hospital in France. Upon his recov.
cry, on account of his proficiency, he
was assigned to duty at the hospital
and assisted in the care of sick and
wounded soldiers. He was discharged
from the service at Camp Sherman
on May 20, 1919.
Although quite a young man, Mr.
Walker has always taken an active
part in Democratic politics.
His many friends in Mt. Vernon
and Knox county will be pleased tc
learn of his appointment.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1919-10-18
SIM FEM MEETS
De Valera Reelected President,
Griffiths, Vice President at
Forbidden Session

Dublin, Oct. 1S.-In the dead OF
night-from midnight to 3 O'Clock
yesterday morning-the executive
council Ct the Sim Fem orsan'za-
tion held its convention, outwlttlng
the government ard troops when
has forbidden the gathering sched-
uled for Saturday. With the Ut
most smoothness and rapidly, and
all proceedings being carried on IN
whispers, the organization completed
al its business.
Eamonn de Valera was reelected
nres;dents Of the organization. Ar
thur Gr;ffiths, generally looked on
us "the ocwer behind the throne"
in the councils Of the Sim Fem, was
tlected vice president. He issued
ftat,ment in which he said:
THE Sim Fein is not politica!
marty, but the Irish ration
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1919-10-18

hereby certify foregoing ua u
1918 the published pursuance secoa
Of the coa-t-i2= - - e - z17so' s21-07s- =
1elS 71t5zr " 07TJ7a5Es
3 E-4:o 6 co.s--s-- - -
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1919-10-18
HEi4O Under Mann ACT
Charles Walker, of Danville, Va, Ar
rested on Woman's Testimony.

rested on Woman's Testimony.
DanM;ile. Va, Oct. 1S.-Charle:
Walker will be given today a pre-,
|infGary hearing before United States
|Consmlizs.orar Meade r. Flynn charg-
ed With violating the Mann Federal
statute. He is IN jail in default of
81, 900 bond.
/ The story related by Mrs. Thos. Ell
|liott in an affidavit made before the
Eonaa.sz::cner resulted in Walkers ar
hest. In company with a "Mrs: Abbott
Ehc admits going to Milton, n. G.,
with Walker and Basil Walton Over
The State lire "party" VIA SHIELD,
kna The woman testifies that when she
lame to her senses she was in the
heart Of Pittsylvania county on the
Virginia side, alone in a house with
Walker.
After remaining there day, she
BAYS, they returned to Milton, \. c.,
|rhere they were suddenly surprised
Iy her husband, Thomas Elicit, who
|rteraa the room with drawn shot
hun. He fired twice, the wcnan says,
rat she plulgga,I through window
b safety and Walker escaped unhlnt
! " the door. They lived in. cabin N
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1919-10-18
COMMONWEALT OF VIRGINIA
OFFICE or
CLERK OF TIE HOUSE OF DELEGATES
OFFICE OF

PROPOSED the Constitution Of Virginia agreed TO a
Assembly 1918, and published IN pursuance
Constitution and act approved February " 'o0
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1919-10-18
PRISONER EATS
WAY 10 FREEDOM

Fairmont, W. Va, Oct. 16.-The
voracicus appetite Of Harvey Martin,
arrested on a charge of non-support,
threatened to banErup. the county
and he was released on his own re-
cognizance.
The first meal he ordered in Jail
was 50 cents worth Of hamburger
steak, 25 csnts wonsh Ct sausage,
nine eggs ! and. incidentals. He told
The iail warden both he and his wife
had gcca appat!tss.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1919-10-18

at
session Assembly 1918, and published IN pursuance ~
section Constitution and act approved fepur! l'o0
section 80 OF arts OF tne
publishing INV
ee.i;7iag tia tie general assembly
u house agng That me "M
Of and ninety-s'x e article ~ " "
sH DAT from section trtstwo "h'" =
IN tho "
provided in hS Cons, iV@
NM
Of office OF pubic anu
r"I person Uualr eligible to ""i:r 90
provided
shall not 10 any
and voting
M
qualified execute the bonds require" ~ "
g yirGiaia
81
It's cnncursn
he provisions h"ndreds and ninety S'S Oh " ~
fidC section and
which is in he words
assembly us
Of
such or
cause p Tue u'
in 1icu the foll"wnE
Section u''t''''
Of children OF Srh"o ase.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1919-10-18

RESOLUTION proposing amendment to section ~ ii anIurnt
Constitution providing for pmhi$h'ns S"a ' ~
;ifyingth the hc next general assembly.
Resolved of d"Snte "a fIin amend
and the the IN" next GENERAL
of
hundred '"' "'' ~ "
nit sir, S out from the virginia section Gn h" ~
and
assembly
then" recorded
except also n % 81
nsotleS having ne t'n o.
amSnG,lemt my 2hi mat rE
surn this article or '"i'
this article Contained nrr%
may.by law by special &c,
article depart any r%p
may
and towns ~
dnn bst. Int no form anh%e by |
al vote
sIcc5r n an election prescribed the ~ ia1 hv
NE nre shan apnly principal LII! rm The
Of which c a"n
hHndrcd ana c.r tru.d
p the nrincipai Legislative iry cities
Ee,"~l as$eno! for th m a2r.n
class shall exceed % nHIsnb request
thound form 81 Sa
shall sn rel1n
JUDGES eourts so 1 fer nt ne
Of rST sa Ssrt y r s @ and OF
n towns sEl b. and no snGc
'hsietG sx9TG ont BY BY TeGo TdeF vp
tFd> house f ah u this constitucn
unns1 charter nav it shall be re9fa
nroydsa th1S e Itstion9
-av:oo ,roT:SeS : =
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1919-10-18
Stomach Ills

permanently disappear after drinking
the celebrated Shivar Mineral Wa
Ter. Positively guaranteed by money
back offer. Tastes (ine;, cost tribe.
Delivered anywhere by our A!eXan-
dria Agents, F. S. Harper, Inc
Phone them
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1919-10-18
(hl The HnI1nr.

The ,,
in
one four
hundred
in
saids
or adpp n
OF
elect be 70
assembly, at 7
nndg
ali the NC
for suciri Town To
Any law
be
city anA
t by
yIsio of
uT
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1919-10-18

improvements are
going in at Rosemont. Each sue
ceeding, day you will notice an
advance both in street work and
building improvements. If you
desire to live in what vii! always
be Alexandria's choicest home
section, call at once and select
your future home site, f.. {.
Goodncw Company, 924 King
Street. For free Auto. Phone
926. .245-tf
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1919-10-18
REAL ESTATE FOR SALE

TOP 7O4 706 70S TO and us North
Columbus street. Six room frame
dwellings with gas. electricity and
sever connections. Each $2,o0OOO.
1928 325 327 South Patrick street,
each $1,600.00.
ZIG North Pitt street; ASK ROOM
bath and basement, brick dwelling
Just papered and painted: a No. l
condition. Price $4,000. :
1903 Duke Street, S3.6oO.OO.
i4iG Duke Street, S4,0OO.OO.
327 North Columbus Street, -, Ooo.
ANY of the above dwellings can be
bought on easy terms.
For the benefit of our patrons
who arc busy through the day we
will be open from 1880 to $50 p. NJ
daily, except Sunday.
WALTER K. HANDY 60.
Corner Royal and Prince SITS.
Alexandria, Va. Phone losl
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1919-10-18
REAR-ADM1RAL CLOVER DEAD
Retired Officer Sucumbs on Train in
Wyoming

Cheyenne, Wyo., Oct. 18.-Rear:-,
Admiral Richardson Glover, U. s.
n, retired, died or train west of
Cheyenne early yesterday. He was
en- his way to his home in Washing
ten, y. c., from California. Adj
miral Glover was IS years old.
Death was due to nephritis.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1919-10-18
CONClLIATORY ON BALTIC

Germany Rcpudsates Warlike Inten-
tions in Reply to Allies
Berlin. October 1S.-Tlhe German
pvernment's reply to the demands
the Allies concerning the evacu-
|icn Of the Baltic provinces has
len landed to Marshall Foch.
The reply points out that Genera.
bn der Goltz. former German COM
|andcr in the Baltic region, has
Ecn recalled and repudiates any
hrlike intentions by Germany
Eainst either the Lettish or Rus
hn peoples.
lit adds that The German Govern
Int has strictly forbidden German
|ldiers to enter Russian units.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1919-10-18

Resolution proposing 1913 OF article OF the
IN .
oty OF the
an" t. t,,
and proposed
m concurrence
the &iu vi
hftee OF said vi
ii,.C hundred ana
school
rescrh
school
ana o tno
prescribed by
Men
cities in towns formn
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1919-10-18
FIRE WOOD
NOTICE.

| NOTICE FIRE WOOD
Mr.. Harry BcaSley, of E!mwood
nm, near Annanlalc, Va, has been
plying many Alexandria patrons
En- fire-wcod. The undersigned have
light Nh. Bcasleys farm and are
Nv living there and ready to con-
nc business with Mr., Beasley'S
inner customers.
Nc beg to state that all wood de-
cred by US will be cut from the
he timber as that supplied by Mr..
aslcy. Satisfaction and prompt de
cry are guaranteed all who favor
with their orders.
Please notify Us by telephone Gals
urch 13SF2-D or BY mail (at the
lress given below as to the length
b the number of loads desired.
SOULE AND GIBSON
mwccd Farm, Fairfax, Va, Route =
lip.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1919-10-18
.;rt;"iHEs Ef;.rsgYga.gTE.l


publishing
The
Resolved by h ,uusr "a raoriT
ti, ,uust
the
of
al
of the said
thirty whic II
Srctin
in the
vrar h
in their udc
and establishment
Of
of
dist
city
in
he
their,
at
of The
seyera
ofsu -c1oo!
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1919-10-18

i6i the Constitution
o.
Of
to
Of
To
o th
Will the
the Sndi Cons
Strike
,ur,v hicr is in iI. lwin words:
Section No
state in
Ssiy author, zchin
insert in lie: there
SECTION contracted b. the State except -
I:
Of st,ck Gett; c>1y
uthorized in
Palisadian. [volume] (Cliffside Park, N.J.) 1906-current, 1919-07-19

they were transferred to another asy-
lum and mother and daughter lost
trace of each other.
The girl grew to womanhood and is
happily married, being the wife of T.
A. Collins of 1922 Bedford avenue,
and mother of a 14-month-old daugh-
ter. She believed her mother was liv-
Ing, and Mr.. Englert, since the mar
riage, never ceased his efforts to find
his former wards maternal parent. He
enlisted the aid Of rivermen friends
through Joseph Rice, Fourth avenue
plumber, the mother was located liv-
ing near Second avenue Mr.. Rice tele-
phoned the word to. Mr.. Englert, and
the latter arranged for mother and
daughter to meet. The reunion was
pathetic.
That's my baby" exclaimed Mrs.
Margaret Graham, aged 81, the in
slant they met.
1t developed that Mrs. Graham new
er gave up hope of finding her daugh-
ter, and when on the street always
scanned faces in hope of recognizing
her. Mrs Collins has arranged for her
mother to share her home during the
balance of the mothers life. Mrs. Col
Inns has seen her brother only once
since the separation at the asylum.
Palisadian. [volume] (Cliffside Park, N.J.) 1906-current, 1919-07-19

the United States, and a border war
began. Having done this he departed,
leaving a garrison in the fort we'll sup
piled with arms and ammunition, not
only for their own use but enough for
distribution to their fellows. Spain
was appealed to in vain to take action
and after waiting year an American
man-of-war proceeded to Fort Bar
rancas, destroyed the fort and its am
munition and dispersed its garrison.
Florida had become an unbearable
nuisance.
Now, by the treaty Of 1895 between
Spain and the United States, the for
mer power had solemnly agreed that
the Florida Indians should not be al
lowed to attack the United States,
Spain not having kept that clause of
the treaty General Jackson in 1917
was ordered to call upon the govern
ors of Tennessee and Georgia for SOL
diers, to organize an army and to
"adopt necessary measures to termi-
nate conflict which it has been the
desire of the president to avoid, but
which Is now made necessary by their
settled hostilities."
The British parliament and people
cried out for war. Spain wanted to
know If the United States was at war
with her. If not she demanded the
the punishment of General Jackson.
The French minister offered himself
as intermediary and diplomatic dis
cussion went on until or November %,
Secretary of State Adams sent an ulti-
Inatum to Spain. Jackson would not
be even censured; the captured places
would be restored when Spain gave
guarantees for fulfilling treaty obliga-
tons; the Spanish officials in Florida
must be punished for neglect of duty
and an indemnity paid the United
States to cover the expenses of the
war. And he added: eve shall hear
no more excuses from Spanish officials
of their inability to perform their
duty"
The French minister had secret in
structions to back up Spain If the war
was continued and England was wait
ing to see "how the cat jumped -
Castlereagh saying that he had but
to hold up his finger to place the Unit
ed States and Great Britain at war
again. Nevertheless the ultimatum
of Mr.. Adams cleared the atmosphere.
Spain was making little or no progress
against her revolted colonies in South
America and Mr.. Adams and the Span
ish minister. Don Louis de Onis, began
negotiations which were soon trans
ferred from Washington to Madrid
finally resulting in the signing at
Washington on February %, 1919, of
treaty Of "amity, settlements and
limits"