davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Dziennik Chicagoski. [volume] (Chicago [Ill.]) 1890-1971, 1919-08-22
Pytania i ~odpowiedzi.


Ktoz sic rozumie przez tego ~ghuchego Meme
eof - Ct, kt6rzy wcale mic ssuchac ielchca o slo-
vie Bozem ami o rzeczach dotyozacych sic nieba j
zbawienia duszy, ami tez mic ME chca movie o po-
dobnych rzeczach ami chwaly Boga oglaszac.
Dlaczego wziat P. Tezus ~giuchego i niemego ma
strone? - Ola nauczenia, re ten kt0ry sic chce ma
wrocic zyc poboznie, ma unikac lie tylko moze,
zgieYku swiata towarzystw niebezpiecznych, i ma
zamisowat sarrotnoSc, albowiem W samotnosci Bog
nr6wi do serca (Ozeasz ,, 49,
Dlaczego wpuScii P. Jezus palce swoje W uszy
gluchego i niemego, a splunawszy, dotknas sic Jezy-
ka lego? - Ola okazania, re moe chorych uzdra-
WAC W spos6b, w jaki mu sic podoba jedynie sso-
VEN swojem albo dotknawszy sic palcem itp, o.
raz ola u~suniecia wszelkiej watpliwoSci, IL to On
sam to podlug swej wolf chorych uzdrawia. Chcial
tez P. Jezus Przez to uzmys}owic swiete Sakramen-
ia, przez kt6re sic pod widzialnemi postaciami ME
widzialna iaska Ducha Sw. udziela przez ktore du-
sza nasza zyskuje radoSc przyjemnoSc w rzeczach
Boskich. tax dalcce. re uszy z crecia ~siuchaja s1o-
WA Bozego a jezyk to tylko n6wi, co Jest rzecza
dobra budujqca.
Dlaczego P. Tezus wejrzai w niebo?- Ola O.
swiecenia mas, re vszelkie dobro z nicba %pochodZi.
Opr6cz togo wcstchna} p. .Jezus ola pouczenia mas,
s~zebySmy mad grzeSznikami micli litosc ola Okla
zania nam, jaL jest rzeczs ciezka nawrocic tych, kto-
rzy mic o Bogu ME p~amietaia ami o MIN mic ssyszec
ME chcq. Uczmy sic Z ~postepowania Chrystusowe-
60, jak mocha jest Iaska BOA ma jedno sNowo Je-
so: Effeta, II. otworz sic, otworzyiy sic natychmiast
uszy gluckego niemego zwiazka jezyka jego roz-
wiazala sic, tax IL mogi dobrze mowic Boga chwa-
Tic.
Coz to sa ceremonie w KoSciele katolickim? -
Sa to pewne Swiete zwxczaje, resuSy Postawy ciasa'
ola sluzby i czci Boskiej postanowione, tudziez ola
powiekszenia ~wlasnego nabozenstwa ola zbudo-
wanna bliznich; stoja one w zwiazku Z wewnetrz-
mem usposobieniem raszem przez ME sic tez We
w~netrzne usposobienie ma zewnatrz objawia. Jak
tn ma swiecie ME inaczej bywa, gdy cziowiek chce
sic dostac ma posiuchanie do ludzi wpfywowych l
ia wysokiem stanowisku postawionych. ze trze6a
zachowa6 pewne regu}y grzecznosci. uszanowania
= nawet ma zewnatrz ubrsc sic odpowiednio, tax
samo i TEN bardziej Bog jake Pan wszystkich pa
now ma siuszne prawo domagac sic cd fudzl, ably
do Niego zblizali sic ME po prostaczku, ale z zacho-
waniem pewnych reguN grzecznosoi, ~uszanowania,
co wszystko ~streszcza sic jednem slowem krotklem:
c~erernonii koScielnych. Tych ceremonii uzywamy
ieszcze dlatego: y a~zebySmy sluzyli P. Bogu ME
sama tylko dusza. nietylko przez nahozenstwo We
Dziennik Chicagoski. [volume] (Chicago [Ill.]) 1890-1971, 1919-08-22

~doprawdy sadzi, re Bog sic jesz-
cze nademna zmiiuje i przebaczy
mi mojq niegodna Pierwsza 10
munie Swieta?
- Z pewnoscia moi synu; to
tylko Cd ciebic zalezy. A vice "a
raz teraz zacznijmy!
l skazaniec z najwyzsza skru--
cha odprawii s~powiedz Z calego
zycia, a ma koicu zapewnii, re
chetnie przyjmuje smierc jake
pokute swej niegodziwej pierw-
szej Komunii sw. ktora sic stala
zr6dlem wszystkich jego niepra-
wosci. w koncu dodai:
- Ksieze proboszczu, prosze
mi wySwiadczyc milosieruy uczy
mex i powiedziec moim dzieciom,
zeby, jesli chca unikac losu swe-
go nieszczesliwego OLGA. starafy
sic godnie przystapic do pierw--
szej Komunfi sw.
Dokad doprowadzila tego ME
szczeSliwego pierwsza Komunia
sw. niegodnie przyjeta! Do NOR
derstwa. l coz w tenn dziwnego?
Mic. Jake SATAN obejdzic sic Z
tym, ktory tax niegodnie Z Pa
mem Bogiem sic obchodzi, jake
czyni ten, co swietokradzko przyj
mule Komunie sw?
Dziennik Chicagoski. [volume] (Chicago [Ill.]) 1890-1971, 1919-08-22
PRZYKfADY.
NIEGODNA KOMUNIA SW.
JEJ SKUTKI.

Pewien chiopiec, ktory sic goto
wal do pierwszej Komunii. dai
nieraz proboszczowi swojemu po
wod do obawy. - ktora jak sic
pozniei okazaio, ME byla bee Po-
wodu.
Chlopak ten W pozniejszych Ia
tach poszedi ma bezdroza ola
swych zbrodni stall sic postra-
chem caIej okolicy. Przez diugl
czas udawalo mt sic uchodzie
pred ramieniem ludzkiej sprawie
dliwosci. ale W koncu schwytano
Dziennik Chicagoski. [volume] (Chicago [Ill.]) 1890-1971, 1919-08-22
1YOzI PRzECIW INTERVIEW
Cyl KOALIGYI " SFRAWIE
1YDOWSKIEJ,

go Kola patryotow polskich wy
J znania mojzcszowego do Rady
czterech kongresu wersalskiego,
podajemy ustepy nastepulace:
Przemawiamy til w imicriu
zastepu patryot6w polskich wy
znania mojzcszowego. jake patry
oci polscy wypowiadamy mai
szczerszc sIowa czci / wdzieczno-
sci mezom miarodajnym konSre-
SUI wersaIskicgo, 4 wdziecznoSc
ia najg}ebsza nawet narodu pol
skicgo mic narzuca mu cienia IT,
pokarzajaccgo poczucia.
.AIc wraz Z tcmi uCzuciami czci.
uznania / wdziecznoSci zywimy
do MEOW kongrcSu wcrsalsklego
| g}eboki zal. "a upokarzajacc ola
rarodu polskicgo narzuccnic mu
W wa~unkach pokojowych Nlauzu
Ii. dotvczqcej mniejszoSci narodo
Nych ! wyznaniowych. Cpoko-
ron Jest wszakic ten, kt6ry isto-
Itnic llc czyni. vice Polska upo-
korzona tn ME ~zostala. Cledz
przemocy ME kazi sromota, a
wvScic W tvm razie. Czcigodni
panowic. osmielamy sic Szczerze
Nypowicdzict sad nasz, popelnili
bad.
PopcInili;cic bad. DO pod
wplvwem n;kczemnvch osz-
czerstw jednej strony, wyglosilis-
Gle w sposob zamaskowany, ale
nadto wyrazny, wyrok potepicnia
strony drugicj ! wzgledem wyro-
ku tego wyrazamy, my, Polacy,
wyznania mojzeszowego najbar-
dzicj stanowozy protest!
Zvwimy do was. czcigodni pa
movie, g}eboki zal W naszych ser
each. albowiem zahamowaliScie
sprawe postepu i dzwigania sic Z
trudno wyobrazalnej ciemnoty /
przedSrcdniowiecznego zastoju
paromilionowej rzeszy zamiesz--
ka}ych W Polsce zvdow, DO zaha-
mowaliScie doszczetnie wp}yw IL
spo}ecznionych ! po~czuciem oby-
watelskiem przeniknionych Wy
znawcow starego zakonu ma Gle
nne reese swoich w~sp6fwyznaw
COW.
zywimy do was zal gleboki, al
BOWEN jezykowi niemieckiemu,
jakim. tytko dzieki fanatyzmowi
religijnemu pos}uguja sic masy
zydowskie w celu ustrzczenia sic
Cd zyciowego zblizenia do swo--
Lego otoczenia cllrzcScijahskiego,
ale ktory ME jest bynajmniej ma
rodowym jezykiem zydow. NADIA
liScic ma ziemi polskiej, ma ziemi
slowiahskiej przywilei rozwoju !
wzmocniliscie grunt pod rozwoj
kultury niemieckiej w Polsce.
zywimy do was zal gleboki. al
bowiem zlekcewazyliscie gtos
nasz, kiedy zwrocili$my sic do
was "a posrednictwem czcigodne-
go p. Noulens'a a.
Jeste5my wyznawcanti religii
mojzeszowcj, ale ME mozemy
poddat sic zyciowo wielu bar
do OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES pre-
pisom Talmudu - a ~doniosly do
gmat swiecenia soboty, W inter-
pretacyi Talmudu w 7adnyrn ra-
zie ME dale sic pogodzic re
wspohzesnemi wymaganiami po-
trzeb spo&ecznych i kuturalnych.
Dzisiaj, nawet W Palestynie ma
rod zydowski ME m6giby sic O.
STAG, chcac zadoSc uczynic talmu-
dycznym pojeciom o ,,odpoczyn-
XII" sobotnim - jesliby posrod
niego mieszkai .zastep obywateli
obcego wyznania. A wy. czcigod-
ri panowie, WV. chrzeScijanie ma
rzucacic narodowi chrzescijah-
skiemu obowiazek nadania zydom
przywilejojw W sprawie swiecenia
soboty W duchu sredniowiecz-
nvm. Talmudu. Wobec wielkiei
liczby zydow wv}acznie w, mia
Dziennik Chicagoski. [volume] (Chicago [Ill.]) 1890-1971, 1919-08-22
Ma NIEDzIELF JEDENAsTA Pc SWAT
KACH.

Lekcya z listu I. Sw. Pawia do Koryntyan, 10,
Ito. Bracia, oznajmuje wan Ewangelie....
Dziennik Chicagoski. [volume] (Chicago [Ill.]) 1890-1971, 1919-08-22

Ewangelia, sw. Marka, 7, 31-S7. onego
czasu wyszediszy Jezus z granic Tyru, przyszed4. =.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16

mother lost her child and with it her
position as an honored member of
society. What was gained? The child
was given creature comforts and educa-
ton of a sort-but mingled with it all
was the stigma of having accepted char
ity, and the forfeit of home.
"Who pays the cost of maintaining
the institutions to which these children
are sent when they are taken from their
mothers?" asked Judge Neil of the pre-
siding judge in the juvenile court
''The county pays $40 month for
each child" replied the judge.
"Why not pay the $40 to the mother
and let her keep her child?" asked Judge
Neil
Because it wouldn't be legal" was
the prompt reply.
"Then let's make it legal" said Judge
Neil
And he did.
In March, 1911, he went before the
State Legislature of Illinois and per-
suaded it to pass unanimously law pro-
viding that parents who because of
poverty were unable to care for their
children were, nevertheless, in the
opinion of the court, the best guardians
for the children, and should themselves
receive the money paid by the state to
support their destitute children in their
homes.
The social justice of this measure
was obvious. Its efficiency as matter
of business was not evident at first.
was not only humane, but economical.
Humanity always is economical in the
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16

the men and women were kept locked Up
together all night for four nights. Only
two nights interviewed during the trial.
and on these nights, by my order, The
jury was taken to the parlor Of The
large, commodious and we'll Furnished
hotel of the Union Pacific Railroad, il
charge of the Sheriff and a womar
bailiff, where they were supplied with
meals and every comfort, and at II
o'clock the women were conducted by TIKI
balliff to large and suitable apartmeni
where beds were prepared for them, ani
the men to another adjoining, where beds
were prepared for them, and where the
remained in charge of sworn officials W.
til morning."
Judge Howe was ever afterward .
firm believer in women jurors, and nevs'
lost an opportunity to praise them TO-
the intelligent and conscientious dis
charge of their duties. They acquitts
themselves, among other things, wIp
dignity, decorum, propriety and ,nts'
ligence."
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16
And Then Came
The Crash

Alas, for this pleasant chapter! u
end was rapid.
There were three terms of court :
which women served as jurors. In l0
Judge Howe resigned, and Soutne''
judge, opposed to woman suffrage ~
women jurors, was appointed.
another factor contributing to sn'
disseminating of women doing ]up
duty" says the historian, "was w
fact that in an important murder tI's
held in Cheyenne two women serve
on jury, one of whom (the WIFE y
the first Mayor was taken serioa%
i'll during the long drawn-out Wv
tedious case, nccessitating the WIZ
ing of court until such time as ~
was again able to sit on the case. ih
delay created a prejudice among scs
OF the lawyers in regasd to won~
jurors and they used their infiuep
to have the court decide against - ~
Their service by mixed jurics.
practice of a mixed jury has AZ
lIcn resumed in Wyoming.'
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16

sat knitting, keeping time with the click
of her needles:
"Whoso sheddeth mans blood by man
shall his blood be she'd"
The news of the woman jury flashed
across the country and beyond. 1t is
pleasant to note, in the light of recent
history, that within day King William
of Prussia sent a congratulatory cable
to President Grant upon this evidence of
progress, enlightenment and civil lib
erty in America"
Newspaper men f1ocked into Lara
ME-" says The History of Woman
Suffrage, "and special artists for IL
Illustrated newspapers came with their
pencils and crayons, for this all hap
pened long before the day of the kodak
and conveniently portable cameras
Unfortunately the women would not
sit in body for their pictures, and
posterity cannot possess vision of
that first woman jury. The women
who were obliged to be in and out of
COulc edcH udy carrying DIS were
target for the artists, who, not being
able to take photograph of the wom-
en- because they were heavily veiled,
produced them in caricature and for
warded them to the Eastern papers.
Some of these caricatures rerre-
scented the women carrying their
babies in their laps while doing iurv
duty, and couplets of all sorts were
invented, of which the following is
characteristic:
Baby, baby, don't get in a fury;
Your mammals gone to sit upon
the iury'"
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16

from these evils. I have long felt
that such powers of protection should
be conferred upon women, and it has
fallen to our lot here to act as pio-
neers and test the question.
"The eyes of the whole world are
today fixed upon this jury Of Albany
County. There is not the slightest
improperly in any lady occupying
this position, and / wish to assure YOU
that the fullest protection of the
court will be accorded to you. 1t
would be Il most shameful scandal
that in our temple Of justice and in
our courts of law anything should be
permitted that the most sensitive lady
might not hear and witness with pro-
pricty. And here let me add that it
will be sorry day for any man who
shall so far forget the courtesy due
and paid by every American gentle
man to every American lady, as TO
ever by word or act cndepvor to deter
you from the exercise Of those rights
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16

maintain the attitude that the conse-
quences of sin, if sin it was, shall be
visited on those who are not guilty 1t
is believed, and doubtless the belief is
largely justified, that the extending Of
financial aid in behalf of her child to an
unmarried mother will remove one of
the deterrents to immortality.
1t is necessary, of course, to consider
this factor; but the welfare of any baby,
legitimate or illegitimate, rich or poor,
IS, by virtue simply of the fact that it is
baby and represents the future, more
important than the morals or welfare of
any adult. Therefore it should be cared
for regardless Of it's antecedents, or the
effect upon it's mother, who is an adult
and thus represents, in part at least, the
past and not the future of the race.
Perhaps Of all the legislation affect
ing comparatively small class there
has been more discussion about the bill
of Assemblyman Mary M. Lilly of New
York, to give child born out of we'd
lock its fathers name and other rights
now denied. Perhaps the severest strict
ure visited upon the measure was the
pronouncement of the Bar Association
of the city of New York. Said the Bar
Association:
without passing on the question as
to what the rights of an illegitimate
child should be as against the putative
father, some of which can now be Sc
cured by means of bastardy proceedings,
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16
That Old Bugaboo--
Locked Up for the Night"

The stories, Of course aroused much
wrath among the loyal citizens of Lara
mic, and among them Judge Howe. who
expressed himself in long, open letter
to the press.
"A contcmptibly lying and silly dis
patch went over the wrcs," he said. ito
the effect that during the trial of A. w.
HOWE for homicide Tin which the jury
consisted of six women and six mcn)
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16
This Jury Sat in the
Village Store-'n Everything

1t would be pleasant to look in on
that first jury now, sitting in their Little
room in the one-story shack which did
duty for store, postoffice and state house
I for the infant capital of the new terri
tory. These we're women who had braved
many pcriIs on the prairie trail or the
experimental new railroad; they had
gone through many terrible things when
the miners and the riffraff of the from
tier swarmcd around the saloons at night
SO lawlcss had some of those communi-
ties become, with gambling dcns, dance
halls and gunplay in the streets, that
more than one Of the serious-minded citi-
zens despaired Of ever developing q
decent state, and moved away. Ii was
10 enc Of these crises, brought about by
the Increased business Of the railroad
that the Legislature sprang it's little joke
about woman suffrage. And the 'joke"
became law.
suffrage history states that il had not
been the intention N the suffrage bill 10
put women on Jurieg, and that their
opponents rajaNd the point ~ an added
lose. The women first called 10 serve
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16
The First Woman Jury Was "Game"

on the jury we're inclined to ignore the
summons. Not theirs to shrek for any
duty not imposed upon them! We can
imagine the dismay, that afterward
turned to resolute determination, as
these serious-minded pioneer women
faced the ridicule of the saloon element.
and then saw in this suddenly acquired
duty the chance to clean up some of the
smirch on the decorum of their little
town. 1t was an opportunity not to be
declined by women of conscience.
How the "First Woman"
Took 1t
Miss Eliza Stewart, a school teacher.
was the first woman served with the
summons.
Miss Stewart, you have the honor of
being the first woman ever called upon
to serve on court jury" said the sub
p9na server, with an eye to future his
torians.
Mrs. 1. n. Hartsough, wife of-.the
Methodist minister, was one of the first
jury to try murder case. The under
takers wife, Mrs. Martha 3oies Akin
son, was another member. She had
driven across the prairies with her hus-
band years before, and in the huddle Of
huts and shanties that made the first
Wyoming village she had often driven
the hearse when her husband was i'll.
The women answered their summons
for jury duty, with the intention as has
been said, of asking to be excused. They,
and the community as we'll, reckoned
without the stern sense Of the sacredness
OF law which actuated Judge J. II.
Howe. He made an address to the
timid recruits Of justice which entirely
changed their attitude.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16
Does Our Mothers Pension System Go Far Enou

asylums or orphanages and cared for
by the state. But the subject is not
nearly so simple.
There are orphans, those who have
been bereft of both parents. and there
are half orphans, those who have lost
but one parent. Many institutions when
appealed to for shelter for half orphans
regretfully refuse their aid because their
rules specially provide for the payment
of reasonable board by the surviving
parent: and it does not always follow
that the surviving parent can or will
pay the amount!
ut is not infrequently serious
handicap to a child to have one parent,
in such cases, for instance, as where the
surviving parent is a drunken or worth
less father, or where the mother is un-
married and there is no legal claim
upon the father, he being invisible to
the law.
"Then there are children who wiz
survive all the hardships and reach ma
turity, to take place and part in the
affairs of the state according to oppor-
tunlty and station, who are the offspring
of foreign parents who failed to appre-
ciate the advantages of naturalization.
These children, if forced into the last
stages of restitution, must be taken into
institutions and must be cared for at
the expense of the state There is no
provision in the existing mothers pen
sion law for their maintenance in their
own homes. The law specifically saws
that only widows who are citizens for
two years of the county or city, and
whose husbands were citizens of this
country, are entitled to the poor relief
In New York, where there is so large
a foreign population, the problem of the
best way to deal with these destitute
widows who have children is one for
the contemplation Of lawmakers If
good citizenship is the prime desire in
their legislative enactments, then the
foreign mother as we'll as the citizen
mother must be helped to keep her
children with her and to bring them the
full measure of care and education due
citizens in the making"
Mrs. Bres is writing and will soon
publish a book on laws affecting children.
The First Mothers
Pension in America
In the spring of 1911 the first moth
ers' pension law was born and it's
father was Judge Henry Neil, of Chi
hn
like this:
Sitting in the juvenile court in Chi
cago, Judge Neil found that child after
child whose widowed mother was unable
to support it was wrenched from her
and sent to an institution Thereupon
the child was deprived of that price
less thing, mothers care, and the
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16

amount to the mother of less than it
would cost to maintain the children in
public institutions it is not only a hu-
name thing but public economy to grant
to needy widows who are mothers a
reasonable allowance to provide for
their children and to keep homes intact.
Instead of large proportion Of the
money appropriated by the state for
the support and maintenance of orphans
going to their actual relief and educa-
ton, when the fund goes to institutions
there are so many salaries paid for its
administration that by the time the child
is reached there is little left Seventy
six per cent is the proportion paid for
the administration of institutional
charity.
"The need Of institutions for the care
of destitute and dependent orphans,
those diseased or defective, is obvious,
but where the payment Of reasonable
amount to mother enables her to keep
her children with her and to care for
them with mothers care, then the best
interest of the state and nation is sub
served by such application of the public
funds.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16
And Then the Women
Were "Came"

The women were then told that if thew
persisted in declining to serve, or il
they could not conveniently serve, they
would be excused. Only one rose, and
she was excused
The first case which came to the court
was one involving a murder during a
saloon braw. Six women and six men
comprised the jury.
Although murder ut that time was
not considered 80 serious matter as
cattle stealing, for two days and two
nights the women and men of The Jury
laborcd with the facts as brought ont
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16
There Was a Real,
Up~to-Date Man.

His speech il recorded AZ follows:
1T IL an innovation and a great
novelty TO zee, as we do to-day, ladies
summoned to serve on jury. The
extension Of political rights and fran
chlsc to women Is question that is
agitating the whole country. have
never taken an active part in these
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16

WHO Ted Nc JUST 1O0mdn J13Y IN prayer
down with her in prayer while she asked
the Highest Court to give them guild
ancc. Immediately after the petition
the first ballot was taken, with the fol-
lowing result
Murder in first degree, one vote (min-
ister's wife,; two women were for muir
der in the second degree, and three WON
en- voted for manslaughtcr; three men
voted for manslaughter and three men
not guilty.
Mrs. Hartsough confessed that her
Judgment was result Of the refrain
which kept ringing in her mind as she
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16

with which the law has invested you.
Il conclude with the remark that
this is question for you to decide FOR
yourselves No man has any right to
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16

discussions, but | have long seen that
woman is victim to the vices, crimes
and immoralities of man, with no
power to protect and defend herself
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16

by the witnesses. Finally a new feature
of jury service was born when the
Methodist minister's wife, Mrs. I. N.
Hartsough, asked the jurors to kneel
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-03-16
The Problem of Orphan
And Half Orphan

"The average citizen classes all chill
dren as those cared for properly in their
homes by their natural or constituted
guardians and those who are orphaned
and destitute and who are placed in