The sun., 1919-02-09
Why International Peace
Failed in Past and Why
ItMaV Fail in the Future


Of a legal world State, rather than In
| terms of disjointed, extra legal, inter-
national organizations. On every hand
we are listening to the animated dis.
| cusson OF the possibilities of a League
to Enforce Feace," Of the League OF
Nations OF the international Abolition
of War" and so on. Many seem to
think that there can be evolved some
kind OF a league with an army and
navy at It's command, to force upon the
| human race the condition Of affairs that
| ought to exist, forgetting that which
almost in the same breath they have
previously admitted; viz, that 1t is
public opinion and not force that must
constitute the true sanction OF an In
ternational or world organization. And
therefore, again, We repeat: Subtract
great nation from any international
movement and a league to force that
movement upon that nation means war.
II harmonious action under some form
OF world organization Is to be attained
II must be accomplished through the
efficient handling and cooperative ac-
ton of the enlightened public opinion
of every country of the world. Hence
the Importance of all educational work.
This public will first must demand the
instrumentalities that are essential for
and for the maintenance of proper in
ternational standards. What the instru-
| mentalities are by which to attain these
| ends Is a problem for which mankind
| has vet to find the correct answer.
| Suggestions to this end are made in
| a proposal recently prepared for a study
group working on the question OF the
League OF Nations This proposal
and certain Of the arguments in its
favor are outlined by the authors. DR.
Horace NJ Kallen and Ralph S. Rounds,
as follows:
81. Certain common purposes are and
must be recognized by enlightened man.
kind and backed by its common will
"2. These common purposes are to as
sure security. freedom and equality OF
economic and cultural opportunity for
States, people and individuals. Because
all States are now interdependent, these
| benefits cannot be assured to individuals
unless they are assured to all States and
| peoples, and these benefits can only be
obtained by common will and action.
%. To accomplish these common pur-
poses there must be common action. the
following being the irreducible minimum
| (a) Common control OF exportable raw
| materials. OBJ Common control of eX-
portable food. (c) Common control OF
| International capital. (e) Common lin.
| itatlon of national ornaments and com.
mon control OF international use Of those
ornaments. 60 Prevention of ALL.
ances between States. (g) Common as.
surance to all States and individuals OF
equality of economic opportunity lex
cept as the common will may otherwise
! provide for the common purposes.)
!. In undeveloped countries and non,
self governing colonies. .. On the high
seas and international waterways and
highways. 3. In international com,
merce. (h) Common protection of States
against unlawful forces and economic
oppression by other States. % Common
protection of the rights OF individuals
Cwhether nationals. colonists or unde.
veloped peoples) to cultural. religious
| economic and civil freedom to such ex.
tent as the common will may determine
| % The compulsory determination Of III
disputes (both justiciable and non-jus.
| ticiable) between States and peoples and
all disputes regarding International mat
tiers between States and individuals: and
! the enforcement Of tho resulting DEGREES
iusticiable disputes to be decided accord.
, ing to the law and the facts and non.
justiciable disputes according to the
common will.
-. Common action should be extended
TO ca the protection of labor standards
CD international education; Cc) inter
national hygiene.
IS. Sufficient common power to bach
the necessary common action will be fur
nshed by: ,a) The common control o.
maritime and serial commerce and com
| muncations, which control, constantly