The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1919-05-10
Negotiations Of Modern Cove
nants That Ended Wars Have
Often Taken Months.
INTRIGUE COMMON FEATURE
Great Issues Involved In the Settle
msnts Of the Last Three Centuries
-keenest Minds Of Church
Seek Advantage.

Ieuudl ioru or coulu say 10
his beaten foe, accept these terms or
die. Then the limits OF personal force
and ambition were the only curb ON
the victor's demands, with the sons
or daughters or other relatives to be
pewns In the game, execution or mar
rfags sealing the hateful bargain.
But with the development Of states
into something more than the individ-
nal property of kings and emperors,
and the broadening Of international
relations. the resulting clashes of
arms. often lasting for years. were
rarely brought to q close except after
negotiations that lasted for weeks or
months. Over the documents that set
tied the religious, political, or terri
torial questions at Issue, the keenast
minds Of church and state fought for
advantage. Intrigues and secret deals
yer q normal incident of the battle
Of wits, when more than two countries
we're involved In the difficulty.
Many Of the peace treaties Of the
last three centuries are the landmarks
of their period. ending or beginning
m era In which the future develop
snent of peoples or nations was defln-
itsly determined.
Peace Of Westphaila.
Such q history-making event was
the Peace OF westphalia (164S). which
ended the Thirty Years war-the last
Of the great conflicts between Cathol-
icism and Professionalism. Beginning
a. q strife between German states, d.
vided on religious lines, 1t finally In
volved France, Spain. Sweden, Por-
tuRal, the Netherlands, Switzerland,
and many Italian states.
In 1641 preliminaries Of peace were
agreed upon at Hamburg by the al
ready weArfed contestants. but 1t was
tArss years before = congress to set
lie terma was opened and four years
aftsr that when first treaties were
signed at Osnabruck and Munster,
towns OF W~estphalia. A general and
complete peace was finally signed at
Munster on October "a. 1648.
At Aix-la-C hapelle. on May 2, 1868,
was signed the first treaty, known by
the name of that town. This was the
climax Of the struggle between France
and Spain Cor the possession Of the
spanish Netherlands. On the death
Of Philip Nv Of Spain. Louis XIV
claimed q large part OF the Neither
lands IN the name Of his wife, a
daughter Of Philip. The Dutch.
alarmed by the French pretensions,
which were backed by aggressive
military action. summoned England
and Sweden to her aid and halted the
French advance. Under the treaty
Louis kept portions OF Flanders which
his forces had overrun.
The Feace OF Ryswick. which was
dmed at the Dutch village on the
outskirts Of The Hague in 1897. end
"a Z struggle Of nine years between
France and the Grand Alliance. a term
which ultimately included England,
Holland. Savoy. the Holy Roman en-
pire, Brandenburg. Sweden. Spain,
Eaxony and the PalatInate. A con-
gfeas Of ENJOYS held sessions during
most Of the summer Of 1897 and final
y signed q treaty Of peace on Sep
tember 20. This virtually restored all
territorial matters to the status quo
ante. but the chief result was to check
she ambitions Of Louis, under whose
rule France had become the first
power on the continent, supplanting
Spain.
utrscht,s Epoch-Makino Agreement.
The Peace Of Utrecht was the next
Great agreement between the quarrel,
some powers Of Europe. 1t was, in
fact. q series of agreements between
the years 1713 and 1715 that brought
TO Z close the war Of the Spanish sue
cession (known In American history
Id its later aspect as Queen Anne's
war). To prevent the union of Spain
and France under Bourbon rule, VIII
liam III Of England formed another
Gand alliance, which included Aus
tia and several German states, In
eluding Prussia. An armistice was
concluded between France and Eng
land In 1712, but 1t was not until April
~. l71S. that peace was signed at
Utrecht between France on the one
ade and England on the other. Spain
settled with her enemies In the next
Two years.
4 second treaty OF Aix-la-C hapelle,
6gned October Is. 174S. marked the
eqnc1pllon Of the war OF the Austrian
GneeenStOn, notable for the long and
auccessful effort of Maria Theresa to
Keep her throne against a host OF
claimants.
DIrst Of the treaties that vitality ar.
tocfed the future OF North America
W. that OF Paris. which ended the
peven Tears war. Beginning with q
struggle between Prussia and Austria,
the war spread to the German states
Russia. France. Sweden. England and
Portugal. Preliminaries Of peace
Neso signed on November 5, 1762. but
- 6efnifivs treaty was not consum.
mntUo al February 10. 170o. IN tn