The Pioche record. [volume] (Pioche, Nev.) 1908-1925, 1919-04-25
negotiations Of Modern Cove
nants That Ended Wars Have
Often Taken Months.
INTRIGUE COMMON FEATURE
Great Issues Involved in the Settle.
ments of the Last Three Centuries
-keenest Minds of Church
Seek Advantage.

New Iork.-The making of treaties
fas always been time-consuming
process since the days when the /
teudal lord or monarch could say TO \
his beaten foe, accept these terms or
Gle. Then the limits of personal force /
and ambition were the only curb on
the yictor's demands, slth the sons
OF daughters or other relatives to be
pawns in the game, execution or mar
riage sealing the hateful bargain.
But with the development of states
INTO something more than the individ-
ual property Of kings and emperors
and the broadening of international
relations, the resulting clashes of
arms, often lasting for years, were
rarely brought to a close except after
negotiations that lasted for weeks or
months. Over the documents that set
lied the religious, political, or terri
torial questions at issue, the keenest
minds of church and state fought for
advantage. lntrigues and secret deals
were a normal incident of tine battle
of wits, when more than two countries
were involved in the difficulty.
Many of the peace treaties of the
last three centuries are the landmarks
of their period, ending or beginning
an era in which the future develop
ment of peoples or nations was defin-
'tely determined.
Peace of Westphaia.
Such a history-making event was
the Peace of Westphalia (164S), which
ended the Thirty Years war-the last
of the great conflicts between Cathol-
icism and Professionalism. Beginning
as strife between German states, d.
vided on religious lines, it finally in.
volved France, Spain, Sweden, Por'
tugal, the Netherlands, Switzerland
and many Italian states.
In 1641 preliminaries of peace were
agreed upon at Hamburg by the al
ready wearied contestants, but 1t was
three years before u congress to set
tie terms was opened and four years
after that when first treaties wer'
| SlStitd III oSluiluth anu
towns Of Westphalia. A general ant
complete peace was finally signed a
Munster on October "a, 1913.
: At Aix-la-Chapelle, on May 2, 1865
: was signed the first treaty, known b.
> the name of that town. This was TIN
: climax of the struggle between France
and Spain for the possession of TIL
y Spanish Netherlands. On the dealt
: Of Philip " of Spain, Louis NJ
i claimed a large part of the Neither
lands in the name of his wife,
e daughter of Philip. The Dutch
y alarmed by the French pretensions
a which were backed by aggressiv
n military action, summoned Englan
n and Sweden to her aid and halted tn
n French advance. Under the treat
p Louis kept portions of Flanders Whic
e his forces had overrun.
s. The Peace of Ryswick, which wa
1t signed at the Dutch village on tn
outskirts of The Hague in 1897, enc
IS ed struggle of nine years betWee
a France and the Grand Alliance, a teri
a. which ultimately included Engan'
a. Holland Savoy, the Holy Roman en-
i pre- Brandenburg, Sweden, Span
n Saxony and the Palatinate. A COZ
press of ENJOYS held sessions dur!u
&c most of the summer of 1857 and tlna
=, " signed a treaty Of peace on Sci
- TENDER 20. This virtually restored Il
- territorial matters to the status Qu
% mite. but the chief result was to chez
- The ambitions of Louis, under who's
~ rule France had become the hrst poWe
on the continent supplapting Spain.
II Utrecht's Epoch Making Agreement
oI The Peace of Utrecht was the ne,
Or great agreement between the quarrt
u some powers of Europe, 1t was
r. fact, a series of agreements betWee