davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1919-07-04
KILLED WIFE AND SON
r. w. Stafford Stays Himself After
Setting House Afire.
. IIrnitad Press Dispatch.l

limited Press Dispatch.
Portland, Ore. July I.-AttacKing
his wife with Ratchet, II. w. Stat.
ford fatally wounded his wife, killed
his three year old son, badly wound
ed his five year old son, later burned
his home and committed suicide last
night. He is believed to have been
temporarily insane. The family moved
here three months ago from Barnum,
where Stafford was a captain in the
national guard. He is the son of a
prominent businessman at Barnum,
MINI.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1919-07-04

Toledo, ohlo. July 2.--Training
came to an END today in the camps
Of Jess willani md Jack Dempsey
heavyweights scheduled to battle
Friday >aftefnoon for the worlds
Championship.
Toledo itself had settled to a peri
cd of watchful waiting. The massive
arena, built within a hundred yards
of lagoon where Toledo has its
yacht club. was finished. Bare yell
low lumber 10000 feet of it
stands out III the center of Bayview
park, a glaring octagon, laced in
and out with heavy timbers to keep
it steady under the weight of the
enormous tlarong expected to wit
ness the bout. tits practically a
duplicate OF the arena Tex Richard
built at Reno, New, when he staged
the mill between James ]. Jeffries,
then the heavyweight champion, and
Jack johnson, 1t VIII hold many
more people, but the architect. James
J. McLoughlin Of San Francisco,
built it to conform to the standards
he laid down when he built the Reno
structure.
The Transportat ion Problem.
Toledo's transportation system
probably win be sorely taxed to
care for the great number of per-
sons expected for the twelve round
contest. "A single street car line
runs from The city past the park and,
while the cara are large and commo-
dious. they cannot h6pe to battle the
gang that WIN make its descent on
them FRIDAY Ia<ie bs are numfr,
Gus. but s<@1 hsas IN not @ !. equal
a ce<Ia1 81 <he I'D Many Prob
Eli ssh All f1611 the city, "a dis
I|> s. about S. niles frola the
'doWntown section
Hotels here for some time have
been sold out. Outrageous prices
for hotel rooms. have been charged
in many instances. Proiteering
however, always goes with big sport :
ing events. The average fan of any
sort has become SO used to 1T thai
his old time howls have grown to be
mere murmurs. :.
There has been little effort to dis
courage ticket speculation. Many
New Workers of the breed that makes
its living by charging huge prices
for admission tickets to big events
have been on the ground for some
weeks. buying up as many of the
pasteboards as they could get their
hands on. These have been offered
to the public in many ways.
MANY Seats Provided.
So MANY seats have been provided
that 1t probably will be Impossible
for everyone who cares to- buy a seal
from the promoters, but the cho1ces'
nlaces. with the exception of those
disposed of by the promoters, TO IN
dividuals, are in the hands OF tne
SPECTATORS and long prices were De-
ing asked today, for them.
Dempsey and Willard locked the
gates to their camps today andfset'
tie down to rest and eat prior e
the big test. No one was allowed
within the silent enclosures where
the gladiators were girding them
Nelyes. Each was busily making III
Far lost time in eating of meat and
other. strengthening foods. sThe dry
ing .out process having ended. tint
lighters are now taking on weight.
A great deal of propaganda regard
ling Wizards weight has. been dis
tributed. but he probably will ente
the ring, weighing more than "a
pounds. 1t would not be surpr1sln'
| if Dempsey's weight were announces
as high as 205, great thing for hin
if he can accomplish that withou
fottan;uo himself
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1919-07-04
INTEREST Piled men
It Amounted to $4,000 on Princips
Of $35. 600.

Of So, 1000. .s.se E
Members of the board .of county
commissioners yesterday AFTERNOON
paid of the last Of the court house
bonds, making a payment Of $4,000
in all. This is the Last Of the bonds
due on the county court house. These
bonds were issued July !. 1889. bear
ing interest at the rate OF i've per-
cent. @ g.
The interest on these bonds alone
amounted to $52.500. Two years ago
the commissioners levied $40. 900 and
last year $4,000 to make the dhal
payments. ~
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1919-07-04
TeIepragh Strike Called OF.

lAssociated Press Dispatch.1
Chicago, July 2.-The commercial
telegraphers strike was called or at
noon today by s. ]. Konenkamp,
president.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1919-07-04
Hoe. Reaehea HIchsss ;Prles.

South st Paul, July 2.Hoss
Preached the highest level in history
there today when they went mp to- $21.
I'm April hogs went up t0r$z0. 20 the
highest previous record,
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1919-07-04
Former congressman Dies.
fAssociated Press Dispatch.l

fAssociated Press Dispatch.1
New York. July 2-Lemuel Ely
Quigg, former member of congress
and prominent in New York politics,
for many years, died at his home
here early today.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1919-07-04

Paris, July 2--oermany ex-.
poets to ratify the peace treaty
the first Of next week according !
to a note sent to the allies. IS
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1919-07-04
DlRIGIBLE R-34 IS MOVING
THROUGH SPACE
.FORTY-F|VE KNOTS HOUR
This Great Big Balloon Left East
Fortune, Scotland, Early
Today

London, July 2.-The position Of
R-34 at eight o'clock, Greenwich
time, was about 325 miles of the
coast of ireland, according to a
wireless dispatch making an aver
age speed of forty five knots an
hour.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1919-07-04

TROUBLE {. Bred Qp!eI !! I
Red-Fsas Shutters Again SheIl
ing Their Great D SsIre:to
Gain Control
[Associated Press Dispatch

IAsbOCIdteu IIe1B LI1purCks1 z
Berlin, Tuesday, July 1<-No
definite steps have been taken !,
by Germany for the speedy 'ratf-
fication Of the peace treaty, ae-
eording to the newspapers.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1919-07-04
FREp s. FERGUSON.

Paris, July 1.-THE Big Five today
appointed a committee to expedite
the fulfillment OF the peace treaty
terms. Other sub committees Will
also be appointed shortly. Secretary
Lansing heads the American peace
delegation now that President Wilson.
has left. 80
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1919-07-04
Iowa Ratified Suffrage.

ASSOCIATED Press Dispatch.J
Des Moines, la, July Iowa has
ratified the federal suffrage amend :
ment,
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1919-07-04
Avery lie Reappointed.

Governor j. A. ANBurnquist has re-
appointed Carlos Avery state game
and fish commissioner,
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1919-07-04
FIRES UNDER CONTROL
They Were Raging in the Trout Lake
District Last Might.

rA.sociarc, press nsoa,ch.J
Salt Ste. Marie, July 2.-Forest
fires which last night threatened the
destruction of several villages In
the Trout Lake district are being
controlled. Shifting winds are aid
ing to fight fires,
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1919-07-04
SOMETHING on TAP EVERY
HOUR, FAR INTO NIGHT
PARADES and SPEAKING
AirpIaHe Flight; Pageant and
Many Other Interesting
Attractions
TO RETURNED SERVICE MEN.

We have made earnest effort to get
invitations to our Home Coming Re-
ception to all men who have ZEN in
the service, but we are sure many
have been missed, as we could not
get right addresses; more than one
hunred have been returned owing
to the address being wrong.
We want every returned soldier to
come regardless Of whether he has
received an invitation or not, only be
sure to notify US Immediately. Do
not feel sighted II you do not re !.
eeive an invitation. We have done
our best to reach you, but In some
cases we have failed for reasons be-
yond our eontroi.-G. NJ. Palmer,
chairmaH.,
Everything is in readiness for the
big doings on July Fourth. when the
returned service men of the county
and vicinity will be given a rousins
welcome home. The committee OF
arrangements will meet again this aft
ernoon to go over the details finally,
and will probably meet again to-
morrow. From all accounts, an inn
mense crowd will be in The city.
All who come by automobile
should park their casr where iireci :
ed by the special police officers, and
themselves take all possible precau-
ton, to safeguard their property, in
addition to the protection that the
city will afford. In such Jam, il
would be strong if there were not
some persons with burgiarous intent,
Continued On Page Two9
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1919-07-04
IoWEiI MELTETT.

On Board the u. s.. IS. George
Washington July 2.-Sai1inE through
"a smooth sea the presidehtia1 ship
will be 1.15O miles out frbm Hrest 81
noon today. President Wilaon IS
working on his message TO congress
today. 3 4 - z ~.
Berne, July 2.-virtually all Mon.
tenegro is in rebellion against the
Serbian military occupation. accord
ing to private advices received here.
Bloody encounters are reported 70
have occurred. ( 49, z Z. =, 8
Berlin. Tuesday, July IL Indications
are that the communist leaven has Iis-
en- again to the fermentine stage atid
that the strike movement may Id
velop into. political dnsHrreetto&
The candor and boldneas ef the inde-
pendent socialists show they are IN,
Or of their footing thSit d3IyjRg ~
March revolt. The mari M 49,
.ations are beine tiEht - ~
s-A Machine Hf1n4 4 Z. e. e.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1919-07-04
PRESIDENT IS RESTING
But Spends Some Time Preparin
Message to Congress.
Associated Press Disnatch.1
TT G G Cooroo Wachin o.

mesedse 10 S0ngTSss.
ASSOCIATED Press Disnatch.1
On u. s. s. George Washington
Tuesday. July 1.-The presidential
voyage continues under the most
favorable weather conditions. Pres
ident Wilson has done some work on
his message to congress. On the
advice from his physician the presi-
dent Is resting most of the time.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1919-07-04
FRANCE TO BUY COAL

viii Purchase Million Tons From the
United States.
IAssociated Press DispatchI
Paris, July France is to inn
port one million tons of coal from
America, using special feet for
transportation, according to Louis
Louchre, minister of reconstruction.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1919-07-04

said to be CLOSING q f4at
struggle. = I, ,~s 81, 3.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1919-07-04

Mr., Larson is a brother Of Mis-
The Brunswick news. [volume] (Brunswick, Ga.) 1906-2016, 1919-11-05
WOMEN AT WORK

During the war, millions ofwOmen
have been at work in vocations into
which they have never before teen
called,-in Munition Factories, Chemi.
cal Works, Metal Works, Street Rail
ways, and as Ambulance Drivers,
BARRIERS. and Elevator Girls. In
doubtedly thousands of others have
longed to serve~fn this way, but be
cause of female ailments, which had
fastened them, were not able to DO so.
Women in this condition should give
Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Com
pound trial and find health ana
strength, as thousands of others have
so done.
Capital journal. (Salem, Or.) 1919-1980, 1919-12-08
GRAND JURY POSTPONES
INVESTIGATION OF STRIKE

Indianapolis, Ind, Dec. S.--The spe-
cial grand jury called to investigate
practices Of coal mine owners anu
their employees was postponed TO-DAY,
In view of the probable settlement OF
the coal strike, District Attorney SLACK
announced.
Judge Anderson postponed the SIT
ting of the grand jury until tomorrow
In the meantime Slack will meet Az
torney General Palmer when the lat
ter arrives here from Washington TINS
afternoon. They will confer and q
decision will be reached MS to whelhe'
the grand Jury meets at all, 1t is salo
No word had been received todaH I"
the miners national headquarters her'
regarding the meeting OF the intefna
tional officials, the central competltiV
scale committee, the district president
and the executive committee. 1t wa
presumed that Lewis and Green mao
MI arrangements for the meeting froi
Washington. -.
: Lewis and Green are carrying u
Governments proposition back VIII
them from washington to be suomi
ted to the meeting tomorrow.
Capital journal. (Salem, Or.) 1919-1980, 1919-12-08
Noske Advises
Huns 70 Refuse
to Sign Protocol

london, Dec. s. - 81 will recon-
,,ond that Germany refuse to accept
The protocol" Gustave Noske, German
n,inister of defense was quoted as oe-
ella. ing in an interview i'll beriih'
printed in the Mail here s
Noske said he could not SPEAK lol
the nation, according to the ln'ernieW I.
but he personally believed the HIM
lad been passed. ,,,,e
.Iet the allies, who we are unanie
,nose occupv our country NOS
:. was quoted as saving. "fh $ is mo-
,eace but a prolongat.on of war ,oot
Il hope the protocol will be reject re s(,
- ,,,a+ter what the consequences
Nosle declared, according to the III
tc? :';ew ..We have yielded too often
We must resist The allies may u u
What they please as we are unapie
oppose them by military methoos'
Capital journal. (Salem, Or.) 1919-1980, 1919-12-08
Sugar Exports Larger In
October Than Year Ago by
1OO,OOO,OOO Lbs. .---Borah

Washington, Dec S.--Senator Borah
read to the senate figures from Uni
ted Press dispatch showing that sugar
exports from the United States in Oc-
tober were 100,O00,000 pounds more
than in the same month last year.
Borah also read the comment of
Pittsburgh business man on the situa-
ton and asked whether the govern
ment is permitting this export trade to
go on when hardly a family in the
United States has a weeks supply"
Senator Smoot replied that it is true
exporting continues.
4 'It was assured at the beginning OF
October that exporting would cease,
said Smoot but it has not"
King, Utah, declared he was inform
ed Saturday that two vessels are now
being loaded with su~a
to be sent to Mediterranean ports
King said the sugar famine is tn
fault of congress
you're wrong" said Smoot "it'
the fault of the administration, whlc
failed to buy the Cuban sugar Gro
when it had an opportunity No'
c Cuban sugar is coming he"A
fined and is then e'''"""' 80 T''-'oN
=, while American consumers can't OK
it."
Harrison, Mississippi, urged proml
q passage of the M
the sugar equalization board durif
"a 1920 to prevent profiteering.
Capital journal. (Salem, Or.) 1919-1980, 1919-12-08
AMERICAN AID
FOR ALLIES IS
SOUGHT TODAY
Joint Resolution Authorizing
President To Use US. Force
Against Huns introduced By
Senator King.

washington Dec. S.--A joint reso-
luton authorizing the president of the
United states, IL necessary, to use AM
erican military, naval and air forces
In cooperating with the allies to en-
force observance of the peace terms
by Germany. was offered today by
Senator King, Utah.
The resolution was referred to the
foreign relations committed
Kings resolution stated in tho pre-
amble that Germany Is "manifestinl
bad faith" in regard to the execution
of the peace terms she has agreed to
Senator Thomas, Colorado, demo
crat, asked King how the Unite
States could consistently direct en-
forcemcnt of treaty 1t has never rat
flied.
Let's don't go into that now,
vice President Marshall interrupted
Capital journal. (Salem, Or.) 1919-1980, 1919-12-08
EARLY BALL0TING
INDICATES HEAVY
VOTE ON PROPOSAL

II wss indicated during the DAY tiia'
,auoo vote on the proposed raise III
,eochers' salaries would be polleo '''i1
a ofternoon and evening. Wheh tiie poN
~ 10 somnle Room of the Hotel Mar
,a, onaned at two o'clock many Vot'
ors were waiting chance to register
thoi,. vote and throughout the al'er-
noon many persons ANXIOUS " t,F,' t'ss
,hoir vote. on tbs important question
,ian+ | tho clerks and judges busy ,
bvcughout the day County o%cnooi %
..,'rir,ondont w. NJ Smith and City
s,,,,,,,or.rtendent ,su of Schools John w,
~odd clerks at the Hotel Marion 'il'
,,oysnaper were besieged WIN III III,
ru" n,,,,.ies regarding eligibility OF Vo'ei'
W where the polls could be touhu
" "ii ird.cating thot the vote W9u'o w
nrobablv larger th'N ."N ~ "
mer special schoo' - III,
i"er 10 op no,l at the sample room OF TN
f ,,otel will be open until seven y olor' ..,,,
sia,t ios giving all voters an oppoftuA
ity to vote' ,s +ooobers hopeful
In all the scllooA'
w awaited tn d -.o. W, N
= Win the counting of the Vol > ", y" sy,
i w. ,yn whether the Salem sciioe' off
u 81 ,r,,I remain standard OIL Gil
ov and intact OF pAc W
90 cieiie' .tsction chaos and disorder'
al u a At the business mems are iunen sever @v y,
If Commercial Club inns 49, tha rails
,e !, urged 'A' ess mer of the city Sa genera era
VI a,+ l was charge 'dto go
t. a., nolls and "do his duty
Capital journal. (Salem, Or.) 1919-1980, 1919-12-08

The presidents ADVICE Oh tIie KcSN-
,u+ion WAS suhmitted in the form of
coo+o,. r.u
d peisoii'i
Ahs"er hi Ac''o'
Immediately following receipt Wy
Senator Fall of Wilson's communica
ton, Senator Lodge said that the fan
resolution was dead and that tne fof
| eign relations committee wouid nut
take it up again.
| The text of Wilson's letter 20 fa'A
follows
/ "Ihank you very much lor you.
kind promptness with my redues. sl''e
Iyou send me copy OF the memofa
dum report of the sub-committee oi'
Mexican affairs of the commlttee IN
foreign affairs. | shall examine II Witia
The greatest of care. What you toto nie
of the investigation on Friday iast pre-
lpares me to find in 1t matter Oh tnS
greatest Importance
, isesoiu'ion ~ da-
!. "You ask an indication ., my
: sire with regard to the penuhs ie
4 luton to which wou ana Seha.o.
q Hitchcock called my attentioh on
day and / am glad to reply WIN e,lo
g utmost franKness that : sioue
i gravely concerned 70 see any 49,
resolution pass the congress' :. 49, ...,'.
constitute reversal OF our cohs.is.
tional practice which mignt leau ~
very grave confusion IN regard 10 en''
70 guidance of our foreign afiairs. ! sn'
u confident that am supported Wy ~
- cry competent constitu.iona' ...s.s,,,
ity in the statement that tne ihi.is1elss
in directing the relations OF our sos,
lis ernment with foreign governments :
OF assigned by the constitution " ~
'es executive and to the executive Only
OF Only one Of the two houses u ~,
AA' sress Is assooi.9 ad,,;soyv ca
as by the constitution N an auvisois
,on pacity and the ADVICE OF the se,a's
be- provided for only wneil sousns - :,
ate executive in regard to asreemen
ons with foreign countries and the u
pointment of the dipiomatic rep.'
ma sentatives who are to speak Tor u, .n
i've government at loreisn -. &,
q po onlv safe course, / am confident. is
adhere to the prescribed method
,m the constitution. We might go very =
dav afield If we departed from ~.
Capital journal. (Salem, Or.) 1919-1980, 1919-12-08
COAL ANDCOKE !
RESTRICTIONS
ARE RESTORED
War Prices And Other Regu-
latiOns Are Again Placed In
Force By Fuel Administra-
tor Garfield Today.

Washington, Dec. S.--War prices
and restrictions on coal and coke were
restored today, Fuel Administrator
Garfield announced
The order also authorizes the direc-
tor general of railroads TO make di-
versions Of coke in transit as may be
necessary In the present emergency.
Regulations and restrictions fixing
the margins for commission Of middle
men or wholesale or retail dealers ir
bee hive or by-product coke such al
were In effect during the war periot
are restored, The order affects cok'
and bituminous coal in transit as be
ing liableto diversion under orders o
the fuel and railroad administrators
Capital journal. (Salem, Or.) 1919-1980, 1919-12-08
AUTHORITIES SEEK
MARRIED ELOPtRS
IN TWO COUNTIES

T, A. Olsen, from Mccoy, who is
accused of clipping Saturday with Mrs'
Verda Walling, married woman.
also living ats Mccoy, was arrested
here this afternoon as he stepped from
The Silverton stage by Chief OF Ponce
Varney and Patrolman Thompson. lie
is being held for Polk county authof-
tiles.
n. A. Olsen and yerda Walling, both
married, who fled their homes at NC
Gov Saturday night, came to Salem
and were last reported at Sllvertoh
ST he arrest of Olsen were
issued by Sheriff John Orr OF Poif
county and Sheriff Needham OF tins
county assisted in the search.
Mrs. Walling, the mother OF rou
children, Saturday afternoon left ne
husband, Rupert Walling, at nome .
care for two Of the children, The otn
or two she took with her. Accordln
to Walling's story to local police wh
wore alos enlisted in the hunt, she mt
Olsen. they engaged Glen Stevenson,
taxi driver and they came to saiem'
Stevenson today was on trlal
Dallas charged with assisting in tf
escape of fugitive. He is said
have been reluctant about giving II
formation as to where Olsen and MI
Walling have fled.
1t was reported that Mrs. Waiih
had been seen at independence.
Walling said that he would be gil
to take his wife back ana express
a willingnessto prosecute Olsen
u stealing his wife.
Capital journal. (Salem, Or.) 1919-1980, 1919-12-08
l'qu1g R.Isses Ils II w. law Ea' S

New ye,, ,aoss Rss .to.t, s. s''i Of d, 'so ssss
Tns ,,3 as, ves' ssdS Si to E .sss at ns
ments motto notice in 'Vpn anne poeins ennsti. dseIssns
prS%s po1% war ar time pr0"''i'''"
tutional. .ohouses in when ~ =,
stored about sixty ,,sva "t BEEN accumuIat
ns astisn ssrpas boy cars a for in 'as aistputn
week ,ss ssor TO l'ss ss soon s@ It s'" be legal
Il, sold.
Capital journal. (Salem, Or.) 1919-1980, 1919-12-08
BUSINESS men
favor REPEAL
Of HIGH TEST
Advance OF Gasoline Price In
Oregon Chief Topic Of Dis
cussion AT Noon-Lay Lun-
cheon Todav.

Announcement that raise Of from
one to four cents a gallon for gaso-
line in this state has fallen like bomb |
into the peaceful seclusion of a
church, Judging from the alarm felt by
Salem business men at the regular
weekly noon-day luncheon OF busl-
ness men held at the Commercial club
today this matter formed the princi-
pal topic for discussion.
Hope that the law in this state that
requires a better grade of gasoline
than is being sold elsewhere will be
repealed was expressed, and attacked
as all wrong and mistake"
Smelling Explains Raise.
r. o. Smelling. local representative
! for the Associated Oil company, was
called upon to explain the cause for
the raise. He said that the work OF
refining the gasoline that must be
sold in Oregon costs much more than
on other gasoline and it is for this
:. reason. that the raise has been plan.
!. ned.
1t was decided by the business mer
tfldt TWO WEEKS Uut VI cttSii iiictieA'
= after the first of the year, excursion
would be made to the various factorie
and plants of the city. This is plan
- ned to familiarize the business men O
i' the city with the various industrial ao
= tivities of the community. The pla
- =. was proposed by T. e. McCroske
40 manager of the Commercial club.
McCroskey Thanked.
VI McCroskey was given a standir
- vote of thanks by the business me
" upon recommendation of Frederic
IL Schmidt of the Phez company, for
no activities as manager of the club al
nv organizer of the Marion County Coz
ie' munity Federation. Schmidt told
) the Improvement of the organizatio
since they became under the superv
az ion of McCroskey in March, and c
ho livered q strong plea for increas
" membership to the club.
III The following men gave two-min'
LIS talks on various topics: Profess
Franklin, of the Willamette universi
iis w. M. Hamilton, P. r. l. K T, co
pany; Homer Smith, insurance ma
i"u Earl Race. police Judge and city
seu corder; Carl Abrams.