davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Pine Bluff daily graphic. (Pine Bluff, Ark.) 1893-1942, 1919-02-14

There will be 10 FLU" at your
house if you keep a bottle of DR.
Brunson's Favorite handy and take
few doses when Won feel a little
"out OF Sorts" For sale at all drug.
glsts. 1c. 1T
Pine Bluff daily graphic. (Pine Bluff, Ark.) 1893-1942, 1919-02-14
M. j.. BELL TO NEW YORK.

M. L. Bell, formerly CT this city, is
now located in New York city, and is
vice presidential general counsel for
the Chicago Rock Island and Pacific
Railway Co..
Mr.. Bell viii zoe remember by many
Pine Bluff people who will wish him
much success at his new station.
Pine Bluff daily graphic. (Pine Bluff, Ark.) 1893-1942, 1919-02-14
PASSENGER TRAIN WRECK.

Springfield, Mo-, Feb. 13.-st.
Louis and San Francisco passenger
itran No. z, bound from st. Louis to
Oklahoma, was derailed near Pierce
City, Mo-, early today. According to
information received here, three
coaches left the track. Railroad Of
icfials here said no persons were in
jured..
Pine Bluff daily graphic. (Pine Bluff, Ark.) 1893-1942, 1919-02-14
Next!

Next to the pest who is always
wanting a loan is the chap who is al
ways offering to lend you money
when you don't want it.
Pine Bluff daily graphic. (Pine Bluff, Ark.) 1893-1942, 1919-02-14
B'nai Birth Meeting,

B'nai Birth Meeting,
Ben 3, We'll will be master of GER
emonies of B'nai Birth meeting next
Sunday night. Reception committee
IS: Mrs. Sig Hyman, Mrs. Howard
Strauss, Mrs. Joe Gottlieb. Mrs. John
bloom and Mrs. NJ Gottlieb
Mrs. ]. J. SWIM, 10 WILTON street,
is resting we'll today after an opera
ton at her home Yesterday.
Pine Bluff daily graphic. (Pine Bluff, Ark.) 1893-1942, 1919-02-14
OBITUARY
c. H. W1NFREY.

+ + s. + + 8
Pine Bluff daily graphic. (Pine Bluff, Ark.) 1893-1942, 1919-02-14

|mmie May Caldwell has re-
Inn a months visit with
4 relatives at Monticello and
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-08-24

lily, where he can be proper4S Jared
for, for he will never be able to
earn his living or look after himself
in any way.
The second is the Glow grade i'm
beetle" whose mentality is equal
to that of q child of four or five
years of age. This class is not so
utterly hopeless. They may be
taught simple mental work which
requires no thinking. The third is
the 'medum imbecile," with the
mind of child of from six to eight,
who can be taught simple manual
labor. The fourth is known as the
"high-grade imbecile," whose brain
averages that of a child of from
eight to tend, and who is able to
grasp the principles of manual
labor of more complex type. The
fifth and last is what is known as
! a moron" whose brain is that of
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-08-24
Real Age and Mental
Age and Conceit

"For some purposes the thing
that counts is a child's real age"
says Miss Elizabeth Irwin, the psy-
chologist who does all the mental
testing" at Public School 81. "For
other purposes it is his mental age
that counts - his ability, at the
given moment, to do things with his
mind. But when we are deciding
which children to choose as material
for special opportunity classes the
thing we go by is the ratio of men
tai age to real age. This ratio is
pretty sure to be constant straight
through childhood.
eff child is clever enough to be
in the class, but isn't a good COM
panion for the other children, we
don't let him stay" Miss Irwin went
on. eve had one remarkably clever
boy who turned out to be SO con-
ceited that the sensible little Ter
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-08-24
Public School Of to Organise
Special Glasses for Gifted Children
of the East

nine that he pass all the tests Of the
nine-year group. 1t is sufficient If
his mental age "adds up" to nine
that is, if he passes all the eight
year tests, five-sixths Of the nine
year tests and one sixth of the ten
year tests.
Of course one wouldn't have
known without experiment that any
such system would be workable at
all. 1t might have happened that
intelligence was so subtle and
variegated a thing that such tiny
samples would furnish no clew to its
general character. But the fact is
that some of the tests which seem
on their face to be most open to
the objection of being tests of
schooling are in reality among the
most reliable of all as tests Of pure
intelligence.
For instance, one test is that of
counting backward from twenty to
one within 40 seconds) this is
for eight-year-olds. Children can
count up to twenty long before they
are eight, while counting backward
is never specifically taught. So what
the test really gauges is the feeling
for numbers and the capacity for
unrelaxed attention.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-08-24
vous exhaustion such as she had
never known before.
When Terrors
Turn Into Play

The patient enters the dreaded
purlieus behind the oaken door
with fear and trembling. He may
have been waiting for an hour or
more, all the while conjuring up
the terrors awaiting him on the
other side Of the portal. Often he
is pushed in forcibly by his mother
or guardian. At first he is dazed
and then look of abject terror
comes into his face and he peers
into the corners and under the fur
niturc for the dangers which he
feels sure are there.
A quiet, we'll poised little woman,
dressed in soft brown, is sitting
at table on which are scattered
all sorts of blocks and wooden
puzzles. She looks up at his en-
trance and smiles ingratiatingly.
"Good-morning, DEAR" she says
in a quiet tone. Come and help
me build house with these blocks"
Nothing very terrifying thus far,
and the patient relaXes his tense
muscles and, so far as he can,
thinks it over. Usually he ends by
taking the other chair beside the
table and his tests begin. There
are hundreds of these, which are
used for patients in the various
stages of mental detection. They
consist in tests of the three RS, in
the patients ability to follow d.
rections in the sequence in which
they are given, as, for instance, ego
to the door, open it, shut it. and
then place both hands on the table"
You wouldn't believe that any child
would not be able to do this, but
there are many who can't grasp the
sequence. Then there are all sorts
of tests with bits of wood, one of
the simplest being the fitting of
three pegs, a round one, a square
one and triangular one, into the
holes cut out to fit them in a
wooden plank. If the patient does
this correctly he is encouraged to
go on to the more difficult, some of
I which are as intricate as the most
elaborate picture puzzle. Then he
is told story like the following
IA boy named Willie Brown was
given bicycle and he went out for
his first ride. He went down. down,
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-08-24
Haste, Fright and Fatigue Mean Unnec-
essnry Suffering and Poor Results

the clinic) the whole atmosphere
takes on a brighter hue.
The clinic was established in 1912
under the supervision of DR.. Max
A. Schlapp, a specialist in this
branch of medicine. Its patients
come from the public schools, the
welfare organizations and other
public institutions, as we'll as from
the Children's Court. The work of
the clinic consists in submitting the
patients to the Binet tests. Each
subject is expected to come up to
the standard for his age, which is
the minimum arrived at through
thousands Of examinations Of nor
NAL children. AS a matter of fact,
many of the cases sent to the clinic
labelled "depravity" have been
found to be merely retardation due
to physical defects and complete
absence of responsibility. Such
cases can be cured physically, and
the mental cure follows the physi-
cal as surely as night follows day.
The children are first received
by the psychological department,
which is under the charge of Miss
Emily Burr, a most efficient and ex.
pert exponent of the Binet system
as we'll as a most sympathetic and
tactful being in the handling OF
these difficult patients. For there
is no gainsaying the fact that they
are difficult. A morning spent al
mere onlooker in Miss Burrs con
sulting room left one perfectly
healthy female in state of ner
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-08-24

cipal, is hoping to find them-.
would be glad to make protegss \
little geniuses. Some might he .1
to college and one or two will ,s.1
help if they are to go even tn h;sl
school. Miss Twins work is ho;s1
financed by the Public Educat;s1
Association. She has had the be.,.J
cooperation both of Mr.. Grady VII
was principal of the school when y
classes were started, and Of vi
Louis Marks, the present prlncm,]
City Superintendent Ettinger 1
also in sympathy with the plan b.
more money is needed.
Mr.. Marks is anxious to he .s,.
to offer the teachers Of the superb,
children as high d salary as u,
teachers of the Predetermined a.
tain--a reasonable ambition. surev
Even as it is, however, some yous,
college graduates who are int,
ested in educational experiment
and in social progress might We
seize the chance of teaching thea
Intellectually select scholars. A
Professor Terman says in his book
"The Measurement Of Intelligence,
"the social consequences of sui,
able educational advantages 70
children of superior ability woul
no doubt greatly exceed anythin
that could possibly result from tn
special instruction Of billiards an
border-line cases
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-08-24
Applying the
Binet Yardstick

While it would be a good thing to
have classes for exceptionally bright
children, even if the selecting had
to be done by rough and ready meth
DDS, the precision of choice made
possible by the Binet scheme of tests
gives a strong additional warrant
for the undertaking. At Public
School g. Terman's revision of the
Binet scale is used for measuring
the superiority of the superior chill
dren, just as it is used for measur-
ing the inferiority of the billiards.
To think of Binet's invention as
merely a device for detecting feeble
mindedness is like thinking Of
yardstick as merely device for
detecting shortness.
Every one has heard of the Binet
method, but few know just what it
is. The idea at the bottom Of it is
a simple one-as simple as daylight
saving. 1t took a genius to think Of
it, but it takes nothing but common
sense to understand it. Binet took
about two hundred children of differ
ent ages and tried out on them tests
of varying degrees of difficulty. all
the way from "Show me your nose,
your eyes, your mouth" (passed by
most three-year-olds) to tests such
as have been used for classifying
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-08-24
The Poor Little
Genius Salvaged

1t is interesting that this school
should be one of the first in the
country to undertake the work of
discovering it's brilliant pupils and
helping them to fulfil their promise,
for it is just in this sort of school
that such work is most needed. The
clever children of the rich find their
way to the top without much trouble,
but the clever children Of the poor
often waste in drudgery talents
which might have been Of the ut
most value to the world.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-08-24

the men in our army. He then ar
ranged such of the tests as turned
out to be good age indicators in sue
cessive groups. For example, it was
found that about three-quarters of
the four year-olds were able to copy
a square with fair success, whereas
very few three-year- olds, and al
most all five-year- olds, were able to
do SO. Copying square was then
classed as four-year-old test. Each
test was purposely placed in the
year where about two-thirds or
three-fourths, rather than all, of tie
children could pass it. In this way
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-08-24

and was killed instantly, and who
was afterward picked up by a
policeman and carried to a hospital,
where it was thought that he would
not recover. Nothing, so far as
this patient was concerned, was
wrong with this story, and it was
the same with the one of the boy
who had three brothers-John, Bill
and himself. This girl was classed
as "high-grade imbecilc"
From Psychiatrist
To Physician
From Miss Burr the patients pro-
coed into the adjoining room, where
DR.. Max Schlapp, the physician in
charge of the clinic, gives them a
physical examination, including a
very thorough blood test. DR..
Schlapp affirms that the criminal
instinct does not always arise from
an incurable affection of the brain
quite as often, he says, it is caused
by a diseased condition of the blood
and can absolutely be cured.
The object of the clinic is to sort
out the curably defective from
those whose cases are hopeless and
to endeavor to restore to mental
health those who respond to the
treatment and to place in proper
institutions all those, of either sex,
who will be a drag rather than a
help to the community in the days
of their maturity.
1t is hoped that the state will
continue to improve the conditions
of the institutions for the feeble
minded, as more and more light is
thrown by those who are studying
this branch of medical science
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-08-24

ut is like nothing in the world
but the sound of the animals
at the Zoo, that peculiar moan
ing and grooming and droning of
inarticulate syllables which greet
the ears as one opens the door lead
ing into the long, white corridor of
the Post Graduate Hospital given
over to the clinic for the mentally
deficient. Rows Of wooden benches
face a line of oaken doors which
lead to the consulting rooms, and
on these benches are ranged each
morning a throng of children, all
mentally deficient to a greater or
less degree, each accompanied by an
older person, a parent or friend or
the probation officer from the Chill
dren's Court-for a great number
of the patients are sent from this
court.
It is a most depressing gather
ing, the sad-faced mothers, the
stold fathers, and the children in
all stages Of imbecility, waiting in
these strange surroundings. The
terror of the unknown turks be.
hind that row of oaken doors. AND
this does not tend to lessen the
general gloom. 1t is decidedly not
the place that one would choose tc
spend q summer morning. And vel
when one realizes what the visit
may mean to at least SO per cent
of these poor little wretches (fo,
90 per cent are helped, if not com
pletely cured, by their attendance a
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-08-24
aned Detention Hospital for Mentally Defective Child1
BY ELENE FOSTER

down a steep hill to the railroad
station, and then he went down the
same hill home again."
"What is the matter with that
story?" asks Miss Burr, and one can
easily see that the child who dis
covers the "catch" in this is far
from being an imbecle.
Grading
Humans
There are five grades of the
mentally deficient, according to
those who have made a study of the
subject. The lowest is the idiot,
whose mentality is that Of three
year-old child or under. His one
normal instinct is self-preservation,
and he should not be kept in a
family where there are normal
children; he should be sent to an
institution, either public or private,
according to the means of his fam
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-08-24
A Detention
Hospital Needed


Hospital Needed
What can be done for these poor
unfortunates in public clinic 81
being done at the POSTGRADUATE
Hospital, but no public clinic can
get the desired results with patient
whose natural nervous state is ex'
aggerated by the long waitingl
crowding and necessarily hurried
examinations. DR.. Schlapp and the
others in charge of the clinic real
ize this handicap, and they, together
with Commissioner Coler. Of the De-
partment of Charities, are doing
everything in their power to bring
before the public the urgent neces'
sity of a detention hospital. to Be
established in one of the city hos
pitals-preferably the Postcard
: uate-w here patients may be kept
under quiet conditions and care
fully watched from day to day fof
a period of from three to ten days
before any decision is given on
their cases. One has only TO see
and hear that morning throng at the
Post Graduate Hospital to realize
what q blessing such place
would be-
Now that we have at last oO-
tanned hospital for the care Of
drug addicts let US turn our atten'
ton to the needs of that othe'
wretched class of human beings
who, through heredity or disease
are mentally deficient. A detentis'
hospital, if you please, oh, Cf'i
Fathers, and let it come right soon
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-08-24

an "age-grade scale" was construct
ed by which the mental age" of
any child might be determined.
"Mental age" has a metaphysical
sound, but the meaning is simple
When the psychologist decides that
a certain person (child or not) has
mental age of, say, nine years,
he simply means that that person,
whatever his real age is, is more
like nine-year-old child in his men
tai development than he is like a
person of any other age. 1t is not
necessary in order that child
count as having mental age of
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-08-24

to be substantially the same as in
the case Of the thousand unsolicited
American-born children, upon whom
these very tests were first tried out
in California.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-08-24

mans wouldn't put up with him; and
he was glad enough to get back to
his old class, which wasn't 50 critical.
Ordinarily, though. the really clever
child has too much sense to be con-
ceited. He has a perspective that the
others don't have. he is too much
interested in ideas and in the world
about him to have much time to
think aonut his own Importance. And
this is all the more so When many
clever children are thrown together.
Each one compares himself with the
others and finds that in this com
pany he isn't so very remarkable.
1t is when a child becomes used
year after year, to being the one
bright star in a roomful Of medioc
rites that he is in danger of be-
coming conceited.
eve try to give these children a
more varied kind of education than
the ordinary public school child
GETS" said Miss Irwin. "They can
give a good deal Of time to extras
and yet be ready for high school
earlier than other children. We try,
for one thing, to give them a chance
to see something Of the city. It's
surprising how provincial most
East Side children are. They SIM
ply don't know their way about, ever
the older ones, beyond the lirrlts of
their own quarter. These children
are taken on trips to the wilds OF
Central Park, to the metropolitan
Museum and the Museum of Nat
ural History, and t2 most OF The big
exhibits that come to town-tne mill
and dairy farm exhibit, the automo
bile show, etc. Here at school they
have drawing and modelling arr
music. Girls and boys alike use the
machine shops"
An Investment
In Geniuses
There must be people in the city
and Mr.. Marks, the school prin
TIE same old system, helo
back the foracard child
,Uith his other hand
Il
&c ., :.
: 81 & H..
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-08-24

dullest children are below it. Men
tai detectives got attention first be-
cause they were the troublesome
element in the classroom; explain
irg things to them took up a dis
proportionate amount of; the teach
er's time. The brilliant children,
on the other hand, went ahead
swimmingly and didn't bother any
one. 1t was only they themselves
that lost and no one sealized until
lately how much they lost.
At last, however, something is
being done for the poor little ge-
muses.. At Public School 90 the first
class for exceptionally bright chill
dren was formed two years ago.
Last year another class was started
and this year third, and the plan
is to add a new one each year, until
the whole school course is covered.
The school is at the centre of
population, on the lower East Side.
An investigation made few years
ago showed that SO per cent of the
5000 children in the school were
Russian Jews, 40 per cent were for
eign-born, and about so per cent
spoke a foreign language at home.
The material advantages of these
children are very limited, but their
mental equipment is fully up to the
average. All the children in the
first three grades, and some of the
older ones, have been given the Binet
tests, as revised by Professor Ter
man, of Leland Stanford, and the
distribution of intelligence is found
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-08-24

child of ten or twelve, and who
is therefore competent to do work
which requires a certain amount of
reason and judgment.
There is a very fine line between
these grades, and one must have
had wide experience and sound
judgment to be able to separate the
classes. This is the work of the
psychological department, and the
results gained by Miss Burr in her
sympathetic treatment of these
poor little unfortunates are as far
removed from those recorded by
the workers who terrorize child
into surrender through fear as is
the modern treatment of criminals
from the system of the rack and
the thumbscrew.
The patient had not been in the
presence of that quiet little woman
for five minutes before there was
marked change in his demeanor.
His eyes lost their frightened look,
his muscles relaxed, and in so far as
he was mentally able, he seemed to
realize that he was in the presence
of a friend.
Some of
The Cases
There was a colored boy whose
speech was SO defective that it was
not understandable and who couldn't
place his right hand on his left ear
when directed to do so, or remem-
Der to perform two actions in Sc
quence. He was placed in the low
est class at once, although his
mother insisted that he was much
brighter at home, in fact, that he
was only slightly inferior in intel
lect to her other children. This
IS a common failing with the more
ignorant of the mothers. They hate
to admit that their child is unde,
the normal mentality, and tell al
sorts of fictitious stories to prove
that he is not so badly off as woulC
seem from the tests. They hampe,
the work of both the psychologist,
and the physician intellectually By
this attitude.
An Italian child of ten years Of
age was brought in who was subiec,
to epileptic fits. She spoke in queer
disjointed syllables and couldn',
stand alone without topping over
She, like the colored boy, was re-
corded as hopeless case and sub
ject for an institution.
A girl of sixteen, with the intelli
gence of child of ten, was ex
tremely nervous when she. came
in and screamed that she wasn'r
going to be told that she was mutt,
by no more DOCTORS" and that she
knew cas- much as the dame at the
table, anyway" She passed all the
tests until she came to the stor,
of the bow who fell off his hicvcl.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-08-24
Fifty Per Cent of Defectires Can b
Wholly or Partly Sairaged

on the subject of their proper en-
vironment ard treatment.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-08-24

T\DUCATION according to abil-
r. ity-that is the slogan at
Public School Cd. Let each
child go ahead at the pace that is
natural to him. If you push the
slow ones they will stumble and
fall; if you hold back the fast ones
they will lose interest in the race.
Carried out to it's theoretical ex-
IRENE this principle would mean
separate instruction for each child
and such scheme would be neither
practicable nor desirable. But in
any school of sufficient size the chill
dren can easily be divided into sew
cral intelligence groups and a plan
OF instruction proper to each
worked out. That is what is being
done at Public School "a.
Fostering Detectives,
Neglecting Genius
The general practice so far has
been to provide the advantages of
separate instruction for mentally
defective children only and to treat
al the rest as if there were no i'm
portant differences among them.
every teacher Knows that the
ghtest children in the school are
Is much above the average as the
Spirit of Jefferson. [volume] (Charles Town, Va. [W. Va.]) 1844-1948, 1919-08-26
D. w. RAMEY

Dealer In FURNITURE OIL CLOTHS and LINoLEUM
We furnish your home complete with up to date
Furniture. Afull line to select from at price that
AEYReEssra
will you money
Sole Agent for Boon Kitchen Cabinet
We will be pleased to have you call and look over
stock before buying
The Birmingham age-herald., 1919-03-23

The worlds census of sheep runs to well over 450,00O,000