davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1919-05-07
How the Bicycle Frame Developed
Many Experimental Stages Before the Sim
pie Diamond Frame Design Was
Finally Evolved
By w. T. FARWELL, Jr.

AS the simple and efficient diamond
frame bicycle has remained practi-
cally unchanged in general appear
ance and design for twenty years, il
is probable that the younger riders
OF this generation look upon the
machine as having been evolved di-
rectly in IFS present form. But this
simplicity and efficiency was not
achieved in a day. 1t was the out
come Of over ten years Of expert
ment and practical experience.
The old Ordinary" with its large
front driving wheel, straight front
forks and curved backbone, was a
model OF simplicity of construction,
but with the Introduction OF the low
chain-driven Safety, with its eonse-
quent greater complexity of frame,
there was much more scope for vari-
alton of design. Accordingly. the
leading makers began the develop
ment OF the new type, but as each
maker differed as to the proper form
OF frame and size Of wheels to adopt,
the greatest possible variety of ma
chimes was brought out. many OF
them utterly wanting in scientific de-
sign
Although James K. Starley Gre
ated the first successful rear-driving
Safety in 1884, due credit should be
given to H. J. Lawson, q prolific In
ventor in the early days Of the Brit
ish bicycle trade, who In 1879 built
a machine very similar to Starley's
first Rover, but he was before his
time and was laughed at by the rest
OF the trade.
However the success OF the Rover
started the Safety first movement
IN earnest, and in 1885 the Humber,
Antelope, Pioneer and several other
satetles made their appearance.
These machines differed from the
Rover in frame design and in having
very small front wheels, giving Pc
culiar and awkward steering. The
Rover frame Of 1885 showed the be-
ginning OF the diamond frame idea;
this was known as the open or un-
braced frame.
The prevailing model Of 1887 con-
sisted OF simple crossframe as IL
lustrated Small stay rods various
ly placed were in general use on this
type OF frame. A later variation
was the semi-diamond. a combina-
tion of the cross and diamond frame
as shown in the Rover Of 1888
American makers did not take 10
The development of the Safety until
1887, when the Victor with lis
famous spring fork was produced.
This machine was of the cross
frame variety, but was very soon re-
placed by the curved tube. open
diamond type. All early makers. it
seems were very partial to curves.
@The diamond frame now began TO
assume definite form. At first nearly
q true diamond In shape, the upper
and lower tubes came nearly to-
gather atthe head, aud there was no
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1919-05-07

kNohtihued iipW page thfeel
Pass equally 10 Japan.
section six. In order to render posi-.
Bile the initiation Of a general limita.
iion Of the armament Of all nations.
Germany undertakes directly to observe
the military, naval and air clauses
which follow. The rehabilitation of
the German army must take place with,
in two months Of the peace Its strength
may not exceed one hundred thousand,
including 1000 officers, with not over
seven divisions of infantry aud three Of
cavalTy, and to be devoted exclusively
10 maintenance of Internal order and
control of frontiers. Divisions may not
be grouped under more than two army
corps headquarters staffs. The great
German general staff Is abolished.
Munitions Plants Closed.
Armaments. All establishments for
the manufacturing, prcrsra;ion, storage
Or design Of arms aud munitions of war,
except those specifically excepted, must
be closed within three months On the
peace and their personnel dismissed.
Conscription is abolished in Germany.
The enlisted personnel must be main
tanned By voluntary enlistments for
terms Of 70 consecutive years.
No military schools except those sbso.
lutely indispensable for the units al
lowed shall exist in Germany two
months after the peace. All fortified
works, fortrcsses, and field works stu.
ated In German territory within zone
fifty kilometers east Of the Rhine win
be- dismantlcd within three months. The
construction of any new Notifications
there is forbidde. The fortified works
on che southern aHd eastern frontiers,
however, may remain.
Two Months to DemobiIiHe.
The German navy must be demobi-
lized within O period of two months aft.
er the peace. She will be allowed six
small battleshps, six light cruisers, ~
destroyers IL torpedo boats and no sub.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1919-05-07


inches Id length, and gears much
lower, ranging from 54 to 90 inches.
The wheels were mostly 80 inches in
diameter, with n or u inch solid
tires, while the weight ranged from
40 to 90 pounds, though racing ma
chimes were scaled down to rs or
even lS pounds,
The riders Of tho Safety soon
found that there was considerable
vibration present In riding over even
fairly good roads. On the old high
Ordinary this vibration was not so
noticeable. as the large wheel not
only rolled more easily over the in
equalities in the road but the nature
of its construction gave It a certain
amount of spring, which absorbed
much OF the road shock before it
reached the rider. Bat when he de-
scended to the low Safety he found
that vibration became uncomfortably
noticeable, This led TO the intro
duction Of numerous varieties of
spring frames, spring forks and even
spring wheels.
After 1890 when The pneumatic
tire came into universal use gem
.eral readjustment Of frame design
took place Lighter tubing and bet
ter methods Of connecting the vari-
Gus frame parts together came in.
The crank hanger became an inte-
gral part Of the frame; heretofore il
had been a separate part which |
was bolted on TO the frame so as 10
swing or slide forward or back in
order to adjust the chain. The
Humber machine was probably the /
trst to come out with the long wheel !
base, straight tube diamond frame !
as we know il to-day. n
A backward glance through the /
advertising pages Of trade papers Of |
1877 shows that there was still a /
vide diversity in frame design, I
though all were Of the diamond type. I
The Century Columbia had two par
allel top tubes running from the rear |
axle with bend at the seat post
to the head; the rest Of the frame
was the regular short wheel-bassl
diamond. The Victor frame was a
double diamond composed of small
tubes with the exception Of the top
tube which was single, or larger di-
The front sprocket was in
SIDE OF the double frame with out
side bearings, which was the best
feature of this machine. It also re-
tanned the Victor spring fork The
Rambler had a compact diamond
spring frame with a small front
wheel; These were the leading
American machines Of that period.
From 1893 onward the makers
settled Down to the Humber type
diamond frame, which was very SIM
liar to the modern design except
mat the top tube sloped upward TO
a long head American makers soon
altered this detail and by 1905 the
diamond frame may be said TO have
reached its final form g
During the bicycle boom Of the
middle 90s the machine became
greatly improved and refined In
every detail The frame was made
lighter. yet stronger, the strains and
stresses 10 which it was subjected
were determined by tests conducted
by engineers and scientists-u1anv
Of the big makers maintained iabora-
tories for testing and improvinol
every part Of the bicycle-and n
faults accordingly corrected.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1919-05-07
ENEMY STRIPPED

marines either military or commercial,
with personnel of fifteen thousand
men, including officers and no resrve
force Of any character. Conseription
is abolished. All German vessels of war
in foreign ports and inc us,niun nigh
sea fleet interned at Scapa Flow will
be surrendered, the final disposition OF
the ships to be decided upon by the
allied and associated powers. Germany
must surrender AZ modern cestroyers,
so modern topedo boats and all sub
marines. All war vessels under con.
struetiOn must be broken up. Replace
ments Of ships, except those lost, can
take place only at the end of twenty
years for battleships and fifteen years
for destroyers. The largest armored
ship Germany will be permitted will be
ten thousand tons. All German fortifi
cations in the Baltic defending the pas.
sages through the Belts must be de.
Germany will be allowed TO repair
German submarine cables which have
been cut, Fourteen cables are speeif-
ed which will not be restored to Ger
many,
Armament Restricted
The armed forces Of Germany must
not include any military or naval air
forces except for not ovcv 5ne hundred
unarmed seaplanes to be retained till
October | to search for submarine
mines, No drigible shall be kept. No
grounds or dlriglhie sheds are
to be allowed within one hundred and
fifty kilometers of the Rhine or the
eastern or southern frontiers. The man.
of aircraft and parts Of air.
craft is forbidden for six months
The repatriation Of German prisoners
snd interned civilians is to be carried
lut without delay and at Germany's ex.
pense by commission composed Of rep.
'esentatives Of the allies and Germany.
"The allied and associated powers
lpbliely arraign William II Of Hohen
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1919-05-07

private enemy property seized or dam
aged by her, the amount of damages
to be fixed by the mixed arbitration
board. The allied and associated states
may liquidate German private property
within their territories as eompensa.
tion for property of their nationals not
restored or paid for DIV GermanY.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1919-05-07

Section nine. The allied and associ.
ated powers agree that the properties
of religious missions and territories be-
longing or ceded to them shall contin-
uc in their work under the control Of
the powers, Germany renouncing all
claims.
Section ten. Aircraft of the allied
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1919-05-07

in 1914. Germany must give most fav-
ored nation treatment to the allied and
associated powers. Germany under
takes to give the trade of the allied
and associated governments adequate
safeguards against unfair competition
Must pay Damages
Germany shall restore or nav for All
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1919-05-07

and associated powers shall have full
liberty of passage and landing over
and in German territory.
Section eleven. Germany must grant
freedom of transit through her terri
tories by mail or water TO persons,
goods, ships, carriages and mails from
Confined on page sevenl
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1919-05-07

and the old hinged head gave way
to the long ball-bearing socket head
as now used. Up TO 1890 the near
est approach to the modern diamond
frame was that made by Humber &
Co.
White Pine news weekly mining review. [volume] (East Ely, Nev.) 1910-1920, 1919-03-16
State News and Happenings of General Interest
TONOPAH a GOLDFIELD ROAD
MUST RESUME SUNDAY TRAINS

Sunday service must be resumed On
the Tonopah & Goldfield railroad on
or before March II, under an order
issued by the state railroad commits
sion. The daily passenger service
must also include sleeping car ser
vice between Nina and Tonopah and
Goldfield. Incidentally the state
railroad commission in its opinion,
which is written by Commissioner
Shaughnessy and concurred in by
Commissioners Simmons declared that
the policy of the federal government
In forcing mail contracts on the rail-
roads at a price that is less than the
cost of handling the mail is wrong
in principle and is a detriment to
railroad service.
The order and opinion of the rail-
road commission were made follow
ing a hearing of a complaint brought
by the Nye county taxpayers assoei-
alton against the railroad company
and the opinion goes into consider
able detail, pointing out how the
Tonopah and Goldfeld Railroad COM
pany is one of the few in the country
that has not shown a deficit in any
year since Il was built.
Sunday service on this road was
eliminated on August IS, 1918, dur
ing a time when the company was at.
tempting to nse fuel and to
effect a war emergency economy for
the road.
In its findings the railroad commits
sion points out that the mining de-
yelopments in the Divide district near
Tonopah are rapidly assuming boom
proportions and that the conditions
from a passenger transportation
standpoint are very different now
from what they were during the sum-
mer of 1918.
The commission took the opportu-
nifty in its opinion to flay the federal
government for it's 'niggardly" treat
ment of railroads and other common
carriers in the matter of handling
mail.lGazette.
White Pine news weekly mining review. [volume] (East Ely, Nev.) 1910-1920, 1919-03-16
THE ROOSTER.

The booster rose at the break of
day and Jared him forth on his cheer
full way. He hummed a r%ollicking
ragtime song and smiled a smile as he
strobe along, and his heart was gay
and his life was bright; for the world
to him was a thing of light. The
glooms were banished where'er he
went, the joys came skipping in
sweet content and followed the boost
er up and down as he walked the
streets of the good old town; for he
brought good cheer and he brought
good news and folks looked up and
forgot their blues. 1 honor the
booster and all his clan; | like his
faith in his fellowman; | would
rather boost on the road of life than
TO prophesys clouds and storm and
strife. would rather struggle and
push and hope than TO fill myself with
the knockers dope: for though l
frequently miss my guess, | believe
that 1t pays to think success. The
mar who lives on a panic's verge.
who talks of failure with doleful
dirge, who swings his hammer at
every chance, is a dead cold weight
10 the worlds advance. Here's to
the man who can say "Godspeed";
who pushes and lifts with word and
deed, who sees some good in the
worlds great plan-the jubilant, Joy
Gus, booster man.-Clem Bradshaw.
White Pine news weekly mining review. [volume] (East Ely, Nev.) 1910-1920, 1919-03-16
LANDER COUNTY HAS
A WOMAN SHERIFF

The Battle Mountain Scout says:
County Commissioner AID Altenburs
returned from Austin Thursday,
where he had been on official busi-
ness. The death OF Sheriff George
e. Crowell created a vacancy In the
Office. Only one application for the
position was presented, that of Mrs.
Geo. e. Crowell, whose appointment
was made unanimous.
This county Is unique In Its APP
pointment of a woman as sheriff. In
Nye county a woman held for years
the position OF probation officer with
a credit allotted TO but few men. Be-
ing a woman does not in any way in
terfere with the performance of duty,
and there is no doubt in the minds of
the people but that duty Will be the
watchword of Mrs. Crowell.
The new official will retain as her
deputy Thomas White. who has scrv-
ed as deputy under three sherifs and
who is familiar with every detail of
the Office.
White Pine news weekly mining review. [volume] (East Ely, Nev.) 1910-1920, 1919-03-16
PAY DAY SHOWS BIG
IMPROVEMENT AT TONOpAH

This is the first pay day in three
years where the results have shown
any material improvement and the
increase in the pay checks was of a
very substantial character. represent
ing the addition of 200 new wage
earners to the district, says a Tono-
pah dispatch to the Reno Gazette.
This growth has come through the
development of the Divide district
where yer thirty companies T en-
gagged in the primary work of prep
aration for the heavier work that is
to come. The gain in the number of
employees Is distributed through wide
channels as IL involves all classes of
labor. from the mucker engaged in
unloading Ear and swapping on
teams of trailer wagons TO high class
shaft men whose compensation runs
from 5000 to 800 or twice that
amount when contract work is taken.
Many of the companies prefer the
contract form, as IL serves to speed
up the job and at the same time pays
the men better than If they were
working for the regular per diem.
Bankers estimate the increase in
the payroll at $4,000 for the month.
The monthly disbursement of mining
companies for machinery and sup
plies will strike a higher pro rata
owing to the fact that most of the
prospects are now at the stage when
they are buying heavily and freely of
the most expensive equipment.
White Pine news weekly mining review. [volume] (East Ely, Nev.) 1910-1920, 1919-03-16
PASSENGER DIES ON
TRAIN NEAR HAZEN

Ralph o. Durrell, chief buyer of a
Los Angeles store, died on s. p. pas
senger train No. 2 nea Hazen Satur-
day night. Durrell and two other
buyers for the store, e. A. Redfern
and Miss A. NJ. Perdue, YER on their
way east. Durrell retired early Sat
urday night and when Redfern went
to the stateroom about 10 o'clock he
heard his companion gasping for
breath. Efforts to awaken Durrell
were made but he was In a dying con-
dition and passed away without re-
gaining consciousness. Heart dis
ease is believed to have been the
cause of death, as his companions
said he had been for years a sufferer
from that complaint.
Deceased was a native of Boston,
years OF age. His home was at
Balboa Beach, Cal, and he leaves a
wife and three children.
White Pine news weekly mining review. [volume] (East Ely, Nev.) 1910-1920, 1919-03-16
DECISION Is BROAD IN
NEAR BEER PROCEEDING

Just how broad the effect of the
state supreme court decision in the
near beer ease will be has not yet
been clearly determined by attorneys
who appeared in the proceedings, but
there seems to be a .unanimity OF
opinion that the popular beverage
known as matted milk used by the
thousands of mothers to feed their
babies, will be placed under the ban.
There is also a strong belief that the
manufacture of tea, for sale in res
taurants and cafes, will be prohibited
under a strict Interpretation of the
act because 1t comes within the gen.
eral term of "brewed drink"
Whether or not a petition for a re-
hearing will be filed has not yet been
determined. Attorney James T.
Boyd. who represents the Reno Brew
ing company, said that he would be
unable to determine whether or not
a %rehearing will be asked for till he
has examined the opinion more close
ly.
Under the decision of the court
the element of intoxication does not
enter into the case at all. The decis-
ion vas based on that section Of the
act which says that all malt or
brewed drinks, whether Intoxicating
or not, shall be deemed malt liquros
within the meaning of this act"
Another section of the opinion
holds that the act will include ANY
mixture, including malt, that will
generate alcohol"
In concluding his opinion Justice
Ducker said:
"A consolidation of the entire act
and its scope and purposes c~onvinces
us that the term Intoxicating liq-
uors,' as used In section fourteen, is
to be taken as used interchangeably
with the word liquors in section
une."
White Pine news weekly mining review. [volume] (East Ely, Nev.) 1910-1920, 1919-03-16
TOOK THE NURSES
no SMUGGLE BOOZE

A story reached here yesterday
city made a wager that they could
bring liquor into the state without be-
ing detected by the officers. They
went to Truckee, enjoyed the day at
the ice carnival and shortly before
the time arrived to take the train for
home n of the young ladies was
taken i'll. She was carried to the
train on a stretcher and hot water
bags were used to keep her warm,
because it is cold. very cold. at
Truckee.
The party returned to Reno and
won the wager, because several of the
hot water bottles were filled with
liquor, and 1t later developed that
the little nurse only feigned illness
in order to utilize the hot water bot
ties for a a p~rearranged plan and the
consequent winning of the wager.
what became of the liquor? Why,
those sweet and demure little nurses
dumped 1t into the Truckee river as
soon as the. wager had been paid, and
after a prominent physician of the
riverside city had decided the bet by
sampling what was brought from
Truckee in a hot water bottle.
This article was not stolen from the
Reno papers. but is a scoop on
those wide-awake journals.-Record-
Courier.
White Pine news weekly mining review. [volume] (East Ely, Nev.) 1910-1920, 1919-03-16
HEAVY REWARD OFFERED
FOR INDIAN MURDERER
STATE OF NEVADA,
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
A PROCLAMATION
BY THE GOVERNOR

Whereas, In the month of January
of this year William Taylor and e.
T. Hancock, prospectors, were slain
by a person or persons unknown, and
later within the same month Mrs.
Maude Douglass was slain similarly
and the scene of both occurrences Is
in a remote part of Clark County
adjacent to the borders OF Utah and
Arizona; and
Whereas, II is generally believed
that the perpetrator of these crimes
is n Queho. an Indian OF desperate
character and cunning in eluding cap
ture;
Now, therefore. I. Emmett ID. Boyle,
Governor of the State Of Nevada, by
virtue Of the authority in me vested,
do offer and proclaim In the name of
the State of Nevada.
A REWARD OF $4,000
for the arrest, wherever found, and
conviction or the killing II resisting
arrest, of any person who committed
any Of the ho.micides mentioned; pro-
vided. that the entire sum shall he
paid to the person or persons first to
comply with this offer; and further
provided, that no more than two
thousand dollars shall be paid out
I'm reward money. No paid officer Oh
members of the Nevada State Police
shall be entitled to n reward, and
the reward money shall be paid to the
person or persons entitled or into
the estate thereof directly, and not to
any other person or persons. whether
by way of assignment or otherwise.
Given under my hand and the
Great Seal of the State of Nevada, at
The Capitol. in Carson City. this 7th
day OF March, In the year of our Lord
one thousand nine hundred and nino-
teen.
EMMETT D. BOYLE,
BY the Governor Governor.
GEORGE BRODIGAN,
Secretary OF State.
White Pine news weekly mining review. [volume] (East Ely, Nev.) 1910-1920, 1919-03-16
% RIFLE CLUBS HAVE
BEEN STARTED IN STATE

Twenty-eight rifle clubs, with 100
members, have been organized in Ne
vada and in nearly every instance
have started active work in prapara-
ton for sending a team to the state
contest, which will be held some time
during the summer.
The clubs organized include civ
ilian clubs, high school clubs and a
few grammar school clubs. Lovelock
has three clubs, Winnemucca two,
Elko one in the high school, Gardner
Vile one in the high school, Carson
City two, Reno one club of 10 men,
bers, Ely two and the following one
each Manhattan, Las Vegas. Over
ton, st. Thomas. Phoebe, Deeth, Gold
field, Ruth, Verdi, Schurz, Stewart,
Austin. Battle Mountain, Tungsten
and Wells.
The directors of the Reno club met
and announced the rifle range will
be selected Sunday. Two sites are
now being considered, n north of
the reservoir and the other about
FIVE miles from Reno or the road to
Pyramid. The guns and ammunition
for the club are here and when the
range is selected and put in condi-
tion shooting will start.
Soldiers and sailors will be admit
ted to the club for 81 initiation fee
and 81 a year dues.-Gazette.
White Pine news weekly mining review. [volume] (East Ely, Nev.) 1910-1920, 1919-03-16
Good Reading for Sunday
In Our Town

We all gave up something during
Lent. Bill Bienart says he gave ND
guessing what fool thing his wife is
going to do next.
Professor Fisher says a new nut
has been discovered. Bill Bienart
wonders which one of his wife's re-
cations has turned up now.
Mrs. Gotto Gosome has been house.
cleaning all week. She busted the
Bible, retrimmed an old hat, and had
the piano tuned. She is just simply
tired to death.
Bill Splidgins left the earth last
night. He also left nine children,
eleven dogs, a sickly wife, a gallon of
whisky, a shot gun, a box of shells,
a case knife, a plug of tobacco. Is
cents in change and a Bible as good
as new.
White Pine news weekly mining review. [volume] (East Ely, Nev.) 1910-1920, 1919-03-16
A Prosperous Business.

The wears appeal had been an elo-
quent one, and had even penetrated
the depths of Mr.. Blackleigh's gran
lite organ. The latter came forward
and offered $3.50 for the fund.
The worthy cleric was overjoyed.
II don't know your name. sir" he
cried; but I thank you from the bot
tom of my heart. thank you. May
your business prosper sir"
Then there was a solemn hush, and
the committee looked askance at
their vicar.
What's the matter?" whispered
the clergyman, turning to the chair
man.
"Well-er-that donor is an an
dertaker!"-Pittsburg Sun.