davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-19

nant under Point IS It shall ipse fucto be-
come at war with ali the other members o.
the league, which shall subject it TO a com
plete economic and financial boycott includ-
ing the severance Of all trade and financial
relations and prohibition of all intercourse
between the subjects Of the nations con-
prisng the league and the subjects Of she
COMMUNICATING state, and prevention as
far as possible Of the subjects OF the cove
nant-breaking state from having any com
mercial financial intercourse with the
subjects of any other state, whether mer1-
Der Of the league or not. While all mem
bers Of the league are obliged to take the
above measures, it shall be left to the coun-
Gil to decide what effective naval or military
force the members shall contribute and
whether it IS advisable TO absolve smaller
members of the league from making sucn
contribution. The covenant breaking stat
shall after restoration of peace be subje,.
to perpetual disarmament and 81 the peace
full regime established for new states under
Point s."
Differing from all the others, Lord
Robert Cecil pronounced positively
against the use of force. He said:
"Quarrels are to remain under considera-
ton for a specified time, and further time
IS TO elapse after decision has been
reached before the contending countries
shall be allowed to go to war Moral force
however, is to be the ultimate factor en-
ployed to prevent war"
In amplitcation, Lord Robert asserted
that an international army and navy
were not feasible at this time. Nations,
ne said, were not ready to surrender
their sovereignty to league of nations
to the extent that they would be willing
to allow league to dictate whether thev
should employ their forces in the ses-
ting of quarrel which the tribunal had
been unable to prevent by moral sua-
sion.
Lord Robert said he believed. how
ever, that each nation should bind il
self to use all means, even force, in or
der to compel the dispute to be brought
before the leagues tribunal:
The preservation of peace would be the
normal instead of the special function Of
the league. In case Of quarrel the league
could only express an opinion, because an
international army is not feasible for set
ting disputes. The power behind the league
would not be police control, but the weight
Of public opinion. Public opinion, however
would be sufficient to insure at least that
any future war would be reduced to single
disputes; that IS, there would never be an
other war like the present one"
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-19
Who'll be served first?
The Tossische Zeitung

the governments of the constituent states
for the purpose Of joint international ac-
ton in certain defined respects and will
not derogate from the independence Of those
states 1t VIII consist of a general con-
ference, council. and courts Of arbitra-
ton and Cancellation.
I'll The general conference in which
all the constituent states will have equal
voting power and will meet periodically to
discuss matters submitted to it by the coun-
Gil. These matters will be generally meas
ures Of international law or arrangements
general proposals for the limitations Of
ornaments Of securing world peace or
any other general resolutions the discus
sion Of which by the conference is desired
by the council before they are forwarded
for approval to the constituent govern
ments. Any resolution passed by the con-
ference viii have the effect Of recommen-
dations to the national governments or
parlaments'
~ The council viii be the executive
committee Of the league and VIII consist
Of the Prime Ministers or Foreign Score
taries or other authoritative representa-
tives Of the great powers, together with
representatives drawn in rotation from
two panels Of the middle powers and minor
states respectively in such d way that the
great powers shall have a bare majority
minority Of three or more can veto any
action or resolution in council
"13. The council will meet periodically.
and viii, in addition, hold annual meetings
Of the Prime Ministers or Foreign Score
tur5aa 20 vanaruf tr,oroh.r,<o - ,.;...,.. -;
for review Of the general policies Of the
league. It VIII appoint permanent sec
rctarat and staff, and will appoint Joint
committees FOR the study and coordinatiou
Of international questions with which the
council deals or questions likely to lead to
international disputes II will also take
the necessary steps for keeping up proper
liaison not only with the foreign Offices Of
The constituent governments, but also with
the nandataries acting in behalf Of the
league in various parts Of the world
al. rs function VIII he to take execu-
tive action or control in regard TO tho
matters get forth in the first nine points
and formulate for the approval Of the gov
ernments the general measures Of interna-
tional Law or arrangements for limitntion
Of armaments or promotion of world
peace"
The first nine points in the SHUTS
plan over which the league Of nations is
TO have control are as follow:
~. That ia the vast multiplicity Of ter
ritorial, economic ana other problems with
which the peace conference wil nnd 10
self confronted it should' look upon setting
up lenRue Of nations as jts primary basic
task and NJ supplying necessary orgnn
by which most u those problems can find
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-19
An Armed Force
FOreseen

In the plan of ". Bourgeois he fore
sees an international armed force. He
said III his second interview:
"The conference would look into the rights
Of each nation and would consider what
should be done to a state resisting the de-
cisions OF the league. 1t would also take
measures concerning any state not belong
ing to the league and which caused trouble
by violence The project foresees. in order
to compel the submission of such q state
or states. the constitution of an armed force
exercising international control and the es-
adjustment of diplomatic, juridical and
economic measures tending to isolate the
rebeIlious state and compelling it to depend
upon its own resources
Force was also ehvisaged in the Bryce
plan, which said.
"3 To take concerted action. economic
and forcibe, against any signatory power
that should act IN violation of the preceding
condition.
a. To take similar action against any
ignatory power that should declare
or begin hostilities or hostile prepara-
tons against a signatory power without
first submitting the dispute to peaceable
settlement by the method Indicated
"Coerciye action by the members of the
union would be a treaty obligation only in
the case where a state had resorted TO
force before submitting the dispute to
peaceable settlement. For the purpose OF
such action it is not proposed to abolish
national ornaments and substitute force
under international control The forro o,,
poyed should be the nntionti forces Of the
members Of the union. international dis
putcs which diplomacy has failed to adjust
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-19

forces beyond the standard laid down by
the league for purposes of internal police.
90. That no state arising from the Old
empires shall be recognized or admitted
into the league unless on condition that its
military forces and ornaments shall con
form to the standard laid down by the
league in respect TO it from time to time
"9. That a. successor to empires the
league OF nations Will directly, and with
out power Of delegation. watch over the
relations inter Sc Of new independent
states arising from the breakup of those
empires, and viii regard as a very special
task The duty OF concilating and compos-
ing differences among them with view
to the maintenance of good order and gen
eral peace
AS to the machinery of league of
nations, Lord Robert said there should
be an international secretariat operat-
ing permanently to carry on the routine
business between meetings of the main
international tribunal. The main trjbu-
nal would meet periodically, perhaps
every month or six weeks, TO handle mat
ters Of moment.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-19
u len VIII the Lea0ue
BE E0rn7ed2

he plan Of General SHUTS appar-
entity foresees the league Of nations a.
part Of the peace treaty, for it pro
vides-
That the peace treaty shall provide
thar the members Of the league shall bind
themselves jointly and severaIly no. to 20
70 war etc
". Bourgeois, on the other hand OK
poets TIE league to be formed after the
treaty has been signed. He said.
The third part Of the scheme IS .sa.
Immediately after the peace treaty. IN.
versal conference should be called. A.
TINS conference the Allies would make know
5he obligations which they had entered int.
as regards themselves and would call upon
those nations anxious 20 join the league
Of nations 70 observe the same rules
DO not conclude that it would DO an
easy matter for any nation to join the
ieague-that all that would be necessary
would be to assent to the Obligations inn
posed great deal more than assent will
De necessary The guarantee prese nted bv
each state would be most carefully incurred
INTO by the conference, and very naturally
IN the case Of Germany. would be strictly
verified" 'N''''
NJ. Bourgeois took up the question of
Germany as follows:
The second part of our scheme IS that
the Allies having completed this work.
should approach Germany. but not for tho
purpose Of asking her to enter the leapue
OF nations at the outset. That cannot hs
on'u Germany has made full reparation
and has. N fact, submittOc> to the neres,arr
'a"st'sement which justice smposes ~hs
All'es would Simply Indicate the coDdit;nns
OF peace formulated and decided unon :,
the peace congrssS.p -
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-19
Views on
Disarmament

Only N. Bourgeois and General SHUTS
declared definitely on the question Of
disarmament. NJ Bourgeois confined
himself to saying limitation Of arma-
ment should be included in the peace
treaty General SHUTS detailed his
views as follows
20. That all the states represented la
the peace conference shall agree 70 the abo
lition Of conscription or comDulsorv mil
tary service and their future defence forces
shall consist Of militia or volunteers whose
numbers and training shall after expert in-
quiry DE fixed by the council Of the league.
10 That while the limitation Of srrna-
ments in a general sense is impracticaDle.
the council Of the league snail determine
What direct military equipment and arma-
ment IS far and reasonable IN respect o.
the scale Of forces laid down under Point
-, and that the limits fixed by The coancii
shall not be exceeded without its permis
sion
~. All factories for the production O.
direct weapons of war shall be national lied
and their production shall be subject .a
inspection by officers Of the council. and
thar council shall be furnished periodically
with returns Of the imports and exnor,
Of munitions Of war into or from the ter,
tories Of members and az Tar as possible
INTO or rom other countries
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-19

their only solution Indeed the confer
ence should look upon itself as the first or
preliminary meeting of the league intend
ed to work out It's organization, functions
and programme
- That In so far at any rate, as the
peoples and territories formerly belonging
to Russia, Austra-Huneary and Turkey
are concerned, the league should be con
sldered as rcversionary in the most gen
eral sense and as clothed with the right
Of ultimate disposal in accordance with
certain Fundamental princip pies. The rover
sion to the league Of nations should be
substituted for any policy Of national an
nexation
80 These principles are that there shall
be no annexation Of any Of these terri
tories to any Of the victorious states. md
that in the future government of these
territories and peoples the rule of self
determination consent Of the governed
to their form of government shall be fairly
and reasonably applied
a That any authority. control or adj
ministration which may be necessary in
respect to these territories and peoples
other than their self-determned auton-
omy shall be the exclusive function of
and shall be vested in the league Of ma
lions and exercised by or on behalf of it,
"5. That it shall be lawful for the
league Of nations to delegate its authority,
control or administration, IL respect of
any people or territory to some other state
whom it may appoint as its agent or man
datary, but wherever possible the agent or
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-19
Germany: When may I come in >"
London Opinion.

would be referred either to insiciaf ,roco.s
or to cancellation. Thus Two c1.lso. -
disputes are recoenjzed and +,.o
Of adjustment:
ne ,-rs' class OF disputes are called
1US'ic'i0ig. s4cn disputes are 70 be re
-el'e0 20 ! ne hague Court. as it now is, or
nay III lD~e.e De constituted, or TO some
0'As' ar''''"' court
The other class OF disputes being. 81
course, the class most likely to lead to war
comprising those which are nor jus-iciable;
such as, for instance, those winch arise out
Of the general economic and political rivalry
OF states, or, it may be, from the discomfort
q narionalities within state whore such
discomfort commands the sympathy Of
kindred people
For the settlement Of such disputes >
Judicial tribunal is not the best authority
1t IS proposed, therefore. to institute for
this purpose q new international BODY
called the council Of Cancellation.
The members Of the co,,ro;, would -
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-19
Future Declarations
OF War

The Bryce plan was DIT more definite
in including a provision concerning dec
larations of war. 1t said;
The states included in the union viii
bind themselves by treaty:
a. To refer ali disputes that might arise
between them, if diplomatic methods of
adjustment had failed, either to an arbitral
tribunal for judicial decision or to council
of Cancellation for investig CATION and report.
80. Not to declare war or begin hostil-
lies or hostile preparations until the tri-
bunal had decided or the council had re-
ported
N. Leon Bourgeois developed his ideas
IN interviews with newspaper GORE
spondents. In an interview with the
Paris correspondent Of The London
Daily Telegraph" he said:
The common scheme we have in mind
is divided into three parts. The first part
is that the Allies should first OF all form
society Of nations among themselves fix
ing the conditions and fundamental rules
and taking solemn engagement TO observe
them. Compulsory arbitration and limita-
ton OF ornaments would Of course be two
o. the main features Of rne league Of ma
Sons entered into by re Allies. and the
obligations entered into would be inserted
IN the peace treaty"
In later interview NJ Bourgeois
sad, outlining the plan:
First, the issuance, before the beginning
O. peace negotiations, of a solemn declara-
Ton By she Allies fixing the fundamental
rules OF Inc organization Of league Of ma
Mons With the assurance Of the Immediate
observance Of he rules among themselves.
second, me peace treaty shall contain
'ae obligation Of compulsory arbitration
ana limitation Of arnaments"
Lord Robert Cecil also outlined his
pan IN newspaper interview He first
0ehned league Of nations as
An improved association Of nations pro-
sd'ng safeguards for peace and the secur-
ing q bette international co6peration'
He then proceeded definitely 70 the
question Of arbitration with the follow
Ing proposal:
All agreements among nations by which
,@en nation binds itself TO see that all war
.'~s diaputes are presented 10 the leagues
,''01na' for consideration, and the use Of
~''ce 20 accomplish this, IL necessarily
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-19
To Enforce the
Leagues Decisions

The next question that arises is IS to
how the decisions of the league arc to
be enforced The League to Enforce
Peace provided
3. The signatory powers shall jointly
use forthwith both their economic and
military forces against any of their
number that goes to war, or commits nets
of hostility, against another of the sigma
tories before any question arising shall be
submitted provided in the foregoing
Paragraphs and 2 already given.
The executive committee of the league
authorized the following Interpretation
of Article Three.
"1he sgnatory powers shall jointly use
forthwith their economic forces against
any OF t.e'r number that refuses TO submit
any q.esticu whish arises to an interna-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-19
greed! Now, How Is This League To Be Run?

~ABLE dispatches report that
more than forty plans for
league of nations have been
submitted to the American del
egation at the peace congress
at Paris Of these forty plans five have
emerged in a more or less distinct and
coherent form to the view of the world
Tbsv are the plan of General Jan
Christian SHUTS, of South Africa, and
member of the British War Cabinet;
that of Lord Robert Cecil, formerly Min
;s+er of Blockade in the English govern
ment; that of Leon Bourgeois, president
Of the French Association for Society
Of Nations; that of the League to En-
force Peace. of which Ex-President Taft
j. the head, and the plan of Lord Bryce,
prepared as long ago as 1915.
All the plans are, necessarily, founded
On some kind of an arbitration scheme,
Init there is wide difference in the clear
ness with which the scheme has been
worked out The League to Enforce
Peace laid down two principles govern
ing arbitration:
First: All justiciable questions arising
between the signatory powers not settled
by negotiation shall, subject to the limita-
tons Of treaties, be submitted to judicial
tribunal for hearing and judgment. both up
on merits and upon any issue as to its
jurisdiction OF the question.
Second: All other questions arising be
tween the signatories, and not settled by
negotiation, shall be submitted to a coun-
Gil of cancellation for hearing, consideration
and recommendation.
Fourth: Conferences between the sig
natory powers shall be held from time to
time to formulate and codify rules of in
ternational law. which. unless some sigma
tory power shall signify its dissent within
stated period shall thereafter govern in
the decisions Of the judicial tribunal men,
toned in Article One"
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-19

rional Judicial tribunal or council of con
ciliation before threatening war They shall
follow This by the Joint use OF their mill
tary forces against that nation il it actual
y proceeds TO make war or invades an
others territory without first submitting,
or Offering to submit, its grievance to the
court or council aforesaid and awaiting its
conclusion"
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-01-19
A Breach the
Same as War

General Smuts's plan provides for the
use Of force in the following terms:
"ls The peace treaty shall provide that
if any member of the league breaks its cove
The daily progressive-miner., 1919-03-08
POSITIVELY UNFAIR

At the last meeting of the Council, resolution was adopted whereby the voters. at the coming municipal election will be privileged to say by their votes whether the city should improve its waterfront property by the construction at public expense. of substantial dock and appurtenances
 Despite the necessity for the improvement, there crops the question as to whether the city can afford at this time to go to the expense. It must be admitted that the cost of the improve ment will amount to considerable. The repairs to our streets that must be done every year, cost like everything. and the only way 10 save that yearly expense is to grade and fill them with rocks Can the city afford the expense at this time? We need public school above all else. Can we afford the expense of al these improve ments? Conclusively not. At least not all of them this year. Why not then. begin with the most needed improvement and keep on year after year until we have them aHe
 Now. coming back to that resolution adopted by the council, we desire to make a suggestion. It is this: Since the expense Of the improvement mentioned in the resolution must be born hy the taxpayers they alone should be allowed 10 vote on the proposition. If every voter is allowed to vote and the improvement carries. which it is said will prove benefit to the city. everybody will be benefited, yet only one portion of the in- habitants will be made to pay the eost. This does not seem fair to Us; and # isn't. There are many in ketchikan who will use the dock who are not taxpayers, and may never pay red penny toward it's construction, but are given the priyi- lege to say to the taxpayers that they must pay more for their convenience Can you beat it Yet that is just what it amounts to. From that we think that the suggestion above would be fair. What do you think Mir. Taxpayer?
The daily progressive-miner., 1919-03-08
As OTHER NATIONS SEE Us

President Wilson's speech at Boston depicts the United States in the light in which other nations regard it-as their best hope of just and enduring peace-and it shows league of nations as the means by which we should attain that end. Even while they went on fighting, they saw no hope beyond until we came in; then they turned to us to make the victory worth winning. They trust Us because we fought for an ideal and because we are the one nation which has no part in their age-long quarels.
 Pride in our ideals and the trust which is pla- ced in us should prompt us to gratify this hope, but there is more practical motive, for our in- terests dictate the same policy as our ideals. If the allies had not continued the fight while we were still preparing and while mere trickle of American soldiers was crossing the Atlantic Germany would have been supreme in Europe and we should have had to continue the fight with that continents whole man power and re- sources against Us. While it is true that Ameri- ca supplied the additional men and materialneed- ed to overpower Germany and to save the allies, it is no less true that the fighting which they did when sinking to a sort of stubborn desperation" saved America if not from subjugation, then from war of which it is impossible to guess the length or the issue. We have incurred an obi- gation to the allies which cannot in honor ignore at this time.
 This experience has proved that America is knit to Europe by bonds which we cannot break. and that we have an interest in the peace of that continent which we dare not neglect and which we can safeguard either by entering league of nations or assuming a tremendous burden of ar nament If we should choose the second alterna- tive. we should be transformed from the chief champion of peace to the chief example of arm- ed in war-weary world. -Oregonian
The daily progressive-miner., 1919-03-08
ENTITLED TO A MEDAL

From all reports, the pecularity of our paciist Secretary of War Mir. Baker. the campaigners assert is that the more inclination a man showed to fight, the less consideration the Secretary
 showed him; and the more reluctance the stacker showed the more tact and consideration he was shown. The people had been under the inn pression that the war department had been esta- blished to organize an army to fight This they believed was being carried out until the cam paigners pulled the curtain up and let the people see. Apparently, the army fought hut did so against the Pacifist Secretary who should have led the army instead 4 medal is coming to him.
The daily progressive-miner., 1919-03-08
IMITATION

IS the sincerest form of flattery. that is why it pleases us to hear that other IaunGries claim to do work just like ours. 1t is tribute 10 the excellence Of our iaudering which we fully ap precIate But why not have the origi- nal? Send US your wasna DIes ana you won't nave to say they are as perfect as ours. The work will De ours and the real thing.