davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-05-11

plane, when every drop of gasolene
counts, and only this-not for the
beauty which results-that the shining
bits of aluminium are placed in differ
ent parts Of the machine.
Pure aluminium is too soft for the
strenuous life which airplane engines
lead, and for their parts it must be
blended with stronger metal. The case
which surrounds the engine, gathering
in the oil which is spilled from various
bearings, is made from alleged alumni
mum, for there is not enough strain
here to require tougher metal
Then we come to copper, mined in
Wisconsin, Montana or Arizona and
milled in Connecticut for the most
part. Like the irrigation bitches in
Western states which render worthless
land valuable, little copper tubes carry
cooling oil to every place Of friction
and possible bearing heating. SINH
lar tubes carry gasolene from the tanks
of many gallons to the carburetor.
More or less copper appears in the cleo
trical apparatus as we'll.
Tin is mixed with the copper and
it becomes bronze, which Is used in
different places about plane, but is
of most Importance as q support to
keep in shape the babhitt metal, lead
composition which surrounds the re-
volving crankshaft to take up the fric-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-05-11

This piece of wood is about seven
inches long. 1t is in a wonderful
state of preservation.
The Nail of the Passion was car
ried in procession by other bearers.
Religious souls who have joined in
prayers in Paris churches thousands
of miles away thought of the Pas
sion Of Our Lord in a different way
when they beheld these awful in
struments OF torture. The nail, six
inches long, capped with heavy iron
and shaped from a thickness of half
an inch to sharp, ugly point, was
given by Charlemagne and pre-
served until 1890 in the Cathedral
of st. Denis.
The silent, impressive group
escorting the relics passed down the
centre aisle, encircled the church
and returned to the main altar. Men
bowed or knelt. All felt they were
in the real presence on that day
of sacrifice when human souls were
redeemed.
Following benediction, the privi-
lege of kissing the sacred relics was
granted the American soldier guests.
Over five thousand men awaited
their turn to kneel at the altar and
press their lips against the crystal
easements containing the nail, the
crown and the wood, as they were
passed by the priest of Notre Dame.
After the veneration the treas
ury of Notre Dame was opened and
thousands of soldiers were permitted
to view the wonderful collection of
historic jewels, vestments and an
tiques presented by kings, popes
and monarchs Of the world. Their
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-05-11
acing the $4,000 Parts in Single Aeroplane
From Montana Copper to South
ern Cotton, the Plane Rep
resents America

serves to draw the fabric to a drum
head tightness and gives it resistance
by removing all possibility of the ter
rife air pressure getting between the
threads.
Friction with the air is also largely
eliminated as well, for this dope gives
wing surface CLASSY gloss when the
varnish, which is the last coating of the
finish, has been spread over it.
In the earlier days of planes their
manufacturers looked to Ireland for
old linen as q satisfactory fabric for
the wings of the great birds, but the
supply there did not equal the de-
mand even before the war. When Mars
increased that demand thousandfold
there was CONSERVATION over the fabric
situation, but ere long American cot
ton manufacturers in Connecticut,
Rhode Island and Eastern Massachu-
sets solved all their difficulties of
manufacture and at the same time
those of the aircraft makers in the
production of a cotton fabric for plane
wings which is, if anything, better
than the linen at first in use.
The first requirement of this cloth
is strength-to resist the tremendous
force of air in rapid motion; but it
must be light, almost to the vanishing
point, in order that the constant fight
against overweight disclose no odds
against the plane maker Many thou
sands of yards of this cotton cloth
came from New England looms during
the war, and they are still busy on it
in many places, for the airplane of
commerce is just around the corner.
Great armies of men were sent into
the Pacific Northwest to get the spruce
which is so we'll known as the basis of
the airplane, but glance at the COM
pleted plane gives no real disclosure
of the painstaking care with which
alrplane spruce is chosen. The struts
may look like just wood, but this wood
is the choicest pieces of huge trees
which have been growing in Oregon
and Washington for many generations,
carefully cured and seasoned and in
/ spected infinitely for the least flaw in
the grain. Only per cent of the lum-
Der cut from the big trees could be
used, and this had to be treated with
the utmost care, lest in the process of
curing the wood become warped.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-05-11

not adapted, and ash is the wood usu-
ally used. These ribs, called lon
gerons in aircraft terms, are the
centre Of the plane and carry the
heavy engine, pilot and passengers, and
all other load and stand the strain
of the wings. The same care as with
spruce is taken in the selection,
milling and drying of ash.
The fuselage is built about these
ribs and the length of the spars makes
reinforcement necessary, so that there
are numerous crosspieces running
through the skeleton.
The propeller requires the hardest
wood which goes into the completed
plane. 1t must cut the air at speed
fairly beyond human comprehension
and the air would mar or scratch
soft wood, which would throw the en-
CINE out of balance and destroy its
efficiency. Walnut or mahogany is
used for this purpose
The propeller is not solid piece,
but laminated composition of scores
of strips, each milled and prepared
with utmost care. It's blades must be
balanced to a nicely. else the engine
would be shaken by their uneven spin
ming and the pilot put to trouble to
fly the plane in a straight line. When
flying too near the ground pilots have
cut and scratched their propellers on
the tops of trees and have driven home
rather than alight, but never without
appreciable injury to the engine be
cause of the uneven resistance offered
in the spinning motion.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-05-11

eyes were dazzled by the manv
Jeweled easements given at different
times by nations as repositories for
the sacred relics exhibited through
out the service. They saw the mis-
sails of the mass used in the mar
rage ceremony of Napoleon III.
The magnificent easement to carry
the crown, paid for by the ladies of
Paris and designed by Violet le Due,
was shown to the Americans. The
collection includes the chalice of
Pope Plus VII, contributed to Notre
Dame by Napoleon I; coronation
robe and cushion on which the
crown rested when Napoleon / was
crowned in Notre Dame Cathedral:
crucifx of the thirteenth century
contributed by the Duke of Norfolk,
at one time owned by Thomas a
Beckett; the gold crosses of Pope
Plus TX, and a magnificent mon
STRANGE presented by Napoleon; the
chaiice used to administer holy
communion to Marie Antoinette
and Louis XVI. on the morning of
their execution in 1898; the mon
STRANGE given by. Louis XVIII to
Notre Dame Church, studded with
diamonds, rubies and emeralds. The
vestments worn by Popes and the
Bishop of Paris, and the great col
lection of canoes, bearing the por-
traits of 238 different Popes to the
time of Leo XIII. Every period of
French history is shown in the
drawers and compartments of the
Notre Dame treasury. Following
this view, thefsoldiers passed to the
rear of the cathedral and marched
about the structure.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-05-11
By Robert w. Egan
knights Of Columbus Secretary

When the executive officers of the
knights Of Columbus were informed
oy Canon A. Deloobe, the rector,
Ha' Notre Dame Cathedral vould be
eeeen oper any afternoon during
Ho'H Wcek to the Knights of Column
qua und their quests for a special
go mother opportunity vos
do service for soldiers. A
y innsediately made to dnvite
II the A. l.. f. An ener-
pattee Of arrangements
lcd 10 the task Of negotiat-
nY ~ The church authorities.
Aonsl9nor James N. Connolly, vicar-
gsasro1 10 the Catholic cl,nplain
epdops, United States army and
MY operscas jurisdiction, md to
communicate The fncts to the soidiers
efsyysoheye in Germany and France.
me yesult Of thu work is bert told
% me np1oended story. The event
~a3 tsnger IN the 9aemoyies Of all
1no T0rtdcirated in the scene an one
y the aotable achievememts by The
nnsgfts u Columbus during their
sfaD IN Turops.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-05-11
Fine Points
In Alloys

This means that the crankshaft Of
Liberty motor, for instance, must
receive from the piston the constant
ly repeated shocks of gasolene ex-
plosions to the number Of fully 5000
minute when the engine is running
wide open and must have wonderful
strength and resistance Ordinary
steel will not do for this. The
steel for crankshafts must have an
added rigidity and resistance to shock
and stress. Adding a small percentage
Of yanadium or nickel gives chrome
steel, which possesses the necessary
characteristics-an intense hardness
with high elastic limit.
Alloy steel is much used in the mod
ern plane, steel alleged with tungsten.
vanadium or nickel, as the case may be.
each to give a different element of
strength. Upon the mingling and tenn
pering of these refined minerals de-
ponds the efficiency of the airplane
engine. Every. flaw or possibility of
flaw must be removed or man could
not safely fly.
When gale is tearing and gripping
at the spreading wings Of the airplane
small steel pins, inserted where the
wings join the fuseage or body of
the plane, hold the machine together.
Aiding these pins are the stranded or
solid wires stretched diagonally across
the bays of the wings. Some bear
this strain while the machine is on
the ground and others while it is in
the air, but all the wires must be
fawless. One tiny break in a single
strand will cause an aviator, looking
them over and testing their tension
before ascending, to send the ship to
the repair shop.
Little cotter pins are bits of wire
which hold these larger pins and con-
nections in place. Small they are and
seemingly unimportant, but the steel
of which they are made must be of
the best. If single cotter pin fell
out and thus unlocked the larger pins
which hold the wings to the fuselage.
disaster would quickly follow. Every
where over the plane are the trig
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-05-11

little cotter pins as a lock and safety
device.
Other types Of wire run from the
pilots cockpit to the parts which reg
uiate the stability of the machine.
These must be flexible, for they pass
over pulleys to rudder, aileron or ele-
vator' yet strong enough to withstand
the pressure of any aerial mannuvre.
Through the heart of these wires runs
thin cotton rope, as a foundation
to allow the necessary bending, and
around it are wrapped the threads
Of metal.
The cylinder of the airplane engine
is product of modern science, shaped
and refined by many factories and
many hands. The steel in it which
withstands the terrific force of the
exploding gases bears little resem-
blance to the crude ore shovelled into
cars at the mines.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-05-11
Like a Trip to a
Banana Grove

A visit to an airplane factory is like
visit to a banana grove for the fra
grant odor which fills the air. Large
quantities of banana oil go into the
dope which impregnates the wing fabric
as thoroughly as heavy and frequent
applications can cause it to do. This
makes a waterproof fabric, which takes
the airman through the moisture of
cloud and fog as safely as through
clear, sunny air. The dope is cellu-
lose preparation, either acetate or nj
trate, pretty much freproof and with
perfect resistance to water, which
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-05-11

ton. The babbitt metal would soon
work out of shape and cause the crank
shaft to wabble but for the bronze
bushings, which keep it in form.
Ball bearings do much to minimize
friction in an airplane-small bits of
white metal, which must be as near
perfection as is humanity possible One
Clipped ball will soon cause overhead
ing in the bearings case and stop the
engine and cause the aviator a forced
landing. This brings in another metal,
antimony, better known for its use for
medicinal purposes, perhaps, but of
great moment to the fier
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-05-11

worship at the feet of their dying
Saviour.
Large sheaves of palm, carried
by the acolytes, promoted medita-
ton on the triumphal journey of
Jesus into Jerusalem, when the
poor and the faithful publicly
avowed Him a Saviour. AS the
journey of the marchers progressed
and the relics Of the worlds great
tragedy appeared in sight, there
were few Catholic hearts that did
not bow low in spirit before Cal
vary. From the organ loft a beau
tiful tenor voice seemed to express
in song the thoughts Of the wor-
shippers, 20 Saviour, Hear Me-"
Parnell Egan, a knights of Column
bus secretary, famous American
tenor, never before sang 50 we'll.
A sense of realization that our
eyes were seeing the crown which
penetrated the brow of Jesus; that
this sacred relic was actually pass
ing in procession aroused the pious
emotion of the spectators. This
wonderful treasure was brought to
Paris during the reign of st. Louis,
who constructed La Sainte Chapelle
in which to shelter it. How rever-
emily it has been treasured through
out the ages! How tenderly has it
been guarded over a period of many
centuries! How wonderful for
American soldiers to see it after
1000 years! In another crystal en-
easement carriers bore a piece of
the holy cross. This wood was part
Of the heavy burden under which
ths Saviour fell thrss times hefore
He reached the place Of execution.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-05-11

helped to preserve perpetual peace
for posterity.
Long before o'clock, when the
service Of veneration began, Notre
Dame was crowded to the doors
Many had their first glimpse of this
renowned sanctuary, where saints
have died and sinners have been
converted; whose walls, arches and
stately carved columns have wit
messed the most marvellous and his
toric scenes Of centuries. They
were within the sacred precincts Of
temple Of worship teeming with
the important epochs Of eight hun
dred years. They were facing an
altar before which kings have been
baptized. Monarchs, newly crowned,
ei@"C Wd1hcu III ali tIlclE majesty
amid the pomp and splendor of
Church and state ceremony, where
American soldiers prayed to-day.
Within this sacred sanctuary have
been heard the lamentations of a
nation in despair and the "Tc
Deum" Of multitude when France
was victorious. Genius has found
inspiration for song and starry, poem
and praise in this stately pile of
stone--the perfection and triumph
OF Gothic art in architecture. The
people Of France, nearly all wearing
mourning, stood in, aisles. as a rib
bon Of black surrounding the khaki
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-05-11

cort and passed down the aisle sep
arating seven thousand American
patriots. Cardinal Amette's face
portrayed a welcome for the Amer
lean guests. Opposite the pulpit he
sat throughout the sermon, deliv-
cred by Liable Flynn, Chevalier
Of the Legion of Honor Of France,
priest of Suresnes and a patriot
soldier of whom all France is proud.
"Amen" at the close of the SER
mon was echoing throughout the
church, when the venerable figure
of Cardinal Annette was seen stand
ing in his throne. With face ami
mated and emphasizing his remarks
by earnest gesture, he extended
greeting to the assembled Ameri-
can soldiery, whom he characterized
as the saviors Of democracy for
their part in the final victory of
the Allies against the domination
of Prussianism in Europe. After
this greeting Cardinal Annette be-
slowed his blessing.
With the procession of sacred
relics came the great climax of the
days ceremonials. Before the al
tar appeared priests and prelates,
monsignori, acolytes-all headed by
uniformed custodians of the relics.
James N. Connolly,
vicar-general to the Catholic chap
lain bishops, United States army
and navy overseas jurisdiction;
Chaplain E. March, his assistant,
and the Rev. Father Coll, K. Of c..
chaplain, had places of honor in
the procession. Non Catholics, but
professed Christians, who came to
see the relics finally remained to
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-05-11
When Democracy Sank to Its Knees in Notre Da

to the memorials of our Saviour.
Thousands Of mothers back in
America will thank God that their
soldier sons were extended the
grace to kneel and kiss q piece of
the true Cross of Christ, to kiss the
actual nail which penetrated the
flesh Of their Saviour and to kiss
the crown of the crown of thorns.
Thousands of miles from home on
Tuesday Of Holy Week men in khaki
heard of the invitation by the
knights of Columbus to appear at
Notre Dame and assist in the ser-
vice of veneration of sacred relics
1t was expected many would come
70 perform an act of piety; that
others would appear out of curiosity.
pnt no ore anticipated that a scene
would ebe enacted which will live
with the hallowcd memories Of this
mammoth and magnificent temple OF
God.
They came from every part Of
the A. e. r. In France and Ger-
many. They included Catholic and
non-Catholic chaplains, military men
OF every rank, leaders in society.
Ono Of the first distinguished quests
TO greet a Knights Of Columbus
usher at the door Of the Cathedral
was Admiral Benson, U. s. A. Prom
incnt Catholics Of France knclt
with .our doughboys who have
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-05-11

Of the American soldiers. The col
ors of our country unfurled between
flags of the Allies were above the
altar, where a shaft Of vari~colored
light was sent by the sun through
rose-stained glass as Natures offer
ing to glorious scene.
What scene Of splendor! Re-
sembling the passing of time from
an old age of the Church to the
present day. Two centuries ago,
when the United States was strug-
Cling for independence, France was
our ally. To-day the bread upon
the waters has returned-the good
seed sown by Lafayette was present
In that American audience paying
homage to the King of Kings in the
sanctuary of the saints of France.
These impressions we're being alb
sorbed when the rich, melodious
tones Of the great organ high above
the people resounded the prayer
present in every soul.
And then, from the sanctuary,
the trained voices Of France, male
and female, singing sacred melody
penetrated through the senses to
the hearts Of the soldiers. The
"Miserere," chanted by the choir Of
st. Gervais. required no organ &C
compartment Hardly had the last
note vanished than a figure robed
in scarlet appeared with official es-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-05-11
Every Section
Benefits

Every section Of the country bene-
fits one way or another from air
plane manufacture. Each puts its
stamp on the finally assembled and
completed plane. The far Northwest
sends its spruce, cut and milled into
lumber, to finishing factories in the
East, where the crude lumber is
stream-lined for the bracing struts
which span the gap between the wings.
The far Southwest, with Montana and
Michigan, dig copper ore, refine it and
snip 1t TO Eastern mills TO be made
into alrplane parts. Great bales of
Hing Cotton come from the Southland
to Connecticut and eastern Massachu-
sets, where fabrics unknown before
the war are woven for the sustaining
wings
The hardwood forests of the Middle
West are drawn upon for the solid ma
terial for the sturdy propellers or air
screws. The Central North contributes
the iron, mined near the shores of Lake
Superior, and Pennsylvania mills make
the ore fit Cor plane construction. The
vast extent of factories in all the East
put finishing touches on all the many
pieces into which this raw material is
finally formed.
lake the case Of the compass mag
net, bit of tungsten steel adiusted
under the base of the compass, with
out which the magnet effect of any
shing about the plane made Of steel
would cause deviations Of the needle.
Inc need Of this little instrument
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-05-11

"N He airplaHe SldAoS az tne
pinnacle of American industry.
Truly made in America, it
draws upon the principal raw
materials in this nations store and
upon not only the grand divisions of
onr industrial production but vast
variety of. the lesser subdivisions as
we'll. From the ores dug from Ameri-
can mines the engine is made. Iron
and the steel which is made from it,
conner and the brass of which it is the
major element, and many metals not
so we'll known, go into the engine as
we'll as into the parts and fittings of
the plane
The South contributes the fax or
cotton which is used in the wing COW
erinrs and New England mills weave it
into the thin, tough texture necessary
In addition to the spruce, of which is
formed the framework about which
they are wrapped, the United States
furnishes other different kinds of
wood, hard and soft, for use in air.
planes The only fundamental raw
material of moment which comes from
outside our borders is rubber, and
that is manufactured here according to
the processes of an American inventor.
There are $4,000 parts in a single
airplane. Miners, engineers, laborers
and manufacturers, of whom, per-
haps, not one thought ten years ago
that so much of his time would be de-
voted to some of the things in this
great number, bend their best efforts
to the end that man may fly. The need
for chemicals, paints, fabrics, oils,
glass and so many other of the prod
ucts of American industrial ingenuity
has brought into existence the air
plane accessory industry, which prom
ises to dominate the plane much as the
automobile accessory is the big thing
in the automobile industry.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-05-11
ArnOr Plate
And COMPASS

Steel is used in so many ways in the
plane. When Major Lufbery, Amer
ica's first ace, was killed by slow
moving German hier, features of the
incident led to an investigation which
showed that the German machine vas
armored against machine gun bullets,
with which the air fighting had been
done up to then.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-05-11

ToTRE DAME CATHE-
ORAL, venerable in gray
old agc, was the scene Of a
new ecclesiastical achieve
'1s today when seven thousand
'Hficsn soldiers were stirred in
~ end soul by what they saw,
Il u Is a''d heard while paying homage
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1919-05-11

-HE airplanc stands at the
& pinnacle of American industry.
Truly made in America, it
Iron County record. [volume] (Cedar City, Utah) 1893-1982, 1919-08-01
A Rafting Big Rather.

The following account Of the ex-
perience of a party of travelling men
recently with big rattle snake is
taken from the Panguitch Progress:
Tuesday night, coming through Cir
cleville canyon, Messrs. E. II. Willard,
the Rocky Mountain Tea man., H. E.
Grant, salesman for Smith-Faus
Drug Co., and A. G. Nielsen, with
Shupe- Williams Candy Co., had big
adventure with big snake.
The auto was going at the rate OF
less than 10 miles an hour, when the
glare of the headlight revealed snake
that was a snake, in the road. The
heavy 5 ton car ran over the snake,
but he never batted an eye. Instead
he concluded to show fight. The gen.
tlemen got out of the car and the
snake got into the fight. Rafting and
singing 'to beat the band" the snake
made for the band of startled trav-
elers, and the travellers made for the
rock pile. 1t is with thrills Of horror
we hear Of the strange battle in the
dark.
In the end the snake was killed. He
was whopper. So is the story. :,
Thirteen rattles proves it. And
when you go into a country where
snakes are terrific always have a pack
age of Rocky Mountain tea with you
to cure snake bites. II you can't get
the tea just take, er take care OF
yourself.
Snakes is snakes most anywhere.