davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1919-05-24
PENROSE AND
WARREN WILL
Be CHA|RnEN
Senate Committee on Commit
tees Completes Framing
of Committees

u.c1rrxcTO% Nav 22.-FraminE
,.,,. rrnuhlicau committee states
was rrpurted completed to-day. by '"e
rcuuh1iran conference committee on
! committees. The program wa
stated. uron reliable authority pro
noses Senators rcnrosc. OF c''''SS
,.,,i, and Warren. OF Wyoming lot
| Craftsmanship "f the rnahrH anu "f
&: nr,ation committees. r"sPcctlFclE' We
ni,. ,hc onnosi,iun az tn" Progress
! SivHs. .d
/ The commit toe SLATE will he presenter
.. conference nfy Republican senator's
! r. hc hold next Monday. before ronNeh-
| inu ri the senate. tn" lF"E
/ ~ ,ba,. time arr, expected +" tax" nna'
! action in opposition 20 Senators rem
: rose and Warren. but il was rrno,.e"
. rn.uirhl thai the factihnal tr"uo'eH
/ would bc settled with ~" cohl'r'ie'
land probably not rcach '"e sinai
! floor.
! stood 70 have been agreed upon ny IN"
: ronnmitlrc on committees arc as FOL
Foreign Rcla,ions-Lodgc, Massachu-
! sets.
Financc--Pcnrosc PcnnsTlvania.
observation-disclosures. wyoming
Military Affairs-Wadsworth. New
/ York.
Naval Arnirs-raEr. Vermont.
Judicsary-Nclson. Minnesota.
| Interstate Commerce Cummlns.
! Iowa.
Agrfculturc-Gronna North Dakota
! Commercc-Joncs. Washington.
Rulcs-Knox. Pennsylvania.
| public lands-Smoot. Utah.
Privileges and elections. Dillingham;.
Vermont.
Manufactures. La Toilette Wisconsin.
| Education and labor Kenyon. Iowa
; Mines. Poindcxtcr. Washington.
Immigration Colt. Rhode Island.
Indian affairs. Curtis. Kansas.
! Irrigation and reclamation, McNary.
! Oregon.
philippines. Harding. Ohio.
Printing. Moses. New Hampshire.
! Library, RrandcEc". Connecticut.
Under the reported. agreement Sena-
Tor Page instead If Senator rondcxtcr
! would had the naval committee by rca-
son of strict adherence y" the commit
tcc on Commuters 10 tho seniority rule
Last moment changes in the committee
assignments also placed Senator Smoot
nj the head OF the public lands commit
tee instead Of the nppro pTation body.
for which h. had been mentioned.
Three now members Of the foreign re-
| latinnS committee reported CHOSEN vert
Senators New. Indiana: Harding Ohio
and Moses Of New Hamrshirc
The committee on committees decided
TO hold q majority nf three Republicans
on the finance. Interstate commerce.
foreign relations and elections commit
| tees but in compliance with requests
! from III" Democratic conference agreed
! to reduce the Republican majority on
other committees 10 two members.
BY ruling today that committees OF
tho last senate continued with authority
20 net until new committees were or
ganiZcd. Vice President Marshall was
considered by experts on senate pro-
cedure to have FASTENED the work Of
the committee on committees. The rul-
ing also WAS expected 30 have a bearing
on the controversy between tho pro-
Ercssive and regular groups of Repub-
lican senators. in that ii would tend 10
hasten q settlement.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1919-05-24
No Exemption in the
Sixteen Year Limit

CHARLESTON. May @1.---Offical in
tcrnretation Of the federal law laying
TAX OF 10 per cent IN the net profits
of coal mine and quarry operators who
employ children under l6 years of age
In or about the mines or quarri"H was
received today from tho treasury d.
partmcnt by 9. p. Montgomery. state
commissioner OF labor.
The federal law docs not exempt any
am kind or cluSS Of employment con-
nrcttd with the operation of mines or
Qua -rica and Nh distinction can 10 made
In different occupation. Il was declared.
An actual employment oe Tho child in
the mining processes Is not necessary
to subject the operator Of the plant to
the tax. The presence Of child under
Is years Of age in or about the mining
Or, misses Will mako tho establishment
liable to tho tax. according TO tho off
cial statement.
Thc west Virginia labor laws makes
II unlawful to employ q child under Ia
Inside the m'no or quarry. but does not
eoply 10 tho employment Of tho child
outside the mine. Many Inquiries lcd
tho rtate labor commissioner to seek tho
official construction of tho federal child
labor iaz law. particularly As II applies
TO kind Of employment not covered by
the state law
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1919-05-24
TRYING TO END BIG
STRIKE AT WINNIPEG

WINNIPEG, Man., May 23-City ana
federal agencies tonight. we're enacaF1t
ing To draft recommendations lot tns
settlement of the general strike when
yrould he acceptable IN employers ana 20
iEirty thousand union men VINO %aikea
ont more than week ago. Mayor
Charles l.. Gray conferred with leaoers
committee Of ton or twelve persons. rep
rnscnting all factions to discuss INC
strike problem. Federal Officials ana
agents wcr" working separately I'D as
pusr Of government prohicms
1t a meeting today called by Mayor
GRAY. represent ativcs Of labor. ana OF
he citizens committees failed to rcaGh
satisfactory basis Of discussion. Lro.
moments of tho employers declared that
organized labor must rcnouncc, thC, nrin,
chile of the sympathetic. strike before
settlement terms could pc conSloc[eu.
labor representatives dcvlarcu tneg
must bc accedcd tho right of collective
barpa lining.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1919-05-24

For any kind OF cement or concFEts
work. cali P. ]. GiliSon. ~ F'ur 1'',
: st. Bell 2+4T-R. KY
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1919-05-24
loader reported that tho'pre

P,nubIican leader reported that Ino'pfe'
rautiouary telegram had no such p'l-
rosa and that mot u word" OF o1scas.
son Of tn. treaty had passed IN any o.
thn conferences If Republican scra.ofs.
In th. course OF the debate i u
attack on the league covenant ana ot
president wilson's course in the pea"s
r,urcrcnc. was made 10y Senator Snot-
man Of Illinois. Republican. who carter
in tho day. had presented resotuelo"
declaring it the sense OF the sehate
tha, tho treaty and the covenant shodo
~ considered separately when they
com. IN for ratification. At Mr.. sh'r-
wars request. his resolution went over
and Will BE- called UP for debate prop
ably next week. -,
llow long the discussion started oS
Senator JuhnsonS resolution. IS TO con-
tiru. could NOT be predicted by either
side Tonight. During the day Senator
Inh,uSon gave notice that he expected
tG ,dnr.s. the s"nat" al greater lenStn
c:i Nrt,day in support Of the treaty ;Lnd
senator Feed. Of Missouri. Democrat'
who i understood 70 oppose II. also an
nr,Inrcd that he would speak on the SUB
ice, a, Mondays session. Many other
senators arc known TO be preparing 40
dresses.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1919-05-24
\. n. SCENE Of:
FINE PROGRAM
I NHEF
=. go -
RDUSTRlAL CLUB FEDERATION
GIVES PLAY TO RAISE FUND TO
SEND rHTERSTATE CON-.
:. rERENCE.
PrcEran WIN Be Repeated Tonight
And Public Is Urged To Attend
And Help Movement.

1ass r+o+,t At the Y. W G A very at
kractivc program WAS given under The
auspices Of the Federation depar' nl"Hl
Of Industrial Clubs An entertainments
. of this nature takes place annua!IE. IN:
object. this year being TO raise fund
, to send i Representatives 10 tho c"7t"r-
. ence at Oxford. Ohio. Ut which delegates
: from West Virginia ard Ohio participate
5n the business discussions cnnnc"'etS
: = 49, - TX Of the FEDERATION q IN
dustrial Clubs
:. ~::nc> OF I'll" auditorium a
/. very we'll gotten NJ booth was ar
: ranged upon which was displayed tnMS'
s tempting homo made candies, thr
hall itself was filled TO capacity and
promptly a, eight O'Clock the enter
tainment began. The program follows:
Music. 80. $500. -. $500. selected
Misses Wilma Rupp, Louise STeitzer
Mr.. Harry Rurp.
Vocal Duet .Barcarolle
Misses May and Sue Porter
. THE Fashion Revue poRn P"tticoat Lane
4 Giving Pictures from Indian times
down to the present day)
Mrs. I.aRue. Misses Canoe Chambers
Peters, GaudinE. Beh.ens. Strttt
Stiles. Thomas. oster1nan. He'll. Nc
connell Schafcr. Barr. Wilkinson
Kruck. Bruny Gr"tzinser. .LaEellH.
Morgan Shafer. Otto. knterer wilson
, Eolnes. McCllley. Marc Otto.
Mss Elizabeth Sarver. accornpanist.
Gowns loaned BY Stone Thomas
( and Stfels-) ..,
), &nsie. 49,. = -.-.. .SetsCte''
M1nses RupD end Sveitzer. Mr.. Rupp.
s,xrH BURSx&R-A Ono Act Comedy
Mre. Burton. hostess. Anna Nrseun
: Valerie Armsoy, a widow. Isabel Nelsn
. Mae,ea Dover, bride. Louie JoueS
Freda Dixon, guest. -tana Ocooto
FSffth Brent a guest. -F7oss1e Barnhalt
Scene: Living room Of +unroer COT
tase. Tine: LHte evening.
1rusic-SeGtette. ..--..... s'eiecSeu'
The Federation Ufee3ee ChorusEnlsS-
en- Hilda Burkett, blanche AtnSer'
Alta Burkctt. Anna Kuchman. Olive
! wrner, Margaret Wright. leader.
: wnS. oAx1xY-S TELEPHONE
"A ccmedy N TWO Acts
ar. o.hIe,- Olive WIGner
constance, her frtend-Nell Blanche Soles
.S,izettc. the maid. ..-... Amy R!cN'-'u S
Mary. the cook. Elsie SchlrU'h"t
Scene Living room. Mrs. OAKLEY
home. Time: Morning. Scene H. SANE
Thine: Evening. eo,,o,.,
Sxiases Rnpp and Swettzcr. Mr.. Eupp.
narttculsrly interesting feature OF
, Ara sr]ai- was the Revue Of FASHIONS
watch preceded the play. in wh!ra To-
various young women 90 IT," club ar,
.peared In gowns covering every i';T'0H
If American history FROM tn ''thH y.
che Indian maiden up to tA' TCr ,,;''.
Dime. The plays. two snort co'''"''
which followed. were very Wei 49, ~
.ba .uartictpauts showing in oyer; re-
tail a thoroueh understanding OF ~"
d,fncult art Of true comedy work Inc
music was ar,;$,ically rendered and On
. ithe- whole tho affair nIay well DC pro-
nounced a decided success. ms pro
will be repeated '"niSA'.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1919-05-24
GIRL Is ACQUITTED
IN MURDER TRIAL

CHARLESTON May 23.-On the
GROUND tha, she was mentally irrespon-
sjhlc for her nets when she shot ana
killed Mike Waldron Of EIansford Sev
cral months ago. and that She was stu
not responsible for her signatur" 70 a
signed confession IF her guilt which was
introduced in crid"nc" br III" state.
Sanora Weaver. 23-y"ar-old crown Hi''
girl, was today acquitted Of III" charE"
Of murder by a jury IN tho kanawha IN
tcrmcdiatc court.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1919-05-24
BITTER ATTACK
CONTINUED Prom Page Two-)

era, ofithc foreign relations con'''.s
,uho declared IN" president Was '"1'""
,nr well-estah'ish"d precedent IN. ~
Ing thc treaty text n ""nhd''nGF any
thsr for the s"nat" :" r"QinSt h'ni |"
would bn gross "''a'" -
. international prnpri"'iss.
Republican Loader Lodge. prnsp"c'l'H
q cha Srrnan Of the foreign relations corn
i u1ittee replied To Mr.. Hitrhco'k. o.,
Z .clarfns therr was 10 ir1ronSHty IA
p the resolution unless il were Improve
$,to rcall attention n The n''w 'o"tho" .,
2 omen covenants openly arrived NJ.
Ey.ry shopke"f"r III Germany. sa'n the
massachusetts senator. was nidine INC
as made public NJ Berlin. ger
z the senate was provided only with
9 .-worthless' official abstract
Charge Partisnnshtp.
q charge that the Republicans WTrc
attempting to make the treaty par
= ttsan question was mad" b.: SENATOR
q Robinson. df Arkansas. Democrat. VINO
s cited as evid.a..r n" Telegram S"nt by
= Afr Lodge som" weeks ago 70 Rcpti;-
q can senator's asking thcm not !" DIS
ss.cuss the revised: IeaGu" OF nations c"r"-
Z nant pending n party conferences. Th2
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1919-05-24

policy that does not work both ways
1t is a policy TO keep prices from So'hs
lower rs business increases and COSTS
diminish"
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1919-06-07

tier, for instance, Don't know what
it is? Well, well.
In this country we would call him
la "sn.pe shooter" but the French
name for him is ''megottier" He is
the man who picks up cigar and cigar
.ette stubs from pavement and cafe
floor. The stubs collected are dried,
pulveri2ed and sold again as a cheap
pipe mixture
1t was quite thriving industry in
France until the war came, and tobac-
CO grew scarce. when there was a
shortage of butts that all but put the
collectors out of business And then,
presto, in poured the American army
with its 'fags,' its cigars, its max
ms, and business doomed as never
before in the history of the trade.
And now just as one figures that a
Few months more would see francs
enough accumulated to start the tiny
shop Of ones own, puff, like that,
away go the Americans and most of
the business with them.
Such is life. II is the war.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1919-06-07
FOES OF LEAGUE TO
F ORM NEW PARTY.
FOR 1920 CAMPAIGN.
THIRD PARTY WILL BE LAUNCH.
ED IF PRESENT PLANS ARE
PERFECTED BY OPPONENTS OF
WILSON'S PET PACT.

Washington June e. Signs Of a
new party alignment in the United
States multiply \ rhird party in the
campaign of 1920 is not only a pros.
ability but seems inevitable There
has not been SO much political unrest
Ia the country since the free silver
camapign of 1896 Political unortho-
doNy is reappearing every day
In the senate yesterday Senator
Borah threatened his republican eol.
leagues with the formation Of new
party in the event that the repub-
ljcan party indorsed the league of
nations covenant or remained silent
on thar issue
senator Reed of Missouri. the lead.
ing democratic opponent of the GOV
cnant took occasion to criticise and
condemn the chairman of the demo.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1919-06-07
q q = Y y = q q q q q = 4 q q
OANWAY q
= q q q q 4 = 4 = 4 4 = q q
OANWAY

Mrs. Ole Moe, Esther and Juanita
Moe. Mrs Newton Johnson and Hazel
Johnson spent Monday at the Mrs
Pearl Sampson home
Mr. and Mrs Carter Moe spent
Monday evening at the Ole Moe home
Mrs. Tom Classon spent Tuesday
with Mrs Nelson.
Mrs. George Sebby and son Alyern
and Mrs Emma Nelson and Ruth
spent Thursday with Mrs Ole Noe,
Mr. and Mrs Newton johnson and
daughters, Hazel, Violet and Marga
get, and Wilbur Nelson spent Ne
mortal day in Marseilles.
Mr.. and Mrs, Tom Thompson spent
Sunday at the Milton Williamson
home
Mr. and Mrs Elmer Serby and Noble
and Reuben Serby spent Memorial
day in Ottawa
Mr.. and Mrs. Sam Rasdail Mrs.
Martha Jonason and Mrs, Title Canut,
son spent Sunday at the Gunner Ga.
brielson home
Mr. and Mrs Carter Moe spent Sun.
day at the Otto Serby home
Esther and Juanita Moe visited with
Mamie Anderson Sunday.
Marion and Erwin Johnson, Weston
and Arnold FINLAND Glen and Russell
Sampson and Robert Classon spent
Sunday with Marvin and Verdell VIII.
hanson,
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1919-06-07
THE BOMB-THROW Frs.

" When a perpetrator of a bombing
Outrage is discovered, he is almost in
syariably found to be a foreigner
Americans do not use bombs ReCug
sHition OF this fact tends to bitter de
nunciatiOn of immigrants in general
sand a demand for greater immigrant
aestrictiOn
h unquestonably there ought to be
more care in the admittance of aliens
but there is danger of Judging mmi-
grants IN general with undue severi-
",
b Secretary Morrison or the American
Federation of Labor calls attention
do some facts which though unpleas-
ant, have an important bearing on the
situation.
He reminds the public that the
hordes OF immigrants pouring into the
United States in the last decade or
two did not come entirely of their
own initiative They were lured to
american largely by the efforts Of
Heamship companies interested only
~ the passage money, with the con.
niyance of great corporate employers
OF labor
X MANY Of these immigrants were
Aerded in large cities or other indus.
nial centers. They were ENCOURAGED
q use their own language and to per.
Retuate the traditions Of their mother
Country.
At election time, in innumerable
Instances they We're voted en- bloc
9d If they would organize trade
union or suspend work to stop ex.
rioitation they were enjoined. club
Bed and pailed. This is an Old story
z West Virginia, Colorado, Pennsyl-
Eania and elsewhere.
= What can Americanism mean to
aose people? They do not even I'M
derstand our language To them
America means petty boss and low
wages. They know nothing of our
Aheory of government. This country
Is now reaping the result of its immi-
grafton policy lack Of policy-dur-
Ing all these years"
Q He suggests that the remedy for
Iomb-throwing is real Americanjsm.
which must be more than a shibbo.
leth." It must mean Education. m
eortunity and social justice for ALL"
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1919-06-07
STATE PARK ROADS
TO BE IMPROVED

Springfield, June THE omnibus
piIi' carrying appropriations totalmg
S-N'-Z'."SdlA, an increase OF about
lo'"'o,o0O over that passed two years
ago was introduced in the House to.
day.
the bill carries an appropriation of
St"'oo" Tor use at the Starved Rock
state Park in La Sale County. in
Guiding s$0.O00 for the constructor
oi hard roads through the park.
omar Wright. director OF finance.
declared this afternoon that the in
creased appropriation probably will
cause no increase in the state tax
rate.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1919-06-07
Patterns for
Home Sewing

4 pattern of this illustration
will be sent your address. Fill
out the attached blank and mail
TO the Free Trader-JournaI, en-
closing 10c in money or stamps.
Please allow ten days time in
which to have pattern delivered
you.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1919-06-07
FIND REAL BODY
AT RESCUE DRILL

Naukegan. June Responding to
instructions in n man overheard
drill, members Of the Seaman Guard
company, Sth regiment. Great Lakes,
rowed to an object floating careless.
~ in the lake
Imagine it's drowning man. and
save him they We're told.
Ihey did, 1t proved to be the BODY
of man, who has as yet been nm.
identified.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1919-06-07

2775-You can have this in challie.
dotted Swiss or batiste, with yoke
Of tucked lawn The design is nice
also for Bingham, wolfe, albatross, or
poplin. The sleeve may be finished
in wrist or elbow length.
The Pattern is cut in sizes: 4, 6.
and 10 years. Size will require
33s yards OF 3G-inch material.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1919-06-07

June >. 1919. y. ". Duncan Ia John
and Emily Engcl It's /. >. g (.
Noouau- sub. etc, La Sale. 81 $50
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1919-06-07

Tom Alley, the driver who finished fifth in the worlds
greatest automobile racing classic rode in safety on Ma
son Non-Skd Cord Tires.
4 he other drivers experienced tire trouble time and
time again which took them to the pits for changes. The
tires which had the stamina to withstand the gruellng
grind of the long from start to finish.
Never before in the history of automobile racing have
tires made such phenomenal showing. Five hundred
miles burning hot brick track with the thermometer
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1919-06-07

take from the control Of the govern
ment all those public utilities which
il was found necessary for the gov
rrnmcn- 10 operate during the war
have caused great dissatisfaction
among those who believe in public
ownership OF public utilities and
think that the soundness Of their con
yirtions on this subject is PROV n
by the experiences of the war
Tie republican party of course.
viii not commit itself 10 government
ownership, and the democratic parry
seems to be drifting away from H.
Therefore. those who believe in 1t
must ind some other paryt medium
of expression \ union between the
league of nation opponents al the
advocates OF goyernmet owcrship is a
probability It might prove a formlI-
able political combination
Nationalism the Issue.
The appeal Of sua a combination.
Of course. would be- 10 give the gov
eminent of the United States more
power instead of taking away from
IL. through the league of nations,
some OF the powers which il posses
SEES.
Many of the senators and leading
politicians see growing disposition
10 have thp DFaplp mako the issues
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1919-06-07
a WAR AND THE MEGoTTlER.

OF a truth business has its ups and
downs as result of war and peace.
There is the industry of the gnegot-
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1919-06-07

. cratic national committee and Mr..
! Tumulty, secretary to the President,
for committing the democratic party
! TO the league OF nations. although
the treaty has not yet been given TO
the American people"
Senatory Reed has not yet said thar
he viii desert the democratic party.
fut is said TO be ready for d third
party if the third party proves the
only way in which opposition 20 fla
voring the league Of nations policy in
the United States can be made enec-
tive.
Senators Johnson and poiudeNter
on the republican side. and Gore
Thomas, Shields and Myers 0Muutauel
on he democratic SIDE. also have been
so strongly opposed to the LEAGUE OF
nations that it may be dlfult for
them to preserve their party aileai-
ance if the campaign OF 1920 should
turn upon ;hat issue
Government Ownership.
Political unrest is not due solely
to the league Of nations ISSUE. An
other issue which is lur.ue senators
and congressman away from their old
party camp grounds is that Of govern
ment ownership.
Postmaster General Burlesons de
eision TO return the telegraph lines
to private ownership; Director Of .
Railroads Hines disposition 10 return T.
the railroads to their private owners; /.
Chairman Hurley's recommendation /
that the governments steel built I
merchant marine fleet be sold 10 F.
private individuals, ana President f.
Wilson's seeming acquiescenae in Ill /
these plans Of his suborduates % /
The sun., 1919-03-25
HUNGARY SENDS ITS
GREETINGS TO LENINE
BolsheUist Congress Receives
1t With Enthusiasm.

CoPENHAGEN, March 24.-Reports Of
wireless exchanges between Nikolai
Lenine, the Bolshevik Premier of Rus
STA. and the foreign representative of the
new Hungarion communistic Government
are received in advices from Budapest.
Lenine was told that the Hungarian
proletariat had seized power and had in
troduced proletariat dictatorship. Greet
ings were sent 10 Lenine as leader Of the
international proletariat.''
In greeting the Russian proletariat
the new Hungarian Government eX-
pressed solidarity with the revolutionary
movement.
In his reply Lenine stated that he had
submitted the Hungarian greeting TO the
Bolshevist congress at Moscow. which had
received II with great enthusiasm He
added: I'm order to communicate be-
tween Moscow and Budapest and report
on the military situation 1t Is necessary
to maintain permanent wireless COM
munication between the two cities" He
concluded by extending communist
greetings and a handshake'
Budapest was calm on Saturday night,
according to advices from that city.
Business was for the most part sus-
and posters were displayed everywhere
appealing TO the people TO continue work.
The Food Commissioner has issued a
proclamation. saying:
AS a result OF the manner in which
the Entente acted. We have allied our
selves to the Soviet republic and have