davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-05-13

w. "A. C1OSHHSH, VI I1lc GILL
Committee of the Party of Socialists-Revolut
lists and former member of the Provisional Gov
eminent of the Ural, who came to this country
with Catherine Breshkovsky, says:
ssTHE SOVETS democratic institutions but merely
the dictatorship Of the Bosnevh
According the Soviet Constitution, Russia is governed
BY soss Of Deputies elected by the direct and equal
Of an the working In either
secret election Soviet based equal suffrage
Elections usually conducted given factory foundry
meetings. by the raising Of hands, and always under
the knowing of the chairman The majority Of the workers
frequently do not take part in these elections at all
The rights minority recognized proportional
representation has been rejected
"As regards elections, again a phrase
The Central Executive Committee which supposed embody
the administrative of the country actually
being elected through grade system
their the Provincial Congress- the Provincial
Congress represented by delegates the ARusan Con-
and only this last body elects the Central Executive Com
mttee Often the delegates not elected by regular meet
ings of the Soes all but by the Executive Com
mtse everiy handpked by the Bolshsv after system
Of proportional representation rejected
The exclusion the Soviets
hum the Boashsvh developed gradually They 'ceansed the
SoviCts Perm and Ekatenbug January. 1915 Ufa,
Saratov, Samara, and Yaroavl December
Moscow and Petrugra February 1913 They excluding
all Socialists Rsvoution and the Menshev nothing
Of the Peoples Socialists and members of the Labor Group
So. practically, there remained only Bolshevki in the
soviets And there opinion among
regular meetings abandoned altogether and the
ble rule Of tho working thus definitely disappeared
few often appointed from above Bolshevh
had to bayonets support the fiction of Soviet Rules
in Tumen the Executive Committee of nonesent Soviet
brought from Ekaterinburg under convoy of Red
Guards would rule lord people, weary
of the and a sterile social revolution"
("Styu0otn0 Russia" April 5, 1879
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-05-13

The first articles by Catherine Breshkous
Nicholas Taikovsky Alexander Kerensky Leond AndU Paul uk
Vladimir NJ Ober0uchef
Vladimir AL others.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-05-13
Mir, Zensfuo and Soviet

Comparing the Soviets with the old Russian
institutions and Zemstvo-M. X. Eyoshkin
says:
ISToRICALLY the Mir born in the Russian village
to solve land problems and relations. The Zemstvo ns
buttons created in 1854 concession of the Txs Gov
eminent to the popular with Jurisdiction
tain local wants and uses The Soviets first into being
in 1906 and developed 1917 revolutionary aiming
at the protection Of the gains of the Revolution
Politically, the Mir popular assembly of the
holders Of land lots in village The organs Of
the popular WILL elected the basis universal direct equal
secret and proportional suffrage The Soviets according to
the Soviet constitution class organizations dictatorship
Of the proletsrat limited indirect unequal
and not proportional suffrage elections conducted in full
disregard Of all democratic and Socialist principles
Practically Mir concerned itself only with land and
kindred problems in the village The Zemsvo, how
the actual free expression Of the will Of the
people and charged with the construction and regeneration
Of Russian life the foundations Of right and liberty The
Soves have degenerated into bureaucratic class
ganzaons brszenly tramping all the rights Of civil
freedom Instead of hberycense instead Of egaitylaw
lessness instead Of and instead Of social
peace-v assault, homicide and rivers of blood"
("Str,gghng Russia" April 5, 1879
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1919-05-13

celve card of hearty thanks from Ser
geant William Schachman, who was in
Base Hospital SIS when he wrote 1t.
The following acknowledgment has
come to THE Sun from Battalion Ser
geant-Major NJ. NJ. Joy of the Chemical
Warfare Service "a. p. o. 713): RE
ceived 100 packages of your tobacco.
Many thanks from the boys"
Private J. e. Holdsworth, In Base Hos
pital IS, wrote to donor Thomas Oaks:
I thank you most heartily for the tabsc'
which 1 have just received while a pa
tient in this hospital
How the Fund stands To-day.
THE SUN and THE EVENING SUN tS.ooo0e
United Cigar Stores boxes. ............ 1907 %
Otherwise acknowledged. ............... S20,S17O7
ew contributions.......... 23.T
toSf, 10,
Shipped and paid for. 1881, 1924
ash balance. ............ 1856
Schultz Cigar Stores boxes. ss,se1eo
Grand total. .t437 400 %
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1919-12-27
Silver Change Out of Use in Mexico.
Mexico City, Nov. 1.-The most

silver SIduSc Out vi SSS IA -'AN~>Ao'
Mexico City. Nov. 1.-The most
persistent phrase encountered by the
buying public in Mexico at present is
No hay cambio.'' There is no
change The silver in the Mexican
peso, fifty-cent piece and the smaller
coins, is worth more than the 1ace
value of the. coin so this money has
been boarded by many persons and
sold for their silver content.
The result is that ..cambio" OF
change has disa ppeared and persons
who buy or sell are forced to pay from
four to seven per cent for silver
rieces from brokers. Most merchants
refuse to make small sales if they
are forced to give change, asserting
they would lose money in the trans
action.
The ..azteca' or. Mexican twenty
peso piece (gold3 is practically use
less as money in stores or cafes when
the purchase is for a small amount.
Il might as well be sroke as have
an azteca.' complained an American
who was hungry and could not find a
cafe to change his gold. Later he hit
upon a unique scheme. He deposited
the "azteca" with the cafe proprietor
and proceeded to eat at intervals un-
til he had no more credit, which with
prevailing prices was not a long llme'
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1919-12-27

Many improvements Being Made
and Condition Will Soon
Be Normal

Mexico City, Nov. 16.-Railroad
service in Mexico, both passenger and
freight, will be nearer normal on
January next than for nine years,
the directors of the National Railways
for the past few months having made
strenuous efforts to acquire rolling
stock and to put roadbeds in good
conditions.
Director General Pauline Fontes,
since his accession to the head -of
the National lines a few months ago.
has made numerous recommendations
for necessary projects most Of which
have been granted by the govern
.ment Large sums have recently been
expended in the United States; it is
said, for locomotives, passenger
coaches and freight cars and negoti-
atoms are now, in progress with an
assurance of success. that Pullman
service Oh all workable lines will be
resumed the first Of the year
Railway lines now operated by the
government will not be returned to
previous owners until the service has
been brought to normal, according TO
a statement.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1919-12-27
Ricycles in Mexico.

Mexico City, Nov. II 7-Automoolles'
motorcycles and other Sasollne-drlF-
on vehicles have not deposed the pie
fan nicycle as the most popular means
of ;ocomotion in Mexico City. BUS
ness men use them to go TO worN'
government employees bowl along on
them by the score. school chlldreli
prefer them to street cars ana the
on1nibuses. The old-time bicycle
club of twenty years ago fourlshes
here and it is no uncommon sight 70
see a party of men and women IN the
conventional riding garb taking a spin
over the well-paved streets OF the cap
ita!
Numerous laws which have been
passed regulate the use of bicycles.
They must be equipped with front arns
rear lights Of designated Color,
brakes. horns and Whistles. Some W
.he more fancy ones bear flags, coats
of arms and Il holder for the new
table walking stick affected by every
real gentleman in the capital. 1t Is
not uncommon to :ee bicHcle carr!
ing at least twice It's original cost IL
equipment.
But with bicycles as with autom"-
bile., there is no speed limit. Elcyclc
riders and their daredevil companio:s
the drivers Of the automobile buses
I continue To be the terror OF pedeS'
..4Iians,
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1919-12-27
: ; .
Industrial Trorbles in Germany.

Berlin, Oct. 2.-The German indus,
trial world, is confronted. with q prob
lem in Observation-Disclosures peration h
tion of councils Of wage earners and
employees in many lines Of industry.
The National Assembly or the Fetch
stag will be called upon to determine
whether such councils shall 'besmade
compulsory by law. This is regarded
here. as one Of the most difficult
questions confronting the legislators
Of the republic. ..:.
Z The Comittee on Industrial Councils
of the National Assembly has approy-
ed Of a proposed lay by which q
council of employees would be COM
puIsory in every business establish
ment employing more, than s 9 persons.
German newspapers express grave
doubt as to whether. the council .sys-
TEN ten viii prove q success and assert
that the newspaper industry is threat
ened with strikes because Of person
al political differences among their
employees. The plan of Permitting
councils Of employees to have a voice
in the control. of industries was
sponsored and originated by the Ma
jorityl Socialist Farty. Recently their
own i,,;; plan has reacted as&irst them for
the Independent Socialists have OBJ
tasinAd control of the efnployes eouIl- alI
ellis in spne metal working plants ana
have ruled that Majority Socialists
must be dismissed. When the en-
ployers endeavored to assert the prin-
ciple that they should hire men for
what they could do. not because OF
their politics. the Independents re-
piled that it would be better for MEM
bers of one. political faith only to be
employed in factory so that no time
would be lost in political arguments.
The councils in two Of these metal
working shops have unanimously vot-
ed that members of only one party
shall be employed in these establish
ments. The trend Of many Of the
councils is frankly directed against
the employment Of women in positions
which men can. fill.
The council of one of the leading
hotels in Berlin is. composed OF a
waiter, painter and :. fireman. 1t re-
Gently demanded the dismissal. OF a
married woman who With her huS7
band worked. in the hotel. ON the
ground that both should not draw
salaries After the woman protested.
the demand was withdrawn but the
council has compelled the manager
OF the hotel 70 dismiss two competent
women employees and replaced them
with men.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1919-12-27
SHAH OF PERSIA
VISITS ENGLAND
The Visit of a Former Shah Is
Recalled

London. Nov. 16-The Shah Of
Persia who is visiting England, bears
little resemblance. physically o.: OH
erwise, to that o1hcl Shah, Nasruud-
.Gil who car,.: I4.r<: m 80, and ;,:;;.ill
in 1879. and on both occasions left
behind him some not particularly sa-
worry memories. There was little Of
the saint about him, but he was pic
tureSque and could not be restricted
to the bounds Of English convention
al responsibility. Therefore the ;}ur-
lie Of a generation ago took q much
kcencr interest in him than london
ers are doing in the reisIia3 Shah.
The latter is fat. and placid, does
everything that he is told-to DO, never
upscts the programs that are pre-
pared for him and shocks no one.
In making a comparison between
the two the Star. recalls some OF the
escapades of Nasruud-din when he
visited these shores.
During his 73 visit, it ,says he de-
nlanded to see a prize fight. SO, at
ter a consultation with Lord Queens
berry a glove fight was arranged Tor
his delectation in Buckingham Pal
ace stables AS usual the Shah was
late, SO the venue was changed to a
quiet spot in the corner Of The palace
gardens
;. On his way, the Shah dashed
through room where a .deputatioa
of bishops was. waiting to see him.
to beseech his august protection for
the Christians Of Persia. They fol-,
lowed him into the gardens and Pres.
emily found Themselves IN a riay
around two prize fighters. The :lght
was stopped; the Shah waved t.nsry
and the good Lord sha'tesbui.y e.f
pious memory. who led the deputa-
ton, denounced the holding of a prize
fight in the: Queens Palace. ses'!
:: But things were. ultimately smooth
ed over. though. what the Shah said
about the Christians in Persia reausr
ca a strong gloss in the intsrpfete-
lion. - -
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1919-12-27
TJJRKEY's WA
DEBT sNL.fLA ARGE
Ottoman Empires Finances Not
Crippled By War Unique IS
War Record

Constantinople, Nov. j 1g.Th he wHr
debt Of the Ottoman Empire rs saAd3
by experts to have increased less ,than
that OF any: other nat Hex b0Aa-s
ed Indebtedness was increased t5y
only one new loan OF about :$$S9, ,9ga-
600. and, adding to this: other iHcraaa-
es in obligations such. as home naA4-
tary requfsdtions ard advances H0na
Austria and. Germany, her war g e-33
penses ran to only s$B0o, 0 90. .eees Goa.
seqaently,., allowing iors arto,.ss
sets. her. postwar indebtednass
amounts to about st,9oo,3eo,Q0e. = 8.
This would make it appear that
Turkey fran the war on a shoe
string" financially, as compared ITO
Great Britain with her Saa. 20 90 ,Qogs.-
600 war debt, or France With $S o.
900 900 900 and the United STATES
with s25, 100000, 900 and italy Nth
possibly $45. .o6e, eco. s Geo. It NIL ste
recalled that on paper the; 0ttenan
Empire Inobiltzed nearly s., ,e1ns0
men, yet she eseaped Bith somsthfHe
ike the war expenses sdt e aeoatlsfy
ike little Ruinania Or Bulgaria.
The record :of the Turkish SWaFssane
debtedness is unique The Hsppke
met war costs by requisitiehs and .y
printing III Germany, I55;6eD Tdrktsh
paper pounds. or normally ab6Rt
$3.50. 200, ,oog but this; according IEe
experts cannot be eonsi9ssrsa s q Coy
ernment liability. =. ...sSs5ss::s ....s..s5ss:s
It Is not g financial burden as II
bears no interest, and also The prop
er administrative body Of iaes Peace
Conference can at will have 1t eaia-
celled. - s,js., ~, -
Turkeys. paper money, # is. claimed
has not. deprecated as much as that
Iof her Allies. onnterfeitsrs dosaiat
seem to haze operated here sxsss
sipely due, to; the lack Of Rotshsgasn
and good printing Srssass
fpotania Turkish paper money s.
fused since the British occau6ttsa
which the Tnrks do not consider 4sar
since the paper mohey was issued stfr
|. the whole Of The Ottoman Eiaps9
which made war as e.. Who'll 6,
The amount OF Turkeys war Tapa-
ration is yet to be. determined.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1919-12-27

Plymouth, Eng. Nov. 14.-t was
an up-to-date Man on the Box" who
guided the destinies of Lady Astor'a
campaign to determine whether she
would be the first woman Commoner
of England.
More than score Of newspaper
correspondent who trailed Lady
Astor during her electioneering and
junketing about Plymouth, had diff
ficulty for some time in learning in
advance where she intended to make
her next appeal for votes. The rea-
son developed when it was learned
that it was neither Lady Astor nor
Lord Astor who was guiding her
n1eanderings, but the ruddy-faced.
bulky old ooachn1an-Churchwoed
who had been serving the Astor FAM
lily through three politica! battles
He acknowledged that he had been
made. director-general of Lady As
tors campaign. -
Silk-lratted and oHcious execu-
tives of the Unionist party held coun-
Gil daily. and drafted the candidate's
strategic. moves. but it. vas Church
wood-also silk-hatted though less Of
flcious-who really determined wheth-
er these plans should be executed or
vetoed.
Lady Astor would enter her car
riage in the morning. Churchwood
would whip up the elegant pair or
sorrels and the candidate would roll
away. unn1indfui Of whittier SHE, was
bound. If Churchwood from his
vantage point saw a street-corher
gathering or lowly abode where
Lady Astor might get a hearing. he
would rein in the horses without ask
ing leave, and let her do the. rest.
When the speech and the ensuing
cross-fire of questions had ended. or
when Cruchwood sensed a waning IN
the interest Of the auditors, he would
jerk a peremptory thumb in the di-
rector OF the hack seat. saying tIef
in" Whereupon Lady Astor, would
resume her place in the carriage and
it would proceed to the next halt.
When Lord Astor ended the pre-
vious campaign. Churchwood deliver
; ed his fluctuations and went back
TO. MS regular OCCQkfctS1bli co SS<]CAS'
man with one Of the Plymouth coach
| services. But this time he was am
bilious. as he confjded to tho cor1e-
spondent Of The Associated Press. to
Journey 10 London with Lady Astor,
should she be successful, and there
was no person in Plymouth, not ex-
cepting Lady Astor herself. who was
| more certain Of the outcome OF tn"
election than Churchwood.
He was hopeful that in a few
months he would be driving her from
! her residence to the House of Com
mons and waiting for her to finish
harnsuing the House. but was = bill
fearful lest she should elect a. motor
for her London needs. In that event
/ ,hurctwood intended To reserve his
/ currv-comb and hoof-hock and 50
back 10 his livery stable TO await the
! hext. .Astor, campaisnt ----..-4.r
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1919-12-27
German Socialists Drifting to Bolshe-
: viSnl.

| Berlin, Nov. 13.-The death Of HUI
! so Haase, president of the 1ndepend-
lent Socialist party. leaves that party
apparently without q leader Of suM-
cient calibre to- prevent 1t from being
enguEed by the German Bolshevists.
Haase died from wounds he received
| October when he was shot three
times by an Austrian as he was enter
. ing the Reichstag building.
Recent events have indicated that
Haase had been unable to halt the
stampede of the. followers to the ex-
treme left of radicalism. The author
ity he once welded in the Independent
party had been undermined by Eadi-
Gals, such as Daeuniig, Ledebour.
Richard Mneller. .Eichhorn, Geyer of
Saxony and Henke Of Bremenn, all
desperate oppoents to the parliamen-
tary government without, which
Haase finally came to believe govern
ment in Germany would be inpos-
sible ....,4,zlst...
1t is expected that Haase's death
Will hasten a split in the independent
Socialist party and union OF its
more moderate elements with the Ma
jority Socialists, headed by Philip
Scheideman. Indications are seen. :of
a complete rehabilitation Of the ma
jor portion Of the, Independent party
after the Russian pattern. The hide
pendents now are dominated by a
, dozen men who are regarded as ex-
pert manipulators of the revolutionary
| proletariat and these men are, expect
ed to@eontrol the party:s councils
Their ascendency marks the .elinf-
nation from Independent, courcils':o
Karl Kautsky and other n1odera tMS
influences which once were led BY
Herr aHaase Political observers. ss.
that "saner" elements Of the Inee-
pendent party must find a domiciie7 in
the camp Of the Majority Socialists be
cause the Red" elements Of the Irde-
pendents already virtually have gone
over bag and baggage, to the Com
munists.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1919-12-27
"Writer,s cranp.n

Writer'S cramp has been defined as
a disease Of those vino do too much
writing, especially with the hand toe
tightly contracted. A person with this
trouble has not complete control over
the muscles Of the thumb and middle
and fore fingers, which are brought
info use in writing. The various meth
ods Of treatment used so far have not
proved altogether successful. Among
the methods used are surgical opera
tions and application of electricity.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1919-12-27
Thought He Was Privileged.

Sam and his dos Hypy were romp-
ing back and forth on the porch. Sam
shouting and Hypy barking. It was
Sans first time out Of his room after
a severe spell Of illness. he having q
narrow escape from death. When his
mother corrected him for being $"
noisy, he said Mother, thought You
was so glad got well aud didn't die
that you wouldn't cara how much
noise l made until got used to play.
ing again?"
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1919-12-27
Lame Sickness.

:. An Investigation <sof The South AT.
r4ean disease kn5bWn as iazazlekt4, or
Tina Tina MeEnlsss u suggests thAf Sc 6 due
s :: spsselas S psaaf poasoa 5shas M .:'ls & seE
ssated; anasr abnesIaals b e eendltlaats u
EEaSses seF other plants tbat M ara sncr- 70
aaIy harmless. Ity devele tras.at seems y
to. be associated with unusnA Hs4fhsr
and sol experiences Of which san-
nar drought s important Through
such conditions, whiting would taxoF
the formation Of .tht, peisen, andt ,e this
explains tie common benef that tie z
disease results from eating whtsd
1.ia nll
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1919-12-27
ABOUT MAPS
Travel By Air Needs Specially
Prepared Maps

San Francisco, Cal, Nov. 3.-Fly-
/! ers. in the proposed 1920 world-girdl-
| ing air derby will not travel by Mer-
Gators projection but by new but
ter1y' way devised by V. j. S. Ca
| hill, of Oakland, Cal, which has just
been adopted by Major Charles J.
Glidden, executive secretary Of the
Aerial Derby Commission, now on his
way to the Far East and who gave
the map his approval before lsavins
here:
| Mr.. Cahill, who is the originator OF
San Francisco's s12,ooo,oo0 "civic
center" plan, said that an aviator US
ing the Mercator projection rs
guide, would go 1000 miles out OF. his
way lin trip from Panama to 1oko-
hama. IF the North Pole were on
an island a mile wide" he said. lit
would appear on Mercator's projec-
ton to be 25,O00 miles wide, or near
~ the total circumference OF the
earth at the equator.
The inventor Of the new map. who
worked on his drawings fifteen years,
said that ''an impartial and rational
world geography is essential to world
peace" He said that Mercator's pro-
lection, which was originally devised
by the Belgian photographer as a
guide for navigators, distorted and
exaggerated the earth as il. receded
from the equator This for instance,
made it appear as if South America
were much smaller than North Amer
ica when, as a matter Of fact, he said,
they were about the same area.
The Cahill map is as though an ac-
tual sphere had been cut and hatten-
ed. its appearance somewhat .resembl-
ing the outspread wings. of butter
fly.
A nation looking unduly expanded
on the map may easily, Mr.. Cahili
says, develop sort of geographical
ss.big headedness,' inducing an over
bearing diplomacy. a nation whose
territory is so undulyl exaggerated on
the maps IN common use may Well
come to exaggerate its, resources, its
economic strength and eevn its viz
tues and so create an atmosphere any
thing but conducive to mutual good
WILL ana COUSSQQcAI NSi III PCdNS'
All problems Of intercommunication
by sea, land or air are, battling and
misleading on Mercator's chart, says
Mr.. Cahill, but simple and Obvious on
the butterfly map, a further aid to
mutual knowledge and understanding.
1nternationalism, now a sporadic
and occasional thing, but destined in
the future to be, the keynote of all
human endeavor, plays an important
part in the science OF statistics and
nneteorology," said Mr.. Cahill. era
phicaI statistics are self-contradictory
and ludicrous on Afercator's chart and
as for indicating the progress of hign
and low pressure rings in weather
charts. the ever changing scale on
Mercator's was simply bewilttering to
the forecaster who had to use them.
The new map, by showing all lands
in their true proportion and form, he
declares, would help materially in
solving peacefully problems dealing
with the world as a whole.