davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07
M. P. KNOWLTON DEAD.
Was Supreme Justice of Massachusetts
Supreme Court for Years

SPRINGFIELD, Mass, Nav Mar
Gus z. Knowlton, former chief Justice of
the supreme judicial court of Massa
chusetts, died in his home here TODAY.
after long period of failing health. He
was appointed chief justice in 1902 bv
Gov. Crane and retired in 1911. Since
ms retirement his chief public activi-
ties have been as chairman of the board
OF trustees appointed by the United
States court to administer the majority
stock of the Boston G. Maine railroad
of which the New York, New Haven &
Hartford railroad was a beneficiary.
Judge Knowlton was born in Wilbra-
ham in 1889 and was graduated from
Yale in 1860.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07
FINED FOR FISHING
WITHOUT LICENSES
Three Fined S25 and Costs Each in vii
mlngton-Arrested by Deputy
Warden Luther Bellows.

Deputy Fish and Game Warden
Luther Luther Bellows OF Wilmington is in
town today to consult with County War
den T. II. Metcalf. Mr.. Bellows recent
" arrested three Italians, Festo Jaco-
mo, John Boini and Joe Andognini, of
Mountain Mills for fishing without a
license. Before a Wilmington Justice
they entered a plea of guilty and were
fined $25 and costs of $685. in each case.
which they paid.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07
JUSTICES APPEAR
IN ROBES IN COURT
innovation at Session of Vermont su-
preme Court-Entries in Wind
ham County Gases.
( Special to The Reformer
MONTPELIER Ma,

The Vermont supreme court justices
appeared IN robes this morning at the
opening of the May term in The new
state building, where court was held
for the first time. and il was also +be
frst time the judges have worn robes
In Vermont, at least in manv wears
Rev Father p. j. Long, Roman Catbo.
lie clergyman, conducted devotional ex.
ercises
ok opinions were read this morning.
our cases are on the trial docket. En-.
trles were made as follows: Franklin
county, Grover vs. Swanton village, SET
tied. Windham county, ". l. Brown
Ts connecticut River Power Co. set.
tied; New York Central Railroad "a
lessees Boston & Albany Railroad 60.
vs. +. 9. Clark and trustee, Judgment as
to the pleading reversed.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07
FRIENDSHIP ASSURED.
Message to U. s. from japanese Min
lister of Foreign Affairs.

WASHINGTON, May Barron
Goto, the new japanese minister for
foreign affairs, has conveyed to See
retary Lansing a measure of reas-
surance of Japan S determination to
promote the relations existing be
tween the United States and Japan
and expressing confidence that Ger
many will be defeated. In reply
Secretary Lansing expressed his
qualification at the words of the
Japanese minister.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07
u. S. SHIP IS SUNK
OFF FRENCH COAST
IyIer, Former Old Dominion Freighter
Torpedoed-Eleven of Crew Were
Killed or Wounded.

NEW YORK, May THE American
steamship Tyler, formerly an Old Do
mlnion freighter, has been torpedoed
and sunk off the French coast. accord
ing to information received in marine
circles here today. Eleven members Of
the crew were killed or drowned.
The Tyler, 1928 tons gross. was bn;lt
IN 1913. She was sunk on MAY 3. Six
Of the II who perished We're members of
the merchant crew and five were navy
gunners
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07
VERMONT is EXEMPT.
Not Called Upon for Men Who Will
Report to Camps May 20.

WASHINGTON, May "A req
uisition on all states except Ari-
zona, Delaware and Vermont for
1000 specially qualified draft regis
trants to 90 to camp May 90 was
sent out today by Provost Marshal
General Crowder.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07
CIVILIANS FEEL
EFFECTS OF GAS
Poisonols Fumes Carried by Contrary
Winds Towards Towns Along
the Rhine River.

GENEVA, May The municipal au-
thorities at Mulhauscn have ordered all
inhabitants TO secure gas masks before
May 10 as protection against aerial gas
attacks, The Lausanne Gazette said the
truth Of the matter is that owing to con
trary winds large quantities OF poisonous
gas employed by the Germans are now
drifting gradually toward towns along the
Rhine which already are feeling the ef-
fects Of the gas
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07
UMverSalist Church

Tuesday, May Il, $50 p. m.-supper,
biennial reunion and roll call, for
church members. Plcace remember the
date.
Wednesday, May s. 7.30-Meeting of
Boy Scouts. troop No. I.
A rummage sale under the auspice. of
the Daughters Circle will be held FRIDAY
and Saturday Of this week in the store
formerly occupied by Mr.. G. II. Smith.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07
Odd Fellows Temple
Tuesday. May I, Rebekah drill.

Tuesday. May I, Rebekah drill.
Wednesday, May s-An Old Folks
dance will be given in T. o. O. F..
temple by Dennis Rebekah lodge. All
Odd Fellows, their families and friends
are invited. A good time and good
music is assured. Tickets, 50 cents a
couple. Extra ladies', II cents. Ly-
man 5 orchestra.
Thursday evening, May Irregular
meeting OF Canton Palestine, No. 3. All
members are requested to be present as
we would like to get a good number to
go 10 Barre, VI, next week.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07
Clemenceau Returns from
Battle Lines with Feel
ing of Confidence
SUCCESSFUL RAID
MADE BY BRITISH
Captured Machine Guns Southwest of
Arras Last Night-Active Fighting
on Both Sides of the Aisne, French
War Office States.

PARIS, May American troops are
continuing to arrive on the front in
force, Premier Clcmcnceau told the edi-
tor of n Paris paper on returning to-
day from a two days visit to the front
area. The premier brought back, he
said, % feeling Of confidence in the in.
yincibility of the entente forces.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07
Centre Congregational Church

Friday, Nav 10, 3.4j r. m.-AIssionary
rally in the Baptist chapel for the children
Of the town. The Congregational children
are asked 20 meet in the Congregational
chapel at $50 10 march 10 the Baptist
church.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07
ENEMY ALIEN WOMEN.
Twelve Wives of German Officers Lodged
in Detention Camp.

GLOUCESTER, n. j., May Twelve
enemy alien women were lodged in de
tention camp last night by agents of the
department of Justice They are the first
interned since the passage of the woman
spy bill last month and are the wives of
Germans arrested in San Francisco and
confined at Hot Springs, \. G.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07
AN EVENTFUL FLIGHT.
Red Cross Workers Who Had Been in
Rumania Fired on by Germans

LONDON, May In an eventful flight
from Jassy, the Rumanian capital, the
American Red Cross mission to Rumania.
which now has arrived in London. es-
capped from Odessa 80 hours before the
Germans entered it only to be fired upon
by a German battery in the Ukraine. BOO
miles north of Odessa. The German shells
lid no damage to the Red Cross train.
falling about a half mile from it during
five minute bombardment.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07
FRISCNER ESCAPES.
Frank Joyce Makes Break from County
Farm in Westmoreland.

hEENE, y. H., May 7.-Frank joyce,
aged ~, who was serving a years sentence
IN the county farm in Westmoreland es-
capped during Sunday night and IS still at
large.
Joyce, whose home is Texas, was an.
rested last March in Walpole for breaking
entering and larceny. He had been in
Jail less than month.
Joyce has dark hair and complexion.
He is about 5 feet 10 inches tall
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07
Masonic Temple

Tuesday, May Regular meeting OF
Bingham chapter BY request. on account
Of the lecture, the installation of officers
has been postponed
"Wednesday, May s, 80 p. m.-Speeial
conclave Beauseant commandery. No. 7.
MT Business: Installation Of officers and
re
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07

Insurance experts contend that wom-
an who is in good health at the age OF
~ II likely 70 outlivc a man OF the same
age, because she is apt to be more TEN.
pcratc and is less liable to accident
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07
FAVORABLY REPORTED.
House Judiciary Committee Votes 1s to
I for Overman Bill.

WASHINGTON, May THE Overman
bill granting broad powers to the Presi-
dent to re-organize and coordinate GOV
ernment departments, was ordered favor
ably reported to the house today by the
Judiciary committee by vote of Is to
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07

Abyssinia is the original home of the cof.
fee tree, and in the southern and western
highlands of that country there are still
immense forests Of it that have nevar
been touched
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07
THE WEATHER.
Showers Tonight and Wednesday-Cooler
TomorroH-South Winds

WASHINGTON, May THE weather
forecast: Showers tonight and Wednes-
day. Cooler Wednesday except in east
ern Maine. Fresh south and southwest
winds.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07

LONDON, May THE British made
q successful raid last night near Neu-
villc.Nitasse, southwest of Arras, the
war Office reports. Three machine guns
We're captured.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07

PARIS, May Active fighting oc-
CURED last night on both sides of the
Aisne on the front southeast of Amiens,
the war Office announces.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07
BRITISH CASUALTIES.
Total Losses of 38,69I for the Week
Ending Today-5,5s5 Killed.

LONDON, May british casualties
reported during the week ending TODAY
reached total of 3S,69l. OF this num-
Der 6.555 officers and men were killed or
died of wounds and 32,l36 were wounded
or reported missing.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07

Poets are born, not made, and many oil
them should never have been born.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1918-05-07

Continued on Page A.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1918-05-23

The lawn mower has been busy at
the Court House park this week, ac-
celebrated by the lusty muscle of
Janitor Adam Weigel.
Miss Esther Goetchius who taught
north of Ellis, last year has been re-
elected at an increase of $500 per
month. This speaks well for Miss
Esther's ability.
Mr.. D. C. Noland, his daughter,
her husband and son came to Hays
last Wednesday,, to visit Mrs. holland
and Gladys, who returned with them
to Moreland on Friday.
F. E. McLain, H D. Shaffer, M.
Haffamier and Ben Hopper the old
soldiers, left Monday morning for
Chanute, Kansas, to attend the an
nual meeting of the G. A. R.
Among the list of Hays boys going
to the front in the next call is Bur-
ton M. Clark, the Normal boy, who
has been the efficient clerk in the
postofice here some time.
Raymond Bissing, son of Jacob
Kissing, who has been clerking in the
Henry Winters hardware store, has
joined the navy and leaves for his
post of duty next Sunday
Last week another installment on
the Students Friendship War Fund
given by the Normal school was sent
away. This makes a total of S $50
the students and faculty have given
to this most worthy cause.
Mr.. and Mrs. Harvey Fellers left
Monday morning in their car for a
business trip to Nebraska. They may
also go to Colorado, before return
ing home. Mrs. Foster is caring for
the baby and la Fern is staying at
her grandparents
Six or eight women of the neigh
borhood meet at the home of Mrs. E.
R. King every Friday and sew for the
Refugees. A dozen garments are I'm
| ished each week. This is commend
able work and more neighborhoods
ought to take it up.
Farmer H. H. Pierce of this city
| has one of those Standing grain Bald
win harvesters and threshers and will
run it on his farm in Russell county,
south of Gorham, during this harvest
Louis Kraus is also getting his in
shape to run as soon as the grain Is
ripe.
Word comes that William H. Stru-
BILE, son of the old soldiers widow
Mrs. Struble, living northwest OF
Hays, who enlisted in the navy II
April of last year and was stationed
at the great naval training station a
Great Lakes, Illinois, near Chicago
has been transferred to the U. S. Re
ceiving Ship at the u. S. Naval yarC
at Norfolk, Va, and is now one Of
the great American transports con
voying troops and ammunition ship.
across the ocean.
WANTED
GOOD BIG FAT HENS. WILL
PAY 1S CENTS PER POUND FOF
A FEW DAYS.-H. A. COWAN.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1918-05-23

Miss Marian Flanders is visiting
at Godoland during the vacation.
Mrs. Truesdel1 of Palco is visiting
Lena Brown is home, her school
having closed at Ellsworth last week.
Maurice Zeigler went to Kansas
City, Monday, to have his eyes test
ed
Maxwell touring car run but 5000
miles. VIII sell for half PRICE,
B. Matthew.
Mr.. and Mrs. Wiles and son, Ralph,
of Banner, attended commencement
at the Normal.
During the absence of Probate
Judge McLain, B. C. Arnold has
charge of the Office.
Miss Esther Shively spent the
weekend at the home of Mr.. and
Mrs. c. A. Shively.
Mrs. Bernard Fitspatrik is out of
the hospital and is NV at the home of
Mr.. and Mrs. A. D. Goetchius.
Mr.. and Mrs. Fred Archer have
come to Hays to live Fred will be
in the store with Mr.. Al Nickles.
gorge AD01, VINO mas Deon serious
ly i'll at st. Anthny's hospital was
fable to return to his home this week.
Mrs. Robert Miles and son, James
of Wichita, are visiting the family of
Mrs. Miles sister, Mrs. Sanford Sites.
Mrs. Armstrong attended COM
mencement at the Normal, her daugh-
ter, Kate, being in the graduating
class.
Mrs. Miriam Ulrich of Manhattan
is again in Hays taking care of the
Boys children in the absence of their
mother, who is in the hospital.
Prof. and Mrs. Lee and Mildred,
Miss Heller and Miss Sutton had din
ner with Mr. and Mrs Weeks on
Sunday, it being Clarissa's birthday.
Mr.. and Mrs Pruinton of Banner,
whose daughter, Blanch was in the
graduating class at the Normal, came
and attended commencement exer-
cises.
Miss Faythe Logan gave party on
Saturday evening at Big Creek Farm
in honor of Frank Carmen and John
Hale. The young people report q
fine time
Miss Dora Grass is spending the
vacation with her father and mother
in Lacrosse. Mr.. and Mrs. Grass and
with relatives taking Miss Grass home
with them.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1918-05-23
Hen Dies of Heart Failure

At the old Fulton farm a hen was
fund today sitting on a stone chicken
house apparently asleep. The bird
was found to be dead from heart
failure.
All outbuildi1gs are gone from the
Corney Snyder farm three miles
northeast of Ellis.
Telephone lines are down every
where and news is hard to obtain.
The losses of property so far detailed
viii reach at least $150,000 and were
viewed by Journal correspondent
who today travelled over the stricken
district
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1918-05-23
Hays Normal Expects Largest Sum
mer School

Judging from the number of in
quiries received by the Registrar OF
the Fort Hays Normal, the enroll
ment for the summer school viii be
the largest IN its history. The sum-
mer term beings Tuesday, May 2Sth-
The entire graduating class Of several
high schools viii attend in a body
The number of older people who viii
be IN school here will also be larger
than usual.
In addition to all the regular col
lege work, special courses viii be Of
fered IN war public speaking, war
cooking, war sewing, war singing and
the agriculture department viii give
training In war gardening and iriga-
ton farming.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1918-05-23
Forty Hours Devotion at St. Joseph
Church

The annual forty hour devotion
festival was celebrated at St. Joseph's
Catholic Church last Sunday, Mon
day and Tuesday with all the solemn
ity, which makes the services at the
Catholic church so impressive.
The services opened Sunday
morning at ten o'clock with a soemn
highmass, during which the Most
Blessed Sacrament was exposed At
ter highmass procession was formed
IN which the school girls and boys,
dressed IN immaculate white marched
ahead of the Blessed Sacrament and
the choir chanted the beautiful
'fPange Linqua Gloriosi-"
During that day and the following
two days, hours for alteration of the
faithful before the Blessed Sacra-
ment were kept by the various diyi-
sions of the congregation
On Tuesday at nine o'clock during
solemn highmass the devotion was
closed with benediction with the
Blessed Sacrament.
During the services of the forty
hours the church choir and the col
lege orchestra rendered beautiful vo-
cal and instrumental music for the
glory Of God and the edifcatiOn OF
the faithful Xxx
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1918-05-23
and the occupants of them are bruised

and the occupants of them are bruised
from their narrow escapes Ro-
bert Harmon saved his mothers life
by throwing an elbow in the path of
a stone from the walls of their
home.
A post carried one-half mile, div
en- throught a window and neatly de-
posted on the dining table of George
McIntoSh's home. No other damage
was done to the place.
For three hours the people of the
stricken section crawled about in q
sort Of stupor. 1t was one o'clock be-
fore Sheriff Weltz was summoned. He
has been in charge of the situation,
particularly overseeing the rounding
up of the stock and finding shelter
gor the unfortunates.
The finest orchard IN Western Kan
sas, owned by James Mcintosh is a
complete loss. Lightning struck his
house, divided it, than the twister
turned the parts IN different direc-
tions, blew the barn at the house
from one direction and the concrete
roof of the milk house at it from the
other A brand new lumber wagon
was dismembered and the wheels
were found at three points of the
compass with the axles severed and
the odd wheel hung up on a fence
post.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1918-05-23

Maxwell touring car run but 5000
miles VIII sell for half PRICE,.
B. Matthew.
Amng those who attended the uro-
gram at the Copeland school, last
Thursday evening, were: Mr.. and Mrs.
h E Malloy, Mr.. Soderlund, Mr.. and
Mrs. w. A Lewis, Mr.. and Mrs. h.
J. Penney. Mrs. Malloy favored the
audience with a violin solo
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1918-05-23
Frank Hoover May Die

At the Kellog farm everything is
gone, including the house, barn,
fine lot of big trees and live stock.
The large tabernacle belonging to the
Church of Christ, located a mile
north of Riga is completely gone. The
loss here is $4,000. On the John
Kerth place only the outbuildings
were taken and come stock damgaed.
All outbuildings and implements
were swept from the Runyn farm.
The big house escaped. At the Frank
Hoover farm, house, barn, outbuild-
ings and a number of head of cattle
are gone Mr.. Hoover was so badly
injured internally that he is not ex-
pected to live. The remaining MEM
-bers Of the fanny suffered slight in
juries. The loss on this farm viii be
very great.
A second storm passed to the north
east of Ellis. All buildings on the
Charley Mueller farm were wrecked
by this storm. Mr.. Mueller's loss will
be $500. The farm was occupied
by Mr.. MueIler's son-in-law, John
Blender. One little girl was injured.
Nearly Ran Down Mail Man
A rural route carrier had mar
row escape three and one-hah miles
east OF Ellis when two empty wheat
tanks came rolling along at the speed
of an express train One passed
just IN front of his automobile.
A baseburner from the Mueller
farm was found undamaged one and
one-half miles away on a hill. The
piano was jammed into q bank few
yards from the house and broken 70
pieces.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1918-05-23
NOTICE

There will be q meeting of especial
Importance of the Modern WoOdmen
Lodge in Workman Hall on next Wed
nesday, May 29th. All members are
requested to attend. The Head Con-
sui of the state Will talk
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1918-05-23
Summer Vacation School

All children who exepct to ettend
the vacation school are asked TO re-
port at the Model school room at the
Normal Monday morning, May 9th,
at nine o'clock, for enrolment and
assignment to classes
q Sbiva1x-
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1918-05-23
Kindergarten Postponed

kindergarten Postponed
Owing to the fact that Miss Mckee
is unable to come next week the open
ing of the kindergarten has been post
poned to Monday, June 3rd. Report
with the children at the grade school
building at nine o'clock on that date.
C. A. ShivelY.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1918-05-23
Treeo County Loss 100000

WaKeeney, Kan, May PA tor
nado occurred about six o'clock Mon
day evening ten miles southeast of
this place, leveling the buildings on
the G. M. Stanton farm and doing
great damage on the farms of Bert
Stanton, G. NJ. Hobbick, Thomas Ku-
tina and others. Mrs. Bert Stanton
was badly hurt by flying debris and
Miss Dietz was injured by broken
glass striking her in the face but no
lives were lost. The path of the tor
nado was about three miles long and
a half mile wide, following a draw
that opens into Big Greek.
On the north at this point the storm
lifted and struck again about three
miles down the valley. About 200
head of livestock were killed out
right and many injured A traction
engine was lifted and carried a dis
tance of ten or fifteen rods. The tab
ernacle of the Northwestern Kansas
Holiness Association near Ogallah
was blown down. The total damage
is probably not less than 100000.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1918-05-23
MEMORIAL DAY PROGRAM
Forenoon

Nine o'clock assemble at the Strand
All who have flowers are kindly re-
quested to bring them 10 this place
Ten O'Clock (shzrp) march TO the
cemetery, the order viii be as fol
lows:
Fort Hays Kansas Normal Band
Sons Of Veterans
Hays Military Companies
Veterans
Boy Scouts
Pupils from schools
Citizens
Afternoon
Two o'clock Public exercises at the
Strand.
Song ------------ Quartette
Reading of the Orders Adjutant
Welcome address Post Commander
Rol of Honor
Song
Address --------F u Resell
Past Dist Cm. of S. o. V.
SOng-America
Benediction
The public are cordially invited 10
be present and participate IN the ex-
ercises of the day.
Persons having automobiles are
kindly requested to assist
Gall SaITe
~ Is made By Dr.
80 Pruftt that Is
NT guaranteed to
heal q horses shoulders while you
work the horse and to be the best
you ever used, or your money back
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1918-05-23
MARRIED

Miss Julia Stone and Burton NJ
Clark were united IN marriage last
Saturday afternoon at the Baptist
parsonage in this city, Rev. Rogers
officiating. The people are well
known in Hays, both having attended
the Hays State Normal School for
several years. The bride is a very
estimable young lady, whose parents
live on the Saline, near Fairprt.
Burton NJ, or Bert, asa he Is fam
iliarily known by his many friends In
Hays, is a graduate of the Fort Hays
Normal School; has received his life
certificate and also Bachelor of Sci
ence degree, and Is among the many
thoroughly educated young men that
have been turned out from this
school He Is admired for his genius
and scholarly attainments by his
many friends IN Hays
He has been called to the eolors
and will leave for Camp Funston this
coming Saturday at noon, along with
the last draft contingent from Ellis
county, ffty-six IN number.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1918-05-23

Cabbage and tomato plants at the
Normal School garden.