davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1918-07-22

chimes thatAre no longer of any use for
! fighting thai might be used for transport.
but it is coaddered that these machines
are far more As4fully employed in train
ing aviators foGthe front 1t also is true
that there are Ss Of pilots who, owing
to nervous strain are no longer fit for
fighting, but hieseNen are of the great
est value IN trainins,work and the thou
sand and one ''grouni duties" in which
men with flying knoacdge can be EN-.
ployed. Neither men nd mhterial can be
spared at present from lthc business of
winning the war. Nm
At the same time the SStlhorities are,
fully alive TO the necessity q having
everything ready for big development
Of British air transport as SON US the
war is over. 1t should be remembered,
they say, that the experience noA gained
ut the front in every branch of aviation Is
enormous and can all be turned \ &c
count when the time comes and Ah>nl
Great Britain may take her place hSAe
peaceful paths of the air. IN
Friendly competition In shIphuildinAl
and the lessons that Great Britain may
learn from American methods in the
speeding up Of ship construction to check
the German U-boat campaign were en-
phasized by Sir owen Phillips. chairman
of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Com
pany, in an address which he delivered
at shareholders meeting the other day.
He first of all expressed the conviction
that the submarine campaign was being
held in check with increasing success,
though we were not yet within measurable
distance of its complete elimination as a
serious menace. He hoped before long to
sec in operation a system Of much greatey
publicity for the results Of shipbuildints
efforts.
In America, he remarked. by means Of
graphic charts the workers could see at
glance what each yard was producing.
By encouraging friendly competition be
tween yard and yard. river and river, dis
,rict and district, effort was stimulated
and the best and speediest results were
lbtained.
He would like to see the American chart
system adopted in British yards.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1918-07-22

on account of the efprmous cost of manu-
facture in large QAntities and because
they thought phosgae would serve the
same purpose. NA
Sulphur also was Argely used in gas
attacks with shells AID hand grenades
but is too heavy for cIouSs. 1t was always
used in combination Nth very volatile
lhquids of the ether andnethyl group, ex-
cept ia one case where small hand gre
nades havssheen found containing nothing
but sulphur uioxide. tits one bf the
components of the famotisl mustard gas
which is the most ficndish d all the Ger
man inventions of this kinds.
Mustard gas, which smelisAmors like
garlic than mustard, was firsS USED in
July, 1917, at Ypres, and was &aiu en-.
ployed this year at NieupOrt and al Ar
mentieres at the opening of the In dive.
Its effects, at first apparently slisSt, n re
subsequently very painful. The symAtosns
begin with a feeble irritation of the Ayes.
This gradually increases until the Ses
begin to swell and blister, the nose Is
charges freely and the lungs are rackkl
with coughing. The vapor when conceh
trated even penetrates clothing and blis
ters the skin. Its first use was a surpris'
and many British soldiers were its victims
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1918-07-22

Besides the ordinary asphyxiating gas,
tho tear gas and the mustard gas the
Germans also have a 'sneezing gas"
often used in connection with shells of
the more deadly kind, the idea being to
force man to eneeze SO badly that he
cannot keep his mask in place. To do
this the gas has to reach the man while
he is in the act of putting on his mask
or before that, for the mask affords per-
feet safety if properly used.
The interval of six months in 1915 dur
ing which there were no gas attacks was
utilized by British and French scientists
to devise some means of protection against
the new weapon. The first used consisted
of cotton wool respirators, wrapped in
muslin and soaked in solutions of sodium
carbonate and thiosulphate. Others were
simply pads of cotton waste which the
men stuffed into their mouth, then cover
ing nose and mouth with another pad
when the alarm was sounded of a gas at
tack. Next helmets were made with a
bag into which the head is thrust, with
mica eye pieces. There is valve in the
helmet for the escape of used air. Later
respirators were added, filled with layers
of substances that would dissolve or coun-
teract the different gases. Wood char
coal, which has great absorbent qualities,
is used among other defcnces.
Gas cloud attacks have now been aban-
doned to a great extent because Of their
sudden showers, want of forsh in the
projectile or too great a distance fr IA
the objective, with the result that the
gas was frequently either dissipated or
deflected before reaching the opposing
trenches. Often when it did reach them
its strength was too feeble 10 have much
effect The Germans therefore rctnrned
to the original Krupp idea Of using the
gas compressed in shell.
This has the advantage Of being in
dependent Of the wind or sudd~n changes
in the weather and of being sure of
reaching the opposing trenches and of
having greater range. The gas cloud,
too, will not roll uphill any more than
water, hence positions and dugouts over
the crest are safe from such attacks,
but shells can reach them. On explod-
ing, the gases will spread about in most
concentratedaf form and pcrmeate every
whore. flowing rapidly into dngouts and
underground cellars. On the other hand.
the shells contain only six pounds of
gas, while the cylinders contain forty.
Hence the need of centring fire on small
areas to produce the desired result. Thus
used, the shells can effect concentrations
of as much as Two or even three parts
of gas to one thousand of air in the re-
gon most affected. But as the respira-
tors can counteract as much as three
parts in one hundred, they form per-
feet protection when properly employed.
casualties are due to surprise or lack
6f quickness in putting on the masks.
Despite these protective devices and
hhe partial abandoning Of cloud attacks
as is being used TO tremendous ex-
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1918-07-22

One beautiful morning in April, 1915,
the British in front of Ypres, largely re-
cruited from Indian troops, stood watch
ing a peculiar looking yeIlowish white
cloud that was rolling toward them along
the ground under a gentle wind from the
German line. 1t reached the trenches
and its immediate effect was tremendous.
Men fell, eonvulsed with agony, as be-
fore a reapng machine. Within a few
minutes the whole battlefield was covered
with groaning, dying men. Those on the
fringe of the cloud were temporarily dis
abled and taken prisoner. Those behind
fled on seeing the devastation ahead. Six
thousand dead were left on the ground
and big gap was torn in the British
front. Fortunately for the latter the Ger
mans themselves did rot appreciate the
tremendous effect of their attack. Cana
dians on the left rallied and closed the
gap, charging through the remains of the
gas cloud itself to do so. The Huns OPP
portunity to break through passed and
smother indelible stain was added to their
honor, sullied by the violation of Belgium
and the burning of LouIain.
The British, nevertheless, had been
warned of this attack, but considered its
fiendishness SO incredible that the man
who cautioned them was only laughed at
for bis pains. He was a deserter from
the German lines who escaped to the
British side of the Ypres salient about
week before the, attack and said the
Huns were preparing to POISON the British
by wholesale with gas. and that they had
cylinders fixed to the front of their
trenches from which to project the deadly
vapors. No one believed him and the
men were absolutely unprotected, hence
the heavy casualties.
The Allics RetdLiaie.
Several other assaults of less moment
closely followed, but from the end of
May, 1915, to December of that year
there were no gas attacks for some un-
explained reason-a fact which gave op-
portunity to the Allies to learn about the
new device, to afford protection against
it and finally to adopt it themselves in re-
taliation as the only means of teaching
the Hun TO refrain from his nefarious
practices, on the same principle that one
does not reason with rattlesnake
The Allies learned that the Germans
have two. regiments of pioneers espe-
cially trained to conduct gas attacks,
have their own engineers. meteorologists
and chemists. The gas is brought into the
line in long cylinders such as are used
for oxygen or hydrogen. These cylinders
are set in round holes previously dug in
the bottom of the trench close to the
forward side and are covered with moss
covering soaked in a solution of car
Donate of potassium to take up any gas
leakage and sandbags to protect them
from shrapnel These are removed for
attack, and each cylinder is connected
with lead pipe bent over the top. The
stopcocks are turned and the gas, which
is in highly compressed form, rushes out.
The success of cloud attack like that
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1918-07-22

| tent by both sides, each endeavortng %
find some new surprise that has not been
used by the opponent. A colorless, odor~l
less, invisible poisonous gas Is sought DN
both and at the same time safeguards
against attack are being improved ono
of the simplest is used by the BTitisn- ~
consists Of dipping a rag in blue htniuS,
which Is very sensitive to aci1. nc
moment the color begins to change suo
pink it Is a sign that there Is poisonous
gas in the air.
The best defence Of all, however, aeainss
gas attacks by the Huns was the use OF
lit by the Allies. They were long IN cp1nins
TO it, but at last have recognized that u -
useless to treat vjpers with Kindness
Reprisals the German mind can under-i
stand. French ard British troops E1Nc
been making use of cas- for nearly tWo
years and the Americans have now
adopted it, launching their first pro)eetoe
attack on June 10 against the GcrmnnSi
in The st. Mihiel salient. The ProJct tors
were fired by electricity and thcrsnnd
shells filled with American gas were alR'
charged into u small section OF tAc me
The Germans tried to rstaliate, but the
wind blew part of the gas back into tSeiei
trenches and they soon gave u2 ;he at'
tempt.
Major General William L. Sibert haD
been placed at the head OF the gas diviAt'n
Of the wer Department, and sna u row
being made In large quanuues- Sc7aa bas
been sent To France IN cOntain"T~ with
which French shells have Seen al'"! .oT
the use oI.s mcsicaRs Some nsSc'.1's for
the nAnntacture oi 1aA aAso As' = sen
shipped abroad. TIE greatest - Is
main tained regnrdirx the mannf ot
gas In the Unitri States prd tie GA
Of plAntz :or th= purpos" An m
output = Szpe-ted, as the use OF ns
increased twenty fold since ye 20.
In general attacks frequeBtiy on 'r
of the projectiles used are gas shci -
the manufacture must be vastly eNpa nd
to meet the demand.
On the defensive side, too, the O.: -
States is not neglecting any precaur -
In fact the first gas masks Of the fes -
ator type used by the Germans var- n
American invention employed I'D
Bureau Of Mines Of the Interior ptDa;'t
ment for rescue work in the case Of G err
explosions or fire damp in mines t.vcrE
German gas is sampled by the allied
troops The soldiers carry little scaled
vacuum tubes of glass. When they en-!
counter gas the end is broken off, tbr gas
rushes in and the soldier closes the lub4
with a putty-like substance contained ID
little depression at one end. The sami
pies thus obtained are sent to Paris '.on.
don and Washington for analysis as. thu
discovery Of neutralizers. The gas de-
fence service of the Sanitary Corps hat
charge of applying the results to the
manufacture Of masks.
In both offence and defence American
processes are beginning to take first rank
and the time is not far distant whep
United States troops, aided by Amrricas
science and American invention. will give
the final strokes to the blows that nu
gradually crushing German autocrac1
with its barbarous methods
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1918-07-22

A MEXICAN soldiers finishing
IN their training in England are i'm
I \ mensely pleased with the idea
that if it be their fate to be
wounded in France they win be brought
back to England ''fOr repairs" says the
y. Y. Herald's London correspondent Yon
have only to go into the Y. NJ. c. A.
Eagle Hut in the Strand to find out how
delighted they are with the arrangement
When the Amexes, or Buddies, first
began to arrive they were undoubtedly
shy; but since they realized that their
British comrades and English women
too were 50 ready to welcome them and
try to make them feel really at home in
the "Motherland," and especially when
they found so many thousands of Ameri
can men in Khaki and American women
to look after their welfare in the numer-
Gus Y. NJ. C. A. huts their shyness quickly
disappeared. Without perhaps knowing
what it really means, they have caught
on To the name Of "Blighty," and roll il
rodnd their tongues with just as much
affection as Tommy does.
Max Pemberton said ac the AldwychI
Club recently that a Cabinet Minister
once said 10 him, II fear We may have al
lot Of trouble with the American boys
American mothers had expressed great
anxiety about the moral welfare Of their
sons in England. They had heard terrible
stories Of what had happened TO Aus
trslians in the West End Of london.
But there is no fear Of trouble coming
TO these sons Of America in that way.
The development Of the American Y. N.
c. A. forces in America amazes the Brit
ish forces more and more every week.
They are arriving in battaions almost,
sine men and women every one. all keen
on their work in looking after the young
fighters from home. The Eagle Hut. as
has been said over and over, is recognized
By British. Australians and Canadians
alike as the most complete organization
Of its kind in the British capital, as itl
surely Is the most popular, and there are
many more huts like It over the country,
and more building.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1918-07-22
A VIRGINIAN
AT THE FRONT

/ Dedlcsted to Ny Fatherl
There's nothing else that I would DO
But fight with ali my might:
America is in this war
To win the cause OF right.
And here In noble France. to day.
When all the worlds aflamr.
I look across the years and pF-s
That may write my name
As high as Just the hnnbler, ses
Who fought with honor the's
Where proud virginta's krarso:
son
Tramped meath hsr h@suer ;ar.
Yes. trahped w,rs bee. tha s,..y u
gray.
And seena that can hear
The Goidies Grandsire 2esterd.
Tall how they laughed at fear
For where Lee led they followeG
And fought at Jackson's WILL
And blood OF theirs has never Ee
IT'S red with courage stlli;
The thrill Of Dixie" ringing elea,
Comes surging sweet and stronEi
Ats music swaysi Ny voice vii.
cheer h
And cheer The magic songI
An eoho of thS,rebel yell
stars heart and brain afire,
Unto he very jaws of hell
The sound my soul inspired
Give ne their faith. their daunt-
less heart.
Teach ne the way theyfouEht.
lnheritsnesls mine. my, RArt fIl
To do because 1 ought
Virginia calls again to arnaA
sic semper, NriEhtooua cana
Welcome the bueic sounds als,-r.
We come. nor stop, nor pause.
We conc. Americans. to-day,
Torrance. 20 anywhofa. rs
And not a German sword can sta,
We come 10 DO and dare!
REBECCA COKE NASH A
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1918-07-22

might have a little troubls' during the
voyage.
you Sec" said the American, these
boys have had only a few months of mill
.tary training, aud, having come straight
from civil life into the army, they may lie
expected to have hazy ideas as to discip-
line, &c"
Thus forewarned, the British officer
was prepared to make generous allowances
when on the third day out he made an
inspection of tha mems quarters. But
there was nc necessity to make any allow
ances at all.
Il was surprised and delighted he said
in narrating his experiences to a friend,
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1918-07-22

avery volatile liquid The writer has a
distinct,~ recollection Of how he nearly
"gassed" himself when a student of chem
istry, manufacturihg- roomfl1 of chlorine
by the ordinary Notwithstanding man
ganese dioxide with concentrated hydro
chloric acid. The oxygen leaves the~man-
ganese to join with the hydrogen in the
hydrochloric acid, half the chlorine Of
the latter replaces it and the other half
is set free.
Al Soris of Hapors.
Bromine, which with mercury makes
the only two known elements existing nor
mally in a liquid state, boils at 13S de
grees Fahrenheit and becomes a gas about
the temperature of moi cup of coffee, SC
it is easily adapted TO explosives. 1t is
used in hand grenades, alone OF in com
bination with other and lighter liquids
more volatile still, and in shells. The
original tear shells were made by mix
ing bromine viii coal tar products. An
other substance used by the Germans WIS
phosgene, which they considered mo-e
poisonous even than "Prussic" acid-note
the significant name. Prussic acid, or
rather cyanogen gas, was at one time con
sidered by the Huns, but was discarded
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1918-07-22
Those Terrible Tales Are All Nonsense

to find that those quarters were as neat
as on board a battle ship"
The men, too, displayed splendid discip-
line then and all through the voyage, and.
what is more important, manifested a
keen and serious interest in the great ad-
venture to which they were going.
1t is often urged that more ought TO be
done now to develop aerial mails and
transport without waiting for the period
Of peace Official opinion here is against
expenditure Of material and effort in this
direction, chiefly for the following rea-
SOM
It is true that there arc plenty of ma
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1918-07-22

! 1t is pure joy to see American fighting
men, both soldiers and sailors, fraternizine
with British and Colonial soldiers in the
Eagle Hut-no shyness there. In the
Eagle Hut they feel as much on their own
territory as the Ambassador and his staff
in Grosvenor Gardens. Ask an English
soldier home on leave about his expert
ences at the front and he shuts up like
the proverbial oyster, but to his American
comrade. keen on knowledge, be talks
freely. 1t makes them keen to emulate
the deeds they hear Of their own comrades
from America, who have already shown
that, as Mr.. Pemberton said, "the chief
recreat ton Of the American soldier" IS
fighting, which is the reason a huge
stadium for boxing is being erected at
Winchester. 1t is hoped to see the bes.
boxing talent of both England aud
America there.
Londoners are very much interested in
the American arny's provost marshal
service, which is now in full operation
here Trim United States military police
in the new field service caps, very much
like the British r. +. C. fatigue caps, arc
to be seen on point duty" at strategic
Ilaces'in the West End.
Officers and men home from the front
have two subjects Of constant praise, the
Americans aud the French reserves. OF
the French an officer said that If he had
not seen them be would not have believed
that the Allies had in reserve such a fine
body q fighting men Somehow or other.
perhaps as result Of enemy propa ganda.
the idea got about that France had cx
hausted all her best classes and that only
Indifferent ones were left There is not.
an atom Of foundation for such an idea.
For the Americans no praise eau be tool
high. ] have heard Scotsmen cgll them
bonnie fechters," Lancashire men de
scribe them as "gradely lads" and. I be
lieve, "heffy" is regarded as a very ap-.
propriste summing mp of their qualities
And coming from British soldiers these
terms mean much.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1918-07-22

A British officer who crossed the At
lantic recently in charge Of about nalf q
battalion Of American troops was fore
warned By an American officer that be
Carolina watchman. [volume] (Salisbury, N.C.) 1871-1937, 1918-06-05
Train Strikes Auto Sunday.

About 1:S1 Sunday afternoon
as Lee TreXler and a Younger
brother attempted to cross the
railroad at the Chestnut Hill
crossing, the auto in which they
were riding vas struck by pas
senger Train Nc II. The auto
was demolished and the occ,,-
pants were caught on the fore
part of the engine and carried
several blocks. Mr., Trexler's
collar bone was broken and he
was bruised and the younger
Was badly bruised, both marve-
lousy escaping death. The train
stopped and brought them to
Salisbury and they were taken
to the sa~natorium where it is ex-
pected they will soon recover.
Mr. Trexler is a resident of the
vicinity of Rockwell and after
visiting in Salisbury, was return
ing home. Why he did not Oh
serve the approaching train is
probably accounted for by the
passing of soutnbound train No.
IS which he was watching,
ne driving on the track behind it,
and ia front of Nc. II. The
fragments of the auto were
strewr along the track and the
front of the engine was slightly
damaged
Carolina watchman. [volume] (Salisbury, N.C.) 1871-1937, 1918-06-05
The Truth About the Wheat Supply.

Raleigh, June 3rd - Pro-
German propagandists are at
work again. Reports have been
spread in some sections of the
country that Food Administra-
ton officials.have stated that
there is no longer necessity for
the conservation of wheat.
State Food Administrator Henry
A Page today received a tele-
gram from Mr. Hoover calling
his attention to these reports, de-
nying that any statement of this
character had ever been issued
and explaining the actual situa-
ton.
The situation is just this:
Our actual supplies of wheat and
flour until harvest will allow
for home consumption a little less
than one third for our normal
consumption, if we are to main
tain The absolutely necessary sup
plies for our Allies At the be-
ginning of May there was in the
hands Of farmers and elsewhere
in storage approximately IS mil
lion bushels of wheat to carry us
for three months. Our norma
consumption for these three
months would be 12Q milllor
bushels, not allowing anything
to our Allies.
Carolina watchman. [volume] (Salisbury, N.C.) 1871-1937, 1918-06-05

The usual monthly nesting
OF the county board of educa-
ton was held ia Salisbury
Monday, when the situation
was gone over and it was de-
clded to increase the salaries
OF the public school teachers
beginning with the fall term
4 $500 dollara edition was or
der-d TO BE- added to the Mt
Ulla school.
Senator Lee S Overman is
spending a few days at home
with his family. The Sena>
tor is coming in for a lot Of
vel! deserved praise for Lis
excellent work in the Senate
recently as father of the
Overlnau bill and other meas
nres to back up the PrAsi>
dent and our efforts to win
the war.
A large steel tank has
just been received to take
the place of the wooden tank
o" the Wallace building.
This tank is necessary, owing
to the fact that the building
is higher than the city stand
The closing exercises of the
Salisbury Normal and Indus
trial Institute began Satur>
day aud will finish Friday
evening. This school of
Rev Geo II Atkins is
has had Il
very successful term.
Carolina watchman. [volume] (Salisbury, N.C.) 1871-1937, 1918-06-05
Partial Eclipse Saturday.

II you notice darkness COW
ering the earth next Satur-
afternoon, do not be unduly
alarmed. 1t will be due to a
Large partial" eclipse of the
sun. It will begin at 6:36
o'clock, will be at it's MAXI
mum at 1888 and Will end at
1926 o'clock. The path of to-
tai obstruction will traverse
the United States diagonaly
and will vary in width from
Sc miles in the state Of
Washington to 40 miles in the
state of Florida. Thirteen
states will witness the total
phase. The path Of central
or total eclipse begins in the
Pacific ocean to tbs south OF
Japan, passes northward all
most to the Aleutian Islands
and then curving southwark
reaches the American coast
near Portland Ore, after
traversing the United States
it ends at sunset in the Ba~
hama Islands.