davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-08

cause it was built by Benjamin Ogle Tayloe. It later became the home of Senator Don Cameron. It was the residence of Garrett A. Hobart, while he was vice-president, and later, dur ing the Mckinley administration, it was occupied by Senator Mark Hanna, through whom it earned its executive title.
 This picturesque old house has re- gently been purchased by the Cosmos Club of Washington, it's wartime use being to serve as center of hos pitality to a share of the three hun dred men of science, literature, art, and those distinguished in the learned professions or in the public service" who, coming to Washington to lend their aid to the Government of the United States, have been ten dered the privilege of associate mem bership in the famous club. It has undoubtedly added to the interest of these men. as it has given years of qualification to it's members, to realize that the main building of the series acquired by the Cosmos Club was the home of President Madison when he left the White House, and the center of extensive hospitality by his wife for a long time after his death, and
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-08
L7dIZT I<20u3SlT0( 5GzAw2RT2I2S1zG21IeT A0a17eoIGoGAeG GSvG~2z22e7< czz122:Gt1~41 czzz11a222H:Gzt4 The Part Glass Plays In the Conduct ofWar- How the Lens Which Helps Save Lives and
 Win Battles Is Made.
Copyright. 1918, The International Syndicate

countries have for years turned out lenses which were excellent for some purposes, but to meet the exigencies of war the lens must be exceptionally strong and these countries have now set about to put out lens to meet this requirement, but some time will be required to bring it to perfection.
 Early History.
 The manufacture of glass is one of our most interesting industries, in fact so interesting that its workings have been shown at almost every large ex- position held in this country The early history of glass making dates back to 4000, B. C., as tombs of the fourth and fifth dynasties show glass blowers at work and glazed beads were found in Egyptian ruins of the same period. Pliny claims that the ! invention of clear glass making be- longs to Syria, and tells how the crew of ship laden with nitre landed at the mouth of the river Belus. They found no stones on which they could rest their cooking kettle and brought some Jumps of nitre from the ship l for that purpose. As these were fused with the fine sand a stream of liquid glass flowed out. Whether this is l true or merely a legend the fact re- mains that fine glass was made in this section at an early date. China claims that the manufacture of glass and even optical glass was known there 2000, B. c.
 Gradually glass making became known in the various countries of the world, but it was not until the if teenth century that glass window panes were used in homes. Even then only the rich could afford them and when they left town the glass was taken from the window frames and packed away like jewelry.
 Glass makers came to the United States with the Jamestown Colonists but did not ply their trade until 1921 and then it was to make beads for the Indians. In 1639 glass maker
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-08

opened for business in Salem, Massa- large scale until 1796 when a big glass making establishment was opened in Pittsburgh, a city which is still an important glass making cen ter. Up to the opening of the pres ent war the United States was still importing her. best glass and export 1 ing a cheap quality, the invention of an American, known as pressed glass. While all kinds of glass plays its part in war utilities, it $ the optical glass or lens which is an absolute nec- essity at present.
 Optical Glass.
 The entire process of making this glass must be controlled with scien- tific precision. Each kind of glass has it's own peculiar composition, and that used for optical purposes having necessarily not only an exceptional l transparence and limpidity, but be- | ing also obliged to be of two different densities in order to become a chro- matic, is composed of what is known as flint glass Ordinary crystals con- taining lead) and crown glass, sheet glass which in the process of making takes the form of a crown.
 The ingredients used in both these types of glass Is as follows: Flint glass being composed of sand, minimum (oxide of lead) and potash, while crown glass contains sand, potash, salt of soda, chalk and white arsenic. The fusion of optical glass like the whole finishing process requires spe- cial care and patience for the slight est deviation from the exact handling may ruin the entire pot of glass. A special furnace and melting pot is used for this purpose. The melting
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-08

that it knows no other cognomen in Washington than the Dolly Madison House."
 Historic St. Johns, the Church of the Presidents" situated directly op- posite the White House on Lafayette Square, is one of Washington's oldest houses of worship which are contri- outing their share to the war work of the nation.
 United Service Club.
 Washington has an historic Army and Navy Club, but like every other institution connected with the War or Navy Departments, the sudden expan- sion of the nations fighting forces overtaxed the club, for officers swarmed to Washington too fast to be absorbed by it. To meet this war emergency need, a group of reserve officers conceived the idea of a United Service Club of America, with head quarters in Washington. Secretary of War Baker gave his hearty endorse ment to the project and the United Service parent club was opened in Washington, with auxiliaries to fol- low wherever officers of the Army and Navy are gathered together on this or the other side of the Atlantic.
 For their headquarters the officers were fortunate enough to find at their disposal one of the fine old residences of historic prestige. This is the for mer home of the late James G. Blaine, on Dupont Circle. The spa cious house, which was designed by MT. Blaine and his wife without the aid of an architect, occupies the en- tire block between P street and Mass achusetts avenue, and overlooks the beautiful plot of green sonet;mcs called Millionaire Circle" from the wealth represented by the residents surrounding it. This house is now owned by George Westinghouse, the Pittsburg millionaire.
 Old Adam House.
 Among other historic Washington residences which have converted their domestic halls into war-working bu- reaus is the house at 1923 Pennsyl- l vania avenue which was occupied by
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-08

Andrew Johnson, while he was vice president of the United States. The Department of State, which this house faces, is using it as its office or Foreign Trade Advisers.
 The Civilian Personnel Division of the War Department makes its head quarters in the Adams Building, at 1883 F street, which has clung to the name of the original building on its site, the Washington residence Of John Quincy Adams before he took up his abode in the White House. Di- rectly opposite the street another President, Martin Van Buren, dwelt, and a sturdy little wing of that build ing yet serves an active purpose of to- day.
 Throughout the whole city of Washington private residences have been given to the use of the Govern ment for overfloWing activities, and half a score of apartment houses were summari1y emptied of their oc- cupants last fall that they might serve the more pressing official needs of the Army and Navy. The first private dwelling house in the United States to be contributed to the de- mands of the Red Cross was the spa cious mansion of Herbert Wadsworth, which immediately on wars procla- nation was offered as headquarters for the District of Columbia, chapter of tbs AS-sas1can Red Cross.
 Another of the more modern Washington houses contributed to the cause of patriotism is the former playhouse" whose use for the wars duration was generously donated to the Government by it's owner, Mrs. Henrietta M. Halliday. This pie turesque and attractively furr.sAed building was designed by CoiS..ci J. L. Snithmyer, architect of the Con- gressionaI Library. It was placed at the disposal of the Woman's Commit tee of the Council of National De- fense, and is providing comfortable and convenient quarters for the group of women constituting this committee who are giving their services to the country.
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-08
Uncle SamIs Using Many HiaorcHomes Including That of Gideon Welles, George Bancroft, Dan- ielWebster, ,AndrewJo Johnson, JohnQuincy
 Adams and Martin Van Buren.
Copyright, 1918, The International Syndicate.

that it was the house to which Presi- dent James Madison removed the ex- ecutive residence and offices after the burning of the White House in 1914. During his stay here, the Treaty of Ghent, which closed this country's second war with Britain, was signed by James Madison.
 This famous old Washington house was purchased some years ago by the American Institute of Architects, and is used as it's headquarters When war created a shortage of space for the Governments work, the owners of the Octagon house emptied the great drawing room of its historic treasures, including the table on which the Treaty of Ghent was signed, and turned the big apartment over to the Navy Department for the use of its Naval Intelligence Board. The Institute has gone heart and soul into war work and is giving it's serv- ices freely and widely in the matter of supplying architects and draftsmen for war emergency work.
 Beautiful Lafayette Square, around i which so many of Washington's his l toric memories cling, is giving up its old homes to the cause of wars neces- sity. A tall, white colonial residence of distinction, directly facing the White House, which served as the home of the Naval hero, Commodore Stockton. and later of Slidell of the Southern Confederacy, of Gideon
 Welles. Secretary of the Navy under
 President Lincoln, and of many other Istatesmen of the past. has recently
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-08

field glasses is somewhat of this type but the methods of making it were discovered long before that of the photographic lens, and is sometimes known as Galileo's glass, because it was believed to have been invented by his genius or perhaps it was by it's aid that he discovered mountains in the moon, the satellites of Jupiter and spots in the sun. Binoculars are composed of two of Galileo's glasses fastened together and raised and low cred at will by a screw placed in the center of the hollow tube which sep arates them and which adheres to the frame work on each side at the bottom.
 The microscope too plays its part in war for the Medical Department use numbers of them in their re- search work and lenses of the finest quality are needed here. Both the simple and compound type are used. Then there is the lens used in gum sights which must be accurate and requires the most delicate handling Searchlights and signal lamps re. quire another kind of glass. These are being manufactured in large quantities especially in England where the greater part of the lens fitting is done by women who also make the projector eases.
 Thousands of spectacles are used by men in the Army and although each man who wears glasses is pro vided with a metal case, the life o1 spectacles in War is very short, con sequently there must be a mucf larger production of eye glass lenses than in normal times.
 Great numbers of mirrors are used in periscopes and heliograph ap paratus, to say nothing of the ton:
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-08
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pot lined with broken glass must be heated four or five days before the work begins. The ingredients are put in a certain portion at a time and stirred with a fire clay roller spoon. The. mass must be kept at an intense heat for about eight hours, being stirred at certain periods in order to clear it of bubbles. If the stirring is not9 done at proper intervals and the heating not intense enough the bubbles will remain and the glass be unfit for lenses. Again, if the tenn perature is too high the clay faking of the pot falls into the molten mix ture and ruins the glass. This pro- cess being complete the crucible of glass is put in the annealing oven which is carefully closed, and allowed to cool. The glass is then broken into sections and the perfect ones put into disk shaped clay moulds where they are remelted and shapedto the moulds. After this they are annealed very slowly, the greatest care being used to prevent this from being done too rapidly.
 A yield of perfect optical glass amounting to 10 or at most 20 per cent. of the total contents of each pot is all that can be expected and small CT yields serve to explain the relative ly high price of optical glass as com pared with other varieties of glass. It is very difficult to produce large pieces of perfect optical glass as at times a single fine vein too small to be seen by the naked eye will run through a whole block in such a way that it cannot be removed without cutting up the entire piece.
 Binoculars And Microscopes. The glass used in binoculars and
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-08
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been turned over to the War Depart ment for use as headquarters for its Remount Division.
 House Of George Bancroft.
 A block to the west of the Welles house is the old home of George Bancroft, the historian, now in part given over to the war relief work of the State Department. Here, almost every day, comes Mrs. Lansing, wife of the Secretary of State, to take actual charge of the making of Red Cross garments and dressings for hos pital use.
 Admiral Decatur's old home on the southwest corner, and Daniel Web ster's handsome residence during the time he served as Secretary of State. on the northeast corner of H street and Jackson place, still stand in this busy section, untouched by wars ac- tivities. A few doors below the De catur mansion. however, the house which sheltered Webster after he had sold his larger property to the late Wv. Corcoran, is now in active use by the Committee on Public Informa- tion, whose chief is George Creel This committee has also taken over one two other houses in the block including the home of Henry Clay.
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-08

~HE METHODS of the present warfare are largely scientific
 and mobilization of every in-
 - dustry necessary to its proper conduct is not only a tremendous task, but is efficiently done only after long practical experience. This is what gave Germany her great advan- tage at the start. Of course, we all know that guns and ammunition must be made, that ships must be built aeroplanes and automobiles con structed, and that our army must be clothed, but, aside from these, there are many other industries which play a great part in war, industries to which people give little thought when the big things must be considered. One of these is the use of glass in warfare, especially optical glass, such as is needed for binoculars, telescopes, microscopes, photographing, gun sights, periscopes, etc., to say nothing of the lens and mirrors used in searchlights and heliograph ap- paratus. Even tons of window glass is necessary for windows in canton ments and hospitals Bottles too for medicines and for serums play their part.
 "Made In Germany"
 For years the most famous lens for telescopes, field glasses and photo graphing were made in Germany, and today thousands of these lenses are being used to seek out submarines as gunsights on our guns and in photographing the German lines and Notifications from our aeroplanes But there is not enough German lenses in this country to meet our needs, nor is there enough in the al lied countries to meet their require ments so each country is manufac turing optical glass on much larger scale than before the war. It mus not be implied that France, England and the United States were unable tC produce a good lens before the war for such was not the case as these
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-08

" ITH THE WARS PROCIA- N A NATION a year ago every AA thing in Washington changed. w The quiet, orderly, peaceful, smiling town with its Government routine, it's particular brides and grievances, suddenly threw off its garment of provincial repose, and donning the uniform of militancy, Washington immediately became the capital of a nation at war.
 The very stones of Washington are today proclaiming war, for many of the historic old residences, whose function has been to live as largely for sentiment as for utility, have arisen in their might and are open ing their doors to the hosts of mili- ,tary workers who are striving to per form the nations duty.
 House In Which Treaty Of Ghent Was
 Signed.
 The building in Washington to which the most vital memories attach Is the Octagon house, the mansion built at the instigation of his friend General George Washington. by Colonel John Tayloe, of Virginia. This house was built after the plan of William Thornton, designer of the United States Capitol. and it is one of the finest examples existing today of a colonial house of the eighteenth century. It was the scene of some of the most notable social and polit. ical gatherings of the first days oi Washington as the Capital, but its prime interest arises from the fact
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-08

" FIFTH THE WARS PROCI4A- NA NATION a year ago every AA thing in Washington changed.
 ~W The nniet- orderly neacefl1l-
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-08

IE METHODS of the present
 warfare are largely scientific
The Oroville weekly gazette. [volume] (Oroville, Wash.) 1905-19??, 1918-11-01
SOLDIER CHRISTMAS PACKAGES

Mrs. F. A. Beale, secretary OF the
Red Cross, desires us to announce
that the local Red Cross has received
the cartons, or packages, issued by
the government in which Christmas
gifts to the boys in France must be
packed in order to secure transmits
sion through the mails, and will be
distributed upon application. How
ever, in order to pass through the
mail these packages must contain
labels also issued by the military au-
thorities. These labels are given to
the soldiers and sailors in foreign
service, and they in turn transmit
them to their relatives in this coun-
try So far We have not heard of any
one receiving these labels from boys
across the water. but they will prob
ably commence arriving in few
days. The packages must be turned
into the Red Cross open before the
Goth of November so that they car
be inspected. They are then passed
by the Red Cross and can be mailed
Relatives are restricted as to botl
the contents and the quantity of gifts
that can be sent, and when one look:
at the size Of the package that eacl
person can be sent, and only one car
be mailed to a soldier or sailor, i
will be seen that the Christmas gift!
that can be sent abroad will be of ;
very limited quantity.
The Oroville weekly gazette. [volume] (Oroville, Wash.) 1905-19??, 1918-11-01
FROM TACOMA

The steamship Chino was turned
ton by the Seaborn Shipyards COM
pany yesterday. The hull of the ship
Fort Riley was launched on the 18th
by the same company.
Word reached Tacoma last week
that the ship Cheron, which left the
Seaborn yards about five weeks ago.
had been torpedoed and sunk in the
Atlantic on her way to France with
cargo OF salmon. The Mazama was
also sunk somewhere. Both of these
ships | helped to outfit.
There is quite lot of sickness III
Tacoma. | believe the papers are
suppressing the news of it as much
as possible. There are about $50 OUT
OF total of 1,600 men in the Seaborn
yards now sick, and some of them are
dying every day. One case was called
to our attention on Friday One man
from the yard had lost his wife and
two daughters on Wednesday, and on
Thursday he and his two other daugh-
tiers were dying. The foreman of our
gang was off all week, and he and his
whole family of four were in seri-
Gus condition at last reports. And
conditions are getting worse A great
many people are wearing masks, espe-
cially in the crowded street cars
night and morning, when they are
carrying workmen going to and from
ship yards.
during the past week the name
The Emergency Fleet Corporation
owners" has been painted on most
of the water front cars, as there was
shortage of cars to handle the ship
workers, and the government pur-
chased more cars and sent them TO
Tacoma for the municipal roads.
e. McCAMMON.
The Oroville weekly gazette. [volume] (Oroville, Wash.) 1905-19??, 1918-11-01

Pat Kearney, one of the early resi-
dents of Tonasket, was in town for
several days during the week.
Milo Hicks and his force at the
Cash store were bowled over by the
flu for several days during the past
week.
The country is back to the old or
der Of things as regards time, as
clocks were set back an hour Sunday
morning.
Mrs. Frank Nj. Dallam rturned home
last Thursday evening after having
visited with daughter at Spokane
for four weeks.
Mr.. and Mrs. J. F. Samson left by
auto this week for Seattle, and from
there they will go on to California
to join their daughter, Mrs. Harry
Reed. They expect to be away most
of the winter.
Rev. Geo. II. Severance expects to
be called east in few days to enter
the service as chaplain, position
that he applied for some time ago
and for which he is most admirably
fitted to fill.
Fred Hart and L. w. Phillips are
setting their houses in order with the
expectation of being called in the next
draft contingent Both men are 100
per cent American and willing to en-
ter the service and do their bit. If
they are called the town will lose two
very valuable citizens.
Some whopping large potatoes have
been exhibited at this Office this fall,
but the largest and most perfect were
few that Mrs. Jennie Johnston
brought in Wednesday and then turn
ed over to Dell Hart to place on ex-
hibition among his collection. These
potatoes were grown high up on
Ellemeham mountain, on the ranch
formerly owned by Mrs. Dora Allen,
and were not irrigated.
John d. Hanna, the democratic can
didate for joint senator from this dis
trict was, over from his home at Wat
erville Thursday doing a little quiet
campaign work. Mr.. Hanna reports
that he finds people taking little in
terest in politics this year as they are
absorbed in the war, and all bent up
on the one aim of seeing the Germans
forced to an unconditional surrender.
He predicts that a very light vote
will be polled next Tuesday in this
district.
The Oroville weekly gazette. [volume] (Oroville, Wash.) 1905-19??, 1918-11-01

One of the most shocking hlal'u'
accidents that has ever occurreu !.
the Pacific coast was the SINKING 1872
week of the Princess SOPHIA p''
senger ship on the run between van
couver and Alaskan ports. Inc ,D'I
was on the southern passage wi'n :.
very heavy list of passengers con''n !,
out of Alaska for the PURPOSE !,
spending the winter in the soutn. W.
vessel struck a reef in the Lynn
canal, an inside passage for SHIPS :. !
violent storm came on, the 'es.s,
sank and all on board were los'' -. -.
death list numbers 343. The 0O .s,
from Vancouver north has oeen Nv
graveyard for many ships, avn
panied by the death of many peot,,,
but this is the largest death iis' 'D -
has ever marked the wrecKlng VI Vs.
Alaskan vessel
The Oroville weekly gazette. [volume] (Oroville, Wash.) 1905-19??, 1918-11-01

Mrs. Emira H. Harpham recently
left Oroville for Tacoma, the object
of their trip was to visit her sons
Arthur and Guy, who are located at
Oakland Station. suburb of Tacoma.
Mrs, Harpham framed up a surprise
for the boys, getting to Oakland Sta
ton very early in the morning and
walking in on Guy while lie was
cooking breakfast. In a note to the
Gazette Mrs. Harpham expresses her
satisfaction at finding her sons in
good health and comfortably settled
in homes of their own.
DR.. and Mrs. Elmer have been con-
fined to the house with influenza since
their return from Portland.