davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1918-02-28
need BIC HERDS
Europe's Meat Supply Must Come
From America.
Warning Nations Have Depleted Live
Stock at Enormous Rate, Even
Killing Dairy Cattle For Food.

American stock breeders are being
asked to conserve their flocks and
herds in order to meet Europe's ire
mendOus demands for meats during
the war and probably for many years
afterward.
The United States food admins
tration reports that American stock
raisers have shown a disposition to
cooperate with the government In In
creasing the nations supply of live
stock.
Germany today is probably better
supplied with live stock than any 9TH
er European nation. When the Ger
man armies made their big advance
into France and then retreated vir-
tually all the cattle in the invaded
territory - approximately 100000
head-were driven behind the German
lines.
But in England-where 2,4OO, 900
acres Of pasture lands have been turn
ed into grain fields-the cattle herds
are decreasing rapidly. One Of the
reasons apparently is the declining
maximum price scale adopted by the
English as follows: For September,
$1776 per 100 pounds October, SIPS;
November and December, $16.O8; jan
larry, $14.4O. The effect Of these prices
was to drive beef animals on the mar
ket as soon as possible.
In France the number of cattle as
we'll as the quality have shown an
enormous decline during the war.
Where France had 14,807 900 head Of
cattle in 1913, she now has only r.
341, 800, a decrease Of 1855 per cent.
And France is today producing only
one gallon Of milk compared to two
and one-half gallons before the war.
Denmark and Holland have been
forced to sacrifice dairy herds for beef
because of the lack Of necessary feed.
Close study Of the European meat
situation has convinced the Food Adj
ministration that the future problem
of America lies largely in the produc-
ton of meat producing animals and
dairy products rather than In the pro-
duction of cereals for export when
the war will have ceased.
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1918-02-28
NOTICE OF SHERIFF'S SALE
OF REAL ESTATE
Cause No. 1898

Cause No. 1898
In the Superior court Of the State
of Washington, for Benton county.
Edward Fletcher, defendant,
VS..
w. H. Kehoe, ct al, defendants.
Under and by virtue of an Exccu-
ton Under Foreclosure, issued out Of
and under the seal Of the above en-
titled court, holding terms at Prosscr,
in and for said county, on the 18th
day Of January, A. D., 1913, upon a
Judgment rendered in said Court on
the 10Th day Of December, A. D., 1917,
in favor Of above named plaintiff and
against defendants, w. H. Kehoe and
Margaret c. Kehoe, his wife, for the
sum of eleven hundred eighty-one and
77-100 ($I181.77) Dollars, together
with attorneys fees, interest, costs
and increased costs, and to me direct
ed and delivered, commanding me to
sell the following described property
situate, lying and being in Benton
county, state Of Washington, or SO
much thereof as may be necessary to
satisfy said judgment, attorneys fees,
interest, costs and increased costs, to-
wit:
Southeast quarter Of Section 81
Township 8, North, Range %,
E. w. M.
NOW THEREFORE, NOTICE is
HEREBY GIVEN, that on Saturday,
the End day Of March, A. D., 1918, at
10 o'clock in the forenoon Of said day
/ will sell the above described proper
ty, or SO much thereof as may be
necessary to satisfy said judgment, at
torney's fees, interest, costs and in
creased costs, in all amounting to the
sum Of thirteen hundred forty and 76-
100 ($1340.76) Dollars, together with
accruing interest and cost of sale.
Said sale will take place at the front
door Of the court house at Prosser, in
said county and state and will be at
public auction, for cash in hand, to the
highest and best bidder.
Dated at Prosser, Wash, this 30th
day Of january, A. D., 1913.
G. e. DUFFY, Sheriff,
BY Harley r. Tucker, deputy.
Carl w. Swanson,
10 Sherwood Building,
Spokane, Washington,
Attorney for plaintiff. 1-Sl:2-28
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1918-02-28

NOTICE OF SPECIAL ELECTION
FOR SPECIAL ASSESSMENT IN
COLUMBIA IRRIGATION DIS.
TRICT.
NOTICE is HEREBY GIVEN that
on the 9th day of March, 1918, a spec.
ial election will be held in Columbia IT.
rigation District, for the purpose of
determining whether or not a special
assessment shall be levied by the
Board of Directors of said Irrigation
District, for the purpose Of providing
the sum of $15,000.00 with which to
pay the annual operating, mainten-
ance, repair and upkeep costs and ex-
lpenses Of the irrigation system to be
operated by said Irrigation District
during the seayon Of 1918.
THE POLLING PLACES at said
election shall be as follows:
In Precinct No. 1, at the residence
of Charles E. Griffith.
In Precinct No. 2, at the City Hall,
in Kennewick, Washington.
In Precinct No. 3, in the Grange hall
at Finley, Washington.
In Precinct No. a, in the school
building at Hover, Washington.
THE POLLS will open at said cleo
ton at 8 o'clock in the forenoon and
will close at A o'clock in the afternoon.
THE BALLOTS at said election
shall contain the words:
"Assessment-Yes." Assessment
NO"
H. S. HUGHES, Chairman of
Board of Directors,
L. E. JOHNSON, -
A. S. GOSS, Directors.
M. M. MOULTON, Secretary.
2-14:3-7
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1918-02-28
Tn. Island Of Hongkons.

Hongkong is an island about eleven
miles long, with width Of from one
to three miles, and consists almost en-
tirely Of series Of hills. There is a
good road around portion Of the is
land on the sea front, but the grades
up the mountains are too steep Tor
practical automobiling, and the streets
generally are not wide enough and not
strongly enough constructed to permit
the use Of heavy cars upon them.
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1918-02-28
SUMMONS AND NOTICE IN FORE.
CLOSURE OF TAX LIEN


Case No. 189
in the Superior Court of the State
of Washington, in and for Benton
county.
r. r. Rogers, Plaintiff,
Mrs. B. p. Cole, also all other per.
sons or parties unknown claiming any
right, title, estate, lien or interest in
the real estate described in the COM
plant herein, Defendants.
The State of Washington to the said
Mrs. B. p. Cole; also all other. persons
or parties unknown claiming any right
title, estate, lien or interest in the real
estate described in the complaint here
in:
You and each of you are hereby no.
titled that the said r. r. Rogers is the
owner and holder of certificate of de-
linuucncy No. 443 issued to one j. r.
McKeand on July 1, 1908, by the coun-
ty of Benton, State of Washington, for
the amount of $20.S5, and for value
assigned in writing by the said j. R.
McKeand to this plaintiff R. r. Rogers
on May 2, 1911, together with all
rights Hereunder; that the year for
the delinquent taxes for which said
certificate of delinquency was issued
was the year 1906; the propert- cover
ed thereby, of which the said Mrs. B.
p. Cole is the owner or reputed owner
and to whom said taxes were assessed,
is described as follows, to-wit:
Lots and a and the east half
of the Southwest quarter of Sec
ton 80, township 2, North Range
81, E. w. NJ, Benton County,
Washington.
That the said r. r. Rogers has paid
the taxes assessed against said pro-
perry for the following years, to-wit:
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1918-02-28

your failure SO to do, judgment will
be rendered against you according TO
the demand Of the complaint herein,
which has been filed with the clerk Of
said court, and foreclosing the lien Of
such taxes, penalties and costs against
the land and premises above named.
r. r. ROGERS,
Plaintiff and holder Of said certificate.
nj. l.. Driscoll
Attorney for Plaintiff,
Pasco, Washington. 2-21:3-28
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1918-02-28
Quite Experienced.

The pert elevator boy in the big hotel
was airing his views to passenger on
the proper conduct of children.
what do you know about it?" laugh
ed the passenger. you're not married,
are you?"
"Well, no." replied the boy, as he
flung open the gate on the top hoor
for his passenger to step out, but l
brought good many families up in my
time"
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1918-02-28
DON'T FORGET TO WRITE TO THESE BOYS

Here is a list of the boys from this
and of the county who are helping to
snake the world safe for democracy
At best their lives in training camp,
m shipboard and at the front will be
far from pleasant. There are bound
70 be some mighty lonesome days
when it will be hard to swallow down
that homcsick feeling; days when a
letter from "home," no matter who
the writer may be, will look like a
thousand dollars.
Pick out some name on the ist-it
doesn't matter whether you know the
how or not-and write letter today.
II will do the lad lot of good and
will cost you only three cents and a
few minutes time.
/, We are going to print this list each
week. If you know the name and adj
dress of any Soldier" boy who has
been omitted, mail or telephone his
name to us.
Battery "E," 146th Regiment, F. A.,
A. E. F., France, care P. M, N. Y.
Capt. Fred M. We'll
Lieut.. F. r. Jeffrey
Lieut.. Frank Harrison
Sgt. Arthur Forsyth
Sgt. Fred Berg f.
Sgt. Jay Long
Sgt. James Sells
Corp. Chas. Sonderman
Corp. VIM. Tyacke
Pt. Grin Beinhart
PIT. Clarence Shinn
PIT. Vance II. Ferguson
Pt. Jack Engler
PIT. T. o. McDaniels
Pit. Harry Coleman
Pit. Warde Hendricks
PIT. Alvin Carman
PIT. Sam Hadley
!. PIT. Archie Feely
Pt. Earl Bennett
Pt. Lawrence Erickson
Pt. Arthur Erickson
PIT. Engel Erickson
Pt. s. F. Branch
PIT. Anders Christensen
PIT. Merrill Simmelink
Pt. Harley Neel 49,
PIT. Ben McGhan
Pt. Frank Dresser
Pt. Elmer Ferguson
Pt. James Sheppard
Pt. Claude E. Wagner
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1918-02-28
Tense Faces,

Many women allow their faces to be-
come tense and set and then wonder
why lines develop. Relax the muscles,
cultivate a pleasant expression and re-
member that lips which curve upward
and smile are much more attractive
than the dropping sort.-Pittsburgh
Press.
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1918-02-28
The PsaItery.

Among the instruments Of the band
which played before ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
golden image on the plains Of Dura was
the psaltery, stringed instrument
Daniel iii, 5, 10, 15).
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1918-02-28
So He Rose.

An Irish M. p. once declared with
due solemnity, "Mr. Speaker, cannot
sit still here and keep silent without
rising and saying few words!'-Lon-
don Telegraph.
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1918-02-28
Beauty.

A poetess asks, "Oh, where does
beauty lingerT We think that we are
breaking no confidence when we reply
that in these artistic times it generally
fingers on the toilet table until the girl
puts it on with brush and a powder
puff.-LOndOn Tit-Bits.
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1918-02-28
Father. Peaceful Role.

There is nothing in the theory. adj
vanced by the funny papers, to the ef-
feet that indignant fathers kick objec-
tionable suitors down the front steps.
All a father does when his daughter
entertains a young man who is Objec-
tionable to him is to growl to his wife.
Topeka Capital.
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1918-02-28

He who conceals useful truth Is
equally guilty with the propagation OF
an Injurious Observation-Disclosures.
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1914-1938, 1918-02-28

APT. Frank E. Driscoll, Co. F., 18 En-
gineers Ry., U. S. Army p. o. 7O5
A. E. F., France, via New York
PIT. Fred Phillips (same as above)
Pt. Lyle Johnson, Co. A., 18 Eng. Ry.
(Same as above)
Pt. Odin T. Staley, Co. B, 161st Inf.
A. E. F., France, via New York
Pt. F. w. Bremmer, Co. H, 161st Inf.
i A. E. F. France, via New York
PIT. P. L. Mooney, 161 Reg. Supply Co.
Newport News, Va.
PIT. Tom A. Swayze, Co. A, ITO Eng.
35th Nat. Guard Div, Camp Doni-
phan, Ft. Sill, Okla.
Corp. R. M. Spaulding, Co. 6, 166 De-
pot Bgd, Camp Lewis, Wash.
Pt. Clarence Appenzellar, Co. X, lend
Inf, 41st Div, Camp Mills, N. Y.
Pt. Clarence Copeland, Motor Co. c.,
BIG Am. Train, Camp Lewis.
Pt. Walter w. Rich, Bat. D, 346 F. A.
Camp Lewis
Corp. R. A. Boldt, Bat. D, GAG F. A.
Camp Lewis
Pt. John H. Smith, Hdqt. 346 F. A,
Camp Lewis
Clarence Ennis, LIST Co., A. S. S. G.
Vancouver Barracks, Vancouver, Wn.
Pt. Logs Taylor, End Inf, Mich Gun Co.
Honolulu, H. !.
PIT. w. R. Cooper, Co. F, 4th Eng.
Camp Green, N. G.
Lieut.. G. G. Griffith, Co. C, 308th
n g Dot Chi1licotha Ohio
Lyle Smith, Bakers School, Preside,
San Francisco, California.
Roby Akeridge, BAG Sup. Co., F. A.
Camp Lewis
Clyde T. Smith, Co. F., BIG Am. Train
Camp Lewis
Sgt. Arthur l.. Bliss, Motor Truck Co.
No. 345, Camp Grant, Rockford, Ill.
Harry Hanratty, Bat. b, End F. A.,
Presidio, San Francisco, Cal.
Pt. F. M. Danford, Bat. E., LAG Fla.
Co. /, bet. service, Camp hill,
Newport News, Va.
Pt. E. C. Gaurdeau, Bat. E., LAG F.A.,
(Same as above)
Martin C. CARRIER, Blk. R., Bar. z.
Aux. Remount Depot 1913, Camp
j. E. Johnston, Jacksonville, Fla.
Pt. Ernest A. McWhenney, Co. F., 18th
Eng. Ry., A. E. F., U. S. Army P. o.
7O5, France, via New York.
Navy
Eddie j. Regnier, U.S.S. Wyoming
Brooklyn, New York
Frank Morain, u. S. S. Illinois
Care P. NJ, New York
Bernard Slaugenhaupt, Radio Dept,
Mare Island, Vallejo, Cal.
Henry B. Rich, U.S.S. Huntington,
Care P. NJ, New York
Charles Hunt, U.S.S.Utah.
Care P. M. New York
Albert w. Stevenson, U.S.S. Aeolus,
Care P. M. New York.
Albert J. Simpson, U.S.S.America
Care P. NJ, New York es....
Walter Panamarkoff, U.S.S. New Or
leans, care P. NJ, New York
Harold Taylor, U.S.S.Marblehead
Care P. NJ, San Francisco, Cal.
Harry Maupin, U.S.S.Marblehead
Care P. NJ, San Francisco, Cal.
Austin Robinson, us. Naval Training
Station, Camp A, Norfalk, Va.
Fred L. Smith, Naval Hosp. Corps,
Great Lakes, Ill.
Clinton Copeland, S. P. TIP ~
Bremerton. Wash.
y. w. Bush, Naval Training Station,
San Diego, California.
marry D. Owen, Care Receiving Ship,
Navy Yard, Rremerton, Wash. -
oriin Fisher, u. S. Training Ship
Seattle, Wash.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1918-10-22

hill and daughters, Elizabeth and
Lena, made a business trip to Rich
mond Thursday. -. Those attending
the funeral Of VIM. McDivitt from a
distance were Lowell Boyd, of Hobart,
Ind; Mr.. and Mrs. Jones, Harry Bur-
ton, OF ST. Paul; Merritt Bailey, Law
renee Bailey. New Castle; John Boyd,
of Upton; friends and neighbors of
Mr.. and Mrs. Loren Brookshire, of
Henry county. Rev. Chas. Schultz, of
New Castle conducted the services at
the home Of Mr.. and Mrs. William
Boyd, they being his grandparents.
Mrs. Hannah Bradbury entertained
Mrs. Phenis and Mrs. Kali Yeager OF
Richmond. :. Miss Isabella Kienzle
and Mrs. Rice Miller spent Monday in
Richmond. Mrs. Sylvester Nichol-
son and wife northeast of town. -.
Mrs. Sarah Barton received a tele-
gram the first Of the week that her
son George Barton, who Is in the hos
pital In Chicago. has bronchial pneu-
monia. Mrs. Barton and daughter,
Mrs. William Roller, left Monday for
Chicago. Mrs. William Wise, Mrs
John Martindale, Mrs. Ora Wise and
daughter, Niadene spent Thursday in
Richmond. Rev and Mrs. Morrow,
OF Williamsburg, called on friends
here Wednesday. :. (. Mrs. Jane Yeager
and Mrs. Mahala Ridge spent Thurs
day with Mrs. Ellen Bond. Darwin
Craig hauled his last load Of cane to
Carlos City Friday which made him
81 loads at the mill for this season.
Gordon Gaylor Of Richmond re-
turned home after a few days visit
with relatives here. Miss Laura
Roller of Richmond returned home
after weeks visit with her uncle and
family, John Roller, and Mrs Martha
Dean. Mrs. William Roller returned
home Wednesday evening from Chica-
go. She reported that her brother,
George Borton, Is better. Mrs. Ray.
mond Deeter was reported to be bet !
ter, she having an attack of Spanish |
influenza. Mrs. Mary Roller, Mr..
and Mrs. William Blizzard entertained
Thursday evening in honor of Harry |
Jones OF Dayton a great friend of i
William Blizzard Those present |
were Misses Linnie and Hazel Hat
field. Flossie and Louise Neff, Mrs. |
Boyd Bond and son, Louis, DR.. and |
Mrs. Men, and Shannon Neff Miss |
Matte Porter Of Richmond called on |
her sister Mrs. Borton the first Of the |
week. 1T. B. Gunckle has quit the |
poultry house and has gone to work |
for the railroad company. Mr.. and |
Mrs. Chauncey Cranor are the parents |
OF son, born Thursday evening. Mrs, |
Cranor was formerly Alberta Knollen-
berg.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1918-10-22
american Press Sees Usual Hun
Trickery in Reply to Wilson


70 ne aalu aIsument OF .olce
ILHND lmEJ - ne Is e
p'y - no.n1ns mo.S tnan c.umsy 81
.vIl " Keep open tIe oooI OF nsso.M
..o anu ~ pIosvAe Iu.neI u.su
slon. WAl NY IMPRESS 'no <@lue1f
Sau peopie % eAco'e-
ATLANTA CONSTITUTION The
latest German peace note to President
Wilson Is involved and ambiguous.
Now let US refer all further communi-
cations from Germany to Gen. Focn
TOT his attention. II we are 70 have
peace It VIII come that way.
TAMPA (FlA.) TRIBUNE The
one admission that "the government
formed under Prince Macmillan IL
responsible to the Reichstag" makes
Germany's acceptance OF Mr.. VIII
sons terms the most monumental at
tempt at foollng Wise ana sane peo-
pie that history records.
TOLEDO TlMES-Addittonal proof
ID at hand that Germany Is seeking to
evade the issue and gain time in
which to withdraw her almost COM
pletely whipped army within the Prus-
sian empire, here to make a final
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1918-10-22
Christmas Shopping

Crowded stores do not make satisfactory SER
vice. Customers are displeased that they have
no more personal attention. Clerks are worried
because they are forced by circumstances to
undertake the impossible. Merchants are un-
happy because they realize that the trade rela-
tions cannot be of mutually satisfactory nature
Every body loses-The customer loses pat
fence; the clerk loses health: the merchant loses
business.
To minimize this distressing condition retail
ers have heretofore extended the hours of doing
business, secured additional help and made con-
cessions in the way of deliveries, charges and ap-
prevails.
Now the nation is at war. The government
is preaching and demanding economies of every
character, particularly of man power.
The government says to the merchant, Thou
shalt not-and the merchant periodically agrees
None short of an alien enemy will seek to inter-
fere with the agreement, and patriotic Americans
will seek to help by doing their holiday buying
during October and November, carrying their
purchases where possible, and decline the usual
wasteful store practices for the sake of helping
to win the war. Thus will fuel be saved, men and
women enabled to escape drudgery and the
Christmas spirit conserved. Uncle Sam has other
work. too, for those extra clerks, bookkeepers and
deliverymen, heretofore taxed against the gifts
that were intended solely to add cheer to the
season.-Indiana Defense Council.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1918-10-22
You re no Tin Horn Sport!

Elizabeth Frazier in the Saturday Evening Post
~ ONE of their stories (tod by the wounded young
~ doughboys), am bound to say. whoppers, and
their figures as inflated those Of watered stock
They saw things heroic sze This phase battle field
psychology is well known surgeons One soldier
for example, declared his entire division had been wiped
out Another made modest mention fact that his
company alone singlehanded. against overwhelming
odds had started the Hun his return trip Berlin
Jaw. dry up" groaned out exasperated realist
with grimace Of pain. You fourushers make me sick
blowing like that"
well. anyhow, retorted the youth who had boosted
of his company. 1--WE whaled em in that pocket"
The realist lifted himself Ia bor for contempt.
uous look at the optimist
What's the matter with your eyer" he demanded
Left it the battle field after things" said
the other with utter sangfrod whats little private
eye or two in of this size?"
well, you're tinhorn SPORT" admitted the realst
grmly. And he laid himself down again.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1918-10-22
The Influenza Epidemic

Fortunately for Wayne county, prompt mea-
sures by the health officials prevented Spanish
influenza from getting good start Indiana
closed public meeting places early in the epidemic,
and while neighboring states which neglected
closing orders are now in the throes of it's awful
visitation, we have been spared deaths by the
hundreds and thousands because of the foresight
and decision of the state board of health. If
citizens hitherto have been inclined to condemn
health authorities for quarantine measures and
closing orders, they will realize now that ian
ounce of prevention is worth pound of cure"
Medical science has learned how infections
spread and how they can be checked. The intel
ligent layman is willing to accept the opinion of
experts and conform his methods of living to the
dictates of these men. Ignorant persons who
fail or refuse to obey quarantine measures ex-
pose themselves to danger and jeopardize the
health of every one with whom they come into
contact. Hence it is the duty of the intelligent
persons in community to see that every one
obeys the health rules and co-operates with the
health authorities
Intelligent precaution suggests that all per-
sons take personal interest in suppressing the
disease and observing the regulations established
by the health board. Coughers, sneezers and
spltters are the agents that spread influenza. ac
cording to physicians. They have been advised
and urged to prevent the spread of secretions bv
catching them in handkerchiefs. A person who
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1918-10-22
The German Reply

Germany's note leaves the impression that
she is fighting to gain time to put her house into
order. She knows that inevitable defeat stares
her in the face, that the hour Of doom is measur-
ably near, and so she is dickering for the best
terms she can obtain. She proclaims constitu-
tional changes with the view Of camouflaging the
allies into believing that they are no longer deal
ing with the old government that sank the Lusi-
tania. Seemingly the Hohenzollern dynasty
hopes to escape abdication by granting these re-
forms. She protests however against the charge
of illegal and inhuman actions by her land and
sea forces" If any one can reconcile her prom
Uses Of constitutional reform with her protests
against the charge of barbarities, he may con-
vince himself that Germany is sincerely seeking
peace. Few persons can be found who will ac-
cept this view. To the answer of Germany only
one reply is possible, unconditional surrender.
Her word today is not whit better than on the
day her chancellor declared the Belgian treaty a
scrap of paper. In the meantime, let Marshal
Foch's forces keep up their march through Bel
gium and France and across the German frontier.