davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05
COPPERHEADS

rTNIdE New York World is insluuatlus that
= the men who are asserting the right of
the Republicans to elect Republican Con
gress are CopperheadS ot the same brand
as those Democrats who fought the war
and did their best 10 hamstring Lincoln in
the days between 1861 and 1865. Sometime,
must dave happened in the World Office
since last week, when it blurtcd cat tho
truth that u Republican Congress would
not mean any lesseuiug OF war effort
This is little farther tuau M. Wilson
vent in his appeal for the election Of q
Democrat Congress an order that re
might not be controlled, but not much
1t is u pathetic exhibition, however. Of
The attempts Of the spokesmen Of q party
found wanting in a great crisis to 1ctou.
the waters in order 70 prevent the ntc,.!.
gent voters from perceIving the damuabIe
untruth in the charges which have been
made against the Republicans. wtthou
whose support It would have been impos-
sible to raise an army o. TO provide the
funds TO equip and maintain r. Tie
World is again the Presidents personal
organ, descending 20 essential dishonesty
10 It's partisan desperation.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05
What Do You KnOiU?
OIlIZ


/. What Is meant hN the 'impactlOn'' of aircraft
an the arnIistlce terms with Austria:
:, Where are the tnrnc Alps:
=. "hat il the STUNNED Of tnbacr0 pine"
4. Who wrote the novel "Ciarissa Harlowe"c
!. What Is meant by the plane of the ccliptic:
Halifax and New York:
:. What ~ the meaning of the Latin phrase
''de mortuis nil nisi bOnum'?
f. What was Grover Clevelands native state?
.. How large an army yielded TO Napoleon's
forces at the famous surrender Of Tim?
10. Name an American admiral now attending
the Versailles Council.
Answers 10 Yesterdays Quiz
1. Catherine de Medici. wife Of Henry IT, and
Marie de Mediei wife of Henry ", were
queens OF France.
2. Heliespont Is the classical name for the Dar-
danelles.
8. Mohammed ii was the Turkish sultan who
captured tonstantinODle in 1853.
4. Exigu0us means slender.
b. The dd-sOunding bassoOn has been called
''tho clown of the orchestra"
O. Mars il the planet which has bSen beIisvad
by some astronomers TO contain a netNorI
of extraordinary canals.
:. A-rroes was y noted Arabian phiiosOpher
born In spain In the twelfth century
4. kiiderkin ~ a sixteen or eighteen galIon
eask for liquids.
.. A blrsme Was an ancient galley with two
TO- ny an .ssti@ats made in 1917. ST. Louis was
the fsurth Iarresf eity ef The Tinted States
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05
WHEN TIL ITALIANS CHtERlD

NOBODY organized tn" demonstrations
= in which the Io..l from Little italy
marched about town yesterday tp sing
their hearts out because Of the things that
have just happene. To- Austria Tue..
spirits capta!ncd them
We who have lived always IN tie might
est land on earth will never know iust how
the news from the front touched tn, m,u
and women who marched and sang. We
shall never be in far place To- G-,r ur an
enemy swept after bitter fighting from the
soil we lnev-of the deliycrauor # place.
and people greatly loved.
Italy has endured more than the ~or.d
realized. The crowded cables haven't tod
half the glory Of the italian campaign.
The wonder isn't that Little italy
marched and sang. The wonder is that tho
rest of Us didn't march and sjng and help
TO whoop il up with Little italy
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05
PLACES UNSAFE FOR DEMOCRACY

IKE an echo from the old times when
IL we were not too busy puuishing great
sins to be aware of our own little ones
came the shrill refusal of Magistrate Rem
shaw 10 hold further hearings in the police
station at Twentietb and FiJzwater
streets. The magistrate spoke of lacr; Of
discipline. political Interference aud police
tyranny.
Doubtless the magistrates co4rts are no
better now than they ever we're, America
has Undoubtedly given u great light to the
world. Sooner or later we shall be able to
spare little Of it for the danl; and fetid
I places of our own systom. The usual
i1agistrates court, with its fringe Of poll
ticians. its dirt. its cyniclsml and it's brutal
Ignorance. represents the most tragic, the
most costly and the ugiiest failure Of our
political code. These are places unsafe for
democracy. When We have grown little
wiser they will disappear
There must ultimately be district niu-
nicipal courts to eliminate the system Of
inagistrote's Offices, which, In general pgac-
slte. affront intelligence. outrage principles
ne justice and TO often alenate the sym
0&thy and loyalty OF the newer citizens IN
America. whose heiplessness and ereduhty
- made essential assets Of small-caliber
ft>rs and -pollticsi apoilsnen.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05
PHIL NEWEST PUZZLE
Further Ci Planning Is Neeied Meet the Flood Of Future
Motor Trdii,

NIEN nowadays are having a difficult time
Motor traffic and transport came as a sur
prise. Is development has been an omaz"-
mcnt. Any ore who tries at the rush hours
10 cross i'm the foot traffic over perr square
or to pass from one side of Market street to
another at Tenth or Twelfth, or 10 navigate
n motorcar across Delaware avenue near tn"
ferries viii Dee poicuautly aware that We are
as yet without even a valid theory for the
solution Of a problem that will grow larger
ana more complicated daily.
Sooner or later there viii bc q bridge 90
camden New systems of improved roads
will be general after the war Motor traffic
win double y, itnin a few years and the new
volume of transport between railway tcr'ui-
mails and the newer iudustries will subject
the already crowded streets Of this city 10
new pressure 'rhe city itself ultimately must
have the Inspect Of a great obstacle in rnc
great general current Of motor traffic. The
main thorourhCarcs are hardly adequate,
even now. comfortably 70 accommodate the
flow of motor vehicles Of all sorts The situ-
alton requires from those engaged in city
government and city planning frank and
intelligent recognition Of new PRINCIPLES and
an altogether new point Of view
FEW wears auo phiadciphia caught lp
n ,ri,,, ,b,, alder .ti,. al, l,,,,o,,, o,,,l l,,,,
% y,.,o,r Of h,uIs,,,ra- conceived ,rier, IN
, ,,o,d NJ .efp,,icls,, ,,J r,,. ,,e ,,,,,.,,-
i,r,e of ,isbt.. traffic ,rba Parkway ~. r,t
,..,
,,ri,;nol i,,,rr,,-,,,,..,,r ,f tr,, ,,..,.,.,,
raort,. and yaIua. in q sens, re,rcsonto,ivc
or ,hoories ,bat soon must I,, reg,rdod no
,,,,.,, or ross old-rashioped. yyo tard IN t,c
,,,,ro,.,n concantio,. or 81 boi,Iav,rd ne n
+i,or,,,obr,re ,rbich had Grst ~ oil 70 la
1o,,sed os q stately oxnrassiou IF ro,,,rd
| o., leisure ana ,rood ,r,bitect,,ro ,rd d.
,,a,, ain rbor attrtudo or NINA v.os 3usti-
| oahio si,.. tl,o bo,,Io,.,rd to tho phil r,,
>,ort,,oas+ pou,a,ard ,he great overra I.od-
,a, =, +ho .,,,,, ward and tho ,,orl, don, ~,
.,,, hordsr Of Cobbs Cree,, par,, oro ,,o,,,,o.
mt i,,,,,,,,,n,eurs or in,neospral,I, ,,,, r.,
| .,,, oi+,, a. I,rao
-, +t,ig an, I,,,,,,,o, Az, .,,,,, ,.,,,.. -.
.I,r- 1.s,,ro,,I,. az borIoyords w., ,,.o,,
a. ,I,irl, M. b,.,,lo,.ords in ,arn,s -, ,I,oi'
,,,,,,a,.,a,, ,.o,,,o ~, central arterie, da,,,a,
-, ,a,.r, ,Ss, curren,s or ,,o,or ,rar,, ~
/
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05


II Ge.man perversity fals to :ead in
cvitabic doom in the situation rs, il now
suddenly exists. in her compler sever
ance from all aid from Vienna. in the
blockade no longer of paper, but of arms,
in the mathematical certainty Of the
supremacy Of superior forces gaLloping
from victory to victory. she may decline
'u pet OF hypoclitical "houot' thu terms
which the Allied Council at Versailles is
now drafting. That they will be in any
degree mildcr than those imposed on
Austria is nconcciyablc. The fourteen
points and their humanitarian rnrport
are pcaro-tabc material, We hnow now
that they are NOT gcrmanc TO atmIstic"s,
whose keynote is surrender
When she pondcrs them, whaCclse can
Germany envisage, while estimating also
her existent plight, with defeated armies
and allies scuttIing 10 cover. but the
scene o. invasion from nearly all from
tiers? The Qualification Of the Austrian
situation will eventually .euyc vast
armies. Italian. Serbian and British, free
to launch eliminating blow upon her
from tho heart OF Central Europe. But
Shcrc seems but the taiutcst chance Of
thi. terrific episode ever being brought
TO pas. The game is mp now. The Ger
man people know if. Her militarists
mus; as.nrcdly behold il.
Only % single head Of the hydra which
sough; TO rayaee the world remains
The magHiIcently victorious authority
Of the terms TO Austria speeds the day Of
final oocapitauon. Nay. more. by amy
reasonable system Of human compute
ton ;s sccms immediately at hand.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05
y hats the Matter With the
kaiser2

WTIATs the matter with the Kaiser, has
w he lost his ME" au, My?
Has lie severed all relations with his favor.
ite pronoup l.
Where's his disnities and titles and his
other tinsel stun;
Can it be Of kingly honors that our
whites had enough?
He was always shy and modest, ever
shrunk from public gaze,
Looked on war and all it's horrors with .
such terror and amaze,
That perhaps be has decided it's good
time to retire
And let Max and Soli arrange to pun the (:
chestnuts from the fire.
Let them tell the glileess world about
that painful accident,
That "befel" the Lusitania when to bot
tom she was sent.
Let them tell how all of Germany with
sympathy was rent
How they promptly struck medal to re-
member the event.
That "spurlos versenkt' and all it meant
was bat harmless jest
TO give all vessels and their crews the so
much needed rest.
But what grieved most our Chancellor, and
those for whom he spoke
That America was so obstinate she couldn't
see tho joke.
And when we bombed the hospitals in
Belgium and in France
1aI
who, Of course. must take a chance
And lots of other trihes were much magnir
fed, Of course.
BY people who were sore at us and thus
made things look worse,
SO when we get together all these things
can be explained
And you will find us guiltless, though now
so greatly blamed;
While there may be little errors for which &
we should atone. 't
But they don't concern the armies-they'rs
for diplomats alone.
So there's nothing for the Kaiser or Tor
the general stan.
As we represent the people and only talk
I'm their behalf.
or course, when we go home again and
make our fun report N
We may make it to "All HighesP as the
court of last resort.
Net all the same we ask esasn is little
While sick? sr
Or this sudden selferacement just another
German trick
Where's the niger in the woodpil9, what's
the latest Trojan horse,
| Has our Willie influenza OF perhaps is II
remorse?
May his troubles soon be over and his
spirit fine release,
With a lily in his fingers may his soul soon
| rest in peace
| Whether dead from wars reVerses, Span
ish fu or Prussan grip,
| Just chlsel on his tombstone-IIere lies
Willlam-let him r. I. T..
HARRY b. IOMAIER.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05

Lcho Answer, Why: steamships 10 dihclou-
ports and the di5tri-
hutton oi vail freight are in control Of the
t;oyern!neut This is why a committee or
Pnladelphia business men Interested in the
mort lind it necessary to ask Mr.. Markham,
regional director OF railroads, 20 divert
NOV. freight here in order to relieve the con-
gestiou in New York But why did not Mr.
1ra,l.hau do this without being asked?
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05

Geacral Diaz may have been expecting
truce, but what he pulled OH was n whole
trousseau-guns and submarines and the
'impactioaizlng" of air craft. 1t looks as
though Austria would have 10 go home from
the marty wearing sunday supplement.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05

Tie only reason FOR dividing the Forty
sixth Ward Is to make it easier for the
Wares TO get more friends in Councils, 1t Is
rlc,.gual political! plan and nothing more.
But II the voters Of the ward liHe it thcr
,..u have 10 endure the CONSEQUENCES
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05

The ganuy Russisus They have held an
tne payment Of the third ins,allment Of their
way indemnity to Germany, IN View Of tne
prospect Of getting back the first two INSTALL
tseuts as Il result Of the work Foch IS doing
,n tLn Lvcstern front.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05

Among thc serious reconstruction prob.
lens thd1 should engage the thought Of
good men after the tcdr irW be ,rhdt to do
1rith the little pots trith jGl2c bottoms in
,rbich the restaurants non" scrrc SUUp t0r
1riddlC cakes,
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05

Vote against constitutional amendment
No. . and Tor amendment No /. The latter
provides for good roads and The former is
to Increase the funds available for political
contracts and divert IT from the subway and
port development.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05

Il begins TO look as
I,.n Faster Than IL the Germans would
the Goose step need little faster
vehicle thau a Sedan
cham. Tor getting out Of that place,
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05

When you get on train to go TO New
Sork Gt might happen 10 anyone) and find
the smoker crowded and resign yourself TO
An inside seat next TO u stout man wearing
a very bulky overcoat-and then he gets
of at North Philadelphia, isrrt grand and
oIorious feeling? SOCRATES.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05
Tie End

Aly father got ruo s-roug aud stra glt and
slim,
And give thanks to him
My mother bore me glad and sound and
sweet.
kiss her feei'
But now. with me. their generation fails
And nevernlore Gvails
To cast through me the ancient mold again,
Such women and men.
I have 10 son. whose life Of flesh and fire
Sprang from my splendid sire;
No daughter for whose soul my mothers flesh
Wrought raiment fresh.
I.lfe's venerable rhythms like food
Beat in my brain and blood,
Crying from all generations past,
"Is this the last?"
Who made me, heart and head
Even the sunbeams falter, flicker ana bend
I am the end,'
Marguerite Wilkinson, m Contemporary
Verse.
Those candidates who have 20 light for
election are envying the complacency today
Of those others who have safe majority in
their districts.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05
AUSIRlA'S SURRENDER
READS GERMANS DOOM
The Unparalleled lirality OF DiWs Nrnj"
tjcc Term. strike. tu the Heart
oi ErantN
o iIranrN

cGmJies under Inc las" oI justice
/ The surrender oi "a anu S"''"v' ~
centuries Of igucoIe bullying 'a "'''''
The word natiou is inappl'gaole ~ TINS
connection Au,tria-uungaW q. AN
entity IS dc'uuct, IL, mctamo'P""s'f
into realms who's r"aue's VIII ieI'l'
racial pouudur'c. lo matter .'' o''h-
cu, future adjustment. lt' tt''.l'
role og that uuWi'luy domain ' Nh''H
t}c Gurti.n k"H WAS oar" "np'E'i "A"
King is Oh" of n}o",a!"-- .'on'r 'oI 10
t. ynnqu.lo s.. It. status I- .'.| ina" '''',
of "a neutral, for tuou-' '''"H'"-I
has ceased To- "o a Ng.1.c.r.'. ''r enjoy
mca, of "a non-De..i"c""j' 'u'''m1'F
rights is avast,aIy eeH.'.' IL Is ~
. once uJ' o. tnc Wal ANA Sc, ''n''''t'IE
i'm In" hands 'r war "o@ f''
tn. tclms OF tn' rotrtrr,- haNiu%
mmist.cu imposed 10y General Dtal, pc
,imably with The most ,ruplons.E thor-
olgh a,sis.auc. Of th" Allied Wa" toun-
eli. c,alifcs courlu-iEei> .h' much
mopred meaning oi 'Uucon1.uHH sur
render" Time wa---aad not 50 long
smc"-wn'1 LAY down your arm. ""'
rJnt"-. yourself rh."0aro .''In'' 'h'
esSenr" of that popular phl"-'. i"' 0Io-
h'A''"' -..P","'o'', '..'.'.''~ .-', W. w."
,-."' army ,''t '''.. " .,..
.'''' ."' 'op.,'','o''' -' .'. -.
'',. '."t' . .'.",'. sue '''''''. '.','
s''.'' 't, ''.''' '''''' '''' '....''
ne" era III "'''"''''"'
The ~msJ'.. .'''".' .n. .".' mat
"mtond,t'oa" surrender i" rom
being condiu""less' may 9cIi.l} nfIS'!'
with ,cr'n-. The Alhes ris'hiy P"'uc"-
In th' aphic language of Theodore
Roosevelt. her part is conhn'r 20 saying
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05

stantinl rs that of submarine victory or
effective Zeppelin terrorism. Save for
the outlets between Poland and East
Prussia Germany is wholly isolated, In
physica as i'm moral asp~ts shc' is an
outlaw.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05

The Germans may hagg.r as Iagca a.
they choose Al home, bu, there is % Dr no
hagglng over arnist.cc terms N.th -hc
Entente
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05

one Of nc uupicosaai results OF hc0- cups
Of coffee for Wach is mat theg often Keep
one utCdEC an afternoon.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05

cumulatiou of army trucks is turned back
to the uses OF pence and industry and when
manufacturers are relieved Of the restrictions
now imposed upon tnen street traffic IN any
city will have a new and strange aspect.
Motor freight transport involves a new aud
permanent principle ia industry, Ponderous
trucks will be numerous Tie smaller trucks
win come ia "a food. Even now the general
congestion Is adequate to slow down al
traffic and to Interrupt street car schedules.
Yet no one has yet taken time to consider
what is to happen when the tide rises and
thic%ens in the years Immediately ahead,
Already the traffic between given points
like Cramps ana Hog Island the ferries and
uptown industries has tended 10 crowd CEN
trpl arteries like Broad street and Market
street. The cross streets at times are i'm
pdssabc. But for the efficiency Of the
traffic policemen delay ana Inconvenience
and accident would be far more general than
they are.
The checkerboard system of streets pre-
Heuts the final difficulty i'm the handling and
merging of heavy traffic currents. II Is
significant that Councils have never seen lit to
provide the Police Department with means
for the proper control of even the present
volume of motor traffic. Traffic virtually
regulates Itself after nightfall, when the
absurd Semaphores are almost invisible. The
Illuminated street signals general Isl almost
every other large city appear 10 be luxury
that Philadelphia cannot afford. This one
circumstance suggests the DllSSluI 1DSlfaCllOti
in which the city government Is facing the
complications sure 10 descend upon IL later
on.
NTE MAY have TO go ultimately to Europe
w for systems Of control adequate 10 the
proper regulation and distribution OF the
motor traffic Of the future. Paris has
series of avenues radiating from central
points which makes commercial traffic easy
and economical in any volume. Vienna has
a wide boulevard which enclrces the city
with easy approaches to all business and
residential sections. Certainly the narrow
cross streets Of Philadelphia will not be
adequate TO accommodate the future crush
between the great industrial centers of the
southeast and the downtown sections, and
Market street will sooner or later be hope
! leSsly jammed by the tides sure TO result
| from Camden bridge and a reawakened
| Jersey on the one hand and 10000 900
| worth of good roads on the other
These are impending difficulties that the
| city government must soon begin TO think
| about. The city planners who served the
comprehensive plans committee have new
! work cut out for them. Under an ideal sys-
| TEN the heavy Industrial traffic should have
| arteries of its own. Only practical engineers
| will be able to way out OF the conf
| plicaton But the complication itself is
| becoming plain to everybody.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05

Austria Hungary has got peace, Just as
she s~fa'iing-tc oieeeN ,--~--~
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05

The piece Of pumpkin pic that nee are al
,rays looking Jor and nercr find is a lasting
ptece. Most Of them are merely cessation
Of bOstHties.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05

u an. Oh, went 70 bed las, a.eAr u,-
ur..ur OF What tie Italian national .ut3rm .'
r nue r'E own fault
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05

The fatalities from tho grip alr greater
than the fatalities from German bullets
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05

Superintendent Mills gays thar tie poliee
mus, refrain from political activity today
But viii they? That is the question. ,a
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05

Italia Irrsdenta Is ne-,nore-
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-11-05

Titanic As is the fall of the sinister
nation whose armies began the world
war. the thoughts Of civilization instinc.
lively revert to the effect of her debacle
on the major Zoe that has plunged the
globe in blood. The withdrawal of Aus
trian troops from the western front will.
Of course, speed on the already active
demolition of morale. But there are
purposes equally pertinent TO the vast
enterprise Of German. humiliation en-
bodied in the armistce clauses.
Or prime significance is the enforce
ment Of a true blockade against Ger
many. With the privilege of mobility of
transport for the Entente armies
throughout AustIia-EIungary, not only is
the door TO the East barred with steel.
but all possibility Of communication be-
tween the defeated ally and the sole
belligerant Hun--a chance which he
hoped TO capitalize in case of Austrian
defection--becomes a dream--as insub-
Trench and camp. ([Admiral, Md.) 1917-1919, 1918-11-14
FLAG WHICH IN TRIUMPH
g. FLIES OVER WESTERN FRONT
Stars and Stripes, Born In Revolutionary
War, Has History Inspiring
to All.

Stars and Stripes have varied There
were thirteen stars during the revo-
luton, fourteen in the war Of 1872,
twenty-nine in the Mexican war, thir-
ty-three to- thirty-five in the civil
war, forty-five in the Spanish war
and fOrty-eight today.
1.-THE stripes were changed first from
thirteen to fifteen and then back to
thirteen. 1t may be surprising to
know that our national flag Is among
the oldest flags of the nations, being
older than the present British jack,
the French tri-color and the flag of
Spain, and many years older than the
flags of Germany and Italy, some Of
which are either personal flags or
those of the reigning families.
Inspired National Anthem.
THE American flag, of the highest
historical and sentimental value to
the whole country is in the National
Museum collections. 1t is the original
Star Spangled Banner which flew
over Baltimore harbor at Fort Nc
Henry, during the bombardment of
September 10 and IA, 1914, and was
the inspiration of Francis Scott Keys
immortal poem, now sung as our ma
tional anthem. 1t is of the fifteen
star and stripe type, adopted after the
admission of Vermont and Kentucky
by an act approved by President
measures thirty feet square, though
it may be somewhat longer. and is
much battered and torn, with one
star missing, possibly shot away.
From 1895 this form continued as
the standard flag until President
Monroe's administration, when Con-
gress enacted that 1t should there
after be of thirteen stripes and TWEEN
ty stars, with the addition of one star
for each new state, commencing July
4. 1918.