davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25
. sERBIANs DEFEAT BULGARs. &
Twenty Kilometers2 issined on AfaEas1
donian Front. s.


froops@ ssif i sBilgafiGns
Germans ID central Maceaonia
yanced more than 90 kilometers Ffts
day and are now wirhfn four miles OF
the Uskub- -Sa1onica railroad the main
artery for the supply of the Austro-'
German and Bulgarian forces oppos-
ing the British and French armies on
the Serbian right.
An official dispatch frcu Serbian
general headquarters at .-sE1ca re-
ceived today by the Serbian legation
said the Serbians captured 16 villages
and II guns and are several kilome-
ters to the north Of the village or
Kavadar. Fresh Bulgarian and Ger
man troops are arriving continuous
ly to reinforce the enemy lines.
Cutting of the uskub-Salonica rail-
road, it was said here officially today,
will force the retirement of the enc
my left wing, and cause general re-
adjustment Of the enemy lines IN TINS
entire section.
I'VE yesterday advanced more
than 20 kiiometers toward the north,
said the Serbian official statement
'Our troops are several kilometers to
the north OF Kavadar. In addition TO
this town we have liberated another
Is villages Twelve guns have been
taken by our cavalry.
Fresh Bulgarian and German
troops are arriving continually to
reinforce the enemy lines. During
the retreat the Bulgarians set fire to
the villages and plundered all that re-
.rained to the poverty stricken popu-
!ation, thus treating them as enemies
in spite OF the claims of the Sofia gov
ernment that this population is not
Serbian but Bulgarian"
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25

plicate sets reached neI l prepared
a digest of the set an@ Amoassaoor
Francis cabled the 1hessage IN cooe
to the State departYlent feoruarS >.
1t was nearly fo'dr weeks later be-
fore I secured tte originals and all
the photographs listed in my report.
Two of these originals were of cir
culars T had seen in copy form four
,yecks ear1ier. That summarizes the
case of tyhe circulars Of the appendix
as evidence.
Edgar Sisson.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25
American Casualty List.

Washington. Sept. 23.-The fol-
lowing casualties are reported fo:'
September %:
Killed in action, 81 missing in ao-
ton, 9S; wounded severely, 81; dieo
from wounds. SIS; died from aero
plane accident, L; died of accident
and other causes, 2; died Of disease.
IS; wounded, degree undetermined,
12. Prisoners, /. Total, 355.
Joseph L. Davis Of Walhalla, S. c..
and Henderson Monroe, Laurens. S.
c., are reported severely wounded.
and Austin w. Edison Of Clearwater.
S. c., is reported missing.
The marine casualty list for Sep
tember % totals 19, as follows: Kill
ed in action, 9; died of wounds, g.;
wounded severely. 5; wounded. de-
gree undetermined, /; in hands Of en-
emy, 1.
The casualty list for September %
totals 673 as follows: Killed in ac.
ton. 154; missing in action, 800;
wounded severely PSI; died from
wounds, 96; wounded, degree unde-
termined. 8; died of disease, 26; died
from accident and other causes, IS.
Lieut. David W. I4oring Of Whining
ton, n. c., is reported to have died
from wounds. Sack NJ Diggs, SUM
ter. s. c., and Humbert Hook, North.
s. c.. died of disease. HOWE Muir
phree of Murphy. S. c.. Henry a.
Caldwell of Spartanburg, S. c.
Ernest Candy. Doyesville. s. c., and
louis A Freeman, Spartanburg,
g., severely wounded. Edmund
Walsh of Blacllville. s. c.. died from
wounds.
Marine corps casualties number
50 Killed in action. IS; died OF
wounds. 4: wounded severely. l: miss.
ing in action IA in hands of enemy,
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25
CAMPAIGN OF MURDER.
Ccmmissary Urges Persecution o
Allied Nationals.

Amsterdam, Sept. 22.-The Rus
sian Peoples Commissary at Vologda
according to the Petrograd CORE
srondent of the Hamburg Nachrich
ten, has urged on the population OF
the entire Vologda province the mos!
ruthless persecution Of British sub
jects anG French AMI American cit
liens.
Plotting against entente nationals
has ;;lken place at various towns, the
correspondent says, and some French
men and Americans are being MUIR
Gered.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25
ALLIED SUCCESS IN RUSSIA.

Sunk Two Ships and Captured Guns.
London, Sept. 21.-The entente na-
val units and allied troops operating
along the Dwins river in northern
Europe and Russia have sunk two
enemy ships and captured three guns.
according to an official statement Of
the British war Office. Heavy losses
were inflicted on the Bolsheviki
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25

London, Sept 80, 4 P. .-TWeHsss
five thousand prisoners and ESQ g1fns
had been counted up to YESTERDAY
evening by Gen. .Alienby's foregs
which are pushing northward throdg
Palestine, it is officially announesa'
The war Office report states thatstAk
seventh and eighth Turkish arHles
have virtually ceased to exist. Ihs
entire transport Of these arrnMs
armies have been captured bystas
British. s&
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25
SUMTER S G, WEDNEsa&1s SEPTEMBER 1918
consolidated Aug. 2, 1881.
BRITISH CONTINUE DRIVE.
SUCCESSFUL. ATTACK MADE BE-
TWEEN ST. QUENTIN LAST
NIGHT.

Ground Was Gained and Seyera!
Strong Points Were Wrested From
the Germans-Successfu Attacks
We're Also Made Northwest Of St.
Quentin-Gernnars Gained Ground
at One Point But Were Later Driv-
en- out by Counter Attack.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25
ADVANCE NEAR ARRAs.

British in a Small Operation GA
Six Hundred Yards ON a. Front
Eleven Hundred. - 3SSs:
With the British Forces-in FraES
Sept. %, TO- A Mn a smalEH
tack east Of Gravelle, in the Arg
sector, the British last night advaM
ed their lines, for an average de1!
Of six hundred yards on a fronts
eleven hundred yards. ssaa.sf sa.s
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25

SenlEgr IS Il, ifaf srof fnstru ctiioss 20
German diplomats in all neutral coun.-
tries to cooperate with agencies set UP
in those countries for stirring up So
cial unrest, strikes and sentiment
against war, within the enemy states
The name OF Scheidemann; the
German Socialist leader, already men
toned as involved in the dealings o.
the German government with Bolshe-
Wiki. appears attached to one Of the
unauthenticated documents. It Is &,
note announcing that 10000 kroners
have been placed: to the credit Of a
Russian newspaper, and asking that
Eorwaerts (ti1e name OF Schelde
mann's organ at Berlin) be advised
of what appeared in the subsidized
journal.
An appendix to the concluding ir-
stallnent is what purports to be .
transcript of an unique telegraphit
conversation between Tchitcherin.
now Bolshevik foreign minister at
Fetrograd, and TrotzAy 1T Brest-
L;tovsk last February few days
before Trotzky made his notorious
no peace-no war play. Tchitcherta
is quoted as promising that sepa-
rate peace by which Russia would
not cause rupture with the allies
! md saying that England and America
are playing up TO US separately"
This appendix is Of circulars OF
| which Except in two cases) 1 have
neither originals nor authenticated
copies. A number Of rets of them
were put out in Russian text in Pc
trograd and in other .afts OF Russia
in the winter ii31S) the oppo-
nents OF the Rolshev1k1. Iae circu
| :ars were declared to be copies OF
documents taken from the Counter
Espionage bureau Of the Kerensk..
government, supplemented by some
earlier material from the same bu-
reau when it was under the Imper-
ial government. The opportunity for
securing them could easily have been
accorded to the agents and employees
OF the bureau, for most OF them
walked out when the Bolshevik'
grasped the government and could
have taken freely C the contents OF
their departments.
Some Of the documents We're in
cluded in the publication made III
Paris, hitherto referred to.
The simple test that have applies
to the circulars is that of Internal
analysis. To that they respond with
out contradiction. have not relied
on them as proof. and in the light OF
1t are more valuable for themselves
than they were when they stood
alone.
Finally, l am now able to prove
that two of the documents among
these circulars-tas circular of IN
d,:st-ial mobilization Of Jane 9. 1914.
and the agents destruction circular
Of November %. 1914-ace authen-
tic. | have them in the original Ger
man printed version Of their official
distribution. and have the doublT
attested Russian and German record
that they. IN preceding time. reposef'
i'm the files OF the secret service T..
the Russian government frDis: ~ licn
they were taken by German ocs.er az
turned over to German representa-
tives of the German government IN
PetrograG with the intent OF elimi-
natin. them as international evidence
against Germany.
This group OF circulars came INTO
my hands the first Wck in February,
1918. and n few days later. two du
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25
ot'TFLANKiNG 81. QUENTIN.

The French Captured Benay md
Made Fxpgrss to North.
drive
tor outstanding ST Quentin on the
sutlth the French last night captur-
the town of Benay, and made pre-
grsss north of that place, it is Official
ys saunounced. -
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25
sREYIKI ARE OUTLAWS.
E1HE SAM CALLS COUNCIL OF
YHE NATIONS TO CHECK
OUTRAGES.
| and Neutrals Asked to Consider
ESa11s to Impress Upon Bo!shevild
Of World.

Washington, Sept. 21.-Horrified by
ab1oody reign Of terror in Rus
1.-The United States today called up
sAa allied and neutral nations to
der what they may do to inn
s3 upon the Bolsheviki the aver
with which the civilized world
ards their wanton crimes.
gydirection of President Wilson.
exstary Lansing dispatched an in
nfics instruction to every American
B3omatic representative in the for
IS capitals. The action aligns the
lied States with that Of Great
atain and France in declaring the
sInsNiki outlaws and public enemies
feasible for the murders, cTims
aexcesses which have shocked the
zQhatever action may be decided
by the nations, separately or IL
neert, it is made clear, will be quite
from the prosecution of the
'srf against Germany.
SEfiis is the text Of the State depart
efiEs Instructions to the American
p5enats:
This. government is in receipt Of
f5snation from reliable sources re
ling that the peaceable Russian
|zeas OF Moscow and Petrograd and
cfties are suffering from an
silly avowed campaign of marked!
S3rts1n and are subject to whole
3eexecutions. Thousands Of per-
have been shot without even q
of trial; i1l-administered pris-
filled beyond capacity anc
niSht scores OF Russian citizen
seklessly put to death; and ir-
rnsib1e hands are venting their
@I passions in the daily massacre
Estold innocents.
view. OF the earnest desire o.
people Of the United States to be-
the Russian people and ieEo
alI possible assistance in thei.
|ESggfe to reconstruct their nation
principles of democracy and
|oysrnnent and acting, therefore
ltifYin the interest Of the Russian
$B e themselves, Lnis government
that it cannot be. .slientsor refrain
expressing its horror at tn
eof terrorism. Furthermore, it, j:
ged that in order TO check the
4 |)gr increase of the indiscriminate
4 tsE Of Russian citizens, all civ.
tlons should ragsser rhe.l
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25

Spraying Of pulverized coal into the
fire boxes Of steamship boilers by a
new process produces such intense
heat that the ashes literally are melt
ed and run down out Of the way
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25
PREPARING FOR SIEGE.
GtaRMANS. REMOVING CIVILIANS
FROM ST. QUENTIN.
Placing Numerous Batteries in The
50 City.

Paris, Sept: 21-The Germans ap-
pear to be Fastening the removal OF
the civil population Of st. Quentin and
fires have been observed in different
parts of tie city, says LEcho de Par
lis: It Is added the Germans are plac-
ang. numerous batteries in st. Quen-
tin tin.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25
WOULD STOP THE CIRCUS.
Gov. Manning Fears Spread OF Span
isIa Influenza.

ColumE:a, Sept 21.-As a precau-
ton against the spread Of Spanisi,
influenza in this Sttae. and also be-
cause of the scarcity Of lahor. Gov
Manning has asked the state Board
o. Health to prevent a large circus
from touring the state. as it had plan
ned
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25
BRITISH BOMB METZ.

eAirplanes Drop Sixteen Tons OF
:. Bo1abs on Iron Furnaces in the
Metz Region.
London. Sept sS.-British airplanes
dropped nearly sixteen tons of bombs
On German airdromes and blast-fur-
naces in the Metz region Saturday
hight. it is officially announced today.
The furnaces were ct Hagendingon
and Roabache. -Four: enemy air.
;dromes were bombed -
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25
HUN PLiHS EXPOSED.
BEFORE WAR BEGAN AlsRANG-
ED TO MOVE ON
AMERICA.
shortly After Hostilities Began de-
struction Agents" We're Ordered to
United States.

Washington, Sept. 20.-Another
convincing link in the proof that Ger
many was preparing to start a war OF
world conquest at least six weeks be-
fore the excuse for il was offered by
the assassination Of the Austrian heir
apparent at Sarajevo, concludes the
amazing series Of disclosures which
the American government has given
10 the public through secret docu-
rnents brought out Of Russia.
Two authenticated documents are
included in the final chapter of the
story which began a week ago with
evidence removing any doubt that
ciay haze existed that the Russian
Bolshevik government headed by Le-
zine and Trotzks', Is a tool OF the lnl-
perial German government: Cnc OF
these is an original circular from the
German general staff, dated juno g.,
IA, directing that all industrial con-
Germs be notified to open their secret
Instructions for industrial mobhiza- :
ton. Another, dated November 2O,
1914, is from the German naval gen
era1 staff and reveals that within
four months; after hostilities began III
Europe obstruction agents" were or
dered to Canada and the United
States to hire anarchists and escaped
criminals for the bomb plots and work
Of terror which finally played a part
i1J drawing the United States into
the war.
In addition to this authenticated
evidence. Edgar Sisson, who obtained
the papers for the committee o:;
3ub,sc information offers q remarkable
81 CUP of circulars put out in Russian
text at Petrograd, last winter, pur-
porting to be, copies Of documents
taken from the archives Of the coun-
ter-espionage bureau Of the KerensAy
government, supplemented. -hssSsome
from the files OF the same bureau be-
fore the fall Of the car. Some Of this
matter has been published previous
" in France and in this country Tbs
circulars tell Of German arrangements
six months before The outbreak o:
war for; the establishment Of the
financial agencies in bordering neutra
countries which later furnished the
money for the operations of ths
Bolsheviki;, of orders to German
banks to establish close and secret re.
| Iations with american and Finnish
thanks; of the launching Of revolution
asary propaganda i,ast t1e ear:
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25
AfERIoANs 4 BoMBaRD METZ.

German Paper Says Surprise But No
Panic:
i Geneva, Friday. Sept. 2o-''The
bombardment of Metz by the Ameri-
can artillery caused surprise but no
panic" said the Meter zeitung, ana
adds that a few persons were killed,
but the damage vas Insignificant
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25
{ SUCCESS By sERBIANs.
Make Important Advance and Take
s.. - - Mary Prisoners

MaEe Important ADVANCE anu Iakc
Many Prisoners.
London, Sept. 21.---Serbisn troops
east OF Monastir have advanced more
than nine miles in ono day, ans Sre
aegs than eight miles from the :rla:n
highway connecting. Prilep with Var
dars river: The Serbian official state
a8ent received here says that a great
number of prisoners have been cap
sured Also that the allies have
taken Goayal, @est Of the Cernar riY
er and hHeen miles southeast OF
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25

For aviators New York inventor
has designed pare chute that forms
part Of its users helmet. also being
fastened to his coat. and which ~
kept tightly coiled until needed.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25

The 18th hneal descendant Of Con.
fucius is living in the Chinese tow
in which the founder Of the CnnsS>
religion was born and where he WIS
buried 25 centuries ago.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25
INFLUENZA AT GREENvHLE.
Rigid Qnarantine Declared at Camp
Sewer ON Acopunt OF Development
Of Case. c.ls

Greenville, s.. c., Sept 2s.-The SOL
diers and the entire military reserya-s
ton of Camp Sewer were placed .un-s
der quarantine today on account OF
the development of the first suspect
ed case of Spanish Influenza In the
camp. s.;sss
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25
FORTY THOUSAND TRAPPED:
The Entire Turkish Force in P:ssIe
time Surrounded by the British
None Can Escape.

London, Sept. 23-The latest pre-
reports from the Palestine front
d;cate that none Of the Turkn
force of forty thousand which N
been trapped by the British canSpS
sibly escape. Sss
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25
FOURTH LIBERTY LOAN.
Subscribers Will be Required to Pa
Zen Per Cent First InStallmenf.

Zen Per Cent First Installment.
Washington, Sept 23.-Ten per
cent Of the Fourth Liberty Loan sub
scriptions will be required ON appli-
cation, instead of five per cent as for
the previous loans, the treasury an
nounced today. Twenty per cent will
be due November 21st. twenty per
cent December 10Th. twenty per cent
January 10Th and thirty per cent Jan
nary Goth. The amount of the fourth
loan and the redemption date will
probably be announced today.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25
FRENCH ENGRCLE ST. QUENTIN

Notable Gains Made in Attacks Yes
terday and Last Night-At One
Point They Reach River Disc.
Raria Sep. 23-The French yester-
day and last night made notable pro
gress in encircling st. Quentin. They
pushed in far on the South and cap
tured the village cf Fort Venduil,
close to the Disc, nine miles southeas.
of st. Quentin, it is officially announc-
ed. From Vendvil the French push
ed. on to the river. North of La Fol,-
tame they penetrated the wood in the
direction Of Hinacourt.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25
VICTORY IN PALESTINE.
BRITISH FORCES DEFEAT
CAPTURE THE ENTIRE s
TURKISH ARMY.

Latest Official Report Shows Twenty;
Five Thousand Prisoners Ag3 Ag
counted For Besides 26O Guns ana
the Entire Transport Of the Seygntk
and Eighth Turkish AfmiesA
AIlenby Has Scored Decisive gie'
tory. :s
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25
AMERICANS RAID HUN LINES

Our Troops Made Night Attack ~
Kill and Capture afo,e Than Hoz
Germans. css.z.sssssS s
With American Army IN Frafcs FraE
Sunday, Sept. % fReuters AIaeES
can troops5raid deda German lines inasA
neighborhocd of I4aumont 0ilasg
last night and captured Is prfsensS:
One unit attacked Harmont itae] it]
taking twenty prisoners and ki
and wounding forty more Gernla!:
The prisoners taken were mempeEse
a Jaeger battalion, formerly stassqa
ed at Metz. * 3. siss;SSss Sss
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25
Non-Escatials Drafted in other Work

sBRasTgGE g LABOR & 4 RULING g
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25

ITRAINING
South Carolina Cof1ege one 5t 1nsl-
y tutions5 Named by Department foE
Sfudenff5orps. : sss s
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1918-09-25

Marine corps casualties number
50 Killed in action. IS; died OF
wounds. 4: wounded severely. l: miss
ing in action. IA: in hands Of enemy,
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-17

to referendum. The immediate effect
will be delay, and of course the whole
battle must be fought over again when
the voters are called upon to instruct the
lawmakers what action to take. Pictur-
esque clements in the siege of Albany are
familiar to all readers Of The New York
Tribune, which, in it's special correspond
ence Wednesday morning, said:
Hope of ratification of the Federal pro-
hibition amendment this year by the State
Legislature was lost to-day, when the As
semby adopted an amendment to the HILL
McNab ratification resolution by vote Of
50 to Ga. The amendment provides that the
question shall be decided by a referendum
"This move by the Assembly came after a
day marked by spirited debate. The amended
Hill-McNab bill will come before the Assem-
bly, for vote on Monday night.
"The drys characterized the action as a
victory for the saloon and brewery interests
and William II. Anderson, state supernten-
dent Of the Anti-Saloon League, not only
charged that the Assembly had acted in bad
faith, but that there was something sinister
in its action.
Governor Whitman, when asked what he
thought of the result in the Assembly, said:
"'I am for the ratification Of the Federal
prohibition amendment
"If the Legislature does not ratify it, and
passes referendum, as seems likelv will
you veto it?'
"'I am not in the habit of saying what
shall do with legislation before it reaches
me-
"The manner in which to-day's result was
accomplished is a mystery to the drys. 1t is
a mystery to others up here"
The action of the New York Legislature
will, however, doubtless have a marked
effect upon the lawmaking bodies of other
states, the Washington correspondent of
"The New York Times" thinks. Massa-
chusetts, New Jersey, Connecticut and
Pennsylvania, together with New York,
were believed to be unfavorable to the
amendment, and the liquor forces counted
upon them to prevent the doubtful states
from swinging into line.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-17

~ IN part in the great war" observes
."e christian Science Monitor" which in
Sssengiy goes on to say: "Fcw repre-
S"'sI!ves IN either branch Of Congress
~'e ever tried the patience of their states
. A@s Senator La Toilette during the last
.4se and half years; few have ever SO
ss.sfeiy tried the patience of the nation.
va state and nation were disposed, for
considerable time, - look upon his dis
-. e~,u q public sentiment both leniently
!. -, hoefai!y. 1t was not forgotten that
-. a' time ne had fought valiantly, ably
-. c'nscientiously against evils which
Deeone intrenched. It was rcmem-
,.. his credit that he had frequently
-. out alone against corporate greed
;. =. aggression, and that to him, quite
-, - Aaen az to any other man in the coun-
~. ~ o'aid be credited rcawakening Of
49, ,'"ushezs in the United States to the
md i" Cleaner politics, cleaner business
r. ''@her government. Tcmperamental-
a.. d. was never one to win warm friend
~ ~ ou' there was time when he was
s.,,ss.' among thinking people, denied
a,,' and admiration.
t,. -" course toward the Administration
h,.. Tue outbreak If the war has puzzled
tw.. ,paihstaking observers; his course
b.. inc Administration since the en-
H. 81 the United States into the war
l. oanpietely baffled them. II
- vi out With the deliberate purpose
lining the bitter dizapproval Of all
s.s, WI" IN the part had given him their
k.4.eAenee, he could not have succeeded
d. 1a''y, the prcss from one end OF
& -. 1hsfy ~ the other has been eager-
3 wing the issue. There follows a
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-17

And thus he answers his own question:
There is nothing more unsclfish in politi-
cal history than the ffty-year battle the
party has made for it's one great principle
Few members of the party ever ran for
office with any bright hope of election.
Year after year they gave their money,
their time, and in not few cases their
lives, for cause they believed to be just
they stood up on street corners and preached
their doctrine when it was a scornful and
dangerous thing to do