The mirror. (Stillwater, Minn.) 1894-1925, 1918-11-21

= ~ CAAAOSA .As = - 49,
Ealism. The constitutions were tram
|pled under foot. The old regime
|sof priestly fanaticism and aristo-
cratic tyranny was unrelentingly
established once more.
+ 1t was obvious that this could
mot last. There was not in Italy a
single government which was not
of the absolute type. There was
not a single parliamentary assem-
bly,. A number of sporadic -revolu-
ftions broke out in Piedmont, Mo-
dena, and the Papal States. But
these were purely local. Fore
most among the leaders of this
new movement were the statesman
Cavour, the soldier Garibaldi, and
Mazzini, who was its prophet.
Mazzini said: The war of the
kings has terminated; that of the
people is about to commence. /.
The one thing wanting to twenty
millions of Italians, desirous of
emancipating themselves, is not
power. but faith" He abandoned
q promising scholars career for
the sole purpose of arousing his
fellow men to the idea of national
unity.
The hour of Italian opportunity
seemed to have come, for revolu-
ton was in the air in 1848. The
French king was overthrown and
the second republic proclaimed.
Austria was in the throes of dis
memberment. When the news of
these movements reached Rome,
the Italians bestirred themselves.
Garibaldi gathered troops for the
coming fray. A revolution broke
out in Naples. and the king was
obliged to yield to the public con-
stitution. Milan rose in insurrec-
tion and expelled the Austrian
troops. Venice declared for the
restoration of the ancient republic.
AT Turin the king promulgated
the constitution which is today the
constitution of united Italy. But
the time was not ripe, and it was
not until 1859 that freedom came
to the Italian states.
At this time the kingdom of Sar-
dinia (Piedmont) was the only
Italian state that had semblance
of civil or political independence.
Victor Emanuel III was loyal to his
people. Count Cavour, his minis
ter, was one of the most remarkable
statesmen of modern Europe. and
he was really the maker of united
Italy. With Austria threatening
attack, Sardinia appealed to Ma
poleon III of France. Two hum
.dred thousand French troops were
dispatched to Italy. After the
@Austrians were beaten by Napoleon
III that country signed treaty of
peace. But the results were splen-
did. Modena, Parma. and Tuscany
voted to establish a united Italy
with Victor Emanuel of Sardinia
as their ruler. Within year al
most half the peninsula was united
under his banner. Naples was un-
der a despotic government and
controlled Sicily.
In 1860 the patriot Garibaldi
landed in Sicily, at time of popu-
lar revolt, and the people rushed
to his standard in a frenzy of en-
thusiasm. Mountaineers and peas
ants alike joined his forces. Paler-
mo and Messina were captured,
and the royalist troops all fed
from the island. Sicily was now
free. A few months later Garibaldi
entered Naples as conqueror. The
whole population rose up in mass
to welcome him. The Papal States
we're in a furor of excitement.
They were in all half as large as
Indiana. A part of these states
were added to the new empire be-
ing formed, but Rome, and a bit
of territory Immediately surround
ing it, was left to the Pope. We
netia was still under Austrian con-
troll and was not acquired until
1000 -@...1A :, & :, ,ro- r,sIl> IL, - 1