davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Dziennik Chicagoski. [volume] (Chicago [Ill.]) 1890-1971, 1918-04-24
Tragiczne zako1czenie procesu
" San Francisco.
AresztowaDe vniemIeckiego burmistIza".
Postepy pozyczki wolnosciowej
Rome TelegraTnY.
mu przewozu wojsk materyai6w
wojennych.
KRWAWE ZAJSCIA w SA-
DIE.

KRWAWE ZAJSCIA w SA-
DIE.
San Francisco, CAL, "a. kwiet--
MIA. - Ram Chandra, indyjski
wydawca i rewolucyonista, zostaf
wczoraj zastrzelony W sail sade
dystryktowego Stanow Zjedn.,
gdzie odbywal sic jego process,
przez Rama Singh, bylcgo swego
podwiadneso i wspoioskarzonego.
Kiedy Singh jeszcze ciagnai "a
cyngiei swcgo pisto.etu automaty-
cznego, zosta} zastrzelOny przez
narszalka federalrego Jamesa B.
HoIohana. ktory strzeli} inne-
90 kolica sail ponad slowy adwo-
kat6w sicdzqcych przy swych sto-
bach. Federalni .urzedn;cy Sadza,
le powodem zabicia Rama Chan
dry bylo, IL tenze ma wlasny uzy-
tex obr0cil iunduSze oddane
przez Rama Singha ia cele rewo-
lncyjne.
Obaj oni, wraz Z 80 innymi, byli
os!;arzonymi O spisek rewoiucyj-
ny w Indyach Wsclnodn;ch; pro-
ccs ich wlasnie sic zakohczyI 0
tyie, re sprawe juz W rece sedziow
przysieglych zlo2ono.
Ram Singh obrai do spelnienia
aktu zemsty oStatnie chwi!e pro-,
cesu, kt6ry rozpoczaF sic d. 20 IL
stopada zesziego roku. a przez
czas swego trwania tax zwiekszaf
n:enawi5G pomiedzy obu gi6wny-
mi oskarzonymi. re Oczekiwano
jakiegos krwawego zajScia i osliar
zonych codziennie rewidowano,
zanim weszli do sail sadowej, czy-
Il nie maja ukrytej broni.
Z jednej strony kratek sado-
wych znajdowali sic oskarzeni W
gromade zebrani, po stronie
przeciwnej, przy przedziale Sc
dziow przysieglych, stall marsza-
lex Holohan, kt0ry z Mich ME spu-
szczal Okla. Ram Chandra powstai
i chciai precise przez sale; row.
noczesnie wstal Ram Singh i ma
tychmiast strzelii kili,akrotnie.
Ram Chandra zachwiai sic padf
trupem przy k-zesle swiadk6w 2
kula w sercu-i dwoma inemi W
c;ele. Holohan, cziowiek wysokie-
60 wzrostu. strze,ii natychmiast
ponad gfowy innych tax celnie, ze
kula jego zlamala kark Ramowi
Singh. Natychmiast zoinierze, "a
wsze W czasie procesu znajduiacy
sic ia sail, staneli II. u.wyjst. Sedzia
Van Fleet powrocii do sail, kazal
wszystkich innych oskarzonych
zabrac do aresztu i.polecil oproz-
mic sale sadowa. Natychmiast za-
rzadzono sledztwo, ktorc wyka--
zaio, re Ram Singh otrzymai pi-
stolet w czasie krotkiej pauzy ma
rannej sesyi, kiedy ma chwile wy.
szedf byf ma korytarz.
ll-l.<> -
Dziennik Chicagoski. [volume] (Chicago [Ill.]) 1890-1971, 1918-04-24
INNYCH FRONToW.

rych frontow dis prawie niema
wieSci; jedynie Berlin osfasza, IL
W Palestynie Anglicy w postgPie
swym ma polnoc zostali powstrzy-
mani, oraz wyparci poza Jordan
rzeke.
Dziennik Chicagoski. [volume] (Chicago [Ill.]) 1890-1971, 1918-04-24
INNE TELEGRAMY.
HOLANDYA WpBEC WOJNY
Iondvn "a kwietnia. - Mic IL


rzedowo ME ogioszono o tenn, ia
koby Niemcy juz poslali ultima
tum Holandyi, owszem sa oznaki.
IL stosunki Observation-Disclosures
kie nieco w ciagu ostatniej DOLBY
zosta}y zIagodzone: Niemcy po--
dobno domagaja sic tylko, by Ho-
londya sciSle przestrzegala neu-
tralnosci, naturalnie pojmujac, ja
zyczliwie d!a niemieckiego sasia-
.da.
ID d ~ ..
Dziennik Chicagoski. [volume] (Chicago [Ill.]) 1890-1971, 1918-04-24
KALENDARzYK.

Jutro. 2s kvietnia; sw. Marka
sMSnS. ev ARiana b. - sw. Two
Evening star., 1918-07-24
CLOSES firm,
But TRADING ISDULL

NEW York, July 24.--Stocks COM
tinued at the opening Of today's ses-
sion their uncertain course OF the
preceding days Of the week. standard
issues displaying irregularity. while
specialties were mainly higher.
Firm to strong features included
Industrial Alcohol. Texas Company,
Marine preferred, sumatra Tobacco
and Tobacco Products. while crucible
and Midvale steels. Chesapeake and
Ohio and United Fruit were among
the heavy issues.
United States Steel made q nominal
advance with leading rail. Liberty
bonds were steady.
Rails Heavy, sumatra Erratic.
United States steers advance of a
point infused irregular strength to
the general list in the first hour. but
steel was freely offered on the rise,
Pressed Steel Car. American Car,
American Smelling and a few utfl.
tiles, such as Consolidated Gas and
Montana Power, were included among
the other temporary gains OF to 3
points.
hAllS were ueAvy AHo w WCcISAh
Union supplemented yesterdays loss,
Sumatra Tobacco was most erratic,
advancing q point and reacting seven.
Liberty 3h's were especially hrm at
1910 to $3.50, AS selling at 1854 to
94.62, and ANS at 1884 to $50.
The market rallied variably IN the
afternoon. sumatra recovering three
points and st. Paul issues / to IN. :
United States Steel fully recovered
from its reaction of the noon hour. but
minor metals. notably Butte and Supe-
rior, were weak, losing to n points.
Evening star., 1918-07-24
coLoRED Z. OF P. ELECTION.
Local Grand Lodge Selects John S.
johnson for Grand Chancellor.

The Grand Lodge Of colored Knights
of Pythias, District of Columbia Juris-
diction, at its recent meeting in this
city elected officers as follows:
~ aSdGrand chancellor, John S. johnson
- OF Syracuse Lodge. No. s; vice grand
TGfchancellor, Charles n. Neal of Capi-
tA City Lodge. No. 12; past grand
81 chancellor, Morris N. Corbett Of Han
nibal Lodge. No. 3; grand lecturer.
William s. Daniels of Hannibal Lodge,
No. 3; grand master Of exchequer,
William W. Cohran of Hannibal
Lodge. No. 9; grand keeper Of records
and seal, J.. Clay Smith, Syracuse
zcIqdge, No. s.; grand master-at-arms,
crop. W. Busey Of Charles Sumner Lodge,
- Ne. 4; grand marshal, Thomas F. Har-
-per of Metropolitan Lodge, No. q;
ysagrand inner guard, R W. Knight Of
Potomac Lodge. No. 8: grand outer
guard. Charles L. Kenny, Charles
SSpmner Lodge, No. 4; grand prelate,
Rev. J. d. Pair Of Pioneer Lodge, No.
---.f4: grand trustees, John II. Wade,
~ Apital City Lodge. No. IL: T. @. Cor
s.ssIon, Potomac Lodge, No. 3. and Coun-
ell ]. Nixon, Charles Sumner Lodge.
No. 4; supreme representative, Capt.
E. E. Murray of Capital City Lodge,
x-Go. IL.
Evening star., 1918-07-24
DAIRY MARKETS,

NEW YORK. July 14.-Butter-
weak; receipts, zo.55S tubs. creamery
higher than extras. 45ha46; cream
44x; packing stock, current make,
No. 2, 33ha34. 5e
Eggs-ITreeular: receipts. a4,751
cases; fresh gathered extras, 4s;
fresh gathered regular packed extra
firsts. 44a4b: do. frsts. 41a43; state,
Pennsylvania and nearby western
hennery whites, fine to fancy, 5oa52;
state, Pennsylyania and nearby hem
merry browns. 47as0; do. GATHERED
browns and mixed colorA, 3Sa46.
+ Cheese-E1rm; receipts, $3.50 boxes;
state fresh specials, 25H; do, aver
age run. 25a25A.
Poultry--Live, steady; prices un-
changed. Dressed, easter; chickens.
4oa46; fowls and turkeys unchanged.
Evening star., 1918-07-24
.FRENCH-|TAL|AN DRIVE
SKATERS VIENNA move
Allied Troops Continue Attacks in
Albania and Are Successful in
Hand-to-Hand Fighting.

PARIS. July "a (Havas Agency).-
sive in Albania have been shattered
by the drive of the French and Italian
troops during the last fortnight, ac-
cording to the correspondent of the
Petit Partisan on the Albanian front.
Enemy munition depots. stores OF
food and war materials have been de-
stroyed or captured. The Franco
Italian lines have been Strengthened
out at certain points over a front OF
twenty miles and their light. columns
continue to advance along the banks
of the Devoli river, the correspondent
adds.
ofacial Statement.
PARIS, July 23.-An official state
ment says:
Eastern theater, July 22-There
was reciprocal artillery activity in
the region of Doiran and west of, the
vardar. Patrol engagements took
place in the region of Monte.
TN Albania our troops continued
their attacks yesterday. and after
heavy hand-to-hand fighting drove
the Austrians from all their positions
south of the olta river. In the course
of two days we captured 600 prison
ers. including six officers, and twelve
machine guns. On our left, on the
west bank of the Devo1i. italian
troops captured hill 900."
ROME, July, 23.-The Italians are
continuing their advance in Albania
The war office announced today that
Italian troops. pushing along the
crest of Malisiloves, captured Hill 800.
Further to the east French parties
occupied the heights on the left
bank of the River Holta-
Evening star., 1918-07-24
COTTON MARKETS.
ouieter Tone at London.

LONDON. July 24-The stock mar
ket developed q Quieter tone today
owing to the fact that the favorable
war news from France induced great
er subscriptions to war loans. which
also. incidentally, caused Tightening
In the money market. The market
maintained good undertone, but the
only active features were oil. tin.
electrical armament and Brazilian fs-
sues. s.s.s
Evening star., 1918-07-24
Preparing for Fourth Loan.
Washington Stock Exchange.

rrJH SALES
Gl Cspital Traction 5s, $500 at 99K.
- Washington Railway As, $1,000 at SO.
%. Norfolk snd Washington Steamboat %, 81, Zoo
at 10O 81 600 at 100, 81, 600 at 100.
= Potomac Electric cons. 5s, 81 600 at 94h.
American Gfaphophone IS, $1,000 at 92h.
- Washington Railway pfd., 25 at 81. % at 81.
-Mergeuthaler, at H..
E-z--- 1IAnston, 4 at 5715.
. -~ IAnston Scrip, Sc at 81.
After call:
49, Capital Traction, 5 at ssX.
L. Capital Traction 5s, $500 at 100. 200 at
"a 100.
Evening star., 1918-07-24
Total Indebtedness.

The net Indebtedness (funded and
floating debt. less assets of general
sinking funds) for the forty-eight
states aggregated $501. 1922 .514.. New
York alone had an Indebtedness of
$lss s.322,514, or 3S per cent of the
total, and was far greater than that
Of any other state.
Eleven states had a per capita net
debt of less than 81. that for New
Jersey being only 4 cents, and that
for Pennsylvania only cents. The
net increase in Indebtedness during
the fiscal year for all states COM
bined was 500. 799, ,0O5.
Debts were increased by fifteen
states: debts were decreased by TWEEN
ty-one and no change was made in
twelve states. New York, with $19,-
7O9. .436. showed the largest increase
in Indebtedness.
Evening star., 1918-07-24
WASHINGTON RAILWAY
DIVIDENDS DECLARED

attendance was light on
the Washington stock exchange today
fair amount of activity prevailed
= through the session and all OF the
various local offerings opened strong
: and held more or less firm to the close.
Norfolk and Washington Steamboats, s
.sS per cent bonds figured in the activity
and held strong at 100.
Is Washington Railway Dividends.
=: Washington Railway and Electric
> preferred regular quarterly dividend
|, Of IL per cent, payable September !
TO holders of record August Is was
y announced today. Books will close
:, August Is to 49,.
This utility also announced today
the common quarterly dividend OF IN
payable September to holders of
r record August Is. Books closed
August Is to 1s.
Want Loan Drive Deferred.
Reports current among financial
!, men here indicate that according to
!. tentative plans of the Treasury De-
4partment the campaign for the fourth
:: liberty loan will begin on or about
!. September 2S and close in three
weeks, or about October 19.
1t was learned today that certain
~ politicians who are greatly inter-
ested in the coming fall elections are
suggesting that the loan campaign
be deferred until after November 8.
n Local bankers believe 1t would be q
mistake to postpone the drive until
that late date and they are hopeful
that the Treasury will not be moved
to alter its present program.
',re- Preparing for Fourth Loan.
- Although the commencement Of the
campaign for the fourth liberty loan
Is some distance away preliminary ar
rangements are under way in WASH
. ington- The District liberty loan COM
mittee is holding frequent meetings
and this city will be in excellent
shape to start on the big drive when
the Secretary of the Treasury says
the word.
One member of the local committee
said today that one feature of the
-1Iext drive will be the part the SOL
-diers in France will play in the
floating of the loan. 1t Is too early
Ito announce the role they will play.
this member stated, but. according to
him, they will be utilized in a most
convincing way.
Evening star., 1918-07-24
American Aviator Killed IN Fan.

LONDON. July z4.--Malcol1n Cotton
brown 0 Chicago. an American avia-
ton officer. has been killed while n.y.
Ing near Gloucester. He waB It q
great height when scnnething went
wrong with the engine, cauaine the
machine to crash to the ground.
Evening star., 1918-07-24

s.si.a Count Won Hertling. the German fm-
the care OF physicians ut main head
Quarters, has recovered from hts In
disposition and has resumed hia
Evening star., 1918-07-24
Financial Plans.

OF the financial plans the Postmaster
General said:
Regular dividends hitherto de-
clared, and maturing interest upon
bonds, debentures and other obliga-
tions, may be paid in due course; and
such regular dividends and interest
may continue to be paid until and un-
less the said Postmaster General shall,
from time to time, otherwise by gem
eral or special orders determine; and,
sub5e0k to the approval OF said Post
master General. the various telegraph
and telephone systems may determine
extension Of maturing obligations"
The Presidents proclamation pro-
vides that the Postmaster General, II
he so elects, may administer the lines
through the owners managers. boards
further that until the Postmaster
General directs otherwise the present
managements shall continue.
Evening star., 1918-07-24
Nrw YoRK MrrAL MARKrr.

NEW YORK. July z4.-Meta1 ex-
change quotes lead unchanged; spot.
SOC: spelter easy; East st. Louis de-
livery, spot, 8.35a8.45. 81
7 at I.ondon--Spot, tin. $3.50; futureA:
Evening star., 1918-07-24
RAR snvER QUOTATIONS.

NEW YORK, July z4.-Bar silver
was quoted at ssx per ounce here
today. ats
LONDON July "A. - Bar silver
A8 13-16d per ounce. Money, . pei
cent. Discount rates: Short bills
17-33 per cent: three-month bills
17-s2 Per cent
Evening star., 1918-07-24

"a Ger1nan 4irpl1ne made. n unsuc-
cessfM attamDt - reach the region
% F1r1s Monday. II w4s driven On By
ss5haj Nksneb enttra Ecraft -
Evening star., 1918-07-24

n pa5s 10 read the wint coIuun of
The Star. Hundreds 81 situAxiqns ara
3 t,lled thrpuE tl
Evening star., 1918-07-24
THE WEATHER.

The District of Columbia and Mary
land, partly cloudy. probably showers
late tonight or tomorrow. continued
warm: gentle southerly winds, becoming
variable.
Virginia, partly cloudy tonight and
tomorrow, probably showers in north
and west portions: gentle shifting
winds.
Tide Tables.
Compiled by United States coast and
geodetic survey
Today-Low tide 3:19 am. and 4
m; high tide, 9:11 am. and 1888 pm.
Tomorrow-Low tide, 4:08 am. and
4.44 pm; high tide. 1857 am and
1927 pm.
! The Sun and Moon.
Today-Sun rose, SOL am; sun sets.
Tomorrcw-sun rises. 500 am; sun
Noon rises, s:51 pm: sets, 6:54 Am.
Automobile lamps to be lighted one-
half hour after sunset.
Records for Twenty-Four Hours.
The following were the readings of
the thermometer and barometer at the
weather bureau for the twezfty-four
hours beginning at pm. Yesterday
pm, IS; Il midnight. So: today. 4
am, rs; am. IS; II noon. s6; pm.
50. Maximum, 81. at 4:S0 pm. yester-
day; minimum. 74.5, at 7:10 am. today.
Temperature same date last year
Maximum, 81: minimum, 10.
acknowledgements pm. 30.06;
|s pm, 5000: IL midnight, 30.05; to-
day, 4 am. 30.05; 8 am. S0.05: IL noon.
40 ns: nm.. 1902.
Evening star., 1918-07-24
First Trust Notes for Sale

Secured On impfoved D. O. reel estate. Cen
bine COED interest with best possihle security.
Notes IN dencnainA f50nB Of from 4250 to 6,o0o.
Tsansaetisns eiosed prcmptly. We collect a.
tefest and Attend to every detail ears4uuZ.
aad tnslEanes pcaiey xuxnialse.
slzANNoM = LUCaa S,
Evening star., 1918-07-24
Bar Letters Written in German.
The censorship "a

TM0 c0uboftnp u0Afu M rul94 thAt
no out8otng communfcationa written
with the ssxceptfoN o& ccfMmunicataons
- pr11onsxA ek.W1A s. (
Evening star., 1918-07-24
Grain, Produce,
Cotton Markets.
GRAIN AND. PROVISIONS.

CHICAGO. July 24.-Peace talk had
a noticeably bearish influence today
on corn. Favorable weather condi-
tions counted also as factor in pull
ing down values. Some Of the most
active sellers were among those who
yesterday had pene conspicuous buy
efs. Opening prices, which varied from
the same as yesterdays finish to y
lower, with August 1.51A to 1.52A.
were followed by a slight rally, and
then a decided break all around.
Oats fuctuated in line with corn.
Rains in Canada tended somewhat to
weaken the market. After opening a
shade of to u advance. with August
s. to 69h, the market hardened a lit
tie and then underwent moderate
general setback.
Provisions scored slight gains owing
to strength in hog quotations. Buy
ing, however, received check
through the weakness Of grain.
Evening star., 1918-07-24


lamatfon was statement by Mr.. Bur-
Lesson of a policy which is to be one
Of the least possible interference with
the wire communication system con-
sistent with the needs of the govern
ment and the public interest.
Mr.. Burleson said that press wire
service would be interfered with only
to improve facilities, and farmers
telephones only to make more con-
nections with larger lines. No gen.
eral policy has been decided upon, the
Postmaster General said, and notice
will be given when any plAps to
change arrangements are to b. ef-
fected
The Postmaster General pledges tc
the public his best efforts for ths
most efficient service at least cosJ
and he states that he welcomes sugs
gestions and corporation Of the men
who have built up the systems.
Evening star., 1918-07-24
STATES PAID EXPENSES
FROM REVENUES IN 1917
Maryland Led in Per Capita Excess
Of Expenditures General
Figures Submitted.

Dufing the fiscal year 1917 the
forty-eight states Of the Union. taken
as group. paid from their revenues
all their current expenses, interest
and outlays. and either reduced their
Indebtedness or increased their cash
balances. The excess Of revenues over
expnditurs was $5,421.513, or cents
per capita.
These and other important facts are
to be brought out in a report on
Financial Statistics of States. 1917"
soon to be issued by Director Sam l.
Harris Of the bureau of the census,
Department OF Commerce.
In twenty Of the forty-eight states
the excess Of expenditures for gov
ernmental costs. including interest
and outlays for permanent improve
ments. over revenues was $40. 910,9S4.
or Al cents per capita. In the remain
ing twenty-efght states the excess Of
revenues over expenditures totaled
$26,832, ,497. or 81 cents per capita.
Evening star., 1918-07-24
Total Revenues for States.

Total revenues Of all the states were
$522.924.723: the aggregate expendi-
lures for current government costs,
including interest. S44s,592,373: and
the total outlays for permanent i'm
provements. S87,910.S47. OF the total
revenues $409,Ss4S9s. or more than
from various kinds Of taxes. About
45 per cent Of this amount $1s2,740,-
LAG, was derived from personal prop
erty tax, made up Of taxes on real es-
tate and personal property.
Maryland led the states which show
ed the greatest per capita excess of
expenditures over revenues. Her per
highest being New York, with $1.12,
and the third highest Vermont, with
66 cents
Evening star., 1918-07-24
U. S. MAY OVERHAUL
D. C. PHONE PLANT

= CONTINUED from Second Paee.)
Evening star., 1918-07-24
Condition of the Water.

Temperature and condition of water
at am: Great Falls-Temperature
81; condition. Il. Dalecariia reser.
north connection. 9: condition at south
connection, Z. Georgetown distribut-
ing reservoir-Tempera 80: con-
ditfon at infiuent gatehouse. 10; con-
dition at effiuent gatehouse, IA.
Up-River Waters.
Special Dispatch 10 The Star.
HARPERs FERRY. W. Va, July "a.
The Potomac river was clear and
the Shenandoah muddy this morning.
Weather in Various Cities.
Evening star., 1918-07-24

AN ANNUITY IN MUTUAL LIFE ISsUR.
snce Company vii give certain income fol
ufe guaranteed by over six hundred and thif.
ty-thres million d tllars. Applications received
by THOaiAS P. MORGAN. Manager.
Rooms 423A29 Southern Building.
Evening star., 1918-07-24

NEW YORK. July 24.-Flour-Quiet
winters, 10soa11.25. Pork-Unsettled
mess, 4S.5ea49.00; short clears, 45.00a
$500. Lard-Strong; middle west
26.5Oa2660. Other articles unchanged
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1918-06-27

STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA.
Office of Commissioner OF insurance.
!. $ A. OLSNESS. Commissioner OF In
snrnnce Of the State of North Dakota do
hereby certify that the foregoing is a true
abstract of tho original statement now on
ile In this office.
In Testimony Whereof. I have hereunto
set my hand and AFFIXED the seal OF this
Ohlcc at bismarck the First day Of April.
A. ID. 1918
s. A. OLSNESS.
Commissioner OF Insurance.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1918-06-27

The girls hand was unresponsive In
his own. Perhaps she was dead a.
ready. Donald chafed It, hut was
hardly able to distinguish It in that
jellylike environment, which was
thickening percepubly now.
The fingers were limp and cold.
They were both numbed from the ex-
posure and Ida was dead. He would
follow her, then.
Slowly and with elaboration he nm.
fastened the copper cylinder from
about his body. At once the little
electric light went out. It had grown
10 dim that only then did Donald re-
member thnt It had been burning.
He unbuckled the headpiece md
took OF the mask Of glass. He flung
It from him. A moment he held his
breath as he felt the cool water Jelly
upon his face. Then, very resolutely,
he drew In his breath.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1918-06-27
CHAPTER TX.
On the Sea Floor.

He struggled for balance us the sea
depths envelOped him. He CROPPED
in the water us in fog. The swirl of
bubbling air from the oxygen appara-
fus in the lock carried him some dis
tnnce from the submarine. and then
he felt himself sinking.
He sank very slowly. and as he sank
he CROPPED for Ida. He could not find
her. The submarine had disappeared
completely.
He wnded to and fro clumslly. He
was like dead man who wakes in un
uninhabited purgatory of desolation.
There was nothing anywhere-noth-
Ing. Only the yielding water, ut which
his fingers clutched fruitlessly.
He began to walk for six PAGES in
every direction. calculating that in this
way he could bound Il purallelogram
lnd return to his starting point. But
he saw nothing, and he did not know
that he had returned to the place from
which he had set out
He started wildly backward. believ-
Ing that the submarine lay behind him.
As he walked. dragging his weight like
a convict's chain and ball, suddenly
the outlines of the F55 appeared be-
fore him.
He realized that she was lying with
her bow higher than her stern. At
once he crasped the situation. She
had sunk with her bow toward land,