davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Shoshone journal. [volume] (Shoshone, Idaho) 1884-1931, 1918-01-25

WHEREAS UNFAIR ATTACKS
HAVE BEEN MADE on THIS on.
GANIzATION AND on THIS MAN
BY AGENTS or THE CORRUPT IN
TEREsTs WHICH THIS LEAGUE
rs EXPOSING. THEREFORE, BIZ II
RESOLVED THAT WE DEPLORE
AND CONDEMN THE UNFAIR At
TAcKs WHICH ARE BEING MADE
lON THE PATRIOTISM OF THIS MAN
AND THE GREAT ORGANIZATION
HE HAS FOUNDED"
That Is the stock form Of resolution
as censored by Mr.. Townley and In
troduced at each Of his meetings. That
Is what he wants us to think OF him.
In fact that Is what we would like
to think Of him.
As a fatter OF fact here is what Mr..
Towniey has been saying In his public
speeches and writings since war was
declared last April
= PATRIOTISM rs THE LAST RE
FUGE OF THE scoUNDREL."
Aich Mein Gotti
THIS Is A EUROPEAN WAR"
Aich Mein Gottli
ENGLAND Is RESPONSIBLE
FOR THIS WAR"
Aich Meln Gottll
THIS is A RICH MANS WAR"
Aich Mein Gott'
THE FARMERS AND WAGE |
WORKERS ARE UNUSUALLY APP
\TffETIc IN THEIR ATTITUDE TO-
Wards THIS EUROPEAN WAR"
Aich Mein Gottll Hoch der Kaiser.
These last three quotations are from
letter written 10 a member OF the
.eague from Townley's ST. Paul head
quarters ovef the signature Of his
uthorized representatives, during the
ime this Great Patriot" was In Idaho
Aioh mesn Gott!
The SAYS TO TELL THAT HE is
WE'LL. THE FOOD rs GOOD AND
nc is WELL TREATED"
Aich hein Gott.i Hoch der Kaiser.
Shoshone journal. [volume] (Shoshone, Idaho) 1884-1931, 1918-01-25

Arabia Dsrrsh. ~ unknown heirs ard
diyhees OF Sarah II. D~rrah. deceas-
lSisd, OWN RhinsT Realty Company a
copsrtnership consisting OF Fred +.
,4Yan and Bert Rhine. and Fred f.
OWN and Bert Rhine as individus ls.
Edward Rossnnan- James hcAIurrin.
A. Y. kontsndon and Mrs. A. F.
Aontandon. his wife. all unknown
heirs and diyisces OF ThoHsasr M
Cooley. decs&Aed. all ,-upkppwn-heirs
and dssisess OF Thomas nj Dolby,
deceased. Amelia b. Geldy. and all
unknown heirs and devisees OF T.
M. Cooley, deceased. Defendants.
ALIAS SUMMONS.
THE STATE OF IDAHO SENDS
GREETINGS to the above named de-
PENDANTS:
You are hereby notified that a COM
plant has been filed against you In
the District Court OF the Fourth Judi
cial District OF the State OF Idaho in
and FOR the county OF Lincoln by the
Shoshone journal. [volume] (Shoshone, Idaho) 1884-1931, 1918-01-25
THE HAND OF THE KAISER

Germany reveis In cruelty beyond
the outside world regarding her treat
ment OF prisoners OF war by censorinr
all communications permitted to pass
outside Tho prison by reducing the
messages 10 these words.
II AN WELL THE FOOD rs GOOD
I AM WELL. TREATED"
should prisoner write any other
message Ia his letter or postal card
the censor blo;s Il out until unread
able and writes In his own hand
"HE SAYS TO TELL THAT HE is
WELL THE FOOD ~ GOOD AND
HE ~ WELL TREATED"
In the ser,es Of communications In
the possession OF Mrs.. Ell. Clements. OF
shoshons. from her French friend. Mr.
vcrc DubfisAsa IN the Journal OF iaet
week. tho wrster mailed TO Nrs. ciem-
ments sous iysesn or twenty postal
cards durinx ~ fourteen months i'm
prison~snt vtr on- Of the oards
had been rcSEotd by the censor to
the vsrAs;
7 An WELL THE FOOD rs GOOD.
An WELL t7sNArEp,-
wh~e the wfissr vac released from
tbs prison he wrote TO Mr.. Clements;
Observation-Disclosures AND BEAT
Es And wo1xED TO TIE POINT
or DEATH .wAs NOT ABLE sf6
HRINo MYSELF TO EAT OF ritz
SMALL poRrtoN OF MEAT sERv-
I'D TO THE WAR PRISONERS ron
HAD MANY. MANY REASONS TO
BELIEVE THAT 1T WAS HUMAN !
FLESH. AND EVEN IF NOT HUMAN |
FLESH 1T WAS so VILE AND pu- /
TRiD AS TO BE UNBEATABLE"
That Ia HIS truthful description OF /
Bis censored postal cards which were
made 20 read:
-HE SAYS TO TELL THAT TIE rs
WELL THE FOOD tx GOOD AND
lie ~ WELL TREATED"
aIcH MEM ooTT'' Ifoch der Kali
ser
a. c. Towniey. National president OF
The Nonpartisan League has been
Frandsszndinx Idaho the past two
~eeSA lie makes most powerful and
patriotic address, AZ each meeting he !
has carssufiy prepared set OF reso-
us,ons introduced ut tho Psychological
nonsu ~As~A ssse Ike this:
Shoshone journal. [volume] (Shoshone, Idaho) 1884-1931, 1918-01-25
NOTICE or pissoLnyioh-e -
OF pARrkERsHip

Notice L. hereby sivcn~shat the part
norship now and heretofore existing
by and t-tweon Frank II. Cheney and
Earl 4. Cheney II by mutual consent
OF zach party thereto. dissolved, and
the business viii be conducted by Earl
A. Cheney that E,fi A. Cheney as
ruSnes payment OF sny and all obliEa-
tions owing by said partnership.
and all obligations owing Ia the said
partnership will be paid TO the said
Earl A. Cheney.
Frank r. Cheney.
Earl A. Cheney.
Dated at Shoshone. Idaho. on this
sth day OF January. 1918. jii-25
Shoshone journal. [volume] (Shoshone, Idaho) 1884-1931, 1918-01-25
Motto. Of Sheriff. Sal. Of E.tray

On or about the Let day OF November
1877. the following described cstray was
taken up by w. NJ. wyatt nine miles
northwest Of Shoshone.
Old bay mare. age probably IL years,
brand @ left stine. o left jaw. weight
about 1000 lbs.
Notice is hereby given that on Thurs
day the lith day OF February 1918. at
2 o'clock y. m, at the w. NJ. Wyatt
farm. nine miles northwest OF Sho-
shone, Lincol nCounty, Idaho, ] will.
pursuant TO the estray laws OF the
State of Idaho. sell the above des-
cribcd estray to the highest bidder for
cash. lawful money OF the United
States.
Dated January End. 1917.
CLARENCE wIiEELER.s Sheriff
jt-7E
Shoshone journal. [volume] (Shoshone, Idaho) 1884-1931, 1918-01-25
FOR RENT

Eighty acres to rent to first class
man with his own outfit Located on
Dietrich tract. Good deal for the right
man. Enquire at the Journal office.
Shoshone journal. [volume] (Shoshone, Idaho) 1884-1931, 1918-01-25

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE
FOURTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF
THE STATE OF IDAHO. IN AND
FOR LINCOLN COUNTY.
Frank Pimental Plaintiff.
Shoshone journal. [volume] (Shoshone, Idaho) 1884-1931, 1918-01-25

] have or sale 1917 model Metz
passenger car. VIII sell cheap for
cash or trade for stock. First class
condition. Extra tire.
George a. Sherman. Dietrich. Ida
Shoshone journal. [volume] (Shoshone, Idaho) 1884-1931, 1918-01-25
MEX COWS FOR SALE

MIX cows for sale at the Hunt ranch
Dietrich. Idaho.
Shoshone journal. [volume] (Shoshone, Idaho) 1884-1931, 1918-01-25
esus aszszsex~uuxa <xxszs -~aszss azss
classified ADJ DEPART MENli


pay essh for Hides, Pelts, all kinds
Of junk, Rubber, Copper end Brass
c. e. WILSON, Back Of the Creamery.
Shoshone journal. [volume] (Shoshone, Idaho) 1884-1931, 1918-01-25

FOR sALE-one business lot on north
Rail Street next McFall Hotel. with
improvements. Inquire at Furniture
store Of b. J. Brennan. for terms.
Shoshone journal. [volume] (Shoshone, Idaho) 1884-1931, 1918-01-25
CORN FOR SALE

]. II. Fitzpatrick. at the Shoshone
Meat Market. has corn for sale.
Shoshone journal. [volume] (Shoshone, Idaho) 1884-1931, 1918-01-25

Mrs(H A. Sandy and little dauEhfer
were y from the ranch Monday.
Shoshone journal. [volume] (Shoshone, Idaho) 1884-1931, 1918-01-25

FOR RENT

Two rooms for rent--to gentlemen,
only. Inquire OF Mrs ]. w. Lundin.
Shoshone journal. [volume] (Shoshone, Idaho) 1884-1931, 1918-01-25

Miss Emily Andrew. OF Dietrich, wa
In town Saturday.
Shoshone journal. [volume] (Shoshone, Idaho) 1884-1931, 1918-01-25

Afch NUN NOtfII
'HE SAYS TO TELL THAT HE rs
WELL THE FOOD rs GOOD AND
HE is WELL TREATED"
Aieh hcin Gott.i Hoch der Kaiser.
The Leader, enterprise and press. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1915-1921, 1918-08-30
BAKER CALLS HIGH SCHOOL
GRADUATES.

The Students Army Training
Corps to be formed at the Georgia
State College of Agriculture will
consist of young men volunteers be-
tween the ages of Is and q wears"
and these young men will, on en-
llstment, become members of the
National Army, but will be allowed
to continue their studies. Says the
War Department of the soldier stud
ent: "The draft board will not call
him for induction so lorg as lie re-
mains a member of the Students
Army Training Corps"
opportunity will be given" con-
tinues the War Department commun-
ication, FOR the enlisted student, who
elects. to transfer from army to the
navy, and vice versa; and to be as
signed to active service in one of the
various corps of the army upon re-
commentator of the college presi-
dent and the proper military author
ity."
Regular uniforms, including hats,
shoes and overcoats, will be furn-
ished all members of the Students
Army Training Corps by the Gov
eminent. The young man who
takes the training may look for
ward to six weeks summer military
training camp next year with all of
his expenses paid by the Govern
ment and. in addition, he will be
given the pay of a private while on
active duty.
Says the official communication al
ready referred to, Should Congress
lower the age of liability to immedi-
ate military service, men of the new
ages not already enlisted may find
difficulty in entering the service
other than through the draft boards.
In view of this possibility, all men
expecting to enlist at all in the
Students Army Training Corps
would do well to enter promptly" If
you are interested in joining the
Students Army Training Corps you
should write President Soule, Geo
rgia College of Agriculture, at once
The Leader, enterprise and press. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1915-1921, 1918-08-30
FOR REPRESENTATIVE

Friends of Hon. Wesley R. Walk
er, now representative OF Ben Hill
county, dc hereby present his name to
the good people of the county for
electing him to succeed himself as
representative.
Believing that his past record ;usti-
ies and warrants the support of every
loyal, patriotic citizen who believes
in good government. He is Our
neighbor and we know him to be for
those things that will uplift instead of
tear down. He is conservative in his
of the county and the people. We
ask your support for him.
By Some of Many Friends.
The Leader, enterprise and press. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1915-1921, 1918-08-30
Old Ways Of Telling Time.

In remote ages the japanese and
Chinese used knOtted wick to record
time, two feet in length. The wick
burned slowly and each knot recorded
an hour. Philippi II of Spain is said
to have used an oil lamp for the same
purpose. The Oil was contained in
glass receptacle, on which was a
scale marking the hours from four in
the afternoon to eight the next morn
ing, and the height Of the liquid upon
the scale would show the time. A T.
inch candle, of which three inches
would burn away in an hour, is sup
posed to have been used ny King AL.
fred.
The Leader, enterprise and press. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1915-1921, 1918-08-30
FOR SOLICITOR-GENERAL

AT the earnest solicitation OF many,
| hereby announce myself candidate
for the Office of Solicitor-General of
the Cordele Circuit, subject to NOM
nation by the White Primary elect
ion to be held September II.
This office is of the greatest i'm
portance to the public welfare. Should
the voters elect me, pledge to ALL,
(high and low, rich and poor a
FAIR and IMPARTIAL discharge of
EVERY duty devolving upon me.
Your vote and your influence will
be greatly appreciated.
Grant me this sacred gift, l will not
betray the trust.
evils D. F. GRIFFIN.
The Leader, enterprise and press. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1915-1921, 1918-08-30
GEORGIA FARMERS LOST NEARLY TWO Million
DOLLARS LAST YEAR THROUGH HOG CHOLERA
DR.. Andrew NJ Soue, College of Agriculture

Ito 104 degrees Fahrenheit, though oc-
|casionally temperatures of 107 de-
GreeS are met with.
Hog cholera is, of course, spread by
the diseased animals being associated
with the healthy ones, shipment of dis
eased animals from one location to an
other and the transfer of breeding ami
mails or feed hogs in cars which have
not been properly disinfected. Buzz
yards and crows may carry the germs.
Drinking water may be source of
!infestation, and persons owning dis
eased animals may carry the germs
on their shoes to adjoining farms. All
rigidly guarded against. In keeping
hog cholera off the farm sanitation is
one of the most important things to
bear in mind. Remember that all dis
eased animals should be Immediately
burned or buried to a good depth
otherwise, birds and carnivorous ami
mails may spread the disease to a
ruinous extent.
The best method of treating hogs
to protect them against this disease
is through the use of what is known
as preventive serum. This is now
manufactured in Georgia by the State
College of Agriculture and delivered
at actual cost Of production to the
state veterinarian who, in turn, dis
tributes it to farmers owning infested
herds. TWO methods of using the pre-
ventive treatment are now followed,
namely, that known as the serum alone
| incubation and the simultaneous treat
ment. The incubation Is done with an
ordinary hypodermic syringe. The
| injection may be made back of the
ear, between the fore leg and the body
or in the flank. The serum alone treat
ment is naturally more commonly
used, as it can be rather easily and
quickly given at minimum of eX-
pense, and proves fairly effective in
cases Of hogs which are only being
kept long enough to finish them for
slaughter In other words, the serum
alone treatment is recommended in the
early stages of the disease, for the
treatment of hogs which need protec.
ton for only a short time, and for
use in cases Of very young pigs. The
simultaneous treatment should be used
with breeding animals and those Of
high quality.
The Leader, enterprise and press. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1915-1921, 1918-08-30
FOR JUDGE SUPERIOR COURT

To the Democratic Voters of the Cor
dele Judicial Circuit:
I am candidate for Judge of the
Superior Court of the Cordele Circuit,
subject to nomination by the Demo-
cratic Primary election to be held on
September II, 1918. I regard the Of
fee as of the greatest importance to
the public welfare. 1t is the most
sacred trust within the gift of the
people. If the voters should elect me,
| promise them that I will dispose of
The business coming before the court
as rapidly as possible. and discharge
che duties of the Office fairly and
impartially.
ltaW. 0. 7. COVER.
The Leader, enterprise and press. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1915-1921, 1918-08-30
"Y" Workers Not Cutters.

Out of $3.50 men and $50 women
in the Y. NJ. c. A. overseas service
up to August IS, there have been
only "a designations a fact which
speaks well for the integrity and the
courage of the class of people who
are entering this arduous and ex-
acting service.
On the date these statistics were
prepared, August IS, there were
$500 untitled positions in the Y. M.
c. A. overseas service, although
there were perhaps ten times that
many applications for service filed
in the different departments in this
country. This shows how carefully
selections are made for the difficult
and dangerous work overseas by the
Y. NJ. c. A. authorities charged with
the duty of making selections in this
country.
Between August l and IS, fifteen
men from Georgia, Tennessee and
Florida were appointed for overseas
service out of the 42l who were
appointed from all sections of the
country. This proportion is about
as usual and shows that Southern
men are as anxious and as capable
for this work as the men from any
other section of the country What
is true of the men is especially true
of the women, as out of the 737 wo-
men canteen workers and lis bust
ness women sent abroad by the Y
NJ c. A. to have a share in the war
work, a fair proportion of them were
women of the south.
The Leader, enterprise and press. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1915-1921, 1918-08-30

The greatest menace to hog produc-
ton, not only in Georgia, but in the
United States as a whole, is the ever
present danger of an outbreak Of what
is known as hog cholera. This is un-
doubtedly the most serious disease at
lacking this class of animals, and it
is found in practically all parts of
the world. 1t has been known in the
United States since 1888. 1t has
proven very destructive to hog raisers
In the South.
The losses from hog cholera are
enormous. Ninety per cent of all the
swine which die in the United States
succumb to this disease. Wonderful
progress in hog raising has been made
in Georgia in the last few years, but
even as late as 1917 we are credited
with losing 186,120 hogs from cholera.
If the animals were worth $1,000 apiece
this represents a loss of 1851, 200.
This is frightful tax to impose on
hog producers. Even if the state were
to appropriate 100000 year out CT
its general treasury for combating this
disease. it would be a cheap invest
ment if $1,700,000 a year could there
fore be added to the revenues of
Georgia farmers. In some years the
loss from cholera in the United States
has amounted to as high as $685.,
100000.
The symptoms of hog cholera vary
As rule, animals sicken rapidly, dead
hogs often being found in the morn
ing among animals which were ap-
parently well the night before. Chron-
ic cases of the disease may cause the
animals to linger for weeks and even
months. When cholera begins one or
two animals will refuse to eat and
remain in the nest and, when driven
therefrom, they appear to be cold. AS
the disease develops the animals be-
come gaunt or tucked up in the flank.
and have a weak and staggering gait.
The lungs are often affected and, in
that case, there is cough. Constipa-
ton is usually present in the early
stages followed by a more or less
violent diarrhoea. AS the disease
reaches it's height the skin becomes
red and purple blotches appear upon
the ears and belly and the inner sur
! face of the leg. The temperature of
affected animals is usually from 101
The Leader, enterprise and press. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1915-1921, 1918-08-30
FOR JUDGE SUPERIOR COURTS
OF CORDELE CIRCUIT

To the White Voters Of the Cordele
Judicial Circuit:
l respectfully announce my candi-
dacy to the Democratic primary, for
election as Judge of the Superior
Courts of the Cordele Circuit. Having
held this Office for the unexpired
term of Judge George, l ask election
for the full term, promising for the
future a faithful and impartial per-
Torrance of the duties of the office
according to law and justice, as I
have endeavored to do during the
short time l have been on the bench.
Very respectfully,
D. A. r. CRUM.
The Leader, enterprise and press. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1915-1921, 1918-08-30
GOODS REGISTERING AT THE
STATE COLLEGE

"Co-eds" are now registering for
the degree course in home econom-
les, which will begin September Is,
when the Georgia State College of
Agriculture opens its doors to wo
men. Seventeen young ladies with
normal school training had register
ed by the first OF August for the
two year course, and more than so
eNpecte> TO res .>ttr at the Athens
institution when the fall term opens.
Since the College of Agriculture
has no domtories for women, large
rooming houses adjacent to the
campus have been fitted out for the
young ladies and matron will be
placed in charge of each, SO that the
accommodations may be made as
homelike as possible. Rest rooms
have been provided and the College
will find itself in ship-shape for the
reception of the young ladies'.
A cafeteria, serving regula. meals.
will be opened in the administration
building for the convenience of the
"co-eds", and as many other students
will be accommodated as possible.
The home economics division will
have charge of the work, and every
meal will be planned with scientific
exactness. Practical experience for
desiring courses in cafeteria mana
cement will be given.
Miss Mary T. Cresswell, for mum
Der OF years with the United States
Department of Agriculture in charge
of home economies work in fifteen
Southern states, heads the new de-
partment OF the College of Agricul
ture and prospective students can
write her at Athens.
The Leader, enterprise and press. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1915-1921, 1918-08-30

Write to the State College of Agri
culture, Athens, Ga, for chemical re.
ports of the counties in your section.
wide variation in the composition,
fertilizer requirements and crop adap-
tation has been found in the soils Of
the state. Since the soil type deter
mines the kind of crops that will do
best and the fertilizer needs of the
soil, farmers should acquaint them.
selves with the soil types they have on
their farms and the possibilities and
needs of these soils. This information
is furnished by the soil survey reports
and chemical reports
To use the reports, locate the farm
in question on the map and determine
the types of soil found on it. Then
refer to the description of the types
for the crops best suited to them and
the needs Of the soil. The chemical
reports show the amount of plant food
in the various types and give sug
gestions for fertilization and improve.
ment.
In writing to the College for irfor.
nation concerning soils or fertilizers,
It will be of great help to mention the
oil type in question since experiments
with fertilizers are being made on the
soil type basis. If it is impossible
to consult a soil map for this infor
nation, ask your county agent what
type Of soil you have on your farm.
Counties desiring to have a soil sur.
vey made should write Professor W.
A. Worsham, Jr, Athens, Ca, who is
in charge of the work.
The Leader, enterprise and press. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1915-1921, 1918-08-30

The soil survey which is being con-
Quoted by the United States Bureau
of Soils and the State College of Ag-
riculture is aiding in the production
of food crops in Georgia by showing
what soil types of the state are best
adapted to the various grain, forage
and general farm crops.
d The accompanying map shows the
areas of the state which have detailed
soil surveys. The field reports giving
the physical survey of the soils are
issued by the United States Bureau
of Soils The location and extent of
the various soil types are shown by
colored maps, and a description Of
each type is given with the crops
which are best adapted to it. Thus
the farmer can locate the soil on his
farm and determine the particular
crops he can grow to the best advan-
tage.
If your county has been surveyed
write to your congressman or to the
Bureau of Soils, Washington, D. c.,
for a copy of the soil survey of your
icounty.
In addition to the field reports, the
~College of Agriculture is making chem
iical analyses C he various soil types
tof the state The work has been COM
ipleted in nine counties of the state
as shown by the map, and the reporta
!of five others will be issued soon The
;analyseS show the amount of Dlant
food in the various soil types and fur
r1ish basis for fertilization and soil
ulmDroyement
The Leader, enterprise and press. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1915-1921, 1918-08-30
FOR SoLIcITOR-GENERAL

l hereby announce that I am a can
didate to succeed myself as Solicitor
General of the Cordele Circuit, sub
ject to the Democratic primary to be
held on September 18th.
If reelected to this Office, I will, in
the future, as in the past, discharge
its duties to the best of my ability.
Respectfully,
Joseph B. Wall
The Leader, enterprise and press. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1915-1921, 1918-08-30
Sold by Druggists Everywhere
SO cts. (asiwzsss) $1.O0
Poor Man!

According to Plutarch, Cato said
that In his whole life he most repented
OF three things. One was that he had
trusted secret to woman; another,
that ne went by water when he might
have gone by land; the third, that he
had remained one whole day without
doing any business Of moment.
The Leader, enterprise and press. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1915-1921, 1918-08-30
ANNOUNCEMENTS
FOR COUNTY COMMISSIONERS

We are authorized to announce the
candidacy of Messrs. M. w. Garbutt,
J. w. Morris and R. L. Stone for the
Board of County Commissioners, sub
ject to the approval of the voters at
the primary September 18th.
The Leader, enterprise and press. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1915-1921, 1918-08-30
FOR REPRESENTATIVE
the Voters of Ben Hill County;

= Z
| hereby announce myself can
didate for the Office of Representative
of Ben Hill county in the General AS
sembly. If | am honored by the peo-
pie of this county with this import
ant office, I will at all times give the
same conscientious and honest efforts
IN the discharge of the duties devolv-
ing upon me that | have always tried
to give in the discharge of any duty
devolving upon me. l will appreciate
the votes and influence of all the peo-
pie
Respectfully,
IF A. H. THURMOND.
The Leader, enterprise and press. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1915-1921, 1918-08-30
Hubbv's Memory.

A man always forgets the letter his
wife gave him to mail when he left
the house. But he never forgets the
quarter he gave her for spending
money when he left the house.-Cin-
cinnau Enquirer.