davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1918-07-23

Hsrd q GOOD odsilu Hsrstords' I
method, Of cleaning the ground pre-.
paratory to plowinc TAis ystem -
most largely practiced whore the corr
Is snapped, or husked. In the neld.
leaving the ,stalks standing na
Another great waste that can wen
be stopped is the failure to utilize the
large area Of grass along our roadR
lanes, and fence rows Sheep would
utilize this waste and remove one Of
the greatest breeding places Of inju-
rious farm insects. The lower leaves
Of the corn plant, which uscslly 60 to
waste. as well as the cut-over grain
ana hay fields, also offer considerable
feed to farm fiocka M,ss n
Practical experience rs well as en-
perlmental work has taught that straw
and stover can be used very econom-
icaly In the rations Of almost oil kinds
Of live stock. These roughages are
and should be used In the fattening
ratlons of all farm animals except
hogs, and shcpld compose the larger
part of all wintering or keeping ra-
ticns for CATTLE sheep, and horses
Preceding herds of beef cattle. or dry
dairy cows can, be successfully kept
ON ratlons composed largely yof these
materials. Flocks,, ot breeding, ewes
= n.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1918-07-23
FARM
ANIMAL
RATIoNs FOR FARM ANIMALS
More Effective Use Of By-Produets Of
Crops offers Opportunity for
Meat Production.

prepared by the United States Depart
mcnt OF Agricuiture)
The misuse Of the by-products Of
farm crops Is causing American farm
ers 10 lose millions Of dollars annu-
ally. Nothing offers greater opportu.
nifty for increased and mors sconom-
icnl production Of farm meats and
dairy products than by the more ef-
fectIye use Of such products. To bring
our farming operations up TO the high
est possible state Of efficiency. all
farm by-products must be used in an
economical manner. Nearly all man
ngers OF the great Industries Of this
country have learned that by-products
constitute very large source Of their
income and about all the profits.
Farming Is the greatest industry In
this country to-day. but farm by-prod-
ucts have received very little attenr
ton from the average farmer. Nov,
however. conditions are gsss:ss o. to
urge the conservation Of every avail
able farm resource and every Amer
lean fnrmer must make q study a
conditions existing on his own farm
with the idea Of utilizing such prod
ucts ~ are now being wasted. "a
II u estimated that the total amount
Of corn stover and straws burned
plowed under, allowed to rot In stackA
and wasted in other ways Ia worth
over 500, 900. This II an appalling
loss. and II these feedstuffs were useq
IN the feeding Of cattle, sheep. and
horses II would result In greatly In
creased profits to individual: ::SrmerS
a. well M tend to increase the supply
Of meat and dairy products. vi gi1
Tho burning of straw. even though
the ashes leave a small quantity Of
additional mineral matter In the soil.
results In an almost total loss. II d
pracuced most largely In the west.
mainly because OF custom rather than
inability to purchase. feed. or market
meat-producing animals. The people
there have come to believe that straw
II Of no value because in that section
II has never been used for anything.
In some Of the western states cam
paign has been made BY the colleges n
agriculture and institute workers ID
get farmers to use a portion Of thelI
waste straw for spreading over tAsll
glain fields.
II h needless to ny that burning
ths slower is great wastA ALTHOUGH
It seems to offer . quick and easv
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1918-07-23
All That issNesdstuu' Oars end Mar
aoement ls Patience, persevsr-
anee and Juicnsnt

Many persons have the idea that
sheep are hard to care for and handle
and while iteis true that sheep hare
pecullaritles. there are no secrets nor
anything difficult In the care and man
agement of flock Of sheep. All that
is needed is an exercise of patience
perseverance and good Judgment. Any
country with dry. open winters, abun-
dance of roughage and splendid mar
kets has decided advantage In this
business.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1918-07-23

of our troops. II was thought that the
Germans often mutiIated a dead body
as an example 10 the living.
Tho Germans had absolutely no re-
spect whatever for tho Red Gross. For
Instance. they captured q wugon load.
cd with forty French wounded, and
shot every one OF them. ! saw the
dead bodies. ftf
When the Germans came 10 Dix.
nude they got all the men aud women
and children and made them march
before them with their hnnds In the
air Those who did not were knocked
down. After a while some Of them saw
what they were going to get and being
as game sports M ever heard OF. tried
10 fight. They were finished on Mt
once, OF course.
The former burgomasier had been
shot and finished on with an nx.
though he had not resisted. because he
wanted 10 nve tho lives Of his citi.
zcns. They told me OF one case. In Dix
nude. where d man came out OF his
house. trying 10 carry his father. q
man OF eighty, 10 the square, whore
they were ordered 10 report. The old
innu could not rnisc his hands, 50 they
drnggcd his son AWAY from him.
knocked the old man IN the head with
aii AK. and left him there TO die. Those
a I. Ia.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1918-07-23
TlIllnq the Soil,

No race cun prosper till II learns
that there Is as much dignity In tilllng
a fleldas in writing poem. 1t is at
the bottom of life We must begin, and
not at the top. Nor should we permit
our grievances to .overshadow our op-
portunity.-Booker 7. Washington.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1918-07-23
CHAPTER *.
Laid Up for Repairs.

One hight. after l had been at Dix
nude for about three weeks, we made
a charge In the fncc Of a very heavy
fre. Our captain always stood at the
parapet when we were going over. and
made the Sign OF the cross and shouted
For God and France" Then we would
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1918-07-23

90 over. Our ofiicers always led %.
but I have never seen a German ofI,cer
lead.a charge. They always were be-
hind tileirmen, driving inatead Of lead
ing. I do not believe they are % brave
as they IRE said to be. ~.
Well we went over this time, and
the machine guns were certainly going
Il strong. We were pretty sore about
the chaplain and the Swiss and all
that, andhwe put mp an awful fight, but
we could not make II and had to come
back. Only one company reached the
Boche trenches and not q man Of II
came back who had not been wounded
on tho way and did not reach the
trench. They were Just wiped out.
The captain was missing, too, We
thought he was done for but about
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1918-07-23
FOUND.
CONTROL. PASTURE WEEDS


prepared by the United States De-
partment OF Agriculturel eF rf
Such weeds as wild onion.
2 bitterweed, and the ragweed
y cause great annoyance to dairy
omen and milk dealers. These
sweeds, when eaten by mich 4
y cows give 1 very, ,iisasre sreeahle |
'tlodor and flavor to the milk, and
'ttconseQuently to all other dairy
! products. When cows eat such
iaweeds in large quantities, the
'ilmilk Is not marketable. The
',tcontrol Of pasture weeds Is q
'slbig problem to dairymen in GER
tnin areas.
4. n. 4,
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1918-07-23
synopsis.

CHAPTER I-,Albert n, pepsw. author
navy, serving four years and attaining
tho frank OF chief petty ofiicer, nrst-eiars
gunner.
CHAPTER 1.-THE great war starts
coon after he is honorabiy discharged
from the navy. and hs sails for france
with q liberalization 20 sniIsL
CHAPTER III-Iie Joins tho Foreign
Legion and II assigned to the drcndnaught
Cansard where his msrksmnnnhip wins
him high honors.
CHAPTER fv-Depow II detached from
Legion. 10 Flanders where hs soon flnds
himself In the front line trenches
CHAPTER Vile 10 detailed TO the sr-
tillery and makes tho acquAintance OF the
le's" the .vonderful French guns that
have , .aysa the Gay ,,, for ,he allies On % many
p ordered back 70 his regiment In the
front line trsnchss. F
CHAPTER yI-pspew goes ''evsr the
top" and "xcta" his first German In q bay
onet night tII.Hr e n
CHAPTER Willis company takes part
In another raid on the German trcnchen
and shortly aflerward anslsts In stopping
q ncfee charge Of tho Huns. who are
mowcd down hs they cross No Mans
Land. tFI
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1918-07-23
First and Last Thoughts.

In matters of conscience first
thoughts are best;'ln matters Of pru-
dence last thoughts are Robert
Hall. sss.s
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1918-07-23
FOR sALE-AlI kinds OF mInin

FOR sALE--All kinds OF mining
machinery. including mills. con-
csntrators. crushers. steam pumps.
60-h. .. boiler electrical equip
ments. motors and generators, air
drills and stopers, machine steel.
blowers. water wheels, redwood
tanks and pulleys. wood and iron;
miscellaneous assortment, includ-
ing turn tables. shaft bucket and
large platform scale, classifiers
and zinc shayings. This machin-
cry can be seen at the warehouse
OF the Grants Pass Hardware Co..
or can communicate with Mark
whipple. Takilna, Ore. %
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1918-07-23
Classified Advertising
FOR SALE
FOR sALE-11s Angora goats and
kids. For particulars address ..
II. Wise. Kerby. Ore. sstf

FOR SALE 1917 model 5-passen-
ger Ford In Good condition. Clyde
r. Niles. 05tf
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1918-07-23
VVo be continnedD

Butter Wrappers psAtea 10 com
Ny vii the law at The Coan.or
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1918-07-23

BARNES & co. Cash Store--Fresh
groceries: dry goods. general
stock merchandise; second hand
goods OF all descriptions. 406
South Sixth street. A square deal
to all. 33
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1918-07-23
The California and Oregon
Coast Railroad Company
FINE CARD TIL
- ~
Daily except Sunday.
Effective May /. 1913
Train / lv. Grants Pass. 1890 D. m.
Train Q ". Waters Creek 500 p. m

All trains leave Grants Pass fron> !
he corner Of q and Eighth strealG5p
opposite Nkks Southern Pacific oopyG
Bof all iniormation r0gAf1Ag :
freieAt and passenger service cAll ASs
the once Of the company, Lundburg
building, or phone 1S1 for same
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1918-07-23

whipple. Takilna, Ore. 20
FOR SALE-Ono 9x1o donkey. one
shx11 donkey. one bhxS don
key. Cheap. A. B. Loud. Eugene,
Ore. l4 k. fe 20
FOR SALE--s1 Angora goats: also
/ burro; / sorrel horse. eight
years old. weight 1000 lbs. Call
at SOC South Sixth street. r.
Timmons. -s7 81
FOR SALE-10 head Of choice
dairy cows-Jerseys. high grade.
z. C. Neely, Rt. No. 2. 22l
I'd RENT
soR RENT-6-room house with
bath and large garden planted.
20s Foundry street. Inquire op-
posite. er Moss renting agency.
4t. .ifaHiN 86tfl
FOR RENT-Furnished modern s.
room cottage. gas. Inquire Best
rulIer Realty. 00tf
FOR RENT- room house. almost
furnished. medern. Large yard
for chickens. 8lesping room out
side for three beds, Rent, $3.50.
Inquire Mr.. Day, corner Fifth and
Evelyn. a. y
FOR RENT-FuFnished house. In
quire of Mrs. u. l. Jewell, 40 A
street. o. safe .Ho f& su8s II
af y neen NOTICE S e.uoa 4. n
and amusements
July %, $50 p. m. Leland. hotel
dining room (somethlng 'odiffer-
ent). For benefit Of American
Red Crsss. Tags 26l cents. in
cludes dance and supper. Amuse-
ment Committee. ~ sal asass Is
WANTED
RANCH WORK wANTED-Or viii,
lease ranch. Cook for camp or
MILL Address c. G. VOORHEES,,
Grants Pass. 81
WANTED with experience to
work in garage. Address 1850
care Courier. ss nHt ar- 10
WANTED at once-Two men to cut
4-foot wood. Long job at 81 per
cord. Good house and water on
Z the place. Call or address l.. A.
Eldridge, 216 Burgess street.
p Grants Pass. "a sa,~,4.,,s. %
lLOST-Auto crank lost. possibly
| two or three weeks ago. Finde,
rewarded II left at Fashion Gar
age. az uf-.ss1rafrs Il ,trfn~ r16
- -
~ FOUND.
FOUND--A piece OF money at the
depot. Owner can have same by
deacrihi n o and ma win d fos thfn o.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1918-07-23

hpoelsi AffHnsspsht WI The usous
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1918-07-23
NO DlFFlcuLTy'wVThi SHEEP

ITTIlI16FVI HEEEw1y.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-08-07
How Prizes Will Be Awarded


resent alive
will
in the
active Prize Distribution
Virginia
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-08-07

Reader. IL you are in doubt as to
whether your two United States
senators and also your representative
In congress will vote on the comma
wartime prohibition measure, sit
right down now and write each one a
letter urging him to put the issue of
winning the war ahead of eyery
thing else, and vote to stop the vast.
age in coal. grains and manpower by
making the nation dry for the du-
ration of th~ war.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-08-07

Washington Aug. 5--Modern war.
rare goes to school more and more
at the feet of the medieval knights
Having taken from the Chinese their
secret of the stinkpot battles and In
corporatsd IL into the methods of the
gas and name division II now seeks
TO wrest the secret of defensive armor
from the ancients
More than 40 per cent of the hos
pital casualties suffered In this war
by the allies have been leg wounds
and not less than 80 per cent arm
wounds What protection did the an
clients have for arms and legs that
might save this heavy man power
ioss9
The war department now has an
expert studying the great collection
OF arrnor In the Metropolitan Museum
or Art in New York city with a view
10 devis1ng some improvement OF
armor metals so as to make 1t tough
enough to turn bullets and at the
same time light enough to permit its
being worn on march.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1918-01-30

Rotterdam, Jan. 30.-Emperor Will
liam Is in sympathy with the movement
for peace by agreement according to
Prof. Hans Delbruecke, OF the Un!ver-
sity' Of Berlin, as quoted in an Inter
view with the Nieuwe Rotterdamsche
Courant's Berlin correspondent.
Professor Dclbruecke. who himself IS
a peace by agreement advocate. said
the warning nations now were divided
into two camps. tho first comprising
those whom like Premier Lloyd George.
in England, and Admiral Won Tirpitz,
in Germany. wanted n fight to n finish.
and tho second like Emperor William,
and the reichstag majority and a great
majority OF the people. were working
for a peace by agreement.
Tho writer says the emperor does not
desire any retention Of territory in Bel
gium, and he regrets that this point
has not been made more plain. He
thought the fear that Admiral Won Tir-
pitz might get the power to shape
things as he desired, was quite un-
founded.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1918-01-30
FORMER GERMAN
SHIPS IN SERVICE
Vessels Now Used to Transport Men
and Materials to France Have Total
Tonnage Of O0,00O-Another German
Lie Exposed.

With the American Army in France,
Jan. 29.--tIt was announced here today
that the total tonnage of former Ger
man steamships ready. for the high
seas service. most Of which now are
bringing men and materials to France,
is approximately 100000.
Among the considerable number al
ready arrived safely In entente allied
ports Is the Loviathan. formerly tho
Faterland. and fifteen other OF the
Germans largest ships. These figures
demonstrate the fallacy of recent Ger
man claims and publication OF this
information is permitted for that rea-
son.
The figures are declared to prove thai /
Germany has boon deliberately furnish
ing false reports to bclittlc to her own
people tho assistance given by tho
United States to tho allied cause
Among the former German steamships
which have arrived in entente allied
ports are these:
Covington Tex [iiicinnatij. America
Eek Amerika). President Grant Presl.
dent Lincoln. Pohntan (cx Hamburg), },
Madawaska Eek koonig Wilhelm lD
George Washington. Mount Vernon (ex
Kronprinccssln Ceccllc). Agammcmnon
(cx Kaiser Wilhelm ID, Acoleus lex
Grosser KurfursD. Murcury Eek Bar
barossa), Pocahontns Eek Princess
irene). Huron (ox Frederick der
Grosse). Won Studcb (ex kronprnz
Wilhclm), DeKalb lex Prlnz Eitel
Frederlch)
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1918-01-30
NO MEAT FOR BREAKFAST.
State of Minnesota Adopts Meat Con-
servation Rule,

Minneapolis, Jan. 30. - Breakfasts
hereafter are to be meatless under the
new food order requiring meatlcss
meal in each day. Until TO-: 80 n. m.
hotels and restaurants arc not to serve
meat dishes. according to regulations
made public by A. ID. Wilson, federal
food administrator for Minnesota. Tho
new regulations effective yesterday. re-
quire in addition to mcatless Tuesday,
porkless Saturday. one meatless meal
a day for ench Of the other days Of the
week.
"In order to establish uniform GUS
tom in the observance Of the daily
meatless meals in hotels and restaur-
ants. as, well as in homes, 1t Ia thought
advisable to designate breakfast as
that meal" snid Mr.. Wilson.
Bacon. ono Of the soldiers best meat
foods, Is used most Mt the morning
meal and dispensing with meat Mt this
meal will accomplish the Krcuiest saw
Ing In bacon, as we'll as other porl,
products ham and sausage. The
breakfast hour would continue until
1880 n. m. and no meats should be
served in public eating places or In
any homes on any day before that
hour"
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1918-01-30
Strong Counter Attacks Fail.
Venice to Mako Any Sacrif;c.

Venice. Jan. 30.--"If the necessities
OF the war require 1t. Venice will not
hesitate at any sacrifice" said Count
Grinaml. for twenty-five years mavor
Of Venice. to the Associated Press cor.
respondent.
But" he continued. "the best wav
to avoid sacrifice Is to continue vigor-
ously the war for civilization.
"Venice. altho understanding oil the
sufferings OF the war. desired II. For
moro than two years she not only has
borne 1t willingly. but she has con-
trlbutcd generously toward 1t, being
surpassed only by Milan. Now tho
population Is reduced to one third, but
those who left did not leave for fear.
but in order hotter 10 i,ep the common
cause.
Naturally the exodus Of tho popula-
tion from Venice. as we'll as from other
Venetian towns, Is OF great injury to
their interests. but an advantage to the
remainder of Italy. ......,
I'm case OF n further advance OF tho
enemy. tho question OF whether Venice
shall resist IL essentially n military
problem on-which offer no opinion.
"Venetians SEQ their art treasures 70
with sorrow, but also tho satlsfactl lon
that they are safe"
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1918-01-30
Deliver Another Hard Blow
At Enemy Lines in Mount
ain District.
COUNTER ATTACKS
BY HUNS REPULSED
Italians Take 800 Prisoners, Including
Sixty Officers, and Capture War Ma
teriaI-Ground Gained Is Held Des-
pite Desperate Efforts Of Enemy 10
Win Back Positions-Hard Fighting
Continues.

ltaIy's successful smash against
the invaders in tho Asiago region
has beon the only important mill
tary event. Tho Austrans, de-
feated in their first counter attack,
have not again attacked in force.
Tho Italians have made secure
their gains east Of the Asiaso.
The armed British escort vessel
Mechanician and the British tor
pedo gunboat Hazard have been
lost in the English channel. The
Mechanician was torpedoed on Jan.
20, with the loss Of eight men. A
collision caused the loss Of the
Hazard on Monday. Three lives
were lost.
The German airmen again raided
England last night. Three per-
sons we're killed in London. Tho
raid continued for several hours.
Both Vienna and Berlin admit
the Italian success today.
The loss neans greater difficulty
tho Austrians and Germans must
fact hereafter to push down tho
valley toward Bassaro and tho
Italian plains.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1918-01-30
A Second Fleet of Fifteen
Planes Drops Bombs on
English Capital.
THREE KNOWN DEAD,
TEN PERSONS HURT
Several Other Fatalities Feared -
Enemy Fliers Met by British Airmen
and Some Of Attackers Are Forced to
Retreat Before Reaching London
British Pilots Return From Battle
Uninjured. 4$

London, Jan. 3o.--.In last nights air
raid bombs were dropped in Kent and
Essex, 1t is announced officially. There
were several aerial engagements. All
the British machines returned safely.
About fifteen airplanes took part IN
last nights raid. There were few
casualties In southwestern London.
The second moonlight raid OF the
year carried out by Germans last night
appears to have been checked by the
combined activity OF airplancs and
anti aircraft guns. which kept the at
tackers from the heart OF London
The sky was clear and there was
little wind. Tho enemy raiders during
the past two nights apparently did not
lishments. They seemed content to kill
civilians and as usual the majority
were women and children.
Three Killed, Ten Injured.
In last nights aid raid three persons
were killed and ten injured. 1t was an
nounccd officially 1t is feared the bod
los OF six other persons are buried in
the ruins of Il house.
The official statement follows;
"A number Of attacks were delivered
against London by hostile a!rshlps ,ast
might between lQ:l2 and 1880, out IN
no case did the enemy machines penc-
trnto into the capital.
"The first machines crossed tho isle
Of Thanct at $50 p. m. and proceeded
up the Thames estuary. but all were
turned back by gunIirc. At he sam"
time three or four other raiders CROSS
ed tho Essex coast. These also failed
to penetrate the outer dcfcnscs OF The
capital.
"Mcanwhile single a!rplane which
crcescd the Essex coast at 0:S0 p. IN.
passed around the northern end Of
London and dropped some bombs on the
southwestern outskirts. At the sHmc
time IN enemy machine dropped bombs
on the northeastern outskirts without
causing any damage.
Some Forced to Turn Back.
"Othcr machines which crossed the
Essex coasts between 1915 and 1890
p. M. were all turned back.
Tho final attack. delivered across Fee
sex by three or four machines after
1870. were equally unsuccessful.
Bombs wcro dropped in various places
on Kent and Essex.
about the same number of machines
as on tho previous night. fifteen. APP
pear to have participated In tho raid,
a number of our nirplancs went up.
Several cngagcmCnts with enemy ma
chimes arc reported. One OF our pilots
attacked Il raider over the northeastern
outskirts of London with the result
that IT dropped It's bombs on open
ground and made on. All our pilots
returned safely
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1918-01-30
PAGE ONE.
Tclsuraphic News.

PAGE ONE.
Tclsgraphio News:
Kaiser Declares For Peace Agree
mcnt.
Emperor Opposes His War Lords.
Italians Again Smash Invaders
Finland Reds Set Up New Govern
ment.
Another Attack on London From Air
PAGES TWO AND THREE.
Iown News;
Lawyer Arrested For Disloya'ty.
Women Object to Wolves IA Neigh
hOrs
Farm and Homo Week at Ames
Woods Renamed Congressional Head
Review OF Sports.
PAGE FOUR.
War News and Comment:
American Toll OF u-Boats Not
Heavy.
To E"gistor Women For Farm
Work.
PAGE FIVE.
Tho Ranch ut the Wolverine.
PAGE SIX.
Editorial:
Who Is Pulling the HARDEST
Beware OF Southern Seed Corn.
Tho General business Field
Topics OF the Times.
Iowa Opinion and Notes.
PAGES SEVEN. EIGHT. NINE. TEN,
ELEVEN.
City News:
Limit Coal Ton to an Order.
More in Sight II Weather Doesn't
Interfere.
TO Summon All Class | Men
Many Cases Being Appealed.
Mrs. A. a. Scaecr Gilman, Dead.
General and Brief CITY News,
PAGE TWELVE.
Markets and GoncraE
Better Weather Aids Corn Bears,
Temporary F'irmness In oats.
Cattle Strong.
Advance In Hog Prices.
Packers XIII or Competition.