davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1918-02-17

personnel needed for the general work Of
airdromes and the repairing shops is so
large that the total flying done is a poor
indication of the actual effort required,
unless we know something Of what these
reserves ought to be.
Roughly speaking, the figures to bear
in mind are the following:
For one machine in the air you must
count from six to eight machines on The
ground, and for one pilot in the air you
must count three on the ground.
For each machine you must count With
in the zone Of the armies and quite apart
from constructions and repairs taking
place in the bases and manufactures at
home at least forty men.
New-York tribune., 1918-02-17
THE POWER BEHIND THE MAILED FIS@
Fight for Aerial SUI
premacy To Be
One of the Biggest
Features of Com
ing Campaign
Copyright le1s-The Tribune Associatien

cause the aircraft are the eyes of the
army, photographing, spotting and report
ing continually. Auxiliary to this, and
almost as large, is the connected work OF
fighting between aircraft for the preven-
tion Of observation. Next comes the work
done in the way Of bombing hostile air
dromes, ammunition dumps and points of
concentration, etc., with the counter work
of fighting the machines so occupied Thus
the whole mass Of aircraft on both sides Is
at work within a comparatively short dis
tance Of the two opposing trench lines.
Long distance raids are almost a negligi-
BILE part of the whole.
Next, it is wise for civilian opinion to
seize the fact that the radius of action for
distant expeditions is strictly limited
Roughly speaking, an average radius of
two hundred miles governs the general
policy Of raids. Here, as in the case Of
shipping construction and many other
kinds Of machinery, you have various con.
f1icting aims which have to be compro.
missed. To fly far you need heavier sup
ply of petrol, but the heavier the supply
Of petrol is the less spare margin Of
weight you have for bombs. You increase
the area Of the plane and find that there
comes under existing methods of construc-
tion maximum point after which greater
plane area involves a smaller radius Of
action.
This limitation in the length Of contin.
ued fight has a very powerful effect upon
the policy of reprisals upon German
towns. The Western lines are everywhere
upon the soil Of the Allies, except for a
short sector in Alsace. The chief en-
emy civilian centres are far behind those
lines. London, much the greatest Of tho
Allied centres of population, is the most
vulnerable point in the whole zone. Ine
enemy can approach it over an area where
he is largely free from hostile artillery,
for the sea occupies more than half Of
his journey; he is guided to it under clear
weather conditions by we'll marked estu-
ary leading directly to his objective
On French soil the enemy airdromes
are only half the distance from Paris that
the French are from the nearest large
German town. These conditions have
given great advantage to the enemy in
his new policy Of bombing large open
towns from the air and making war on
civilians. We hope to prevent 1t from be-
coming precedent by his defeat, for if
it becomes precedent there is the end Of
our civilization. So far he has the Allied
towns at a disadvantage from the causes
mentioned above, and the chief duty Of
responsible journalists here during the
last few months, after pointing out the
disproportion between these raids and the
work at the front, has been to warn peo-
pie against demanding the impossible (as
yeti in the way of full reprisals.
New-York tribune., 1918-02-17
Training and the
Proportion of Loss

From these figures it is plain what we
observe and read of the actual work in the
air is only fringe, as it were, Of the
total effort. The useful work done-the
product-arises from very much larger
body of men and material lying behind
vle men and material that are in action.
That is another form of limitation.
The rate of construction is another fac
tor and the rate of training another.
Three months are regarded as the very
minimum for the training of a pilot, and
careful statistics gathered from the en-
emy's recent efforts at speed in this de-
partment prove to us that any attempt
to lower the average time in training in
order to have the advantage of this factor
results in more than corresponding dis
advantage from the rapidly increasing
proportion of loss in men and machines
which follows on it.
The third rule to remember, and per-
haps the most essential of all, is that the
policy, fortunately naugurated by the en-
emy-the bombardment of open towns and
attack on non-combatant areas in order
to affect the civilian opinion-can never be
the main object, or anything like the main
object, of air work. If we were to take
the mileage flown by enemy aircraft on
the Western front since the first German
raid on London last summer, we would
find that the mileage connected with the
bombardment of open towns, which looms
SO large in the press and public imagna-
ton, was an exceedingly small fraction
of the whole-certanly much less than !
per cent.
The great mass of work is the work OF
observation on the immediate front, be.
New-York tribune., 1918-02-17
ADivisions In
West Reduced Now

The Germans last autumn had one hun
dred and sixty divisions between the Alps
and the North Sea. A division is, as most
people know by this time, a miniature
army, complete in all details. 1t has in
tantry, cavalry, artillery and auxiliary
services in due proportion. 1t is the unit
OF cell of the whole military organization,
the only important thing not organized
TsHto the divisions being certain indepen-
dent bodies of cavalry and big groups of
neayy artillery which are attached to
army corps, or even groups of army
corps as whole.
The German division, which in the be-
ginning Of the war counted, as does the
french division to-day, four regiments as
us infantry complement (about 60 per
cent Of the whole), now counts only three
regiments Of three reduced battalions each.
Inc policy Of creating smaller divisions
oesan nearly two years ago and by now
mas covered the whole German service. 1t
aaS been accompanied, of course, by an in
crease IN the proportion of guns to in
tantry.
At the end of the heavy fighting last
summer many of these divisions were moth
lg like so strong as the regulations de-
handed, but there have been from four to
I'VE months since the heavy fighting
Stopped during which Germany could fill
The gaps; the class of 1920 {that is, boys
those eighteenth birthday falls in the
Present year) has been called up to the
number of probably 100000, or perhaps q
little less; men have come out of hos.
pitals during the lull in the fighting, and
I've may well assume that the divisions, fol-
the greater part at least, are up to full
strength.
New-York tribune., 1918-02-17
Match
Allies on w est
Front in Guns
Nor Excel
Them in Men
Bv fiILAIRE BELLOC
Author Of elements Of the Great War
and Britain's Most Distinguished
Military Critic

n TOTHlNG is more important in judg-
~ ing the coming campaign in the
West than to get the main figures
t men and material on both sides into
ouss head. Good judgment on this cam
nagn requires no great concentration on
desil, but it does require accurate outlines.
Unfortunately. during campaign which
sin progress and in which ones own coun-
Try is concerned, at least half of the ele-
nent Of calculation is lacking, because
one is not allowed to discuss the figures
IS to ones own army or equipment.
But if / say in general terms that the
forces opposed to the German concen,ra-
It-rlon which is expected to break out in an
defensive or series of offensives, on the
Western front are match for the Ger
mans in numbers of men and more than a
match in artillery-and this without al
! lowing for the future increase in Ameri-
can numbers will have said enough to
prevent my analysis of the figures of the
enemy forces from giving false impress
sion Of their relative strength.
Now, let US see what those figures are
We have had published in Europe this
week quite long official account of the
enemy's concentration in the West, and an
analysis and explanation of this account
will, think, be useful. 1t refers only to
the German concentration. That is be-
cause, although there are Austrian troops
at present in Flanders, the Austro-Hun-
|saran Empire cannot spare any very con-
siderable number Of men for the French
front. 1t is true that the Russian front
tso longer exists in any military sense, but
there is heavy police work to be done there
|oy Austro- Hungarian soldiers because
|.he whole of the frontier populations are
|sjen and hostile. Moreover, most of the
Austro- Hungarian divisions that could be
withdrawn from the east were used in the
attack on Italy. There will thus be some
Austro- Hungarian troops used this year
in France and Flanders, but their number
will not gravely affect the issue. The real
point is the German concentration.
New-York tribune., 1918-02-17
Limitation of Use
In Different Types

The lesson, then, which the general pub
lie has to learn from this first rule is that
you must not expect the first arm to be
turned at will from one job to another
You must not, for instance, in general
call for reprisals, expect aircraft which
were designed for observation and for bat
tie on the army fronts to undertake long
distance raids, etc. The public must not
think, as it has hitherto too often thought,
of the flying machine as one simple in
strument, capable of any one of many
uses. With each new need the public
must be content to wait until there has
been time to design and build a new type
of machine on large scale.
The second rule to remember is that the
reserves that this particular arm requires
are enormous-especially in material. The
rate of loss is SO high, the coefficient or
repair is SO high and the time required
for training fliers SO considerable, and the
New-York tribune., 1918-02-17

cult. There was hardly any anti-aircraft
artillery. There was no fighting in the
air.
There came next the phase when the
observing aircraft were attacked by hos
tile defensive system and fighting in the
air began. I believe it was the English
who first began it.
From that moment high differentia-
tion arose. One machine was more effec-
tive because it climbed more rapidly than
another; second was effective for it's
speed; another for it's wide radius of ac-
ton. You began to get different types, to
which were assigned special duties upon
the field of battle. You also got the main
distinction between work at sea and work
by land, and the work at sea in it's turn
produced differentiated types when the OBJ
servation and chase of the submarines be-
came necessary. Lastly, type was spe-
cialized on land to carry a great weight
Of bombs for the destruction Of enemy air.
dromes, bridges and ammunition dumps,
ETC.; type which specially considered the
carrying of weight appeared, and yet
newer form of this arose when the Ger
man policy Of bombing open towns in order
to affect civilian nerves was inaugurated
on large scale. In this last work what
was wanted was a long radius of action,
rapdity of flight and high weight carry
ing capacity, and the problem for the con-
structors was, as far as possible, to COM
bine these three conflicting things.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-08-30
BRICKLAYERS
SCORE WELLS
IN RESOLUTION

Members OF the Bricklayers' union.
numbering s0a. Thursday night took
vote of ccnsure ON Hulet NJ. Wells.
former president OF the Central la
Dor council. convicted of seduous
utteranccH. and refused TO march In
the Labor day parade II Wells par,ie'
ipated In II.
The motion passed II announced
by President OF the Union Charles IL.
iiawley as follows:
"Bricklayers' union. No. ?. Seattle.
Wash. In regular meeting assembled,
August 20. has been informed that
certain labor unions OF the city have
Endorsed tho actions OF Que Hulet NJ.
Wells. and that the said Hulet NJ
Wells IL 10 take part in the Labor
day parade. The bricklayers. No. ?.
OF Seattle. by unanimous vote refuse
to take part In such parade or 20 par
ticipate In any function In which II.
NJ. Wells. or his kind. Is party
thereto"
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-08-30
SEE
Garden CITIES f..
ALONG PACIFIC

Seattle and the cities OF the Pa
cific Coast must never have slums,
They must become garden cities.
In which size does not necessarily
mean crowded dwellings, This was
the effect OF tho message delivered
10 the convention OF the Inter-
state Realty association OF the
Northwest Thursday. by speakers
from turnout tho Western states.
Mayor Hanson. In welcoming the
delegates. said he was a real estate
man himself. and realized that Il
was the reaitor with vision who
made the community. There Is
no reason that Detroit should bc
the automobile city OF America" he
said. except that some man had
vision"
All speakers emphasized their op-
position TO tho ''rcN estate shark"
and the fact that TOR organization
nAa-epmposed OF legitimate experts
In land values and trading.
Tho convention Is considering n
proposal 20 make the organization
embrace real estate exchanges In
Canada and the farther East
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-08-30
CUPID SHARES
PHONE GIRLS

Especial 90 The star by N. II. ~
LONDON. Aug. &C. SO many girl
telephone operators have been mar.
ried lately. that London IL feeling the
shortage. Young women are enter.
Ing the women'a auxiliary army
corps or the womon's royal naval
service TO such nm extent that tele.
phone girls arc scarce.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-08-30
HUNS REAL MAD AT
YANKEE SHOTGUNS

Special TO The Star bv ". n. A.
AMSTERDAM. Aug. 30.-Oerman
newspapers are labelling the use by
Pershing's army Of sawed-off shot
guns as an atrocity. The Cologne
Gazette says OF them: THAT Amer
lean officers should bcsmirch their
honor by assisting In guerilla war
fare Of this kind can only be-
explained by the conditions prevail
ing In the land OF freedom. Our
men will know whom they have
TO deal with on the American front:
certainly not with honorable SOL
diers."
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-08-30
Reames Upheld by
Elks in Resolution

A resolution condcmning the ac.
ton OF the Central Labor council in
lndorsing the acts OF Hulet NJ. Wells.
former president. convicted OF sedi-
tious utteranccs. was passed by the
Eiks' lodge Thursday night.
The resolution declares entire con
fidence In Assistant Attorney Cener.
al Clarence l. Reamer. whose rcmov-
al was asked by the Central Labor
council. and indorscs the prosecution
OF Hulet NJ Wells and w. II. Kauf
man.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-08-30
Boys Wool
Mackinaws, 1000

Boys have a natural prefer
cnce for mackinaws. These
are I'm dark plaids heavy
weight.
Dougall- Southwick. Third Floor.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-08-30
Boys Swagger
Military Suits

The kind that puts n boy
on mettie when he dons
one. With all the fine tai
ioring and points OF meri,
OF mems suits-suits that
will wear and hold their
shape.
All kinds of wesvcs. col
ors and materials to select
from--a whole section of
them, at prices from $50
to 1000.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-08-30
Loan Committees
Ready for Drive

The committee headquarters OF the
Fourth Liberty Loan drive will be es
tablIshcd In the Transportation build
Ing. at Second ave, and Cherry Ut.
The committees have all been ap-
pointed by Chairman J. a. swalwcll
and preliminary meetings OF the com
mitiees are being held TO have every.
thing In readiness for an effective
covering OF tho city Mt tho Inaugural.
ton OF tho drive.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-08-30

J. II. Ciynes. who was parliament
tary secretary to tho British food
ministry, Is the new British food
controller IN succession 20 the late
Lord Rhondda- He - n labor lead
err. with only night school educa-
ton. and for years has been presi-
dent OF the National Union OF Cen
eral workera
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-08-30
Coats for Girls

It's highly specialized service this store main
tains for girls, with the result that girls may here
choose from styles that truly theirs in the full
sense 6f the word
These new Velvet, Serge, Pompom and Broad
cloth Coats are in 'class" by themselves when it
comes to "class." They cost sos to $500, and have
just as varied range of styles-all NEW.
Ages to IA years -MaeDouEaL souihwck, Third
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-08-30
Far and Near
News by Telegraph
and Telephone
) sssssesssssssssssssesse
Miss NNn Pm I Hirhland ava

oooooooooooo
Miss vwa Pym. Highland ave-.
has received orders 20 leave Seattle
on Sunday for New York city. where
she will sail for France. TO act as
an ancsthctlst in the medical corps.
She will close her offices at so3s
Cobb building.
Tho Seattle tearhery' institute Win
open Monday morning at s:ts at the
Moore theatre.
each Saturday morning from e.so
a m to lao .. m. In tho Central
school at Seventh and Madison.
Children from ] months to 5 years
will be examined FREQ OF charge.
Clarence r. Smith. dining car
waiter on the Northern Pacific rail.
road. arrested Thursday By federal
authorities charged with violation OF
Reed amendment forbidding the
shipment % liquor into dry territory
T. y. Til HI" Adams and Charicr
Sosah. showmen. arrested on Angus.
s. charged with being disorderiy per.
sons. fined $40 each In police court
Thursday.
R~d Cross headquarters has issued
call for volunteer workers 10 re-
port to tho knitting division on
Tuesday. Wednesday and Thursday
following Labor day. No special
qualifications are required for the
work.
Private Harry Sandcfcu. spruce
production corps. accidentally shot
thru right leg wednesday near Sky.
komish BY Herman Vernon Bowman.
a Lincoln high school student when
tho latter mistook the olive drab uni.
form OF tho soldier for n cougar.
Tho Pacific coast nerds n publica-
ton which will link IL with the orr.
cnt. DIR. Caroline Furness. professor
OF astronomy Mt Vasaar college. told
the China club in luncheon nd.
dress Thursday noon. DIR. Furncss
IL en- route TO the Orient.
Fred {. Harper. chairman of the
republican state central committee.
left Thursday night for Chicago. TO
attend a meeting OF the National AZ.
ISOLATION OF Republican State Chair
men. scheduled In that city on Sep.
TENDER 2.
.PUYALLUP-The annual picnic Of
the ladies' OF the g. A. X. will be
held Saturday. Aug. 81. Mt Puyallup.
Visitors from all parts OF the state
are expected 10 attend.
PORTLAND. Ore.--Fsllowing dis
charge OF union foreman, workman
OF the Sommarrtrom shipyard at Co
lumbia City. Ore. walked out Thurs
day.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-08-30

Suits OF highest grade cordu.
roy that will wear like iron
In that neat dark brown at
$50. cravenotted ut 1000.
Knockers at 200 TO $50.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-08-30
STEFFANSON
COMING HOME

DAWSON. Y. 7, Aug. so.--NihI-
Jalmur stefansson. Arctic explorer.
arrived here Thursday en- route TO
Esquimalt. Ho Will proceed from
Esqulmait TO ottawa and thence -
New York. where he will begin n
lecture tour for the benefit OF tho
Red Cross
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-08-30
RAvACES
RAIL WORKERS

Special 10 The star ~ NJ =. A..
STOCKHOLM. Aug. ao.-Sixty per
cent Of the railway workers on
the Thurman railway. running from
Pctrograd TO tho Arctic coast. are
reported 60 be suffering from ty-
phoid fever and scurvy ns a result
OF the lack OF foodstuffh
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-08-30
NAMED SKIPPER
OF new SHIP

Capt. g. u. McMullin. Alaskan
navigator. has been appointed com
mander Of the new wood steamship
Boulton, which win be commits
stoned shortly. The Boulton Is the
first vessel launched by the
Meecham a. Babcock Bodybuilding
sorporatiOn
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-08-30
Carl Presented With
Twins-Boy and Girl

Carl f.athrop. ssis Firth ave. N.
W.. member OF the stereotyplng
department Of Tho Star. In the IA.
Their OF twins. n boy and girl. born
at the Swedish hospital Thursday
afternoon. Mother and children are
doing we'll
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-08-30
FORCE BELCIANS
TO BUILD ROADS

Special 10 The Star .bv ~ n. a.
AMSTERDAM. Aug. s0.--one
thousand inhabitants OF Courtrai.
west Flanders. have been compelled
20 go TO Sedan. France. where the
Germans are making them build
roads and dig trenchoA. German
convictB work with the kelgiana.
Williston graphic., 1918-06-13
WAR REVIEW FOR week SHOW
GERMANS HELD TO SMALL GAINS
Americans Are Helping French to Withstand the Desperate E
forts of the Huns-Small Gains by Germans Are
Made at Terrible Loss of Life

ming from the western suburbs of
Scissors to Chateau Thierry the line
is standing firm before the German
thrust. The French have succeeded
in improving their positions north
and west of Hautebraye. a little vii
lage on the right bank Of the Hoxien
river, north of the Aisne.
On the rest of the front, especially
at Longpont Veuilly-La-P -Poterie and
west Of Rheims, the artillery fire has
been violent. Along the front held
by British troops there have been
raiding operations but no fighting Of
a serious character.
American troops around Veuilly,
northwest of Chateau Thiarry. re-
pulsed Tuesday night and Wednes-
day strong German attacks in confu-
sion. West Of Montdidier and east
of Luneville, American patrols have
been active. An American party Of
80 men penetrated the German terri
tory east of Luneville and outfought
a party of 200 Germans. Heavy losses:
were suffered by the Germans, while.
the American casualties were slight.
Although artillery activity has in
creased along the entire Italian front
from Stelvio to the Adriatic there is
no indication that the Austrians are
yet ready to launch their offensive.
There has been an increase in in
fantry fighting on the Macedonian
front. Allied troops have withstood
successfully Bulgarian attacks against
the New Greek positions at Skrs Di
Legen, near Gradisnitsea and be-
tween Lakes Ochrida and Presba.
Friday, June
Allied troops are not only holding
CONTINUED on page 16)
Williston graphic., 1918-06-13
Thursday. June 6

Penned up in their efforts to bat
ter their way through American and
French lines near the Marne, the
Germans have again turned their at
tention to the front further north, in
a sector which may be considered as
the flank between the Somme and
Marne battlefields.
The French official report, in deal
ing with operations along the front,
says that the French forces east of
Sempigny have continued to drive
back the bodies of German troops
which had crossed the Disc.
When the initial plunge along the
Aisne had gained extensive ground,
but the process had created salient
dangerous to the Germans to the
west of Soissons, they attacked along
the Ailette river, northwest of that
city, to straighten out their line and
thus guard against f1anking opera.
ton by the allied armies. They gain.
ed considerable territory in this ma.
neuver, but were repulsed after they
had gained approximately five miles
Since that time the French have stoot
in their positions with the Disc rive
forming a first line of defense ant
there has been little fighting of I
significant nature in that sector, Mil
itary experts have ex pected an at
tack on the allied line running cas-
of Montididier, past Noyon and thenc
along the Disc to the new lines form
ed since the German offensive on tn
Aisne began. 1t may be that tn
fighting reported in the French off
cial statement marks the initial stage!
of an attack there.
Line Holds Firm
Further south along the line run.