davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Oakley herald. [volume] (Oakley, Idaho) 1908-1961, 1918-03-15
Agree TO Furlouqh Bill.

Washington.-The senate on Marc. :.
agreed to the house amendments to
the bin providing for the furlough of
soldiers for farm work. and the meas
ure sent to the White House for the
presidents signature.
The Oakley herald. [volume] (Oakley, Idaho) 1908-1961, 1918-03-15
Wilson Wants War Garden Army.

Washington.-In letter to Secre-
iary Lane, President Wilson expresses
the hope that every SCHOOL will have
den army--the army Of school children
that 1t Is estimated may raise this year
produce valued at $500. GOO, COO"
The Oakley herald. [volume] (Oakley, Idaho) 1908-1961, 1918-03-15


a
is a public a
For the last they have been the standard Chauauqua
of the Middle musicians
The Oakley herald. [volume] (Oakley, Idaho) 1908-1961, 1918-03-15

An Atlantic Port-During the voy-
age of an American steamship which
arrived here Sunday from Bermuda.
the wife of a Major Thompson. who
was killed in action. while fighting in
the British army in Europe last year.
is believed to have jumped overheard
The Oakley herald. [volume] (Oakley, Idaho) 1908-1961, 1918-03-15

Brighton, Colo.-A jury in the dis
trict court found Frank II. Mulligan,
Il former city detective, guilty Of rob
bing Mrs Irene Nolan, Denve' society
womnn of jewelry valued ut $3400 in Il
holdup at the Model roadhouse.
The Oakley herald. [volume] (Oakley, Idaho) 1908-1961, 1918-03-15
Fighting in China.

Pekin.-Government troops have suf-
fered severe reverse through the
capture of Chengtu, capital of the
province of Sze-Chuen, by forces from
Yunnan and kweichow, provinces bor-
dering on the south of Sze-Chuen.
The Oakley herald. [volume] (Oakley, Idaho) 1908-1961, 1918-03-15
Food Controller Held.

London.=Diarmid Lynch, Sim Fein
food controller WAS arrested Thurs
day in connection with the recent COM
mandeering of pigs in Ireland, accord
ing toan Exchange Telegraph dispatch
from Dublin.
The evening herald., 1918-06-01
YANKEE GRIT PLUS
FRENCH POLISH EQUAL

the combination found Frazier Hunts sprghtly fca
tuc part The Evening llealds Daily Magazine
Page Private Danny IN France.
Those have read Mr. Hunt previous serial Private
Danny War Book will br interested seeing how Danny
kind ot civilization strange o him as Chadean kur
would be- % q Frcuchmau.
Those who have read the War Book should make the
acquaintance of Private Danny without delay
either ease hc thing 10 do your subscription
The Evening Herald right and parake of the Joys of m
Daily Magazine Page.
Remember the telephone numbcr-924
The evening herald., 1918-06-01
AMERICANS In PRISON
CAMP PROTEST AGAINST
CRUELTY, SLAV SAYS

With the American Army in France, Friday. May IA Russian
prisoner recently returned rom Germany has made statement
which available here, the effect that he Amer
prisoners in Tuchc, Yves, Prussia, tat
they asked be known that they were being treated hu
tally The said they hungry and pclcSS.
When the Americans arrived the according 10 this a"
the removed ul their clothes They cI
have the Americans shoes They told the prisoners they
expensive shoe, while working and m
their property would bc taken of until their return 10 America
The Russian said however that cvcryon" knows what that means
\ consul the Russian whether he a %
visited the Complaint made to HIM hN .
and their clothes returned hu the consul seldom
visited the camp the Germans had opportunity practice many
Justices.
The Russian said that eight Americans who were captured
reached the midday and being hungry
They told bread distributed only in the
They placed hut with Russians after being forced
insult them.
The mN in which the American, living the Russians said
d and unit habtaon of the Americans became
u Two them hospital and had opportunity there n
talk with the Russian II through them that b" had obtained m
which his is ha,rd
The evening herald., 1918-06-01
FRENCH COUNTER-ATTACk
VIOLENTLY AND MAKE FEW
GAINS; FOE LOSES HAMLET
Washington Experts Expect Germans to Dig Them
selves in at Marine and Prepare for Another
Drive; Allies Confident of Ultimate Success

Having reached the Marne, the German crown
prince now is striking westward with all the force OF
the great armies at his comand with the apparent
purpose of forcing the elimination of the Montddier
salient and ultimately pushing in below Amiens to
cut off Paris from the north
SO far according to the French official reports,
his progress has been small despite his most desper
ate efforts On the important front between Sois-
sons and Chateau lhierry, on the Marne the French
have been impetuously counter attacking and at
points the enemy not only has failed to advance but
has been forced to give ground
This was notably the case Immediately to the
south OF Sossons where the enemy thrown
back upon the Crise river, which runs in almost
north-and south line throug III that town.
Further south, the Germans had worked some
three miles west of the Soissons-Chateau Thierry
road and had taken the village of Chaudun. The
French drove in here determnedly, however and
recaptured the place, which they now hold. Ground
also was from the Germans just below near
Vierzy.
The evening herald., 1918-06-01
Hun Troops Forced to Retire From
Bank After Vigorous Attack; In.
vaders Bring Movement TO
Sharp Salient.
KAISER s COHORTS MAKE
GOOD TARGET FOR GUNS
At Present, Enemy Aims at Cha
teau Thierry and omcq Valley,
Which He Seeks TO Reach From
Two Directions.

Wr rhr French Army In France.
Iuu, Attempts OF the Germans 20
CROSS tn. River Marine have met with
yruruu. resistance ana failed. The
troop. which ntJr the effort retired
from fn, uy.r uHut
Hy pushing uu ih" northern bank
Of rh, Maru, the Germans have
brought che point of their fau-likr
movement tu J Sharp salient They
evidently Jre anxious to develop the
advantage tm- gained hy pressing
westward from chan tcves 90 Chateau
rmcrN.
The correspondent watched the on
envy movements in this vicinity
which We're plainly visible In the brit
liant sunshine. An their efforts tend
.d westward
Tho allied artillery is making splcn-
did practice ON the German troops.
For the moment the enemy is aim.
iur chiefly It chateau Thlrrry and
the Durpp valley. which ne is attempt
inr tu reach iru:u two directions. Hi.
troops are seeking 90 force their wJS
southwUrd from Fere-on- TardcuoI-.
Tho German lrtillery was cousid
erahlN NOR, active this morning if
the sectors ut Nllers- Brct0nuruN
east of Amieus and Hebuteruc. nortl
Of Albert is is announced officially
The evening herald., 1918-06-01
Allies Are Confident.

40 mention is made in the days
report Of further fighting north
west of Soissons, where the Ger.
man, were successful yesterday in
forcing back the allied left wing
in the direction Of Noyon, on the
Ol,c The night statement of Fri
day showed the Germans driven
back across the Disc, whore they
had crossed il a. one point, near
Naupigny south of Noyon, aud To
have been held mp ON the Noyon-
Blrrauruurt. SolssOu, line.
Quiet prevails on the British
front, except for artillery fire,
which WAS most notable east of
Amlcus and in the Albert region
10 the north
London newspapers reflect an
Victy Iu the British capital over
mn, military situation iu the west
as developed by the new offensive.
-s~-~~~~y>~~~~~ ~~-~~~~4~S~~~~~~~
tContinued On Page ,
The evening herald., 1918-06-01
German Attaoks Break Down.

Still further south the German advance had progressed
what further the road total of something like
miles PARIS however attacks here the
of Chouy aud Nu broken, the French maintaining
their lmc. tu the east of these
The German, seemingly have made the Marne
aud they have taken the important railway Cha
Thcrr Elements of their however spread
slightly further eastward along the north bank of the and they
this bank for the distance approximately twelve
miles i'm air rc between Chateau Thicrry aud Verueu
Rheims still allied hands and general there
been bu little change along the rasy side Of the German
salient
The line uohcaWard from Irrneu along the Dormans
Rheims and uorhvard around the cathedral
The evening herald., 1918-06-01
TODAY
IN THE NEWS
No Cause for Panic
No Statute Needed
The Wheat Meeting

Having r1Ii 'hal W' nave
said 10 AN.
There b, uo oau,r for being pan.
lrkl. a> ,umn street corner ,'ru'
rul,r, are m.'uuI ', du
/, is true that the d,rrudrr, oO
pmr, have uu' urru able ro hair
,hr advancing utrdr, n D, true
that the ,u,' ditch ua, about been
reached. ud thar % grant" stand
viii soon br.uur imperative.
lut both 'u.-. statements wcl"
true during Uhu-" JuNiou, days H
l9lI. when Papa Joflrr Todd h>
uuiu, and rh. vord Th.y ,haII
uur pass.
They dld not pass Comparative.
ly mprcpWcd for the wcl.ollrd
German war machine. which had
been pruumrl for just such am iu.
ya,lou for forty Years, the French
army did lhr seemingly Impossible"
g' stopped 'hr steam roller of
kulw
To-day ,h, same steam roller
which probably ha. not acquired
more steam after four year, of
pretty hard wear and tear IS
faced b, % vr'Iuaucd body of
fighters composing the French.
British. Belgian. Porluguc>" and
American armies.
The evening herald., 1918-06-01
SAMMIES BLOW UP 32
DUCOUTS and BRIDGE;
TWENTY HUNS KILLED
tBy Associated Press }

technical
ah''" {" General icr-hng
q
III nmm rcal>
SECTION Tc T.
On olrn
down
Ma,
,nnTIli the Both pilot nnd observer Killed
In tn, - t.crma
pnr
the u
Evening star., 1918-06-21

~ ;
the United States Field Artillery. now
IN France. was gassed recently dur
ing action. but has recovered end re-
turned to hfs-reginent.. y s
Mrs. Robert Patterson is with Lieut..
Pattersen's family at their farm near
Libertyville. Ill. -. 2; n .ss
Mrs. A. J. Drexe1 .Biddle leaves her
Bar Harbor cottage early in July to
join her sister, Mrs. Carlton Duane, in
London. Engfane.-1 Mrs. Carlton
Duane's SON., Lieut.. Truxton Drexel
Duane. was killed in the latest Ger
man drive; Capt. Charles J. BiddIe
was wounded Both officers have
heen awarded the .Croix de, GueIre.
Mrs Carlton. Duane has been active
in wsr work with the Duchess of Man
chester. Mrs A.. J. Drexel Biddle will
return to. America as soon as Mrs.
Carlton Duane. who is confined to her
rooms at the Ritz, is able to travel
Mr. and Mrs. William Eaches Fendall
are visiting Mrs. Kate 8. Berry at Bow
ieville. her place in Maryland. They
viii attend the Red Cross dance tomor-
row night at the parish hall, which Mrs,
Evening star., 1918-06-21

they have been Joined by Miss Doro.
thy Hammond OF New YORK. anu
Misses Dorothy and Josephine y.
Palms of st. Louis.
Mr.. and Mrs. Robert W. Woolley. &C
companied by their daughters. tne
Misses Wooliey, and Mrs. WoolIey's
mother, Mrs. w. N. Atkinson OF WIN
chester, Va. will go to Woodoerry
Forest, near Orange. Va. the hrst OF
Iniy to spend the remainder Of the
s1mmNTc NM Woo1l.v will return to Washing
ton after establishing his family, but
will make frequent week emo Trips.
Mr.. and Mrs. Thomas T. Gan are at
the Lorraine Hotel. New York. Tor a
few days on the way to their place
at Osterville. Mass, where they Will
pass the summer.
Miss Phelan and her niece. Miss Gladys
Sullivan, have gone to Old Point Com
fort to spend the week end.
Mr.. and Nine. Jajaral Purnasire OF
day for New York en- route to Bass
Rocks, Gloucester. Mass, where they Will
spend the summer.
Mr.. and Mrs Joseph Barnett Kalbfus
are at home at Gordon. Ga. after spend
ing their honeymoon in Florida. Mrs.
lKaibfus was formerly Miss Estelle Reeve
NJ. Claude Langlais and his bride
formerly Miss Amy Bennett, who
went to Atlantic City after Their wed
ding last Saturday, are now at New
York, where they are occupying the
apartment OF Mr.. and Mrs. Robert
Halsey Patchin, in Park avenue.
At a dinner given at the Gamma
Phi Beta Sorority at Ann Arbor,
Mich, Monday evening, June 10. the
announcement was made Of the en-
Evening star., 1918-06-21

Berry and her daughter. Miss Mary
Lawrence Berry, are getting up. Rep
resentatives Of many Of the old Mary
land families in the neighborhood will
be In attendance.
Mr.. and Mrs. Byram c. Tiffany are
announcing the marriage OF their
daughter, Miss Helen Mari. and Mr..
June -, at the home of the brides
parents.
The ceremony was performed by the
Rev. George Avery Neeld of Pitts
burEh, in the presence Of relatives
and few intimate friends.
Mrs. Lesh has been doing most ef-
flcient work at naval hospitals, under
the Red Cross nursing service, and
her attendants. Miss Lucy Russell and
Miss Elsie Smith. are in the same
Mr.. and Mrs. Lesh will be at home
after July 15"at s40s Brown street.
Mrs. James Thomson Of New Or
leans, who spent the. early summer
with the Speaker and Mrs. Clark, is
now at Summit Point, w. Va. where
her young son, Champ Clark Thorn
son, has been staying with his pa
ternal grandparents.
Mr.; Thomson. who is at New York.
will Join Mrs. Thomson later on.
Senator and Mrs. Claude Swanson
have left for their country home, at
Chatham. Va.
Senator Swanson will return to
Washington, but Mrs Swanson will
remain away throughout the sum-
mer.
Mr.. and Mrs. W. Stanley Dell Of
New York. arrived yesterday at the
Purinton Inn, Stockbridge. for the
summer. Prof. and Mrs. Thomas j.
Preston, -jr.. will join them today for
several days.
Miss Margaret Harding and Miss
Alice Harding, daughters of Mr.. Will
liam P. 6. Harding. will leave Wash
ington the latter part Of next week
for Princemere. Mass. where they
will join their brother-in-law and
sister, Mr.. and Mrs. Frederick Henry
Prince. who recently returned from
France, where Mr.. Prince served in
the French army, and from which he
resigned to join the United States
Army.
The Misses Harding will return to
Washington in the autumn.
Mrs. Hall, wife of Mr.. Henry c.
Hall, chairman of the Interstate Com
merce Commission, has gone to Maine,
where she will spend the summer.
Mr.. and Mrs. John Hays Hammond
and Miss Natalie H. Hammond are at
the Chatham Hotel, New York, where
Evening star., 1918-06-21
8OclQ}t,

which will be served daily from II
to o'clock, will go to the Y. NJ. C.
A. to be used in its work for. Amer
lean sailors at European points OF
debarkation.
Miss Mildred Bromwell was hostess
at a dinner party last evening, enter
tanning in compliment to Miss Halle
Elkins Davis and Lieut.. George "A.
Percy, U. s. NJ. c., whose marriage
will take place tomorrow.
The table was adorned with CEN
terpiece of pink roses and blue lark
spur. The guests included Miss Ellen
Bruce Lee, Miss Margaret Tuttle. Miss
Adelaide Tuttle, Miss oIyve Graef.
Miss Frances Wilkinson. Miss Ellen
Percy, Mr.. Orson Adams, Ensign
Ralph Hornblower, Lieut.. Robert
Coke, U. s. NJ. c.; Mr.. Henry g. Davis.
Ensign Stanley and Lieut.. Ingram
and Lieut.. Good of the British navy.
Miss Mary Gwynn is entertaining
at large tea this afternoon at the
Lock Tavern Club.
Lieut., Joseph Medill Patterson Of
Evening star., 1918-06-21

oHE Vice President and Mrs
Marshall returned to Wash
ington last evening from In
dianapolis, where they spent
several days. leaving Wash
ington Monday, Mrs. Marshall at once
resumed her war work and was among
the early arrivals at the diet kitchen this
morning.
The French ambassador and Nine.
Jpsserand entertained at dinner last
evening. Their guests were the Secre-
tary of State and Mrs. Lansing. the
Japanese ambassador and Viscountess
1shii, the French ambassador to
Japan, NJ. Delaney; the assistant sec
retary of state, Mr.. William Phillips;
Prof. Bergson of Paris, the naval at
tache of the French embassy and
Nine. de Blanpre. Commander de Bre-
da of the French navy, Commander
Grozier of the French army, Maj. and
Nine. Grinprel, Mr.. and Mrs. Hugh c.
Wallace, Mr.. and Mrs. Joseph Simon,
NJ. and Nine. de Lechartier and the sec
Evening star., 1918-06-21

gagement of Miss Rachel Helen Nipps,
daughter of Mrs. Ruby Waldron
Nipps of this city. to Ensign Egmont
G. Hildner. son of Prof. and Mrs. jon
athan A. c. Hildner of Ann Arbor.
Miss Nipps graduates from the Uni
versity OF Michigan June 81. and her
marriage will take place at her home
at Washington early in July. Ensign
Hildner Is now duty officer at the
Naval Academy. Annapolis, Md.
The ladies of Upper Marlboro, Md.
are having concert Sunday evening
at $3.50 for Red Cross. Members of st.
Patrick's choir. this city. are furnish
Evening star., 1918-06-21
ond secretary of the embassy and
Nine. de Laboulaye.

ond secretary of the embassy and
Mime. de Laboulaye.
The comforts committee Of the
Navy League. of which Mrs. James
Carroll Fraser is chairman, is open
ing q luncheon room on Monday at
the Sign Of the Ship. in 18th street.
opposite the. State, War and Navy
building. the old Mexican house. Yes
terday they entertained number of
guests at a sort of try-out luncheon
in the quaint rooms and garden. where
many certury-old flowers are now in
bloom. Among those who dropped in
for early luncheon were Mrs. Robert
Lansing, Representative Sanford of
New York. Mr.. Charles w. Wetmore
and Mr.. Charles Richardson. Those
assisting in serving the. luncheon
were Mrs. Henry Corbin. Mrs. Nor
gan Hill, Miss Mary Howry, Mrs. Dix
and Mrs. Thornburgh. Other members
of the committee aiding in various
ways were the chairman, Mrs. Fraser;
Mrs. Thomas F. Bayard, Mrs. Charles
W. Rae and Mrs. James s. Parker.
The proceeds from these luncheons.
Evening star., 1918-06-21
Fund for Y.M.C.A. and Y.W.C.A.

NEW YORK. June 2l.-The war
work councils of the Young Mems
Christian Association and the Young
women's Christian Association have
decided to inaugurate a nationwide
cooperative campaign for Sis. .o0o.-
600 to be used in the prosecution of
their respective war activities.
Evening star., 1918-06-21

ing the music. Homemade cakes and
ices will be served. The hostesses
will be Mrs. Hill, Mrs. Hall. Mrs. Dain-
gerfield, Mrs. Nyville. Mrs. owen,
Mrs. Bowling, Mrs: Wells. Mrs' BOWIE
Mrs. Talbot and Miss Bowie.
Lieut.. George LIE Roy Boyle and MRS.
Boyle, formerly Miss Margaret NC
Chord. have returned from Atlantic
City and are at the Willard.
Mrs. william G. Brown, with her
mother and baby, left Washington to-
day to motor to Kingwood, w. Va.
where they will spend several weeks.
Evening star., 1918-06-21

they have been Joined by Miss Doro,
thy Hammond Of New York. and
Misses Dorothy and Josephine D.
Palms of st. Louis.
Evening star., 1918-06-21

Mr.. and Mrs. W. Stanley Dell Of
| New York. arrived yesterday at the
Purinton Inn, Stockbridge. for the
| summer. Prof. and Mrs. Thomas j.
Preston, jr.. will join them today for
several days.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-07-28

made to At the ceiling or the panelling
or the mantels or whatever the room
must be fitted to- 1t is one Of the
things possible only in the high class
apartment suite.
The opportunity OF making one's
apartment as pleasing as one would
have hts privately owned residence is
worth the money which the tenant pays
II Is even worth more, as the utiliZa-
ton Of furniture which families pride
in would necess!tate the construction
OF IA stable home. since there are not
always in the market houses that would
1T the furnishings For instance. there
Is an apartment in one of the Fifth
avenue houses which cost $3.50 coo 10 NJ
up. The tenant Is n great admrer OF
Old World furnishings. and some time
ago purchased the panelling, ceiling and
fixtures of several rooms in one Of the
famous castles Of Europe. Not knowing
the limitations OF New World dwellings
the owner of the old relics found no
house that would fit the furnishings.
and steps were about to be taken to
build a large house. when a friend sug-
gested the renting of a suite In one Of
the new Fifth avenue apartments as a
solution.
1t was greater economy for this man
10 pay lIlt Ttilldl. WHICH If
more than $4,000 a year. than to build
house. The apartment was made Ia
fit the furnishings and he has gone ahead
and spent $4,000 in all. making over
the remaining rooms In the suite to 1T in
with his Nideas OF home individuality
the privilege of individuality is one of the
things counted in the rental Of the high
class suite. To the man referred 10
above no other feature was necessary Ia
demand rental of more than 81 900 4
room
The galleries in the apartment at Fifth
avenue and Sxty-third street are 80
feet long and - feet wide. There are
number of private houses in this city
built on sites not much larger than this
1t is the seui-public side Of the suite,
The walls are OF marble. and so are the
floors. Coat and cloak rooms are on the
gallery. These have their value in the
worth of an apartment, because they
solve the problem of caring for the outer
wraps and garments of visitors, who
would be compelled otherwise to invade
the sleeping quarters of the home as in
the cheaper apartment where such
facilities are rot provided.
The conservatory is walled with marble
of the same shade as the gallery. In
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-07-28
Are Rentals Too
High?' Answered
by Fifth Avenue
and ODD Street
Building, Where
Every Wish Of
Tenants for Ease
and Comfort Has
Been Anticipated
by the Builder

back the entire length of the range,
producing the same even heat that one
would get from n fuel fire. Pull
lever and the heat is sent from one sec
ton of the big fire box to another and
anywhere 1t may be wanted. At one
end pf the range Is a charcoal grill.
In the hood which leans out over the
range is an exhaust system which draws
out the heat which naturally rises and
also all the odor of cooking. This sys-
TEN is so perfect that the kitchen il
almost as cool as any of the living
rooms and the odor of cooking is hardly
noticeable. Drain tables with telescope
legs hang from the wall. The service
elevator and the service end of apart
ments will be found close together.
Liborality which the builder has dis
played in the dining room, reception
ROOM living room and library is also tn
be found in the bedrooms of the master
and the servants and in the bathrooms.
4 good sized bathroom is something
worth while. and a few dollars "A month
more to have one would be given by nj
most any one. Bathrooms ten feet long
and six feet wide are to be found in
the better class of homes. The bathtub.
instead of taking UP the major part Of
the ROOM fits in one corner. The outer
sides of the tub will not be as hiyh
from the moor az IN tne cheaper houses,
since the tub has been built down below
the level of the floor to reduce the step
one will have to take to get over the
top Bathrooms. like living rooms, are
not completely finished. since folks who
are able to pay $1,000 a room for an
apartment home have preferences re-
gardng the layout and fixtures of The
bathroom Size and perfect workman
ship are the salient points.
The bedrooms are large and regular
in their dimensions Hidden in the lower
base of the woodwork around every room
in the suite are plugs for extra electric
lights. Doors when swung open do not
mar the wall or the woodwork because
knobs, which may be gold plated or
silver or Of an ancient make. 1T into
| cupped receptacles placed there for tire
purpose Marble covers radiators Mellow
the windows. The turn OF "A key will
! regulate the heat from eacn radiator
| without affecting any Of the others. and
| there will be no cracking o: steam riies
| Garbage cans are taken 10 the cellar and
| subjected to a thorough washing after
! their contents have been placed IN an
| inCinerator or n freezer The cans are
| returned to the kitchen every morning
clean and pure.
These are all minor things. but they
combine to make the perfect home. the
proportioned homes TO he !pund in the
world Under the circumstances Sl,4OO
! Il room does not seem so much.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-07-28

The drain board. a minor detail. but
nevertheless something which adds TO
efficiency and makes the worth of the
high class apartment, is Of good length
and Of one piece, framing the sink
without a break.
Pantries in the best houses have large
safes in the cabinet work for the stor-
age Of table silver. They are not to be
found in the cheaper houses. In the
Kitchens of one of the Fifth avenue
apartments are German silver topped
tables for the preparation of food. Even
the shelves IN the table are silver. And
there is 4 hood overhead The range is
n mighty structure not Of cast iron but
of steel, of the marine type. This is
the type to be found in the apartment
ut Fifth avenue and SlXty-third street
at any rate. ana tncy cost about $500
each.
Flame throwers send the burning gas