davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-11-11
TREATMENT OF
AUSTRALIA IS
NOW PROTESTED
Premier Hughes Says His
Country Was Not Con-
sidered at Council.

London, Thursday, Nov. Pre-
mier Hughes Of Australia made a bit
ter protest against the peace terms
tonight in addressing the Australian
club.
eve were launched into this war
without being consulted" the premier
declared, land now the terms Of
peace have Aeen drawn up and We
have not been asked to express our
views beforehand"
He particularly objected that Au-
stralia should be prevented from
making her own laws which would
enable her to discriminate between
friends and foes in tariffs.
II cannot say what the other do
minions will do, but. nothing is
further from the thoughts Of the Au-
stralian people than to extend The
same treatment to Germany in regard
to tariffs and economic arrangements
after the war as to France, Belgium,
Italy and America, and nothing but
tinued. "This clause takes from us
one of the most vital of our sovereign
powers, and in the name of the peo-
pie of. Australia, I emphatically pro-
test against it."
Premier Hughes protested also that
there was no provision in the treaty
for indemnities with which to relieve
Australia from a crushing war debt
nor a provision for the <fetention of
German islands, without which the
territorial integrity of Australia is
forever menaced."
The Australian prcmier's speech
was loudly cheered.
London, Nov. 8; via Montreal.-The
British press bureau has issued the
following:
1.-THE statement by Premier Hughes
of Australia that the terms of peace
have been definitely settled at the re.
cent conference at Versailles without
consultation with the dominions
makes it necessary to put on record
the actual position with regard tc
this question.
From the fist the British govern.
ment has recognized that the magnif.
cent efforts and sacrifices made by the
dominions and India in the MINOR
cause, have entitled them to an equa,
voice with the United Kingdom in the
settlement Of the terms of peace
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-11-11

ut was with this specific object In
view that the hrsf imperial Wal
cabinet was summoned last year. On
that occasion every aspect Of the Gen.
eral peace settlement was discussed
by the two committees Of the imperial
war cabinet.
1.-THE Australian. government for
reasons Of a domestic character, was
not represented at these discussions,
but the conclusions Of the committee
and Of the imperial war cabinet on
these matters were communicated to
the Australian government at the
time.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-11-11

Nothing that has been done Dy
the British representatives at the re-
cent meeting Of the supreme war
council is inconsistent with the gen.
erals conclusions, arrived at in these
discussions. or has ~precluded or pre-
iudiced the effect in the final peace
terms of any specific objects to wnlcn
the attention Of the Imperial wal
cabinet was drawn by the representa-
ftives OF the Nominations and lnola.
1.-THE British government a every
intention Of asserating the govern
ments Of the dominions and INDIA
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-11-11
GERMAN-AUSTRIANS
DESIRE TO TAKE
PART In NEW RULE

Basel, Nov. II, $40 a. ma vi
enna dispatch received here yesterday
mates that the German-Austrian ma
Eional assembly voted unanimously on
Saturday to send a telegram t Prince
Macmillan, then German imperial
chancellor, informing him that 'in
this historic crisis, German-Austri-
ans also desire to take part in the
election Of a constituent assembly
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-11-11

flushed with joy because Of the victory, but that II also
is-as it has always been-essentiaily a peace loving
nation which is now exuberant because the great and
terrible world war has come to an end. :.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-11-11
with itself at every state in the future
discussions Of terms Of peace

Complete plans for breaking up the
French forces also have been pre-
pared, but It Is considered sprooapie
hat the rehabilitation processsinsthe
case Of these armies Will pc
slower than for The American orA even
the british because Of the necessity
FOR guarding Alsace-Lorraine and all
60 in view Of the gigantic task Of re-
construction in the invaded districts.
Herald Wants Bring Results.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-11-11
DEMONSTRATIONS IN STRASS-
RFYRE

Zurich, Nov. II, 4:50 a. m.-En-
thusiastic demonstrations were held
in Strassburg on Saturday night.
France was cheered, notw1thstand-
ing the Intervention of mounted po-
lice.
Great professions filed through the
ing banners on which We're Inscribed:
I'VE want to be re-attached to
France, our mother country"
Alsatian soldiers on leave joined in
the demonstration.
The mayor and the German mill
tary commander appealed to the peo-
pie to keep calm and avoid excessas.
New York, as an influenza measure,
ordered city employees to wear gauze
nose masks.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-11-11

which will decide upon the constitu-
tional form Of government under
which the German people will live"
WIFE KILLED IN CELEBRATION.
Columbus, Ohio, Nov. 11.-Ten
minutes after the news of the signing
of an armistice by German plenipo-
tentiaries was given out this morn
ing. c.. E. Harrod, celebrating by fir
ing a revolver out Of his bedroom
window, turned the weapon back in
to the room, fatally wounding his
wife. The woman died a few min
utes later.
Harrod, discharging the revolver
several times in the air, apparently
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-11-11

believed the weapon empty and
whirling excitedly back toward his
wife he again pulled the trigger.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-11-11

STREET FIGHTING IN WARSAW.
Amsterdam, Nov. 11.-street fight
ing is taking place in Warsaw, the
capital of Poland. The railway sta
ton there has been occupied by Po-
lish forces who have refused the Ger
man troops in the city permission to
pass through Polish territory. ~
Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1918-01-18
Government Loan
Without Interest
Issued I'm Venice, 1i6O, origtn
Of "Bank,' Checks
By S. W. STRAUS
Psminent New York and Chicago Bsnker)

Copyright. 1871. Western Newspaper Union.J
The subscribers to one of the first
government bond issues ever put out
were not SO fortunate as Liberty bond
investors. Notwithstanding the fact
that bonds were new and probably I'M
tried at that time, the loan bore no in
terest. The success with which the
loan met under these conditions should
be an inspiration to us In our present
war financing.
1t happened In Venice, in 1160. The
Doge Michieli found himself that year
in acute financial embarrassment. 1t
was necessary to raise large sum Of
money Immediately, and the state hit
upon the plan of borrowing In Its name
from number of prosperous Venetian
merchants. One hundred and fifty
thousand marks of silver was the
amount Of the loan and the Doge Mich
ieli himself was one of the subscrib-
ers. The loan was secured by mort
gage on the Rialto and all the reven-
ues arising from 1t. During its life
eleven years, the loan bore no interest.
In 1173 the public treasury was again
nearly empty, ii having been found
that the revenues derived from the
first loan were not sufficient. Accord
ingly, the Doge Ziani f1oated loan
amounting to one per cent of the val
uation of the aggregate property In ev-
cry household. This paid interest at
4 per cent, payable half yearly, as in
most Of our modern bond issues. 1t
was to be repaid in more prosperous
times.
There was no paper or other mate
rial available for distributing evidences
of the indebtedness. So the state en-
tered the records into books and three
commissioners were appointed to levy
and collect the loan. They were called
Public Chamberlains and the bureau
where the business was transacted,
The Chamber of Imposts. The citi'
zens soon began to sell the credits
among one another. This was done In
the Chamber of Imposts, where the
claims were transferred. 1t Is stated
that the trading was the beginning OF
the modern stock exchange, At any
rate, 400 years later the Chamber OF
Imposts became the Bank Of Venice
which is generally supposed to be the
first modern bank.
Another interesting public loan, ever
aorlipr was pronospd by XenOuhOn. In
Athens. His plan was TO establish
Joint stock bank to which all Atheniar
people were invited to subscribe. The
proceeds were to be expended In Inn
proving the ports Of Athens, erecting
halls, warehouses, docks, exchanges
market houses, etc.
Italy is also DISTINGUISHED for origi
Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1918-01-18
AN ATTACK OF GRIP
USUALLY LEAVES KIDNEYS
IN WEAKENED CONDITION

Doctors in all parts of the country have
been kept busy with the epidemic of grip
which has visited so many homes. The
symptoms of grip this year are often very
distressing and leave the system in a run
down condition, particularly the kidneys
which seem to suffer most, as almost every
victim complains of lame back and urin.
ary troubles which should not be neglect
ed, as these danger signals often lead to
dangerous kidney troubles. Druggists
report a large sale on DR.. Kilmer's
Swamp-Root which so many people say
soon heals and strengthens the kidneys
after an attack of grip. Swamp Root
being an herbal compound, has gentle
healing effect on the kidneys, which is al
most Immediately noticed in most cases
by those who try it. DR.. Kilmer & Co.,
Binghamton, N. Y, offer to send sam.
pie size bottle of Swamp-Root, on receipt
of ten cents, to every sufferer who re.
quests it. A trial will convince anyone
who may be in need of it. Regular medi
um and large size bottles, for sale at
all druggists. Be sure to mention this
paper.-Adv,
Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1918-01-18


mating the term "bank." 1t is sup
posed to be derived from "banco,"
meaning bench. The Lombards in Italy
exchanged money and bills in the mar
ket place over a bench. When bank
er failed the bench was destroyed by
the people and he was called bank
rupt." Some authorities claim this de-
rivation of bank Is wrong. 1t Is stated
by them that "banco" Is heap or
mound and that the resemblance 1t
bore to common fund formed by the
contributions of many persons led to
the term bank.
Which of these is the true derivation
does not matter. The word bank I'M
doubtedly comes to us from Venice, at
one time the center of the worlds
financial activities.
The same Lombards later settled in
London and led to the naming Of Lom-
bard street Subsequently they gave
way to the goldsmlths, who finally de-
veloped into the modern English bank.
At first the goldsmiths, owing to
their superior facilities for safekeep-
Ing, were intrusted with gold and 9TH
er valuables by the people, for fee.
The receipts the goldsmiths gave
acknowledging delivery Of the gold, es-
pecially in the case Of well-known and
responsible goldsmiths, began to be
traded.
An idea occurred to the goldsmiths
that the money in their vaults could
be loaned out. They reasoned that If
they were allowed to do this depositors
might not only be relieved Of the fee
they paid. but be paid interest. OF
course, the goldsmiths did not loan all
of the gold in their possession. A GER
tain amount only Of 1t was used. Sup
pose safe proportion Of deposits to
loans Is Is per cent; the goldsmith, for
every 5000 In his Golfers, could Issue
| $4,000 In notes Gas the receipts be-
came KNOWN. AS long as there was q
continual inflow as we'll as outflow OF
gold, all demands for return Of depos.
its were easily met. Besides, the Sc.
curity required Of borrowers made the
'bank" perfectly solvent. AS will read.
lily be seen. the procedure was essen.
TALLY the same as In modern banking
This practice was kept up until 1881
when checkbooks came into use. They
we're substituted for the notes which
the goldsmiths used. Thus. when @
borrower desired loan and furnished
the proper security, he would be given
a checkbook and authorized to Issue
checks to the amount of his loan.
Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1918-01-18

Copyright, 1917, Western Newspaper Union
In all the years that interviewed since
the mortgage was first used In ancient
Babylon, practically but one change
has been made in mortgage financing.
That change was made by Prussianl
Frederick the Great, who founded
Prussian militarism, gave the first
mortgage bond Its start. While the
world holds much against this man for
sowing the seeds of the present world
conflict, we must give him credit for
his astuteness in recognizing the adj
vantages Of first mortgage bonds. Here
Is how it happened:
In 1869, Frederick, after his seven
year war with Hungary, France, Rus
STA and Saxony, found himself and his
country in financial embarrassment.
Indeed, previous to the war, the finan-
cial system had proven inadequate for
even ordinary needs, and the strain
caused by the seven years Of fighting
made the situation extremely serious.
German agricultural conditions in par
ucular were deplorable. Insufficient
funds and outrageous interest rates on
the part of money lenders greatly ham
pered the proper filling of the soil.
Frederick realized that the future of
Germany was at stake and that fur
Their progress with existing conditions
was impossible.
In the necessity, a Berlin merchant
by the name of Buhring conceived the
Idea Of mortgaging the agricultural do
main. Mortgages, Of course, were
nothing new, having been originated
by the Babylonians more than two
thousand years previous. But mort
gage financing to this extent had never
before been practicable, because Of
the impossibility of finding investors
able or willing to absorb mortgages Of
such gigantic size. Buhring said, why
not divide the mortgages into frac-
tional parts, and call these parts
bonds? Then, If the bonds are issued
In comparatively small denominations,
large numbers of investors will parti-
cipate, and in addition, the bonds
themselves can be used in payment Of
debts during the emergency, in lieu Of
cash."
Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1918-01-18
The True
Man
By Elizabeth Schoen Cobb



Copyright. 1917. Western Newspaper Union.)
ng-going-gone!" The auc-
toneer drawled out an announcement
of the disposition of the last article Of
furniture in the house.
Back in the shadow Of the vine-cov-
cred porch, all through the wretched
morning hours, Anita Berdon had sat,
crouched back in chair, her eyes
fixed on vacancy, her face a blank Of
dull, sodden hopelessness and despair.
"Gone" The word struck on her
senses like leaden mallet. Gone
Father, friends, home. Coming-com-
Ing had been the cares, the sorrows
that had bulked up with menace, crush
Ing force and disaster. Going-going
had been all that was left of the ma
terial possessions of the little home.
GOne-the climax had comet
Ever and anon one Of the auction
GERS men had brought to the porch
and deposited there several articles.
There was her own sewing chair, On
escritoire, dainty clock. Anita Won
dered why they were grouped, but
cared little. She had no hopes Of saw
Ing anything from the wreck.
"There's a deficiency" she heard the
auctioneer's clerk say.
eyes," nodded his employer. "The
stuff is old and out Of style, and the
bidding by no means brisk. Who is
the man who bid in all that fancy
stuff"
"He gives his name as Waldron Mer-
hit. I understand he Is connected
with the law firm that put the execu-
hon in process"
Through the screen of vines Anita
had noticed this man. She was neither
attracted by him nor interested in him.
He was ten years her senior, a serious
faced man, self-restrained in his man.
ner and methodical in his ways. She
noticed him now, coming towards the
porch, and drew back distantly as he
assembled the steps and stood before
her, lifting his hat eourteously.
"These are yours, Miss Berdon," he
laid, indicating the articles that had
Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1918-01-18
Scarcely Felt the Blow.

been placed on the porch from time to
time. II feared you would value these
personal belongings, and"
you purchased them, you mean"
she Intercepted quickly, almost sharp
ly.
"Yes, saved them from the wreck"
II cannot accept them," she said def
nitely.
twill you listen to me for a mo-
ment?" he went on, In his quiet, COM
posed way. II knew your father, and
In the past I many times tried to in
f1uence him in business matters for his
own good, but he was headstrong
man and would not heed me. The in
evitable result transpired. Acting for
others, our firm was compelled ia
wind up his affairs. The result is a
deficit, but the creditors are satisfied.
AS to yourself, the firm wish to assist
you, If you will let them"
II thank you," she said coldly, 'but
I cannot accept charity from strang.
ers."
"If I can be Of assistance to you
please command me-" he said. "In any
event, these things shall be sent to
your new home"
'Home!' she cried, faring up in fea.
lures and spirit. II have no home, nc
friends, nothing but bitter, hopeless
memories. The one relative know
an aged aunt, is living on a pension
barely enough to keep her. Please
leave me. l want to think-and de
eide"
Waldron Merritt's face expressed in
finite sorrow, but he did not speal
further. He bowed gravely.
"If there is no letter by the mex
mail" she breathed, with vivid strair
in her tone, "he has forgotten"
He? Vane Powers. She had been in
troduced to the young man by her faith
er, who had designated him as bust
ness associate. He was young, hand
vome. and he came into her lonely lif
Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1918-01-18
Two "TalI" Ones,

The two anglers were swapping
stories. They had exhausted the topic
of their marvellous catches and went
on to enlarge upon the wonders of
their native counties from the anglers
point of view.
"Why, near my home" said George
Washington's rival, eve have pond
where a chap can catch fish as fast
as he can drop his line in and pull
'em out"
Really" said the man who beat
Baron Munchausen by two lengths.
I'VE have lake not far from us
where one has to get a stick to knock
the fish away before you can get your
line In at all ~
Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1918-01-18
GREEN'S AUGUST FLOWER

Has been used for all ailments that
are caused by a disordered stomach
and inactive liver, such as sick head
ache, constipation, sour stomach,
nervous indigestion, fermentation of
food, palpitation of the heart caused by
gases In the stomach. August Flower
is a gentle laxative, regulates digestion
both in stomach and intestines, cleans
and sweetens the stomach and alimen-
tary canal, stimulates the liver to Sc
crete the bile and impurities from the
blood. Sold in all civilized countries.
30 and 30 cent bottles.-Adv.
Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1918-01-18
MESSENGERS of Death.

There are about 200 separate and
distinct kinds of shells fired from Ger
man guns, and each and every one of
them has been given at least one nick.
name by the Tommi2s, according to
London Tit-Bits. Some of them have
been given several.
The biggest kind Of high explosive,
shells, for instance, are known in
differently as DIRTY Dicks" "Jack
Johnsons," Goal Boxes" "Flower
Pots" "Crumps," "Black Peters" or
"Whistling Willles."
The smaller kind are "Black Ma.
rias" or "Woolly Bears" according to
whether the smoke they emit when
bursting is black, or white with a vel
lowish tinge.
High explosive shrapnel and trench
mortar shells are respectively "whizz-
bangs" and "pip-squeaks," from their
habit Of giving only those warnings of
their approach. "Archibalds" are anti
aircraft shells. Ordinary shrapnel
projectiles are Little Willies."
Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1918-01-18
First Patriotic Christmas.

A womans club at South Bend hired
professional story-teller to entertain
the children Mt a Christmas party.
The Christmas story of the birth of
Christ was told, and the narrator be
gan TO quiz the children about the
story.
"What did the three wise men see?"
she asked.
"They saw the shepherds and the
star in the east said a little girl.
VERY good; and what did they
hear?"
"They heard the angels singing"
was the answer.
"What did the angels sing?" Nobody
seemed to know. Finally little boys
face Frightened and he sprang to his
feet and almost shouted: They sang
The Star-Spangled Banner IN
dianaDOlis News.
Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1918-01-18
Stamps Replace Pennies in Stores.

In view of the increasing shortage
Of pennies. movement to give post
age stamps as change has been in
augurated in Minneapolis department
stores. Several stores reported that
they had started such plan and that
it was working successfully. Shortage
Of pennies in the Northwest has be-
come so acute that bankers in small
towns have declared an embargo on
cOpperS, according TO Minneapolis
bankers. Repeated pleas to the sub
treasury in Chicago have been made
by local banks, but their requests for
pennies have met with little or no re-
sponse.-Minneapolis Tribune.
Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1918-01-18

Frederick was favorably impressed
with the suggestion. He ordered that
the nobility mortgage their property,
so the financial stringency might be
relieved. Whether of borrowing turn
or not, the owners Of great landed
estates were compelled to organize an
association which they called the
Landschaft Gland society, in Silesia,
In ITO. 1t was q cooperative organi-
zation, the individual members guar
anteeing the obligations of the body,
and mortgages made the security for
debenture bonds. The experiment was
great success. Other states of what
is now the German empire followed
the lead of Prussia. Thus was started
the famous LandSchaften of Germany.
Applied at first to only the property Of
the nobility, the Idea was made avail
able, later, to the peasants.
Today, the Landschaften in improv-
ed and modified form are the basis of
similar societies in almost every civil
liked country on the globe. In France,
tiC OiCulI l. OhNlC1 anu
enjoy practically monopoly In land
financing. Russia, Italy, Roumania,
Austria-Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Can
ada, Egypt and other countries have
similar societies. These societies not
only finance the agriculturist, but
also city buildings, and even irrigation
projects.
An important feature which was
added to the plan shortly after it's In
auguratiOn was amortization Of the
principal. This means ito kill off," and
provides for the payment each year Of
an amount which is used to reduce the
loan. The size Of this payment de-
ponds upon the length Of the mortgage,
for it is intended eventually to extin-
guish the debt. The interest rate Is
quite low, and the borrowers principal
and interest payments usually will not
aggregate more than the usual interest
rate alone in this country.
Notwithstanding their moderate re-
turn, the bonds are very popular with
investors in Europe, and billions Of dol
lars in them are outstanding at the
present time. Foreclosures are al
most negligible. So safe is this form
of investment that in critical times the
land credit has been more stable than
that of the state. In 1S0S-1S09 Prussia
called upon the East Prussian Land
schaften to raise part Of its military
funds by an Issue Of mortgages on its
forests and domain.
And here Is a peculiar fact: While
the rest of the world has long ago dis
carded the straight mortgage. as being
obsolete and cumbersome, the United
States began to realize the advantage
Of mortgage bond issues only about 20
years ago.
In subsequent article I shall de-
scribe the introduction Of mortgage
bonds in America.