davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-09-26

summary, in which the items will be distributed in different columns. by classes. This extra work at the end of each month Cor at the end of the year) may cause Encouragement and neglect of classification, with the result that the greatest good that could be derived from the records is not realized.
 Under the second method, in addi-- tion to being entered all together in one column, the items are classified in separate columns This method has the same advantages as the first meth. cd and the additional advantage of al lowing for the distribution of the items of expenditure to the proper classes without the inconvenience of turning to some other page. The dis tribution may be left to moments of leisure if the farmer is busy at the time the entry is made. When the page is filled the next page is begun, tie top line next to the heading being re- served for the total carried forward from preceding page. The items may be totaled at the end of the month and these totals carried to the sum mary page at the end of the book.
 The kind of book to be used is not important. An ordinary blank day book or ledger book with a stiff cover may be bought at reasonable price.
 
 not serve the purpose others may be inserted with a pen or pencil. Ac- counts are sometimes kept in a book having small pages. A small page, however, is soon filled. often crowded and the information is scattered over too many pages for convenience in recording and studying the expendi- lures.
 In order to simplify accounts it is well to group expenditures If all in- diyidual items were listed in separase columns, it would require great amount of detail work. The distribu tion of the different household expen ditures into groups is largely a mat ter of individual viewpoints The fol- lowing 10 divisions should be satisfac- tory for the average farm family: An imal food, fruits and vegetables, cereal products. other groceries, clothing, household furnishings, running eN- penses. advancement, incidentals ard savings.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-09-26

Accounts will show you how.
 Know where every dollar comes from and where it goes.
 Study your record book and plan ahead.
 Buy carefully today and give to Un- cle Sam tomorrow.
 Save fuel, food and clothing.
 The modern farmers wife is no long CT satisfied with the old accepted idea that the farm gives us a living" but she gets out her pencil and paper and asks how much of living does it give us?'
 Generations ago neither the farm nor the farm household had any bit minor dealings with the outside world. Under such conditions the need for accounts was slight. But those con- ditions no longer exist The farm household, though still in many cases receiving it's major support in farm products consumed at home. purchases far more extensively than ever be- fore from outside sources. Farm house. hold accounts have become essential to economy
 Household expenses on the farm are very intimately associated with the business of the farm itself The farm normally supplies much material which otherwise would become n household expense. The household ia turn, very often furnishes board for farm labor, which would otherwise be farm expense. Merely from the standpoint of keeping track of house. hold expenses as related to the farm business, household expenses are de- sirable and should serve to supplement and round out farm accounts
 There are two methods of keeping a record of household expenditures One is to record the purchases or money paid out without classifying the expenditures. The other is to clas- sify when the record is made.
 The first method is very simple re- quires no special form, and gives all necessary information regarding ex- pendltures. At the end of the month or at the end of the year the total expenditures readily may be deter mined. In order however to know the totals for each kind or class it will be necessary to make up a monthly
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-09-26
Don't Rush Peanuts

A mistake is being made by many of the peanut growers of the state by picking before the nuts are thoroughly cured. Also it is inadvisable to rush these more or less green peanuts to the market, says pr. J. J. Watson market ing specialist of the Alabama extension service. The majority of the oil mills have not sufficient storage room to take care of the cotton seed and the peanut crop at the same time Cotton growers know exactly what they are going to secure for their cotton seed. and therefore, rush the seed to the market at the earliest possible moment, which results in most of the storage room of the oil mills being utilized for this product
 With these facts before us Dr. Wat son urges that the peanut gro Ters of Alabama be slow about putting on the market these more or less improperly cured peanuts. in fact he urges that they be kept off the market for a few weeks, and that special care be taken in not picking until they are well cured. Dr. Watson states that many of the nuts that have already found their way to the market are molding, which, of course, is caused by picking them before being thoroughly cured. It is nothing but natural that such nuts sou1d bring comparatively low price, and the wise peanut grower will not piek the nuts before they are we'll matured and rush then, to market be- fore complete curing. All of the oil mills will pc in the market for peanuts as soon as the rush of the cotton seed season is past and it is very clear that a better price will be secured for pea nuts than can possibly be secured TOW, especially where care is exercised in properly stacking and curing so as to produce clean and attractive product Pick them so as to be as free as possi- ble of trash.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-09-26

Cotton producers throughout the cotton beh are urged by the bureau of markets of the United States de- partment of agriculture to pick their cotton as early and as clean as pos sible, under existing labor conditions and to protect it properly from the weather after it is picked. This is in order that there may be no larger DOT tion of low-g grade cotton than aoso- lutely necessary Ginners also are urged to gin cotton as efficiently as possible. using cleaning devices when desirable.
 Cotton picked late, says state meni by the bureau, in all probability will encounter rainy and damn weather and frost, which cause spot ted, off color. and low grade cotton and q great demand for it and after weaken the staple. There is a scarcity of high cotton.
 A large part of the cotton carried over into the season of 191S-1a is of low grade. the bureau cotton special ists have found Under normal condi- tions foreign trade furnishes outle.s for cotton of low grades As these; outlets are largely closed by the war. such cotton sells at a price much lower. in comparison with the. price of md.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-09-26
Conserve Machinery

Since labor has become scarce, and little relief can be expected until after the end of the war. the University or
 Florida extension division is urging upon
 farmers the necessity of conserving farm machinery. Here are few suggestions
 offered by the United States department
 of agriculture:
 Orders for new equipment and repair
 parts should be placed as soon as pos siEle
 To produce maximum results witn minimum of labor. new and modern ma chinery in large sizes should De used wherever possible. Serviceable equipment. not needed, should be sold or maze available to others
 Useless machinery should be returned to the channels of trade as junk. Thorough fabrication and proper care
 when in use will materially lengthen the period of service of farm equipment. More care should be given to protect ing farm implements from the weather. Machinery is to be the farmers ally since labor has deserted him. In order to
 use it most efficiently it will be neces- ssry to clear out stumps and make larger fields
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-09-26

opportunity for insects to enter along the passage used by the silks, were placed in the class having poor shucks The investigations made it clear that the farther the shucks extended beyond the tips of the ears the more effective is the protection against causes of dam age including earworm. This suggested the possibility of having a shuck .ex- tension long enough to be entirely eff. fectiVe against ear damage.
 Most corn growers fail to realize that by improving the shuck covering on their corn by selection. they may reduce the amount of damage done to the grain Growers generally consider only the ear and kernels when selecting seed. Some observers have concluded that since weevls are able to eat the hardest corn they would also cut their way through most resistant shucks. Others have ob- served that earworms may cut holes through large percentage of the pro- tecting shuck and that weevils will .en- ter through these holes and they have concluded from this that shuck cover- ing cannot be made a practicable means of protection. The Investigations refer. red to. however, prove that this is not true Where Injury from wevil is prob able store huck.-protected ears in their shucks and feed or sell the unprotecte ears as early as possible.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-09-26
PREPARE SOIL FOR AT LEAST FIVE ACRES OF WHEAT
Inspection in Food Army

It is good for us to have day of where we stand on the war question. How much are we trying to do? What are we accomplishing, and how much sacrifice is it costing us? It is good to determine whether or not we are going fu'l speed ahead with our war-winnng ship.
 What has our saving accomplished? We can realize little what it has done when we know that we have shipped to the allied countries @4,6O0,0o0 pounds more meat and fats in the fiscal year lsi7-1S tlat in 1916-17, and that there has been an increase of S0900,000 bushels Tn the cereals and cereal products sent to these countries. These are just few of the very tangible results of our sav- ing and increased production. It is aI- most impossible to realize that the cup of flour or pound of meat saved here and thete would amount to so many million bushels and pounds in so short time.
 And the cost. Have there been hard ships in the performance of our duties! When we start to relate our sacrifices let us think of the true story about the Tommy so terribly hurt he had to be completely swathed in bandages, only one eye peered out from the wrapp1ngs- When a sympathizng woman said, Hard luck, my boyi" he answered. Hard luck? No I saved one eye"
 What did it mater if we ate bread that was not quite to our taste while we learned to use wheat substitutes, or that we drink unsweetened coffee? There was no harm done. We came out of the first year of the fray whole and sound.
 Tho inspection record of the food army checks up as follows: Duties? Numef- ous. Accomplishments? Worth while Sacfifices2 none: just intelligent econo- mics. Health? Unmpaired
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-09-26
The Farmers Enemies

The farmers crop usually nas q con flict with enemies. It may be drought or or excessive rainfall, or teruperat- ture or insects. or bacteria. or mold. or sun spots. There is no other business that has such an array of formidable opponents.
 Consumers must reimburse The farm CT for this loss, or he will become in solvent and agriculture must cease In the case of corn, for instance, there are always annual variations from the average yield per acre for peyiod of years, and often there is sharp up- ward or downward turn from one year to the next IT. 1901, memorable in corn history. protracted drought in the corn belt reduced the yield per for the United States 10 5s.7 bushels. or about two-thirds of the usual yield. but such a yield was somewhat exceeded the following year
 Corn production was almost impos- sible in Kansas in 1915, when the nom- inal yield per acre was only 32 bush els. although the average Of tho 10 years ending with 1917 is 17.5 bushels and the production now and then in in- dividual years is more than 20 bushels in 1915. In Illinois in 1913 corn yield per acre fell 20 per cent below the average of the 10 years mentioned and 32 per cont below the yield per acre of the previous year. During the last 10 years. the corn yield per acre in the great corn state of Iowa has ranged from 30 to 43 bushels, a difference be- tween extremes of 13 bushels, or AS and 30 per cent, respectively, of the ex- tremes and 37 per cent of the average yield of 10 years.
 As a crop raiser, the farmer Is gam bier against the forces and living things of nature, and if at times he loses, at other times he must win, and in the long run the prices of the pro- ducts that he sells must be high enough to put him ahead of the game"
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-09-26
Wheat Campaign

A wheat campaign has recently been carried out in Shelby county. It was planned by Mir. J. N. Wyatt, the county demonstration agent and he was assist ed by MT. Bryan teacher of vocational training at the high school at Column biana, and MT. M. H. Pearson, assistant crop specialist of the Alabama eXten- sion service. It was a full weeks cam paign, and covered practically all sec tions of the county.
 Al these meetings, which were attend ed by from 25 to 1G0 people per meet ing, the necessity of increasing the wheat acreage was stressed most strongly Every farmer was asked to plant al least five acres and more if possible. At each meeting all those who sowed wheat last year were asked to raise their hands, and a conservative estimate would be that one-third of those in attend ance grew wheat. Then all those who woul dpromise to SOW wheat this year were asked to raise their hands. and at least two-thirds or three-fourths of all present raised their hands.
 At Harpersville the meeting was es- pecially good those present asking many questions and giving experiences in re- gard to wheat growing It developed that one man who had planted wheat last year on land that produced p bush els of corn per acre had made a very small yield of wheat. He stated that he prepared the land we'll fertilized it well, sowed at the right time, and still secured a very unsatisfactory yield. In the discussion it came out that this mans trouble was that he has sown the wrong kind of wheat having planted a late variety, which was not at all adapt ed to Alabama conditions. This em- phasizes the point as to how necessary it is to select the right variety 1t is recommended that those who are not fla miliar with the methods of wheat grow ing and the best varieties, consult the county demonstration agent, or the Ala bama extension service at Auburn or some farmer in the county who has successfully grown the crop
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-09-26
Milk-A Real Food

Milk. being liquid. is sometimes class ed with water, tea, and coffee, simply as beverage, by those who do not un- derstand it's value as food. This is a great mistake If all the water were to be driven off from quart of tea or coffee, almost nothing would be left, and the little that remained would have little or no value as food. If. on the other hand. the water were driven off from a quart of whole milk, there would be left about half cupfukof the very best food substances. including butter fat, Kind of sugar not so sweet as granulated sugar and known as milk sugar. and also materials which are needed to make muscles, bones, teeth. and other parts of the body. All these valuable food sub stances are ordinarily either 6issovsed or floating in the water of milk.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-09-26
Cottage Cheese and Fruit

At this season of the year when the supply of fruits is at it's highest and large quantities have been made into pre- serves, the combined use of preserved fruits and cottage cheese as food say ing system should not be overlooked The United States department of agriculture points out that cottage cheese with fruit preserves. such as strawberries, figs or cherries poured over it. and served with tread or crackers, makes a most appe- tizing and sustaining dish. If preferred cottage cheese balls may be served sepa- rately or eaten with the preserves. A more attractive dish mag be made bs dropping bit of jelly into nest of the cottage cheese.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-09-26
Live Stock Movement

Receipts of cattle. hogs, and sheep at 5S markets during August show increases of l0.S per cent. 3l.2 per cent, and aS.6 per cent. respectively, when compared with the receipts at the same markets during August, 1917. according to the stock yards report issued by the bureau of markets. United States depart ment of agriculture. For the first eight. months of 1918 the combined totals of the sa me markets show that the receipts of cattle increased 12.3 per ceht hogs lO.s per cent, and sheep per cent when com pared with the receipts of the correspond ing period of 1917. Comparative figures on shipments and local. slaughter also show increases for all species in August. 1918, and for the first eight months of 1918, with the exception of the slaughter of sheep, which shows decrease of 2.2 per cent during the first eight months of this year.
 Receipts at 5S markets in August, 1918. and August, 1917. the figures for lylS being given first. were: cattle, 2,010, ,765-- 1915, ,O6s; hogs. 2.446. 103-1 ,se4007; and sheep 2,214 e99-1,74S,735 Shipments at IS mar kets were. cattle. S42,335-700, 75S; hogs, 842, ,143-5S3 5S3; and sheep LISA .596--925, ,943. Shipments of stockers and feeders snov largo increases, the percentages for Aug ust being: cattle 203 per cent at S mar kets; hogs, 173.9 per cent at 22 markets and sheep 44.2 per cent at 27 markets, while for the first eight months Of lSls the percentages were: cattle S.6 per cent at B markets; hogs. S4.S per cent at 2 markets; and sheep ss.4 per cent at 2s markets.
 Slaughter figures at 45 markets for
 August of both years with 1918 figures first. were: cattle 1.lSO. .179-1 .QSS, ,S7; hogs. -,5sS, ,2Oe-1, ,2e2.sS4; and sheep, Sss ,zsS- 113,623.
 Both receipts and shipments of horses and mules increased about per cent in August, 1Sls although the totals for the first eight months of 1918 show de- crease of ssi per cent in receipts and s,b per cent in shipments as compared with the first eight months of lsl7
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-09-26
Ever Make Fruit Leather?

Foolish women throw away skins of plums. peeling of apples, rinds or or anges. eyes of pneapples and pits of peaches. Wise ones wash them, put them in cold water bring the water to a boil and then let them simmer for 20 minutes. strain the juice through a cheese tloth, concentrate this juice by boiling and then drying. let the product cool, roll the sheets like jelly roll and cut them across. That makes fruit leather It can be kept indefinitely. dry, and can be eaten in winter or summer. It is delicious confection. The French use it. So do the English So do the italians. Their children beg for it. It is also an old faelioned dainty of pio- neer days in Kansas
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-09-26

disturb the film that forms, for this is the true mother, the acetic acid bac- teria which turn the fermented juice to vinegar. Do not exclude the air. The acetic acid bacteria must have air for growth. Taste the juice every week, and when it is sour. as it will become-that is, doesn't increase in acid, or when it is as sour as desired-- syphon off and store in kegs, jugs, or bottles, filled full and stoppered tight. If this is not done after reaching the maximum acidity. the acid will gradu- ally disappear and the vinegar will turn to water" If stored in we'll stoppered, full receptacles, this cannot happen, for the absence of air prevents this change.
 If the directions are followed, espe- cialiy as regards temperature, the process will usually be completed in six weeks to two months in cases where only few gallons of juice are used
 Apple vinegar may crafty itself spontaneously. but if it should remain cloudy and turbid, must be clarified to make 8 appearing product. A common method is to store the vinegar in. barrels undisturbed for consid- erable time, and then rack off; thal is draw off carefully, so as not to dis
  several times, and usually gives a fairly clear product.
 TOMATO VINEGAR
 In attempting to utilize the tomato in as many ways as possible, it is not uncommon practice. especially with tomato club girls to make what IS termed tomato vinegar" This prod ust is not a vinegar, although it has a sour taste and to certain extent as in salads and for table purposes, can be used as a substitute for vine gar. It is really 8 tactic acid fermen tation instead of acetic acid and for this reason is more like sour milk and sauerkraut juice. It spells rapidly after fermentation unless it is put into bottles filled as full as possible and corl1ed tight. After opening and exposure to the air the product will spoil unless kept very cold. In mak- ing this product the juice is collected and allowed to stand in warm place for few days. After it becomes sour it should be filtered or strained and stored in bottles filled full and corked tight. It is said that products of this type are being used as substitutes for vinegar in Austria There appears to be no reason why such a product could not be used in salad and meat dressings with entire satisfaction.
 VINEGAR DON'TS sag E
 l. Don't put the freshly expressed juice into old vinegar kegs or barrels without thoroughly cleaning and scald- ing.
 ?. Don't add mother to freshly pressed juice.
 8. Don't add old mother from the bottom of an old vinegar barrel
 4. Don't put in a cold cellar.
 5. Don't store. in full barrels and expect it to make vinegar.
 G., Don't put in too warm a place CT expose to sunlight in summer to hasten Fermentation.
 '. Don't expose to bright light after adding vinegar.
 S' Don't leave vinegar exposed to the air after it is made.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-09-26
Committee Arrives Safe

The Department of Agriculture an- nounced today the arrival in E sne q a committee of neu familiar production and agricultural or H and activities in the United personnel of the committee C lows: Dr. W. 0. Thompson. president Ohio State Universi bus, Ohio; MT. Carl vrooman secretary of agriculture; MT. R sE son, president Iowa State Cole j1 Az rlculture and Mechanic Ar. Ames, iowa; Mir. T. F. Hunt, director of the ag- rioultural experiment station and dean of me college of agriculture, University of -, SahIornia, Berkeley, California; Mir. D. K CoBer, farmer and member of na- tlonai agricultural advisory committee. Hartseile. $. C.. Mir. William A. Taylor. chief bureau of plant industry, U. $. De- partment of Agriculture; Mir George Nj. hommel' chief animal husbandry divi- sion, bureau of animal industry, U. S Department of Agriculture; Mir. George R, Argo, specialist in cotton business methods, bureau of markets, U S. De- partment of Agriculture; Mir. John F. Wilmeth, administrative, bureau of mar kets. Department of Agriculture
 The committee will secure general in- formation regarding food production conditions in England, France, and AeoiS, oo thdt, WHSii they return, they will be able to reveal the needs more to the leaders of agriculture in the United States and to farmers gen. orally. They will also study agricultur- al problems in England, France and Italy, including the use of machinery and the assignment of labor in farming operations, the live stock situation the depletion of herds and the probable ex- tent to which Europe may call on this country for live stock to repIenish herds, the seed situation and the probabilities of securing supplies from Europe, and simi- lar matters.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-09-26
Scouts Locate Walnut

About 15,000.000 feet of black wal nut timber has been located and it's existence reported to the forest serv- ice bv the Boy Scouts since they were called upon by the President to assist 'he government in locating this timber for gunstoclSs and propeller material, The Boy Scouts send the reports to the forest service. where the information is compiled and then forwarded to the war department. The government it. self Is not buying the walnut but sends out the information to manufac- turers working on government con trartS