davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-10-02
FEW MEN ARE SELF STARTERS.

One advantage Of the war is that it compels to
develop. Few selfstaers capable of pushing them
selves to the limit for indefinite time Dynamic bosses in
time and the vital necessities Of bring out of these
men the possibilities which but for this forcing would
develop great vision great ambition furnishes the
driving force in but in time all under
PRESSURE stimulated, driven compelled to bring
of and latent ability their lives War has
this at least to its credit If the great the resourcef
produced by this conflict find some great stmula
ing task for their newly awakened abilities after the then
shall great things in the generation
, g
The Kaisers hair has grown grey since the began
Probably in the proportion in which his prospects have
grown dark.
BY this time have probably decided that you
like sugar in your coffee anyhow
The fuel administrator gives detailed advice how
to get COAL but neglec to give information
to how we going to pay for it.
However quiet the routine of your life may be-
fail be varied and exciting long
rules different every month.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-10-02
THE NEWS FROM MAINE.
CIT. WAYNE (Ind.) News)

There no installing the significance of Mondays cleo
ton Maine That states salwar Americanism will be
BY specious though appeal and by the pres
dent they calmly and guilty elected republican United
house The republican majority Of 1915 materially in
creased and there s certain st in the tnas
republican ticket Indeed the majority OF Senator Ferald
twice large as that Of Coy Mken Maine recorded
Of local character. It is delightfully."- apparent that the
good people Maine of the opinion decidedly
up stand behind not partisan administration IN
Washington but rather the boys over there and they pro-
ceee to do in very practical and enthusiastic manner
assertions President Marshall others that
the democratic party and that loyalty be
demonstrates very concusve that the people have been
neither hoodwinked coerced by the attempt OF the WASH
and is the casting before Of the coming event Of the
November election.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-10-02
PRIVATE JACKSON CARRIES ON
(By United Press. D

London, Sept, 5. (By Mail. - - -
yate Leonard Jackson left his H1ls,
and his barber shop to go to war.
While he was in France his wife
carried, on the business.
Private Leonard Jackson came
back stone blind and there were those
who said he'd never be able to carry
on his business as a barber.
Nevertheless, he is back in his
shop, awaits his customers with the
same CHEEKY smile, cuts their hair
and shaves their faces just as adroit
.ly as of yore.
.'The thing newly blinded people.
need most, says Private Leonard
Jackson. lis self-confiden
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-10-02
FOR SALE

FOR SALE Hand made stake wagon.
Will sell right. Koors Bros.
slot
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-10-02

One could almost get smile of the German protest
America against the Of the Sawed off shotgun which has
been doing such deadly the hands of the Yankees
The kaiser threatens repsa American prisoners if the
the terors not stopped and informed the United
States He politely told, in reply start anything
along that line for the large part of the German
pres population in custody the allies of which the United
States is potent factor.
Shades Of the Lusaina the bombing defenseess Red
Cross hospitals the butchery of Babes the of Belgium
the and the gamut of crimes ndescribabe
atoms of dsordered brain Again. His Majesty the Kaiser
yelps.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-10-02
WITHOUT BLooDsHED.

During the American operations against Metz German
regiment underwent almost unique experience It
continued fight did just practical thing in surrender
ing The Americans could have mastered starved with
out losing 5E zs@se
It's colonel called the roll and every answered. He
then suggested his captors that his command dis
tressngly complete might well It's organization
and with its officers and marched dsarmed and
under escort the detention The only thing lacking
brass band.
The coup accomplished by Yankee quckness. This
possible by awless transportation facilities and
equipment These things make for bloodess victory And
they cost money
The amount called in the appeal is stupen-
dous. It not Of Have you bought bond? but How
many have you bought?"
umphs Fighting with safetyso far it is possble-im-
proves with organization Death and causuay rates have
shrunk considerably the front We have cent
to per cent.
Money buys gas-masks, ifesaving appliances and hos
pal equipment It's money the lives of boys Don't
weaken, men and women Of Bemid.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-10-02
Want AID DEPT.

Advertisements In this column
cost half cent word per issue, when
paid cash In advance. No ad will
be run for less than 1Oc per issue.
Ads charged on our books cost one
cent word per Issue. No ads run
for less than CSC. .
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-10-02

Subscribers should report any poor
carrier service to this office and steps
will be taken at once to remedy the
trouble. #F
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-10-02

Resolution designated as No. 1876 adj
d Sinking Fund Investment. due from
ss 81 a shs foi
lowing aye and nay vote Ayes: Bag
ley. Gariock. Backus, Phillippi. Barnell.
Groom, Clark. Nays-None. Absent
Resolution designated as No. 1877 au-
thorizing q payment of 33,55s.19 TO the
Sinking Fund by the Revolving Fund.
and payment Of !l.s4s.so e the Sink Uni ];
and declared passed and carried ION the
1 following aye. and nay vote. Ayes
Bagiey. Garlock. Backus. Phillippi.' Bar
Palmer. Benner, Smith. Joanis. 8;
Resolution designated as No. 1913, au-
thorizing the payment Of 81 100000 ana
accrued interest OF $279.15 due on a
Fund to the Revolving Fund was read
and declared passed and carried on the
following aye and nay vote; Ayes
BaEle g.oen eaik PhiDp Bab
sent Palmer. .Benner. Smith, Joanis.
Resolution designated as No. s139 au-
thorizfng a levy on taxable city proper
iious FUNDS was read ana declared pass
nay vote: "Ayes"--BagIey, Garlock,
1sekss PhIll.ppi Gso0a Clark Bar Rsn
ner.7 Smith. Joanis. 1880
BIDS.
Bids on street sweeper. street sprink-
Ter and ffiusher. submitted by the Austin
Western Road Machy Co.. The Elgin Co
ana the Studebaker CO. were read and
upon motion and seconded referred to
the street committee for considerat ion
and Recommendation.
s1gisasllansous.
| Report Of the Board or Tax levy be-
ling read was upon motion and second
approved and accepted. S s3l:sss Il.
Bid of Tom Smart on IS cords of jack
pine wood was read and on motion and
second laid on the table to be taken up
later. 49, 35s # ss{i@ p IS
Municipal court report for week end
/ ing Sept. 10th; showing $500 paid the
city treasurer was read and accepted.
There being no furtAer business II
was moved to adjourn. Adjourned.
Approved.
Attest: GEO STEIN,
| City Clerk
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-10-02
CITY COUNCIL, CITY
or BEMxDJx, sEPw. 10th, 1918.

. Council met at city hall at 8 o'clock
D.. m. quorum being present. meeting
was called to order by Pres. Clark
Roll Cali.
| Upon roll call the following aldermen
IsBackus. Phillippi. Barnell, Groom, Clark.
Absent-Palmers Benner, Smith, Joanis.
y 1Einutss.
Minutes Of the last regular meeting
were read and approved.
The following bills after being audit
ed were upon motion and second allow
|fStreet gang labor. general. ..s....$ 1850
Geo. Berger, labor on wells. 80. 28.13
C. r. Bucklin. labor on hydrants 1000
Joe Hughes, labor on .wells. ~. 5000
L. r. Eckstrum. express charges
meter parts .......8.. 1900. =. 16O
Roberts Hamilton Co. pipe. etc.
water dept. .s...s.E.-. o6.oo
Tom Smart. team work on well
& outfit 100
etc, library -. !. !. :. .. ais
st. Paul Book & Staty Co. books
etc, library J. g. 1.01
brarys :. S. ........ IA SIS
Margaret KLEIN, services library. 1850
Smith ,d. Robinson Co. coal city .oe !,
Jos. Hahn. scavenger w:-i prop iei
erty owners $500. .s....5........ $500
Jas. Berrigan =. !. 1890. 1850
Fred Petrie. board paupers..... $500
police =. !. -. 1900
Jos. Hahn, scavenger work dogs. SIS
Smith. Robinson Lbr Co., mdse.. 200
Street gang, street labor. $780,. 165.00
Tom Ward, jitney hires police
4ss oept. LI.UO
Tom Ward, jitney hires police
ss& dept I1.z0
Frank Croal, catching and dispos-
Ing or dogs ................. $500
service 49,. s. I. !. 2.se
work -. 500
survey acct. water dept ....... 10000
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1918-09-06
FIRST MEMBER OF HERALD STAFF
IS CALLED TO THE COLORS TODAY

then married. Later, upon the re-
classification of registrants, he was
placed in Group C, Glass I, and has
not since been examined.
The management OF The Herald
greatly regrets to lose the valuable
services of Mr. Wilkinson and will
make no arrangements TO flll his
place until he has definitely been nc
cepted for service.
IL he is accepted, Mr.. Wilkinson
will make good soldier in whatever
branch Of the service he is placed. He
is keenly intelligent and having had
previous military experience should
promptly win promotion.
Mrs. Wilkinson, who has made
many friends in the city since coming
here as a bride several months ago.
will return to her former home in
Birmingham, Ala. where she win re-
main until Mr.. Wilkinson is perman-
emily located.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1918-09-06
GOOD MULE COLTS
SELL READILY At
HIGH FIGURE
L. A. GILLESPIE SOLD PAIR OF
FOUR MONTHS OLD MARE
COLTS FOR $4,000.
MANY SOLD FOR $4,000
The Ruling Prices Were From $1,000
To $1oo.oo-About 1000 Colts
Brought to Columbia-Good Two
and Three-Year.olds Sold High.

The first Monday in September has
seen larger number of mule colts
on the streets of Columbia and there
have been times when the colts look.
ed better, but there has never been
time when good mule colts found
buyers more quickly and at such
prices as today.
1t is estimated that there were
about one thousand colts here for sale
but to estimate the amount of sales
would be impossible until after the
close of the business. The prices
ranged from $50 to $3.50 but the rul.
ing prices were from $50 to $500.
Several pairs Of colts sold for 500
each, while Polk Andrews sold one
mare mule colt to Harry Tankersley
for $135. L. A. Gillespie sold two
mare mule colts for $3.50 each. These
colts were considered the toppiest
pair of mules on the streets. One
was black and the other a bay.
The colts weer just few days past
four months and were in excellent
condition. Their dams were Perch
eron mares, and they had transmit
ted their bone and bodies to their
foals.
J. l. Finney sold toppy pair Of
jack mule colts for 500 each. There
were numbers of other sales of like
nature, but it was impossible to Sec
ure the names in the general mix up.
A more complete summing up of the
days business will be published
Tuesday.
The farmers stated that the flies
had been so bad that it was impossi-
BILE to put the colts in first-class con-
diiton. Two-year-olds and over of
the good kind were finding ready
buyers at 5000 and as high as $780,
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1918-09-06
BROTHER L|EUTENANTS
IN ARMY AND NAVY

II was the good fortune of Lieut..
James Walker. U. S. N, and Lieut..
John Walker, u. s. r., to secure their
leaves of absence at the same time
so that both of them are visiting
their old home at Williamsport to-
day. Both of these young men are
graduates of the Columbia Military
Academy and are we'll known in Co
lumbia. They are sons of Mr. and
Mrs. J. r. Walker.
Lieut.. James Walker was a practic-
ins physician at Franklin at the be-
ginning of the war. He made two eff
forts to enter the army, but was re-
jected each time besause of his light
weight. But he finally was accept
ed in the navy and is now a lieuten-
ant, assistant surgeon, with the aerial
division stationed at Pensacola, Ella.
His wife and young son are with
him at Williamsport.
Lieut.. John Walker left Columbia
with an April contingent of drafted
men. He was soon sent to an Off
GERS training school. and has just re-
ceived his commission and bars as a
second lieutenant. He will report to
Camp wadsworth. spartanburg. S. C.,
al the end OF his leave OF absence.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1918-09-06
CHARLES \. FRANKLIN,
MONTE CARLO Tenn.
COLUMBIAN HAS ADAPTED
HIMSELF TO CONDITIONS IN
FRANCE-THANkFUL.

E@4aLn = l9ttl,tt - ~
Charles H. Franklin, of Columbia,
army field clerk with the American
Expeditionary forces, has adapted
himself to conditions lover there" and
is feeling perfectly at home, 'as is
indicated in batch of cheerful news
from "over there" reprinted in the
current issue of The Literary Digest
from The Headquarters Herald, pub
lished by the men at General Head
quarters, A. e. f., somewhere in
France. The following characteristic
information from Columbia's former
wel,-known citizen is given. !
"Mr. Charles H. franklin, of Monte
Carlo and Tennessee. wishes to con-
vey his deep appreciation to the
gents manipulating the spotted cubes
for the donation of the 425-franc bic
ycie which he is now ing.-Advt.
I'll"
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1918-09-06

T. Carl Wilkinson, linotype opera
tor for The Herald, transferred to the
Msury Local Board from the Olean.
N. Y. Local Board, has been called to
entrain with a contingent Of Maufy
county seIectmen between September
3 and for Camp Wheeler. Macon,
Ga, limited service. Mr. Wilkinson
is the first member of The Herald
staff to be called to the colors direct
from this paper. No permanent sue-
cessor to Mr.. Wilkinson will be Sc
cured until he has reported at the
camp and IL has been definitely de-
termined that he will be continued in
tho service He was placed In limited
service because of defective eye
sight. He had formerly been placed
in Glass / BY the 0lean, n. Y. board.
but was not called for service because
of defective vision. Thinking that he
wosId not be called Mr.. Wilkinson
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1918-09-06
BEAUTIFUL YOUNG LIFE !
COMES TO A CLOSE
MISS SUSAN ANGELINA HULL
CALLED TO REWARD FRI. 2.
DAY AFTERNOON. T. y:

Miss Susan Angelina Hull, age, ~,
daughter of J. d. Hull, of Sunnyside.
died Friday Afternoon at 3 O'Clock after
an illness of two weeks. The death
of this beloved young woman was a
painful shock to the community, as It
W1sa thought that she was recovering.
Miss Hull's life was one Of beautiful,
Christian virtues. She was a member
of the Cumberland Presbyterian
church, bright and attractive, and VIII
be missed by all of her relatives and
friends, and the home that she had
frightened since the death Of NOR
mother. She is survived by her faith
ec. two sisters, Mrs. ]. r. Patterson,
Of SInnyside and Mrs. W. E. Blocker,
Of Columbia, two brothers, Nathan
Hull, Company e, 21st Artillery. now
in France, and Bramlette Hull, WHO
resides at home.
Funeral services will be held Satur-
day afternoon at o'clock at the
Cumberland Presbyterian church,
South Main street, by the Rev. J. e!
Hight, assisted by the Rev. S. A.
Sadler Interment in the firmly lot
at Rose Hill cemetery. Ar,ange-
ments by the Maury Undertaking Co.,
r. l.. Cunningham in charge. Pail.
bearers: W. 0. Witherspoon, Jr., Y.
A Wisener, s. r. Armstrong, s. T.
Fraser, Dick Steele. y.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1918-09-06
LOCAL BOARD PRAISES
F. !. j.. AID SHERIFF. { | |: |: \
HAS BEEN OF INVALUABLE AS
SiSTANCE IN HANDLING
MAURY REGiSTRANTS.

Tribute was paid today to the pa
triotism and loyal service of retiring
Sheriff J. Walter Griffin by w. p
Ridley, chairman OF the Local Selec
two Service Board, who stated that
Sheriff Griffin's assistance has been
invaluable.
Sheriff Griffin has been untiring
in his efforts to assist the Local
Board in keeping in touch with regis
tlants and locating delinquents," said
Mr.. Ridley. "Hc has been at our call
a. all times and has been of especial
help in handling the large contingents
of negro draftees. Delinquents and
doserters have been rounded up by
Sheriff Griffin in Maury county in a
way that is probably more complete
than il any other county in the staie.
Without his willing and patriotic 20
operation our task would have been
almost impossible in some instances.
He is deserving of more praise be-
cause of the fact that his services
have been without compensation
when assisting the Local Board
Mr.. Ridley expressed the hope and
belief that Sheriff Griffin's successor
will soon learn the countless duties
connecting his office with the Local
Board and follow the example set by
the retiring sheriff.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1918-09-06

Hastings, manager, with the entire
force and Mrs WILKINSON as the au-
diGlce. Mr., Hastings declared that
il was the hope of every nan on The
Taper that the watch would never
stop ticking until Mr.. WiH4inson has
,llalnSdvWompleto thelajoba of, linRing
the kaiser Mr.. Wilkinson replied
in appropriate words, expressing his
best wishes for the personal prosper
lily of each of his associates.
He will leave Tuesday morning at
9;20 with the contingent of limited
service Selectmen ordered to Camp
Wheeler, Macon, Ga.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1918-09-06

County Court Clerk Arch W. Lips
comb was kept so pusy today admin
istering the oath to the other Off
Gals elected at the last election that
he did not find time to qualify him
self for the next four years of his
office.
He administered the oath to Judge
Mcknight. and Judge Mcknight ad
ministered the oath to J. T. Anderson
J. Ross Burns took the oath Of Of,
flee as trustee. and executed a per
sonal bond il the sum of $504,000
His deputy, Davis Mitchell, enteerd
upon the duties of the office tosetil-
or with Mr.. Burns. Deputy Trustee
Cathey will be in the office for a
few days giving the new incumbents
instructions, while retiring trustee
John w. Addison will spend few
days resting up from the labors Of
four years. The bond executed by
Mr. Burns is one of the largest per-
sonal bonds ever executed by an
official and is an evidence of the
popularity of the county's new trus'
tee.
G. X. Houser was indicted into
the office of sheriff to succeed Sheriff
j.: W. Griffin, by taking the oath and
executing a personal bond of S2O,0Op.
The oath was administered by Clerk
Lipscomb. Sheriff Houser assumed
the toga of the office with ease and
alacrity.- $500 -
Sheriff Griffin has been in the har'
ness for four strenuous years and
will take a much needed rest for a
few days after which he will likely
enter the insurance game in Column
bia and Maufy county,
Sheriff Houser has moved his fam
lily into the. residence of the Jail and
will act for the present as his own
taller and tasnkey
J. J. Pogiie, more familarly known
as Jim Buck" is now the recorder ct
your deea& Mr.. Pogue will have as
sociated with him his daughter, Miss
Mary Pogue and one of his sons will
also be connected with the office a
portion of the time. Mr.. Pogue exc
I. bon5 for &1S SO0
Sam ]. Taylor. VINO has held the
office for the past eight years win
retire to his farm. near Theta and viii
devote his time. to raising food stes
Uncle Sans soldiers aae his allies.
Nudge 1. T. Mcknight a bond for
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1918-09-06
SLIGHT FALLING OFF
IN REALTY TRANSFERS
MORTGAGES ALSO SHOW SMALL
Err ToTAL-MARRiA6E L.
- cENSEs INCREASE.

Realty transfers and mortgages reg
istered showed a slight falling off in
August as compared with the same
month of last year. Last month the
total realty transfers as shown by the
records of County Court Clerk Arch
W. Lipscomb was s2S5,90O as COM
pared with s99S,6So in August. 1917;
and mortgages totaled $4,000 as COM
pared with $1O1,950 in August, 1917.
There was a slight increase in
Ifhe number of marriage licenses, 10
being issued during the last month
as compared with 81 in August year
ago. The iliefSase was in the num-
her OF colored couples.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1918-09-06

$4,000 and entered upon the dis
charge of his second term under oath
administered by Clerk and Master
Mora B. Fariss.
Clerk Lipscomb administered oaths
to the following Justices of the Peace.
-e'.:. 3. Sowelf and a: II. Forgey, dis
trict number one; c. " Hull and w
L. Goaf district number two; Kelly
Farriss, A, l.. Dcrryborry and John
NJ. Davis, district number three; J. H
Hardison and C. l.. Harris, district
number four; c. H. Denton and ]. A
Digger, district number five; r. H.
Swami and A. r. Matthews, district
number six: A. M. Harlan and Joe 7.
Wilkes, district number eight; John
Carr, r. H. Guest and T. M. Jones,
district number nine; H. E. Akin, dis
.trict number ten. These officers ex
ecuted $500 bonds each.
Justices elect and not qualified Al
the time the list was copied: c. S
Jackson, F. M. Ricketts, and c. C
Ross, district number 7: Hugh Lee
Webster, district number nine and J.
C. Taylor, district number ten.
The following constables executed
$4,000 bonds each and had the oaths
administered to them: Neal Prinin
w. M. Fitzgerald, H.. B. Pugh, A. A.
Moore, Robert Benderman, w. S.
Lentz w. ]. Goad, M. M. Butts and
I. S. Green.
The County Board of Education
composed of ID. w. Shofner, Il. ID.
Hunter Jackson Haywood, w. ]. Rus
sell and Miles Murphy. The board
met imediately after being sworn
into service and organized by the
election of w. ]. Russell as chairman.
Quite a number of the district ad
vsory board members came in and
received their certificates Of election
and oath of office.
Some of the officials who were ell
ected to the offices for which there
is no salary attached kicked consii
erably when they were called upon
to plank down the fee, but Clerk
Lipscomb told them that there was no
other alternates. These fees all go
to the county and the clerk has no
say in the matter, was the answer
invariably given by Clerk Lipscomb.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1918-09-06
Ugh! CalomeI Sickens;; SaIivates!
Please Try Dodson's Liver Tone
ann sincere! MY medicine does not upset liver
and bowels so you lose days work.

Calomel loses you a dayl You
know what calomel is. It's mer-
curry; quicksilver. Calomel is dam
gerous. 1t crashes into sour bile
like dynamite, cramping and sick
ening you. Calomel attacks the
bones and should never be put into
your system.
When you feel bilious, sluggish,
constipated and all knocked out and
believe you need a dose of dangerous
oalomel just remember that your
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1918-09-06

druggist sells for a few cents large
bottle of Dodson's Liver Tone, which
is entirely vegetable and pleasant to
take and is a perfect substitute for
ealomel. 1t is guaranteed to start
your liver without stirring you up
inside, and can not salivate. . q
Don't take calomel! It makes you
sick the next day; it loses you days
work. Dodson's Liver Tone straight
ems You right up and You feel great.
Give it to the children as we'll
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1918-09-06
SIMMONS TAKES MORE
PAY ON VIRGINIA JOB

Francis Simons, who had accepted
the appointment as county agricultur-
al agent in Maury county, has recall
ed his acceptance with the statement
that he has been appointed to similar
work at higher salary in Virginia
J. M. Dean, district agent, stated this
morning that this is but another in
stance to show the difficulty in Sec
uring competent men with the money
available in this county. He will
make another effort to secure suit
able man for the place here.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1918-09-06
HERALD FORCE PRESENTS
WATCH TO WILKINSON
DEPARTING SELECTMAN CON-
PLlMENTED BY HIS ASSO-
GATES SATURDAY..

In appreciation Of their association
with him, members of The Herald
force Saturday Afternoon presented r.
Carl Wilkinson, first white man cali
ed in the selective service from this
paper, With a beautiful wrist watch.
The presentation was made by w. ID.