davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1918-06-20
GERMANS USlNG GAS
Are Busy Smelling American Posi-
tons on the Marne.
In the Region East OF Chateau Thier
~ the Foe Artillery Fire 10
Growing Hotter.

With the American Forces on the
Malne. June 19.---Gas Is being used
by the Germans on this front to a
greater extent than they have done
heretofore. The Bots de Belleau
came In for its share. but the Ameri-
can lines remain intact In spite OF the
gas and other shells.
An American patrol crossed the riv
er Marne east Of Chateau Thierry and
at once established contact with the
Germans. After an exchange of shots,
the Americans recrossed the river
safely by means of boats.
A heavy rain BEGAN falling. There
also has been ar increase In the ar
tillery aerial activity along the Marne
front, but the infantry has not been
engaged In the last twenty-four hours.
The enemy artillery fire In the sec
ton east of Chateau Thierry has
been increasing for some time and the
American Are has increased proper.
tionately. The Germans started to
construct a foot bridge across the
Marne at this point. but were dis.
covered and abandoned the attempt
even before the American machine
gunners on the bank could get into
action.
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1918-06-20
HAVE THE BINDER READY

Harvest time is soon at hand.
Every grain of wheat now grow
ing should be saved for food.
Therefore every farmer with a
field Of wheat should take to
heart these nine succinct bits of
advice by the State Safety Com.
mission.
/. Remember that grain can.
not be cut with a worn or brok.
en- sickle.
2. Order repairs before har.
vest time--it saves time and
money.
3. Do not attempt to run the
binder with badly worn and torn
canvases.
4. Do not give the machine an
oil bath at the beginning of the
season and expect that to be suf.
ficient.
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1918-06-20

Minnesota stamped it's approx
al of loyalty Monday. 1t has
been many day since there was
so thorough campaign waged as
was the one by the N0n-Partisan
League before the primaries. 1t
was almost a house to house can
vass. One big surprise was
right here at home our old
good township Of Partridge -
Lindbergh receiving SO votes.
And these votes were given to
the man who wrote the book,
why is Our Country at War"
We suggest that he write an
other book entitled, why was
q Candidate for GOVERNOR and
he might reveal something. Par
fridge also gave IA votes to Jas.
Peterson for u. S. Senator. This
is nothing to be proud Of when
we consider that we have the OPP
portunity to vote for man like
Knute Nelson. However it
might be case of many Of the
voters not being familiar with
the candidates. Compared with
other precincts Of the county our
percentage Of votes for Nelson
and Burnquist was high, but the
best is none too good these days.
Women of Pine County did not
demonstrate that they are very
DESTROYS Of securing equal suf-
frage as only a small vote was
registered by them. however it
was bigger than in former
years.
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1918-06-20

Askov's Roll of Honor


CHRISTENSEN. KONRAD
Troop r. II Cavalry.
Camp Fort Oglethorp. Ga.
Ambulance Co. 1874 mo. 1 Iowa..
103 Sanitary Train. 81 Dist.
Camp Cody. N. M.
305 Field Artillery. Bat. b. A. e. F..
Co. II. SO Reg. Fort Smelling. MINI.
FREDERIKsEN. CHR.
Co. II. 36 Reg. Fort Smelling. MINI.
HANSEN. MARTIN c.
Co. u, ala Eng. Camp Dodge. Iowa.
HANSEN. JENs c. J.
25th Eng. Co. r.
A. Il. F.. via New York.
HERMANSEN. PETER
Co. l.. Gil Inf. 9Th Div. A. E. r.
INGEMANsFN. CHRISTIAN
Address unknown.
JACOBSEN. RICHARD p.
list Glass Sergeant,
squadron. t. s. Army. E1peditionp.
airy Forces. via New York.
JACOBSEN. THoRvALD
16l Aero Squadron.
A. Il. f.. via New York.
JACOBSEN. ANTON c.
ard Recruit Co. Eng. Unassigned.
Fort VIM. Mckinley,
Rial. Philippine Islands.
JENSEN. AXEL A.
Co. X. 53rd T.. $. Inf.
Regular Camp. Wadsworth. s. c.
JENSEN, HARALD T..
Base Hospital. FIT. Sill, Okla.
JENSEN. THORvALD
Go. d. l35 Inf. Camp Cody. N. M.
JOHNSON. GUST
Co. ID, i35 Inf. Camp Cody. N. NJ.
JOHNSON. JOSEPH N.
Co. G. 1O9 Am. Train.
Camp Cody. n. NJ.
JoRGENsEN. CARL c. F.
10 Tr. BIN. 40 Bat.
157 Depot Br. Camp Gordon. Ga.
KII.sTOFTE. ERODE p.
Room 619. Elgin Hotel,
sth and Hennepin Ave-,
Minneapolis, MINI.
SERGEANT HELGE b. KIrSTOFrE
Co. d. b9sth Engrs.. Service B'n.,
Camp Dodge. iowa.
KRANTZ. JOHN
Co. Is. Casual Det.. A. s. S. c.
Vancouver. Wash.
LARSEN. CHARLEY
Co. 337, NJ. G. BIN.
Camp Dodge. Iowa.
LAURSEN. Regt. Sgt. Major N. C.
Hdds. 342 Field Artillery, seth Div.
American Expeditionary Forces.
MEHR. LUDWIG
Co. NJ. $50 Inf.. Camp Dodge. Iowa.
MII.TERSEN. PETER
Rat tor ~ II
A. II. f.. via New York.
MoLBy. AAGE NJ.
~ M"E E. &C. Co. VIA :; II New En gnrF.
MoRTENsEN. A.
"A Co.. Bird Prov. Regt..
care OF New York Postmaster.
Santo Domingo City, d. r..
MOSBEK. BERNHARD
80 Aero Squadron.
Rich Field. Waco. Texas.
MOSBEK. EINAR
18th rr. Bn.. r. 4. r. d.
Hg. Supply Sect.
Camp Jackson, vs.. c.
NIELSEN, pEDER
=: s. n; Rifle Range, End Reg. Col.
camp Logan. Zion City. III.
NIELSEN. JENs PETER
IA french Mortar Battery,
Camp Funstun. kans.
NISSEN., OLE
Med. Dept. Field No. 2, Post Hosp.
Hampstead. Long Island, N. Y.
PETERSEN. CHR. NJ.
End Co. p. NJ, Camp Dodge, Iowa.
PETERSEN. -vALDEMAR
16l Aero Squadron.
A. L. F.. via New York
RASMUSSEN. JENs NJ.
care OF New York Postmaster,
I. $. ship South Carolina.
RASMUSSEN. r,
Co. A, LIST Bin. Goth Eng,
Forestry n. A. =
A. +. f.. via New York.
RASMUSSEN. HERLUF
40 Aero Squadron. Selfridge Field
Mount Clemens. Mich.
SlMONSGAARD. NIELS p.
90 Field Hospital,
A. r.. +. Via New York.
STOvRING. SIGuRD
Co. A. 33S NJ. G.. B'n.
Camp Dodge. Iowa.
SoRENSEN. CARL T..
3and Co. Sth Bat, 166th Depot Fri
Camp Lewis, Wash.
THOMSEN. WALTER
Co. G, 10th Eng.
A. Il. f., via New York
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1918-06-20
MONEY ASKED FOR BARGES
Railroad Administration Asked -:
100000.

Washington, June lS.--The rail-
road administration has been asked
to expend ss,o0o,O0o in establishing
boat lines and barge service on the
Mississippi river. Development OF the
vast waterway was urged AZ a war
necessity to Judge A. C. Prouty, Of
the railroad administration. by rep.
resentatives OF cities In the Missis.
slppi valley. II was declared i'm.
provement Of the -.ver would inca 4
a reduction Of 10 per cent Of the war
burden On middle western railroads,
II is proposed to run boats and harg.
es from st. Louis to the gulf for
shipment. ard la'cr to extend feeder
tnes to Kansas city. Minneapolis.
DAD Cincinnati
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1918-06-20
PRODUCTIVE OCCUPATIONS
FOR ABLE.BODIED MEN

The National Work or Fight"
law now has the approval of
President Wilson, and compels
all able-bodied men between the
ages Of Is and SO years to en-
gage in a productive occupation
for specified number of hours
each week. Minnesota has some
thing Of a proprietary interest in
the new law, as the Enlist or
Work" movement was instituted
in this state by Major John d.
Yost. Recruiting Officer for the
Minnesota District.
Municipalities within the state
were quick to take up the move
ment and within few weeks
several cities had ordinances
spread on their books legalizing
the move. The State Public
Safety Commission followed up
the movement by issuing an or
der which gives the entire state
a Work or Fight" law and
makes it obligatory on the part
of peace officers to seek out i'd
lers. So far the following states
have enacted similar laws, Mary
land. West Virginia, New York,
New Jersey. Delaware. So. Da-
kota and Minnesota and legisla-
ton of a like nature is pending
in at least,a dozen other states.
The working out Of the new
law will mean subordination of
all industry to war work and the
building up Of the United States
armies. Thousands Of industrial
plants in the country engaged on
government contracts and war ac-
tivities are in need of men, both
skilled and unskilled. The Re-
gular Army can absorb addition
al thousands and can train them
into fighting men in far shorter
time than men can be trained at
National Army environments.
The plan is to take from 80 to
SO per cent of a regiment in raw
recruits and train the men along
side of experienced soldiers.Such
recruits are ready for overseas
service in two to three months.
All branches of Army service
are open at the present time, and
excellent opportunities are af-
forded men to advance. Me-
chanics and skilled workmen are
in great demand. Regardless of
a mans occupation he can find
the same line Of work in one or
another branches of the service.
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1918-06-20
Cavalry for Border Service.

Washington, juno 19.--Six national
guard cavalry regiments now being
raised In Texas will be indicted into
the Federal service Immediately up
on their organization. for service on
the Mexican border. Major General
Carter. chief OF the militia bureau
disclosed this plan in discussing the
matte nal guard before the senate mil
itary committee. In all some 5000
men have been enlisted in the new
national guard and $4,000 more are
wanted.
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1918-06-20
Colored Registrants to be Given
Technical Training.

Nearly $4,000 Negro soldiers
are now in the National Army.
Of these 1000 are line officers
holding commissions of captain
and first and second lieutenants.
There are about $50 colored off,
GERS in the Medical and Dental
Reserve Corps.
The Army now includes two
divisions of colored troops,
which when fully constituted will
include practically all branches
of the service: Infantry, Engi-
neer. Artillery. Signal Corps, Me-
deal Corps, and service batta-
lions with men technically
trained in all branches of scien-
tific work.
There are now openings in the
Veterinary Corps for Negroes
skilled in veterinary and agri-
cultural work. Arrangements
have been completed to send Ne
groes registered but not yet
called to schools and colleges this
summer for training in radio en-
cheering. electrical engineering.
auto mechanics. blacksmithing.
and the operation of motor ve-
hicles.
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1918-06-20

Farmers-There is no easier 1r
cheaper way of selling stock or
anything else on the farm, than
by using the American Want Col
umn; 5 cents a line.
Time is money. Save time by
using the American Want Col.
umn.
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1918-06-20
STEPS TO FoMENT STRIKE
Reduction Of Broad Ration Displeases
German People,

London. June ia movement IL
a.oot In Germany for the organization
Of strikes because OF the decreased
bread ration. says u dispatch to the
Central News from Amsterdam.
The situation Is so serious. II Is
stated. that Socialist trade unions
have considered 1t necessary to warn
the workers. bat the latter have taken
no notice Of the warning.
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1918-06-20

You ought to know what the
county is doing. The American
will tell you.
The American covers the larp.
est field of any newspaper in
Pine County.
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1918-06-20

S. Oil all bearings frequently,
using a little oil each time.
6. Protect your machine from
the weather, it will work better
and last longer.
Z. Keep the tool box equipped
for making emergency repairs.
8. Get an instruction book on
your binder from the manufac-
turer and study it.
8. Test the machine in the
field before the harvest crew is
assembled.
Every binder that breaks down
on the job is Stacker, and this
is no year for slackers. mechani-
cal or human.
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1918-06-20

Photographs. drawings and de.
scriptions Of bridges, buildings
towns and localities now occu.
pied by German forces, in France
Belgium and Luxembourg, are in
great demand by .llc War De-
partment. The Commission OF
Public Safety has been requested
to aid the Government in pro.
curing a large quantity of such
material. also Photographs, draw.
ings and other descriptive mater.
ial relating to that part of Ger
many lying west Of the line run
ming north and south thru Ham.
burg.
All persons possessing such
material are urged to contribute
it for war purposes, as it will be
of great use to the Government.
1t should be sent by parcel post
or express to Col. A. B. Coke,
1856 18th Street, Washington, d.
c. Picture postcards are in
Guided in the illustrations de-
sired.
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1918-06-20
Sweden VIII Furnish Ships.

London. JuEe 19--The United States
and the Allies have reached an agree
ment with Sweden by which they OBJ.
tain 100000 tons OF Swedish shipping.
Official announcement to this effect
was made here.
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1918-06-20

Miss Marion l.. Davies. a graduate
OF the University OF Wisconsin, Is
one OF the first women to be appoint
ed examiner under the federal trade
commission. She Is doing research
work in the congressional library. in
vestigatlng facts about the manufac.
ture OF various articles. She has
brought to the work two years exper-
fence In a secretarial job with the
commission and before that she was
reporter.
The Fulton County news. [volume] (McConnellsburg, Pa.) 1899-current, 1918-11-21
Ernest Leroy Myers.

Ernest Leroy Myers, a resident
of this county, died at Maymort,
Wayne county, Pa, November
8, 1918, from bronchial pneumo-
MIA.
Mr.. Myers was born May 2,
1880, hence was SO years, 6
months and 7 days old. Inter
ment was made in the cemetery
at Knobsville, November 10th.
He was a member of the M. f.
Church for several years. He is
survived by his mother, Mrs.
Isabella Myers and seven sisters,
namely: Mrs. Annie E. Moore,
Patterson, N. j.; Mrs. Minnie
Brubaker, Altoona; Mrs. Eta
Kerlin, Mrs. Clara Hamil, Mrs.
Maude Owens, of Knobsville;
Mrs. Lucy Finiff, Fort Littleton
and Mrs. Amy Billou, of Hagers.
town.
The Fulton County news. [volume] (McConnellsburg, Pa.) 1899-current, 1918-11-21
MCOnBelIsburg Schools
Go "0yer The TOp."

Many windows of our town are
showing this card: Victory
Boys" or Victory Girls" This
means that a boy or girl has
pledged to earn and give" five
dollars by April first, which
amount we'll help make up the
War Fund of our recent drive.
Twenty pledges. five dollars
each, were made by the High
School; eleven, by the Gram
mar School; and three, by the In
termediate. This means the
High School boys and girls will
earn, and give, $lG0. The Gram
mar School $55, and the Inter-
mediate $l4 making total Of
$l70. $40 IS was also contribu-
ted by the smaller pupils for the
War Chest.
If you have any extra chores,
ask the wearers of the Victory
buttons. They will help you
out.
The Fulton County news. [volume] (McConnellsburg, Pa.) 1899-current, 1918-11-21
Lucky Hunter.

A few turkeys were dragged"
the ope,ing day of the season,
and one of the lucky ones was
II. Ii. Walters, who carried 90
ID. one home Friday. He and
his wife and daughter Marian,
Henry Barton and wife, N. b
Hlxson and wife, son Veryl,
daughter Elizabeth; Blame Hix-
son and wife, son John, daughter
Mary; Louise DAVIS, Goldie Bar
ton; James, Barton, Morton,
Renford, Mark, and George Hix'
son each par took of the fowl and
the other dainties prepared bv
Mrs Walter which were served
with IT.
The Fulton County news. [volume] (McConnellsburg, Pa.) 1899-current, 1918-11-21
WELLS TANNERY.

Union Thanksgiving services
will be held IN the Wells Valley
Nj. h church IN the evening Of
Than ksgiving Day, Thursday,
Nov. 20 At no time IN the his
tory OF our townships is a meet
ing more essential. Come and
thank God for the many blessings
showered upon US during the past
year.
Mr.. and Mrs. Harrison Horton
entertained q number OF their
friends at q wild turkey dinner
last Sunday.
Mrs. Il A. Horton is visiting
her native home IN Ohio.
Mr.. and Mrs. Joe Horton, with
the Denisar family and Mr.. and
Mrs Charles Reese OF Altoona,
enjoyed a wild turkey dinner last
Sunday.
Mrs Bessie Cham berlain Is
suffering with pneumonia
Ms. A. S. Greenland con
tinues IN a critical condition.
Mr.. aud Mrs W. L. Sprowl
entertained thirty one OF their
friends last Saturday. They en-
joyed splendid wild turkey DIN
uer.
Mr.. and Mrs. Mulhulan, Of
Johnstown, were the guests Of
Mr.. and Mrs. W. l.. Mosby, part
OF last week.
The Fulton County news. [volume] (McConnellsburg, Pa.) 1899-current, 1918-11-21

James Sharp and daughter,
Miss Verda, of Dott, were Nc
Connellsburg visitors last Wed
nesday.
Miss Mildred Mock of this
place, left for Philadelphia last
Saturday, where she will remain
indefinitely.
There will be communion SER
vices at the Big Cove Tannery
Lutheran church next Sunday
morning at 1890. Services at
the Lutheran church in McCon-
nellsburg in the evening at 7
o'clock.
Emery Lauver superintendent
of one of the Cambria Steel Co.
mills at Johnstown, came back a
few days ago and invested some
of his spare cash in the "old
homestead" near Big Cove Tan
merry.
Miss Olive Lodge, whose school
at Earlston had been closed on
account of the Flu epidemic, for
the past six weeks, was notified
that the ban had been removed
and she left for Everett last Sat-
urday.
Bub Sharp, who has been visit
ing relatives and friends in the
lower end of the county the past
month, purposes returning to his
duties in Montana in a couple
weeks. Bub was one of the
guests at his brother Henry's
wedding at Hotel Harris, We'd
nesday.
The Fulton County news. [volume] (McConnellsburg, Pa.) 1899-current, 1918-11-21
Soldiers Memorial Service.

The soldiers Memorial Service
for Fulton County will be held
Saturday Nov. 30, 1918 at 2 p. m.
in the Presbyterian Church, Nc
Connellsburg, Pa.
This service is in honor of those
who have died while serving their
country. The principal address
will be delivered by the Rev. Ed
ward Jackson, McConnellsburg,
Pa.
Seats will be reserved for the
immediate relatives Of the deceas-
ed soldiers. For reserved seat
tickets apply to Rev. W. V. Grove,
Chairman of Committee of ar
rangements, McConnellsburg, Pa.
The Fulton County news. [volume] (McConnellsburg, Pa.) 1899-current, 1918-11-21
A Man HuGter.

Mr.. P. B. Drumm an employ
ment agent of the Cambria Steel
Co., of Johnstown, who has been
staying at the Harris House dur
ing the past three weeks, will
leave for home Saturday or Sun
day, after having had a pleasant
visit in Fulton County. MIR.
Drumm says he believes he is
more successful as a hunter of
men, than many of the city men
who come to hunt for rabbits or
turkeys. All indications are that
Mr.. Drumm will take quite a
nun ber of Fulton County boys
back with him to help make
farming and auto machinery,
parts, and to make plates to
fioish Uncle Sans ships. The
Cambria Steel Company have
changed already from war ma
terial to commercial lines, and
have orders to keep them busy
for the next two years.
Mr.. Drumm will be pleased to
see his old friends, and new ones
before he leaves the Harris House.
Lots of men will be able to save
enough to buy a car when spring
farm work opens up again, as
wages are good at the steel mills.
The Fulton County news. [volume] (McConnellsburg, Pa.) 1899-current, 1918-11-21
SWIFT & co.
Large Part Of War Earnings Expected to Disap-
pear When Prices Begin to Go Down.

pear When Prices Begin to Go Down.
Boston-Sw Co.. have prepared reply to the accusations
the Federal Trade Commission filed with Senate committee
on September 28.
The company states that in its whole consideration of profits
the Federal Trade Commission fails realize that the profits
by the packers profits that have actually appeared
the form of cash. but largely book profits tied nven-
tory which will undoubtedly disappear in large when p
begin to 90 Even if the lasts five longer and
drop prices does until e the loss will be just
real.
For the meat and byprduc departments which are subject
to the per cent limitation of profits the statement continues the
of approximately 81 times 1T must be
remembered that part the consists of bypoduc which
slowly that of the beef cured and sated and large
portion of pork products consists of cured products which move
very slowly and that the sale strictly fresh meat takes
some for the money the companys Golfers after
the actual sale is made.
THE commission says that the packers profit of onequarter
of per pound beef S. ton compared to
% per profit COAL AS matter of fact
quality of beef worth wholesale at present about $780,
whereas of anthracite coal tdewaer worth only about
I$ Compare S. profit 40O sale with % cent profit
81 SALE The beef profit only about II cent coal profit
81 per cent.
I'm 1917 Swift Co. filled 80 00 600 orders of all products
with total of about 200 600 600 items large part of which had
be weighed and wrapped separately while coal delivered in
carlots or ton lots"
Answering the charge that have agreed them
upon division of livestock receipts the maxi
mnm and minimum weekly percentages Of cattle purchases made
during the year Sept l. 1917 to Sept 1918 follows:
The Fulton County news. [volume] (McConnellsburg, Pa.) 1899-current, 1918-11-21
Closing Of The School Auditorium.

An unfortunate misapprehen-
sion has gone abroad concern
ing the relationship of the Ful-
ton County Ministerial Associa
ton to the closing of the McCon
nellsburg School Auditorium.
II Is true that action of the
Ministerial Association is In.
directly responsible for the
sudden and drastic action Of
the State Authorities IN the
N after. But 1t is not according
to the facts In the case, that the
MINISTER'S made complaint to the
State Authorities or that there
was the slightest thought or IN
teution of bringing about the
closing OF the room by the State
or by ybody else.
TO go back little. The steps
taken by the ministers IN amen
tlroly altruistlc spirit were these:
al one Of the meetings. the safety
of the building was raised for
IL formal discussion. The
unanimous opinion OF those
present was, that in the in
terests of community safety
some move ought TO be made.
Accordingly a committee was
appointed for the purpose OF
taking up the matter with the
Borough School board, In the
hope that some arrangement
might be made in the near fu
ture for an additional exit in cas- @
of a panic.
This committee was courte'
ously received and heard by
the School Board. Their In
formal reply was essentially
this. "The building plans were
approved by the State, How
ever, we as a Board, are at the
service of the people, and If you
gentlemen will secure a petltlon
asking for the proposed modlt
cations largely signed by the
taxpayers, we will be glad to dc
what we can IN the matter. "
AT the next regular meeting
OF the ministers 1t was thought
best to plan for a public meeting
on the matter with the thought
OF arousing public sentiment
aud that Information might be
secured from those who had
made a study Of the matter in
volved and with the hope OF Sc
curing some expert suggestions
az to practicable plan for in-
creaslng safety, the following
resolution was passed.
Resolved that the Secretary
be instr ucted to write to the De-
partment Of Public Instruction,
sending an approximate plan OF
the Public School Building oil
McConnellsburg, Pa asking for
an opinion as to the safety OF
such q bui dug IN case OF fire.
The State Board of Education
repaled through their assistant
secretary, II have referred your
communication to the Depart
! ment of Labor and Industry,
The Fulton County news. [volume] (McConnellsburg, Pa.) 1899-current, 1918-11-21
DIFF. between

from whom, no doubt, you will
hear direct within the next
few days" The question which
you raise in your letter is in re-
gard to a safety standard and
fire risk, aud for that reason we
are referring the matter to the
Depar tment of Labor and In.
dustry." The Ministerial AS.
scciatlon received no reply
from the latter Department,
but instead learned indirectly Of
the visit and ruling of the In
spector.
Committee.