davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-09-23
TEUTONS STRUT INPETR0CRAD
WITHRUSSIANHER BEGGING

There are other war prisoners
along the Nevsky. Nine out of 10 Of
them are on crutches. Some of them
are without feet or hands and are
Obliged to jump about like crabs, beg
ging aims. l have seen these fat
Prussians and Brandenburgers stop
near these human crabs, and putting
heavily on their cigars, hand aims to
the crippled beggars Then7l have
talked to these Russian war. prisoners,
who have just returned from captiv-
ity. I have heard their stories OF
suffering, hunger, insults and humll-
iations. They were treated like cat
tie, harnessed to wagons and rlows
by the German junkers in the fields.
And In the concentration camps many
died of of hunger, r,-quietly, silently,
unnoticed Many died while going
about their work. They died in their
dirty hunks, or on dirty piles OF
straw, which would have repelled a
cow. And they we're all animated by
one thought--to flee from the Ger
man nightmare. Not mpny were sue
cessful. Most of them were recaptur-
ed, at the very frontier.
And now, at last, they were per-
mitted to return. They have return
ed not because of the Brest peace, but
because they were no longer of use to
neither friend nor foe. They have
returned to their fatherland. And all
are animated by the same thought,
by the same doubt:
1--WE seem to be of no use around
here" they say. They seem to Je in
the way. They have acquired rheu-
matism in the trenches, and have Civ
en- their blood for Russia. But why
did they return? Was it worth while
to come back for the pleasures of get
ting dirty rouble bill from that fat,
sleek PrussianI ~-- %. -.a=
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-09-23
DEFECTIVE STEERING GEAR
CAUSES AUTO COLLISION:
WOMAN'S SCALP IS CUT

b A most peculiar and at the same
time unavoidable accident late Sat
urday afternoon, resulted from an
auto driven by Rube Miller crashing
into a Ford standing in front OF
Schroeder,s' grocery at the intersec-
ton Of Fourth street and Minnesota
avenue Mrs. Rena Wolfe of Guthrie,
wife Of Robert Wolfe of Guthrie was
standing on the walk talking to-Mrs.
Fred Wolfe, also Of Guthrie, who was
seated in the car.
Eastward on Fourth street came a
big powerful car driven by Mr.. Mil
ler. He swung around the traffic post
southwark and started for the west
side Of Minnesota avenue to get on
the fright side Of the road" when his
steering gear refused to work and he
rammed hard into the Wolfe Ford.
The impact forced the car hard
against Mrs. Robert Wolfe on the
walk, knocked her to the concrete
walk and severely bruised and cut
her scalp high on her forehead. DR..
e. w. Johnson was called and convey
ed her away for care. !,
The left side of. the Ford was liter
ally crushed like an egg. The fender
was bent and twisted, the tool box
was caved in and the left rear wheel
was torn from its axle. The car was
otherwise damaged.
In the damaged car at the time Of
the mishap were Mrs. Fred Wolfe
and her granddaughter, Vira Wolfe,
who was sitting at the wheel
Mr.. Miller was the most excited
person in the crowd which gathered.
He felt the accident keenly and order
ed the damaged car to a garage to be
repaired and did everything in his
power to adjust the result of the un-
fortunate occurrence.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-09-23
By JOSEPH sHAPLEN.
(United Press Correspondent.


New York, Sept. 23.-One meets
imposing military figures on the New
sky Prospect in Petrograd these days.
They would be all right, if they
were all Russian. Here, for example,
are tall guards of the Regiment OF
Marie Louise 1t will be remembered
that these were the German warriors
who at the battle of Goldingen, TAX
ing off their tall, heavy boots, beat It
into nearby woods, and when
caught by the Russians and brought
into the Russian lines nearly died OF
fear for their ultimate fate.
Here are some Deaths Head Hus-
sars from Danzig, the pitiable re-
mains Of a whole regiment cut into
pieces by the Mini Novgorod boys of
Prince Bebutoff Further ahead you
meet some Halberstadt hussars, Pom
eranian uhlans, Bavarians, Branden-
burg grenadiers and, finally, Hunga-
rian hussars in red head dresses, re-
mains of some of the great cavalry
battles fought earlier in the war.
All these can be met on the Nevsky.
They are dressed as If preparing for
parade. White and blue uniforms,
as new as If they had just left the
tailor. An expression of self satisfac-
tion and brazeness is on their faces.
The Prussian cheeks seem to be bob
bing up and down with fat and a
sense of their Importance.
Who are they? Conquerors2 No,
they are merely prisoners of war, cap
tured in the days when the Russian
army was still an army.-before the
cancer of bolshevikism ate away its
heart But their attitude is that of
the Hindenburgs and Mackensens.
They seem to pose for statues Of Mars.
The bright rays of the sun play upon
their elaborately gilded uniforms.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-09-23
JOHN SCOTT MAKES
SUCCESS AS FARMER

Last March, John Scott, young
colored man. was janitor of the Com
mercial club, salary, small. He has
family--a good family and a young
son who goes to school and does odd
jobs in spare time. The father has
been Liberty Bond Duyer. The son
also is bond buyer, with his saw
ings. Mr.. Scott resigned his posi-
tion. In April he rented some land
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-09-23

three miles west of Bemidji and went
to farming.
The proceeds from the hay paid for
his land rental. r.E
Tonight Mr.. Scott will finish dig
ging his potatoes. He planted 35
acres and from the land will have be-
tween $500 and 1000 bushels. From
one nine-acre patch he dug between
275 and 800, bushels to the acre.
A few days ago Mr.. Scott came to
Bemidji and brought several bushels
Of his potato crop. Chief Of Police
Essler thrust one hand into sack
and grabbed the first potato he came
to and brouPnt it into the Pioneer
office, 1t was weighed at Netzer''s
store and pulled the scales at one
pound and eight ounces. And 1t
wasn't the largest in the sacks by any
means. ~s. @.. .. a#5
That's the kind of stuff John Scott
is made Of. ... u..yss... ---,.-... (
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-09-23
FORMER RESIDENT CRITICAL.

Mrs. J.. J. Conger has received a,
letter from Miss Hattie Halderman of
Roseburg, Ore.,s stating that her
mother, who is well known here. was
seriously i'll and not expected to re-
cover. She is 81 years old. Both
Mrs. Hald derman and her daughter are
former residents here, having moved
west about six years ago. Miss Hal
derman was public stenographer
while in Bemidji.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-09-23
BREWERS ARE
using UTMOST
EXERTI0NS. TO :
DEFEAT 7
Presidents Private Secretary
Appears in Limelight; Fight
Now in Senate
SENATOR NEW REFERS
TO WILSON'S SLOGAN
Tumulty's Letter Written After
"Politics Is Adjourned"
Was Loudly Sounded

Washington, Sept 23.--IThe brew
ers and allied interests are excrring
themselves TO the utmost to restrict,
II they cannot prevent, investigating
Arthur Brisbane's purchase of the
Washington Times with money fur
nished by the brewers, and other ac-
tivities of the Brewers in politics In
Guiding the spread of Gernaa propa-
ganda. f
< The right is under way now, in elhe
senate judiciary committee, to which i
the investigation resolution has been
referred. Today the committee Is ex-
pected to decide whether the inyesti-
cation shall be made, the time of its
making and the extent to which 1t
will proceed.
Brewers Fighting.
Respecting all three Of these propo-
sitions, the brewing interest, and
those politicians who respond to the
urgings of such Interests, have def
mite suggestions
They are opposed to any inves-
tigation. u~o. ... -... -.
If the investigation Is decided
upon, they want subcommittee
appointed composed of men
friendly to the brewing interests
and such activities by the brew
ers as have been revealed by the
purchase of the Washington .
" Times for Mr.. Brisbane. .Ea+ 't'
They further want the investi-,
CATION, If it is inevitable, post
poned until after the elections.
They want 1t so restricted that
it may not proceed further than
the developments which may. r
come in connection with the pur-,
chase Of the Times.
To this end they are seeking to
prevent the issue being sent to a
subcommittee headed by Senator
w. II. King Of Utah. which al
ready is Investigating. German
activities, and they have urged
Senator c.. A. Culberson, chair
man Of the senate judiciary COM
mittee, to appoint his own COM
mittee. j.
The question will be settled today.
Tumulty Drawn In. +. .....,
Senator II. s. New Of Indiana, re-
publican, read to the senate letter
he said was written by the presidents
private secretary.J. p. Tumulty to Ar
thur Brisbane, whose purchase Of the
Washington Times with loans from
brewers IS under investigation, re-
questing Mr.. BrisOane to send copies
of the Hearst Chicago newspaper so
Mr.. Tumulty might follow Mr.. Bris-
bane's democratic fight in Chicago.
The letter follows:
white House, Washington, May
IA. .-4
my Dear Mr. Brisbane, an.f
when you were at the White
Houses offices today ] forgot to ask
you to send me the Chicago Herald
and Examiner regularly to my offices
here. am sure you are going TO
make the same good democratic fight
I'm Chicago that you have been max
ing in your paper in Washington and
I want to see just how you do it.
"Sincerely yours, ]. p. Tumulty,
Secretary to the President.
Senator New remarked this letter
was written shortly after politics
had been officially adjourned" and
expressed the hope the letter would
be referred to the senate committee
investigating the Washington Times
affair.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-09-23
Turkish Armies Annihilated.

London, Sept. 23.--Two Turkish
armies have been practically wiped
out in Palestine, tt officially an
nounced today. The Seventh and
Eighth Turkish transports have been
captured
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-09-23
BULGARIAN BASE OF !
SUPPLIES CUT OFF: !
TURKS SUFFER DEFEAT
1Ry United Press. J

kondon, Sept. 233,--Allied troops in
Macedonia have. cut the railway from
.Gradsko to Philip according. to a Ser
bian official comique. The Nskup-
Salonika railway has also been cut
stopping all supplies to the Bulgari-
ans on the whole 65 mile front from
Philip eastward to Lake Dorian. (
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-09-23
BRITISH ADVANCE.
(By United Press. J

London, Sept. 23.--British haye
advanced between Vendhuil and VII
Iers, taking a number of strong points
and some prisoners, says General
Hafg in an official dispatch today.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-09-23

The Red Cross surgical dressing
rooms will be closed until the October
allotment. The announcement for
reopening will be made later.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-09-23
Stripped Team, Race.
Indians Give Dance.

An interesting feature OF the af-
ternoon was an impromptu dance by
Indians in front Of the grand stand
Squaws and bucks danced in old time
style and SO did some Of the younger
ones. Patrons Of the fair greatly en-
joyed the innovation and a collection
netted several dollars for the dancers.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-09-23
SIX-THOUSAND ENEMY !
MENACED IN IRKUTSK
(By United Press.

Harbin, Manchuria, Sept. 23.--Six
thousand German and Austro-Hun-
gariang are threatened in the Irkutsk
district. w.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-09-23

Paris, Sept. 23.Allied forces in
Macedonia have captured five addi-
tional villages in the past 48 hours,
according to a Salonika dispatch. ,s4
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-09-23
FAIR SUCCESS;
SECRETARY IS
PLEASED WITH
Arm DISPLAY
Never Better Shown in History
of FAR, Nor in Such Large
Numbers, He States
CLOSING DAY DRAWS
ANOTHER LARGE CROWD
Program Of Sports Prove Inter
esting to Spectators; Indians
Give Impromptu Dances

'e1'he fair was a. great success, !"
stated secretary G. r. Schroeder Of
the Beltrami County Fair association
this morning to a representative of
the Pioneer, speaking of the fair
closed Saturday 81 am highly pleas
ed with the result and the cO-Opera-
tion OF everybody. We never had such
such a splendid display of agricul-
$tural exhibits as we had this time and
they never were of sucn high class.
II am very busy harvesting my
barley. We must get at it immedi-
ately and it will delay getting the
awards tabulated for few days,
when they will be made public. /
think next week they will be ready" I"
s$ The closing day of the fair Satur-
day saw another large crowd present
and the day was ideal for the fair and
program Crowds came from towns
and villages several miles distant and
the country side was largely repre-
sented. The Red Cross had wonder
f,li patronage during the fair, serv-
grounds.
Officers of Association.
Next year it is predicted the fair
will be an even greater success. The
officers OF the. association are:
President a. p White, Bemfdji.
Vice-presidentA. p. Ritchie, Be-
midi
midi.
secretary-c. F. Schroeder, Be-
midi.
Member at.Large A. w. Aamodt,
Bemidji.
Board of Directors.
Frohn Nels Willet, Peter Narum,
Gust Berg.
Bemidji-A. E. Rako, Hugo Hen
sci, II. Eickstadt.
Grant Valley-W. G. Schroeder,
George Miller, Rowland Gilmore.
JonesNels Sorenson, Peter Mill
bach
Turtle River-W. H. Phelps.
Northern-N. G. Reynolds, John
Noel, w. "A. Worth.
Eckles-M: Rygg, George Brennan.
Port Hoppe. e. Schulke, w. M.
Gerlinger, w T. Blakely.
Turtle LakeR. M. Rickinson.
Liberty-Lars o. Myhre.
BuzzleA. G.. Gilbertson, Andrew
Haarkhan.
summit-John Gilstad, Chas. Oh
son., Olaf Anvid.
y ~ s' L Is q .
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-09-23
$4,000 FIRELOSS|IN
NYM0RE AT EARLY
HOUR; HALF BLOCK
IS FLAME SWEPT
STRUCTURES BURNED.

STRUCTURES BURNED.
Nymore hotel---H. A. Mcclure,
proprietor. s'.1 -.@ 7
General store-Tagley & Void.
Barber shop--M. Topper. -.
M. & I. hotel--E. Jarvis, pro-
prietor. s :. .s
Structures Damaged.
Farmers State Bank.
Grocery store--Archie Olson. a
Union hotel August Elmquist,
proprietor.
s. Garage--Anton Void. 5@a rr
Store-JOhn Buldouc.
80 Other Damages. ss
equipment.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-09-23

Blackjack Charles Carter, Will
liam Hines.
HagaliW III. Rice.
Cormant Ole Henigum.
BattleJoh A. Carlson, y. Jer-
ONE, Andrew Johnson, Arne Solberg.
Alaska-W. III. Whelan.
Lee T. j. Lillivold.
Spruce Grove Andy Solberg.
SATURDAYS Sports.
The sporting events in the after
noon of the closing day were in
charge of D. S. Mitchell. H. q. Nit
chell, Al. Barker, G.. w. Jewett and
III. ]. Loud, and the events were well
taken care Of. The results were as
follows:
Free-fer-All. Boys, Race.
First Francis Rhea. Et
SecondI Iaeland Trafton. s7
Third-Donald White fs
Girls Free-for-All Race.
First Bernice Kirk. H
Second Agnes McGee.
Third Bernice Tibbits.
Auto Race. Three Miles.
First--F. G. Halgren.
Second McMillen.
Third Charles Van.
All the entries drove Fords and put
up a good contest.
Australian Pursuit Race.
This race was run in cars.
First-Will Schulke, Tenstrike.
# SecondF. G. Halgren.
Sack Race.
First-Walter Breen.
Second Owen Webster. M MEs
rdBertram Wilson.
Stripped Team Race. II
II In this contest, for farmers, en-
trants had their teams stripped of
harness except bride. They were to
put on harness, hook to wagon and
drive around the track. The result:
First Charles Barclay. t
rs SecOnd---I COv1a
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-09-23
VILLAGE AND FORT VENDEAUIL
TAKEN. FRENCH WAR REPORT
(Bys United Press. J

Paris, Sept. 23.-The capture Of
the village and fort of Vendeauil on
the west bank of the Ose, nine miles
south Of st. Questin, is reported in
a French dispatch today.
North of Fontaine French troops
penetrated the wood south of Hina-
court. &
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-09-23
ALLIES IN MACEDONIA TAKE
FIVE ADDITIONAL VILLAGES

Buy Liberty Bonds
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1918-09-23
SURGICAL ROOM CLOSED.

--Ruv Iiberty Bonds------.-.
The Goldfield news and weekly tribune. [volume] (Goldfield, Nev.) 1911-1947, 1918-06-08
NINE At JUNGO Is
SHIPPING To SHELTER

A carload shipment of ore from
the property owned by Kruger,
March & Austin, in the Jungo dis
tr.ct. which is under bond and lease
by Alderman, Wellstin & Austin. is
being made over the Southern Pa
cific to the mill at Toulon, ear
Lovelock. The ore arrived here over
the Western Pacific and is being
transferred to the Southern Pacific
This is a trial run of ore being sent
out and If satisfactory returns are
received other shipments will follow.
The ore carries gold, silver. and lead,
besides a high percentage of molyb-
denum in the form of molybdenate
of lead. The mine is situated on
Jungo mountain, about IL miles
from the Jungo station. on the West
ern Pacific.-Humboldt Star.
The Goldfield news and weekly tribune. [volume] (Goldfield, Nev.) 1911-1947, 1918-06-08
TOnopah Miner Killed

Martin Brett, a miner employed
at the TOnopah Belmont mine in
Tonopah, was the victim of a mys-
FERROUS accident a few days ago
when he was found suffering from
a blow on the head It the 1900
loot level of the mine. near where
he had been shoveling ore into a
chute. When found he was stun
ned and in reply to questions said
that he did not know how he had
received his injury. He was not
struck by falling rock and could
not have fallen from where he had
been working. His skull was frac-
tured and he was taken to a hospi-
tai and operated on, but died in a
short time.
The Goldfield news and weekly tribune. [volume] (Goldfield, Nev.) 1911-1947, 1918-06-08
J.. S. MARINES HAVE
CONQUERED LULU
SOLDIERS OF THE SEA TAKE
FALL OUT OF NEW
DANCE

PARIS ISLAND, S. c., June 3.
Wuxtry. U. S. marines have con-
quered Lulu Fada without loss of
life or firing a shot! Only minor
injuries sustained to the extent OF
a few sore muscles really re-
markable record taking into con-
sideration that Lulu" is one OF
the most difficult of modern society
dances.
The Lula Fada consists of a
maze of whirls, dips, twists and,
quite often, 'flops" on the part of
the participant.
1t was introduced to the sea sold
iers by one of their physical instruc-
tors, who, prior, to enlisting in the
marine corps, was a prominent New
York dancing instructor.
The dance, while one of the
most difficult known, is a wonder
full developer of the leg muscles
and the men in training here ARE
being aided greatly by it, de-
clared the enhancing master.
The Goldfield news and weekly tribune. [volume] (Goldfield, Nev.) 1911-1947, 1918-06-08
Army Captain Discharged

Captain E. D. GirOux recently
returned to Winnemucca from
Camp Kearny, Cal. The captain,
who had been in the army for lee
ly a year, has received an honorable
discharge and will resume his medi-
cal practice in Wennemucca. DR..
recently was commissioned a first
lieutenant, has been assigned to
duty with the air service division
of the army and has been ordered
to report to the commanding officer
OF the spruce production division at
Portland, Ore.
The Goldfield news and weekly tribune. [volume] (Goldfield, Nev.) 1911-1947, 1918-06-08
CROSS SENDS
OUT SURGICAL
DRESSINGS
LARGE SHIPMENT GOING FOR
WARD PREPARED By :.
LOCAL WOMEN

The Surgical Dressing section of
the Red Cross, under direction of
Mrs. DR.. Craig, is sending out it's
.irst shipment today. Although
this section has been organized only
a short time, it has made rapid
Roadway anG accomplished splen-
aid results.
The demand for surgical dress
ings is pressing and the require
ments are greater than the supply;
for this reason the workers have
been putting in overtime and turn
ing out supplies to their fullest
ability. Mrs. Craig says they are
greatly in need of more workers,
and that all can be Accommodated
who come.
This particular kind of work
must be done at headquarters in
the Florence building, adjoining
the Hotel Goldfield on the south,
which is in perfect sanitary and
antiseptic condition for such work.
Mrs. Craig or her assistants may
be found there at any time, where
applicants may get any required
information.
The shipment going out today
from the Goldfield chapter conf
prises 400 gauze congresses and
SIS ga absorbent pads. The Horn
silver auxiliary contributes to the
shipment, in addition, 400 gauze
congresses, IL rest pillows, ~
pairs of wash mitts, 10 pairs of
bed socks and 100 tampons.
Chapter officers have requested
that knitting needles owned by the
chapter and now in possession OF
members who r not using them
be returned to headquarters, where
there is a demand for them.
The Goldfield news and weekly tribune. [volume] (Goldfield, Nev.) 1911-1947, 1918-06-08
SURVEY POWER LINE
TO DIVIDE DISTRICT


w. r. Ray, county surveyor, is
working with a force between To-
nopah and the Gold Mountain dis
trict establishing the lines for con-
struction Of the pole line that will
deliver power to the Tonopah Di-
vide and other companies operating
in that district. The survey will
be completed early in the week,
when the linemen will follow with
the poles and wire so that service
may be established by the middle
of June.
The introduction of power to the
Divide country will act as a sharp
stimulant to development since it
will enable the companies to in
stall a more efficient and econom-
ical power than by the use of gaso-
line or distillate. The Hasbrouck
has already entered into a tentative
contract for use of electricity and
it is probable that a larger COM
pressor will also be installed. The
survey has been completed for half
the distance.-Bonanza.
The Goldfield news and weekly tribune. [volume] (Goldfield, Nev.) 1911-1947, 1918-06-08
7. & &. RATES
ON TRAINS
ISSUED
xEw TARIFFS ARE SIMILAR TO
THOSE ALREADY AN
NOUNCED

Additional information regarding
the changes in passenger tariffs to
become effective on railroads June
10 is contained in a circular issued
TO the Tonopah and Goldfield Rail-
road company's agents and q
tors by w. D.. Forster, general
Superintendent of the road.
According to the circular, all
second-class and mixed-class fares
will be cancelled. Round-trip fares
will be cancelled, although 1T is
expected that tariffs will soon be
issued covering short-distance
round-trip excursion fares at about
20 per cent in excess of those pre-
vailing in 1917. Side-trip arrange
ments and optional routes will be
cancelled and one-way tickets will
be good only for continuous pas
sage, no stopovers being allowed.
All fares quoted will apply only
for transportation in coaches or
chair cars and extra charges will
be made for passage in sleeping
or parlor cars. These charges, in
addition to regular Pullman a
charges will be 8 1-3 per cent ad-
oitjonal in tourist sleepers and 16
2-3 per cent additional in standard
sleepers or parlor cars.
Tickets purchased prior to June
20 will not be honored for pas
cage after that date except that
passengers en- route on June 10
will be carried to destinatiol by
continuous passage without addi-
tlonal charge and that round-lrin
tickets, portions of which have been
used prior to June 10, or held by
passengers en- route on that date,
will be honored in accordance with
the original tariff conditions under
which the tickets we're sold with
out additional payment except that
they will be subject to the same re-
quirements as One-way tickets in
respect to additional payment iii
| sleeping or parlQr cars as prescrib-
ed in the regulations.
Where a passenger makes a stop
over on or after June 10, the
ticket will be honored from the
stop-over point only upon collection
Of additional charges as prescribed
in = he regulations.