davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Record-courier. [volume] (Gardnerville, Nev.) 1904-current, 1918-01-04
'SOLO|ERSTHANK
THE RED CROSS

The local Red Cross has received
several letter from soldiers giving
thanks for the receit Of Christmas
boxes. While all the Douglas county
boys received packages. large num-
Der we're sent to the National Red
Cross for distribution. Following Is
letter from one of the boys:
Fort Winfield Scott, 8. F. Cal.
Carson Valley Chapter Red Cross.
My Dear Friends:
Il shall not try to express the ap-
probation l fell for your kindness in
sending boxes to myself and the other
boys In camp. though l wish l could.
Though we are not yet In France.
do not think there was . soldier in
France who felt one bit happier or
who appreciated your kindness more
than we did. We had our mess hall
beautifully decorated with holly, red
berries and crepe paper and q big
Christmas tree. We had all the Red
Cross packages piled beneath 1t.
AS soon as we finished our big
dinner, the packages were handed
out, and l only wish all of you could
have been present to see the fun we
had opening them. There were boxes
from Red Cross chapters all through
the West but they were all crammed
full of generous gifts. You may be
sure l shall always have a good word
to say for the Red Cross, anytime,
anywhere.
!. 1t was just my luck to 60 on guard
Xmas Eve and was not relieved until
late Xmas morning. My last two
hours shift was spent in a pouring
rain with no shelter, SO you may be
sure your package was a great help
in instilling some OF the Xmas spirit
into me and came very near loving
it In the rain.
The drafted menare pouring into
Fort Scott by the hundreds now and
will son begin their training on coast
artillery, SO it begins to look as
though We would soon leave for
France We will go as railroad
able to take our places. II we go to
France we lill very likely as railroad
artillery has fitted us for this kind of
atillery has fitted In for this kind OF
service.
IF any one there cares to write to
me l should be very glad to answer
all letters for l assure you they are
highly appreciated. and as you can
imagine. the mail man Is about the
most popular person in camp"
Sincerely,
FRANK H. OVERTON.
26th Co.. C. A. c.. Fort Winfield Scott.
| San Francisco, Calf.
The Record-courier. [volume] (Gardnerville, Nev.) 1904-current, 1918-01-04
TAPS SOUND
FOR ]. TERRI

John q. Terri, we'll known In this
Valley where he was employed for
some time on different ranches. died
at Camp Kearney. Calf, on December
23rd following an attack of pneu-
monia. and his remains we're buried
atthis place Sunday afternoon.
The young man registered for the
draft In WashOe county, and although
a native OF Switzerland, refused TO
take advantage of his alien rights for
exemption. He volunteered his serv-
ices for this country and was among
the first to go to American Lake.
From that point he was transferred to
Camp Kearney. and was consigned to
machine gun company 116. He con-
tracted pneumonia while in training
and his death followed.
Although having no relatives At
this place. he had acquaintances who
knew his ~ . boy In his native land.
Learning Of his death, these friends
got In touch with the army officials.
resulting that his body was shipped
here for burial.
Father Horgan of Carson, delivered
the funeral sermon At the Gardner
Vile Methodist Church. which was
filled to overAowing by those who
desired TO pay their last respects to
a soldier boy. who had given his life
for liberty. Father Horgan took ad-
vantage OF the solemn occasion ct
the soldiers bier. to deliver = patri-
toic sermon and touched the hearts Of
his hearers. In speaking Of the de-
ceased. Father H0rgan cited that while
he died far from the battle fields Of
Europe, he nevertheless gave his life
to this country. in the cause Of
humanity and liberty. Patriotism to
ones country was beautifully describ-
ed by Father Horgan and no doubt
his clear words sank deep into the
hearts OF his hearers.
In respect to this young soldier.
Acting Governor Sullivan. his aide
Col. McCabe, VIM. Mackay, as well as
Ed Patterson. VIM. Graham. Spanish-
American war veterans we're out from
Carson to attend the funeral. At the
cemetery, and after the casket which
was draped with an American flag.
had been lowered into the grave.
three volleys were fired by the
veterans. after which Lester GrOth,
Of the navy. sounded taps.
The Record-courier. [volume] (Gardnerville, Nev.) 1904-current, 1918-01-04
TAX Man TO Be
HERE JAN. 8

The Record-Courier has just been
informed by Collector OF Internal Re-
veue Wardell that a deputy will be at
the Hotel Ritchford. Gardnerville OH
January 9th.
1t will require a small army of
men to take the income tax returns Of
persons subject to the new law. The
Revenue Collector announced that SO
officers started from his headquarters
on January End. every one of them
will be on the job In the county as
signed him. to mest the people and
help them make out their income tax
returns. The officer assigned to this
county Is due to arrive on January
9Th and to remain here for one day
He will have his Office in Ritchfords
Hotel. Gardnerville. where he may be
found at any time during the day
named above.
1T will be well for every unmarried
person whose net income for 1917 Is
$1.O0 or over and every married per-
son living with wife or husband
whose net income for 1917 Is $1,000
or over. to call on the income tax
man and learn whether or not they
have any tax to pay, says Collector
Wardell The person subject to tax
who doesn't make return in the time
prescribed is going to regret It. The
government will get after all income
tax slackers.
There's hardly a business man,
merchant or professional man who
won't have to make return OF income.
Farmers. as a class, will have to pay
the tax. The safe thing to do is for
every person who had total income
of 81 900 or $1,000. as the case may
be. and who is not sure about what
deductions the law allows him, to
play safe by calling on the income
tax man.
The man In the field will have
terms for everybody and persons who
expect to call on him need not trouble
themselves TO write to the revenue
office. says Mr.. Wardell.
The Record-courier. [volume] (Gardnerville, Nev.) 1904-current, 1918-01-04

man has decided to enter the race.
e. Il. Roberts Is known from one
end Of the state to the other. He Is
serving his fourth term in, the house
Of representatives. having been flrst
elected In 1910. Previous to that he
had taught school in Nevada prac-
tised law here, and has served as dis
trica attorney of Ormsby county. He
Chains Carson City as his home.
Roberts has proved himself capable
Of taking an independent stand on
public questions aud his strength In
cOnkres- has leeh steadily growing
His personal popularity IN Nevada Is
great, as his four elections show.
He h regarded as one OF the best
the state has ever
known.
The Record-courier. [volume] (Gardnerville, Nev.) 1904-current, 1918-01-04

Tonight at valhalla Theatre Pauline
Fredericks will appear In Her Bet
ter Self" A Burton Holmes Travel
ogue and Paramount Picto-
graph will make up the evenings
program.
The Record-courier. [volume] (Gardnerville, Nev.) 1904-current, 1918-01-04
DANISH DANCE
GREAT SUCCESS

The masquerade ball given here
Saturday nigllt by the Society Dania,
for the benefit Of the Red Cross work
rooms. was attended by record
breaking crowd. and after all expens-
es had been paid the sum of 5000 was
turned over to Geo. Hampson, secre-
tary OF Carson Valley Chapter with
the understanding that the money
be used for the benefit of the work
rooms.
When the grand march started at
8 o'clock the noor at Valhalla hall
was simply packed with maskers,
while every available seat was oc-
cupied by spectators and those who
could not obtain masks. The cos
tunes worn were original. but it was
decidedly noticeable that national
colors were In the foreground. Many
Of the costumes worn by the ladies
were made from American flags,
mhile Uncle Sans were as thick as
bees. Butterfly girls, harem girsl,
colonial ladies'. and just girls we're
there a million. Joy reigned supreme
and the maskers had the time of their
lives. At eleven o'clock the Judges
took their places on the stand and
after they had made the awards.
masks were removed George Selby.
won the first prize as Uncle Sam.
Miss Benton, as the best dressed lady.
Edwin Godecke as the best dressed
man. Edwin Miller, as the best sus-
tanned male character. Mrs. John
John Ellis as the Irish wash woman.
The prizes given were In cash and
Edwin Miller following out the pur-
pose and intent of the dance, donated
his prize Of $500 to the Red Cross.
The midnight supper served at Odd
Fellows by the Society DANA and
which was prepared by the wives
and daughters Of the members, was
delicious. Turkey, salad, pickles,
olives. bread and cakes were on the
menu and the last served received
the same good service as those at the
nrst -table~ -. ~ 3
The lodge members furnished cakes
and the like without cost and besides,
give their time In preparing the sup
per which entailed a great deal Of
hard work. The dance was under
the supervision of committee COM
posed Of P. X. Rahbeck. NJ. Jacobsen
and J. C. Larson and they deserve
no end Of credit for the splendid man.
ner in which the dance was conduct
ed.
From no other single source have
the Red Cross chapter received such
a large donation as from the Society
DANA and It bespeaks in no uncertain
terms Of their loyalty and willingness
to do their bit in aiding the great
work being carried on by the Red
Cross. Two hundred dollars viii buy
material for a large number of
garments and surgical material, to
be made UP by the members of Car
son Valley chapter, and the members
Of the Society Dania will receive the
everlasting thanks and gratitude Of
all for their substantial contribution
for war work.
The Record-courier. [volume] (Gardnerville, Nev.) 1904-current, 1918-01-04

At a soldiers dance given here
last week Pat Harris and Miss Aletha
Nelson. and Mrs. Meder and Guy
Terry won box OF Haas candy given
as prizes by Il. 4 NJ. 8. Dempster.
The Record-courier. [volume] (Gardnerville, Nev.) 1904-current, 1918-01-04
Driue Nets 386
Neuu Members

The Red Cross Christmas drive
continued in this county until New
Tears day and on that date the books
revealed the fact that 3S6 new men,
bers had been added to the list dur
ing the campaign. The membership
committee was requested to secure
376 new members by the Divisional
manager. This number was exceed
ed by seven. Before the Christmas
drive started Carson Valley Chapter
bad 500 members. With the addition
|AI members secured during the recent
|eampaign. the chapter now has sS6
members. equaling nearly half of the
population Of the county.
Following is the remaing list Of
those who Joined the Red Cross dur
Ing the Christmas drive;
Chas. Olds. Mrs. Chas. Olds. Mrs.
Marie McAllister. Miss Belle McAllis-
ter. Miss Annie McAllister. Henry Nc
|Allister. Jeanne Cardinal. Tom Ray
|craft, Homer Raycrsft Qqinlan Ray
craft, John Swan. John Jepsen, Lloyd
Springmcyer. Stanley SpriAgmeyer.
Elliot Thompson, Olive v. Donaldson,
Charles Howard. Benjsmin Howard.
+. w. Sarman. Mrs. Sarman. p. Ander-
son. CEas. Alt, Obey o. Hougner. Mrs.
o. Hougner, Chick China, Mabel
Bruins. L. Ruhenstroth. Joe M. Villa
murre. Viola Ruhenstroth, Henry
Schnabel, Joe Anderson. Henry Hell
winkel. Amy Springmeycr. Mrs. s. A.
Imelli. Sidney Deck. Bertram Jepsen.
George Cordes, Frieda Cordes, Helen
Cordes. Arthur Cordes. H. H. Boone.
Roy Chichester. Mr. MeAllister. Chris
Jeppesen. c. H. Behrman. G. T. Hoop
er. Arthur Case. Leon Ouchaberry.
Mrs. S tena Christensen, Howard
Shivers, Peter Iribarne. Eionacio Bill
bas. Louis Aurauze. Egnacio Bilbas,
John Riouspoyrous. Ray Borda. J. N.
Anderson. Mel Anderson, Mrs. H.
Cordes, Jr.. H. II. Schwake, A. o.
Taylor. Louis Heitman, Herbert
Dressler. Carl Manfrina, Harry CHS
tensen. Mrs. Johnny Christensen, Fred
Alderman. Pete Quanchi. Frank Can
onica. Ruth Williams. Lola Williams.
Marion vallein. Fritz Cordes, Mrs. s.
Cardinal, Codric Brockliss. Margaret
Wennhold. Mrs. w. H Wennhold,
James Klein. Augustus Campbell. Mrs.
J. E. Barrett, Ferris Dangberg. Jane
Dangberg. Fred Brenzel. Mrs. Carrie
Davies. J. e. zollers. G. N. Pickers-
sill. Mrs. G. NJ. Pickersgill, Henry
MayteA Geo. zorn. Louis Nelson.
Jacob Wahle. Fred Jepsen. J. w.
Pierce. v. s. Leland. L. f. Curtis.
Owen Cox, Ernest Gsrnett, J. d.
Kameyer. Marius Petersen. NJ L.
Hewitt. Mrs. M. l.. Hewitt. Francisco
Laureur. Edith Rodenbah. Ruth Hull.
Carolyn Lee Jones, OrvA Lane. Sell
kirk. Mrs. p. X. Rahbeck. Mae Krum-
mes. Mrs. n. p. Jensen, Alice Bull,
John G. Scossa. l.. n Christensen.
Mrs. l.. NJ. Christensen, Mrs. A. E.
Silliman. Mrs. VIM. Tholke. Mrs. J.
Hellwinkel, John Hellwinkei. c H.
Springmeyer. Lee Cunningham. Domi-
mi Guirlani. Tom Dansberg. Indian),
Mae Free. Catherine Dangberg. Lock-
ley Maule. Sam Cprdinal. Miss w.
Richards. Albert Taylor. e. w. Davies.
Howard Beers, Louise Jones. Mrs. VIM
Ritchford. VIM. Nitchford. WIN. Ritch-
ford, Jr. f. 4. Umbrraco. Henry
Brown. Lett Beachmen. Mrs. Henry
Hellinkel. ENa Neddenriep, Chris
Neddenriep.
The Record-courier. [volume] (Gardnerville, Nev.) 1904-current, 1918-01-04
APPRECIATION

wish to thank all my friends for
helping me win the Miami motor
bicycle valued ct $126.00 for taking
subscriptions for the California
Cultivator and Sunday Chronicle.
MARVIN SORENSDN.
The Record-courier. [volume] (Gardnerville, Nev.) 1904-current, 1918-01-04

Hurrah! he's coming. Fatty Ar
buckle. dispenser Of Joy In Fatty at
Coney Island" at valhalla Theatre
Saturday and Sunday night.
The Record-courier. [volume] (Gardnerville, Nev.) 1904-current, 1918-01-04

Heavy storm clouds appeared In the
heavens last night and the people of
this section Of Nevada are anxiously
awaiting a good storm.
The Record-courier. [volume] (Gardnerville, Nev.) 1904-current, 1918-01-04

The Gardnerville I. O.. O. F. lodge
will install officers Monday night
Newark post. (Newark, Del.) 1910-1969, 1918-07-24
d. r E c T Q r Y

M"n'c'pdl Transportation
E. M. Thompson J. w. Brown
j. II. Hossinger G. B. Evans
Joseph Dean
LEGISLATURE Membership
J. P. Armstrong P. M. Sherwood
H. B. Wright John Pilling
VIM. H. Taylor
BOARD OF EDUCATION
President-C. A. McCue
Secretary and Treasurer - Harvey Hof-
fecter, Robert S. Gallaher, Edward L..
Richards, Orlando K. Strahorn
NEWARK TOWN LIBRARY
The Library will be opened:
M a 3 to $40 p. m.
Tuesday 9tol 1900 m.
Friday Ito 545 m
Saturday to IL nj to 900 ,. m.
BANKS
FARMERS TRUST Co.-Meeting of Direc.
tors every "Wednesday evening at s
o'clock
BUILDING AND LOAN
ASSOCIATION
Secretary-W. Fl. Taylor
Meeting first Tuesday night of each
month
LODGE MEETINGS
OPERA HOUSE
Monday-Knights of Pythias, or K. of
p, 7.3O p. m.
Tuesddy-Improved Order of Red Men,
7.30 p. m.
acknowledgements, or S. W. NJ,
7.30 p. IN.
Carbohydrates Circle, s. w. NJ,
7.30 p. m.
Friday--Modern Woodmen of America,
No. 1910, 7.30 p. m.
ODD FELLOWS HALL
Order American Mechanics.
7.30 p. m.
" ednesday-1st and 3rd of every month,
White Clay Camp, No. 5, Woodmen of
the World
o. 0. F., 7.3O p. m.
Sdturday-Knights of Golden Eagle,
7.30 p. m.
FIRE ALARMS
In case of fire call The following num-
bers in succession:
u D
Newark post. (Newark, Del.) 1910-1969, 1918-07-24
Expect Grocers to Hello.

In the present contingency dealers
and gracerymen are expected to aid
the Food Administration in the sale
of a'gar. Every grocer and food
dealer selling sugar, is expected, in
interpreting the sugar regulations to
his customers, to use his discretion
and judgment always.
Every effort should be used to iii
duce housewives TO can and preserve.
but dealers are cautioned to be strict
and exceedingly careful in seeing thai
they are not imposed upon by any one.
Neglect of this sort would not be con-
sidered as fulfilling ones full duty
No grocer may sell farmers wife
more than 5 pounds of sugar at one
time except for preserving is the pres.
ent regulation, and all violations, il
reported to the Administrator, NAV
result in the offender being disciplined,
The maximum sale at one time for
preserving it 25 pounds.
Newark post. (Newark, Del.) 1910-1969, 1918-07-24

eral new attractions. Anyone who
has attended one of Mrs. Garrett's
musicals knows what a treat is in
store. Admission will be twenty
cents and refreshments for sale.
All are invited.
Miss |. V. Leche is a guest at the
Garrett manse.
Mr.. and Mrs. John McKeon of
Philadelphia, were over Sunday
guests of Mr.. and Mrs. Leon Gar
rett. Sara Pierson returned to the
city with them.
The Flint Hill Aid Society met
with Mrs. George Jones, Sr., Satur-
day evening.
Mr.. and Mrs. Walter Whann of
Wilmington, spent Sunday at B. F.
Singles.
Newark post. (Newark, Del.) 1910-1969, 1918-07-24
SERVICE
FOR WOMEN
Nurses Needed to Replace
Those in Foreign
Service

Direct and emphatic government
service by young women has been
made possible by the board of
managers of the Delaware Hospital
in the opening Of the new home for
nurses at the northwest corner of
10th and Jefferson Streets.
A short time ago Miss Duncan,
superintendent of the Hospital,
had request or perhaps a COM
mand from Washington to increase
the scope of the training school at
the hospital and make active pre-
paration for the induction of
young women into her classes in
the hope that the older and exper-
fenced nurses could be released for
overseas service.
Following a conference with the
board of managers Of the hospital,
this campaign was actively begun
when the problem of housing the
increased classes became, what
threatened to be an insurmount-
able one. However in this great
time of stress Americans in gen.
eral and Delawareans in particular
have overcome each obstacle as it
has been presented.
The question of housing has
been most delightfully."- solved by
the leasing of the old Harvey home
at Tenth and Jefferson streets and
by it's complete renovation it has
been transformed into a veritable
heaven of rest, providing quarters
Newark post. (Newark, Del.) 1910-1969, 1918-07-24

tive the American forces are the
shorter will be the war, and the
shorter the war the fewer lives
lost, the greater the number of
American soldiers who will return
home victorious.
Every American who economies
in consumption of material, who
increases production, who saves
and lends savings to the Govern
ment, does something to help win
the war.
Newark post. (Newark, Del.) 1910-1969, 1918-07-24

Sinking of sugar-laden ships from
Cuba by U-boats off the Atlantic coast
Two weeks ago, shortage of ships to
bring sugar from the West Indies and
the increasing demand for sugar to
supply our 100000, soldiers now in
France has led to the issuing of new
regulations in the sale and use of
sugar by the food administration.
Every citizen is asked not to con-
sumo more than three pounds of sugar
in any form in month. Hotels,
stores and manufacturers and all
users of sugar will be regulated
through the use of certificates that
they must fill out.
The Food Administrator for Della
ware has sent the following notice to
all dealers:
'l'le L. S. Food Administration is
issuing new regulations governing the
sale and use of sugar beginning July
l.
This plan covers all users and
handlers of sugar whether they be
manufacturers, jobbers, wholesalers,
retailers, or users Of sugar either in
manufacturing products in hotels, res
taurants or in the household.
"The rules provide for certificates
which must be used by every whole
sale and retail dealer and manufac-
turer, and statements must be fur
nshed this office before certificates
will be issued.
''In these statements you must fur
nish amount of sugar you have used
and have on hand, also the amount
desired.
I'm order to secure sugar for future
use, it is necessary that you file a
statement answering these questions
before July Is.
"This notice is sent only to those
whose names we have on file and
failure to receive notice will be no
excuse for not filing the statement. as
newspaper publicity has been given to
these changes in the rules.
"T'he following is a partial list of
those requiring certificates issued UNI
der statement:
Dew ItSt SNftpS- tdliultN. ttItIlS,
chewing gum, cocoa and chocolate.
condiments, confectons, tlavoring ex-
tracts. syrups, invert sugar, soda
water, soft drinks, sweet pickles,
wines. apple butter, canned vegetables,
canned and preserved fruits, catsup, ,
chilli sauce. drugs for medicinal pur-
poses, explosives. glycerine, honey, ice
cream, meats, milk, tobacco. hotels, |
restaurants, all retailers and others |
selling for direct consumption, public
and other refreshment houses, board |
ing houses, dining cars, boats, clubs, |
buffets, caterers, institutions, Getty, |
county, state or federaD, hospitals, |
private canteens, internment camps, |
all households whether boarding who |
take care regularly of % persons or
more, bread, rolls, sweet yeast dough,
crackers biscuits, cookies, ice cream
cones, cakes, pies, pastry fried cakes,
watlies, batter cakes, quick breads,
Boston brown bread.
Edmund Mitchell,
"Federal Food Administrator for Della
ware"
Newark post. (Newark, Del.) 1910-1969, 1918-07-24
What Three Pounds Means,

For the housewife, the three pounds
of sugar per person per month means
more of a regulation than most peO-
pie think it does.
II does not mean pounds Of SUGAR
for use in tea and coffee alone.
1t means
All that one person may consume
in coffee or tea, pies or buildings,
cakes or buns and every article Of
food In which sugar is used.
With the restaurant and public eat
ing house proprietor, three pounds of
sugar must suffice for ninety meals
served.
Newark post. (Newark, Del.) 1910-1969, 1918-07-24

Mrs. Joseph Brennan and chill,
fen of Milford Cross Roads, Della
ere, spent Saturday and Sunday
(th the formers mother, Mrs
Fizabeth Scott.
Mr.. and Mrs. Eldridge Shrinel
a friend from Wash,
|gton, D. c., a few days last week
|lIr. and Mrs. Calvin Miles en-
ftained on Sunday Mr.. Edmund
Miles, Of Luke, Md; also, Mr.
(lvin c. Miles, Jr., U. S. N, Mr.,
les, Jr., remaining over Monday
Little Miss Ida Baker, of Phila-
lphia, was the recent guest of
b grand parents, Mr.. and Mrs.
(lvin c. Miles.
FIrs. Robert P. Matthias is enter
hing for the present week,
lends from Philadelphia, as fol-
Fs: Misses Sue M. Van Malta,
pie NJ. Leonard, Calva E. Breu-
bger and Maritte Bloom.
Those entertained at the home
Mrs. Mary J. Minner on Sun
were: Mr.. and Mrs. M. j. Nor
sey and daughter Mary, and Mr..
i Mrs. Morris A. Minner, all of
ester, Pa; Mr.. and Mrs. John
mWorth and children, of Pike
eek, Del.
Mr.. and Mrs. James Miles enter
|ned friends from Newark, Del,
Saturday last.
Phineas Peterson of Humphreys,
!, spent the weekend at home.
Chester Buchanan, recently of
|mp Meade, has arrived safely
Pr seas.
Miss Margaret Lavender of Iron
|, is visiting her grandparents,
i. and Mrs. VIM. Lavender.
N1r. and Mrs. Hosea Smith are
Pertaining Miss Anna Frazer of
Wark.
Mr.. and Mrs. Warren Johnston
! the guests of friends at Head
Sassafras.
Mr.. and Mrs. VIM. Lofand re-
pity entertained Mr.. and Mrs.
Hand, ST., and friends from
ladelphia.
July twenty eighth is Home
Hlng Day" at Head of Chris
pa. Services in the morning and
|ernoon. Visiting speakers will
(e part in the program. Be sure
attend.
Newark post. (Newark, Del.) 1910-1969, 1918-07-24
Heard on a Wilson Line Boat

Two white haired women talk
ing, one saying she never expects
to see her son who is now in
France, the other replying, 81 have
two sons in the service, one in
France and the other about to 90
across. Since saw The Beast of
Berlin and Gerard's -Four Years
in Germany if had twenty sons |
would want to give them all! 1
would like to go myself. And l
expect to see both of my boys
back"
Newark post. (Newark, Del.) 1910-1969, 1918-07-24
Individual Responsibility

This war is to be won not by one
man or one thousand men or one
million men, or one million people.
1t is to be won by the united eff
forts of the individuals of many
nations.
Every American citizen has an
individual duty to perform, an in
dlvidual share of the responsible
ity. The more powerful and effec-