davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-09-08

dinner puzzles when conversation flags.
Here is one that few persons can solve
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-09-08
The Moving Matches.

THO NUNH"b 1""ECes
Five matches being laid out In the
form of n diamond. with a vertical CEN
tire. the terms of the puzzle were to re-
move three of these five matches and
then to replace two matches so. as to
form the figure exactly as it was. Here
Is the solution:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-09-08

There are no trumps aia q Is In the
lead. Y and want four tricks.
The solution is for Y to lead the club
Jack and to follow with the heart. Y
wins this with the queen and leads the
ten OF diamonds. This forces B to make
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-09-08
A Peculiar Match Trick.

There arc great many tricks with
matches which pr9vide. very good after
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-09-08

manner as to form six squares. The
puzzle is to remove only six OF these
matches and without disturbing the
others to leave only two squares
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-09-08

Another capital entry from Mr..
Wyllie. self-styled ancient" who says
he hopes he is indeed the standard
Bearer We think him:
FIGHTERS ALL.
Beneath a worlds embattled flags,
With courage that ne'er fails or Tags.
Fighting with cannon. rifle. lance,
The free men of the world in France
Battle for Liberty.
For Liberty our young men die,
For Liberty. with many n sigh;
Both sexes, Juvenile and old,
To ward our fighters feet from cold,
Aid in the fight by knitting.
Metuchen, NJ. H. S. WILLIE.
The following reminds us pleasantly
OF one Of Kipling's youthful skits In
Departmental Ditties." We like it.
used to watch my grandmamma
Admitting day by day:
I used to sit and wonder
II Id ever get that way.
But nowadays while grandmamma
Receives at Red Cross Teas,
I stay at home alone and knit
His Socks-for over Seas!
LOUISE s. NICHOLS.
1909 South Forty-sixth street, Phila-
delphia.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-09-08
Awards Among Seventeen Best Ones
Could Have Been by Lot
Just as Fairly.

TINE Sock Songs contest Jury
would have been nightly
- glad last week II time and the
present restrictions Of newspaper space
had admitted of publishing not th!r-
teen but seventeen. entries to-day.
without awards. and requesting the
contestants at large to select the prize
winners by ballot. For that matter,
IN, .-ycnteen might have been shaken
:, Il, 4 hat. and first, second and third
sal,c.ei by blindfold drawing, and no.
body disappointed would have had a
valid kick"
1t was a great week. albeit one
rough on the Jurors. The awards
herewith made represent their per-
sonal tastes: another jury might have
chosen quite differently; as for merit,
there is precious little to decide be-
tween any two. II you doubt 1t, read
and compare the lucky thirteen that
are published.
First prize goes to Mrs. st. George
Brooke Tucker OF 772 Park avenue,
the jurors having found themselves
most susceptible to the homely beau
ties and human feeling Of her Mother
Song, which is somewhat In the Whit
comb Riley spirit.
The second prize winner. Mrs. John
II. Patterson of SelkIrk. N. Y, reaps,
we hope, the reward OF weeks Of faith
full contribution. Mrs. Patterson has
been several times honorably mem
toned. but heretofore has never won a
prize. Her prize song is both rarely
tervent and most artistic-and this is
the Sunday Of Sundays in which. were
We a contestant, we should be proudest
TO be winnerl
The third prize winner. Mrs. Jose
M. AsensiO OF Quarters So, West Point.
N. Y, first entered her charming lines
some weeks ago. when they were un-
successful owing to a blemish which
she evidently recognized. for she made
Il right and sent them in again.
Follow, with comments, the honora-
BILE mentions:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-09-08
SECOND PRIZE.

frs. John II. Patterson, Selkirk, New York.
As we're sitting
Ever knitting,
Time is fitting
Swiftly by.
Prayer ascending
Without ending,
Heaven attending
Hears our cry,
Triumph to our armies sending
HarbiDger of Victory!
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-09-08

And still another:
. A MOTHERS SOCK SONG.
Each day with faintlng heart I read
the list
or dead and wounded-yet, perchance !
missed
The one. dear name-I read again
not there!
My radiant heart sends out a Thankful,
prayer.
But while l knit. this song within my
heart
Quite suddenly has ceased and with a
start
think Of all those other mothers too
Who read the list each day. just as I do.
And reading, find the name Of loved
Humbled. / pray. God bless us. every
one."
Mrs. Il. d. Gavin, West Eighty-third
street.
Sprightly, and spiced with O dash Of
captivating daring. Miss Holden must
enter some more:
Gir'hood's tendency was not to knit
When war began knocking;
Tie fad was then to butterfly
The dainty, silken stocking.
The scheme was then decorative
The Arts were rather shocking
It's quite a wholesome. humble peg
To knitting his gray stocking.
Elsie Venner Holden, Myrtle avenue,
Newark, n. ].
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-09-08
Double Prise Winner Clever.

Mr.. Godoy. twice a prize winner, is
too clever to live. Here Is still another
Of his dainty ingenuities:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-09-08

Jorge Godoy. Q Columbus Circle.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-09-08
Conditions of the Sock Song Contest.

Conditions Of the Sock Song Contest.
Everybody welcome!
Open to all patriotic knitters male o. female
Verses must be not over en- nes long
Write on one side of the only, if possible
each Sunday
THE SUNDAY SUM- $50 Nassau later than Wednesday,
considered for the following
be requested, unless prize.
First prize, IS wool; second prize So in WOOL third
in
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-09-08

The Sock Singers and the contest
have been var,ously and highly hon
oreu. The songs have been mentioned
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05
AMERICAN MEN
AND women IN
FIGHTING TRIM
They Keep To The Top
Notch of Health

Tho spirit Of the times demands
perfect health and nerves. and keep
ing them up to the highest degree Of
efficiency.
Wise mon ard women have learned
mat II docs not pay to allow health
or nerves TO run down and are quick
to take advantage Of Natures great
est red blood and nerve tonic, Phos-
phatod Iron the minute they feel
they are slowing up.
Whatever your work may be there
+ no reason why Il should continue
TO tire YOU; work should only use the
right amount OF your energy. 1t -
trying to work on your nerves ana
forcing yourself that wastes your
strength, runs you down. gives you
those restless nights, loss OF appetite
ana Indigestion. when you get up IN
the morning as tired as when you
went to bed
There Is no sense IN anyone being
victim, OF III health. poor blood,
oyer work. nerves or the blues when
Phosphated. Iron will afford such
prompt and permanent relief.
An over the country men and wom-
en- IN every walk OF life lay their
good hcalth, strength and nerves or
tho rcd blood and nerve builder, and
make you fcel like live one. II
produces results that last. that's
what counts. no "if's" about It. "a
TO inquire physicians ena their
] neticnts getting tho genuine mos
rhnted Iron we have put In caps,l,es
j only 10 not take pills or tapiets'
i Insist on capsules.
lutz's teyall Pharmacy and leadin
! druggists everywhere.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05

while she is guarding the front. We
shall have access TO her unprotected
southern border through Austria and
Hungary. with the joyful aid Of The
Rohemians and other liberated slaves
of the central European alliance. We
shall have an open road 10 the BiacA
sea. and can send troops up the Dan
ube or across Rumania and Ukraiuia
to attack Germany from the east
The Rumaiuians and Poles. and pos
sibly the Russians as Well, will help
Us.
II will avail Germany nothing. then
TO shorten her western front and
make a stand behind the Rhine. II
Foch does not batter his way across
the Rhine, he can calmly walk into
Germany from the south and east.
Germany cam possibly defend both
fronts.
The longer she delays, the easier
victory we shall win. the more com
plete will be her collapse. She might
as well give up now, and take her
medicine
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05
SOCIALISTS Dissatisfied.
CHICAGO MAN WEEDS
TODAY BY PROXY

Chicago Nov. While his bride is
thousands Of miles away in Cairo.
Egypt Lieut. Rudolph Winner OF
Great Lakes was married by proxy
this morning at Il O'Clock 70 Miss
Emily 0rsi. Lieut. ayinzer's home is
43t6 Kenmore avenue, Chicago.
Miss Orsi was represented here by
Miss Grace Belle Reams. POO West
SiXty-siXth street who acted as bride
in the ceremony Lieut. Charles w.
Moore OF the corps Of chap.ains made
Lieut.. Winner and Miss Orsi man and
wife. 8.
A bluejacket symphony orchestra
played the wedding march and seven
naval officers and bridesmaids were
in attendance. Immediately atter she
is notified that she is the wife OF
Lieut. Winner Miss Orsi will start tor
America. The word 70 her was flashed
east by wirless and then cab,ed to
Cairo
The wedding ARRANGEMENTS have
"eeen in the making f0r two mon hs
Miss Orsi who is the daughter Of an
italian marquis and an English moth.
er, met Lieut.. Winner in Egypt when
he was there on the United STAGES
steamship North Carolina.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05
Grand Ridge and Vicinity

, Mrs. Walter Fogle and children.
Miss Evelyn mad Master Glen spent
a lew hours with Grand Ridge rela-
lives Saturday evening.
Mr.. and Mrs. Frank Dullinger mo-
,0red 20 Ottawa Friday.
Very interesting letters have been
received lately from the following
boys;
I'D and Willard Poundstme. Craw-
ford brothers and \. ], Gallup.
The following entitled Coming
Home from Camp" was dedicated TO
the memory of the late Corporal Silas
Gallup and other dear boys who came
home from camp, by Mrs. John W.
Fogle:
Coming Home From Camp.
\ box, suit case, a wreath and
A soldier boy on guard.
The winds sight sob. as the train
On the box We read this word:
Going back to the old home my
home and friends SO dear.
I've been doing my duty for the U
5 A
Death | did not fear.
Il is true did not cross the seas
And join in the battles din.
| brayely fought the Grim Reaper
But with Death | could not win.
| gave all | had-dear comrades.
Twas my life-l did my best.
Garry on, my spirit will be with you.
But I'm going home to rest.
So our boy CAME home from camp to.
day,
Our boys with the sunny smile,
Came home TO be with his friends
again.
Oh it seemed such a little while.
Wrapped lovingly in Odd Glory"
We placed him under the sod.
We covered him over with flowers,
And left him at rest with rs God.
Oh. civilized world, did our boy die
in vain?
cad dead ones, this strife must cease
Garry one, carry on with the mem.
DRY of our dead.
Till We win a righteous peace. ,
a box, a suit case "A wreath and
On guard a soldier friend,
The lingering notes of the bugle.
Who dares to say It's the end?
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05
HEALTH NOTES

Before and after a long tramp rub
the limbs with olive oil Ruo the back
parts Of the thighs, ahe knees and the
calves thoroly. Soak the feet in hot
water and rub the soles With lemon
Red noses are not attributes Of
beauty and are brought about by a
variety Of causes, such as poor circu
lotion, tight clothing, bad diges, ion, al
cGholic stimulants, etc. In all cases
the cause must first be determined be,
fore a cure can. be effected.
A well known woman seen the 9th.
or day was looking years younger and
better than previously Her doctor. had
told her to drink the juice Of one or.
auge and one lemon mixed together
first thin on waking every wofnIne
advice which She had follow ID.
An eminent French doctor has been
lately upsettng our notions as to bed
making. He advocates that ON pillows
be put under the feet instead of I'M
der the head of the sleeper and de
clares this method is sure cure for
insomnia Another suggestion is tc
iG u.e up the bed with pillows tor bott
the feet and head so that the weary
sleeper lies in hollow. This is saiC
g be most restful WEAKNESS is really
tie hunger Of special organs and
thould be alleyiated by rest in order t,
permit the feeding Of these tired or
gins by the blood
Tomatoes are so beneficial in theit
effect ON the LIVE, that hey have beer
APPLY styled the vegetable c.domel'
Celery Is an excellent nerve tonic anC
Is good for people suffering from thcu
matism. Wdtcrcreas is credited viii
I having tonic properties, We have al
ways known pamups and carrot
are good for the complexion The roa
zen for this is that both vegetable
contain arsenic, which has an almos
magical effect on the skin Onions al
supposed to be without an equal as
nerve tonic, blood purifier and genera
cleanser of the system. Lettuce /
conducive to sleep because II contain
opium Parsley Is excellent for til
stomach and aids digestion.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05
THE TEACHERS CHANCE.

Geography ana history are being
made over so fast in Euorpe tina. it
is impossible for school book publish
ers to change their volumes accord
ingiy Herein lies at once a danger
and dazzling opportunity for the
teacher wise enough to see it,
Books published as late as last year
are as out Of date as the maps of Co
lumbus, and lessons blimdly assigned
from them will result IN a mass Of
transformation with which no chili
should be burdened, to say nothing Of
being bored.
Children everywhere are wild with
interest about the war and bursting to
know now Why lose the inspiration
OF this vital flame? why not beat the
text books 20 it and teach history and
geography while they are being made,
with war news and talks by returned
soldiers for guides?
Highways Of commerce. natura.
boundaries. political divisions, all can
be studied as the maliein-a-minute re-
publics shoot Off from old kingdom
and stolen territories 50 back TO theiI
owners The Islands Of the sea arc
involved as well as every continent
and and almost every important ia
ton in the world
Wise and well repaid win be tn,
teacher who uses living facts. instea,
Of cold, dead Stuff in hated books
while the result to the child viii b.
accurate and useful knowledge SO hap
pily samci that it will never be iol
gotten.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05
GERMANYs BACK DOOR OPEN.

II Europe can be spared another
year Of war, SO much the better Ey.
cry humane being will rejoice if a
quick end can be made of the horror.
without sacrificing the vital and per.
manent benefits that the allies expect
IN payment Of their labors and pains
But It Germany, by refusing the al
lied terms of amistice makes it ne.
cessary TO fight on to insure those
benefits her folly be upon her own
head.
There Is only one end to any fur.
Their contest, and we can make a thor.
ough job Of it in our own good time
The collapse OF Bulgaria showed the
way. The collapse Of Turkey and Aus
tria-liungary opens the way wide.
As soon as the preliminaries of
peace with these bad little brother.
VI the Hun are taken care Of, W,
can get AZ Germany by her back dooI
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05
THE DEPENDABLE FAMILY MAN.

\ sociologist who has been inyesti'
eating lodgin9 houses in one Of the
big cities concludes that family life
has a fine effect on q mans industrial
efficiency
OF 10000 dodgers who were question.
Ell the big majority were unmarried.
They were found to change their jobs
about as frequently as they changed
their abodes, which was once in ey.
cry six months. The average family
man. tao. works four hours more 4
week than the average lodger
It isn't altogether question OF
matrimony. A single man living with
his family may be as steady and de,
pendable as a husband and father.
The essential is that . man shall be
subject to the continuous influence OF
family life Lodging house life tends
To make him a drIfter. in work and in
character.
Families are sometimes a burden,
and ones immediate relatives may be
pestiferous at times. but somehow the
male Of the species seldom gets along
SO we'll without them.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05
FLU CARRIERS.

The greatest menace to public
health today, says a city health com.
missioner, is the strong. robust men
and women who get influenza. but be.
cause of their excellent physical con.
dtion, can combat it while going
about their daily business
Such people take pride in keeping
on with their work While they are
suffering from the flu. They deserve
a certain credit for their persistency
and efficiency, but the result is ex.
tremely bad. They act as prolific
spreaders of the disease They give
it 10 other people in Offices. factories
and stores, in elevators, in restaur.
ants. in the cars and on the street.
Most of their victims. having less vi,
taity than they have, suffer more.
With the best intentions in the world,
they may be scattering death among
their friends and associates
Ii is imperative that all sufferers
from the epidemic stay at home and
remain in strict privacy and isolation
il not for their own sake, then for the
sake of the community. An influenza
patient has no more business in a pub
lie place than has smallpox patient
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05
Bread Warmers Help

We use bakers bread in our home
generally purchasing that wrapped in
sanitary waXed paper. TheCe wrap
rers We have found exceedingly use
full. putting them in the bottoms o.
cake pans. The cakes come out OF the
ran with the paper on them. This Is
easily removed. Pans are not CREASED
before putting in the cake mixture.
think this suggestion will be q gre II
help TO your many readers.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05
How a Salesman Suffered.

H. J. Porter, Sterling Col, writes;
For six months | suffered with a
painful, weak back. As travelling
salesman | had to stoop frequently 10
p.ek UP my grips, which | grew to
dread as he pain when a straight
oned up ~as awful Numerous rene.
dies failed to reach my case. | was
induced to try Foley Kidney Pills.
Relief was immediate Say they arc
great Any one afflicted a. was
should try bottle or two Of Foley
Kidney Pills" Good for pain in the
back rheumatic pains, aching joints,
sore muscles.
w. d. Duncan, Druggist, Ottawa, Iii,
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05
CALL $3.50 MEN
FROM NORTHERN ILL.
NOVEMBER 11-16 PERIOD

Springfield, H. Nov. In a draft
order received here yesterday north
Elm Illinois counties are directed to
eutrain 1890 white men for general
military service, the hye-iay period
beginning Nov. II, for Camp McArthur
Waco, Texas, These selects were in.
elsled in the Oct q draft call, post
poneI because Of The influenza, which
is said to be abating rapidly in Che
northern tier of counties. Local
boards affected are in possession OF
quotas.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05
Get Rid Of That
Persistent Cough

Stop that weakening persistent cough
or cold, threatening throat or lung
affections, with Eckman's Alternative,
successful use. soc ana $50 bottles
From druggists. or from
~ AAAN LABORATORY, PHILADELPHIA
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05
Cleaning Hint.

In cleaning "A room instead Of NOV.
ing heavy pieces Of furniture each
week, remove lower drawers Of Blu
reaus, sideboards, etc. and clean thru
the openihg with whisk broom and
cloth,
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05
Cleaned Out.

Miss Rocksey-lf yot're looking for
q husband for me- papa, why don't
you invite 10 the house some Of your
rich Wall Street friends?
Old Rocksey When | get through
with them, my dear. they are not rich.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05
The Right Number, the Wrong Street.

Youthful shopper (of the Heightsl
Please give me spool Of white
thread and have 1t charged.
Salesgirl- Seventy Clark, | sup
pose?
Youthful Shopper oh, no, 50 Hen
ry, as usual.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05
Wlly Didn't He7

He picked the strangers pockets, but
the job was quite a botch,
For he didn't take the time to take his
watch
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05

CHICAGO REPRESENTATIVES,
8. C. Theis Company. S6i Monadnock
Block.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05
KAISER KARL WILL
CO TO SWITZERLAND
GERMAN PRESS SAYS
EMPEROR 0E AuSTRtA-HUNGARY
FIRM IN DETERMINATION TO
QUIT.


LONDON. Soy. '- emperor Oh'''ie'
al AusTIa-iuuElrg is determined tc
ahltu0e and will retire 60 Swifzer
ra,.f r.,,..-... ,.,-..,,.sr. ~,
'' ''' ''-' '''' ''''7 ''''''''''''' -
'i.'.'..' ii J., A2'.'s, '.'' ''' q ''''. ''' '''>'
..,s,p,pa,,. sp5 .,..sr ,ra,,.rt.,l l.4t.
ar. in th. 5raf m-r.r.b,
o.
'''0' We
AmSiel lam. Nov III vas OF
h'ldlly announced in "ef'tn yesterday
th1t Emperor Williams military eau.-
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05

MINNEAPOLIS REPRESENTATIVE
3. C. TheIs Company, zoe Lincoln Bid
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05
Noblesse. Ohllae.

People who live in big houses must
throw bluffs.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05

Try the Free Trader-Journal Want Ads
for results.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05

The Free vrader-Journal nay be
found at the Aews depots OF Wheeler
& Malo, Kneulsi Bros, and MegaAln's
Cigar Store.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05

Entered as second class matter Nov.
20. 1916. al the postotfice at Ottawa,
H., under the Act OF Oct. 3. 1917.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05

NEW YORK REPRESENTATIVES,
s. G. Theis Company. S65 Fifth Ave
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05

II you have lost anything you can
Ind 1t by advertising In the Free Trad
er.Journal.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05

Daily. one year in advance. by ear
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-11-05

DISPLAY ADV. RATES will be given
upon application.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1918-05-09

There is much refinement In the
styles appearing in new blouses, both
for ordinary and dressy wear. because
they are simple and depend upon fine
needlework decorations for their fin
fsh. The receipt for the artistic in
blouses demands simplicity and sim
plicity is interesting in proportion to
exquisite finish and originality in the
design of garments and their garni-
lures. Women who are gifted with
fine sense of clothes are charmed with
the return of some of the beautiful
old-time ideas OF decorative needle
work in the new blouses. inspired by
work that was all done by hand in
those distant days when many women
occupied much of their time with sew
ing
But it happens that in modern YER
sions of these old ideas machine work
often takes the place of handwork
Even at that, considerable handwork in
basting as preparation for the machine
is necessary Among the examples Of
this are blouses in which small cord
is introduced between two thicknesses
OF georgette crepe or other sheer ma
terial by fine machine stitching On
each side of the cord This makes
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1918-05-09
Let Exerybodx DO It.

A correspondent of the Minneapolis
Journal writes to say that he has vol
UNFAIRLY reduced his consumption of
wheat, meat and sugar by 80 per cent
Under compulsion. he says. he would
gladly reduce 1t by 60 per cent or even
more, for then he would be assured
that everybody was doing it, whereas
now there is every possibility that
some pro-German or Stacker is COB
bling up or wasting all that he saves.
This constant urge to voluntary sacrf-
fee places all the sacrifice upon the
good citizen, while the unpatriotic citi-
zen goes free. The principle is undemo-
cratic; which is to say that in demo-
cratic country it is entirely wrong.
Only through compulsion in food con-
servatfon can justice be done to the
sacrificing patriot.-Winnipeg Tele-
gram.