davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1918-05-14
MT. PLEASANT MAN
SENT TO PRISON

Chicago, May 10-Paul Asbury Por-
ter, "a years old, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa,
was sentenced to life imprisonment
late yesterday by Judge John j. Sui.
Ivan in the criminal court for the muir
der of Detective James Shea of Evan
ston February rs.
Porter attempted to cash check
for SIS in the clothing store Of Irving
Krager, S14 Davis street, Evanston,
February 25. Albert Kittner, the clerk,
suspected the check was not good.
He notified Patrolman James Glea-
son, who told Detective Sergeant
Arthur Johnston and Detective James
Shea and they went to the store and
engaged Porter in conversation. AS
they walked to the rear of the store
Porter suddenly whipped out a re-
volver and opened fire, hitting Shea
with four bullets.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1918-05-14
HUNS lombard
AMIENS RUINS
OF SHELLS ARE
FIRED INTO CITY IN
VANDAL ATTACK.
10y Associated Press Staff
Correspondent

On the French Front in France, May
S.-Delayed)-The German artillery,
under orders from the Prussian and
Bavarian crown princes, is doing its
utmost to turn Amiens into another
Rheims. Picardy's capital has already
suffered terribly from this effort to
carry out the German idea Of striking
terror into the fatherland's enemies by
the destruction Of their most loved
works of art, and every day adds to
it's suffering.
The correspondent today went all
over the abandoned city and observed
the effects of the bombardment which
has turned parts of the town into
heaps of ruins and killed fifty-two men,
civilians, thirty women and five chill
dren, besides wounding sixty-two men,
forty-eight women and nineteen chill.
dren before the population had an op-
portunity to evacuate the place. Since
the Germans have been within cannon
shot of Amiens they have hurled no
fewer than $500 shells. mostly six-inch
and eight-inch, into the city. Every
indication points to systematic ef.
fort to destroy the public buildings as
the cathedral has been struck by shells
which have pierced the room and walls
and the object Of firing necessarily
upon the town cannot be explained e~
cept upon the assumption that it is
carried out with the purely barbarous
idea of the destruction of the beauti-
fIl objects it contains.
The cannoade generally ceases at
night, only to be replaced by air raids,
which occur almost every night.
Bombs numbering $50 have been
launched from airplanes on various
parts of the city. AS most of the shells
and torpedoes are incendiary they
have caused enormous damage and
1000 houses have been destroyed.
The cathedral, which possesses the
finest Gothic nave existing, has
escaped serious damage.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1918-05-14
KEOKUK PEOPLE
ARE FORESIGHTED

Keokuk, May 10.-Thirty to forty
per cent of Keokuk's families have
already laid in their coal supplies for
next winter.
This is the assertion Of coal dealers
here, who say at the same time that
the supply is not equal to the de-
mand. The railroad situation and the
fact that mines are operating only
about half time in Iowa and Illinois
has had the effect of cutting down the
amount of coal shipped to, the city.
Several carloads of coal ordered
from Springfield, May 1, for immed-
late shipment, had not reached Keo-
kuk today.
The campaign to get persons to Sc
cure their coal now instead OF waiting
until autumn has had It's effect say the
dealers.
Some of them admit that there is a
slight waste in coal that is kept un-
touched in bins all summer but that
the loss is not appreciable when dis.
rupted service in the early fall i,
taken into consideration.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1918-05-14
STATE MEN
SELL BONDS

Des Moines May 10.-State secret
service men had follow up" system
in Liberty bond solicitations and OBJ.
tanned practically $4,000 in subscrip-
lions from persons who had turned
down the regular solicitors.
H. V. Yackey of Harlan, secret SER
vice man, sold $50 bonds to seventeen
Austrians who were working on a
railroad in western Iowa, although the
Austrians arc alien enemies in the
eyes of the law.
In Boone, Audubon, Shelby and
Page counties Yackey and Roscoe
Saunders went after wealthy farmers
and others who had turned down Lib.
erty loan solicitors and to some of
them sold as much as $4,000 worth
of bonds as well as obtained sub
scription to the Red Cross.
One wealthy Page county farmer
when he heard that the secret service
man was looking for him to induce
him to buy Liberty. bonds went down
to Blanchard and crossed the Missou-
ri line. Yackey followed him down
there and when the fellow declared he
couldn't buy and anyway he was in
Missouri and not in Iowa, Yackey told
him differently. The man bought and
bought literally.
The local Liberty loan solicitors
had the facts rs to what these men
were worth financially and they were
not allowed toIevade their duty.
The secret service men have also
been selling considerable -four and
sugar which has been boarded in var
ious parts of the state.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1918-05-14
ENCOURAGES
USE OF SPUDS
REP. GREEN OF COUNCIL BLUFFS
BOOSTS FOOD ADMlNiSTRA-
TONS EFFORTS.

The efforts of the food administra-
ton to save wheat and meat by the
use Of substitutes is made the subject
of letter received by ]. F. Deems,
Iowa's food administrator, from ninth
district representative, w. r. Green,
of Council Bluffs in which the Iowa
congressman urges the eating house
to serve potatoes more literally. He
writes:
1.-THE value Of the work of the food
administration can only be realized
by considering the situation in which
we would have found ourselves but for
it's work. BY the stimulus which it has
afforded and the help which it has
given, the production Of food has been
greatly Increased. A large number
of small producers aggregate much
more than few large ones, hence the
necessity Of persons doing their part.
1.-THE food administration is now max
ing an effort to increase the consump
Ition Of potatoes in order to prevent
the waste Of the large crop Of last
year. 1t is to be hoped that all citi-
zens will Loyalty join in the move
ment. Potatoes can be used in num-
erous ways to save flour and other
food. They can be cooked in humid
reds of different ways. Unfortunately
the art of cooking has been somewhat
neglected with us and the cooking Of
potatoes especially, but everyone
ought to be able to bake potato and
when so cooked it is most palatable.
Variety in cooking is, however, es-
sential as everyone becomes tired Of
potatoes served continually in the
same way Community driers should
be established and the manufacture
Of potato chips should be encouraged
"Singularly enough, now that pota-
toes are cheap, hotels and restaurants
continue to serve the minute portions
given their patrons when the price
was two or three times what it Is at
present. Potatoes should be freely
put on the table at public eating
places and prices should be reason
able. Exorbitant profits on food ought
not to be tolerated"
This is one of several letters from
public men which Food Administrator
Deems of Burlington has received re-
Gently, commencing his campaign for
the increased use of potatoes in Iowa
in order to conserve the wheat flour
and meat supply.
This campaign has been given en-
phasis by the recent Hoover declar-
alton at Washington, that it will be
necessary for the people to further
economic In the use of meats. An
effort ia heinp made to organize Such
campaing for the use of potatoes
in Iowa as will avoid any possible
danger of waste in this crop. Drives
have been organized in Winnebago,
Worth, Dallas, Des Moines, Boone,
Taylor and other counties and will be
extended to every county in the state.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1918-05-14
GIVES LIFE FOR
HIS COUNTRY
BONN CLIFFORD WAY, JEFFERSON
coUNTTS FOURTH VICTIM
OF HUN.

Fairfield, May 10.--Thursday noon
while all jefferson county was prepal'
ing to honor the boys who had gone
into their country's service. by az
tending tho county service flag rails
ing a message was received from
Kansas City saying that another
brave young lad from Fairfield hao
pald the supreme sacrifice at the In
stance Of the Hun hordes.
John Clifford Way died THURSDAY
at Kansas City, Mo-, where he haa
zone only month ago with ten other
bows from Jefferson county to receive
training at Rahe's Army Mechanical
school before being sent across the
.eas for service. Soon after entering
camp on April Mr.. Way contracted
scarlet fever which caused his deatn.
He Ia survived by his young wife, MS
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. D. K. way, o.
this city, three brothers, Ira ana VII
bur of Chicago, and Obediah OF valley
function. and one sister, Mrs. Ed
krum of Mt. Pleasant. -
Mr.. Way was born and reared IN
Fs6rneh was a graduate OF the local
hixh school and was popular with his
associates. No arrangements as to
the funeral services have been an
nouncsd but the remains Will oe
brought to his home in this city.
Mr. Way is the fourth boy from JET
Iersou county to give his life for MS
pouutry.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1918-05-14
TELLS
OF ATTACK
SHENANDOAH MAN, VICTIM OF
ASSAULT, GIVES ExPLANA-
TON OF AFFAIR.

Shenandoah, May 10.-C. N. Marvin,
editor of the Sentinel-Post who was
assaulted by W. B. Wightman, a real
estate dealer at II o'clock Monday
morning on a down town street and
knocked down, has through his news
paper made statement regarding the
matter since a newspaper cores
pondent has made statements accus-
ing Marvin of writing articles con-
demning the defense council and at
tributes that as the cause Of the as
sault
In his statement Mr. Marvin says
that he was passing the Wightman
land Office when Mr.. Wightman. who
was in an automobile, drove up and
said, Marvin, wait a minute"
Then approaching he said: Didn't
you promise not to put anything more
in your paper about my boy?" Mar
vim replied that he did not remember
making any such promise, but he was
not aware that any item about the
boy had appeared recently in the
paper
With an oath Wightman remarked,
yes you do"
Well" said Marvin, Il don't know
to what item you refer, but If your
boy does anything that is proper for
a news item, it certainly will be pub
lished"
At that Wightman struck Marvin
in the face and knocked him down.
He then continued with much pro-
family to threaten Marvin with great
or assaults If his name or that OF any
of his family ever appeared in the
paper again.
Wightman had reference to an item
in the Sidney correspondence regard
ing Wightmans son who was not &C
copied for military service at Camp
Dodge.
BY that time people began to gath
er around to learn Of the cause of the
trouble and then Wightman began to
accuse Marvin of being pro-German
and that he had written articles con
demning the activities Of the defense
council.
The assault on Marvin was purely
a personal matter. AS for his record
he has subscribed cherfully in all waT
activities and has given the columns
of his paper at all times to advocat-
ing patriotic measures. His father
was killed on the battlefield during
the civil war. Mr. Marvin is one OF the
oldest editors in number of years OF
service in Iowa and has always been
leader in editorial associations.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1918-05-14
DELEGATES NAMED
FOR PEACE FARLEY

pes Moiues, May 10.-Gov. w. l..
Harding has appointed the following
DELEGATES to represent Iowa at the con-
vention "Wtn the War for Permanent
Peace" 20 be held in Philadelphia May
16 to IS. under the auspices or the
League to Enforce Peace with mead
quarters In New York City: !,
C. q. Pickett, Waterloo; Alfred
Mueller. Davenport; William LARA
bee. Olermont; w. G. Haskell, Cedar
Rapids; Louis Murphy, Dubuque; j..
L. Stevens, Boone; J. 2. Larson. West
Branch; A. v. Proudfoot, 1ndianola;
Clarence Nichols, Vinton; B. F. Cum
mines. Marshalltown; D. D. Murphy,
Elkader: Frank Morrison, West
Union: b. F. Coyle, Humboldt; W. M.
Walker, Keosauqua; F. s. Neednam'
Sac City; Dan Hamilton. S1gourney'
Arthur Faruuhar, Audubon; W. J. MO
Donald, Iowa City; J. P. Manatrey
Fairfield; Farley Sheldon, Ames; Alex
r, Miller, Washington; j. M. Lindley,
winfield: F. A. OConnor, Hampton;
J. A. Dewitt, Oskaloosa; Clyde T. &C.
hung, Glenwood; ]. w. Sullivan, Al
coma; Emmett FINLEY, Council Bluf1s;
NJ. 8. Healy, Fort Dodge, John ]. Seer
Lev. Burlington; w. H. McHenry: Des
Moineg: Sidney ]. Dillon, Des Moines;
John L. Stevens, Boone; Paul still
man. Jefferson; Jaul Junkin, erosion,
1afeyete Young, ST., Des Moines; w.
P. Manley, Sioux City; w. w. Over
holser, Sibley; Rev. G. w. Reese, Des
MOines.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1918-05-14
PROMINENT MEN
IN AUTO ACCIDENT

n. Madison, May D.@James VIA.
- az New York City, an official OF
0ua1fers publishing company, visiting
y Madison on an important business
mission was probably fatally hurt, ex'
Nayor A. p. Brown of this city was
inttred and F. E. Humphrey, presl-
dent OF the Perfection Tire and Rub
her company of TT. Madison, was
shaken ND when a machine in which
thev were riding slid over an embank-
,cmt on the road between this city
and Nauvoo, at about 3 o'clock Wed
nesday afternoon.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1918-05-14
EDDYvILLE

Cal Chord. until recently manager of
the Gas & Electric Co. at Mediapolis.
has accepted position as manager of
the Eddyville electric light plant.
Miss Pearl Williams left Friday for
Kansas city on a business trip.
Mrs. T.. L. Bay and Miss Fannie
Lura were Des Moines passengers Fri
Fred Thayer left Thursday for his
home in st. Louis after a short visit at
the N. A. Thayer home.
Mrs. Ruth Wray, Mrs. Chas. Odem
Mrs VIM. Steinhoff, Mrs. Evans, Mrs.
VIM Schaffer were recent Ottumwa
callers.
Miss Bessie Franc Brown stopped off
in Eddyyllle Thursday on her way from
CHICAGO to Nebraska and visited with
friends here.
Dave Templeton was a business call
err in Hamilton Friday.
Mr.. and Mrs. NJ. T. Lobberecht were
called to Yetter. Ia, this week by the
serious illness Of a relative.
DR.. F. M. McCrea left wednesday
for Omaha on a busiess trip.
Mrs. @. w. Baker and little daughter
of Toledo, Ohio, arrived in Eddyvtlle
Tuesday for a visit with Mrs. Bakers
mother Mrs. Margaret Akers.
Mrs. Jeanette Harp and children
who have been visiting at the Fred
Wilcox home the past two weeks re-
turned to their home in Des Moines
Tuesday.
Robert Logue who has been working
in Chicago returned to Eddyville this
week for visit with his family
Mrs. Martha Brunt who has been ill
in the hospital at Ottumwa was able
to return home Tuesday.
Abe Williams of Gibbs. Mo-, spent
| Tuesday in Eddyville visiting relatives
and friends.
w. P. Rowe who has been working
in Chicago is visiting this week with
his family in Eddyville.
Mrs. Esther Whalen is i'll this week
at the home Of her father, William
Barnett
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1918-05-14
WILLIAM SBURo

Joseph Suber, son and daughter, Of
Hilton township, were visitors here
Saturday the 4th, with relatives and
friends.
Sylvester Tullis and brother of
Pilot township were business visitors
here Saturday.
Evan Edwards and wife who spent
the winter months in Florida are now
home.
Walter Timm CT Hilton township
was visitor here Saturday with rela'
tives and friends.
F.. w. Meyers who has been away
at Excelsior Springs for his health
is now home and better.
John Johnson of Iowa City is Wis.,
itor here this week with his friend
l.. Mcrrin.
Mr.. and Mrs. c. ]. Caffney and
daughter, Miss Rose, all of Holbrook,
were visitors here Sunday.
Henry Williams who resides on his
farm west of this city was a visitor
here Saturday evening.
Rev. F.. G. Schilerstrom Of Chicago
had Charge of the services at then
Presbyterian church here Sunday
He is a candidate for the position OF
permanent pastor.
Evan r. Jones who resides on his
farm northeast of the city, was Wis
itor here Sunday.
Albert Barker and son who live east
of the city on what used to be known
in the early days as the jenkins
farm, were visitors here Monday.
Thomas Johnson Of Green township
was a visitor here Monday.
James Brannan who resides on his
farm east Of the city during the sum
mer season was visitor here Mon
day. He generally spends the winter
months here in the city.
James Fritz of Oxford, who hat
been here attending to his business
interests and visiting with relatives
and friends. has returned.
John McCarty OF Green township
was a visitor here Tuesday with his
brother, Joseph.
Samuel Boland Of South Ridge was
visitor here the first Of the wei
with various relatives.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1918-05-14
WILL DECORATE
SOLDIERS GRAVES

Des Moines, May 1o.-Grandma
Dunn. the little, grandmother of Cor
poral Marvin Dunn, who died for his
country in France, will have a COM
fnrting Memorial day.
She will know that somewhere
ever in France" the grave of her on
II laddie and support will be decor
ated with flowers and hags by salVa-
dan Army lassies.
He died Of wounds received IN pat
IL March II.
orsnma Dunn is among the sorrow
NJ relatives in Des Moines who ask
fhat the graves Of their soldier dead
s. decorated by the Salvation Army
IN France.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1918-05-14
'BRITONS SOUND
WAR WARMING
EARL cURZoN SAYS ,HAlG MAY
BE FORCED TO GIVE
GROUND.

London, May 11.--Speaking to the.
Primrose league yesterday Earl Cur
zon. government leader in the house OF
lords and member of the British war
council, said grave times are, aheails
and that the British soldiers may have
to give ground. Encouragement IS to
be found, however, he said, in tho,
unity of command, in Americas eff
fort, and in the resolute indomitable
spirit of the British people.
Particular Importance attaches to the
assertion in view Of Sir Eward Car.
sons declaration eve are on the eve
OF the crisis Of. this war;" which was
one of the outstanding features In last
nights debate in the house of COM
mons on the Asquith motion.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1918-05-14
PEACE PRAYER
ASKED BY POPE
ADDRESS TO WORLD URGES GEN
ERAL APPEAL TO SUPREME
BEING.

Rome, May Delayed) "A special
prayer during mass on Staint Peter'l
day, June 20, for the cessation of thu
evils tormenting humanity, Is urges
by Pope Benedict in a special mes
sage to the whole world
THE end of the fourth year ap.
proaches since Europe is in conhng.
ratiol," says the message. During
this time the violence has never di-
minished, but increased, so that we
never have had moments relief from
ever-increasing ills and Affections
REVIEWS EFFORTS FOR PEACE
Continuing, the pope says that ow-
ing to the ministry entrusted, to him
by Providence and animated by the
charity of Jesus Christ, nothing has
been left uninterrupted to remedy these
Affections. The pontiff recalls the
words of King Jehoshaphat, praying:
Lord God of our fathers, Thou art
God in heaven. rulest over all king
dbms and nations. In Thy hand ID
strength and power; none can resist
Thee. We will cry to Thee In our
affections and Thou wilt hear and
save US. Our God, as we know not
what to do, We can only turn our eysa
to Thee"
URGES PEACE PRAYERS.
The pope urges the world to trust
in God, who is the arbiter of the will
Of men and human events, and to trus!
His mercifulness to put speedy END
to SO many storms, Fastening peace
and restoring among men a reign o.
justice and charity. Above everything
God, who is wrathful at such persist
ent sins, must be placated, he d.
clares.
Humble entreaties and preserving
prayers are urged as the best mean,
to do this. He urges the clerg,
throughout the world to divide the sac
riace for this purpose on June 20,
day sacred to the apostles Saint Pete
and Saint Paul, supplicating that TIKI
supreme desire Of all be granted AMI
that justice be restored
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1918-05-14
WIDOW is WITNESS
ON MURDER TRIAL

Peoria, ILL.,, May 11.-Mrs. Lenna
Meade, widow OF Berne e. Meade,
slain bank cashier, all but broke down
when she took the witness stand
in the trial against e. A. Strause
for the murder of her husband
She identified the glasses worn
by Meade on the day of the killing,
December %, last, and described the
overcoat he wore, saying It was a
Christmas gift to him from her and
that he was wearing it for the first
time. A delegation Of about twenty.
five women friends OF the widow were
in court when she took the stand
Strause turned when he saw Mrs
Meade and quickly averted his gaze
from her.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1918-05-14
Warren Lester sisco.

Warren Lester Sisco, son OF VIII
liam and Lucinda Sisco was born near
Fremont, November 20, 1879, and died
at his home. one mile southeast Of
Highland Center, May 4, 1918, aged 80
years, months and IA days.
He was united In marriage to Miss
Eva Emery Of Highland Center, Feb
ruary 10, 1902. To this union were
born three sons, Estel, Waldo and
Warren, the latter preceding his
father in death several years ago.
Mr.. sisco is survived by his wife,
father, mother and four brothers
Jesse Of Madelia, Mimi; Henry OF
Eddyville, Jake and Harry of Oska.
loosa, and four sisters, Mrs. James
Tickling, Mrs. Ralph Mcdonald and
Mrs Chris Stoler, all Of Oskaloosa,
and Mrs. Ed Tobin Of Rose Hill.
Mrs. Sisco was honest and industri'
GUS, highly respected and honored by
all his acquaintances. To know him
was to love him.
The funeral was conducted from the
Methodist Episcopal church in High
land Center, Monday, May 6, by Rev
A. w. Miller of Ottumwa, after which
the remains were laid to rest in the
Mccormick cemetery in the presence
of many sympathizing friends
Contributed.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1918-05-14
UNION SERVICE
FOR MOTHERS DAY

Mothers Day will be observed to-
morrow at the Christian church in
Blakesburg by union services in which
four Christian churches, the Blakes-
burg, Center, Russell and Union, will
join.
Morning service at II o'clock. Rev.
Williams of Blakesburg will preach. A
basket dinner will be spread for all in
the church basement following this
service.
At p. m. Rev. c. c. Crawford of
Abba will preach the anniversary ser.
mon at the church. this being the sec.
ond anniversary of the organization
Regular evening service at $3.50 O'Clock
by the minister.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1918-05-14
VERNE MARSHALL GETS HOME.

Cedar Rapids, May lI-Verne MAT
shall, editor of the Gazette, VINO is
home on short furlough after con-
GLIDING a three months speaking tour
in the interest Of the Liberty Loan
says that although the loan was over
subscribed, the nation is not yet
awake.
"The doctrine of hate is a false
doctrine" he says, "but we must at
least get mad before we can win. Our
shirt sleeves are rolled up to the ell
bow but not to the shoulder
Marshall will address the Kansas
Press association at Wichita, Satur'
day.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1918-05-14
MARkER.cLARK WEDDING

Charlton, May 1O.-George William
Marker, farmer near Tacoma,
and Miss Lillian NJ. Clark, of
Charlton, We're united in marriage at
the United Brethren parsonage in this
CITY on Wednesday evening at
o'clock. the ceremony being performed
by Rev. E. w. Curtis. The bride was
attired in blue silk dress. The bride
is a daughter of Mr.. and Mrs. NJ s.
Clark and for some time has been one
of Lucas county's successful school
teachers.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1918-05-14
"cUT PRICES" HOOVER Ep,cT

Washington. d. c.. May 10.-Wheai
-four substitutes should sell from 10 tt
20 per cent less than wheat flour,
Food Administrator Hoover notified
state food administrators today. The
administrators were instructed to di.
rect wholesalers to stop dealing with
retailers who cannot justify their
prices on the basis Of the cost Of their
goods.
Corn meal and oat meal sells 20 per-
cent below the price of wheat -four
and corn -four, and barley flour
should sell 10 per cent below wheat
-four, the administrators were inform.
ed