davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1918-09-13

Owing to bad roads and high
cost of material and operation, af-
TER Monday, Sept. Is, 1918, we
will charge 81 per hundred from
S:aunton to Monterey, and from
Monterey to Staunton Coo.
Monterey Garage
Chas SwadIey
2t CLYDE Hiner
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1918-09-13
NOTICE

The ladies of Prospect Church
will give their annual lawn party
Sept. 2lst at Flood. Ice
cream, cake, sandwiches, etc, will
be served. Beginning at 10 a: m.
Proceeds for benefit Of Pastor.
Everyone come. Com.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1918-09-13

ST rs for Recorder and Thrice a
Week World.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1918-09-13

NOTICE-Place order now for late
peaches. w NJ WIMER
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1918-09-13

FOR SALE-A fine lot S. c.. White
Leghorn cockerelS at $3.50 each.
Fl. B. WOOD, Monterey, Va
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1918-09-13

FOR SALE-Some fresh Jersey and
Gernscy COWS and some to be fresh
soon, all will make good winter milk
ers. Apply to R. L. LINDSAY, Mead
oW Dale, Va. at
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1918-09-13

FOR SALE-I have on hand several
Farmers Favorite told name Bick-
ford a. Huffman) Drills, consisting. OF
the following styles, Double and SIN
gle Disc, and Hoe Drills. Save money
by placing order with w A Cunning
ham, Monterey.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1918-09-13

FOR SAJE-I00 White LeghornS
so pullets and 80 cockerels, all early
spring chickens, the pullets will make
good winter layers. Prices reasonable.
Mrs. J. 4. Wagner, Monterey, Rt. l
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1918-09-13

WANTED-Old iron and castings,
brass, copper, rubber and rags. |
will pay cash. G. G. RALSTON,
6-5-5t Monterey, Va.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1918-09-13
Business Locals

FOR SALE-Two 300 Candle Power
Coal Oil Lamp, one 300 power Liant
ern. II you want the best light you
ever saw at bargain, don't fail to
get one OF these. Monterey Jewely Co
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-25
Facts for Farmers, Stock
Breeders, Poultry Raisers.
Orehardists, Truckers and Gar
deners---Queries and ANSWERS
UNDERTAKING. THE LAND;
A CHEAP WAY TO MANAGE IT

Cndcrlrain is such 4 slow, tcdi
Gus job tina, many men having large
areas needing drainage get discour-
aged before they begin.
a. l.. French tells in tho Progressive
Farmer how To do it effectively and
chcaplS. lie says:
The thing To do is to start UNDER
draining on Just tho scale that can be
afforded. thinking, nothing a, all about
the size OF the task. And looking
pack after ten years. one will be sur
prised at the amount of undertakings
mat has been accomplished by the
work performed during the winter
months. at odd times. by the regular
farm force. ON our farms We have
never paid dollar for extra labor
with which TO further drainage work
and the miles OF tile and rock drains
on our place have been eloquent tcsti-
mony to the effectiveness of our method
of working ourselves and our help on
TINS drainage work during the winter
Ana speaking OF rock drains. we ha &c
found foot deep Of small stones in
the bottom Of thrce-foot often TO
make a more effective underlrain in
pipe clay land than tho regular drain
tile. This may be Il useful hint to
those of our readers who are bur'lcned
with an over supply of rock on the
land and an undcr-supply OF coin i'm
the pocket. Some of the most salts
lying drains that | have ever laid are
those that tap We, weather springs
and take the water away underground
instead OF leaving il to work it's way
across piece of naturally good soil
making it non productive OF every
tnlhE save coarse ralucleSS swamp
grass. The work is done by digging
ditch from tho natural outlet TO the
sprinEy place. dig a hole at the spring
the size of barrel. fill this hole with
small rocks to within eighteen inches
or the top OF the ground and run the
tile into the pile Of rocks. The spring
IS never again heard from. have
fixed fifty or more In this manner at
a cost or not more than a days work
each.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-25
Hens Laying by Artificial I,rb,

There is an article in the Fcbruarv
iarm and FircSidc about making hens
lay after hours by artificial light. rho
author OF the article says:
some observations nave made ana
confirmed IN docks kept under I;rh,s
IN the country can bc sum married. a.
follows: a9
items when kept active twelve :,
fourteen hours daily by artificial Nch;s
THqn'r" abundant feed and litter 10 in
ducc exercise.
Any bright light strongly rejected
!" INC hoor viii give good results. Hut
."ch 400 square feet OF floor shouIl
nave about SIXTY candlcpowcr. The cost
81 lighting house 20 accommodate
90 hens by electric lights runs from
So to s. month. ''''
Under lights. carly maturing yc,-.
hnGs and ,wo-ycar- old hens Law vel,
al winter. but breeding stock should
, no, To Kept under lights or they viii
Jay TOO heavily and lower their value
as breeders
"Tne fced -a,ions can he mad. ,ess
rlth IN ar!ma; protein and MOI
oH!k" feed used when hens are ken.
unccr LIGHTS N'''
There IS danger OF oycrdojnr ~,
lighting and cxhausting tho stock -
."rr IS not taken; bu; where sool
!t"R'hcht Is used proper Distribution
or cse production is made possi,Is
throughout tho year wthou, incrc,..
/ '"E inc mortality q: tho layers"
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-25
Get the T;sS Money.

There is r:'ofii in producing eggs
in proportion TO the care in sclectin.;
inc stock and the car" given them.
10 feed mature fowl Of tho utility
breeds il takes oiShty-four pounds of
feed per year. say at cents per
pound s3.36. Hens laying 200 cSss
rcT year viii consume five pounds u
feed 10 produce ono dozen Gigs. cos.-
ing 20 cents for feed.
Hens laying 100 eggs per wear
consume six pounds OF feed per dozen
eggs. feed costing ~ cents per dozen
eggs. Hens laying i25 eggs pcr yclr
cat eight pounds Of feed per dozen eggs,
costing 81 cents per dozen liens aver
aging 100 eggs per year cat ten pounds
OF feed per dozen eggs, costing 40
cents per dozen eggs. Hens that lay
eighty eggs per year eat twelve pounds
of feed per dozen eggs. costing As
cents per dozen. Multiply tho weigh,
Of the feed by the cost per pound Of
feed required (Which will not exceed
"iehty-lour pounds) and you have the
cost.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-25
M|LDER WEATHER AIDS
MARKET IMPROVEMENT
Affirmation OF Railway Policy Also
Strong Factor In Bcttcring
Conditions.
BILL APPROVED BY BANKERS
Although limo Money Showed In
crcaSinE Scarcity, This Is At
tributcd to Withdrawal OF Funds
to Buy Treasury Bills.

NEW YORK, February ci.--The
course OF last weeks stock market.
interrupted by Fridays holiday. was
largely determined by events at Wash
ington. together with tho obvious i'm
nr"remcnt in railroad and Industrial
conditions. due to mildcr weather Rails
derived addp ional stimulus later from
the Senatc'S affirmation OF the admin
istration's railway policy. which Is cal
culatcd to benefit minor roads no less
than tho moro important systems
Banking interests were almost unaui-
NOUS in their approval OF the govern
incntS war finance corporation bill. and
secuted amy notion to imitation in con-
nection with that measure. Although
timo money showed increasing SCARCITY
this was attributed to the withdrawal
OF funds to purchase treasury bills
An index TO the general Industrial
situation was furnished by the IN
concerns engaged in the manufacture
were active and strong in authorization
of next months dividend meeting
Foreign exchange was unusually
listless. lrcs being almost the only
remittance 10 register moro than nom
inal alteration by their rccurrcnt hcavi-
ness. Rates to Madrid responded to
the new trade agreement between this
country and Spain.
Liberty bonds and several or the in
ternational groups were active and
higher. tho former owing their
strength to Indications of a higher in
tercst rate for the next government Is
sue. Investment inquiry for railroad
bonds was negligible.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-25
LADS GAIN YOUTHFUL VIM
Feeding New York School BOYS scIen.
ILLEGALLY Meets With Great
SucCcaa.

NEW YORK. February o4-Twenty-
hNe New York school boys. pitiful vic
TINS two weeks ago OF malnutrition.
are living proofs to-day OF what can
be accomplished with scientific food
scientifically administered
Pale, sunken cheeks, hollow ewes.
thin bodies and thinner limbs arc rand :
~ disappearing. Instead these lads
are now approaching the normal young
animal. full OF vim and life, and their
former pale. slender selves are fading.
Social workers who are conducting
the experiment have learned a most
valued lcssor-the mere suggestions
for living do not produce desired effects.
PRACTICAL demonstration is what counts
1t is evident that parents would no,
buy their children nutritious foods on
the mere statement they were better for
them than bread. coffee and macaroni.
But when the boys are fed scientifically
and begin to show gaiu= the parents
become interested.
The experiment., already success.
is 10 continue a month. Voices which
formerly were as "Duny" as their legs
ana arms. now ring out with self-as-
sertion and agEressivcncss and-well.
harness boys appetite. feed him
scientifically and the result may we'll
DC imagined.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-25
buying Eggs for nntchinE.

4 writer in Farm Life says:
In the spring VIC have found the
cheapest and best way to get start
with pure breeds. or to improve the
quality of the flock already started.
is 10 buy setting or two of good
eggs for Matching. We arrange our
negotiations with a reliable breeder
carly in tho spring and place our or
der as far in advance as possible, 40
as 10 make sure Of prompt service
and good selection Of eggs. April
and May arc the two rush months.
For best matches VIC have found il
docs not pay to ask n breeder TO ship
eggs for Matching before the first 81
April II liz then that the breeding
fowls first begin TO get outdoors and
to run on the new grass. and their
eggs then begin 10 show the greatest
fertility.
We have had experience both in
shipping eggs and in Matching eggs
that have been shipped. and in most
cases the results arc satisfactory 10
all parties concerned when the eggs
arc "ell packed and handled with rea-
sonable care.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-25
Look ont for Farm roofs.

Farm machinery in recent year. has
played very important role in crop
production. and this year it's place in
farm operations is more important
than ever before. The proper amount
and kind OF tools will enable the far
NOR TO work more land and obtain
better returns. In fact, the increased
use or farm machinery Frequently
makes 1t possible TO manage the farm
with less help. One OF the sreatast
causes OF deterioration Of farm toois
and implements is their exposure 20
the weather and the failure upon the
part OF the farmer or Iaborer 20 clean
them properly before they arc put
away for the season when they are
not in active use. There is n wide
variation in the length OF life of those
!arnl implements treated properly and
,noSc LETT TO rust out in the fields
lh!s difference is sufficient 10 pay high
interest on the initial cost or good
farm machinery. The lack OF proper
Storage and care during the winter
months is responsiblc for mmcb Of the
depreciation. This season also is tn
pest time III which TO repair machines
ana pn' them in proper mechanical
condition.
The farmer has everything TO gain
ana AothinS 10 lose by placing his or
chiheS ana repair parts which will be
needed next season. If this fact is
true in normal times. its import,ncc
is magni!ied many times now that
shipments frequently require longer
time
nc farmer has been advised times
",tho"' number concerning the dcsira-
piIltE OF overhauiing farm tools and
implements during the slack season.
whether such advice is necessary o.
whether ii is acted upon in normal
'.HeS IS not a question TO DO con-
Sidercd now. The need for ample ma
chlh,fY' running smoothly and with
o"t nTca Ndowns in 1918, is more i.r-
io''"ht 10 the farmer than ever before.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-25
Rir Glaze. cra.

There is big crop Of crimson clover
this year and il is a valuable crop
that should be handled with care in
the cutting and curing and in the
feeding.
In order to obtain the best hay.
crimson clover should be cut when the
most advanced heads are beginning to
show faded flowers at their base AZ
inns stage the plants contain n maxi
mum amount of protein and dry mat
ter while the leaves arc still present
and tho stems arc comparatively green
me danger of later cutting lies in
the fact that the short hairs on the
stems and flower heads soon become
dry and stiff, and in this state are
more likely 10 form hard hair balls in
the Intestinal tracts OF horses and
mules to which the hay is fed These
hair halls become solid and compact
and nearly always cause death, but
they can be prevented by feeding 4
mixture OF hay and by sprinklinE the
crimson clover with water twelve
hours before feeding
IT is important in curing crimson
clover that the leaves be not allowed
TO become SO dry as TO crumble. which
results in very dusty hay as well
as in much loss. This clover cures
rather readily. and as result spon-
taneous combustion is rare. 1t is i'm
portant. however, that the hay should
be free from external moisture such
as dew or rain when placed in the
barn. as this condition often causes
II 10 develop heat.
Crimson clover hay is considered by
dairymen TO be fully equal II not
superior, TO red or alsilte clover az a
roughase feed for cows. Its ability
10 make growth very early in the
spring brings it TO the stage where
it can be cut and fed green TO cattle
at "A time when most other green
growth is just starting. 1t furnishes
earlier pasture than any OF the other
clovers. but the disadvantage is that
the period when 1t can be utilized in
this way is comparatively short. This
draw back is overcome by seeding both
late and early strains in addition 20
the ordinary variety. when the sea-
son can be extended two months or
more. II will stand limited pasturing
IN the fall: in fact. IL sheep and calves
are permitted TO Craze on 1t the plants
stool out better.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-25
The Government and the Farmer.


In his message of January 81. to the
farmers OF America. President Wilson
points out the great governmental
agencies and instrumentalitics in the
| field Of agriculture.
Our Department OF Agriculture. he
states. is the greatest practical and
scientific organization in the world
and it's total annual budget OF $4,000
900 TO s6.000000 has been increa sed
during the last four years more than
- per cent. It's stan numbers $4,000
and includes many highly trained eX-
perts. The agricultural colleges and
experiment stations OF the country
have total endowment of plant equip
mcnt OF 100000 and an annual
income or more than s$5.000.o00. Ten
thousand two hundred and seventy
one teachers with 10000 students, to-
gcthcr with a vast number receiving
instruction at their homes. evidence
what is being done in the way OF agri-
cultural training, and TO these may be
added the 90 men and women work
ing under the SmithLevcr Act.
The banking legislation OF the last
shows. has given the farmers access
TO the great lcndahle capital OF the
country and through the Federal Re-
serve banking system and the Farm
Loan banking system farmers can oh
tain tho credit. both short and long
TERM. 10 winch tneN are entitled ana
which it is imperatively necessary
, should be extended TO them to enable
them TO perform adequately the tasks
the country now requires Of them.
The President touches on another
aspect OF tho relations between the
farmers and the nation1"Thc toll. the
intelligence. the energy. the foresight.
the sclf-Sacrifcc, and devotion of the
farmers of America will. T believe,
bring to triumphant conclusion this
great war"
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-25
How to Make Good Dutter.

Tho butter made OH the farms O,
Virginia may be materially improved
in quality in most cases IL standa r.,
methods arc employed and greater care
exercised in carrying out the necessary
details. The following outline Of thu
essential steps to be taken in MAX
ing good farm butter is worthy OF
study:
|. Produce clean milk and cream.
Coo! the cream Immediately after i,
comes from the separator Clean and
stcriliac all utensils.
.. Ripcn or sour the cream at from
60 10 80 degrees Fahrenheit, until
mildly sour. Always use thcrmome-
ter in order to know that the right
temperature is reached.
3. Cool the cream to churning tom
pcraturc or below. and hold at that
temperature for at least two hours
before churning.
4. Use churnins temperature
usually between - and &c Fahrenheit
-.nat VIII require thirty or forty
minutes 10 obtain butter
s. Clean and scald the churn, then
half fill it with cold water and revolve
until churn is thoroughly cooled, after
which empty the water.
6. Pour the cream into the churn
through strainer.
:. Add butter color-from twenty to
thirty-1vc drops to a gallon of cream
except late in the spring and early
III the summer.
S. Tut the cover on tight: revolve
tie churn several times; stop with
bottom up. and remove stopper 70 per-
NIT escape of gas; repeat until no
more gas forms.
.. Continue churning until butter
granules arc formed the size OF grains
of wheat.
10 Draw OFF the huttcrmilk through
the hole at the bottom OF the churn
using straincr 70 catch particles OF
butter When the buttermilk has
drained out. replace the cork.
II. Prepare twice as much wash
water as there is buttcrmlk, and at
about the same temperature. Use the
thermometer: do not guess at tempera-
lures. Put one-half the water into
the churn with the butter.
- Replace the cover and revolve
tho churn rapidly a few times. then
draw off the water. Repeat the wash
ing with the remainder OF the water
i3. The butter should still be in
granular form when the washing IS
completed.
IA. Weigh the butter
10. Place the butter on the worker
and add salt at the rate OF three
ters OF an ounce TO a pound OF but
ter.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-25
AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT
m lent addre
dcpartm ntvIap
Monday! urEe lions rib wclcom

Department OF the United States gov
crnmcnt has hccu keeping tab on the
Gu"rpScys and il has been found by
actual test that tho average OF 500
cows that have completed years
record for advanced registry is S.3S4.44
pounds of milk. testing t.a9 per cent
amounting 10 4t6.'l pounds OF butter
FAT, The ten highest producers OF this
breed range from 24.OoS to l72975l
pounds of milk with an average, for
these ten. OF 1881? pounds OF milk.
The ten highest Guernsey buttcr-fat
producers range from l.09SlS to 2lO67
pounds. an average. for these ten, of
1850 pounds OF butter fat
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-25
sudan Grass Fine for Pasture.

rs pasture grass Sudan Eras. q
JUS, coming int" popularity. II viii
pas "rc more srass 10 tho acre than :.
native grass The feeding vain. -,
sudan grass is not equal 70 ~, -.
alfalfa but u IS mach higher than ;h7t
Of prairie grass
ioisonins from sudan grass Is rarc
- '''Sc "'3caH" vas pasturcd in 1917
""t ohif a 70" cases Of poisoning w,rr
reported IN tho United States. As >,
L"E cron sudan grass Is cxcelled ONLY
ny lcGHminous crop such as alf,if.
or clover. la good season ,hr..
cuttings may be had !ioldinc ,orothnr
Two TO four tons 10 the acre.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-25
It'd. WANTS
ES-DISPATCH
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
standardized and 1ndcXcd for Quick


llssss ! Inc E DaGiy
s$S linz is s o
Minimum OF ; Hines IS allowed. '''''' '''"'
M onm w SnaESc 20 nc ssn's Is, m, - linz.
the Inch. ''' ''' anu - ''"e' ~
sf! sss s''S 10 sG:
Esf5s to %, sssel Is S sa non,
S WpS: With wi. , cuts borders or broken sci.
onai above rates. and ' such i,"G aa aver:
.isemsn5s are pyramided together On tho
An !, adEysS!iss%sn,y rsec,ysd up to ,or. NJ.
lcstion viii receive proper class q h tion.
YIN placed In the TOO ' Late 'h to ci hog.
ny column. ,
D DsI. con- Ma,ndoipG when yoS md ]!
be taken at office rates.
sUBsTATIONS FOR I'D. WANT ADS.
Tho following Times Dispatch Branch OF.
Mn as for at ne Of !ao public
wG efe UF n'es o Tsfs are Txsn above
n ca Ga,eIo's Drug store. Floyd Ave. and lob.
eo Charles ,t = Turner. Druggist. West Broad
Kerns Pharmacy. :c23 Hanover Ave.
WWaITinrns dns DrHE Store. 2o2t Grey. Ave.
f fHy DIVE ave siPEs Asg Grace
eGs"1 Psa ,sfse Go Vi Ss'n S. s.
hurneit:s Drug t stofs' ,o az s. , rins g,
V. II. May & Bro. Brook roo Ave- ero and c,ay
G, Tarran, Drug Store. Foushe. and Broad
EAST OF rousHEE STREET.
Cohen Co.. IL Fart Broad ST.
f@F'e jt Rn1s Or 5rus si S,d1e b!Sad St,
3. Wallis Drug Store. Fif,h and Marshaii
v S Ssi.y 20 ' & 4 Il E,f' &, $.
%. Richardson Drug Store. SOL y. Seventeenth
F. H. G!h1pia Id ss n Eighteenth St
:, Wii Ian, Pharmacy. Trenty-nrs. and Mar
:, sn,inrsr DRUG Co.. T~enty-,hird and
g. iiofd's Drug Store. Tr.n,y-nin,h and Q
Weed 4 sehaar Drug Co.. Twenty NTH
3. Woods Pharmacy. Twen,y-nfth and Leigh
Ghpreh HIN Pharmacy $500 f. Broad 8.
rb R,ishaIa,oP Clay Street Drug Store. sol N
PARAMOUNT.
s rhsT,9seY AE Ell FsF"'un' Ave
s'ssf''' DIf io h'2it ~ $a SiE'h Ava
4. cSss Sstan Coz Fon .GS Thru Ins s; Mys
A: K Townsend. Milton and Maryland
8, Branch once Tlmes-pispaseh. 1904 Hull
WOODLAND HEIGHTS
Woodland Heights Pharmacy. 800 Sem mes
Charles w. c swH%sh s11a Forest Hill A,'
B. NJ R01er's' r nIyr S!ore' 's'' Hull ST
Z A; Black, 2sls Williamsburg Ave.
T,n.,D ,,n., pET EIssas G. Mart, s,,,.
more street: phone P-ters6urC 2c5
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-25
---'---------
IN NIENIOItIAM.

A, o,,, February ~. 1918
ColoNEi. joins MGnpIiT' The The t nGnlan i,
rcso!utiOus were passed: 49," -
whereas. the sad intclligenc. Of n
Death OF COLONEL. john MURpifY II,
sir. c 10 our hn9"icdEs and m order
,orrow which VIC feel in the passing az ~,
beloved friend and Nicc- preaidcut: aud -
, Whcrcas in Nc passing OF our coinra,
mere ~ ioft not only to this inutitutio
not 10 ,hs city ana state. void which vi
early youth responded to IN. Gail ~ ),
country. and after the War Bctwrrn -
states II was his privilege TO 70 back hou
20 NE people Tor whom he had gone tori
labor TO help rebuild his beloved city. 20
scssed OF an indoInitable courage h. 70,
about the duties o. cit!zcnship viii -
Same devotion and unselfishness " hich cha
acteriHed his every rsln tionshlp in ifc ar
me result OF his labor is rejected in =
now cnjoys: and io'
where's he az on. who believed in
greater humanity and brotherhood. Viii,
.ehches that wealth accumulated NAV
H Sushnn TO useful disposition II va, throuc
ms representations charity that to the no,
ana irichdless hia prckcnce was ever rrsr
and his dispensations generous: therefor
Resolved. Tha. ". deeply a.,,o,. >,
loss OF n valuable and faithful orienr ~
served only To increas. our adrpi,a,inn y
MIN. To tho family ~ our ,Icceascd =, 10,
%a tender our profound sympathy in ~,
nou, OF our common sorrow. That a col
iarnily, and that :. copy bc spread unon :,
minute. ot tbs Institution N y
hoARn or. DIRECTORS.
=. l." WORD. Secretary