davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1918-08-09

August has been an interestjn
month in the history Of this com
try.
The Mayfower sailed August, lsS
the French fleet arrived Augua
1881; /. the last blood shed in III.
Revolutionary War was Augus
1882; first American ship sails
around the world August, l7st
first locomotive in the Unita |
States August, 1929; first messsn
on the Atlantic Gable Augaa
1858; peace signed with Spain Az
gust, 1898; Germans began tl |
War, August, 1914.
August bids fair to have 81 goa
I hot days, and here is good COD
! clothing for every day.
! Open net union suit underwear
! Prices $500 to $3.50.
! Silk shirts $3.50 to $40.
Crepe shirts So and So.
Soft collars and cool ties. Avoid
stiff collars and big eravats.
Cool web socks.
! And for SIS a suit of cool gray mo.
hair, just thick enough for safety,
or Palm Beach $3.50 or Light
weight blue serge $50.
|10ofu4
~1zz1Ezzzz:'l''; '>
Lakeland's Best Clothes Shep
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1918-05-14
UNCLE SAM UNHORSES
ZOO TEXAS COWBOYS
AGAINST VEHEMENT PRO-
TEST, THEN PUTS THEM
AFOOT AS ENGINEERS.

Fort Worth, Texas, May a.
Uncle Sam has unhorsed 200 of the
hardest riding, swiftest rope-throw-
ing cowboys from the broad plains
OF west Texas. These 200 punch
ers" are members OF Company c,
lllth Engineers, stationed at Camp
Bowie.
The cowboy soldiers have been
motorized by order OF the war de-
partment. Their protests have done
no good. They still are motorized
Their horses have been taken from
them.
Last summer when the first en-
thusiasm OF fighting swept over
west Texas, the cowboys around
Swectwater, where are some of the
biggest ranches Of Texas, could
ride-and fight. too Cavalry they
didn't like, because apparently it had
become a useless arm in the present
struggle. SO they formed an engi-
neering company. Exactly 200 OF
the cow -punchers joined. Harry
Hord, known all through the COW
country, was selected as captain. At
the proper time the cowboys were
mustered into the federal service as
Company c, lllth Engineers. Then
they rode their horses. They be
came known as the Dare Devils
Suddenly Uncle Sam decided
horses were no longer feasible for
engineers in war times and sent a
fleet of motor trucks and motor cars
to Fort Worth. The horses were
ordered back to the remount sta
tionS.
But the west Texas cowboys
haven't abandoned their mounts al
together. Every evening, after the
drill or trench practice is done, you
can see groups OF Company { COW
boys stealing in the twilight to the
picket line. Slyly they pick out
some of the horses and stage an
wild west show just like
they used to have on the big ranges.
Among the cowboys are repre-
Sentatives of some OF the most noted !
Texas ranches. There are men from
The Circle X, the + Bar. \. !. r.. /.
Reynolds. Burnett. King |
and Cowden outfits.
Though all are cowboys--born |
and bred and taught all they know
1ut on the ranges-some are ranch .
owners or sons OF ranch owners.
The daredevil life OF the engineer
who has to know how to ride, shoot,
,uild bridges under fire. construct
'oads in the face OF the enemy's
guns or lay pontoons across streams,
.ttractS the Texas cowboy and until
Jncle Sam took his horse away
rom him and gave him motor car,
lie thought the engineering regi-
nent was the cream of the soldiers
lie.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1918-05-14
A|RPLANE CIRCUS
DEADLY AFFAIR
IS SPECIALLY ORGANIZED
PILOT TROOP TO DESTROY
ENEMY MACHINES.

London, April 14.-By MaiD.-
The airplane Circus which was IN
troduced by the Germans two years
ago. has taken notable part i'll the
fighting on the western front re-
Gently. The use of the word Cir
Gus in this connection has now
been recognized among both Brit
ish and French aviators. Ii indi-
Gates virtually a specially organized
troop OF picked pilots whose job Is
simply to destroy enemy alrplanes.
These circuses are complete units,
equipped with their own transport
mechanical shops, and all necessary
accessories. Wherever there IS
fighting to be done, the circuses
move quickly TO the danger point.
If big attack is to be made by
either side. the rival circuseS are
moved to aerodromes in that dis
trict. and each cndeavors TO pre-
vent the Others reconnaissance ma
chimes from operating. The circus
performs, in fact, precisely the iunc-
tions OF destroyer tiotilas in the
navy.
The first circus was formed by
Captain Boelke, one OF the early
German star pilots. He collected
number OF picked pilots, including
the Richthofcns. NoSs ard Schaef-
er, OF whom the two latter have been
killed within a year. Boelke him
self was killed in 1916 and the elder
Richthofcn took over the circus.
On the British side the reply came
in a squadron organized by Major |
Hawker, which the Germans called |
the Anti Richthofen Circus u |
tmately Hawker fell in fight with /.
Richthofen.
During the fighting OF the past
few weeks several circuscS OF picked !
pilots have been in action on both |
sides. They have reduced lighting
in formation to a hnc art, each pilot
maneuverlng a. one of team and
refusing to be drawn away from
the formation iu.o Single-handed
fights.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1918-05-14
Humble Mine Sweeper
Kills Many UBoats

London, April l5.-(Correspond-
ence of The Associated Press y
When the story of the humble mine
sweeper is fully told, many stirring
pages will be added to the history
of anti-submarine warfare, for this
little craft is sharing the work OF
the dashing destroyer and chaser
in running down U-boats. \ mine
sweeper invariably drops its accus-
toned business for the bigger game
and many al enemy submersible has
been accounted for by them.
According to official reports,
there are forty times more mine
sweepers in commission today in the
service OF the allies than in July,
1914.
Recently a fleet OF six, all trawl-
els, sighted a mine adciit The
rough sea prevented the boats from
sinking the mine by gunfire, dark
ness was coming on, and there was
4 possibility OF losing it. So the
commander approached the mine in
q small boat, and when within some
distance of the drifting menace he
took to the water and swan the re
mainder of the way. Attaching a
line to the mine, he returned to
his boat and towed it ashore, where
it was exploded by rifle lire.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1918-05-14
us. BECOMES SILK
CENTER Of WORLD
AS RESULT 0 FWAR MANU-
FEATURING INDUSTRY
THRIVES HERE.

Washington, May 1.-THE Unit
ed States has become the silk man
ufacturing center OF the world as a
result of the war, which has stimu-
lated the manufacture of silk here
and in the Far East at the expense
of Europe.
A study of the silk industry, the
first official inquiry Of the kind,
has just been completed by the tariff
commission.
Japan continues to lead the world
in the production of silk, while the
United States, first among the ma
tions III its manufacture, does not
produce single pound OF the ma
terial. France continues the chief
European manufacturer Of silk and
the principal source of American
imports, Japan ranking second.
The annual requirements OF tine
American silk industry are 10000
tons OF silk and silk waste, 10000
tons of cotton and other yarns, and
900 tons of metallic tin for weigh
ing. Most striking OF all the de-
velopments due to the war has been
the expansion of the spun-silk in
dustry. The government is requir-
ing vast amounts of coarse silk
cloth, made from silk noil, for max
ing powder bags for the big guns.
Many finer varieties OF silk manu-
facturers are not made in this coun-
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1918-05-14

try or else are manufactured ir
very small quantities. Switzerland
supplies practically all OF the silk
boiling cloth needed for the flour
millers of the world Hatter's plush
from which is made mems silk hats,
comes from France. silk lace, silk
netting, silk embroideries, wells
and veilings, ribbons and handker-
chief material largely are imported.
In all other branches OF the indus
try, even fine wearing apparel and
velvets, the imports are relatively
small compared to the total con-
sumption.
Habutae, of which silk handker-
chiefs are made, soft smooth
plain-woven fabric OF pure silk, is
the largest single item of silk
brought from abroad. 1t has been
a Japanese speciality. for more than
1000 years.
Artificial horse hair is made OF
silk in coarse single filaments. Ar
tificial silk is made in fine filaments,
which must be combined before use.
Some silk is so fine that it meas
ures 100000 yards, or about LOO
miles, to the pound.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1918-05-14
Are SHOCK TROOPS
DOPED BEFORE ATTACK?
tBy Mail)


Liverpool, April IA Liverpool
officer. in q letter from the front,
writes OF the German mas, attack
recently
81 have watched several OF these
attacks through my field glasses.
and have been filled with horror
each time They ploughed forward
in Serricd ranks. The majority did
not even trouble TO fix bayonetS.
Many had their rifle, slung over
their shoulders and they advanced
apparently with profound iudiifer-
encc over the bodie, OF their com
rades.
My first thought was that they
must be drugged. they advanced
with such cailou>neSS and utter uu-
concern. The ,imile of the locust
has often been applied to the Ger
man hosts. and il would seem TO
be well justified for in all the re-
cent attacks there is the suggestion
OF the in>cnsate soldier being abso-
lutely Indifferent to what happens
10 himself or his comrades. and
obeying only one overmaStcring
force and impulse.
The whole object OF British and
French military training is To de
velop the initiative and intelligence
OF the individual soldier. and per
haps this explains why IN many
cases 4 British or French division
has been able TO hold UP six OF sey-'
en times n number"
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1918-05-14
ARDM0RE CHAUTAUQUA
To Be WEEK JUNE 10

Ardmore's Chautauqua will be
held during the week Of June 10,
programs being given each after
noon and evening for seven days.
These programs will be largely OF a
patriotic nature, many OF the num-
bers being presented by persons
who have been at the front and
whose graphic portrayal OF their
experience and conditions will be
highly interesting.
In view OF this fact the members
OF the local association have voted
unanimously to turn over all sur
plus profits on the Chautauqua to
the local Red Cross chapter in
which everyone in the community
has hearty interest.
\ meeting Of the local promoters
OF the Chautauqua was held Al the
Chamber Of Commerce yesterday
afternoon when the following Off
GERS were elected: President, !. K.
Pennington; vice president, II G..
Spaulding; secretary, T. ID. Max
well: treasurer \. {. Straehlcy.
No active work will be done in
the interest OF the Chautauqua unit
after the termination OF the pres
ent Red Cross drive.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1918-05-14
ANTI-SEMITE CAMPAIGN
BEGUN IN GERMANY
Counter body Organized to Pro
tect the Jewish Population.

Stockholm. April E.-(Corre.
Spondence OF The Associated Press
\ new anti-Semitic campaign ha.
begun i'll Germany, announces the
German Association for Combating
OF Arti-Semitics, which has issued
an appeal for support in opposing
this new propaganda against Jews
All indications point to the fact
that thi, anti-Semitic movement will
he carried on in more intensive
form after the end of the war" as
serted the German association. "EX-
tensiye preparations have been
made therefor and pecuniary re-
sources have been assembled"
The appeal defends the Jews
against charges of usury and profit
eering during the war. and declares
that the anti-Semites desire to use
hatred for Jews aS means OF up
holding the strongly threatened and
unjustified privileges of 4 small
caste against the inevitable new
orientation OF Germany'S condi-
tions.'
The April number OF the German
magazine Deutschlands Erneuerung
contains an article by DR.. Erich
Kuhn in which. after discussing the
campaign to obtain a modern elec-
toral franchise in Prussia. he de
clares that If the electoral reform
be forced upon the state. 1T should
be provided that only Germans by
blood-uot merely by citizenship
shall be eligible for election. IL
must also be so ordered that only
pure blooded Germans Of a certain
standard oi education shall be per
mitted 10 occupy responsible posts
in the press. Finally il must be 80
arranged that in all our schools anI
universities the spirit OF German
naiionaliSm shall be taught only b.
persons OF national dependableness. -
The publishers OF Deutschlands
Erneuerug include the conservative
university professor Won Buelow.
President Class OF the Pan-German
alliance and Professor Dietrich
Schafer.
There is doubt here that the As
Sooiation for the Combating OF
Anti-SemitiSm correctly appraises
the situation when IL declares that
a strong anti-Semitic campaign can
be expected in Germany after the
war. The indications are regarded
as unrnistakable.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1918-05-14
|TALI Jan FRONT
SOON Be L|vELY Y
SCENE OF FIGHTING EX-
PECTED TO SHIFT TO THE
MOUNTAINS.

Headquarters Italian Army. Apri
! IH.-(CorreSpondence OF The ASso
ciated Press Attention IS now be
ing centered on the mountain front
for all the indications are that thi.
is TO be the main scene Of coming
operations instead Of the fat river
country to the east. With these OPP
erations perhaps not far off, it is
well to take survey OF this noun
tain section Tor its main points are
likely to be heard OF very often in
the coming months. Already along
these mountain roads there is the
stir OF great forces OF men. guns and
horses moving into position. and
one almost feels that a great battle
is already on.
The Tridentine Alps. which
stretch across northern Italy, form
a natural fortihcation between the
two opposing lines. and it is in the
lower section Of these ranges that
the military operations are now un-
folding. While it is a front OF sev-
eral hundred miles from the Adri-
attic up to the Swiss frontier, vet
part OF this stretch Is impenetrabl.
mountain peaks covered with etcrn-
al snow. and there are practically
only five lines OF approach where
breaks in the mountain heights per
init military operations to be car.
ried on.
These FIVE lines OF approach or
through the Triden-
tine Alps are the valley regions
known as the Naltelliua, meaning
sce-saw from its winding character.
which leads down to Lake Como
and toward Milan: second. the Val
Camonica. leading southward to-
ward BreScla: third, the Val Giu-
dioaria. which comes down just east
OF the Adamella region with its line
OF peak, and skirts along the west
shore oi Lake Garda: fourth. Val
Lagarina. which follows the course
Ji the Adige River on the east OF
Lake Garda. and comes down from
Trent toward Verona: and fifth. the
Nal Sugana. which follows the
course OF the Brenta River and
winds around the Asiago region
down past BasSano.
These five main highways through
he mountains become more impor-
ant from a military standpoint. a.
hey come eastward toward the Ash
ago and Brenta region. All the
,hief pressure has been in the east
,rly region in the past. and the indi-
,ations at present are that it will be
n this region.
The greatest fighting ground. F.
hen, would be along the two val
eys on the east. Val Lagarina and /
Val Sugana. and chief attention |
should be centered on them and /
heir neighborinw heights Of ASIA /
70, the Grappa and Mount Tomba. /
Both OF them come down iron ,
Trent The Austrian storm center
which sends forward troops and
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1918-05-14

Often days elapse before a mine
which has been discovered can be
destroyed. In a terrific gale, with
mountainous seas running, a party
OF mine sweepers found Il nest of
eight mines. The boats were un-
able to use their guns on them and
as night came on the little vessels
lay TO in imminent danger OF being
washed onto the engines of death.
Next day two of the mines were
sunk by gunfire, but one of the
Sweepers was lost-how. the re-
porter does not state. 1t was not
until the evening OF the fourth day
that the last of the mines was eX-
plodcd.
The trawler Manx King hauled
up a mine in such a dangerous po-
sition that one horn OF the mine
came within few inches OF the
boats rail and another was almost
touching the gear. The slightest
roll OF the vessel would have caused
its destruction. The difficulty was
met by lashing the mine to the
sweeper, so that it could not be
bumped against the side, and ex-
perts We med to remove
the dc.I...o., ir,.a the dangerous
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1918-05-14

supplies through both these valleys
TO the mountain fronts beyond.
From Trent the enemy has railroads
down both these valleys.
The Largina valley comes straight
south to Verona and the open plain.
1t was down here that the enemy
made his first rush two years ago,
pushing from Reverto west toward
Mount Pasubio. He was driven back
then, and all the indications are.
that he will be held again if he
comes that way.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1918-05-14
An Unfair Advantage.

Peabody Gazette 4 Peabody glrl
writing to her Canadian sweet
heart in France, inquired in hei
last letter: What kind OF man
is the censor who reads all my
letters and your letters to me and
signs his name Opened by the cen
sor'?" The censor added foot
note in her sweetheart's last letter
describing himself, and now the girl
doesn't know whether she is i'll love
with the censor or her old sweet
heart.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1918-05-14
SEMENEFF NOT KILLED.
BUT RAIDING BOLSHEVIKI

Feking, thursday. May y-Oi-
fetal announcement has been made
in Harbin that General Semeneff.
leader OF the movement in Siberia
against the bolsheviki. has advanced
along the trans-Siberian railway a.
lar a. Adrianoysk.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1918-05-14

General Semeneff is a Cossack.
hated by the bolsheviki, and last
week WAS reported murdered BY the
Reds.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1918-07-19
CLOSING STOCK LETTER
(From Logan & Bryan r" y. T.. Ma$t"n
& Co. ny Private WIrc.)

(From Logan & Bryan T" y. T.. Ma%tcn
& Co. ny Private Wirc.)
NEW YORK, July 1.-THE military
news from abroad was the prlm" factor
IN todav'S movement and the Suddrnn"SS
OF the Franco American cnunt"r-"itrn-
sivc which up this writing. Judging by
cable adriCcS is meeting with much
success created more cheer III Allied
circles than has been in evidence FOR
some time past.
.lntcst advicrs from In" haiti" front
in F'ranco are to the effect that IN"
Americans and the French are making
exceptionally good progress AMI qnlle
naturally In" street takes the Wow that
HOW that recent German efforts hl'"
awaited Them little, III" news vii! mn
,l,uhirdly b- Of 4 sort to indicate" that
In. Allied Is,wcrS hay" tho hHt;l" 'front.'
situation we'll in hand and this IN itself
n.sp":tkS victory for lh"-"lt"nt' armies.
q: course. il may be u littlc prcmaiur"
t. venture Y prediction that the t"rml-
nation Of hustilitics abroad is near Al
hand. but at the same time. the street e
more inclined Ia accept tn" belief thal
recent occurrences on III" haiii' h"ldS
nf Franco suggest an earlier tcrmIna-
ton Of hOSlilitIcS than anticipated Il
short while ago.
ON this assumption. the buying move
,>,"nt IN stocks gained h"alway ~ m"
session progressed and u continuance OF
IN, broadening Demand for securities
seems t. hc a logical expectation.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1918-07-19
BANK CLEARlNGS
FINANCIAL OPINIONS

tRy rrival" Wire To \. T.. Masi"u & nn.l
FINANCIAL. NEWS Rl l.-EI y
Saws: There are good reasons Tor he
li"ving that buying orders are under
the market from important banking IN
;crrSlS Invest HilunS show thh! the
professional element IL still selling
stocks on rallies in tn" general active
list uf induStrlals.
Attention is turning strongly L" IN"
crup weather. which is not rs favorable
for grains ~ desired. Tho expectations
continue To no for arE" crops. hut Ia"
bumper idea is not entertained $" wtdr-
~ in. quarters where further inrolGS
by the weather are feared.
The indu&lriulS arc selected rs favor.
tics by exceptionally well informed
sources: American STEEL F"undrlHS
Railway Steel Springs and American
cotton OIL.
American Sumatra. We are inclined
to The belief that on any important
breaks from current levels. buying or
dcrs will appear from quarters n"w
holding alouf, and that rrc"rcrlcS may
b. sharp. Earnings ar" hugh. ana IN"
prospects that tn" consumption Of IT'S
products will grow in general.
sun says: No change IN PIE iron
uuotationS expected at present increase
IN righteousness is shown in stock mark
- circles pending results in Franco.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1918-07-19
CHICAGO LIVE STOCK.

CHIt.A,iD. July lS.-1inrs. receipts"
- non. closed steady AT Yesterday
,vcras" for good. common kinds: igm -
r+rnrS I0wcr: bulk OF sales ST. ~"
siS.@1: packing Sl7.15m 81 90; light
$I&.lOmS lS%I: rough $lG.9pH $!'.l0;
u!y$ $l7.n0fr&l7.ih.
C'a,tlr. receipts l$.onn; steers above
$In.an. mostly ~ cents higher. others
Slow ant steady. top $'H.a". disuilrrl
fed $IT.g". both new yard records: best
hutc!:Cr stock steady. common and mo-
dunn grades and bulls. mostly :" cents
lower: calves strong I" - cents higher:
yln-krrs md feeders steady. li""f eat
tie, good "h"i"" and rriin" Hl'.'n"
$lS.%n: common and medium F1t."""
81 %: hut.hcr stock. cows and h"lf"rS
s.. UN1 $ ia: GAMERS and cutters 500"
~ SIS 90" Sinrk"rS and feeders good
choice. and fancy Slu.inT $i%.0n: common
and m",I:um $500? $3.50. Veal calves
good and rhoir" :"n ;I7.@55.
sheep. rrr..iprS $1,000: hulk or days
rr:Ldin. steady I" |" cents higher: f""d-
o. lambs, :nr h'-h"r: $;r"ugth on i"n
,'aS<"s: lost l?;"r: TOP Western lanhS
1885,: toa natives $1N.6H; choice feeder
laruh: $500 I.rrhS choice and primo
sIf.an.i IL 10. m",i,um and good SlG.C:,
3Jsr[ "a. ,uliS 81. n ST.. m
EM"s. 'h"'r" and HrIm" Sl%.1@ 3!
$l2in: mrdiun and good S1h.IA q.
si@.13: calls 500 II $a.%n.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1918-07-19
- -
NrnTnchpn BrlCfG.

Edward Jones of Eighth street !"
,rc ndtnr tn. day with TRENDS III
MnundSTill".
Herman l.ankis,"r "f this "ity *
snrndinc a frw day" with his parents
ut Littlrton.
home at As f!;r s,. H. "n''' '' VIII
Jancs RiEES will leave soon Tor
Terra Alta. wh"r" ho will stay r."
weeks FIR his h".lih;
Mrs. clifford McMillcn and son Of
l.itishurgh are spending a few days
her" with friends
William Anderson uf Barncsville is
sinnujnr for a few days at Hotel hef-
Mrs rInrcncc Richnnr of Rcliairc
was a visitor in this city yesterday.
, Miss Virginia F;hbcrhart continues
seriously i'll at her hon1"
chester '':,ldaiauGh spent yesterday
attending business ut Pittsburgh.
Samuel S,illwnEon left yesterday for
! .,nnrIlsyill,. where hc will spend Il
! few days with his wife and family.
, Mrs George Triswcll lert yesterday
; for Pittsburgh. whrr" she VIII visit lor
Miss Agnes Lemon. who has pccn
! slightly III for some time. is recover
Sir. Charles Rrosch and fnmily. spent
Yesterday nj Shcrrard. visiting trends
and relatives.
Miss Teresa Little has returned home
| arl"r 4 brief visit with relatives at
Dallas. ". Va.
/ T. POWELL and wife left yesterday
far cameron. where they viii visit
! friends ard relatives for few, days.
Master t;rorGc Burnley. who has been
seriously i'll fer. som" time with ~
. rhnrI fever. is able To be about aSain.
t;ld Leeds is spending "A few days
with friends IN Pittsburgh.
/ Charles Fish has accented a posi-
ton with lhr Wheeling Traction COM
/ pHuY.
Mis- Rhui" fiihbs has returned to
her hnm" Il, Elnv"rs Gap. after spend
, iur II few weeks ~ the guest Of X. Is.
, J;hbs and family in Marshall street.
I Miss Ida Lindsey is spending n row
iday> rs tn" guest "f Miss Edna iiial
IT S.Nth street.
. Mrs. Charles Woodhurn and son. Har-
aid ar. spending a fnw days with r"l-
! a'iIr. at iil"l "rs Gap.