davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1918-12-31
To Those Whom It Most Concerns:

To Those Whom 1t Most Concerns:
: At this, the close of another year of
successful business in Madison, we
take the opportunity offered to express
to our many customers due apprecia-
ton for the patronage we have been
privileged to enjoy. We wish to ex-
tend every possible courtesy in the
months to come and to give you even
better service than you have hereto
fore enjoyed. e
Yours with thanks,
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1918-12-31
To Our Patrons:

1t is fitting at the close of this present
year to express u appreciation and
thanks for royal support given us by
our many customers. We wish them,
one and all, a Prosperous and Happy
New Year.
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
These HONEST By
DAY. Thieves BY
.P0L|CESAY
W. I, Hoffman and Jesse
Reed Said to Have Con-
fessed Many Robberiss
ALLEGED STOLEN Gems
FOUND IN Their homes

Leading IDEAL lives by day and with
out any previously known evil habits.
William Il. Hoffman, aged 2i years, OF
No. 1909 Market street, and Jesse Reed
aged % years, OF Ashley, near Richard
son Park, were alleged thieves by
nighis according TO the local police
The men are accused OF fifteen charges
- <breaking and entering, and in City
Court today they were held under Si.5OO
bail each for a further hearing on Fri
lay morning. The police had suspected
boys Of having committed the many
robberies In the city. OF late.
Both Hoffman and Reed are mayried
and have families. Their wives were
ignorant OF their alleged dual lives
until their husbands were arrested.
Hefd has been employed as a timekeepe-
at the Harlan plant for some time and
was regarded OF fserling character.
Hoffman was employed at the same
plant as a pipe cOyerer. Both men
earned good salaries.
The arrest OF the men was made pos
sibl8 through the cooperation OF
local pawnbr0ker, who receiving a
flyer" from Chief Blacks once yes
terday 10 be on the lookout for dia-
mond and opal Cing and a pearl sun
burst which had been stolen the night
before from the hpme OF Mrs. A. ID.
Chambers, No. i5ip>franklin street. q
- recognized the ring when
it was brought 10 him last evening TO
be appraised by Edward COrson, OF No.
22O jefferson street. an employe Of the
Harlan plant who says the gem was
CONTINUED on PAGE TwO.l
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
PRIVATE FRAIM IS
WOUNDED In ACTION

Mr.. and Mrs. Sharles F. Fraim, OF No.
1872 Market street, have received Official
word from the War Department that
their son. Private Robert Fraim, was
wounded while in action on October g.
He is a memb " Of Company C, f2th
Machine Gun Battallan. He enlisted
in the service and has been overseas
fo--some time.
Appearing on the casualty list today
are the names OF soldiers from Della
ware. Each are reported as wounded
Private Edward r. Lewis, Of New Cas-
tie is reported as wounded severely.
The name OF Mrs. Martha Jones, 'of 924
Young street, is given as the emergency
address and nearest relative.
Private Clarence L. Ho.ton. OF New
ark, is reported as wounded, the de-
gree undeterm ned. Mrs. Sarah L. Hill
ton, OF No. i47 COrbett street, Newark,
is given as his nearest relative.
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
PIONEERS WERE
IN LAST DRIVE
This Information Contained
in Letter from 1t.
]. R. Shultz
1T. J. W. O'DANIEL
GETS PROMOTION

Special to The Evening Journal.
. NEWARK, Del. Dec. ii.-That the 59th
Delaware Pioneers saw some active
service at the front for a few days
previous to the signing OF the armistice
is a statement made by Lieutenant J..
R. Shultz, Of that regiment, to a friend
in Newark In a letter which was re-
ceived yesterday. He spoke OF some
companies OF the Pioneers having been
IN active service, but gave no pa-tlcu-
lars. The letter was dated November
18th, several days after the signing Of
the armistice.
Lieutenant Shultz was a sergeant In
Company E, OF Newark, when the Della
ware regiment was organized and sent
South. He received his commission as
q lieutenant at Camp Dix. HIS letter Is
Continued on Page Eleven.)
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
FIRE Threatens
HIGH EXPLOSIVES
Carney's Point Marsh Blaze
Checked Before 1t Gets
Near Loaded Cars
MENACE CLEAR TO
MANY OBSERVERS

Several days ago The Evening Journal
called public attention to the fact that
the French G0vernmNt has large
quantities Of high explosives stored In
cars ard sheds at Pigeon Point, In the
Delaware river. less than three miles
from the heart OF Wilmington. The in
formation contained in that article was
the result Of weeks Of careful OBJ
seryation and inquiry by Evening
Journal reporteds
As the menace to the safety OF VIII
mlngton continued to increase by the
arrival Of fresh carloads OF explosives
on the tracks over there. and there
was nothing at the pier 10 show that
The French Government was taking any
substantial part OF the accumulation
overseas. The Evening Journal felt Il 10
be an important duty 10 call public and
official attention to the situation and
TO the danger bound up in 10.
The cars are there on the storage
tracks. They may be seen by any
one. Hundreds OF persons have com
mented upon both their presence and
their menace
How acute that menace is has been
emphasized Dy De fact That there was
marsh grass fire at the Point on
sunday evening. Fortunately. it was
discovered in time 70 extlnguish Il be-
fore \ could reach the explosiyes-flled
cars or sheds. As il was, however.
substantial part OF tho lOwlands was
burned over before the flre-nghtlng
force had completed its work.
10 also Is learned uo,v that tboso 10
tailed to protest the large store OF
French explosives have been waiting
for the right sort OF a wind 10 enable
them to fire the marsh with reasonable
assurance the flames will be carried
away from the loaded cars. The fire on
sunday evening, however, was not heir
work. but due 10 accident or other un-
known cause. II it had not been dis
covered in time, disastrous results
might have resulted.
Evening journal., 1918-12-11

Sad news came to a Wilmington fam
lily yesterday, in the notification that
one SOL had died from pneumonia in.
France. and the other had been wound
ed in action. William Jones. son Of Mr..
and Mrs. William Jones. OF No. 2i0S La
motto street, dIeA at base hospital In
southern Frafce. in October Yester-
day a teelgraA reached the family that
the younger son. Charles, had been
wounded. They are the only boys In
the family.
It is Iiot thought that the younger
boy is seriously swounded, as Il is
known he was struck In the ankle. He
Evening journal., 1918-12-11

is a member Of the 59th Pioneer Della
ware Regiment He is 2i years old.
William Jones, the older son who
died, was % years old. He was with the
5i2th Infantry. He lived here all his
life, and was popular Shd well known.
He was greatly Interested in baseball
Before entering the service, he wus
connected with an automobile shop at
d aware avenue and West street. The
family had received word Of his i'll
ness. Yesterday they received a lne
tribute TO the dead boy in the follow
Continued on page two.)
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
CAN SEND LETTERS
TO CHICAGO BY AIR

Word was received today by Post
master James J. English that beginning
December is there would be an air
line mail system placed in operation be-
tween New York and Chicago, H., with
stopping station at Cleveland, Ohio.
Mail will leave the-1wo terminals each
day at G a. m. Mail from this city can
be sent over the air route II mailed
from here at 9 o'clock in the evening
for New York.
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
FIRE DOES DAMAGE
In BACCHUS HOME

The Water Witch Fire Company re-
sponded TO a still alarm shortly after
o'clock this morning at the home OF T.
w. Bacchus, Of No. iii7 Franklin St.
The blaze caused considerable damage.
The fire was due TO a defective flue
which set fire TO the furniture on the
second floor OF the building.
Mr.. Bacchus is the president Of the
Hercules Powder Company.
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
ARMTSTICE EXPIRES

The armistice expired at 6 O'Clock
this morning, Eastern time.
II became effective at f1N. W.,
French time, November II, and was
10 continue 30 days.
The commissioners reserved the
right 10 extend the armisiice, and il
has been unoiIlcially reported that
negotiations TO that end hse been
under way.
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
MAKES APPEAL FOR
BONE-DRY STATE
Master Di!worth Says Far
mer Asks No Favors,
Only Justice
STATE GRANGE IN
SESSION AT~DOVER

Special TO The Evening Journal.
DOVER, Dec. live ask no fayors,
only justice"
This statement was made by Horace
l.. Dllworth, master OF the state
Grange. in his address to that body
st the annual session here yesterday.
lie was referring 10 the fact that the
farmer is being called on to produce
more and more food, and he urged
grangers TO devote themselves to the
heroic task.
Mr.. Dilworth advocated an adjust
ment OF taxation and also made an ap-
peal for the coming General Assembly
TO make belaware bone-dry. His ad-
dress in part follows:
This organization was the out
growth OF abnormal conditions follow
ing the Civil War. Now we are face
10 face with reconstruction, problems
following the greatest catastrophe that
has ever overtaken humanity, and on
their proper solution hangs the happi-
ness OF generations for years to come.
This world has oonclusively proven
that agriculture Of all crafts, holds al
most the supreme position. Let the
fruits Of agriculture fail and all is lost.
our farms have been stripped Of labor
by the extravagant wages paid In al
most all lines Of industry dealing with
war materials and still we are called
upon to produce more and more food
for our own use and for the depleted
stores OF the world. Can we do it2
Let US devote ourselves TO the heroic
task, by developing plans and meth
DDS that will secure TO the tiller Of
Continued on Page Twelve.
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
Free Employment Ads.
For War Heroes!


soldiers Sailors empIoymtn
Soldier Sailor n
position without charge his discharge
his enlistment
VIII he will be
in
Q
he ion
residing this whether bf Delaware
invited to take advantage OF this
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
RoTARIANs AsR WHY?

The three-minute talks at the Rotary
Club luncheons have been so well liked
that another three-mlnute program nvlll
be given tomorrow noon. There will
be musical numbers also. J. X. Rodgers
viii talk for three minutes on why
faDrikoid;' c. d. Garrettson on why
Electric Hose;' George Spackman on
Why Holly OakY' The secretary adds
That Holly Oak refers TO Mr.. spack-
mans home- moi his business.
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
HE RAN. BITr-

By the United Press.
CHICAGO, Dec. ii.--"Why didn't you
run when she attempted to heat you p
asked Judge David Brothers, OF Frank
J.. Hess. who said his wife had beaten
him once a week for thirty years.
Il did run. your honor. but she is
very athletic and caught me-"
Phe decree was granted.
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
REVIVAL AT KINGsMoon.

Evangelistic meetings at kingswood
NJ. E. Church are growing in attendance
and interest. Evangelist L. ]. Miller, OF
Tennessee. will preach each night at
7.3O o'clock. His subject tonight will be
"The Ten Commandments"
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
FIRE DOES sf.2OO DAMAGE

Fire in a second story room at the
home OF Andrew c. Malosey. No. i6N
West Fourth street. about 10 O'Clock
this morning. caused 81 200 damage. The
interior OF the upper part of the build
ing was badly damaged.
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
10000 MORE ARMENIANs MAssAcRED.

BY the United
WASHINGTON Dec n.-Over 10000 Armenlans have
mastered renewed ourags ofevacuang soldiers dpo
matte advcs heresated today population al
Bakow and other towns exemnated the dispatches a
Permission to plunder for three given rarars D' "
Turks, it is claimed.
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
CAPTNN CoFIFLD LINCERs

The condition OF Captain Joseph Co
field remains unchanged today. He Is
III at his home at Bellevue Lighthouse,
having suffered a paralytio stroke on
September i6.
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
DEFENDANT ABSENT.

charged with breach OF the peace. was
called in Municipal Court this morning.
he failed TO appear. A capias was Is
sued for him.
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
By the United Press
nnaCTEDD AHa


AMSTERDAM, Dec 1.-THE Cologne Zeiung against
possible bankruptcy of Germany and declares that unless
situation improved the Germans will be unable pay
their the mdemnies expected be demanded by
Allies
'Ihe present Socastic government with its continual de-
mands for higher while Germany unable produce
bound to hasten bankruptcy the newspaper
German banks cannot hold than few weeks
the financial strain the situation
Germany will be able not counting the ndemnie"
Zeung that the national assembly a
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
FORMER KAISER TO OCCUPY NEW DUTCH CASTLE
WON'T DISCUSS WAR If HE IS TO BE TRIED FOR CRIMES AGAINST WORL
Great Sea Mystery Revealed! /!

Heres photo-pso
floating ardgome H. NJ Furious
fleet
top, where land H. e. Beh European OF
Enterprise
that there other
surrendered
admitted they about these
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
CFNTRAI' NJ q n N cpoUs

Central Branch Of the w. C. IT. u. met
yesterday afternoon at county head
quarters, No 1911 Washington street
Reports OF the work done by the branch
were read and 1t was made known that
many new members had joined.
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
BRITISH FLEET WONT COME OVER.

BY the United Press.
LONDON Dec irhe British Admiralty today dIscredsed
report that squadron Of the America
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
MACHINE GUNS IN
BERLIN SUBURBS
THREATEN CITY

COmmandanf Sum m n S
Troops TO Offset Possible Attack
But Forces Are Kept Off Streets
to Auerf Conflict. Workers and
Soldiers Demand Arrest of Licb-
knechf and Rosa Luxem burg,
Radical Leaders
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
IL u. THOMPSON on FEDERAL TRADE BOARD.

BY the United Press.
WASHINGTON, Dec 1.-THE President today Senate
nomination of Houston B. Thompson member of the
Federal trade commission.
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
LOST AND FOrNn-

7 oST-TAIL OF BROWN FOX NECK
II piece. Reward IL returned to s. T..
Corner Eighth and Lombard SITS. dec1i-1t
Continued on Page Ten.)
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
MAYOR on pENSsy HONOR ROLL.

Pennsylvania railroad as Of after years
service with the COMPANY He was seventy years D.
Evening journal., 1918-12-11

AT The Evening Journal ONCE.
$500 A. M....L..3i 1901 p. 80
1000 A. Mr .....S7 100 p. M.......4O
Evening journal., 1918-12-11

Amerongen.
The former Kaiser and Ksisern have rented
the castle De Monte Wsgenngen hundred wormen
edecorating the castle, which of the finest Holland
Wilhelm has asked permission of Berlin ship
ity of furniture from Podam.
BY the United Press
LONDON, Dec. 11"If there possibility of my becoming
defendant prefer to defer anything until hen the for
Kaiser stated through Count Bentnck,
by Express correspondent Amoonger his
in the
Secondly have desire compromise any member of
the German government existing the outbreak of the war;
BY the United Press
BERLIN Via Amsterdam, Dec. d 1l.--ChsnceIor
decided organize Socialist Offset the forces of the Spar
tscus
BY the United Press
BERNE, Dec 11.-The situation In Berlin Is growing
according to Wolff agency dispatches from Berlin this
morning
Workmen collecting machine guns and munitions the
suburbs military troops
a conflict
The wormen's and soldiers committee dmsnded the
of Karl Lebnech and Rosa Luxembourg, yadcd leaders.
LONDON Dec. 11.-Belgian newspapers quote s. De Hy-
member of the Belgian atrocity indicating
Belgium & claim portions of mburg and Luxemburg
and viii demand Hollands remuneration of monopoly of the Sched
a the peace confidence.
Evening journal., 1918-12-11

CLOVER DAIRY MILK.
Clarified. pasteurzed and pure.-Adv.
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
sun AND TIDES

sun rises ...................7.O6 A. NJ
sun sets .............4 APP. NJ.
Mouth of the Chrisiiana.
Low >wateP .....f2.40 p. NJ. 100 A. NJ.
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
TODAY's TEMpFRaTInE

A feeling OF security goes with
GLOVER DAIRY M1LK.-Adv.
Evening journal., 1918-12-11
WEATHER

Rain tonight and Thursday;
partly cloudy; fresh southeast
winds in the coast variable.
The Keota news. (Keota, Weld County, Colo.) 1911-1922, 1918-06-29

fare OF American young men who
have crossed the 80 to crusade IN
foreign lands that the world may b
made safe for democracy. yet these
seemingly unrelated events are inti-
mately associated By the action OF the
citisens' committee which u arrang-
Ing for CheyenneS twonty-second
annual Frontier Days celebration Ju-
ly -, Is. 70. and -. The committee
has ruled that every cent OF the pro-
cesds from the celebration above OK
penses shall b made . frse-will Offer
in to the American Red Gross. the
Y. N. C. A.. the Knights Of Columbus.
the Salvation Army and the Red Star.
for use in the war work Of these or
ganizations. The Frontier Days fund
for American soldiers abroad Will
amount. IL 10 anticipated. to several
thousand dollars.
The Keota news. (Keota, Weld County, Colo.) 1911-1922, 1918-06-29
Use OF BEEF CuR1AILED
BY FOOD CHIEF

And yot again the CRY for help
has sped across the secs % America.
once more the allied armies. who afo
fighting with their backs to the wall.
waiting and praying for the time whsa
America can fully and without st11t
hurl her mighty forces onto the toe
and crush them back, back beyond
the Rhine, have asked Americans at
home to help.
The beef supply IL falling short.
Amer1oa's reserve 10 very low. The al.
lied demand 10 constantly Increasing.
America and her people must save
beef.
ministration that during the next
three months the civilian demand for
bsef Will be greatly decreased. and
TO this end Herbert Hoover has issue1
an order prohibiting the hotels and
restaurants from serving beef In any
form for more than four meals . week.
These ''bssr' days are definitely
named, and bsef IN any Of it, forms
can only b served at these times.
Tho food administration rsaliss0.s
stated Robert J. Grant. executive man
agsr Of Colorado food Standardization.
that II cannot enforce the besf ruI
m80 IN pSIVoto MONIES. uOVoStnOIooO u
10 in these homes that most Of the
Assf win b saved. Voluntary ration
ing has been tremendously successful
in the PAST aad Il will not fan In the
meat crisis"
In England long lines Of people
weave slowly and patiently into .
shop IN eeder 70 obtain . scanty sop.
ply OF bones for which they pay -
cents for i've pounds. The people q
the states are not asked to tive a
tones. They are only asked 70 subst1.
tuts II some degree fresh pork. baooa.
ham and the beef 6y.pro6ucts for .
while.
We aso at war. The VA b oufo.
Those OF - who stay at homo must q
sar fighting By conserving tAe suDDly
ef 6eef for shipment 70 the places
whore & 20 mopt needed
The Keota news. (Keota, Weld County, Colo.) 1911-1922, 1918-06-29
800 Reward, 500

The readers Of this paper VIII bc
one dreaded disease that science has
been able to cure In all it, stages. and
that 10 catarrh. CAtarrh being greatly
reovires constitutional treatment.
Hare Catarrh Cure 10 taken internally
and actc thru the Blood on the Mucous
Surfaces Of the System thereby de-
giving the patient strength BY building
up the constitution and assisting ma
tuYe In doing Its work. The proprte-
powers Of Halls Catarrh/ Cure that
they ofler One Hundred Doflare for any
case that IL fails to cure. Send Tor liss
ASd,s"s: =: ). CHENEY Z CO. TessAe.
OHio 0old ~ all DsuGgs0sa JSe.
The Keota news. (Keota, Weld County, Colo.) 1911-1922, 1918-06-29
LOCALS AND PERSONALS
items Of lnterest to the People Of
Ke0ta and Vtciaity

Last Thursday was John Criflin's 00th
birthday. and by way Of celebration he
motored to BriggsdaIe that afternoon
with bic son. Ira Griffin. and wife.
They were caught there by he heavy
rain that evening. and when the car
stalled in the mud were obliged to walk
two miles to their home. This was not
= difficult task. however. for Mr. Griffin
ar. who bears his age remarkably we'll.
especially for one who was forced TO
leave Q farm 1t 80 because Of III health
He II . civil war veteran. and 10 bsne-
fitted by the Smoot Pension Bill. passed
by Congress June 10. 1918. increasing
pensions to Sc to so per month.
lack johnson and daughters. Mary
and Amy. were Sunday afternoon guests
Of Will Brauher and family.
L. A. Bailey and family visited Sun
day with his mother, Ars. Matilda
Bailey. and brother. Tony.
Mrs. Mae Robinson returned Monday
from . weeks visit with friends at
Buckingham.
DR.. b. L. Fowler. dentist. will b
In Keota the arst seven days Of each
month. e
Elmer L. Ysager. Of Grover. and Mrs.
Mile Jones were Greeley visitors Sum
day.
The Keota news. (Keota, Weld County, Colo.) 1911-1922, 1918-06-29
NOTICE YoR PUBLICATION
R>re>~~A - ~ laAn1SR


u. .. LAad O@es. st 0esrliaG Colorado.
June .. 1918.
Notice b hsesAy sivsa thaa ISnthfun oss-
dsriia. Of Buekinsham. Colorado. Who. - Oct
n. 1918. asds Hd- Entry. Serial No. eissss.
for NEk aud 1H SEN. Ssetioe - .Ts~nsAa0
NJ. Range 50 ". seA Prineipsl AssS6iaa. ~
Alsd noties Of intsation 70 mako Y1nal Thsss
Year Proof. 70 sstabthA elaia 70 IL hsd
ahevs described. before CHds L. Sta.lu. U.
q. Csonisiossr. II HI sses. q Kss1a. Cs,s.
rsas. - H. 3lst day q jay. 1913.
Claims & Aames Vttnes>-<'
l. J. Pals. Ha1vsy 8saa9lia. 4. Z vIsesess.
aud J. A. Smith. al Of Kssta. os,sea1A
A. ,. D10WH0. 1agis1se.
.N0rlCB HoR PUBLICATION
0s0aSt0sot - ~ f0oosSoe
U. 3. Lad OGes. st oessiiaG Csjeso1s.
Jsse q 1918
Nesies = Aesesy e.sn ~ Iese.s re:
tsHs:k oc,:yeI.ss = $e'e:s: e 80 I SSs' ~
e. osiisS: - 81 81, g. q: s6a sSSa.
Haacs So ". 81. 4 hss ~ soeiee :! ktcasi.s
iAe - sSevs 1ssesi6ed 6eless cl11e l. Seleisy.
q. q Co0a6aDooss. h ~ eBee = kooea C0o0 I.
q lhe 3lsl day a July. 1915.
C1almaAt a10es - Witnesses Ooe0 4 Ooeoeo.
bush. II keots. Colo 0e-ois 0iao0o0s. q 6eek'
iaaAsA. Coio.. Cha!ie. D. ptaoase.. q 0sehlne'
M CoSo, linz Hssk. ~ .eoes Ccso
A. =. D10WleA 1agis4R.
The Keota news. (Keota, Weld County, Colo.) 1911-1922, 1918-06-29
.N0fICR Y0R PUBLICATION
0eoaSt0sos q ~ l0oog6se

NseSes q Applleatiso - Leoss 0eses 1.aR1
One a Otata 0ooaFd u
LAad Con0iso3o001
Do0vR. Oe1o. ,JuAs ~. 1913.
NsGiss b hssshQ givsa thoA Fraak Oesp0.
vhees pae1s6Bee 0AAroD = EEiRbau. NeAeae-
Ia. has ueAs Application Nse.. 4 ~ - lsacs
the followin6 described seAool Leo4s. sseaees
An q 0ese3sa q. TOWNSHIP l3-N.. 1aAgs
Eo.W.
Nseiss = further hersby givsa that IN seAse
Il III troet q .Ia11 mvst al sens 3 III.
olBes priee - July -. 1918. . - etae q.
plieatioa - 1899 tAs abevs eessssbsd An4s
Ray0o06 Nils.
Prsssdsat STATE Beard Lad Cs0aissseasFs.
Publish Juns ~ July S-l3-lS.
The Keota news. (Keota, Weld County, Colo.) 1911-1922, 1918-06-29
HOW BuCXu0 BR0NCH0s WILL
ASSIST 0UEFE1u10 6OLDU1S

Il seems . far cry from an outlaw
broncho frensiedly bucking on . Wy
oming prairie to Q whito-robed nurse
tenderly ministering to shsll-torn SOL
diers behind the battle fronts in Bur.
ops. Il sounds pToposterous to assert
that . longhorn steer grotsoQuoly
somorsaulting at the end o. Q western
cowboys lariat may b associated
with the physical and spiritual VOL