davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
La prensa. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1913-1962, 1918-09-15

Por unos cuanCos centaroS ootenoEa
usted una pequena botella del magico
F~reezone en- cualquier botica. Apii-
oueze unas cuantas gotas de r~reezonc
sobre un Gallo tierno o doloridc Gallo
sidad. e Embellishments dejara de nc
~lestar!o e. dolor de IN Gallo . Gallo
sidad: en- seguda arranqueselo o raiz
V TODD, sin Ell mas ligero doEor o iri-
tacion. Esas pequenas botellas de
Freezone Gentlemen justamente 10 bas-
tante para librar les pies de todo ca
10 e~ndurecido, suave o de los Gle sa-
len entire los dedos de los pies, aSi
ON las callosidades de las ~plantas
de los pies. iEs ESQ tan fatil! Tan
sencillo, iPor que esperar? mo IS
broma.. Adv.
La prensa. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1913-1962, 1918-09-15

NOvELAS DE 4 - cENTAVoS
Amor y Martirio.
AT. Dc Rusca- Marido
Car.arlo Dc Amor
FL inferno de los hoUoEeS
- %ovio P-estaGo
Ei Pl-gatnrio de las So,te.rs
~ Pa-aiso {" las NuteTcs
RI EiaGa de .cs Si2reS
Z EiGo de R~U.ssro-e-
g Collar De EsneTs.cas
Il 81 &c las NlnaS
f. Alma IN IN SeSo
l. EIia ~ las Flores
- He. en- los LAbioS
Ia Nina &c lcs .lasmIUsj
L. VirsJa Nesre
la Co-;s lie. Amor
IA P-.ascsa del DU.a-
"a Hga dc Venus
Las Eyss NOieraas
La O6rcr@s del Amor
Las Hijas del Champagne
Marina o Il Hija e. "a C-aS
yia.GiLas sean las HujsreS
MaljitCs sean los HombreS
Naldi:aS sean las SUeSras
SIaldito sea . Amor
Taldicos scan les Celos
Pasionarias Ge ATo-
Poroue Sc Casan los Eomb-s,
Po-Gue Sc Casaa las Mu;eTes
Poraut Pecan las Nu:ereE
po-Gus Murrnu-an las FissaS
Po-que re aciden las vjudas
vo- SeSzig = una Nu!e.
81 Najestad 81 Amer
Viva MI Noviat
%;arja. Por Jo-Se Isaac
- Hijc Naidi-o
e Becc--o o. ORC
:. Man4sc-i;o &C m Maare.
La prensa. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1913-1962, 1918-09-15

Sin Guda aiy:una. como otras personals G"'
eetin sutrienGo, I'd. Sc M hecho i nlenudo
es,a u~regunta. IL cu2l siemr-e queda SIN
respueSta.
La c;encia ha demostrado que cl Reuma-
tisno Is cauSado por rcr.aenes Vi' tvh'
In saagrc. = cue el unico medic para hacer
que Ia cnfcru1eGaG deSaparczcn, - 81 uso dc
IN remedio qu- elirinc todos e$oS &crIne-
nes de Ia sangrc. Esta es In razon poT IL
cual los linimcuios. lociones : otros medi-
--sutos extcrros. 90 puetn dar mas "le
La prensa. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1913-1962, 1918-09-15
iPOR CUANTO TEMPO TENDRE QUE SUFRIR TODA-
VIA LAS TORTURAS DEL REUMATISMO?
No habra ning1n remedio para mi enferrnedad?

- alivio temporal. pues no pueden ile:ar al
origrr de II e~nferncdad. los geTnencs Cue
.nlcstan 81 SangTc 1 milloncs.
S S. :. ha &ido usadu par 81 reurnatls-
no. cor los mas surpreudentes resultados
I..sde hace mas de so amos. EnIpiece n to-
mario hoy mismo y vera I'd. como Ell po-
ono tempo Sc vera libre &c ST Reumatis-
no. Pucdc I'd. adqui-ir vaiioSs consuita
eratis De ST prcpio case escribiendo a L
sirUiente direction: Chief Medical Adviser.
Swift Co. Dept. d. Atlanta. Georgia ADV.
La prensa. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1913-1962, 1918-09-15

Cuardo necesite Libros en- esPanol
dirijase a la Liberia Lozano, us y.
Santa Rosa Ave. San Antonio, Tex.
The record., 1918-10-24
EARLY MATCHING is DESIRED
1t will Increase Number and Size of
Fowls and to Farmer 1t Means
Much Larger Profits.
prepared by the United States Depart
ment OF Agrculture.)

prepared by the United States Depart
ment OF Agricultural
To the country at large early hatch
ing by every chicken raiser means
much. Early Matching will increase
the number and size of fowls and the
number of eggs produced next year.
1t will mean bigger birds and birds
that will lay in the winter months.
TO the Individual farmer it means
more profit. He will get more chickens,
as Il larger proportion will live; he
will get more actual meat, not only be-
cause more will live but because his
chickens will be larger; and he will
get more eggs, when eggs are scarce,
for early hatchcd pulIcts will lay in
the winter.
The recognized Importance OF food
in thc greatest war makes II seem that
the hen must take hcr plac" among
those who are helping 10 win II for the
forces of democracy. This place VIII
be an important on" in proportion TO
the rc%ponnc this year 10 III" call for
Increase chicken and egg production.
Tie hen, Of course, always has shown
81 willingness 10 do her duty, and
doubtless she IL willing noW. All That
iH TO be done Is Tor her masters, In"
farmers of the nation and the city
dWcllCrS NhO are helping on a back
yard scale, to make sure that I'll" hens
opportunity viii not il" neglected.
The record., 1918-10-24
INA IlI1N{T-
I'LL TIE NY
lW7ENIQRHll
SKINNED MILK FOR CALVES
Since Most Of Fat Has Been Removed
in Cream Carbohydrates Needed
to Make 1t Balanced.

Skinned milk is q little richer in
protein than whole milk, but lower in
carbohydrates. Since most of the fat
has been removed in the cream the
skinned milk will need carbohydrates
to make it balanced ration for calves.
A good plan is to replace a portion
of the Whole milk with skinned milk,
gradually increase the skinned milk
with some form Of carbohydrates till
all of the whole milk is replaced by
skinned milk. Fine ground meal is
one of the best carbohydrate supple
ments to be fed with skinned milk.
Some feeders cook the meal, stir it
in the skinned milk and feed it to the
calf. After the calf is two weeks old
it VIII eat fine ground meal and if fed
small quantities will assimilate it.
LinsGed meal is also used.
Care should be taken in feeding
calves. They should be taught to
drink from the pail as soon as pos
siblc. Nothing but clean vessels should
be used and the milk should be clean
and warm.
The record., 1918-10-24
liver DIDN'T ACT
DIGESTION WAS BAD
Says 6S year Old Kentucky Lady, Who Tells How She Was Relieves
After Few Doses Of BlackDraugbt

MeadoYsvillc. Ky.-Mrs. Cynthia
IIlgglnbolhnm. Of this town, says: AT
my age. which 10 Go. the liver does
not act so well as when young. A few
years ago, my stomach was all out OF
fix. was constlpated, my liver
didn't act. My digestion was bad. and
it took so little to upset me. Ny ap-
petite was gone. was very weak.
decided would give Black
Draught thorough trial rs knew it
was highly recommended for this
trouble. I began taking it. l felt
better after a few doses. My appetite
improved and I became stronger. My
bowels acted naturally ard the least
trouble was soon righted with few
The record., 1918-10-24

flushed with solder. Seamless pals
and cans have been placed on the
market.
CO When washing tinWarc, first
rinse off the film of milk on the sur
raca with cold water, then wash thor
ouShiy with warm water and cleaning
soda, using q brush, and finally rinse
with scalding hot water and place in
the sun or some place free from dust
to dry.
60 After scalding, do not wipe milk
tinware with a cloth, but let the rims
ing water be so hot that there is no
further need of drying.
The record., 1918-10-24

sive houses for their fowls without
giving a thought to the real needs Of
the hen. Nothing plays more i'm.
pOrtant part in regulating the condi.
ton of the house than does location
Wherever possible the house should
be built on a southern slope and it is
better if there is some protection as a
grove of trees, to the north. This will
give the house plenty of sunlight dur
ing the greatest possible time and will
also protect it from the cold winter
Winds.
The record., 1918-10-24
RETAIN BULL UNTIL TESTED
Not Good Policy to Sell to Butcher
After TWO Years 5ervice-MaJ
Prove to Be Valuable.

After young or untriCd bull has
been used two years he should rot be
sold to the butcher, because he may
prove to be q bull of exceptional worth
when his daughters frcShcn. Such Il
bull often can be lent or leased to a
man with a grade hord for couple of
years until some Of his heifcrS frcShen.
In this way he always is subject to
recall in case he proves especially val
uuble.
The record., 1918-10-24
CHAPPED TEATS ARE VExING
Where Cows Wade Around in Muddy
Yards and Pastures, Teats Often
Get Wet and Cold.

Sore teats of any kind are very IN
pleasant, both TO the COW and the
mixer. A COW having sore teats of
any kind does not stand still during
milking. She keeps moving about and
even kicking.
During spring chapped teats are
common. The cows wade around in
muddy yards and even in ponds in the
pasture, the teats get wet and cold,
and if no special attention is given to
The cows, the tcats frequently become
very sore.
The record., 1918-10-24
HIGH-PRlCED FEED ANNOYING
Dairynan Depending on Profit From
Cows for Living Must Know Just
What He Is Doing.

Now that the cost of COW feed Is
soaring skyhigil and the dairyman is
depending on the profit from his COWS
for his living It is sclf-evident fact
that he must know what he is think
ing about one thing is certain, the
poor feeder to the poor COW is not i'll
the race and the sooner he gets out
the better, even if lie must hire out to
work for the man who knows how to
do his own thinking.
The record., 1918-10-24
doses of Black-Draught."

uOSeS OF blaCk-DrdugnC.
Seventy years of successful use hiss
made Thedford's Black-Draught G
standard, household remedy. Every
member, of every family, at times,
need the help that Black-Draught can
give In cleansing the system and re-
lleving tho troubles that come fron
constipation, Indigestion. lazy liver,
etc. You cannot keep we'll unless your
stomach, liver and bowels are in good
working order. Keep them that way.
Try Eiacl-Draught. 1t acts promptly,
gently and in a natural way. If you
feel sluggish, take a dose tonight.
You will feel fresh tomorrow. Price
CSC. a package-ODe cent q dose
All druggists. ]. 60
The record., 1918-10-24
CLEAN UTENSILS ARE URGED
High Grade of Milk Cannot Be OBJ
tanned if Pals and Cans Are Not
Thoroughly Washed.

C5y z. II HARRINGTON, Wisconsin Ag-
riCultural College.)
The record., 1918-10-24

(FIy Il. II. T NItItINkI TON, WISCONSIN, Az
riCultural College)
All efforts tG supply the consumers
with sweet clean milk are useless If
the milk pals, the cans, and other
utensils are not thoroughly washed
and scaIded before milk is poured into
them. Milk sours so quickly and it is
so difficult to remove the sour OdOr
from the utensils that these should
be washed Immediately after they are
used.
. G) Milk pals and cans should be
smooth, with all cracks and seams
The record., 1918-10-24
IDEAL HOUSE FOR CHICKENS
Wherever Possible Building Should
Have Southern Front-Fresh Air
and Sunshine Help.

Plenty of fresh air and sunshine.
along with freedom from drafts and
dampness, are the requisites of the
ideal poultry house, yet there are
many poultrymen who build expen.
The record., 1918-10-24
GET EGGS AND MEAT
FROM KITCHEN WASTE

prepared by the United States De- !
partment of Agriculture.)
In every household, no matter
how economical the housewife,
there is q certain amount of ia
bic scraps and kitchen waste
which has feeding value, but
which if not fed, finds its way
into the garbage pail.
Poultry is the only class Of do
nestle animals which is suitable
for converting this waste mate
rial. right where it Is produced
in the city, into wholesome and
nutritious food in the form Of
eggs and poultry meat.
Each hen in her pullet year
should produce ten dozen eggs.
The average size of the back
yard flock should be at least ten
hens. Thus each flock would
produce in year 100 dozen eggs
which, at the conservative value
of % cents a dozen, would be
worth $50.
BY keeping a backyard pOul-
; try flock the family would nat
only help in reducing the cost of
living but would have eggs of
; quality and freshness which are
often difficult to obtain.
Remember that eggs. produced
by the backyard flock cost very
little, as the fowls are fed large
ly upon waste materials.
The Snyder signal. (Snyder, Tex.) 1887-????, 1918-08-23
EATING PLACES RELEASED
FROM WHEAT PLEDGE

Administrator Peden received the
following message from United States
Food Administrator Hoover. now In
Europe, July 20. lifting the pledge
made by public eating places In class /
to observe complete wheatlos8 menus.
The cable reads:
"ln releasing the hotels. restaurants,
clubs and dining cars from their vol.
lntary pledge not to use wheat In any
form until the new harvest, | wish to
congratulate you upon the patriotic ex.
ample they set and thank them for the
large Swings made.
THE echo Of their service has been
heard In Europe and has pointed tho
way to democracy. the most service Of
those who have the most to give. II
has been a matter Of personal lnsplra-
ton to me to have the continued help
90 freely given n all the nen and wo
non who put through the mo wheat
which helped rs TO provide for the ne
'ossltles Of the allies in spite Of the
var"
Those released from the wheatleff
cdge may use wheat as prescribed
BY tho baking regulations.
The Snyder signal. (Snyder, Tex.) 1887-????, 1918-08-23
HOME eAklNe WITHOUT SUGAR
DISCUSSED.

Since the people OF Texas and OF
America have been put upon two
pound person month sugar ration,
effective August |. the Food Admins
tration In Texas has had many letters
stating that In many sections Of the
country home baking Is being dlscour-
aged and that housokeepers generally
think that they can not 20 on making
bread, mullins and cakes In their
hom0s without sugar.
Il is not the desire Of the Food Ad-
minstration, says Administrator Pc
den. TO discourage home baking. but,
on the contrary, 10 encourage the use
Of syrup and other substitutes In the
place OF sugar. All breads, biscuits
and mullins can be made without
rugar, and many cakes, cookies and
even pastries can be successfully made
with syrup in place OF part or all OF
the sugar called for, the adminlstra-
ton points out,
The Food Administration Ia prepared
to tell housewives where they can Sc
cure recipes for the now cookery.
The Snyder signal. (Snyder, Tex.) 1887-????, 1918-08-23

I. DO not leave sugar in the bottom
OF tea, coffee or cocoa cup,
2. Sweeten breakfast cereals with
honey, syrup. maple sugar, raisins' OF
dates.
O. Substitute molaHses, maple syrup,
or syrnps made from sorghum ana
corn, for part OF sugar used In cooking.
I. Make your cakes without frost
Ing. Or II you do use frosting, use
the one that contains little or no
sugar,
8. Use fresh, dried, or preserved
fruit for dessert In the place OF made
dishes" that require sugar.
6. Cut down the use OF candles and
sweet drinks. They are luxuries, not
necessities. Use fruits. nuts or pop
corn II you must eat between mealp.
II You must have candies, choose only
those made from no sugar.
Z. Preserve as much OF your fruit
as you can by drying II In large guam
titles.
s. Can fruits and fruit juices with
out sugar This may be suecesafuliy
done by the cold pack method. lSee
Farmers Bulletin, No. SS9, which you
may read in your Public Library. or
obtain by applying to the United States
Department OF Agriculture, at Wash
ington, D. c. They may be made
into jellles or syrups as needed
9. Limit the amount OF Jelly or pre-.
serves used These should be limited
To the needs Of invalids and children.
They may be made as needed from un'
swcetcned canned fruits and juices.
Use the least possible amount Of sugar
or syrup In making them.
10. Use no more than one and
half to two ounces Of sugar per per
son per day @ to tablcspooniuls).
This includes all sugar used In cook
Ing as well as that used at the table.
One tablespoon OF sugar weighs one
half ounce.
one cube OF sugar weighs onefourth
ounce
one and onc.half level teaspoons OF
sugar weighs oncfourth ounce tequal
TO / oubo).
II You think this allotment OF sugar
small, compare It with the allotment
OF Other countries.
We have two pounds OF SUGAR per
person per month. august regulation)
The English have two pounds OF
sugar per person per month.
The French have one pound OF sugar
per person per month,
The Italians have one pound OF
sugar per person per month
when they can get H.
The Snyder signal. (Snyder, Tex.) 1887-????, 1918-08-23
Food Questions Answered
FISH

IN NANu NARAh htRN
An No more so than othei
&SX foods. Fish contains high
- percentage OF phosphorus and
when food values were first
discussed this was credited as brain
food. Phosphorus IL no more brain
builder than other substances OF which
the brain Ia composed.
When is the best time TO substitute
fish for meatg
In the spring and summer when
many varieties Of fish are plentiful.
Is fish cheaper In warm weather.
Yes Particularly In localities neal
the source Of supply.
which are more plentiful. the ocean
or inland fishI
Ocean fish. The growth Of largo
cities on inland rivers has brought
into existence many mills and fac
tories which pollute the waters and
drive away the fish.
which variety OF fish furnishes tho
greatest food yaluef
The oily varieties. such AZ salmon
and mackercl
Where are these found In abund
ancel
Salmon on the Pacific coast, and
mackerel on the Atlantic coast.
Why should we have frozen fish
Because that makes II possible Ia
have good fish In inland towns and
cities.
Is frozen fish goodl
Fish is frozen for market only when
II Is absolutely In good condition, and
people should not fear to use II,
Should the fish be thawed out at
the retallers1
No. as soon as the fish is thawod
out II dcterlorates rapidly.
What should the housekeeper do?
She should insist on getting the fish
frozen at the retailers and keep II
frozen until she wishes TO use II.
How Is the best way to thaw II out 2
by placing II on Ice In pan In a
cool place.
How long does this process take9
Several hours
Is there quicker way 10 thaw II
out2
Yes; by putting It in cold water,
never hot.
Should the water II is thawod oui
In be used?
by all means use the water N the
fish is boiled, or use It for chowder
Some OF the value Of the fish goes into
the water and Ia thus lost unless the
wnter IL made use o.
What are the advantages OF cold
storage fish,
l. II brings good fish into large
cities.
2, It standardizes the price Of fish.
3. II lowers the annual price OF fish
4. II makes the transportation and
caring for fish possible and safe.
6. It provides fish out Of season.
Does these same points hold good
for cold.storage foods in general7
Yes.
The Snyder signal. (Snyder, Tex.) 1887-????, 1918-08-23
FOOD ADMINISTRATION
NOT EMPOWERED TO MAKE
DEALERS DELIVER ICE

Complaints published with refer,
ence to the failure to make ice dellv-
cries have caused so many Inquiries
to be made OF my office" says Admin
istrator Peden. that | feel constrained
to issue a public statement on the sub
ject
Contrary 10 a widespread impress
sion, the Food Administration Is not
all powerful In the regulation OF the
ice business. Its Jurisdiction extends
no further than to decide whether In
crease Of prices over those OF last year
are justified. Any other complaint
such as slack deliveries. no deliveries
short weights. low wages and so forth
are matters over which have abso
lutcly no control,
ut is well that the public should un.
dcrstand this. as much useless and un'
i.rf criticism Of the Food Adminlstra
ton would be avoided. | have from
time to time undertaken to use my
good offices In the effort TO adjust
differences between the parties, from
the manufacturer to the consumer. In
this way knowledge has been obtained
OF conditions which explains, even II II
does not excuse them"
The Snyder signal. (Snyder, Tex.) 1887-????, 1918-08-23
MANUFACTURERS OF LESS
ESSENTIALS MUST USE
SECONDS AND THIRDS,

Owing to the acute sugar shortage,
manufacturers Of soda wnte', candy
soft drinks. syrup, conicctions. chew.
ing gum. and other less essentials will
be restricted to the use OF Louisiana
seconds and thirds. the better erades
being held for other classes, such ~
retailers. bakers. hotels and the Ike
Louisiana seconds and thirds are
available for immediate shipment and
manufacturers Of less essential prcl
ucts should make application for them
through their regular channels OF sup
ply, otherwise they will experience
considerably delay in receiving their
supply OF sugar.
The Snyder signal. (Snyder, Tex.) 1887-????, 1918-08-23
sssssssssssssssssssssssssssss''''''''
Studio d Problem Of
Sugar Ration for Fami-
lies. /: ::;:::::.

Not as rule or regulation, nor
even az service rule, the State ad'
mlnistratorA OF the sixth zone at n
conference In Memphis, Tenn, on Sat
urday, July ~. listened with Interest
to the recommendation that the house
wife might solve her problem OF tho
two pounds a month sugar rauons In
the home by placing the open sugar
bowl on the table at breakfast with
the apportIonment for the whole fam
lily In the bowl and then leave II TO
the family TO help themselves, the re,
malndcr each day to be collected and
made lnio war pastries to crafty the
sweet tooth.
Monday morning Administrator Pc
den and Il. y. Grow, his first assistant,
returned from Memphis. The confer
enco In Tennessee was attended by
the following State Administrator
John NJ. Parker. Louisiana; HAMPTON
Williams. Arkansas; Or. II. W. Nor
gan. Tennessee: c. u, Ames, Okla,
homh: P. N. Hardy. Mississippi, and
Z. A. Peden. Texas
The principal subjects for discussion
were uniform service rules on the
handling OF sugar and flour. details
for a new program on cotton seed In
dustries, and the question Of a staff
Of inspectors,
The Snyder signal. (Snyder, Tex.) 1887-????, 1918-08-23

The mil Of II. c. Right Milling Com
pany OF Dublin, Texas. was at stand
stlll for the period OF five days begin
ming July 22. 1918. and ending July &c,
1918, In pursuance OF an order from
the Enforcement Division OF the Food
Administration. The mill, as the tes'
tlmony disclosed made sales OF wheat
flour without complying with the sub
stitute rule.
The license OF 8. Wlederman, No
G.26145. San Antonio. Texas, as whole
saler and jobber OF c0rnmeal, dried
beans, cotton seed oil, eyaporatc1 milk,
eggs, fresh fruits and vegetables. has
been revoked by the United States
Food Administration. effective July
20, 1918, and continuing until further
notice. for selling licensed commodl
ties at wholesale with lcensee and
charging prices which sustained the
charge Of excessive profits.
The Enforcement Division Of the
United States Food Administration an
nounces that the Texas Food Admins
tratlon is sustained In the decision Of
Administrator Peden, that the bakery
OF l.. W. Thompson at Harrisburg
Texas. be closed for period Of one
week. The violation in this case was
a failure to use the prescribed amount
OF substitutes. The order became ef
fectlye for the week beginning July
rs, 1915.
The place OF business Of II. Good
man, merchant at Garlic Springs
Texas. was closed on July Is, l6 and II
by order OF the United States Food
Administration for violation Of tho
wheat substitute rule. A notice was
placed on the merchants door stating
the reason Of the closing.
The Enforcement Division OF the
United States Food Administration
has approved a penalty Of $500 icon
tribution to Red CROSSE imposed on NJ
Tettenhaum, baker. OF Beaumont. Tex
as, for violation OF the baking regula'
lions in the use OF wheat flour substl
tutes.
The Snyder signal. (Snyder, Tex.) 1887-????, 1918-08-23
oEvENTY PER CENT FLOUR
RULE IS EXTENDED

The period for the operation Of the
20 per cent flour rule governing bakers
q all products except bread and rolls
which expired July 81 has been extend.
ed to August 81. For this reason the
United States Food Administration
does not wish to issue licenses to new
bakers for the manufacture OF prod.
ucts other than bread and rolls until
September /. rff
The Food Administration approves
the Issuance OF licenses to new bread
bakers In territories where the popula-
ton has increased and where there is
an actual necessity for an Increased
bread production. The Administrative
dlaapproyes launching before Septei j..
Der OF advertising by bread bakers 20
Increase their production.
On account Of the 10 per cent sur e
rule governing bakers. many an /
hotels, boarding houses and public a. g..
ing places will ask for bakers llcenf 4,
10 permit them TO get an extra an, q.
ment OF sugar for their bakery pre- D..
ucts. The Food Administration d..
cldedly dlsapproves OF this subtcr.u ,
and requests that no applications it-
licenses be approved by State adm ".
istrators until the administrators a.
Thoroughly satisfied that the applican,
uses at least three barrels OF flor. A.. I
substitutes in his bakery each morii
and has used this average for the pas.
few mo1thn.
Snail retail bakers using ~ ~ a
three barrels OF ilorr ant snhltia p
md therefore not under listYrn rh1r J.
receive SUGAR on the same haes J
leenfsd bakers, thst ls 10 aay 70 r,f
cent.