davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Butler weekly times., 1918-01-24
Rolling Stones.

Our snow and cold weather sur
stays with us.
Several in this neighborhood ar,
having la grippe and sore throats.
r. &. Buckles butchered hogs ont
ttay last week.
Mrs. ri. c. Limpus and son, Mar
ion, visited her daughter, Mrs. Black
mon, mar Merwin, couple of days
last week.
| Granuma Wainscott is very poorly
at this writing.
L. A. Duroln and son, Ufa, were
trading in Adrian last rrioay.
Floyd Alexander, OF Jonnstown,
bought tine mule of l.. "A. Duroin
last Thursday.
bert wnl.>nead and wife and John
Moles and wife helped George Moles
butcher hogs last Friday.
Mar. Clark is very poorly at this
writing with pnet"ionIa fever. DR..
-hristy is doctoring him.
Mrs. Lunuy is >.sl.lng her son,
Burns, at this writing.
Inc box anu pie supper at Altoona
last Friday nlght was well ATTENDED.
Kew. Durly Lo.np.on, wire and lit
lie son, who has been visirlng rela-
ti,es here, returned to tneir home at
Liberty last Friday. =
George LaOotk and niece, of Kan
sas are visiting at Bert Hlgh.eys.
Miss Gertlc LaCocK vlslted with
ner sister over Sunday. !
RUBY :ouliens has peen real SILK
for some time. -
Bert Whitehead bought hogs nj
George Moles.
Chas. Durret OF Johnstown bought
a black mare of II. II. Ewing.
Mrs. OF Compton is very sick at
This writing.
Mr.. Logue, the Continental Insur-
an~e man, was travelling tnroush THIS
last Monuay.
H. c. Buckles made a flying trip
o Butler last Saturday.
Ira Dearoortt and Nert Whitehead
nade trip to the county seat last
,aturday.
Mrs, Compton's mother visited with
Ter last week.
The Butler weekly times., 1918-01-24

orders. The seams of all new hos
pital garments are on the outsides.
Please be careful to baste each seam
before stitching. Please wash all
muslin having blue print. In making
triangular bandages, hem the bias
side by hand and sew on the hemm d
strings (first cutting the corners the
width of stri1rgs) as continuation of
the bias side. Send in packages OF
ten.-Rachel A. Tingle, Director
Women's Work.
The Butler weekly times., 1918-01-24
New Short Term Bond Issue.

Washington, Jan. I7.-As the first
financial step in preparation for the
third Liberty Loan, Secretary Nc
Adoo tonight announced new issue
of 400 million dollars treasury certi-
ficates of indebtedness, bearing 4 per
cent from January 22, and payable
April 22. Subscriptions will be re-
ceived by federal reserve banks at
par and accrued interest until Janu-
airy 2o, and payment must be- made
by that date. The certificates will
be received in payment of third Lib
erty Loan subscriptions.
The Butler weekly times., 1918-01-24
Country Happenings.

Mrs. Clara Bachelor called on hel
parents, Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Cump
ton one day last week.
Cora Gragg spent one night last
week with lcie Wigger.
Will Wigger purchased a horse
one day last week.
Mr.. Will Odneal purchased an
Overland car from Mr.. Pharis.
MIR. and Mrs. J. Z. Harvey, Mr.. and
Mrs. Bruce Odneal and baby and Mr.
and Mrs. Geo. Sargent and daughter,
Thelma, took Sunday dinner with
Merl Sargent and wife.
Mrs. Geo. Wigger and daughter,
Goldie, spent Thursday with Mrs. &.
NJ. Wigger.
Mrs. Nestbrook called on her
brother, Will Davis, recently.
Elmer Keen purchased a horse last
week.
Mr.. and Mrs. Herbert Smell and
three children spent Sunday with her
mother, Mrs. J. M. Chitwood.
Mr.. and Mrs. Clarence Gragg spent
Saturday night and Sunday with
Cleve Hunter and family.
Geo. Frey and Frank Kretzinger
left last week for Nebraska.
Mrs. Lewis Warns called at the
Jake Warns home Tuesday.
Francis Evans spent Thursday
night with Anna Harvey.
Mrs. Earl Gabriel spent few days
last week with her daughter. Mrs. S.
L. Keen, who has been quite sick
with the Ia grippe.
Mrs. Merl Sargent spent Friday at
ternoon at Geo. sarsent's.
The Butler weekly times., 1918-01-24
RED CROSS NOTES.

The Camp Fire Girls of Butter
have organized Red Cross Unit to
meet Saturday afternoons. The work
VIII be under the supervision of their
guardian, Miss Helen Chastain, with
mrs. d. {. Chastain, instructor.
The Butler weekly times., 1918-01-24

The ladies of Prairie City have
been delayed in organizing their wo-
men branch of the ked Lross on ac-
count OF the severe weather. How
cvlr, as soon as possible, Miss Tingle
expects to go to Prairie City and get
1l.c work started,
The Butler weekly times., 1918-01-24
Stray Calf.

Several days ago white faced, red
-heifer calf, about six months otl,
came to my place two miles south of
town. Owner can have the same by
paying for this advertisement and for
the care of the calf
I5-1t I, S. Brown.
The Butler weekly times., 1918-01-24
SHORT STORIES
Of Local Interest-CHpped From
Our Exchanges.

/
The Amsterdam branch of the Rec
| cross now -numAers- HI eetsffbters
Prof. l.. S. Wright is president.
Mrs. Mary Jane Cassidy, a well
known citizen OF Montrose, died a,
her home in that city Thursday, jan
tlary 10.
The Amsterdam folks say ttat q,
is an i'll wind that blows nooo y
good, The extreme cold we .ther
OF last week froze some fine lie and
Jack Mangold put up IS tons OF t..
says the Enterprise.
There are "meatlcss" and wheat
less days and 'lightless nights" .Aut
the Montrose Recorder has a new
one. 1t says that they Lave an al
most "trainless' railroad since the
cold weather commenced.
George Dcardortf died at his HON.
a half mile north of crescent Hill
Al onday night after a lingering Ill
ness. Funeral will be held 1h..rs ay
an dthe body buried in the Crescent
lilll ceme.ery.-Adrian Journal.
According to the Amsterdam En-
terprlse the bates County Oil a4.I
Gas company expect to co.nmelcc
drilling on Their Aansas leases as
soon as the weather permits. 1h..
lave opened o.fi-es in the Grum5, /"
in Kansas City. /
The Butler weekly times., 1918-01-24

Shipments have been made as fol-
lows: oI3o gauze dressings, 322 hos
pilal garments, I5o knltred garInel.s,
10 palr pajamas, IL bath. ropes, IS
peu shirts, 246 bed SOCKS. II ice bag
covers, 27 sweaters, 22 pair SOCKS, 7
heImets, 8 pair wristlets, 4 mufIlers.
) wash cloths, 3I5 bandages, 7oo2 sur
gical dressings.
The Butler weekly times., 1918-01-24


hemets, pair wristlets, mufIlers.
) wash cloths, 3I5 bandages, 7oo2 sur
gical dressings.
The order of the Fuel Administrat-
or shutting down bleacneres and
mills during the coming week, ADDED
10 lne raliroau embargo Dy the d.
rector General of Railroads, Meade ,,
which sets aside shipment OF practi-
caliy everything except coal and TODD
stutts, will seriously decay, II not
completely suspend Shipment of ma
terlals and supplies to olr Division
warehouse. 1t will also interfere
slea.iy "lth shipments from Division
warehouse to Chapters.
Received from county branches
since last report: Charlotte, $50
many tailed bandages; Summit, 1o5
many taIea banuag.s, 4 palr soc<s,
pair wristlets, 4 sweaters, 80 bed
socks; West Point, 3 sweaters;
Aurlan, $50 surgical dressings, 10
Fair paJamas, 9 sweaters. Id pair
sot>s; riNnart, g sweaters, pair
socks, 2 pair wristlets, go bandases;
--..s. Doone, Ell Oanuages, I2 Jed
shirts.
At meeting of the Directors OF
the Bates County Red Cross Chap
ter Saturday of last week, the follow
ing business was. transacted: Report
Of Christmas drive was made by l..
A. Griffin of 2427 CHRISTMAS ,nem-
Iers for Bates county. The total
membership of the county will be
published soon. Auditing committee
of treasurer's books appointed Chair
nan II. O. Maxey; c. c. Kenney, K.
+. Lisle; auditing committee OF pur-
:hases elected: {. A. Allen, Butler;
:. A. Griffin, Rich Hill; ]. E. Doweii,
Adrian. The Circuit Clerks office
hereafter will be the official Rel
-ross Headquarters of Bates Coun-
y. All correspondence should he
ient there. All Red Cross records
or the County will be kept there and
'pen for inspection. Mr.. Maxey was
lirected to get stationery and sup
lilies for the Chapler. Twenty five
'er cent of the war fund, which was
;II4.So, is to be retained by the
Chapter for any expense: This per
ent is allowed by the Governme. lit.
The meeting of the officers will be on
all of the chairman for months of
february and March. Bills in the
um of $4,000 for material bought and
sed were allowed.
When knitting socks, please knit
hem long enough. Our directors say
ieven inches for the foot and four
cen inches for the Ieg. Some send
hem h only eight inches in the foot.
'hese eau not be used, so it is just q
'aste of time and yarn. Please fol
ow directions in making all Red
ross garments and Surgical Dress
lgs. IT you are not willing to- do
his. let some one. who will. Our
eed is too great to have things made
hat can not be used. We have q
pecial call for 10000 helmets, 10 ZOO
airs socks and $1,000 pairs wristlet
this division. # yon can't knit
elmets or socks, come TO Red ACfoss
eedduarters Ia the Aruoiy .lax ai-
.rnoon from one sutit five Sod We
10 have some one g t66el v6u. I'LL
E1nches viii senf IL IL d fea hy n
The Butler weekly times., 1918-01-24

]. S. Brown.
The Butler weekly times., 1918-01-24

Our snow and cold weather sure
stays with us.
Several in this neighborhood are
having la grippe and sore throats.
r. &. Buckles butchered hogs one
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-10-24
RAIL WORKERS u
RENEW DEMAND
FOR MORE PAY

Washington, D. c., Oct. >24.-
The four leading railway brother.
hoods have renewe dtheir re.
quests for time and a halt pay
for overtime work and are now
pressing this issue before the rail
way administration board on rail-.
way wages and working condi-
tons. RS
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-10-24
Tells Ho,u to Stop q
Bad Cough
SURPRISING reAults from this famous
old home made syrup. EaSily
prepared and costs little.
SeSSS2Se2 9 $3.50

~.
II you have q severe cough or chest
cold. accompanied with soreness, throat
tickle, hoarseness, or difficult breathing
or if your child wakes up during the
night with Group and you want quick
help. try this reliable old homemade
cough remedy. ANY druggist can sup
ply you with 2Ha ounces OF Pinex
Pour this into a; pint bottle and fill
the bottle. with nsgrantllated sugar
syrup Or you can use clarified
molasses, honey, or corn syrup. in
stead Of sugar syrup, if desired. This
recipe makes pint Of really remarkable
cough remedy. 1t tastes good, and in
spite OF its low cost, it can be depended
upon to give quick and lasting relief.
You can feel this take hold.of a cough
in way that means business It loos.
ems and raises the phlegm. stops throat
tickle and soothes and heals the irritated
membranes that line the throat and bron-
ehial tubes with such promptness. ease
aud certainty that it is really aston
ishing.
M Pinex is a special and highly cnncen-
trated compound of genuine NORWAY pine
extract, and is probably the hest known
means of overcoming severe coughs.
throat and chest colds.
There are many worthless limitations OF
this mixture. To avoid disappoint ment,
Ask for "2M ounces OF Pinex" with full
directions and don't accept anything else.
Guaranteed to give absolute satisfaction
or money promptly refunded. The Pinex
CO., Fl. Wayne. Ind:
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-10-24
FIRST AID CLASSES FILLING IN
AS EMERGENCY NURSES IN BATTLE
BEING WAGED HERE AGAINST FLU
Young Women of Bismarck Rendering Splendid Service Vol
nnteer Nurses-Work Handled Through the
l.l@$t Red Cross # t.S&% %@sE.

Peters, Mrs. NR. l., Roach Roberta
Boyd, Elizabeth Bleth. s.e 4E
What the Girls Do. r.
The girls have assisted in house
hold work, preparing meals, caring
for, children, attending the sick. and
any service which seemed necessary
Twelve families, and many more
cases, as there are usually several in
the family ill, have been given assist
ance. On Sunday, Miss Gilbertson and
Miss Mclean accompanied DR.. Ram
stad and Nurse Schroeder on an all
day trip to Hazelton.< which is with
out a doctor or nurse. .-... ..
How to Call for Nurses.
Calls for assistance are made to
Mrs. Conklin through the doctors
and she in turn reports cases in need
Of help to the First Aid Nursing com.
mittee, consisting Of Helen -. Sulli
van, assistant superintendent of pub
lie instruction, chairman; Matilda
Williams, director OF public kinder
garten; Vesta Boswell, of the commits
siOner Of agriculture office, and Clara
Tatley. =.
Mrs. McGray has been rendering
valuable assistance in taking the vol
unteers to the various hOmess as
have many women Of the city in send
ing in. broths and other delicacies for
those sick and convalesctng.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-10-24

In the epidemic now raging help has
been found necessary for families all
of whose members are sick and where
help could not be secured. 1t is not
question of money, for in most cas-
es where help has been most neces'
sary the people were. we'll able to at.
ford to pay help. Theh situation is
that there is no help to secure on
payment of any price. Therefore last
Saturday a call was made for assist
ance fro mthose having completed or
being enrolled in the first aid course
outlined by the American Red Cross
under Drs. LaRose, Alderman, and
Strauss. The response was immed.
late and generons-an Of the members
who were not i'll or out Of town, who
did not have small children, or who
were not In charge Of other emer-
gency work, enrolling for the service.
The following have volunteered and
are on call for several hours each
day: Matilda Williams, Anna Streib,
Miss Close Mrs. Dullam. Alice Gil.
Dertson. Agnes Mclean, Helen Carl.
ton, Charlotte Matson, Julia Weber,
Mrs. Hunter. Cornelia Picket Ethel
Fleming, Vesta Euswell, Helen J.
Sullivan. Clara Tatley, Alfield Alison.
Sigrid Alison. Mamma Gushing, Agnes
Elstad, Leonora Hide. Grace Brittin,
Margaret Kelly. Hortense Moore, Cora
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-10-24
DIR. GILMORE OFFERS DISPLAY ~%s<.
=, = 5t..s OF INTENSE HISTORICAL VALUE
Curator of State Depicts Allies Story of Great War
%.g. A., Related in Graphic Posters.

ceived Il few weeks ago from Rome.
Besides these collections from France
and Italy he was displayed n repre-
sentative collection Of British and Ca
madam illustrated posters, and a set OF
Illustrated recruitment posters for the
CZecllo- SlOvak army.
These Czccho-Slovak posters were
made in the atelier Of Il New York III
stitute Of art from designs by Czech
artist. DIR. Gilmore obtained these
through a friend who is professor Of
Slavic languages and literature in the
University Of Nebraska. They are
very interesting as a memcnto of the
wonderful worldwide nnabasiS Of
Czccho- Sloyak Army of Liberation.
The public is invited to visit this
display while it is Oh view. Hereby
comparison can he made Of the art
and psychology Of the different nations
concerned. The world association OF
free nations and people of good wiz
now constitute great ncighborhood;
and to be acquainted we need to ap-
prcciato each others efforts and diff
tirultieS. aspirations and accomplish
mentS. "a . sgss .s4 .
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-10-24

This week tho curator Of the State
Historical society has, installed Il spc-
cial display in the reading room. 1t
is a display Of, war posters Of some
Of our allies in the present effort OF
resistance against German National
association bf Thieves Of the World.
With the beginning OF his service III
North Dakota two years ago he be-
gan the collection Of all sorts of post
erS bearing Oh the war, for the sake
Of their future historical value. He
has collected not only American post
ers, but posters from other nations. He
has arranged an exchange with
France, and last Saturday two more
packets arrived from Paris. Among
these are Illustrated posters Of the
second and third national loans OF
France, appeals for funds for the or
phans Of the war, for soldiers victims
Of tuberculosis, for reeducati ton of the
blinded and mutilated, and for various
other forms Of war work. 49, r..
3, He has displayed part OF these
French posters, and also some, Italian
national loan posters which he re-
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-10-24
DAUGHTER And
WIDOW OF WAR
HEROES DIES
Mrs. Christina Conover Passes
Away at Home of Mrs. F. J.
Marcellus Here.

Mrs. Christina A. Conover, grand
daughter of hero of the, Revolu-
tionary war, daughter of Capt Henry
Green of New Jersey, who fought in
the war Of 1912 land in the Mexican
war OF 1S49, wido wof Capt F. D. Con.
over of the 125th Illinois volunteer in
fantry, who served throughout the,
Civil war, and herself war wife and
mother, who looked after her little
flock during the dark and bloody
days OF 1S61-,65, passed away :, this
morning at the home of her daughter,
Mrs. +. J. Marcellus, SIS Seventh
street, at the age OF 81 years and four
months. -
Christina A. Green was born in New
Jersey In 1881 of parents who came
from pioneer colonial stock. Her
father, Capt. Henry Green, already
had seen service. in the War Of 1912,
and he was. later to again defend his
country in the Indian wars and the
war with Mexico. In her early young
womanhood the deceased was united
In, marriage with F. D. Conover, with
whom she took up her home in Illi1
AOlSS ouu WuCLC" SAC >OouC Hill SOu-
speed when he set out In 81 at the
head of the volunteer infantry com
pany which he had trained. :. Two OF
her chlldren lnen were little tots. and
her duty it became to keep the home
fires burning during the four, long
tragic years over which the Civil war
spread. .... Fig.
In 1883, following the death of her
husband, and herself an invalid, Mrs.
Conover came to Bismarck with her
daughter, Mrs. F. J.. Marcellus, and
for IS years she had made this city
her home. Although never we'll In
all of this time,,s Mrs. Conover made
many friends in the Dakota capital
who came to love her for her beauti-
full character, her fortitude and her
patience There survive the deceased,
in addition to the daughter here, two
sons, one in Chicago and another In
Omaha, and two sisters, who reside In
New ,ork city. n'E Z, 2m..
Because of the. epidemic, there will
be no funeral services at the MARCEL
LUIS home, but there will be simple
rites at 1890 tomorrow forenoon, at
the graveside. IL uH a.,..
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-10-24
SPANISH |kFLU[NzA::;; JUST GRIP
CAMOUFLACED UND[RANEW NAME
Nest Authorities Now Agree That This Disease Simply the Old
Fashioned Gp-the Same That Has Swept Over the World
Times Without Number Since 1881 the United States Has
Had Five Epidemcs.

the throat chest and back between the
shoulder blndeS to open the pores.
The EapORub should he rubbed in
over the parts until the skin is red,
spread on thickly and covered with
two thicknesses Of hot flannel cloths.
Leave the clothing loose around the
neck as the heat Of the body liberates
the ingredients in the form of vapors.
These. vapors. inhaled with each
breath. carry the medication directly
to the parts affected. At the same
time. VapoRub is absorbed through
and stimulates the skin, attracting the
blood to the surface. and thus aids n
relieving the congestion within.
no OCCASION, FOR PANIC.
There, is no occasion for panic-iu-
fluenza, or grip has very low percent
age of fatalitieS--not over one death
out of every. four hundred cases, &C
cording to the n. G.. Board of Health.
The chief danger lies in complications
arising attacking principally patients
in run down condition-those who
don't go to bed soon enough, or those
who get up too early.
HOW TO AVOID THE DISEASE.
Evidence seems to prove that this is
a germ disease, spread principally by
human contact, chiefly through coagh-
ing, sneezing or splitting. So avoid
persons having colds-which means
avoiding crowds--cOmmOn drinking
cups. roller towels. etc. Keep up your
bodily strength by plenty Of exercise
in the open air, and good food.
+. KEEP FREE FROM COLDS.
Above all. avoid colds. as colds irri-
tate the lining of the. air passages and
render them much better breeding
places for the germs.
Use Vick's VapoHuhr at the very first
sign of a cold. For a head cold, melt
a little VapORub in Il snOon and inhale
the vapors. or better still. use VapoRub
in benzoin steam kettle. If this is
not available, use an ordinary tea
kettle. Fill half-full of boiling water.
nut In half teaspoon Of vapoRub
from time to time-keep the kettle
just slowly boiling and inhale the
steam arising.
NOTE vick's VapoRub is the dis
covery Of North Carolina druggist.
who found how to combine. in salve
form. fenthol and Camphor with such
volatile oils as Eucalyptus. Thyme.
Cnbebs. etc. so that when the 'salve is
applied to the body heat, these in
gradients are liberated in the form of
vapors. Vapo-Rub can be had in three
sizes at all druggists. While COM
naratively new in certain parts Of the
North, it is the standard home remery
in the South and West for, nj forms
of cold troubles over six million jars
were sold last year. vapoRub is par
ticularly recommended for children's
Group or colds. as it is externally ap-
piled and can. therefore. be used free
" and often without the slightest
harmful effects.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-10-24
STATE OWNERSHIP
OF MINES WILL BE
DEBATING SUBJECT

Grand Forks, N. D., Oct. 24.-State
ownership of Ignite coal mines; will
be the subject for debate this year
in the North Dakota High School De
batting league, according to- an an
nouncement by the State University.
High schools wishing to enter must
dOs.so before November Is. under the
regulations issued. n Z.
Announcement also has been made
that plans for the state declamatory
contest have been completed. Contest.
ants must limit their selections to
works by Paul Lawrence Dunbar'
Charles Dickins, O. Henry, Granoe s.
Richmond Robert w. Service,
Crimm's Fairy Tales, .Aesop's Fables,
Guy de Maupassant, and Anderson's
EairK, Tales. y. &zs H &
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-10-24
The Last Epidemic in 1889-90
Came From Russia by Way of
France and Was Given a
French Name, La Grippe. This
Time it Comes by Way of
. Spain.
ORIGIN OF THE DISEASE.

ORIGIN OF THE DISEASE.
Spanish Influenza, which appeared
in Spain in May, has swept over the
world in numerous epidemics as far
back as history runs Hippocrates re-
fers to an epidemic in 412 B. c., which
is regarded by many to have been in
fi,lenza. Every century has had its at
tacks. BEGINNING with 1881, this coun-
trv haAsKad fine epidenics,' the last in
1ss9-9O. <.>> ~,
THE SYMPTOMS.
Grip, or influenza as it is now called,
usually begins with a chill followed by
aching, feverishness and sometimes
nausea and dizziness, and a general
feeling of weakness and depression.
The temperature is from 100 to 1l4,
and the fever usually lasts from three
to five days. The germs attack the
mucous membrane, or lining Of the
air passages--nose throat and hrOn-
chial tubes--there is usually a hard
cough. especially bad at night, often
times a sore throat or tOnsilitis, and
frequently all the appearances Of a
severe head cold. !
THE TREATMENT.
Go to bed at the first symptoms
take n purgative, eat plenty of nOur-
fishing food. remain perfectly quiet and
don't worry. Nature herself is the only
cure" for influenza and will throw off
the attack If only you conserve your
strength. A little Quinine, Aspirin or
Dover's Powder may, be given by the
physicians directions to allay the ach-
ing. Always call a doctor. since che
chief danger Of grip is in it's weaken
ing effect on the system, which tallows
complications to develop. Thess are
chiefly pneumonia and bronchitis.
sometimes inflammation of the middle
ear, or heart affections. For these
reasons, 1t is very important that the
patient remain in bed until the
strength returns-stay in bed at least
two days or more after the fever has
left you, or if you are over so or not
strong, stay in bed four days or more.
according to the severity Of the attack.
EXTERNAL APPLICATIONS.
In order to stimulate the lining Of
the air passages to throw off the grip
germs. to aid in loosering the phegn
and keeping the air passages open.
thus making the breathing easier,
vick's vapoRub will be found effective.
Hot, wet towels should be applied over
= . : II p