Middletown transcript., 1918-07-06
OF
Hum SUBMARINE.
Fabric of International Economic
. Life Is Threatened.
DEPENDING ON LAND POWER
3ermany's Aims Must Be Thwarted,
Forcing Her to the Sea and OBJ
servance Of It's Rules Of
Freedom.
BY FRANK J. eooDNow.

8Srvance OF 0I9 nUSSS OF
Freedom.
By FRANK J. cooDNoW.
From the Committee on Public Inforn,a-
ton, Washington, D. Co.
The nineteenth century witnessed
what was probably the greatest
achievement of the human intellect.
This was the bringing about Of the
economic unity of the world. Since
he opening of the present century it
nay be said that no country which has
any marked development has been self
sufficient. The products of the trop-
!cs have become articles Of necessity
20 the inhabitants Of the temperate
zone. The minerals which nature has
stored in such profusion in particular
districts are regarded as held in trust
for the world at large. Failure in the
crop Of certain staples like cotton.
which can be grown only under pc
:uliar conditions, is felt in distant
lands. Drought in the Australian an
:ipodes makes it difficult for Europe
20 clothe herself in wool.
This economic world unity has been
the result Of a slow development.
Many things have contributed to Its
growth. Without, however, the recog-
0ition of the freedom of the seas it
would have been impossible. The
transportation of many products Is
conditioned by the cheapness OF
freight rates incident to water routes.
These routes are available for general
use only If the sea is free to all Who
desire to use it, unmOlested from at
tack. Their interruption as a result
Of the naval operations Of the present
war has been followed by scarcity in
many countries.
The freedom Of the sea became an
established fact only in comparatively
recent times. A perusal Of the quaint
phraseology Of some marine insurance
policies, often still retained beyond
the times to which it is applicable. re-
veals the dangers incident to ocean
travel not so many years ago. Pirates.
potentates and princes all combined
not so long ago to make the risks Of
ocean travel extra hazardous. The
claims of potentates and princes to
monopolize the ocean were recognized
as Incapable Of justification only few
hundred years back. Pirates still
piled their nefarious trade within the
memory Of living men. Indeed. pirates
IRE still to be found in the rivers and
estuaries of southern China, and mer-
chant ships in that part of the world
are compelled to arm themselves even
now against pirptical attack. as was
universally the case the world over
not much more than one hundred years
ago.
No Peculiar Rights to Sea.
The freedom of the sea against pi-
catical attack was secured by the
united efforts of all seafaring nations
who treated the pirate as an outlaw to
whom no consideration or quarter was
to be given. Long before this result
was reached it was determined by
common agreement that no one coun-
try should claim any particular rights
in the sea such as Spain and POrtu-
gal had with papal sanction once set
up. Apart from the influence of prin-
ciples of justice, it was found as a
practical matter that live and let live
was the only principle which could be
applied. For interference with the
ships of any country was easily re-
payable in kind. Ceaseless hostility
between seafaring powers would have
followed the application of any other
policy, as it did actually follow the
monopolistic attempts Of Spain.
The significance of the submarine
which has first been used in the war
now raging consists in the fact that
its use imperils the economic unity
Of the world to which attention has
been called. The submarine threatens
the freedom Of the seas through the
recognition Of which progress in the
direction Of world economic unity has
been made possible. The submarine
threatens the freedom of the seas be-
cause no adequate method Of defense
against 1t has as yet been discovered.
If it is used as it has been in the past
few years by nation whose chief con-
Germ is land rather than sea power,
retaliation and reprisal are impossible.
Two can play at the game Of sea mo-
nopoly when surface shipping and sea-
faring nations are concerned. But
where the submarine is used by power
whose interests are continental rather
than oceanic the game which is played
Is quite q One-sided one. All the pow
er which is attacked can do is to en-
deavOr to destroy as many submarines
as possible. and recent experience
would go to show that such policy
is not effective. A power which makes
use of submarines Tor the destruction
Of merchant shipping of course in
vites reprszals. but If that power has
no shipping such reprisals are i'm
possible.
Owed Existence to Britain.
This is the situation at the present
time. The submarine is the weapon of
the German empire whose seacoast Is
both small and completely under the
control of Great Britain so far as con-
Germs it's use as base for sea power.
Germany had. it is true, q great mer-