davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07
Bolsheviki and Mensheviki

L. V.-Will you please explain what
is meant by Bosheviki and Mensheviki,
the names of the two Russian parties
so much spoken of in connection with
the Russian revolution and the dis
aster the former have brought upon
Russia? l have been told that the
words meant, respectively, majority
and minority. Is this the correct mean
ing? What are the Cadets?
Bolsheviki and Mcnsheviki, derived.
respectively, from bolshe, more, and
menshe, less, the names of the two
parties of the Russian Social Democ-
racy, have nothing to do with majori-
ties or minorities. The Bolsheviki are
identical with the "Maximalists" in the
sense Of demanding more as against
the "Minimalsts,' who are satisfied
with less.
These two branches Of the Russian
Social Democracy disunited at the party
conference of 1908. The Bolsheviki,
under the leadership of Lenine and
others, insisted that the Social Dem
ocrats should not sacrifice Z single
principle of their programme and should
push it through by all means regard
less of the present economical con-
ditions. They demanded the distribu-
ton of all the land among the peasants
and the "democratization" Of in
dustry to such a degree, that the
workers not only divide among them
selves the net profits OF the factories.
but that they also get the right of
control. They therefore asked more
than the Mensheviki, who believed in
so-called scientific socialism, teaching
that the ends of socialism can be at
tanned only by evolution, organization
and enlightening OF the masses, and
who accordingly demand less.
For the present the most important
difference between the two parties lies
IN the domain of foreign policy. The
Bolsheviki have always condemned for
eign wars, and only admitted the So
cial revolutionary civil war as iusti-
fable. The Mensheviki, Oh The other
hand, have rather social patriotical
tendencies like the majority of the
German, French and English Social
Democrats.
The Cadets are at present the onlv
bourgeoisie party OF Russia that has
not yet given up the fight under the
new regime. Its designation is de.
rived from the letters c. D, the abbre-
Walton OF Constitutional Democrats.
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07
Appeals for Knitted Goods

SEVERAL NQUIRERs. - Whatever
tn the divergence IN the statemcnts of the
Secretary of the Navy and the Red Cross
IN regard to knitting sweaters and
otner articles for men in cantonments
and army posts and those aboard
American warships, one thing is GER
tain-the demand upon the Red Cross
IS so great that the Atlantic division
on November % sent out an ap-
peal TO chapters in its jurisdiction
TO mobilize all the volunteer helm Is
can get in an effort to speed up work
on sweaters, wristiets, muHiers. he'll
NETS and socks. With practically every
requlsitlon for sweaters ard other knit
ted articles comes the request that gar
iAenfs be delivered az the camps be-
tore Christmas. Just as fast as knitted
articles can be obtained they are for
warded to Red Cross warehouses at the
camps and distributed to the men under
army regulations, which require that
they be accounted for on inspection
days, the same as equipment nrov;ded
by the War Department.
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07

Some of them are of that class, but
they are only a few. The small
shopkeeper is as much a "bour-
geois" as the rich factory owner to
the Bolsheviki, the moderate Social
lists, the university students, the
cadets-the party that led the fight
in the Duma for reform for years
and finally actually started the rev.
olution-even the 'intellectuals, -
who were the Nihilists of a score of
years ago, and were sacrificing
themselves for liberty when the
present saviors Of their country
were the unleavened lump of the
Russian mass, all these are under
the ban, and all are fair prey for
any criminal who wears the colors
of the Red Guard.
For instance-M. Gotz, a leader
of the Social Revolutionary party,
and a man who had devoted his
whole life to the welfare Of the
peasants, was arrested by the Boil
sheviki on suspicion of counter-rev-
olutionary sympathies. The Bolshe-
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07
ARTICLE II

EFORE I left Petrograd it was
b a common saying among
those who had enjoyed even
slight prosperity under the old
regime that no people in the world
had suffered as they had in this war.
From this distance, with even my
own experienees-which were not
extreme-softened little already,
and with daily fresh reports on the
atrocities in Belgium, do not be-
heve that is true. Yet, I do believe
that not even Belgium suffered 50
much in so short a time as did the
"bourgeoisie" of Petrograd under the
Tovarishi. The question is only
whether suffering is worse. when in
aicted by deliberate official cruelty
or when it comes from licentious
harbarism.
Let me first make it clear that the
'bourgeoisie" who have suffered have
not been the oppressors Of Russia.
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07
By Miss Harriet Frances Carpenter

forth, but weighted with the greatest
burden of responsibility that woman
has ever borne. Why not trust her to
do her work uninstructed, unconscious
of the part she is playing? Her sym
pathy is undoubtedly great and spon-
taneous.
But sympathy is not enough to in
sure wise discipline of the unruly ten
dencies of the human child. Misguided,
sympathy fosters dependence and en-
courages weakness and self-lrdulgen
Unframed, it deals but vaguely with
the practical problems of life. More
over, even in women sympathy is often
undevelopeA. "Did your father whip
YOU as / wrote him? asked a cross
looking teacher Of a small, cringing
Italian in the second year Of public
school. The same child came under
observation in fourth year class some
time later. He was listening with rapt
attention to the immortal story OF the
"King's Children" told by normal
school practice student. The comment,
"How alive Pedro is to the story!
brought out the irritable response from
.he teacher in charge: ooh, yes; hell
I;aten 10 stories, because he likes them,
but he's a bad boy.'
Transforming Pedro
Feeling that there must be some
thing worth finding behind face ut
with enthusiasm for a tale so noble.
the observer visited the home $50
called) Of the unfortunate Pedro: a
drunken father and mother, a girl OF
twelve earning the living, the Toy hum
grv for food and comradeship--lt was
ali comprehensive in moment. Pedro
waa transferred to an instructor pos
segsing insight and spiritual power
like a dog, he followed her everywhere
until she transformed his love into
acts Of service, and he became the most
nSeY,,l member Of the CLASS.
Even when the intentions are OF the
ronnd a the unenlightened cxperimental-
~, ~ nave to whip him." a father
gravely assertcd Of his sensitive, highly
srnaginative boy, because then ne
stops doing the thing He docs some
thing else. though" he added lameiy'
f.eIlno but not understanding mat ne
waa not reaching the cause nu1 oniy
The particular act. Had the cnlld oeeh
Issa gtrong and buoyant IN 'empGra, :,
ment he might, 70 doubt, nave nav, cras.aa -, :
nm him into submission; as it was ne on'y
confused him.
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07
Slaves of Centuries
Were Masters Overnight

"Thank God, away from the To-
varishi!"
And after all, the Bolsheviki lead
ers are not bad people. Undoubt-
edly they mean we'll; they would like
to see every one fed, clothed and
generally happy. But most of the
leaders spent the greater part Of
their lives in prisons and books.
away from realities. Rule of tn :
people, " ~Dictatorship of the work.
ers," they understood literally, and
now when suddenly. perhaps much
against their own expectation, they
came into power, they tried to carry
their theories into practice, but
without success. Instead of Great
ing an ideal state Of affairs AMI
making every one happy, they
brought ruin and chaos, even for the
workingmen themselves, whose hap
piness they undoubtedly desire.
Serfs and slaves of centuries can
not overnight become masters and
rulers. They need leadership and
guidance, and as to leadership Of
the Bolsheviki. here is an instance:
A group of railroad employees
came to Foreign Minister Trotzky
and complained that they had no
money to carry on their work of
sportation.
"Why, go to ary bank and take
it, he replied.
How could the workingmen have
any respect for law and order and
how could the soldier or sailor OBJ.
serve discipline when he is con-
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07

N7OMAN'S power to nurture the
w good has been a theme for
the poets of all times. Dante
nw Beatrice but once, yet it was she
sno sent him on his way singing the
reatest song Of Christendom-the an
hem Of redemption from pride and
'elashness Wagner's Brunhilde suf-
Tered her goddess nature TO give place
o the lowly limitations of human
Seakness that she might save the ne
sole Walsungs. Goethe's phrase, ne
s'ernaIly womanly, leading men Up
sard and on" is familiar to all.
Froebel also not only pointed out the
snritual nature Of womanhood, but
spor it he builds his world Of hope for
Ae advancement Of humanity. In the
lar'are power Of woman he sees the
asans Of solving the moral problems
VI the race; Of strengthening its
splr'fual life. It il his aim to Ait
.a'Iaerhood 70 It's highest plane, TO see
sa<. cnance plays a comparatiVeiy
smail part in the educative processes
Essses The life Of the children. He
~'''@ -@t& ~ W1i4N'4 sNs - .fNt
.sseihshnezs, courage and insight. Be
.Alse Of tneir universal love for things
sak and helpleas, he claims that all
,.'meS have the right into the foster
.s care Of children, whether their own
mo.asss.
The Hotel Bred Child
Il wlsn | belonged somewhere,
wsssd the hotei-bred child Of wealth
~ ~ inzury, ycarning for real horne
~ real mother To cure his ennui
pnysical mother sent him TO kin
sesafssn - around me corner. "Pd ike
Msy here" ne said TO the kinder
s.hsr one day at parting, "ali the
~. Sat and Dleep~-ali day ard all
s11s~i wish you we're my mothcrl'
a'sned In IL climax Of aspiration.
a"e enid. however, rich or poor
SsAd Dc deprived Of the spiritual in
q re aus of real motherhood, By means
~, ssnaen alone his powers may be dc.
sswpsd, md without which lives have
"a 81 been biighted
a. "nat filter taxk couid Froebei real.
.sr woman than for hsr to follow
- 2s.Eh which she mas more or ses'
ssss sssssss,ysly chosen throughout the
l 4 ~ let 1t, is with some fear Anf
Il s1 instruction that he urges her or
Hot lightly does hs send hei
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07
What Hearst Holds

c. L. R.-Will you be good enough
to supply me with an authentic list
of the newspapers and magazines
owned and published by William Ran
dolph Hearst This, I think, is infor-
nation that many Of your readers
would be glad to have
The newspapers owned and con
trolled by William Randolph Hearst
are as follows: The Atlanta Ameri-
can,' The Atlanta Georgian" THE
Boston American" "The Chicago Amer
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07

~ He French Revoution, born amid almost in
credible bloodshed murder and savagery gare
to clvlll@atlon OF its most priceless he1i-
tages. The aCorLd to-day is aciMng1y paying mann
times the price of thGt agony to preserre tat hertage
Russia today in the name of the same ideals
of liberty and equality that inspired France is su-
ferlng France suffered. Who can say that the re-
suits acU not be precious? The stories that come
from there terrible, but almost familiar to the
student Of history. Many contradictory and CON-
tusing. IN the articles, of 1chch this is the second
man cho lued through the terror tells achat he sa
The acriter is q Russian Journalist and soldier,
acho has just come to this country for rest The
name he IS not his oacn, he is going back and
does 1Uish to feel the heauy hand of the Red Guard
ON his shoulders. He aorjter under the old
regime, an officer IN the Kerensky army qchile it
lasted, and fugitive from the Bolshevik
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07

great Institutions of learning. Most
of them lived on some SO rubles a
month, which they received from
their parents at home, and the
poorer students supported themselves
by teaching. Now no one thinks Of
study, and as all the schools and uni
versities are closed there is no
teaching to be done and even no
trains to go back home.
There were never so many pros
titutes in the streets of Petrograd
as now, and drunken soldiers lead
schoolgirls Of sixteen to hotels for
the promise of a meal or even cup
Of coffee.
People emigrate from Petrograd
by thousands. Trains are not run
ming every day to different parts Of
Russia, and not infrequentIy one has
to stay for days at the station wait
ing for a train; once in the train
the citizen of Petrograd gives
sigh of relief.
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07

soldier in his house, and besides,
they always work in groups; they
use their rifles as. freely as their
swords, and so the citizens who
have no connection with the Bolshe-
wiki and their guards-that means
all the middle and upper classes of
Petrograd - have formed new
party which is humorously called
"lspugannaja IntelIgentzia,' the
equivalent in English being 'the
frightened intellectuals." The
party which includes about four
ffths Of the Petrograd population
agrees not to leave the house after
dark, not to open the door unless
they recognize the voice Of the caller
from the outside; not to look out Of
the window in case of street dis
orders, etc.
Many factories are closed; indus
try is paralyzed. There are no per
formances at the Maryinsky and
Alexander theatres Many cabarets
are shut down and Petrograd, once
the Paris of Russia, is now not more
lively than an ordinary provincial
town, except for the big army OF
soldiers and the numberless meet
ings which add some noise to the
forced quietness Of Petrograd and
give the city life and color.
In the first days of the revolution
people were frightened of every
noise in the street. They have seen
so much bloodshed at the hands of
the Red Guards and their armored
cars that when an ordinary motor
car passed along the street people
were running for shelter in the side
streets and behind the doors of
houses and stores, or fell fat on the
sidewalks.
But life is now getting into its
normal shape" as far as is posi-
Bile in these abnormal times in
Russia.
Stores are open at least till dark.
Cafes are open and Japanese Geisha
girls sing and dance to amuse the
visitors; tea is served with one small
piece of sugar and black coffee with
no sugar at all Clerks are busy III
the Offices checking losses, writing
reports to their foreign headquar-
ters, or asking provincial branches
for favors in the way of food and
provisions, which are in the provin-
cial towns not so scarce as in the
capital. In some jewelry and fur
stores trade is going on behind
closed doors.
The telegraph is nearly abolished
in Russia; not that the wires are
damaged or the apparatus out Of
order, but simply because the tele-
graph operators are so busy with
political meetings and discussions
that the kilograms arrive at speed
of first and second class mail.
The mail service is still worse.
Letters from Petrograd to Gatchina,
which in normal times arrived the
same day, take now about a week to
deliver, and from Petrograd to
Minsk, which is only two days jour-
ney, letters travel now three weeks
and more owing to the scarcity Of
trains.
In a most pitiful condition are the
twenty thousand students of the diff
ferent colleges and universities &C
Petrograd The Russian capital
was once the centre OF education in
Russia and from all parts of the
country young men and women came
to Petrograd to accomplish their
study in the arts and sciences at the
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07
Queries and Answers

ican," "The Chicago Examiner "Tbs
Los Angeles Examiner" The New
York american" The New York Jour
nal, The New York "Deutsches jour
nal The San Francisco Examiner
he magazines are "Cosmopoiitan. -
Harpers Bazar." Good Housekeep-
ing Motor" Puck"
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07

all humanity, and all the officers,
many of them generals who distin-
guished themselves on the battle
fields, admirals of the Russian navy,
who served with honor for scores
of years. are now merely "bour-
geoisie," whose lives are at the mercy
of their soldiers and sailors?
Officers Killed by
Their Own Soldiers
Over one hundred and fifty young
Russian officers were killed by their
own soldiers in Petrograd in the
course of one week, and no one was
punished for this wholesale murder:
three officers were killed by the Boil
shevik guards while prisoners at
the Fortress of Peter and Paul, and
countless stories of a similar kind
are related every day in the press
and by eyewitnesses. Of course.
the opposition press is now under
strict censorship and many news
papers are altogether suppressed.
Three years at the front with
nothing but death and destruction
have made the uneducated soldier a
brute, and a selfish brute at that.
To him the revolution is nothing
but an opportunity to take advan-
tage of every one and everything.
He sticks to the Bolsheviki because
he knows that they will not send him
to the war again; he hates the bour-
geoisie, because some of them still
have plenty of bread and even d
piece Of sugar, something which he
has not seen for weeks. After each
meeting at the university audito-
rum and each oration at street
corner he considers himself the vic
tim of world conspiracy of CAPT
talists and imperialists, and he goes
on fighting every one who is not Of
his class.
There was once great respect
among the common people for the
intellectuals in Russia. Now this is
past and gone. One talks of uni
versity professor as eff conspira-
tor, and one has to excuse himself
for being educated.
have spoken of the food short
age-after all the rest a minor evil
half pound of bread daily, a
pound Of sugar each month, small
quantity of potatoes, one egg for
each child every week, half pouni
of meat, is all the provisions allowed
in Petrograd by the food commits
saries regulating the provisioning
of the city.
OF course there arc many eycer-
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07

comes to his turn the baker may au-
nounce that the supply is exhausted
and the citizen returns home with
no bread at all; on the other hand,
one may come across soldier with
pocket full of sugar who is offer
ing to sell it at kopecks n lump.
One cannot be too particular about
the cleanliness of the soldiers
pocket or the way he handles his
wares.
The Russian civilian will quickly
transfer the lucky purchase from
the soldiers pocket to his own and
Will run home to announce his good
luck. Occasionally one may come
across an additional pound of bread
or potatoes for fabulous price, but
these chances do not occur every
day. and the citizens of Petrograd
have so accustomed themselves TO
the new conditions that many fami-
lies live on communal terms, shar-
ing in common the rations of to-day,
TO have access to the common ra-
tlons of tomorrow when some one
else will fail to be in time for his
ration.
Famine Levels
Many Distinctions
Famine is a great democrat. On
the bread lines one rubs shoulders
with princes and servant girls, work
! ing women and ladies in rich fur
coats, and the joy of getting a full
ration is not to be described. OF
/ course, there are the very rich who
! still occupy rooms at the big hotels,
pay % rubles for one meal and
get almost everything they want.
But this class is rapidly diminish
ing since the Bolsheviki have got
control Of the banks. A depositor
is not allowed to withdraw more
than 500 rubles, no matter how big
his fortune may be, and the Bolshe-
wiki take good care to deprive the
'bourgeoisie' not only of luxllries
but even of ordinary, everyday con-
veniences, which are still possible
in Petrograd. when the waiter is
tipped 10 ruble bill.
Finally, there is the matter of
money / was sitting in my room
on the Fontanla Street, for which
by the way-I paid as much as eight
times the normal rent Suddenly I
heard knock at the door.
'Voydite" C'Come in'D. I said.
In came my neighbor of the upper
floor, an oil merchant of considera-
BILE means. His face was all smiles
and confusion, as he said:
"Dobri Gospodin" (''Good Sir"),
Gould you cash me a check for one
hundred rubles? In fact. it is my
own check, but the bank is closed
and there is not a single ruble
ready cash in my house to go out
shopping to the grocery. All my
fault! | neglected il Yesterday"
He stopped and waited for my
answer.
OF course, this last phrase was
merely an excuse. The banks wero
closed for the last three days No
body knew when they were going to
be opened again, and my neighbor
needed the money.
Ny neighbor was Il business man.
He owned an automobile, and kept
large apartment for his family;
in ordinary times he would consider
it below his dignity to call on me,
dweller in one of the bachelor
rooms for which Fontanka is ia
nous, but now hunger was at his
door He had probably hundreds of
thousands of rubles in the bank.
but could not get a loaf Of bread
] for all his money.
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07

tions to the rule. AS, for instance.
one may stand whole day in the
bread line near his bakery waiting
for his ration of bread, and when 1t
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07
Child raining at Home
By Mothers Who Have Been kindergarten Teachers

T series Of arics prepared under the direction Of the omea
National Kindergarten Assocadtn
ssh tte By vho has put her training INTO pacts
E she learned II
ad this helpful them and them to
other mothers and hs aid Uncle Sam reaching all the mothers OF the
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07

The famous Butirki Prison, in
Petrograd, after it had been
stormed by the Bolsheviki. Sew
eral of Kerensky's ministers are
now confined there
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1918-09-13
Green Tomatoes.

When the first hard frost leaves you
with large supply of green tomatoes
on hand you will make some of them
into pickle-but do you know how
good they are to use as a vegetable?
They are very good sliced and fried.
Slice in one-half inch slices. sprinkle
with salt and fry until tender In a lit
tie fat. II you wish them Drowned. dip
the slices in flour or bread crumbs or
first dip in eggs and then in crumbs be-
fore frying.
If you are fond of fried apple and
onions, you will also like the follow
Ing. Slice onion and green toma-
toes and fry together. Serve at din
ner or as relish for supper
They are very good, too. stewed
much as you stew the ripe ones.
Stewed Green Tomatoes.
4 large green toma- tablespoonful SUI
toes gar
y teaspoonful pep tabiespoonfuls
per bread crumbs
Y teaspoonful salt Il teaspoonfuI onion
tablespoonful but juice
ter
Scald tomatoes and remove skins.
cut into quarters, boil until tender;
season and thicken with crumbs.
They give a distinctive flavor to
cream soup, and are worth trying.
Cream of Green Tomato Soup.
6 green tomatoes 1 cupful milk
Il teaspoonful soda q teaspocnfui salt
2 tahlespoonfuls but g teaspoonful pep.
ter per
Boil the tomatoes until tender and
put through strainer Make cream
sauce of butter and flour. to which is
added milk, salt and pepper. Add
Pulp to which soda has been added.
Allow to cook ten minutes in double
boiler.