davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington herald., 1918-01-25

for Coyne. Holmes for o'Bryne. Cook for
Donahe. Goals from foor-Duffy t2l, Costello
(5). Camody (Z), Sullivan. Murray (2l. O'Bryne.
Coyne. Daily and O'DorneIl. Goals from fouls
Coyne (9, 0'Donnell and Murray ~. Referee
Mr.. Roddy tGonzagal. Time Of periods-s min
Ctes each.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-04-19
Sewing Circle With
Much Whispering
Ne Are All Greatly indebted 20 Those
Who Tell Their Experience

Eksore the arrival OF the stork there Il
r,rh 10 talk about. The comfort OF the
Erpectant mother Is thu chief topic, and
there II sure 20 be someone Who has used
pr knows OF that splendid external help
Mothers Friend.
Nausea nervousness, bearinEdovn and
EtretchlaG paiRg and other symptoms 50
fauilisr TO many women are among The
dreaded experiences thousands OF mothers
say they entirely escape By the use or this
faEious remedy.
It's influence on the fine network OF nerves
api iira pents just beneath the skin Is Won
aerfui.
By the regular use Of Mothers Friend
durfnF tie period the muscles are made
ard Kept soft and elastic; they expand
easily, Without strain, when baby Is born
and the puin ard danger AZ the crisis Is
naturally less.
Mothers lend Is for external use only,
II sold By al druggists. and should be used
with the utmost regularity. WTte 20 the
Bradheld Regulator Co. Lamar
Bldg. Atl@nta, Ga, for a valuable AID In
lerestiEx sAotherhoOd Book" There l. .
~ezith 81 instruction and comfort to 30
derived IN reading this little book. IL IS
plainly v-stfen and viii be q splendid little
text book for guidance, not only for yourself
but viii make you helpful TO others. And
in the meantime do not fail TO get a bottle
~ Mothers Friend from the drug store, md
thus fortifY yourself against palm and Dis
confeEt
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-04-19
LANGLEY RIGHT
IS ACKNOWLEDGED
Scientist ACcordS Priority to
Airplane inventor in
Recent Address.

PTTTSBURGH. Pa. April 10. -
Samuel P. Langleys priority in the
invention OF the airplane was
acknowledged by Dr.. John A.
Brashear Of Pittsburgh, scientist and
intimate friend Of the inventor, in
defeating recently the Langley lab
Cratory OF aeronautlcs at the Car
uegie Institute Of Technology.
Langley invented the heavier than
air machine" declared DR. Brashear.
He recalled the fact that Prof.
L.aneley's death was due - the fall
into the Potomac river OF an air
plane with which. he was expert
menting.
More than 90 years ago" DR..
Brashear said. II heard a scientis.
read paper on The Soaring Birds
OF Florida before a gathering of
scientists. This man I'D gone
down there and hidden himself in
the trees fastening bits OF foliage to
him, and watched those large birds.
Then he began TO experiment with
machines that would fly He was
rIdiculed by that assemblage of sci
entists-all except one-Samuel
Pierpont Langley Arterward he told
me IL was a strange topic TO be dis
cUssed in A scientific meeting. but
that IL had made such an impression
On him that he began to take an in
terest in flying.
Thaw Aided Financially.
He came over to my little work
shop on the hill one day and asked
me to help him in his experiments.
Then ne went TO William Thaw who
had previously assisted him. and OBJ
tanned financial help. Now in those
Gays. whoever talked much about
flying received a great deal OF abuse
ard Tidicule. But this Il not affect
my friend Langley 70 ne was set
in his purpose.
"He first used the Pinaud flying
machine. toy that was propelled
by a rubber band being wound up
and then released. lie said if that
toy could fly he did not see why
larger machines. made on the same
principle. couldn't be made to do it
too.
Then his efforts were crowned
with measure OF success. He sent
Up a machine over the Potomac
river near Washington. One OF the
Slddest half hours I ever spent was
in the Smithsonian institute in
Washington. some years ago when
Langley told me OF one experiment
that failed. II wasn't failure, but
he thought il was. Unkind words
broke his heart He died a broken
hearted man.
'T have known nearly all the pio-
reers in aviation. and when I see
the work you are doing here I feel
that * is a great honor TO be here
20 see the fruition of the work Of
my good friend Langley and see
him honOred by this institute. He
was "A bigger man than any univer-
sity-he was a man of the nation
and / am glad to be connected with
any association that hOnOrs him. ="
DIT. Brashear is a trustee OF the
Carnegie institute.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-04-19
THE wOMEN OF FRANCE.

Are not neglecting their personal
appearance while doing war work
Their carefully marcelled hair has
been particularly commented on
You can look as we'll at your ardu-
Gus war duties as they. by making
an appointment at the Comfort shop
for your marcel wave at as early
an hOur ss you desire. sos ]. NJ. s.
Bldg. -AdVt
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-04-19

Thursday. friday and Saturday
I viii sell all sailors. black trimmed
hats and including all pattern hats,
1-3 of. Hrs. HELEN Sweitzer, sol
L. Jefferson Ave. Advt. 3493-2O
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-04-19
THE GIRL GRADUATE

must have a corset properly fitted.
We specialize in cOrets for young
girls. Our LaCamille cOrsets are
popular with everyone. and the pink
models are especially good. Have
YOU seen our pink silk camiscIes at
702 They are washable. and
very pretty. Let US show them 10
YOU at The Corset Shop, 100 ). Main
st Adv
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-04-19

It's systematic savings that count
Join "A War Savings society.
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-10

still further increase. Such lands as
are unfit for cultivation have been
used for grazing cattle to increase the
nations supply of food, and sheep to
do their part for the wool as well as
the food supply.
The messages which the Commits
sioner has sent out from time to time
during the past nine months to the
superintendent and agents of Indian
reservations are as inspiring as they
are practical. Here is a part of one:
THE war situation makes it impera-
tive that every tillable acre of land be
intensively cultivated. With the entry
of the United States into the world
war the Importance of an increased
food supply cannot be overestimated.
We must sacrifice every non-essential
along other lines for this supreme
object. The service farmers should
set into the field early and stay late,
encouraging and assisting the Indians
in every way possible.
This appeal is based on both
economic and patriotic grounds. See
that it is brought home to every en-
ploye and Indian on the reservation.
| through the farmers and other in.
dustrial employees. Publish it in the
! school and agency papers and circu
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-10

late it by every other available means.
Appeal to the patriotism of the
Indians. Show how they can serve
their country effectively in the pres
emit emergency by exerting themselves
to the uttermost in the production of
foodstuffs. With "a long pull and a
strong pull and pull all togther,'
I feel that the Indians will play a
large and important part in the
economic history of the nation during
this period of war stress"
Wheat, corn, beans. potatoes and
meat were the commodities stressed
last season by the Commissioner in
his message to his agents in the field
The responses were worth the appeal.
Here is a reply to one of many tele-
grams sent out:
Everybody working. Following
planted: 525 acres cotton-6Oo bales;
1880 acres alfalfa-5.o00 tons; 500
acres barley and wheat. 900 tons
hav. 1000 acres milo-5, 900 tons; 100
acres cane-4O0 tons hay; rs acres
sorghum-5Oo gallons molasses; 25
acres potatoes-1o0 TONS"
Telling The Indian Why We Fight
To arouse the Indians to a sense
of the importance of their activity in
food production meetings have been
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-10

ments to which it has been subjected.
At various stages pieces of the metal
are tested.
The Jacket Gun
A gun cast in one piece, as the
cannon of hundred years ago were
made, would be shattered by the first
discharge of our modern ammunition.
The pressure set up in the barrel of
modern gun is approximately about
eighteen tons to the square inch and
one of the great problems of the gun
maker is to manufacture a weapon
strong enough to Withstand this pres
sure. The pressure comes into play
in two directions; on the one hand
there is the circumferential stress that
tends to burst the barrel outwards,
and on the other a longitudinal stress
that tends to rend it lengthwise 1t
is customary, therefore, to strengthen
the guns either by shrinking on sue
cessive Jackets of steel which are kept
in a state of tension all the time, so
that every particle of the gun receives
the shock of the defamation at the
same time and so divides it equally.
When gun of this. type is made the
interior of the tube or hoop that is
to be slipped over the barrel is bored
out and finished. The final adjust
ment in size, so that the shrinkage
may produce the required degree of
compression, is made not on It but
on the outside of the barrel, where it
can be more easily effected. The
heated hoop is dropped by means of
crane over the barrel, which has
been placed in vertical position. AS
it cools it contracts upon the barrel
This cooling must be carefully con.
trolled or the gun would be useless.
The interior of the barrel is kept cool
by water so that the hoop may cool
from the inside outwards. After the
various hoops have been put in place
the interior of the barrel is fine bored
and rifled and the gun fitted with its
breech mechanism. The number and
size of the tubes or hoops upon the
barrel in built up guns vary in diff
ferent countries, but in all cases the
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-10
0oUxZz2S Uae
L2SNI--AH uSe I7Sot
zz2aYIe 5991 ~ lar

ners do not have to stand back as in
former years to avoid the recoiI, but
can remain in the shelter of the steel
shield : which protects them from
shrapnel and rife bullets. Germany
paid special attention to the develop
ment of heavy ordnance evidently ex.
pecting that she would have to batter
down the powerful forts which her
neighbors had erected on their Dor
ders. These guns wrecked villages
at distance of eleven miles and tore
into the forts on the Belgian frontiers
as one might tear paper with stones.
The greatest gun yet developed by
the United States is the 16-inch coast
defense gun used to fortify the Pan.
anna Canal. This gun carried a pro-
jectile weighing 2.4OO pounds by the
aid of $40 pounds of smokeless pow
der. It required some ingenuity to
design mountings for this gun, but
suitable one was found and the great
gun now rests behind an earthen par
apet ready to blow the Kaiser's whole
fleet into smithereens should they an.
proach the canal.
American Guns
The three American inventors.
Woodbridge, Crozier and Brown, were
all interested in the wire bound gun.
Indeed, Woodbridge had made wire
wound gun some five years earlier
than Longridge in England. But this
first gun was a failure, owing to some
mechanical defects and it was not
until after the experiment of Arm
strong that any great progress was
made in this country. Later Wood
bridge made several other wire wound
guns of improved patterns, and
| Crozier's guns proved to be service
able weapons, but in many ways the
Brown guns, which have been i'm
proved year by year, are perhaps the
most remarkable weapons of Ameri-
can manufacture. They differ from
the other guns in their manufacture,
owing to the internal compression tube
being built up of number of longi-
| together under the tension of steel
wire. In this manner a highly elastic
tube is possible, which has proved ad-
vantageous in actual tests.
After viewing the manufacture of
these giants of destruction the lay
man finds it a complicated affair, the
solid appearing finished product CIV
ing no hint of the numerous pieces
and layers of metal squeezed into its
steel jacket, and the delicate manner
in which the parts are fitted.
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-10

out of the way when the charge is
being put in position, as seen in the
photograph showing u. S. coast. de-
Tense gun. These screw plugs are of
various kinds. the Welin and the Els
nick screws are the favorites, both of
which are of the interrupted" type
that is only half of the screw is
threaded.
Breech mechanisms also embody
devices for preventing the possibility
of the charge being fired before the
breech is properly closed.
RecoiIs
Great improvements have been
made in dealing with the recoils. In
the old days when guns were fired
the gun and it's carriage ran back a
considerable distance owing to the re-
action from the shot as it left the
muzzle, and had to be brought back
into position by the gunners. Toward
the close of the last century an Eng
lishman introduced spring spade ar
rangement whereby on discharge the
spade was forced into the earth and
the spring was compressed, its subse-
quent extension running the gun back
into position. The guns of today slide
back in cradle on the carriage,
which does not move, the recoil being
taken up by a hydraulic buffer con-
sisting of cylinder filled with oil or
glycerine in which moves piston at
tached to the gun. The gun is
brought gently to rest and is returned
to the firing position, by springs or by
compressed air. To prevent the car
riage from running backward the at
tached spade digs into the ground
when the first shot is fired. The gun
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-10

system has equipped the young gen
Grafton of Indian girls in every neces-
sary branch of domestic science and
domestic art
Women Work By Approved Methods
The women and girls of the reserva-
tons have canned and dried accord
ing to the scientific methods advocated
by the Government. Matrons have
been placed in the field to visit the
Indian women in their homes and give
them advice and help in the care of
house and surroundings, hygiene and
sanitation, care of children and of the
sick, the preparation and serving of
food, with right methods in looking
after domestic animals.
The new courses of study in Indian
schools have been most carefully
planned with view to emphasizing
those subjects which have to do With
the progress of the people. The train
ing begins gradually with the first
three grades of school work and in
the fourth grade develops into more
advanced and systematic courses in
home economies, nursing, cooking,
sewing, laundering and poultry rails
ing.
The fourth, fifth and sixth grades
constitute the prevocational division,
the aim of which is to give the girls
the essential knowledge and training
necessary to the proper conduct of
their schools. This training fits them
for the vocational division, which be-
gins with the seventh grade and ends
with the tenth, and thus covers a sys-
tematic course in home economics
carried through four years.
Many of the Indian schools last
year were very successful with gar
dening, in which both the boys and
girls took part. producing all the
small fruits and vegetables required
by the school. as well as acquiring
practical knowledge of gardening.
Record Canning Reports
In keeping with the nationwide
campaign for the conservation of food
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-10

date into immediate execution, with
single authority to set it in operation,
that last seasons production and the
coming seasons promise have at
tanned their gratifying record.
Commissioner Sells, anticipating
what war meant in it's relation to the
food supply sent forth his instructions
to every agency under his control for
increased planting, and in less than
week after President Wilson's war
message the Indians were actively at
work on their lands.
Twenty-four States contain the $780,
900 Indians in the United States, and
there are over one hundred Indian
reservations. Last year there were
more than three millions acres in In
dian reservations, varying in size from
few thousand acres to several hun
bred thousand acres put under cult
walton, besides a limited acreage at
twenty-five non-reservation Indian
boarding schools, which were used for
production of foodstuffs for the pupils
and for the stock.
Even Better Work In 1918
Vast year by means of intensive
cultivation these school farms and
gardens largely augmented their pro.
| ductivity, and the year 1918 is to see
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-10

greatest care must be taken not to
heat them excessively during the
shrinking-on process because there is
a risk of undoing the good effects of
the heat treatment to which the steel
has been previously subjected.
Wire Gun
When the gun is to be wire wound
the wire consists of steel ribbon Ito
of an inch square. This is, of course,
of enormous strength and is wound on
the barrel layer after layer by the
tension to be exactly regulated. The
tension usually starts at about $4,000
pounds per square inch. The wire
binding for a twelve inch gun weighs
between thirteen and fourteen tons
and is 1T miles in length and extends
over the breech and half way along
the chase of the gun which gives the
weapon longitudinal strength. For
this purpose the tube is expanded by
heat by the same process used in
making guns without wire winding
but the size of the jacket is so cal
culated as to give little If any shrink
age upon the wire covering. This
type of gun is preferred by the British
and United States Governments.
The wire wound gun consists of
two parasitic inner tube known as
"A'', which is the barrel proper
through which the projectile travels
and the Jacket "B". The object in
fitting the inner tube is to enable the
gun to be repaired when it has be-
come worn by use.
Easily Repaired
Large guns are not only costly but
they require long time in manufac-
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-10

stuffs, a special effort was made with
respect to the canning and drying of
fruits and vegetables at the Indian
schools all over the country. Thou
sands of official bulletins on these SUBJ
jects, issued by the United States De-
partment of Agriculture, were sent
out for distribution among the In
dams. All employees were instructed
by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs
to give the matter aggressive atten-
ton.
The interest of the Indian boys and
girls in the production and preserva-
ton of foodstuffs is being further de-
veloped by means of boys and girls
clubs, working in cooperation with ex-
perts from the State and Federal Ex-
tension services. This club work is
being carried on with notable success
among the Nez Perez Indians in
Idaho, where canning, garden, corn.
pig and poultry clubs have been or
ganized for the 1918 campaign.
Similar clubs have been formed and
are in successful operation on many
other reservations in different parts
of the country.
The Indian women have fruit and
vegetable drying down to fine point,
the Indian Office showing specimens
of their evaporated pumpkin and
other vegetables which when soaked
and cooked can hardly be 6istin-
guished either in appearance or taste
from the fresh product. The corn
which they dried last autumn for the
winters use could not be excelled in
any of the laboratory kitchens of cul-
mary experts.
There is an impression abroad that
the Indians are incapable of real
thrift. This is a mistake. That they
are rapidly learning the value of thrift
their large bank holdings show, and
their splendid contributions to the
Liberty Loan are evidence not only
of their liberality but of their pa
triotism. The Indians purchased
more than s7,5OO,o6o of the first and
second issues of Liberty Rnna->
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-10

ture, therefore, it is of great i'm
portance to have them so constructed
that they can be repaired. The gases
produced by the explosion of the
charge rushing out from the powder
chamber at high temperature and
at great speed wash away the metal
Of the bore and gradually destroy the
rif1ing until accurate shooting be-
comes impossible. With full charges
a large gun will fire away about $50
rounds before its barrel becomes too
seriously eroded for further use. The
inner ga" tube can then be removed
by hanging the gun in a vertical po-
sition breech downwards, heating it
and then suddenly cooling the interior
of the "a" tube with cold water thus
causing it to contract. It is then
knocked out and a new one inserted.
Sometimes when the walls of the bar
rel are of great thickness the worn
portion can be bored out and a liner
inserted and rifled.
Breech Loader
The breech-loadi of course, pos
sesses many advantages over the OBJ
solete muzzle leaders, yet a great
number of inventions were required
for the purpose. These have been re-
duced. to two classes. In one, used
for the huge German gun at Krupps,
the breech is closed by sliding block
known as the wedge. 1t is solid at
one end. but at the other there is a
hole which is brought opposite the
bore when the gun is being loaded
The other type is a screwed plug
which is inserted in the breech when
the gun is being fired and is carried
| on hinge so that itecan be swung
The Bridgeport times and evening farmer., 1918-05-10
Lz2azAx2 EgY1 a2zZ Gzx24
III DIo<2k A1a[zS0d
GAw1oSr2

held throughout the reservations and
schools during the past nine months
to explain the meaning of this war and
the reason for the personal effort of
every man, woman and child To see
that the work outlined is being con-
scientiously carried out in accordance
with his directions, the Commissioner
last season detailed several of the best
agriculturists in the service to drop
everything else and visit the different
reservations to assist in the organiza-
ton and prosecution of the cam
paign.
These experts brought back reports
that the Indian service employees and
the Indians themselves were respond
ing splendidly to the call for war
emergency production; also that they
had acquired a patriotic understand
ing of the situation, and were willing
to make the effort to rise to it in every
respect. While production from the
Indians was greatly increased last
year, Commissioner Sells now has
plans well under way which give him
reason to believe this season will find
practically every tillable acre on the
Indian reservations under intensive
cultivation.
The Commissioner is enthusiastic
over the way in which the Indian
women. and girls have responded to
the appeal made to them to do their
part in the general food production
and conservation, and in their advance
in the direction of home economics
generally.
Everywhere throughout the Unit
ed States Indian women are patriotic
ally and effectively responding to our
nationwide campaign for home bet
terments and increased food produc-
tion." he said. Our vocational school