davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Lexington intelligencer. [volume] (Lexington, Mo.) 1901-1949, 1918-04-12
Saturday viii be Smokeless Day

Saturday Will be SmOkeless Day
Saturday, April 18th, has been
designated as a "Smokeless
Day" by the ladies of the Coun-
Gil of National Defense. Small
boxes will be placed in stores a
bout the city, in which those ad-
dicted to that expensive and use
less ha bit, will drop their smoke
money for the day. Of course,
every one may contribute, but
the main idea is to save the
money of those who have it to
burn, for a more noble pur.
pose.
The Lexington intelligencer. [volume] (Lexington, Mo.) 1901-1949, 1918-04-12

The collection taken after Miss
Shaner's lecture amounted to
to $65.3O, a splendid response
from those who desire war time
prohibition, and all time prohibit
ton.
The Athena press. [volume] (Athena, Umatilla County, Or.) 18??-1942, 1918-12-06


the goOd times OF rnelrrilore IOftunute
brethren. Instances Of 1t are very no.
ticeable in the Black country. On pay
day, In the particular region, may be
seen wandering to convenient "pitch"
the main, the halt, and the blind. Some
have musical instruments which they
perform upon. Others sing some are
blind, and others are minus limb.
They all have caps or other receptacles
for coppers. When the works gates
are open, and the workers come forth
with pockets full Of money, there is
a variation in the music which can
be described as weird. But is Is
great time for the musicians. There
is a continual "clink, clink," into the
caps OF the poor folk until the last
worker has passed their line.
The Athena press. [volume] (Athena, Umatilla County, Or.) 18??-1942, 1918-12-06
machine. "A modw Of the Roman Dal-
lista Is In the exhibit.

On the same principle is the cata-
pult, used by the Romans to shoot ar
rows. Several of the weapons used by
the Roman soldiers, including sword
and spear, forerunners of the bayonet,
are much like those used In the pres
ent war. Models of all these are in
this exhibit. There are also models
of the Roman soldier and of the SOL
der Of today, both wearing headpieces
of metal much alike.
The boy who is reading Caesar can
tell you that Reims, whose wonderful
cathedral has been destroyed by the
Germans, was named from the Rami
tribe mentioned by Caesar and that
Scissors takes its name from the Sues
stones tribe, conquered by Caesar. The
Commentaries are full Of names made
familiar by the war going on today
and the schoolboy reads with added
interest how Caesar defeated Ariovis-
tus, king of the Germans, and won
other triumphs on the same battle
front as that Of the allies today. The
wolf holes he describes are much like
the traps used TO ensnare and bewilder
the enemy now.
Other articles in the exhibit made by
students show what a wealth of Ro-
man tradition has been handed down
II us, The Roman fasces, shown on
the new United States dime, is the
original of the mace, the symbol Of
power, used by the speaker Of the
house of representatives The fasces,
In turn, had its origin in the sticks
used by the Romans to fog offenders
and the AK used by them to cut off
the heads of the worst Of them.
The Athena press. [volume] (Athena, Umatilla County, Or.) 18??-1942, 1918-12-06
IN CAESARS STEPS
Allies Fight Germans on Ground
He Made Famous.
Campaigns Today Have Many strlk-
Ing Points Of Similarity to Those
Fought by the Great Roman
conqueror.

Over the same ground where Caesar
fought nearly 1000 years ago, and
with many implements Of war remark
ably like those used by his army, the
allies are fighting the Germans today,
says q writer In Pittsburgh Dis
patch The foe is the same In cruelty
and IN overbeuring nature, as any
school boy or girl who has read the
commentaries OF the great Roman gen
eral cun tell you, How history repeats
Itself and how important as well
as Interesting is the study of the
Latin language become since the war
II Illustrated In telling fashion by a
classical ey "a N the University Of
IPittshurg
n.. Sghlch was arranged
,.,nslne direction Of b, !. ullman- Of
tiB State Classical association, is a
iaodel of d bridge built overithe Rhine
Nv Caesar. 1t was made from the de-
lscrlptlon given BY Caesar.
The bridge Is almost exactly like the
temporary bridge the soldiers at
plattsburg are now being taught to
mike and on which they expect to
cross the Rhine as they 60 into the do
main OF the kaiser.
The Roman ballIsta, used to throw
stones at the enemy, is made exactly
on the same principle as the machine
used today to throw trench bombs.
Modern springs now take the place of
the twisted ruwhlde with which mo-
pienium was obtained by the Roman
The Athena press. [volume] (Athena, Umatilla County, Or.) 18??-1942, 1918-12-06

The large number Of men, women,
girls, and boys In Great Britain who
are receiving wages they never dreamt
of before the war, are not always un-
mindful of the wants OF others. In
fact, many Of the "world's sad dere-
licts" are benefting substantially by
The Athena press. [volume] (Athena, Umatilla County, Or.) 18??-1942, 1918-12-06
State Of Ohio, City of Toledo.

Frank ]. Cheney makes oath that he
is senior partner of the firm Of f. ].
Cheney & Co., doing business In the City
OF Toledo. County and State aforesaid
and that said firm will pay the sum Of
ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS for each
and every case Of Catarrh that cannot be
cured by the use of HALLS CATARRH
MEDICINE. FRANK ]. CHENEY.
Sworn to. before me and subscribed In
my presence, this 9Th day of December,
A. d. 1886. A. w. GLEASON
lSeaD Notary Public.
Halls Catarrh Medicine is taken in
ternally and acts through the Blood on
the Mucous Surfaces OF the System. Send
for testimonials, free.
r. J. CHENEY & CO., Toledo, O.
Sold by all druggists, 75c.
Halls Family Pills for constipation
The Athena press. [volume] (Athena, Umatilla County, Or.) 18??-1942, 1918-12-06
The Difference.

'That man is telling Of the most
wonderful exploits he accomplished
when he was on the firing line"
"Was he ever overseas?"
"Well, he might have been hslf seas
over"
The Athena press. [volume] (Athena, Umatilla County, Or.) 18??-1942, 1918-12-06
Psue Mr.. Hoover.

First Suburbanite--I understand he
was arrested by the government.
Second SuburbaG.te-What forf
First SG5nrDanite--He cast his bread
upon the waters and later found out it
was a wheatless day
New-York tribune., 1918-06-30

lens of defence. The whole campaign
was prosperously under way once
more when the great war broke out to
supply the clinching arguments.
"If the tunnel had been in operation
throughout the present war how much
would this have affected our military
operations? This question England
has frequently asked herself in recent
months.
No complete answer could possibly be
given until all the secret information
concerning English operations is made
public. But hint of the answer is
contained in the prophetic testimony
given in 1914 by Lord Sydenham of
Combe before the British Committee
of Imperial Defence on June 20. This
was the day after the murder Of the
Austrian heir apparent, when war was
knocking at England's doors, but when
few Englishmen, if any, understood the
truth.
eff we are ever compelled to send
military forces to France, Belgium o,
Holland" said the noble lord, Through
railway connection would be Of enor.
nous importance. need not REMIND
you that, apart from any obligations
toward France which may exist now OF
in the future, we have definite treaty
responsibilities toward Belgium in Ger
tain contingencies.
"It is possible that some shortage Of
New-York tribune., 1918-06-30
SAND PERv,oUS 70 WATER

could be rendered useless in a few
moments if danger threatened, and that
safeguards could be multiplied without
end.
Then the amateur strategists began
to spin their theories. Very we'll, they
said, but just suppose that the ma
chinery refused to work, that the
watchmen were asleep at their posts,
that the guards were bribed, that the
English fleet were far distant or tenn
porarily defeated, that the country were
utterly unready, and that the enemy
had perfected its plan in secret-now,
just supposing that all these things
we're to happen at one and the same
moment in all the critical localities;
then the English terminal of the Chan
mel could be seized by carefully COM
bincd force and guile. All this is i'm
probable, they admitted, "but why fly
to dangers that we know not of? Eng
land is all right as she is"
This last argument seems to have
been omnipresent. In the mean time
France looked on patiently, repeated
with all the politeness she could put
IN her voice that she had no intention
of invading England, and that the thing
was impossible even should she desire
1t. France scarcely suggested that if
it came to invasion the advantages
would rest entirely with England, who
controlled the sea, and might very pos
New-York tribune., 1918-06-30

structed largely underground to pro-
tect them against attack froms the air.
Lord Sydenham's fourth condition is
of course abolished. His idea seems
to have been to assure the possession
of Che French terminal being destroyed
by the English feet. In any case, this
would be minor defence.
But Lord Sydenham offers two addi-
tional types Of defence eff the old
women of both sexes so desire"
These are:
{a) Provision for mines, actuated
from either OF the forts, for destroy
ing the viaduct.
(b) Provision for mines actuated
from either of the forts, for blowing
up the crown of the tunnel.
Such mines would, of course, be actu-
ated by electricity. In view of their
Importance, it is hardly likely that
they would fall into the keeping of
any but the most reliable soldiers in
the United Kingdom
The forts as originally planned would
be first class fortresses, carrying a gar
rison of 5000 men each. 1t was con-
tended by the opposition that such
forts should be of the type of Metz,
| which carries 10000 men in normal
times, or of the Verdun of to-day. But
certainly if the enemy can successfully
transport to English soil sufficient
troops, munitions and guns to capture
two first-class forts. he has already
virtually conquered England.
Flooding Managed
By Special Sluice
There are still other ways of render
ing the tunnel useless to a threatening
enemy. One engineer has asserted that il
the ventilation were cut off from one
end the tube would be uninhabitable.
Again, the electric current would be
controlled from a station we'll inland,
and the machinery could be destroyed
II the forts were threatened. In any
case England would control the current
| 80 AAe>AA VI VIC WAOIc ulSCAuCc, ana Cne
middle could be crossed only with the
help of the friendly current of the ma
tlon approached. The flooding of the
tunnel would be managed from spe-
cial sluice placed near to the Channel
shore. The exit could be speedily filed
with earth or wholly destroyed with a
little dynamite. In short, the possible
means of protection are so multifarious
that only godlike ingenuity on the
part of the enemy could take account
of them all.
If France were overrun by the in
vader the only recourse would be to
destroy the tunnel entirely. However.
chain of forts, like that surrounding
Verdun, might suffice to hold the termi-
nal temporarily until assistance ar
rived. But in general the tunnel be-
comes useless for the offensive and
highly dangerous the moment one
terminal is captured by the enemy.
New-York tribune., 1918-06-30

| food might occur during such war.
In this case the knowledge that food
stuffs could pass freely from France
would have steadying effect"
Did Sydenham foresee what was
going to happen? It is more than pos
sible. But, whether he spoke at ran
dom or not, it was not five weeks until
England was rushing troops to the
Continent in order to fulfil her treaty
responsibilities to Belgium Gin certain
contingencies" and the English people
were already seriously in need of the
"steadying effect" which might come
from the assurance of an uninterrupt-
ed food supply. At one time the need
for speed in the shipping Of troops and
munitions was so urgent that the delay
of an hour might mean the difference
between defeat and victory.
What might have happened if the
British could have sent their expedi-
tionary force through tunnel directly
into Belgium, while the German army
was being held before Liege, defies
speculation.
But the need for the tunnel by no
means disappeared when the first sud-
den stroke had been parried at the
Marne. 1t is known now, and there is
no harm in repeating it, that at certain
times the British supply of munitions
in Flanders was so low that it was
doubtful whether the line could be
held at ALL If we can imagine that
the Germans had been little better
prepared with troops and munitions
then the lack of the tunnel would very
possibly have cost the Allies the con-
troll of the Channel ports. And this
who knows might have led to the
actual invasion of England. What his
toric irony that England should have
faced the imminent danger of invasion
because of the very vehemence Of
her precautions to avoid invasion!
When Munitions
And Food Were Short
1t is certainly true that the British
armies, in the early part Of the war,
were prevented by lack of munitions at
critical times from delivering coun-
ter attacks which might have been de-
cisive. In many an oppressive hour the
English were temporarily crippled be-
cause Of their empty caissons. What
would not General French have given
if he could by a simple wireless mes
sage have procured the needed muni-
tions, shot Through from Woolwich Ar
senal to the battlefront. in four or five
hours?
There came a time when munition
New-York tribune., 1918-06-30
a HISTORY OF sNERVES''
1he Fortunes of the English Channel Tunnel Scheme
through More Than a Century


lso2-PTopo for made by the French en..r
Matthew to Napoleon
de Cramond ddcates
his studies of the channel geology.
submits his first tunnel to
Napoleon
e0-Detaed project frat drawn AngoFrench promotion
company Approved by Napoleon ILL.,
io'oFeneh first government
officially on the scheme.
ls72-Enslh makes reply supporting il.
principles.
1s75Bs preliminary passed in both Fr.rh d p
psriaments.
1s76--Pohtical drawn
lsoo-Conceson pse because English coppcv
South-Easern Railway
sinking trial shaft between Dover nd Folke
loo<vioient
England Petition signed by
Enslhmen presented the .bn
donmen Of the scheme ground would make III,
country defence British government orders work on sh
shaft to be stopped.
lsSA select committee Of both fails 70
to the tunnel scheme the Pm
posai withdrawn. -
ssoEsen unsuccessful bills the tnr.,
project introduced in hs Of ..t ON.
featsd by Of z34 to
10ooosrs party rsntoduce the pas
Of invasion.
1907-Tunnel bill withdrawn.
SlS-roJeet renewed BY mpubic Renewed u.
sion IN Parliament and the
OF tunnel IN case OF with Germany.
i0A@-"ar Germany Of .r.uv
difficulties Of British defence.
iSio-Nhannsl project asSn introduced
New-York tribune., 1918-06-30

oAOiy CdpCuIe CdldlS. lie mACCcr was,
indeed, once limited at, but the editor Of
"The Nineteenth Century" replied in
dignantly that he would not deign to
answer such suggestion.
Lord Wolseley
Gives an Opinion
AS an instance of the astonishing
flights of British imagination at this
period it was suggested that the seiz-
ure of the Dover terminal might be
effected by body of armed tourists.
They would cross the Channel in the
evening, hiding their revolvers under
their waterproofs; would put up at the
Dover hotels for the night, and in the
early morning sally forth in the guise Of
sightseers and at prearranged signal
draw their pistols and capture the
whole works. Another suggestion was
that the feet might lose control of the
Channel for a day or two, just long
enough to permit an expedtionary
force to seize Dover.
The parliamentary and government
committees discounted most of these
fears. Lo>.a Wolseley, head of the mil
itary commissions, asserted that fifty
men at the mouth Of the Channel could
block an army of ten thousand" But
the committees, as we'll as Lord Wolse-
ley, seemed willing to reflect the popu-
lar feeling. The gist Of their report
was that though the use of the tunnel
for invasion was in high degree i'm
probable, yet ain possible contingen-
cies" the thing might happen.
This was enough for British opinion.
The government withdrew its tunnel
bill in 1883 and definitely put a stop
to all construction. During the next
seven years no fewer than eleven bills
looking toward the construction of a
tunnel were defeated in the House Of
Commons or withdrawn.
In 1905 the Liberal party, then firmly
in power, introduced the project anew.
But the opposition returned to the at
tack with the old arguments and in the
following year the proposal was again
withdrawn.
New-York tribune., 1918-06-30
1t Would Make
Invasion So Easy

,As the controversy matured and the
proponents of the tunnel challenged the
opposition to produce proof, elaborate
and wonderful theories were spun,
especially on the military side. 1t
would "only be necessary" saiA +he
opposition, for the French to seize the
English end of the tunnel, then hell
would be loosed. The proponents
pointed out that it, would be difficult
for any armed force to seize the Eng
lish terminal until England had lost
control of the sea, and if that hap
pened England would be helpless, any
way. They showed that the tunnel
New-York tribune., 1918-06-30

mary negotiations with England were
favorable. By 1876 the necessary ena-
bling bills had passed the parliaments
of both countries, and the political
protocol had been drawn up. Still Eng
land was slow. But the South Eastern
Railway Company began to do q little
digging on its own account near Folke-
stone and sank its preliminary shaft
far below the water level.
Englishmen came and looked at the
shaft. They went away in terror. A
tunnel from the Krupp works directly
to New York City, if that were possible,
would not amaze Americans more than
this proposal to present England's ira
ditional, enemy, France, with clear
military highway for invasion. The
matter was agitated in high circles.
Then the explosion came.
The government, pending the out
come of the controversy, ordered work
on the shaft stopped. The government
and the Parliament nervously investi-
gated, while the public and the press
shouted at the top of their lungs.
All Parties and
Classes Opposed
The petition of thousand against
the scheme carried such weighty
names as those of Cardinal Manning,
Robert Browning, Alfred Lord Tenny-
| son, Herbert Spencer, Cardinal New
man and Huxley, in addition to null
| titude Of military and naval men and
, politicians, among whom were Arthur
James Balfour, Earl Grey and Walter
Long, still prominent in political life
These notables were "convinced that
such railroad would involve this
country in military dangers from
which, as an island, it has hitherto
been happily free"
The protest arose from all classes.
The Tories opposed the scheme because
Of innate conservatism. The Liberals
opposed it even more ardently because
they feared it would involve England
in increased military armaments and
possibly conscription.
The arguments were many. Besides
the obvious military argument, there
were the cultural argument, the moral
argument, the commercial argument. At
first it was all as vague as it was vio-
lent.
The opponents pictured hordes of
French troops pouring through the tun-
mel to overwhelm England. They hint
ed at the contamination of ideals and
morals which would result from close
connection with the Continent. Some
disputants clearly suggested that it
would be the ruination of English home
life if young Britishers got the habit
Of running over to Paris. The "grasp-
ing financiers" who were promoting the
scheme were belabored, and the picture
of England being overwhelmed with
foreign goods under free trade was
brilliantly painted.
New-York tribune., 1918-06-30

Froht -........14, ,5z5,000 28,725,OoO
Finally, the tunnel will promote So
cial relations between FraAce and Zig
land as never before the war. 1t will
help to break down that very cultural
.,insularity" (if any more breaking
down is needed) on which large sec
ton of Englishmen SO prided them
selves at one time. The ultimate rea-
son for opposition to the tunnel has
vanished in the comradeship of war. 5
New-York tribune., 1918-06-30
New Project Ready
When War Broke Out

Again in 1918 the idea bubbled
up from unofficial sources. BY this
time feeling had pretty definitely
altered. The political alignment in
Europe was definitely changed and the
perfecting of electrical traction had
altered many Of the mechanical prob
New-York tribune., 1918-06-30

months the controversy dominated the
newspapers. One magazine, 1.-THE Nine
tsenth Century" published contro-
versial pamphlet of two hundred pages
opposing the plan. More than thou
sand English notables, carls and Wis
counts, generals and admirals, poets
and novelists, politicians and business
men. signed a petition to Parliament
Indignantly demanding that this pro-
posal for leaving England defencsless
in the face of the marauding French i;s
dropped instanter.
They had their way. England's much
priced "insularity" was preserved. The
nation was saved from the imaginary
attack Of France. But it was to no
small extent crippled in its defence
against the very real attack Of Ger
many
England's imagination waxed elo-
ouent on the ways and means by which
France would overwhelm the land once
the tunnel were constructed. But it
was strangely lethargic as to other pos
sibilities- AS late as 1908 gallant
colonel, speaking before an army club,
said: eve are all right at present.
Why, therefore, should we run into
dangers that we know not of"
All right at present! While Ger
many was straining every effort for the
grand overwhelming attack
1t was this note-England is all right
ss she is!-that defeated the efforts Of
two British governments to construct
the Channel tunnel. But the change
has come. England now knows that
she was never "all right" with her
mere twenty miles of protecting water.
But glimpse into that controversy Of
the early '8os eloquently reveals the
state Of British opinion of the time.
1t is that of an insular England which
has now forever passed away.
The idea was originally French. The
pioneer work was French The engi-
neerlng genius was largely French. The
popular pressure was French. France
frankly wanted the tunnel for it's COM
nercial advantages. She sincerely be-
heved (if one can read correctly be-
tween the lines Of her arguments) that
the tunnel would be useless for often
sive military operations. She offered
to consent to any possible military pre-
cautions which England might ever
want to take. She politely paused when
English nerves began to twinge over
the idea. She persistehtly and with
unfailing courtesy pressed the adyan-
tages Of the scheme, and when she was
met with an indignant No courteously
respected the insular prejudice.
French Proposed
Tunnel in 1902
AS far back as 1902 the French en-
glneer Matthew proposed the scheme to
Napoleon. The First Consul welcomed
1T with an enthusiasm and foresight
contrasting strangely with his later
dismissal of Fulton's idea of a steam
boat as that of a lunatic. At that mo-
ment France was friendly with England,
and the proposal was passed en- to the
Premier, Fox, who likewise welcomed d
it. Then war broke out, and friendly
engineering works were dropped.
Under Louis Philippe the idea ac-
quired new prophet in the person Of
! Thome de Gramond, who devoted his
life to the pioneering work. In 1856 he
presented to Louis Napoleon his com
pleted scheme, with the remark: "I
have worked to the limit Of my powers
1T IS now necessary to call in other
talents"
They were called in. Presently a
French syndicate was formed. Prelim-