davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-11-24
FOOD ECONOMY TEST
French Administrator Has Decided to
Make Three New Ex-
ucrimcntS.

PARIS. November 23-The Food
Controller. NJ. Boret. has decided TO
make three new experiments for the
benefit Of consumers He intends TO
ask the Chamber to vote $4,000, 900 to
cnab him to make loans for the crea-
ton by departments and communeS Of
restaurants. a central kitchen will
be opened IL Paris to supply easily
transportable dishes. which may be
eaten cold or warmed up. to the troops
OF the military government and army
Of Paris.
If this experiment. which is modelled
on similar organization at the front
succeeds. NJ. Boret will extend Il to the
civilian population. In the third place.
waste of food and excessive charges are
to be further countcrcd by fixing 81 MS
the price at which a reasonable la
carte meal can be had in first class
restaurants.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-11-24
EX-PREMlER EXPLAINS
LEAGUE OF NATIONS IDEA
Holds Tint None Ought to lie Called
Upon to Impair ts Ef-
fectivcneSH.
ny r.. a.. EITXIIhMON.

LONDON. Novcmi..r 23--Apropos the
When are o STnsr hp rannr,sS ms
English newspaper correspondents in
washington. eN-Prcmicr AsQuith to-
day gave the following exclusive state
mcnt concerning tho project OF the
league of nations:
No nation ought to be called upon
to surrender or impair its effective and
complete sovereignty over It's own at
fairs and interests.
NO nation should be allowed to die
tate to another forms OF legislation or
administration or L scheme of govern
mcnt.
NO nation. and combination Of ma
tons. ought to be in position to
policy should be. That is very burn
ms question. Each government must
DE allowed to tax it's people. frame its
tariff and carry on it's financial system
with primary regard TO its own in
terests and the interests OF those for
whom IL il the trustee.
II would be very serious handi-
cap to the adoption of a league of
nations II 1t were TO be supposed tina.
by asSociating ones country with u
great international combination one
surrender the complete power of self
determination and independent govern
mcnt.
You cannot have league OF ma
tons in any but academic sense. which
means an ineffective sense, unless those
entering are prepared to recognize that
III 'tii countries participating the basis
Of government should not be autoc-
racy. but complete. unfcttercd freedom
at home.
Next. they all should be prepared to
combine their naval. military and eco
monte forces against any member or
group o! members cherishinE and try
ing 10 carry into effect aggressive ends.
War. under modern cOnditions-and
this Will be increasingly true as the
world develops-is a form of intcrna-
tional suicide. That is the motive
power for formation Of a league OF
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-11-24
EPISCOPAL.
"etihelI

"eddell McmoriaI-Sc!vices at 8
O'clock. conducted by Rev. John Field.
The annual Thanksgiving service will
be held Thanksgiving evening at s
o'clock.
ST. John's-Services at IL o'clock ana
at by the rector. Rev. Hugh w. Sub
st. Paurs-IIoly Communion at 7:a5
Rev. Bergman Green. d. D.. will preacn
at IL. At the evening service at Sis.
special service in the interest of the
America will be addressed by Rev. Ed
fsin NJ. Poteat. ID. D.. for many years
president Of Furnam University ana
present special speaker for the move
ment.
An snint1-The rector Rev. ]. =.
o'clock and at 1870.
Monumentnl-The rector. Rev. James
w. Morris, .. D., will preach at II
o'clock and at 4.
Church Of the Holy Comfortcr-Holy
Communion at 7:30. Services and ser
mon at IL o'clock. Evening service at
Holy TrinIty-Services at IL o'clock
and u, s. Rev. j. J. Gravatt. d. D..
Will preach. Services Thanksgiving
Day at IL o'clock.
81. Jnmes-Mornins prayer and ser
| and sermon at Sis. The rector. Rev
G. Freeland Peter. D. D.. Will preach
sd pom he suhay soho af M Soa
Thanksgiving service in the churc! at
which time baskets of provisions for
the poor will be offered. At the even
! ing service. the sacred cantata by Sir
John Stainer. THE Daughter OF Jairus."
Will be rendered by the choir.
Grace Epincopni-Rev. w. II. Burk-
hardt. the rector, will preach at the
II o'clock and s o'clock services.
| Church Of tho Notwithstanding
prayer and sermon at IL o'clock. Even
ing prayer and sermon at o'clock.
Thanksgiving Day services AT IL
o'clock. Rev. Philip 4. Arthur. rector.
will preach at all services.
st. Notwithstanding prayer and ser
mon at IL o'clock. Evening prayer and
address at O'Clock. The rector. Rev.
g. NJ Brydon. Will preach at both
services.
| ST. Luk~'s-MorninE prayer and SER
mon at j o'clock. Rev. j. w. Field.
the rector. will preach. M ~
| 81. hndrrws-Thc rector. Rev. J..
Francis Ribblc, ID. D.. will conduct
morning prayer with sermon at IL
o'clock, and evening prayer with SER
mon at o'clock.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-11-24

straighten you right up and make you
feel fine and vigorous by morning, I
want you to go back to the store and
get your money. Dodson's Liver Tono
Is destroying the sale of calomel be-
cause II Is real liver medicine; entirely
vegetable. therefore 1t cannot salivate
or make you sick.
/ guarantee that one spoonful OF
Dodson's Liver Tone will put your
sluggish liver to work and clean your
bowels OF that sour bile and constt-
pated waite which Is clogging your
system and making you ,eel miser-
able. l guarantee that bottle of
Dodson's Liver Tone Will keep your
entire family feeling fine for months,
Give II to your children. 1t is HARM
less: doesn't Eripe and they like its
pheasant taSte.-Adv.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-11-24
Rnpti,t NII.,Ionnrv CircI.

The autumn meeting Of the Baptist
Woman's Missionary Circle of Rich
mond was postponed because of the
inhuenza epidemic. This meeting will
be held on Tuesday afternoon at $40
O'Clock at Emmanuel Baptist Church
corner of Grace and Pine Streets. II
VIII be praise service. and in the
patriotic note sounded there will be
special emphasis on the opportunities
for service here in our midst Spe-
cial music will be an interesting fca-
lure OF inc program. and the speakers
viii be Mrs. w. G. James. president
of the Woman's Missionary Union,
auxiliary to the Southern Baptist Con-
vention. and Miss Mamie West De-
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-11-24
IA ISTIS1.

MISUNDERSTANDING services Mt IL
o'clock. Evening services at o'clock.
CnIynry-The pastor. Rev. Carter
Ashton Jcnkcns. Will preach at both
services.
Brondu. McmorInI-Rcv. W. L.. Glib
son. the pastor. will preach at IL o'clock
and at O'Clock.
Grove Avenue-Rcv. w. l.. james.
D. u. the pastor. will preach at IL
o'clock and at o'clock.
Second--Rev. IT G. Skinner. II. D..
will preach at the morning service.
and Rev. Samuel NJ. Zwemcr. D. D., at
the evening service.
Observation-Disclosures service at $40
o'clock. Preaching at II o'clock and
at 8 o'clock by Rev Allen Fort, ID. D..
pastor OF the First Baptist Church. of
Nashville. Tenn. who, with the assist
ance OF Frank McCravy. of South
Carolina. and the pastor, Is conducting
evangelistic services in this church.
First-usual services at II o'clock
and at o'clock. with preaching by
the pastor, Rev. George w. Mcdaniel,
D. y.
Bainbridge Strcet-Rcv. l.. Judson
Westfall. the pastor, will preach at
III o'clock and at o'clock.
Leigh Street-Rev. J. J. Wicker. D..
D.. the pastor, will preach at IL
o clock and at o'clock.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-11-24
NEW MINING COMPANIES
Ranks or ConI DIGGers In wcst virginia
Stili Growing Lurger and
LnrEcr.

CHARLESTON. W. VA, November
e3-The Charleston Cooperative Coal
company. recently Incorporated here
with 800. 900 capital stock, has been
organized by the election OF the fol-
lowing officers: ii. i. Fcrimer. of
~, president: Matthew
fold!, OF Rivervicw. vicc-prcsidcnt; S.
kevass. of Catlottsburg. treasurer and
j. Marks. of Charleston. secretary and
manager The company will develop
300 acres OF coal land. and expect
soon to be turning out 100 tons per
day.
Among the coal companies incor-
porated in this State recently are the
following: The CASTOR Coal COMPANY
OF ClarksburS. capital $4,000: the
american Eagle Galleries Company. of
Charleston. capital 100000: the Moranz
Coal Company. of Hartland. capital
100000: the Fish Coal Company, OF
Marinsvil!e. capital $4,000.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-11-24
Don't stay stuned-up!

Quit blowing and snufflinE, a dose
or "Pape's Cold Compound" taken
every two hours until three doses are
taken VIII end grippe misery and
break up severe cold either in the
head. chest. body or limbs
II promptly opens closgcd-uD nos
trilS and air passages; stops nasty dis
charge or nose running: relieves sick
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-11-24
LUTHERAN.

81. Johns EvnnEeIicnl--The pastor.
Rev. Oscar Guthe. will preach at II
O'clock and o'clock Memorial SER
vices will be held in the morning.
The subject of the evening sermon will
he Barren Uselessness."
bethlehem EvnnGeIicnl-Servic will
he conducted by the pastor. Rev. +. H.
ppSenschke. in the morning Mt II o'clock
and in the evening at s o'clock
First English Lutheran-The pastor,
Rev ]. !. Scherer, Jr., D. D.. will preach
atf1l o'clock and 8 o'clock. AT both
services the Lords Supper Will be adj
1ninistered.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-11-24
BIG MILLS AT RlvERToN
a Six-Story Flour Mill md n Three
Story Corn Grinder to &c
Erected.

RIVERTON. VA. November 23.--The
Shenandoah Valley Milling Company.
recently Incorporated here. has offices
in Baltimore. and the organization OF
the company has been completed. The
officers arc: G. =. King. president: J.
II. Phiblin. vice president: A. K. Pad
Sett, secretary. 1t Is announced that
the company will establish here both
corn and Hour mills and the plans for
the buildings have been completed. The
corn mill. II Is understood, will be 4
threc-story. mill construction building.
and the siX-story flour mill and the
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-11-24

headache. dizziness, leverisnucsS, sore
ness.
'Pape's Cold Compound" is tho
quickest. surcst relief known and
costs only Il FEW cents at drug stores.
WITHOUT assistance. tastes nice.
vi causes no Inconvenience. Don't
accent "a substitute. Insist on "Papc's"
nothing clSc.-Adv.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-11-24
CHRISTIAN.

Cownrdin Arenne-Rev George w.
Kemper D. u. will preach al IL o'clock
and at o'clock.
Third-The pastor, J. O. Helsabeck.
will preach both morning and even
ing. Special THANKSGIVING service
Wednesday at o'clock in the even
ing.
seventh Street-The pastor. II. d. c.
Machiachlan. will preach both morning
and evening.
Fnirmount-Regular services at II
o'clock and 8 o'clock. with preaching
by the pastor. G. +. Gilmore.
Hanover Avenue-Preachin at II
o'clock and o'clock by Rev. ]. j. r.
Hundley. president Of Virginia Chris
tian College. The annual offering for
the American Bible Schools will be
taken in the Sunday school.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-11-24

The choir of st. James Episcopal
church viii sing Stainer's sacred can
tata. The Daughter of Jairus," Sun
day night at SIS o'clock The solo
parts VIII be sung by: soprano, Mrs
X; l.. SkidInore: tenor. John &. Wom-
PIE, y. 3. y. II. f.; parytone, Horace
orghnist and choirmaster of the
church.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-11-24
HE IS SING LEADER
Former Harvard Man and Leading Ac-
tor Joins Forces in
ErnncP.

NEW YORK. November o3.-Stcwart
Baird: one of the leading players in
the MeSsrs. Shubcrt new musical play
little Simplicity" at the Aston, re-
Gently volunteered to serve as Il song
leader at the various camps near New
YORK. To-day he received notice that
his services had been accepted lie
Will devote his mornings and matinee
less afternoons to this work. MIR.
Raird was the leader of the Harvard
Glec Club during his course at that
institution.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-11-24

1.500-horse-power power plant will bs
Of fircproof constructions
The contracts for the machinery for
both mills have been signed up, all
though 1t Is not known here that thu
contracts for the buildings have as yet
been let. 1t Is supposcdIthe mills Will
be ready for operation by the t,na
tho next wheat crop is ready for grind
inS.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-11-24
votional services Will be conducted by
Rev. Leland Smith and Rev. w. T.
Clay Street Mcthodi.t Sold.

The committee uppOintcd Dy the
board OF Clay Street Methodist Church.
south. has closed out sale to the
moou Temple \. NJ. r.. Zion Church.
The deal was closed November 20. and
signed by the committee representing
the Methodist Episcopal Church and
by the presiding elder of the Peters,
burg district of the Virginia Confer
ence OF the n. NJ. II. Zion Church, Rev.
Nj r. Gregory. ID. r.. and Rev. L. II.
RACK, pastor OF the local church.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-11-24
Coming ship,nrd n. Newb.rn.

Coming Shipynrd Mt Newbcrn.
NEW BERN. ~ G.. November ga
Representatives OF the Newport Ship
building Company. or Los Angeles.
Cal, and Washington. ID. g.. arc hero
looking for a site for u shipyard which
the company proposes to establish for
the purpose of building concrete river
steamers The company already has a
contract with the government to build
fourteen steamers to cost k25O.OOO each
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-11-24
Service. nj CoInrcd

Services ut CoIorcd Y. NJ. c. A.
The colored y. NJ. c. a. will hold
special exercises for women and men
ut $50 r NJ. at the Fifth Ban
list Church. Cary and IIarvie Streets.
Rev. Joseph Brown. of the Rising
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-11-24

Mountain Zion Baptist Church will !
preach special sermon. The choir |
of the church Will sing select music |
for this hour Everybody Is invited. |
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-11-24

a Want Ad Costing Forty Cent.
sold twenty-five dollars worth of nets
for one advertiser last week. Phone
your Want Ad TO Randolph l.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1918-08-16
Who Knows.

Mankind is proud of the beelike In
Eenuity and accuracy with which 1t
pursues many Of Its activities; but We
cannot be sure that the main result Of
u labor is not something as remote
and unsupported by ourselves as Its
service to the spring flowers is by the
bee. We do not always foresee the re-
actions of our most careful enter
prises and. while the bee working
among the spring blossoms may rec
ommend us modesty, the wind which
has Its own indlscriminate but one
the less effective system of fertiliza-
tion, calls us to hope.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1918-08-16

General Ismael Monies, ex-presi-
dent Of the Republic of Bolivia. has
just arrived in the United States and
after a brief ~sojeurn wilt continue his
journey to Paris to enter upon his du-
ties as envoy extraordinary and min
lister plenipotentiary of Bolivia to
France. Gen Monies has been presi-
dent of Bolivia two terms, first from
1904 to 1909 and again from 1913 to
l917.
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1918-06-21
MERE MENTION

T'Lirty- ruur soldiers were more or
less seriously injured in the wreck oi
3. iruuu Train near Srlny, TEXAS. Hast
TN, ,.l.,N ..........I Grace l.ISk, recently
convicted at WarrrSia. Wis. oi IN"
murder ul Mrs. Mary Newman l'"hcfl,
has been sentenced to nineteen years
imyrISunI.I. nj ..--...... lieutenant Edward
Mi,Eari MviEHI uI th" American i'c'i
cross, \. nose hUlII" MaS III New ! ofh.
has hcru killed on tn" Italian 'front.' 10y
= shell .Thc Louisiana l""iSlatur"
has voted TO submit Ia the voters a
woman SuIilH:" :,lii"ndn'nt To TN
constitution oi the stat" ........... fond
administrator Lax" has informed the
county and city :uud administrators oi
Eurlh Carolina that no more SOl'
DRINKS or candy will u" made IN tlI;i'
stat, after July Subsistence
IisIvrIurS :rom all camps ana canton
m,uiS will attend Il special school IN
Washington. beginning lun" -, Tor
ON, Wrrh ur int. n.Sivv trimming in
mlfods ui sraudardizimg the inspcr-
iiuu at foods Tor tn" army. ......l.i'iit.
T.. ". Keller and Srr:st. Eugene chap
uuu w'r" Killed IN ClnrkS'ial". Miss.
last Tuesday, when the airplitnc III
hich they w'l" ilHin% fell from Il
Lri..ht of luu feet Turkish troops
NAVE Wtlllt'l lst''liE, i''N' W. ''''
ran. the largest city of Persia. ac-
ror!in,s 10 It Turkish official statement
dated Jun" lI.............Capt. David Nc
k;Iy Peterson of lioncSlalr. Pa. and
cant. Kenneth Mari OF San Francis
90. have been appointed TO the rank
of commanders of American flying
S,lII;IdrOnS...............-...T steel rcirlS"-
iatur steamship South Pole, of 6,i5O
tons. WAS launched at the yards OF the
baltimore Dry Docks and Shipbuild-
ing company last Tuesday. within 40
days after the vessels keel was laid
down ...;;...AdjHtaint ant QSsste; Qs,n M ths tSsnncn n
aviator, who has a record OF having
downcd ten German airplanes, has
been missing since June D. He was
officially proclaimed an "ace" on June
i.........1SritiSh casualties from Satur-
day To Tuesday, according 10 IN"
london Times. totalcd 1850. ........:....
There are l.55O cowboys, all III III"
draft age. who want to 20 To France
as mounted .-.Chall"S Me
N,lSc. Il miner. of the Oregon hllls.
recently visited Reno. Nevada. after
an absence uf nearly nv" years, ANA
waS unaware OF the fact that world
war WAS in progress. III" tried To "h :
list. hut WIS too old. ~" invested
SGJ.Ou0 in Liberty bonds and war
stamps and returned to In" hills.
Kaiser Wilhelm was buried in 'ilEN
at sharon. IA, Il few days ago.
dead pi=. wearing Il spiked helmet
represented the German emperor. y
,ilIpi,latrd mule drew the hcarSr.
..N trunk full of blue prints. m
tended for shipment To Germany hA
WAY Of Mexico. was seized 10y gov
rrnmCrt agents in New York Tues
day Plans of the latest browning
:un. airrlanrs, Suhmarin" d"Stroy"rs'
,tr., were included in the lot. Thrr"
men were arrested as the conspira-
tors.
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1918-06-21
SOUTH CAROLINA NEWS

Erv. William l.. Hughes. Il promi-
nrnt I,apiiSt minister of l'arnw"ll.
\yns Lii. ii in an automobile accident
near Richmond. Va. last Tuesday.
- Thomas G. Li,tlcjohn of Gaffncy.
and Dewey Prince OF Seneca. were
mentioned in Wednesdays casualty
list as among the seriously wounded.
The order AGAINST the shipment or
flour into the stat" except upon spc-
riaI permit which has been i'll erect
sine, May Is. has been revoked by
the food administration and flour may
now move freely.
The government has acquired 200
acres Of land near Camp Sewer Tor
list for truck farming purposes.
rwrniy-CivC men from the casual bat
TALON are TO bC used in the cultivation
of tn" farm.
- After having vainly tried to get
into active military service, Hon.
Joseph y. Mccullough OF Grrrnvlllc'
has been accepted for overseas work
with the Y. VI. &. y. and hc Will leave
about August !.
Two Cargous OF nitrate OF soda
lyin" in Charleston harbor are giving
concern because there Is nobody 10
unload them and 10 carting arrange
mcnis for bringing II into the inter
ior after il is unloadcd. There Is not
only a scarcity OF labor nj Charles
ton: hut there is scarcity of cars.
Thc authorities have had the problem
under consideration for several days.
II is generally recognized that tho
nitrate OF soda is no good unless the
farmers who have applied for II can
get il To their crops.
- ,ubnurh hpllth conditions are as
guod. if not better than they have cv-
rr been nj Camp Sewer. the rate of
non -CilrCtivcs, Or men under treat
mrnt. jumped last week To about Cor
" per thousand from about 3. per
thousand two weeks ago. The cNpla-
nation is that quite Il number OF the
new draft men who were found to h''
physically deficient in some minor as
pert. have not been rejected. hut hav"
been sent TO the base hospital Tor
;rca;mc at the hands of skilled ply
siCians and surgeons, 50 that they
will I've permanently cured. become
physically sound and so make per-
fcctly good soldiers. This human re-
lclamation" policy is being put into ei-
feet very efficiently now at many
camps. Prospective soldiers who
would formerly have been turned
down on physical examination. are
now in many Instances completely
cured of their deficiencies 10y proper
treatment and become able TO meet all
| the demands OF active military SER
vice. Through this policy. many thou
sands Of young men throughout the
country are able TO enter the service
who would formerly have been reject
| ell by the recruiting or enlistinS OF
| ficers.
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1918-06-21
me to resign. will throw up the job

me to resign. 1 will throw up the job
and come home.
Don't YOU let il worry YOU about my
not having any influence in Washing-
ton. generally count for little
almost anywhere, and II / 20 10 Wash
inston il will not be long after | take
my seat before they will need me. !
have the reputation OF being some
" hat OF 4 tighter you know.
He said that if he had been IN
Washington when the war revenue
bills were passed. he would nave
tried TO maze the corporations pi!
more OF the taxes by fixing ii so the
corr orations could not he able To pass
their burdcns Oh 10 the people.
One OF the things that amused the
SPEAKER in connection with this race
was that the gentleman who was
rushed into this race To run me OF
the stump has been run of the
stump himself
At the conclusion OF his speech
Governor Blease was greeted with
another round Of applause and when
the meeting broke UP scores Of his
friends crowded around to shake his
hand.
You should have remained in the
race" said oGvernor Blcasc admirinE-
ly. Ia Rev. Mr. Mahaffcy, after the lat
ter had made his argument to show
that everybody should have been IN
favor Of the war from the beginning
Governor Blease and party came Ia
Torh willie in an automobile. Upon the
conclusion OF the speaking they got
dinner at the Shandon hotel and
shortly aftcrward left town In their
ear.
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1918-06-21
HERE AND THERE

The sale of sugar has been still
further restricted. Dealers arc not
allowed to sell more than two pounds
at one time to people residing In
towns and cities. nor over five pounds
10 people residing in the country
Larger amounts may he had for can
ming and preserving purposes.
Until further orders men who reg
istered on June 5th inst, can erIisl
Itu service IN the navy, provided
they can furnish certificates from To-
cal boards that they are not urgently
needed to fill an immediate quota
There can he no cnlistments or draft
cd men in the army. Drafted men
can also. if they wish, enlist in th'
marines. which branch of the service
is now prominent in the fighting ON
the western front.
The work or fight" order OF Pro-
yost Marshal General Crowd"r be-
comes effective on July 1st. and To-
cnl draft boards are charged win
seeing to il that every man in the
draft age must do effective work ol
fight" Every citizen is expected TO &c
his part insScring to il that none cS-
cape. this order. and every idlcr Is to
lr reported To the local boards Tor in
vcstigatiOn and disposition.