davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
Lie LEDGER PHILADELPHIA, WEDNESDAY. MARCH 13 1918

Although the majority of stocks
showed an inclination to advance
slightly in tho carly trading today. the
changes wcrc about equally divided be-
tween losses and gains toward the close
but there were virtually no important
fluctuations, and the total turnover was
comparatively small.
Storage Battery showed fair momcn-
tum after the first hour and made a
gain of - TO 1875 aud Rapid Transit
trust certificates, on "a little more
activity than recently. were lractlonally
higher. Tonopah Belmont, following
the publication of the initial earnings
statement, became quite active and ad-
vanccd Il trinc to 37s, but Tonopah
Mining was lower. Cambria Iron was
up quarter on an odd lot transaction.
Other local share changes were gem
orally to lower levels. Lake Superior,
Lehigh Navigation and Philadelphia
Electric yielded trifinE amounts and
United Gas Improvement was un-
changed.
Railroads were irregular, Heading
being higher at Stt, while Pennsyl-
vana saggcd back to as low as iis,
and Lehigh Valley yielded a quarter.
steel common was inactive through
out the day aud advanced in the after
noon following decline carly in tho
session, but closed unchanged
Liberty Loan Is made up the bulk OF
the board business and both that issue
aud the - is were firm,
Governor r.. T.. Passmorc. of tire Fed
| cral Reserve Bank, today sent announce
mcnt to member banks of the new $500
100000 certificate Of Indebtedness .ssuc
/ dated March 90 and due .Jiinc IL an,
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
PRICE CHANGES IN CURB TRADING
TEND TOWARD LOWER FIGURES
Absence Of Voting Power Leaves Aetna Without
Demand-Oil Stocks Are Quet-Mines
Irregular-Submarin Steady
New York, March -.

rN
%
Il
362 with
of
United to
with Oklahoma selling
n =, nj a to
selling
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
FOREIGN EXCHANGE

New York. March I3.--Durng tho
carly trading today peSetas were un-
usually strong. Lire were firm. Other
wise the market was featurcless.
Quotations were:
Demand sterling a.15i4. cables i.s6 q
Sixty day bills were nominally quoted
at i.72 and nincty-day bills at 40.
Franc checks 5.727s cables 5.71as.
Lire checks SCI, cables s.25
,;uildcr checks it|, cables 4jL.
Swiss checks AS. cables 4i6.
pesctas checks 1880, cables 24.90
Rubles checks 10, cables l3L.
Stockholm checks 3lai, cables 32i4
Christiania checks 30,i. cables 30Si
Copcnhagen checks 292, cables 30i4
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
RESTRICT BANK COMPETITION
Obtaining Demand Deposits by In,
creased Rates Discouraged Il

Washington. Marci 13.--The str e.
ment Of Governor w. +. q. Harding cf
the Federal Reservn Board, further M
the movement to rcstrir; tie compet, on
among interior hanks to obtain demr nd
deposits by increasing interest rats,
asks the reserve banks to use their "A.
fuencc with banks to discourage TIN
practice pending ar;.gn by the New Ycrk
Clearing House Assoc alton, to restric,
higher interest rates whiCl have drayu
many deposits there.
Results will be harmful both 10 na.
tOnal financing and to the banking brsI-
ness, Governor Harding said. unless the
tendency to lure new cht cking accoust1
by hcttcr rates is immediately elm.
mated.
Another step ta%on BY the Federal I.e.i
serve Board was the calling of a conf,r.
enre OF Governors of Federal Reserve
banks here March 90 To discuss inter,A
iates plans for the third Liberty Loan
and other questions.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
Cotton BUYERS and Sellers

. New York. March lS.--March-iiart-
corn and IIentz bid; Schill offered.
May-Wilsou, Schanz, MCyse, Parrott
Newman, Brooks, jay aud Riordan bid !;
Hicks, Hentz and Gwathmy offered.
July--Burnett, Gwathmy. Hubbard
clifford and McFadden bio; jay, Geeran,
Rountree, Week and Geer offered.
October-Hagedorn Cardoza, Keiffer
and Gumocns bid Hentz and Newman
offered
December-schill bid; Smith, Jones
and Ranger offered.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
FUNDS FOR BOND COUPONS
|ttsburgh Railways Give Notice of
Deposit of Interest Money

txzocal bondholders have received no.
.e4 that the Pittsburgh Railways Com
M has deposited funds with the trus-
~ for the coupons that were In de-
Iuli on the various issues OF bonds. ex-
the $4.s0t.000 United Traction Com
my Of Pittsburgh bonds and the cou-
&(G viii be paid on presentation.
g The bondholders' protective commit
~ OF which Thomas s. Gates Is chair
18n. has suit pending seeking TO COM
Irecognitior by the Philadelphia Com
&t1y Of responsibility for the principal
interest on underlying bonds Of
psntss In the pittsburgh Railways
= announcement has been made as
~ the protective committee as to
curpe with respect 10 acceptance of
oyment OF the coupons in question.
/0(erest default last January ag-
- more than si2.3oo,o00 for all
11SeD involved
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
Munition Co. Changes Stock Basis

New York, March 13.-The stockhold-
ers of the Maxim Munitions Corporation
have adopted a resolution changing the
par value and the number of shares OF
par value Of $40 each to 1000, 900 shares
of par value of IS each and giving the
present holdets one share OF new stock
for each share Of old stock.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
LoriIlard to Double Common Stock

New York. March 13.-At a special
meeting OF stockholders of the Lorard
Tobacco Company. it was voted to
double the authorized common share
capital. II is not the intention TO Issue
more than 20 per cent Of this new stock
which will he distributed to stockholders
in the form OF special stock dividend
This special dividend will be In lieu
of the usual extra cash dividend dis.
tributed at this time.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
MONEY-LENDING RATES

New York Money on call rulcd ai'
dpv at pcr cent.
Time money wac unchanged ne pre-
yailng lavcl for all maturties being n
nor cent interest rate, with very few
ions recorded Some renewals
we're made at around 6 per cent, ana Il
few new loans made at that duotatioil'
The tone Of the market was auiet.
however. end sixty to ninety day money
was scarce. .
Accordance business was dun ana
virtually no change in rates from those
obtaining the last several days.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
Watson Co. Pays 4 Per Cent Extra

New York. March lS,---The II. T. Wat
son Company. subsidiary OF the Bar
rett Manufacturing Company, has de-
nlared the regular quarterly dividend of
> per cent and an extra of per cent,
Roth dividends are payable April to
stock OF record March 10.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
Liverpool Cotton

Liverpool. March i3.-Spot cotton
was uuiet today, with prices easier on
the basis of 23.63d for middling, old
contract, an upturn of 8 points. The
sales were 1000 bales. There were no
receipts. Futures were steady In the
early dealings. Old contract spot prices
were: American. middling fair. 24s3d
good middling, 24,15d; middling, 23.63d ;
low mlddling. 23l0d; good ordinary,
22.i0d ordinary, 2l.5sd.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
BANK CLEARlNGS
NEW YORK BUTTER AND EGGS

New York. March ~, - BuTTER--nc.
c-ipts, n3s5 tune, Market weak. High
EG,iS-Rcccipts. ~, sat cases. Market
strong E.stras. 400: extra nrstS, 39E G;
Grsts soc: seconds. 31'a n asa .: white. 40
a iIc; brown. 40d ilc; mixed, 80 30l7c,
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
SHARP RECOVERY
IN COTTON MARKET
Release of Seven Spanish
Steamers by War Trade
Board Brings Reaction

COTTON BELT WEATHER CONDITIONS
New York. March i3:-The following
Temperatures were recorded In the cotton
belt this mornings:
JacksonYi Vile. 50; Tampa. Wilmington.
Knoxville. G+; Little Rock. San Antonio.
yicksburg. Macon and hontgomery. 20;
Augusta Pensacola. Corpus ChIi u,
Shreveport and Galveston, 6Si New Orleans
and Oklahoma. 20; Fort Smith. ~; Mem
phls. 80.
There was .Os incl, Of precipitation NJ
Ntlaria; ~ inch at New Orleans. ana
- inch at Knoxville.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
GoLDFIELD STOCKS
MISCELLANEOUS
NEW YORK COFFEE MARK EFT
Asks Receiver for Chicago Bank

Chicago, March l3. - Dissolution of
the Fidelity State Bank and the appoint
ment of receiver are asked In a bin
for state Auditor Andrew Russell Tbe
bill says the president of the bank, Ed
mund Szajkowski, violated the law In
allowing himself loans Of $4,000. The
bank was closed January 81.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
Granulated Sugar Unchanged

New York. March 13.--Reiined sugar
is unchanged. all local refiners quoting
at 7.45c The Federal Company con.
tinues withdrawn. being a week to ten
days ovcrsold. The National Company
is not accepting any business today.
Cuban raws are unchanged at 6005c,
duty paid.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
Reserve Banks Discount Rates

oaicial discount rates at the twelve
Federal Reserve Banks were as follows:
(The first column gives the rates for
all periods~up to and including the fif-
teen day maturity. the second for a pc
riod of sixteen to ninety days. The
third and fourth columns give the rates
for rediscounts of collateral loans Sc
cured by Government bonds or notes.)
Cont paper Govt paper
III n no 10 tp
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
Extra by Owens Bottle Machine Co.

Ssv York, March 13.-The Owens Bot
,,e Machine Company has declared the
regular quarterly dividends OF TX per
~, common and an extra OF per cent
On the common. the extra dividend being
navable In second Liberty As at par, all
dlyidends payable April to stock OF
record March 22.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
Worlds Wheat Supply Decreases

paiiv Trade Bulletin, the worlds supply
OF Wheat on March was 2ts. l0l 900
bushels, against 255.ss2,000 bushels on
February / and 2Ss,a9S,ooo bushels on
March I, 1917.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
Tide Water Oil PAYS 8 Per Cent

New York, March lathe Tidewater
oil Company has declared the regular
quarterly dividend of per cent and an
extra dividend OF . per cent, both pay
able March 80 to stock OF record
March 90.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
! Com modify Rates on Sugar

nhfagtsn. March l3.---Tbe adjust
EHf o0a,nlpdity rates or sugar from
IrIcanx and from North and south
~ ports "a points IN southeastern
~ fo<Iny wHs held justified BY the
1 QINflerVe ccmIrlisston- Al
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
INACTIVE PHILA. STOCKS

Following are quotations for inaStlH,e in,s
stocks listed on the Philadelphla atocN
Exchange and In which there weIt ~
transactions today the price sNe" 10
tho Inst nreylolls close:
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
Railroad Postpones Dividend Action

New York. March 13.--The directors
Of the Colorado and Southern Railway
Company, at q meeting today. after con-
sidering the matter OF divtdends upon
~. y; s!ss ss:|l Z ~ ss:s;!ss; - =;
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
Mexico Gets More Gold

New York. March 13.--Gold coin to
the amount OF Sil7,500 has been with
drawn from the Subtreasury for ship
ment to Mexico.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13

LONDON Mooney on call is un-
changed today at 224 per cent: The
rate of discount i'm the open market for
short and three months bills is 9-l6
per cent unchanged.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13

Tot,I sp,es, :55.0OO shares: compared
Win S;a .OO0 shares ScsterdaEi thus Tar th,s
weeL 0.. 300 shares; same per'od ia>t "eeh'
.t,S rIvid, nd--Beth Stocl. 2's seth Ste
"A IL. 40 rcr cent pr, u, 10 per cent
nr .: Amer Int Corp, oor'
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
pUILADELrHIA-Call. per ,

time 53t nc per cent. Commercial pa
per. three to four months, 5TG per cent !;
six months, per cent,
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
$50 for Conscience Fund

urer Kephart has received nifty
dollar bill from PhiIadelphia inclosed In
abeet n nQts paper vhich eaid Tor
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
MON EY!
Manufacturers and Wholesalers worth
$4,000 to 81, 100000


ou invest money in merchandise III
order TO make a profit OH its sale, but your
investment in your Accounts Receivable
adds no profit whatever--in fact, YOU
EVEN LOSE INTEREST ON IT.
If you sell those accounts to us NOW and
buy for cash or discount your purchases
instead OF waiting on your customers for
the money, certainly you can make NOR:
than our charge - PR o Fl is YO U
WOULD OTHERWISE LOSE
Your customers who fail to discount
more than pay you the cost of our money, II
the discount you offer them exceeds our
charge-ANOTHER ADDED PROFIT.
By selling us your accounts, you prac-
tically add that much working capital
without increasing your investment one
dollar. Your customers are not disturbed
as you collect the accounts for u.s. Write
or phone for details.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
ESTATE OF ELEANOR n. snIEs

~ deceased - Letters testamentary on
The above estate having been granted To the
. .uDdersigned. all persons indebted to the said
''l1Efste are requested 10 make payment. and
those having claims to present the same
without delay. az the office Of the corpora,
zion executor, 400 Chestnut St, Philadelphia
.tl17a JAMES w. LAWS
EuE PRovIDENT LIFE AND TRUST COM.
tEtt PANY OF PHILADELPHIA,
rNt ASA s. WING, President,
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-03-13
LEGAL ADVERTISEMENTS
:. ESTATE OF MANNAH LONGsrRETH

~ CARPENTER. deceased-Letters tcs.
.tamentary on the above estate having been
GRANTED to THE PRONIDENT LIFE AND
TRUST COMPANY OF PHILADELPHIA,
vi persons ndeb bted 10 the said estate are
1eaHested to make payment and those hav-
Ing claims to present the same. without
delay at the Office Of said Company i0,I
chestnut ST.. Philadelphia.
- ASA $, WING.
The daily Gate City and constitution-Democrat. (Keokuk, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1918-12-31
THE NATIONAL MIND.

Robert Herrick says it will be well to begin
reconstruction by reconstructng the national
mind, which he pictures as militarized The
suggestion is good one, if it be practical, and
tie picture not so exaggerated might be
thought without reading of Mr. Herrick' S full
text. 1t is true that the nation S mind has been
under military discipline; we have put aside
opinion to act under direction, which is the only
way to meet emergencies. This induces an
artificial simplicity into the attitude toward re-
isponsibility. 1t is accepted as duty of good
citizenship to do what each is given to do; to
follow Loyalty constituted leadership, and to
keep all difference of opinion from becoming
clog efficient action. Mr.. Herrick says that
i'm war patriotism easily runs into emotional
ism, and this is true. He also says that we have
formed the habit Of allowing authority to do
our thinking for u.s. y This is less true.
Being under military discipline is far other
than being militarized, and it is the former and
not the latter which has happened to us. I'm
questionably the experience has left its impress
on the national mind. In some respects this
may prove great value to our future minded
ness. For under discipline we have learned to
know our own abilities for what they are really
WORTH. We have seen how entwined are our own
interests with those of our fellowmen at home
and abroad and by this we have the means of
broader, better mental view Tor tie future.
These are virtues that come from discipline.
The vices of shifting responsibility; blind fol-
lowing of leadership: installing the patriotic
or emotional note for sound reasoning and yield
ing to impulse deriving from no just cause
these vices are easily at hand to us and the
only sure protection against them is in adher-
ence to our old common sense; to our habits po-
litical social and industrial, until we are sure
tlat we know what we are minded to do to-
change them. Ii we really change our national
mind as an act of intelligent free viii, this is
the privilege of free people. But it is our
mind we want to change first; we want to do
the thinking before the acting. Our chief al
most our entire danger is in yielding to impulse
before we make up the national mind.
The daily Gate City and constitution-Democrat. (Keokuk, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1918-12-31
THE MEN In
CLASS

A sound. healthy man is never q
number. A man can be as yigorousl
able at seventy as at twenty. Condi
not years, puts you In the discard
system weakened By overwork and 4
less living brings old age prematu
Lie bodily functions are impaired |
unpleasant symptoms appear The
spot Is generally the kidneys.
hem clean and in proper working
NIXON and you will generally find =
self IN Class A. Take GOLD Mel
Harlem Oil Capsules periodically
your syatem will always be IN vor
order. Your spirits will be enlive
your muscles supple, your mind I'd
and your bedy capable of hard vor
Don't wait until you have been rel
ed. Commence to be q FIRST class
bow. Go to your druggist at d
Get q rrial box Of GOLD MEL
Haar'em Oil Capsules. They are Q
81 the pure, original, imported ~
lem Ofi-the kind your great grandf
sr used. Two capsules each day
keep you toned up and feeling
Money refunded il they do not help
Remember to ask for the inpoa
COLD MEDAL Brand. In three 81
scaled packages.
The daily Gate City and constitution-Democrat. (Keokuk, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1918-12-31
WHAT GREEKS ASK.

! John n. Metana, former governor
I OF Salonika: Now that the supreme
moment is at hand, when, at the
peace table. the fate OF Helenism win
be decided, enemy Influences are
being exerted to mislead the Ameri-
can people and to circumvent the
rules laid down by President Wilson.
whereby all people should be free to
determine for themselves their own
existence. Therefore we say, let the
American people be on their guard
and, with wise discrimination. pluck
forth this poisonous weed and in its
place SOW the seeds of everlasting
love and gratitude that will unite
forever the people whose ancestors,
more than two thousand years ago
first established and used this Greek
word democracy" and the great
free nation Of the new world. which
has carried the old idea to its present
perfection.
All we ask for is Justice. the re-
turn to their motherland Of the fol-
lowing unredeemed Greek regions:
/. Epirus including Himara,
Korytza, Kastoria.
2. misunderstanding the pure
ly Greek towns of xanthi and Dedea-
catch.
3. Thrace including CONSTANT
nople and the country surrounding
the sea OF Marmara
4. Asia Minor-Smyrna and the
contiguous territories inhabited by
nearly 10000 Greeks.
5. The islands Of the Dodecanese,
which are Inhabited only by Greeks.
with the exception of IL 900 Turks IN
Rhodes and Cos, and 1000 Jews in
In thus pointing to the Injustice SO
long endured by Greece, we appeal
to the American people to make use
of every constitutional means al their !
in order that the glorious /
deed of restitution should be accom-
plished; we appeal to them to make |
their wishes known TO their repre-
sentatives in congress, both by letter {
and telegram, so that the principles /
upheld by their president should be |
the whole world over. and /
become an article of faith for re- /
generated mankind when the Prince I
Of Peace shall have come into His
,wn.
The daily Gate City and constitution-Democrat. (Keokuk, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1918-12-31
THE HUNGARIAN AMsAssApREss

| Sioux City Journal: The appoint.
ment by the new Hungarian govern.
ment OF Nine Rosfka Schwimme r
as ambassadress to Switzerland has
created no great stir In diplomatic
circles. 1t was spectacular thing for
the Hungarian government to do, but
II will be devoid of far reaching re-
suits. 1t is not argued here that
women are not sufficiently talented
and skilled In the arts OF diplomacy to
fill such positions. History is full of
instances in which women showed a
cleverness and an adroitness In con-
Quoting affairs Of nations that were
never attained by men But they were
different from Nine Schwimmer.
1t will be recalled that Nine
Sshwimmer was the originator and
moving spirit In the Ford peace party
fiasco. She was the dictator OF the
crowd OF fanatics and pacifists and
Eotoriety seekers which filled the
staterooms OF the Oscar II on that
memorable trip. That the party had
become maelstrom of discord when
the ship reached Christiania, Norway,
Is sufficient evidence OF her inability
as diplomat even when the environ
nient is OF her own making. How she
would fail when the surrounding ele.
ments are hostile and conflicting is
not difficult to guess.
She is woman of considerable
ability, but of ability misdirected. Bril-
liant. but emotional she acts on an in.
spiration rather than on the. logic VI
the circumstances which surround
that inspiration. She does not have
the ability to calmly weigh facts nor
to deduct from chain OF facts a con-
clusion. Her writings are fascinating.
but lacking in the solid things which !
make them convincing can hardly i
De said that she is superficial, be- |
cause she exhibits depths OF mental !
penetration that belle the charge. But |
with such penetration she fails to see |
the side issues and the cross currents
and SO falls long before her mental |
goal is reached. 1t is qualities like /
these which make her unfit for a
position in which far seeing state.
manship with ability to anticipate the
Obstacles to be encountered is essen.
.iaI
The daily Gate City and constitution-Democrat. (Keokuk, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1918-12-31

Representative Mann has the claim upon the
speakership which the rule of seniority gives
him; but he has no other claims or qualifica-
tions for the position and If he had any nice
instinct of propriety he would not have ernbar-
raised his party BY announcing his candidacy
As minority leader ne had a certain mental
alertness and audacity; but he never showed
solid qualities Of craftsmanship or vision or
breadth of mind. He was petty, picayunish
and never impressed congress or the people
with his sincerity. His party was never a unit
enthusiastic for him and IL quite the reverse
of that today. He never attracted men to him,
and but for the seniority rule which many con
gressmen in line for chairTnanships do not
wish to abrogated, his pretensfons to the
speakership would have scant consideration.
Mr.. Mann's war record is indefeusiblv bad
Repeated utterances showed pro-Gerrnan lean
ings and he voted for the McLemore resolution
which declared that American citizens had no
natural, moral, legal or constitutional rights tn
travel on the seas. 1t would be a grave rpia+alxe
TO elect him speaker. The welfare Of the conn
try demands high qualifications in a sneaker
"nlch Mr. Mann does not possess.
The daily Gate City and constitution-Democrat. (Keokuk, Iowa) 1916-1922, 1918-12-31

America comes oft of the with her economic
moral potency and prestige vastly enhanced,
outlook broadened. her field of activity expanded
terprise quickened her Imagination stirred,
faculty stimulated. The vista which
Americas future is Of dazzling greatness spiritually
and materially. The realization that fail
US we but meet problems in spirit of
canisr ct moderation and self restraint and
and good viii to all. rejecting alike privilege dema-
gogy baHshng all class rule be it of capital labor
In that spirit let each other by the hand thus
resolved and united against without
in let US march towards the high destiny that
dence has allotted to the country grateful pride
and deep affection call own-otto Il. Kahn.