davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
SAVAGE ATTACK ON
. PRESIDENT WILSON
GERMAN ORGAN FRoTHs AT
THE MOUTH AND LAsHES
IT'S TAIL.


AMSTERDAM. Feb. 1.-THE In
dustrIal organs of Western Ger
many savagely comment on Presi-
dent Wilson's address. The Rhenische
Westfaelische Gazette, under the cap
tion, Wilson, the Prisoner" says:
They are talking to save their
necks- Wilson, Lloyd George and
the toothless tiger in Paris. With
lawyers tricks they are trying TO
humhug their deluded peoples. 1t
Is impossible to take President VIII
Assuming naughty contempt, this
newspaper proceeds to prove to its
own satisfaction that President
Wilson failed in what 1t terms his
three objects, namely, to hearten
the British with tales of inexhaust.
ible American resources. to try and
split Germany and Austria-Hungary.
and to play off the reichstag MAORI.
ty against the military party.
President Wilson has had no
luck" the newspaper continues. we
can tell him a complete accord has
just been arrived at between Ger
many and Austrla-Hungary, the eff.
fects of which win become patent
ere long"
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
STRIKERS URGED TO
RETURN TO WORK
Guy Associated Press,

tUy Associated PreaaI
WASHINGTON, Feb. 15.--An
urgent call to striking carpenters
and ioiners in eastern shipyards to
return to work was issued last night
BY Chairman Hurley OF the shipping
board, who sent a telegram to union
heads declaring mothers and fathers
giving their sons to battle viii not
long permit interference with the
shipbuilding program.
The telegram was inspired by re.
ports of strikes at yards In the
vicinity OF New York and at Balti-
more, where the men are demanding
the wage scale recently granted for
the Pacific coast OF $500 day, Il
went to W. l.. Hutcheson, general
president Of the carpenters, at In
dlanapolls, and to union leaders In
the district in which strikes have
been called.
Mr.. Hurley insisted that the mer
go to work pending an adjustment
Of their grievances by the wage ad
lustment board. which within a few
days win recommend a general wage
scale for rs per cent of the yards
on the Atlantic coast.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
ARMS AND AMMUNITION
SEIZED At STOCKHOLM
my Associated Press,

LONDON, Feb. ia Copenhagen
dispatch says that great quantities
of arms and ammunition, bound for
Finland. have been seized in the
Stockholm harbor 1t is reported
that half million cartridges we're
delivered in the harbor to the order
Of an alleged private individual.
Workmen in the Westerns factory
informed the government that they
will stop work if the expectation of
munitions is permitted.
S@-@%%%~&S~~~%%
noting the clearing up of congestion
in the East, and the movement Of
corn and other grain in the West,
More than 5.5O0.0OO bushels of corn
alone have been hauled to primary
markets of the Middle West this
year as a result of the order Of
priority for box cars for grain move
ment. In the same period last year
only 2,772.000 bushels of corn were
moved.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
NORTHERN RUSSIA Will soon Be
THE SCENE OF ACTIVE WARFARE
New Scheme of Hostility Probably
Will Prevent Drive On the
Western Front
tBy Associated Preas.l

tDyAE
LONDON Feb determination
reached at conferences
e.nan headquarters kaiser Hnu
others attending
bi minister Troky
nue at Peoarad according to the
t.na,eh The declaration automatically
ended armlstce.
,.r tba, the Germans
more they ukrainians force of
arms The conducting active Ukraine
purpose the rada that the state will be
declared this Of the
esman scheme break up with
ton OF extending influence the states Of which
/ is posing proteetOrate
kcenae voks zeituns says ii certain
against the Ukraine and the
central powers bhsd Of the
fruits of lately concluded
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
ROAD BUILDING TO AID IN THE WAR

promptly as possible materials for
construction OF national highways
designated by the agriculture depart.
ment as of military or economic
necessity.
Members of the committee said the
problem of road building and main
tenance is one that greatly affects
the prosecution of the war, but that
they would endeavor to limit their
program to necessary projects only,
A joint resolution pending in the
house authorizing the secretary of
war to employ interned prisoners as
agricultural laborers or on public
highways, was approved by the high
way officials, who said the problem
of labor for road work will virtually
be solved II the government author
ICES the employment of cor vict la.
Dor.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
CUMMINS ATTACKS
ADMINISTRATION BILL
tns Associated Press,

tHy Associated PFesa.t
WASHINGTON, Feb 15-Senate
consideration of the administration
railroad bill continued with Senator
Cummins, Republican, attacking the
standard compensation, which he
declared excessive. While the public
is being asked to lend money to the
government at per cent, 1t Is pro
posed in the bill. he said, to guar.
antee to railroad security holders re-
turns ranging from 10 to 20 per cent
"a 'monstrous proposal"
Senator Cummins approved Presi-
dent Wilson's action in taking over
control of the railroads, but said 1t
should have been done sooner. He
deplored the uncertainty which he
said now prevails among railroads,
over the question as to what roads
have been taken over, the status of
the 100000 persons employed in
the operation of these properties, and
of the millions of dollars now be-
ing paid into the various railroad
treasuries.
The Iowa senator will be answered
by Senator Robinson, Democrat, a
member of the interstate commerce
committee, it is said.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
LABOR UNIONS COMPLETE TESTIMONY

der the eight-hour law. He said
he had worked an average of thir-
teen hours for the last two weeks
and that stewards were frequently
on duty nineteen hours.
"It is impossible for a man TO
smile after having been on his feet
that long he asserted In discussing
the service they were required to
give the public.
Minimum wages of $3.50 a month.
instead of $1OO to $125, now paid,
and at least four days month off.
were asked.
A. B. Jenkins, representing union
molders on the Southern railway
system, asked the same increases
for them that other mechanical
trades wanted. about 33 1-3 per cent.
w. G. Eby of Hamlet, N. c., said
train dispatchers should be paid
from s215 to s2S5 month, instead
of $3.50 to SITS, because Of the In
crease in living costs, which he esti-
mated at 10 per cent
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
IMPROVEMENT NOTED
At ALL CANTONMENTS
Wy Associated l.ress.p

WASHINGTON, Feb, l5.-Continu,
ed improvement in health conditions
at all army camps and cantonments
is noted In the war department sum
mary for the week ending Febru-
airy s, just made public, The hos
pital admission rate decreased from
the preceding week, while the death
rate, although slightly higher than
the preceding week, was below the
average for the last two months.
Measles and pneumonia continue to
decrease, while scarlet fever and
meningitis showed slight increases.
The total number of deaths In the
national guard was 6S, of which Al
were due to pneumonia; the regulars
had 16 deaths, six from pneumonia,
and the national army SO deaths, 81
from pneumonia.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
'Hy Associated Prsss.)

wy ABsOeAaLea EFGsasb
WASHINGTON, Feb, I5.-Repre.
sentatiyes of union and unorganized
labor who asked to present reasons
for increased pay to the railroad
wage commission completed their
testimony yesterday afternoon and
the commission adjourned subject to
the call of the chairman. Secretary
Lane.
Protests against the presence of
railroad officials regarded as hos.
tile to the four great brotherhoods
were made by the brotherhood chiefs
when they appeared before the com
mission. 1t was explained then that
the commission was seeking all pos
sible information and some of the
railroad men probably will be among
the next witnesses
recommendation to be made by
the commission will concern only
wages and hours, Secretary Lane
told James A. Hennessey, who asked
that the stewards of the Pennsyl-
vania railroad should be placed un-
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
KAISER VIII WAGE VAR ON B0L SHEVIKI FACTION
Germany danS Troops Are Ordered Invest peOqrad
|STOCKYARO INQUIRY MAKING PROGRESS

and Kansas City, Kas., had supplant-
ed men with women in hundreds of
positions. The women employed in
most instances, he said. are negroes
and are receiving 20 to 20 cents an
hour. while the men who formerly
did the work received 26 and 27h
cents an hour The women, he said,
were employed as meat trimmers and
In certain sections of the killing de.
partments. He ridiculed the welfare
work done in the packing plants
He said the packers did not give
their employees raise in wages from
the strike in 1904 until 1915 Since
then three increases were allowed.
but increase in the cost of living had
more than offset them, he claimed.
In 1904 the butchers had rule.
he said, that the skinning of fifteen
carcasses constituted a days work.
Now, he declared, packers required
their men to skin twenty to twenty
five carcasses a day. He consider
ed the skinning of fifteen animals a
fair days work.
ITO get more work out of the
men the packers have a system of
employing a few pace-makers or
rushers as they are called, In each
department, who do more work than
the others. to speed up the gang,
said the witness.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
VERNON CASTLE FALLS
At AVIATION FIELD
,My AsaoeIatea Pres..p

FORT WORTH. Tex, Feb. 15,--
Captain Vernon Castle of the Eng
lish Royal Flying corps was killed
while flying near Benbrook field to-
day. when he swerved his machine
beyond control and fell while trying
to avoid collision with an American
cadet who was being instructed by a
British airman.
Castle spent nine months on the
Flanders front and made more than
one hundred and fifty flights over
the German lines,
Vernon Castle and wife both at
tanned international regulations as
dancers. Both also played star roles
on the stage They resided in New
York City
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15

,sy associated Prs@@.s
WASHINGTON. Feb. l5.-The ex-
ecutive committee of the American
Association OF State Highway OF,
fieials is In session here to discuss
q program OF road building and
maintenance as means Of assist
ing in the successful prosecution of
the war.
At previous meeting the high
way officials adopted resolutions ask
ing Director General of Railroads
McAdoo to outline definite policy
for road and street construction and
maintenance and to furnish freight
cars for transportation of necessary
materials. Today the director gen
erals reply was submitted promising
that the railroad administration
would cooperate by transporting as
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
,Rs AsAeeiasSsi Press.s

'~1-t++s@-Ar~f
CHICAGO. Feb, Is, Timothy A..
Mccreash OF Kaasas City, an or
ganizer for the Amalgamated Meat
Cutters and Butchers union since
last June, and previously employed
BY the large packers in various
cities, criticized the stockyards firms
for their opposition TO organized la
Dor and described conditions he had
found In the plants In testifylng be.
fore Federal Judge Samuel Alschuler
in the wage arbitration.
He urged the adoption OF an eight
hour working day and equal pay
for men and women performing the
same service.
The witness said he had been a
packing house butcher for twenty
three years, but since 1904 the pack
ers had refused I'd give him steady
employment because of his activity
in the labor movement. He said hun
dreds of union mon had been simi-
larly Disseminated against. He said
he had organized the skilled work
ers In the packing plants at Kansas
City. Kas., Sioux City, Ia. Denver,
Colo. and st. Joseph, Mo-, but de-
clared that the packers had declined
to deal with union officials
The witness said that In the past
two years the packers In Sioux City
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
CAuST|C CRITICISM
BY SENATOR WEEKS
, ~ Asaoclated I'ress.I

tUy Associated fFea1sh
WASHINGTON Feb. l5.-Senator
Weeks today charged the president
with deliberately injecting politics
into his war efficiency controversy
speech and vigorously criticized the
war department and other govern
ment branches. He declared that lack
OF central directing body is large
ly responsible for the past and pres
ent troubles.
lie said he didn't wish to unjust
ly and unreservedly criticize Secre-
tary Baker" who had to deal with
multitude of questions IF | we're
to criticize the secretary personally,
1t would be that he had undertaken
to do many things, some Of which
might have been left to his sub
ordinates," said Senator Weeks. "If
were to further criticize 1t would re-
late to his temperamental relation
ship to the war.
Doubtless he might admit he was
pacitist by nature. For example,
even now he is opposed to universal
training"
The senator said he concluded
from the testimony Of Secretary
Baker that he was inclined to plan
a prosecution OF the war on basis
that we we're three thousand miles
from the front, instead of Fastening
preparations with all the vigor we
would exercise If our borders were
on the battlefront"
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
FUEL SITUATION IS
NOW LESS ACUTE

,uy Associated Presa.1
DES MONIES, Ia, Feb. l5.--spe'
cial fuel saving regulations In Of.
feet in Iowa for the past two weeks
we're abrogated in an order to local
fuel committees issued last night
by Charles w. Webster, state fuel
administrator.
Webster, In his order, advised ex-
treme economy in the use OF coal.
He states that while the fuel situa-
ton Is loss acute, following a spell
OF warm weather, that blizzard or
extreme cold wave will again re-
suit In serious shortages.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
MINING CASE
MAY SOON END

y According to information re. =
= eeived by Attorney Atkinson for .
. the West End Consolidated Mi =
= ming company, the argument in =
= the case of the Jim Butler Mi =
. ming company VS.. the West End =
= company will probably take =
= place In the United States su- =
= spreme court about the middle =
= OF next month. The conclusion .
= of this litigation will mean the =
= release of vast sum of money. =
= now impounded to the winning =
. company =
= ~SA - . = o
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
GOVERNMENT PLANS
ANENT SH|PBUILDING


WASHINGTON, Feb, 15.-The
shipping board, 1t was learned to-
day, probably will take over within
a few days four or five shipyards
working on government contracts in
which progress has been particular
ly slow. Some delays have been
charged to labor difficulties and some
to Inefficient management.
II any yards are commandeered
their present contracts will be can
celled and government experts will
be put In charge,
The senate commerce committee
investigating shipbuilding, will de
eide whether to make a personal in
spection of the Hog Island yard.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
STORMY DISCUSSION
|. At PEACE CONFERENCE
,s.y Associated Press.l

tNS AAASGA@tGM NEGANsF
ZURICH, Feb. 15.-The Munich
correspondent of the Neue Augsburg
zeitung says he learns that the dis
cussions at Brest-Litovsk last Sun
day between DR.. Won Kuehlmann.
the German foreign secretary; Count
Czernin, the Austro-Hungarian for
eign minister. and Leon Trotzky, the
Bolsheviki foreign minister, were
particularly stormy and ended In 3
violent rupture which bore all the
seeds of a future conflict.
THAT is why the conference at
German main headquarters is dis
cussing the eventuality of very en-
ergetic military measures against
the Russians" the correspondent
says.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
NATIONAL FEDERAL EXCHANGE.


WASHINGTON. Feb. 15.-AppoInt.
ment of federal directors of employ
msnt in several states was an
nounced last night by the depart
ment OF labor in a statement outlin-
ing plans of the federal employment
service for welding all federal. state
and municipal employment facilities
into a national system of labor ex-
change
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
COMMERCE
TO Be REGULATED
my Associated Pressl

thy Associated Pressl
WASHINGTON, Feb. 15--The pres
ident by proclamation today placed
the entire foreign commerce of the
United States under the license sys-
tenn of the war trade board after to.
day. 1t will reduce the shipment of
non-essentials and release ships for
war service. 1t will also serve to
conserve the products of the United
States for domestic use and for the
allies
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
SOME CENSORED NEWS.

sUs Associated PFess.D
AN ATLANTIC PORT. Feb. l5.--
An American passenger steamer has
returned to port with hole above
the starboard water line. II collid-
ed with an unidentified steamer,
the fate Of which Is unknown.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
SWIFT CONSTRUCTION.
.ny Associated Press,

tny Associated Pressl
WASHINGTON. Feb. 15.-secre-
tary Daniels announced today that
the destroyer Taylor was launched
yesterday at Mare Island. 1t was
sixty-six per cent complete four
months after the keel was laid. This
established the navy yard record for
swift construction.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
BRITISH CONTROL
J. Of AFFAIRS INTACT
-, A.soclated PRESS,

LONDON. Feb, 15.-The govern
ment successfully overcsme five OBJ.
staeles threatening when the house
OF commons rejected the amendment
which the ministers had made a
question of confidence, The event
shows that the parliamentarians are
in no mood yet to force change Of
government.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
WILL ENTER THE BONDS


WY AeA@ehAteu EES@@sb
NEW YORK. Feb. l5,-Lieutenant
Commander Bagley, brother-in-law Of
Captain Daniels, commander of the
destroyer Jones. sunk on December
6 with the loss Of sixty-four men
today obtained q license to marry
Miss Marie Harrington of Colusa
Cal.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
TEN PERISH IN A
STEAMSHIP WRECK

,ny Associated Prens.l
NEW YORK. Feb, l5.-The British
steamship Miguel De Larrinaga
foundered In mid-ocean on the 9Th.
Ten men persisted British war
ship rescued twenty.seven from the
steamer The cargo of grain was
lost
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15

SAN FRANCISCO. Cal. Feb. l5.--
A relief lightship broke from it
moorings at Cape Mendocino Tues.
day. II is In port here today All
on board are safe.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
FRENCH TAKE PRISONERS.
my Associated Press,

IWy Ash0ctated FFebBE
PARIS, Feb. 15-The French forces
penetrated the German lines at Aisne
last night. They captured number
OF prisoners.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15
. . = . . . = . . . .
TODAY AND A YEAR AGO.

Official readings of the Their
mometer by the United States
observer at Tonopah.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1918-02-15

Tonight and Saturday Fair;
Continued Cold.
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1918-08-30
Smiling bpber @itt til Trutot.

Morgenen efter 0e1 Sag, Sits .Weooer bab1e be-
1pgt fin SIN, bur bengaaet, 1roen at ben ganle baar6e
Sbebaf, Der 16gioroe Drengens i9obanlige Srofoit,
enonu bar ierberet al ben onoffabsfuloe 5ara, og aitt
iao mi og frgb i%an1nten &ufffelobnsfroge1, ur1aabe<
Zig %forbnriet oper 0eatre 8egipeDe6 og ipefuIereoe
paa ,on man for Srerrtioen biloe bergpe barn ielb
be1re r1agre Scott og Iaoe bon be1te, til ban aloffer1
ct fit itn f%Gbbarlige Mi6ongsn1a6, beltaae1oe al 11oget
baar6t 8rgb og nogle fogte &nrtofler, e1er ogiaa al
ct mrogert &ieoben. Meoens ban 16 Ser Ga tnr1ffte
paa alt oette, tom Climbing ino @ereliet, berer6e en-
Sfaal iant en Sol[erfen me6 nogle foIoe &urtofler
og en- %gurrrnel Epebaf, bDilfet BON late fra fig pua
8oroet, og benote fig oerpaa .neo ct onbifnbsf1rlbt
Grin til Sit, iigen6e::
u&itt, min 9reng, DIT bar beflaget Big for Sin
Deooer, at 61 life ff tIitreffenig Nea6, at ieg lIulteoe
Dig; Sin Weooer iagoe set til mig igaar, 90 leg m1pote
beroe;; 5a1n ifreg iaa bejt, at alle, iom pnr tilleoe,
f1noe bgre set. Set bot 1neget loot gjort, at beifploe
mig, oen n1en11efefigrlige Clubbing, for at Ia6e ct
Barr, iom er min Gienelte, lulte; men set gi9r lite til
noget, irget bill tro noget %iaaoaat, BERTH er jeg aHfor
goot ffienot. Seq bnr mi laoet Srofo1t til Big, oct er
mere, emo ieg og lille Cara 1pter Ell bel Sag :.
Som, lille &itt, iGt big Der sog lpis BIN Srofoft."
Slit Iprang op, o%perrnifet og gIao ober at faa Toa
11eget Waa6 puo en- @a1tg, og rpr1neoe 8 8oroct, til
ifpnoet at fin &nnger, 1,oen 1giere at tp11fe ODER set
britt llRbbunlige beo aft bette. Woe1 ban bap6e 1pp<
pc nern1et fia Boroet. fgr bon, i)oloe11oe begge @a11-
Der for Ne1er, forfqroet traf fig ftlbage.
80 fiiare S1sbono, bod er set for Maab2 Set er
10 en- ifrafftelig 21gt."
uSoao set er for Ma6? Miin ffiipre Dreng, set
er Silo, fogt Glib. Oct en- en- neget goo get st
ben er Iot ranooe1t forbeier Gfffdhten og giber ben en-
iproeles pifnut 5rrag fpS.1
s, leg en- nprbeo at ffDnles af 2llgten.
81 hu hlI iifffe .fipirie, 1,nar ieg gioer Big Waao,
% lao gaar OH bdgefter og beflager Big oper, d onI
lite foar noget. Oh ct en- 5IprgeIl On tilintetggiier
init gooe gaptt % ggapettte;; ou fnfaoer mig Cot for
GIT oct CODE, leg bebiier Big fpis, Dreng
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1918-08-30

rens BBortrRf, ION: ba11gte. poa geggen, % Gi6urti.s
betragteoe ligeeoes fin 9eoerfar1ne gers fiipre Eraff,
8 FAINT n1,ntleoe noget ON life at trettes elIer ittattle
fine fterforffftiing f6r BET e1ten lpttteoes bonn eaer
ban Iaa i fin grap.
Gerne 9eeooelelie bopoe giort ct opbt sSSnbtrptt paa.
@@illis, ban roffte boer at benz fin Saano % lopeoe
Dilligt og effer beofte Cone OF iltaa Dem Fl.
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1918-08-30
1 NoGEN D
MELODISAMLING.

T r~+= E
Heftet~ indeholder:
Geo. Dupont Hansen: Fantasi
over "Dejlig er Jorden".
O. A. NJ. Andersen Derovre bag
Golfens Str9mme. CA. Dolleris)
Kr. 0stergaard: vi er ej Rebel
Ter. CIR. 0stergaard).
c. Christensen: Hvis jeg
kommer hjem. til Danmark.
q. c. Bay).
]. Nellemann: vi er F@stere.
(Kr. 0stergaard).
Heftet koster kun....
portofrit tilsendt. <0~
c. RASMUSSEN, COMPANY
72o-722 So. 4th Street,
Minneapolis, MINI.
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1918-08-30
Fem meIodier.

AT dansk-amerikanske Kompo-
mister og serlig til dansk-
amerikanske Sange.
DISSE MELODIER FINDES