davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-10-16
ALL FRANCE IS
THRILLED WITH
WILSON'S NOTE
by WILLIAM PHILIP sIMus

Omitted Press Correspondepn
FAIRS, Oct. iGl-I'restIeot
Wilson pins Prussia 10 the wall :
This sums up French opinion
81 the terrific, straightforward.
shoulder blow, which IN uniyer.
sally appIauded here.
The impression h. that the p,e.,.
dents document la one of the mo-,
historic Of the war. Some neyspa.
perh publish ~ I'm both French ana
English. Ia order that the neanlny
Of not one word shall be nislnsr.
prcted.
There n more talk on the note 4,
restaurants, In the theatres and on
the streets than there is about Tho
allied offensivea.
Various comments were heard
among then being:
The answer IL more dangerou,
than high explosives TO the kaiser.
gang"
The note will knock from IN.
skulls OF the boches any idea tia,
they can shilly.shally with the al.
lies"
War End Nearer
The note brings the end Of tia
war nearer. The Huns must admir-
their whole scheme was a ruse q,
else fra nkly surrender"
Wilson's stock was never higher
In France than IL Is today.
Deputy Marcel Semball, writing
in L'Heure. said:
Wilson finds his inspiration in Nj,
conscience. That IN Why we are mn,
uneasy. The conscience OF President
Wilson In In intimate accord with the
conscience OF the people"
The feeling here Is that the mes
sage VIII have the widest re-percus.
sion. not only inside. but also OUTSIDE
Of Germany.
Many think Il win go far toward
assisting Austria Hungary and Tur.
key 10 make up their minds as 10 tho
course they will pursue. They are
expected 10 board the Bulgarian band
wagon any time.
Meanwhile. Foch's bayonets con.
unue the negotiations. Hindenburg.
Ludendorff and the crown prince
have even deeper humiliation In
store.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-10-16
RENTAL BOARD
CUTS PROFITS
OF LANDLORDS

with hardly squoal. several rent
hogs were slaughtered Tuesday even
INK In the Securities building By the
fair rentals commission. Altho many
cason Of gross proflteorinR have been
brought TO the attention Of the com.
mission. the secretary. &. y. Arney.
jr.. states that the landlords general
~ have shown IA disposition 10 coop
crate with the commission ana con.
form 10 It's orders.
Altogether 10 cases were consid-
cred az Tuesdays meeting. II was
disclosed that the landlord Of an
apartment house in the Queen Anne
district had increased the rent for
tworoorn apartments. without bath.
from i2i 10 f22 In May. 10 f23 in
June. TO i2s in September. Then the
tenants protested and were ordered
10 yacate.
After Inspecting the premises. the
rent for these apartments was fixed
at f23 per month
Another landlord wns forbidden TO
raise the rent for "A small. twor0om.
ed housekeeping apartment from s.
10 81 "A week
The rent Of a sixroomed house in
an undesirable part OF the city had
been jumped from t35 20 1880. The
landlord was told 20 come down 10
the former amount.
a landlord who had raised rent
from 1850 10 1880 was brought
down 10 s25.
In successive jumps the rent OF
three rooned apartments. belonging
20 one profiteer had been increased
from us In December, 1917. 10
1880 at the present time. This
figure was reduced by the commits.
sion 10 s25.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-10-16
PAyssE POsTPONEs MEETING

Tho Sportsnen's association win
not meet until the nu epidemic is
over. President Paysse announced
Thursday.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-10-16
SLAMS LIBERTY BONDS,
THEN LANDS IN JAIL

Charles oHter. ~ years old. a
Finn. was arrested by officer X. l..
Webb. Wednesday. on the charge
that he had made disparaging re.
marks against the purchase Of
Liberty bonds. lie was turned over
10 federal authorities for investiga-
ton. Webb says that Oster has
been In the United States since 1901
and has never bought any Liberty
bonds. altho he came down from
Alaska two months ago with 5000.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-10-16
Wantssi--ltrai Estate

n WDHtfh--1NaI TsStHtt
~ YOu WANT no SELL YOUR
property. list ~ with ua. We can
sell IT.
J. ~. JAIN q co.
sii Eitei Bldg. second. at Pike.
~ YOU WANT QUICK ACTION ON
small houses and vacant lots list
with va.
A. NJ JEWETT.
tio2 First Ave. Elliott bG3i.
WANT no MY or RENT a g. or
Groom furnished house Room
400 Plaza Hotel Elliott p3s.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-10-16

WILL BUY LIBERTY BONDS
200 Pacific Electric Welder.
500 Alaska Petroleum and Coal.
500 Western Smelling and Power.
500 Universal High Power Tel.
I WILL SELL
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-10-16
ALL WAR WORK
IS NOW UNIFIED
Dispatch From Cari D.
Croat

WASHINGTON. Oct. i6.-Unity
now holds sway in American-alIied
war work.
Capitalization OF effort which
started with unification OF command
under Gen. Foch. has now been ex.
tended TO every branch OF the war
service. Virtual inter.aIlied pools
have been established for supplies,
ships. airplanes. transportation and
dockage. The latest important pro-
grams to come under co-ordinated
control are the vast airplane pro
duction and operation schemes and
the tremendous transportation ques-
ton.
Unity and coordination have be-
come concrete under the latest con
situations OF American and allied
officials. Each nation Is going
ahead with airplane work on lines
for which II In best equipped.
This win probably mean that con-
siderable United States effort here
after viii be directed TO Liberty
Motor construction. while assembl
ing win then be done abroad TO
greater extent than heretofore.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-10-16

These cars are not the
usual offering OF cx-
changed cars. but real.
houest-to-goofncss bar
gains.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-10-16
GERMANS SUPPRESS
ESTHONlAN CULTURE

Especial to The Star by n. r. Al
STOCKHOLM, oct. 1.-THE Ger
mans are suppressing Esthonian ma
tional life and culture in every pos
sible day, closing the eschools, CEN
soring thepress. and even forbiddins
all Esthonian music.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-10-16
Acreage
IMPROVED 20 ACRES
GOOD DISTRICT. FINE SOIL

between g and Z acres: thor
ouahiy cleared and cropped;
some land picked up and
seeded 10 pasture. stream
through property. besides
stock; large building for
farming implements. black
smith shop. etc. young fruit
trees; berries Of ali kinds;
furniture and tools can be had
with place AT reasonable
price. within easy driving
distance Of Seattle public
markets. Price 1880. terms
$500 cash. balance easy
monthly payments. Burke A
rarrar. Inc. 20s New York
Block.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-10-16
West seattle Property

ti.i00. EASY TERMS = GROOM
cottage. light and water. Sound
view. near carl lot ipxi20. fenced .
In garden. Fauntiefoy car 10
Juneau st o. A. Young
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-10-16
10000 LAWS OF WAR
PASSED IN GERMANY

Especial TO The Star by n +. Al
BERNIE. Oct l7,-During the war
$. 400 special war laws and $4,000 teu'
eral council regulations" have been
enacted. at the rate OF 200 week. In
Germany
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-10-16

WE BUY BONDS
WE PAY CASH NO DELAYS
Denominations OF
$50. 500. $500. 81. 600
Aside from honda we offer pre-
ferred high grade securities
paying 10.
Come in--Sco us-we are ut
your scrSicc.
WESTERN STOCK & BOND CO.
zoo Central building.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-10-16
For Sale-tutonobiies

MEN Nj y 4 y
" NJ NJ " NJ NJ VI NJ ~ VI " " NJ
NJ
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-10-16

ENJOY 4 CAR THIS WIN
TER; THEN, on THE
ARRIVAL OF SPRING.
sEt.IA ~ YOU DESIRE.
FOR WHATS you PAID
AND MORE.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-10-16

First Lieut.. Edmund G.. Chamber.
lain, marine corps aviator. was rec
commended for the Victoria cross and
the congressional medal OF honor for
downing five boche airplanes and dis
aiding two while on flight as guest
of British air squadron. on July Is.
Landing with a disabled engine be-
hind the Hun lines. he dispersed
company with his machine gun and
took one prisoner. when he reached
the airdrome. he asked that his ex'
plot be kept secret. as he feared
reprimand. because he was on fur
Tough.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1918-10-16
GERMAN CHILDREN
GET "MUST" ORDER

AMSTERDAM. Oct. 1.-THE Ger
mans are farcing schoolchildren 10
help In the harvests. a circular dis
tributed in the Munich schools say
ing: III the children of 10 years or
over refuse TO colletc the plants, the
holidays will be Cancelled and they
win he compelled TO undertake tho
harvesting in school hours"
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-04-17
Gypsy SMITH TO SPEAK
Noted English ENnnEeli,t to Address.
Mnss-McctinE at city Auditorium
To-HOrrOw Night.

Gypsy Smith. the noted evangelist
and singer OF England born in a
Gypsy tent. for tho past twelve months
in the trenches among the men on the
western front, comes 10 Richmond to-
morrow as tho guest OF the Central
Young Mems Christian Association. He
Will address the Richmond public "A:
tho City Auditorium a. Sis o'clock.
Tonight nc viii be at Stanton. and
speak for his son, Gypsy. Ir who il
conducting an evanCcIiStic mission
there. Last night Invitations to seats
on tho stage were mailed to tho pas
tors OF the city, tho Liberty loan COM
Inittec. tho directors Of the Young
Mems Christian Association 10 repro
scntativcs OF Red Cross. war savings
stamps committee. 'hc National War
Work Council. tho state Y NJ g. a..
the Railroad. street Car and Medical
College Y. NJ. G. As. and other lead
inr organizations. and TO state and
city officers.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-04-17
Check Is Sent for
MdryBoumanFund
Worthy Colored Woman Who
Lost Hcr Home by Fire Is
in Dire Need.

rhCcly r., - ,,,,
'e"' " Ing
D'"pa'ch yesterday to Robert
Gillian. Sr.. treasurer OF the fund
being raised for the relief of Mary
Eowman a wor,by co,o-oa u., -,
ro,o,
% 'oS' "e' n'''e
an" 10 contents ID! IRE. Attention Was
called to this case by Colonel W. Cor
don McCabc. of Richmond. who made
the frs, con,rib,,,io, for her ,ol;of ,,d
,,.;,,
'"''
"'' ''' "o"'"h ios' "c' nome ana It's
contents but there was also burned
500 which she had just collected in
insurance on tho life Of bor so, ubo
,o,,,,. ,;.,
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-04-17
FOUR-MINUTG MEN HEAR
ADDRESS ON THEIR WORK
w. Curtis Nicholson, OF Washington,
Guest OF Iichmond Division Mt
the "rhtmUrcIand Club.

w. Curtis Nicholson. OF Washington,
one OF three associate directors o,
the national organization OF Four
Minute Men. was tho principal CUES,
OF the Richmond Division % Four
Minute Men az a supper last night a,
the Wcsimoreland club. where he ad-
dressed the local chapter as the per
sonal representative or Director ". {.
Blair. State Chairman Lewis II.
Machcn was also guest
MIR. Nicholson stated that there arc
1000 Four Minute Men IN the United
states. and that the organization is
now existing IN Alaska, Hsiwii and
thr Canal Zone II" stated that there
arc i.2oe loca! cha.rrnen. He said, at-
ter discussing the causes Of the war
and tho necessity OF Americas on
trance Into il, tina. this country had
I" fight 20 finish that excluded i'm
mature. unsuccessful and doubtful!
peace.
He thcn stated that the Four Min
utr Men were the the mouthpiece OF
tho President, and that !: was their
object TO present the pleas and causes
throughout the United States lie laid
stress on the extension of these four
minute speeches into rural districts
The orig NAL jurisdiction Of tho orCani-
zation vas the moving picture theatc-
where II had exclusive privileges. He
said that i was the intention of so
organizing the local chapters tina,
speakers could be present a. all ready.
made meetings.
Several other short talks were made
regarding the ways and means Of do
vc!opinS the organization. Mr. NiChol-
son rsvc many practical suggestions
IN answer TO questions relating to
specific local difficulties The meeting
was enthusiastic and harmonious.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-04-17
CABELL ELECTED
Chosen President Of Richmond Stock
Exchange. Succeeding william
y. Iurkc.

Henry L. Cabcll was elected prcsi-
dent OF tho Richmond Stock Exchange
yesterday at tho annual meeting OF
that organization, succeeding Will
lam y. Luckc, who resigned Russell
e. Williams was elected vice president
and Caskie O. Burch was reelected
secretary and treasurer. Only routine
business was considered at tho meet
ing. Mr.. Cabcll. the new president. ia
one OF tho best known stock brokers In
Richmond. and has always taken active
interest in tho affairs of tho exchange
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-04-17
Union Prayer service.

Rev. Thomas Scmmcs. -. n. rector
: Meade Memorial Episcopal churcn.
i'll be tho speaker At tho union PRAYER
nd rraisc service TO b: held tonight
, the FIRST English EvanSnlica!
lutheran Church. in which tho follow
ne congregations VIII unite VIZ
Presbyterian, Hanover
venue Christian, Monument Mctho-
list and First English Lutheran. The
crvice will begin a. u o'clock.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-04-17
increase Freight Rates

Permission to increase its commodity
rcicht rates u per cent was yesterday
-rantcd tho Potomac. Fredericksburg
nd Piedmont Railway. a narrow gauge
Dad operating between Fredericksburg
md Orange. No opposition to tho
increase Vas voiced by patrons of tho
-oad who were given ;hc required
legal notice OF the presentation OF
he application.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-04-17
COMMITTEE POSTPONES
ACTION ON SALARIES
Members Decide TO Give Special
Hearing Tuesday to Consider Pc
titiOns OF City Employees.
DELEGATIONS ATTEND MEETING
Employees Not Ready TO Present
Their Claims to Finance Commit
tcc-Scvcral Matters OF Minor I'm
portancc Arc Considered.

All action on the petitions OF various
city employees for increased salaries
because Of tho high cost OF living
was postponed last night by tho Coun-
ell Committee on Finance because
members believed they should all be
considered at tho same time. Several
delegations appeared before the ccm-
mittcc and explained that they were
not ready II go into tho matter. The
committee. in executive session. fixed
next Tuesday night for q public hear
ing on the petitions. Members of the
Administrative Board and other officials
vii! be invited to attend this meet /
ing.
Representatives. Of the Fire Depart
mcnt attended tho meeting o. the corr
mitt"c. but explained trat Commission
"r ". y. Chcatwood, who was dole
gated rs a committee from the Board
Of FIRE Commissioners. had been cali
cd out of tho city and was una 70
TO prc.cut tho matter 10 .he commit =
tcc. In the absence Of MIR. Chcatwood
the nremcn did not think that the
matter should he discussed
Members Of the Fire Departm re-
Gently voted additional time off ra./er
than an increase in their salaries. and
the Board OF Fire Commissioners in
formed tho Finance Committee that
this request could be granted il thirty
four additional ncn were given the
department. representing an cXpe:di-
,ure o. about $4,000. Several mem
hers Of tho committee believed that
tho change could be made without so
great an expenditure. and wanted some
member Of the fire board TO explain
tho matter.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-04-17

buyers holding OFF Banks slow re-
porting. Believe results by end OF
week Will show marked Improvement.
Honor rolls being posted in majority
Of plants and 100 per cent OF employees
aimed AT"
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-04-17
FIVE

tian Church and u'a7 ono or ,hs ,v,
oldcS, members oc the McWane Su,d,,.
school class. He ~ survived bv Me
VIE and six daughters. Misses Lilir
lncz, Nellie. Vaughan. Pearl and Eu,n
Thomas. all of Lynchburc
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-04-17

who was injured in fall February &c
while at work here. died late SUNDAY
a. tho Home and Retreat iIc VAS "a
native Of Nelson County. but had lived
here twenty years. During that
time he was a member OF First Chris
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-04-17
LEGAL AID SOCIETY ASKS
SMALL AEPKOPRI ALTON

IS Il result. tic matter was most
poned. Petitions from the Police De-
partm"nt. employees OF tho Gas Works
and the Water Department were also
pa Sscd by for consideration at the
same time.
Geo.se Ryan appeared before .he
committee in behalf OF TIE resolution
offered a. the last meeting OF the
Common Council TO appropriate $500
10 tho Legal Md Society. Mr.. Bryan
explained briefly the purposes of the as
ISOLATION and The Grca. work tina: it
Was doing in Richmond r. Vaughan
Gary also appeared before the COM
m!ttec. and declared that tho approp-
ration would only help dcfray a Dor
iion OF the associations expenses. :.
sala-lod attorney is to be employed
and tho appropriation would help bear
this expense. No action WAS taken by
III" committee IN the matter.
Councilman John w Moore ur-eG
me committee to direct the cordcnn-
alton Of the necessary land for the
opening Of q street in Swansboro. near
TIVE nty-ninth street, which! would give
AN outlet for the fire apparatus located
in this section. This Improvement was
recommended. Mr.. Moore also sought
30 have the ten foot alley IN the block
bounded by Fifteenth Street and Cow
:rdin Avenue, Porter and Perry Streets
w'dcncd 10 fourteen feet for shor,
distance, but action was postponed.
The comrittce considered tn, COM
promise agreement suggested in ;hc
SurEe property controversy. which
has been pending for several wears
citting OF Thirty srvcnth. Thirty eighth
and Thirty-nirth Streets below grade
several years ago. The common isc
suggested is s., 900.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-04-17
SEEK TO SPEED UP
LOCAL BOND SALES


tcrday that the Walhovcr Shoe Com
pany had placed a subscription Of 81 900
IN Richmond through the booth CON
Ladies' Hebrew Benevolent Association.
The general headquarters OF IN.
women's committee has bccn removed
TO Eleventh and Bank Streets. in the
building occupied by the Richmond
committee. which will direct the activ-
tiles OF all organizations participating
in the campaign.
announcement was made by the com
ihlttcc OF the plan now being worked
out by which Liberty Loan Clubs" will
DO organized in every manufacturing
and industrial plant in tho city. The
| committee will organize the workers.
! with the assistance OF employers. and
every plant registering 100 per cent
Will be given handsomely engraved
and framed certificate. This plan is
, similar TO the honor roll also planned
by the committee. and is expected to
result in many Subscriptions
Alvin NJ. Smith talked and sang at
tn" Lyric Thcatcr last night. and urged
the people to buy Liberty bonds His
song vas What Arc You Doing 10
: Help the Boys" and tho chorus was
flashed on the screen, that the audience
| might join in the singing. Tho
speakers AT this thcatcr this after
noon and tonight arc y. n. Sills, W.
| II. Adams and Henry Schwarzschild
WOMEN'S COMMITTEE SELLS
ss2,sOO IN BONDS DURING DAY
The general woman's committee Of
the third Liberty loan drive reported a
total last night of ss.,S0O for ycstcr-
days sales. The highest sale was made
by st. Johns Circle of Kings Daush-
tcrs at the booth at Miller 6; Rhoads
under tho direction of the two chair
mcn Mrs. s. T. Coward!n and Mrs.
Arthur Mann. The amount was $4,000.
There will be special days at the big
department stores in the city on which
the employees will buy and sell bonds.
Thalhimer's day will be Tomorrow and
Mrs S. r. Livingstone Will be chair
man OF the day. Miller & Rhoads and
Cohen's day will be Saturday Mrs. w
Il. Massie will be chairman OF the spe-
cial day at Miller & Rhoads and Mrs
Sam Cohen at Cohen's store.
Retail clothing stores OF The city arc
working hard TO sell Liberty bonds In
many OF the stores. II was shown By
'h' tePoE u iidd" 70 tHe committee yes
terday. 90 per cent of the clerks were
bondholders. The committee was ad-
vised OF subscriptions as follows:
Jacobs & Levy, $3.50; Grcentrce's
$500; Horace Wright Co. $1,000:
simon Sycle. $500; Burk e. Co, $50:
Woodall & Quarles. $500: Hub Cloth
ing Company, 1880; Young Mems
shop. $3.50; Cans Rady Co. 81. 900; Globe
Clothing Company. sl.15o, and Kirk
Parrish Co. $3.50.
The publicity committee OF the Fifth
District yesterday sent the following
telegram TO general headquarters at
Washington:
situation throughout district we'll
in hand and developments OF interest
ing character will soon be forthcom-
ing. Reports indicate unusually large
number OF small buyers, with large
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-03-25
Il. d. HICKMAN REPORTS BIG
..,RGSIN ESS.. ..syI .,..

go 49, b-- ..'
Gates Hatf!soleet tires are surely taxi.
ing hold in this part OF the country.
according to II. ID. Hickman, manager
of the Northwestern Tire and. Rub
Der company. 1t. has only been . few
weeks since tpis company was formed
stalled. 1t is now one Of the, busiest
plants in town. Hundreds Of worn
tires are or the floor ready sto&be.
made new hundreds of tires are
hanging. ready 10 bc>packed and sent
away. having all the appearance Of
being absolutely new. In fact, you
cannot teil.them from new tires. In
these days Of economy. Gates Half
Sole tires are surely a. boon. /"
One of thu explanations for the
fact that migrating birds are able to
find their way by night and. in cloudy
weather is that they are. sensitive to
currents Of terrestrial magnetism:
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-03-25
mLoOKED LIKE "A Safe BETTo
= SANlMIEI

A little group OF American soldiers.
smoking salon of a Giant German
Timer, Communicated by the govern,
;ment, to, transport our troops over
seas. were calmly discussing topics Of
every day interest on the &eveSof their
landing. With danger at. every hand,
stealthy uudersea pirate would. stink
up within striking distance ana send
home the deadly torpedo, these fell.
lows smoked-and hughing!ly lEpecu-
lated on the new life that Was before
them lover there" '
One sammie. a former businees
mar Of Warrington. d. c., and q mo-
toring enthusiast, expreased.his regret
at not being able to bring along his
This chanca remark turned the
conversation into q general discussion
related some persoal experience, or
mentionedN the likeable> features of
his favorite roadster or touring car,
the Washington man asked his bunk
les IL they expected to eind q familiar
American name plate on the cars in
France. AWithout a dissenting voice,
It was agreed that probably the very
first automobye to greet them "over
there" would be a @ell known flivver.
1HdI seelhea" 70 oo y pEetLy ddIo pet.
However. the boys were disappointed.
This is evident from the reading OF
the letter of the Washington soldier
to Colonel W. c. Long. distributor Of
Stakeholder cars in the capital city, in
which he said. Coming over on the
ship, all WI fellows were guessing
that the first car we would see would
:abesg;;a Ford. Wand when we got.Shere,
:thssfEfftst one we saw was; a s~tudebaker