davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1918-01-24
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industrial workers in the war emer-
gency.
In The Fields.
In the farming districts throughout
the whole of warning Europe and in
Canada women have put their hands
IN the plow and have not turned back
NV reason of obstacles which in normal
times would have been as an iron bar
rier against their woman strength.
They have sowed, reaped and harvest
cd with the spirit and determination
displayed by their men on the fields Of
battle.
In this, as in other countries. wom-
nm have taken their places as chauf-
,ours as car drivers, even as express
men. stepping automatically into the
hroach made by departure of men
,yorters into the Army. AS automo-
h,,a operators they are applying them
seIves not only to driving cars. but are
studving the mechanism from the
scientific and mechanical point OF
View and are making good at their
task.
throughout the United States rail.
roods are employing women in many
conacities. and in the interest of effi.
cheney they are opening schools of in.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1918-01-24

not been spared as to strength in the
matter Of handling the freight of the
railroads throughout the empire. They
have not hesitated to go down into
shipyards to undertake the heroic part
OF mending the boats which have suf-
fered the ravages of the submarine.
Women are largely and appropriately
employed in reupholstering the big
ships, and with the same ease they
have adapted themselves to the task
OF laying electric wires. In brass
foundries they have learned to manip-
ulate the molten metal with ease and
dexterity and in iron foundries they
are not shrinking from tho use of the
bellows and hammer.
These are only few OF the heavier
and more unusual forms of manual
work to which the. women of England
have set their hands to save the day
for their country. From Canada come
reports of women entering many fields
of labor hitherto closed to them. It
has been found that unframed women
have been successfully employed on
five-hour shifts for such occupations
as strengthening the barrels on rifles
by machine. These women are used
to supplement. not to supplant. the
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1918-01-24

with the. woman In overalls'
especially II she be oiling the wheels
and bolts of an engine or wheeling
heavily laden freight truck with light
and dexterous hand across railroad
platform. Those pictures are impress
sive. and they stand for much but
they bear only a small part in the
whole picture of women who have en-
tered the industrial field.
1t Is the army of women who are
crowding into the arsenals and NUM-
tons factories to assist in making
the implements and munitions of war
and the thousands who are manurac-
turing the materials for soldiers wear,
with those who are taking their places
In the machine shops, the automobile
and the airplane factories who are
doing big part in carrying on the
Industry of the nation.
English Workers.
In England the women have been
employed not only in making sails for
battle planes. but they are attaching
those sails to frames and are even
being entrusted with the task of weld
Ing the metal parts together. one OF
the most difficult fcats in the making
of the flying machine. and one on
which the actual life of the aviator
depends
The sturdier English women have
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1918-01-24
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ability to perform profitable work in
the market garden, orchards and even
In the grain fields. Their work was
done by the day. and in few cases.
groups OF women formed farming
units and established camps in the
agricultural neighborhoods where
there was a shortage of man power.
At the beginning OF the season the
farmers treated the feminine offers
with some scorn. but before harvest
the women had become a valuable
agricultural asset in the farming Sec
tons of New York and New Jersey.
This phase of woman's work has been
deemed especially we'll fitted to fem
mime hands, and many delicate women
have found themselves growing strong
at their open air tasks.
Openings for women in the less
arduous lines OF city work are to be
found in the elevator, messenger, and
kindred forms Of unskilled labor left
open by the men and boys called to
military duty. The telephone and tele-
graph companies are calling for wom-
en- to aid them in their extending serv-
Ices, and the banks are admitting
women to their offices.
Safeguarding Health
With women crowding into industry
tho Government realizes the necessity
for the exercise of protective meas
ures In the matter of safeguarding the
health of tho women. limiting their
hours OF labor and setting a wage
standard for them. 1t believes that
to save wastage of woman strength
Is even more essential than to avoid
waste of materials. Measures are be-
ing taken by the Department of La
Dor and by the Council of National
Defense to set standards for women
in industry not only to meet the pres
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1918-01-24

guns in such a position $ TO draw
the attention of aircraft and keep
them from finding the real guns. 1t
Is also applied to the color of uni
forms. Thus Mr.. George Bernard
Shaw in describing his recent visit to
the front writes, Il have seen Ipres
again. This time though still super
animated civilian / was in khaki, ike
everybody else by way of camoufiage."
A military man gives the definition
Of camouflage as "the art of conceal
ment by devices assimilated to natures
methods and surroundings"
1t goes without saying that camou-
1age Is of paramount Importance
where there are positionsand especially
artillery batteries the situation (which
is to be hidden from the enemy. The
French, Germans and Italians have
gotten the art of concealment down
to a real science, but the British are
far from perfect as on one or two oc-
casions they have painted an aero
plane hangar a green gray and left a
number Of tents about it in their
natural color. In another place, for
some unaccountable reason, the tents
were striped to represent fences and
instead of concealing them the stripes
called attention to airmen that some.
thing was being hidden and the Ger.
man airmen proceeded to drop bombs
on the imitation fence with disastrous
results to the British soldiers who
were encamped at this point.
Austrian And German Concealmcnt
The Germans and Austrians have
been particularly successful in hiding
their road by a camouflage Of trees
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1918-01-24
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guns the same shade also covering
the tops with sod. Even the faces
of the gunners were covered with
green masks and it was difficult to dis
tinguish them from the surrounding
scenery. At another point they set
I'D fake guns and wooden gunners
beside them. Pretty soon the Aus
trian aeroplanes flew over and began
to pepper the fake guns and gunners
wasting their bombs and energy. In
the meantime Italian airmen went up
and brought down one Of the enemy
machines. The imitation guns and
gunners suffered severely while the
real ones remained unframed.
French Artists.
The French are past masters in the
art Of camouflage and in many in
stances their humbugging DISCUSSES
have saved the day. At one time the
Germans thought they commanded a
railway track far into the distance
behind the French lines. The whole
thing, however, was fake, the track,
the signals. rails and ties, the trees
that fenced the lines and the hills on
the horizon were all painted on a
screen by clever French poilu camou-
fleurs and set up in the night across
a village street which was needed for
military operations. The Germans
were driven back by the men who
passed under the screen before they
had time to use the railroad and
never discovered the clever ruse.
Chicken wire Is the foundation for
much of the camouf1age work. Reeds
and grass woven through it are used
to conceal positions and unless the
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1918-01-24
How the Armies Succeed
In POOLING Each Other
By Various Tricks of
Painting and Screening
ofTrees Marine Cam.
outage.
Copyright, 1917. by The International
Syndicate


~ERTAIN THINGS which tend to
mislead are justified when the
u end to be sought is of some
~ good and the use of the means
works no hardship to the innocent.
The art of camouflage in war comes
under the above rule and is one Of
the new projections for the soldier
which is brought out in the present
war-a war which has forced the in
'ventive genius of each nation to tho
front The aeroplane has become the
eyes of the army and when the aero
plane of the enemy suffers from optical
illusions and the soldiers are saved the
end justifies tho means. Various def
nitons are given for the word which
really means taking by way of conceal
ment Of trenches, positions, guns, etc.
"A military manual gives as the defini-
tion "Humbugging Disguise" Its
main principle is the destruction OF
outline by paint or other artifice.
Word Unknown Before The War.
1t Is a word unknown to pre-war
dictionaries and has come to be used
as O general term covering all kinds
OF protective celebration for military
purposes and other forms of conceal
ment, such as the screening of an ex-
posed section of a road, or the hiding
of gun positions from aeroplanes by
screens of foliage or placing dummy
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1918-01-24

At one place several miles of road
was hidden by the branches of trees
being tied on ropes and hung across
the road. Many times the aeroplanes
of the Allies passed over this road
while Austrian regiments were pass
ing over 1t hauling some of their big
guns and failed to discover them at
all. taking the road for forest.
The Germans too have succeeded
in concealing many Of their trenches
and guns by tree limbs, som etimes by
actually transplanting young trees.
They have even built dummy trenches
and succeeded in drawing in fire in
that direction from the French, while
they were firing from another direc-
ton entirely.
Italian Art.
The Italians have had excellent re-
suits in camoutlaging many of their
Alpine positions by covering the sand
bags with snow balls and by wearing
white uniforms which could not be
distinguished from the snow. They
are also clever in setting up dummy
guns in the snow so as to draw fire
in that direction while the real guns
are hidden some distance away. One
particularly good looking dummy gun
caused an Austrian aiIman to use SO
many bombs that when he did find
the real gun he was out of bombs and
by the time he returned the Italians
had hidden the real gun under the
snow and had another fake" in place
at which he banged away for some
time.
At another place they dressed Their
machine gunners in uniform Of
grasshopper green and painted the
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1918-01-24

service. The French were the first to
use 1t with success and they have now
developed 1T to perfection. Later the
other countries tried 1t with more or
less success.
Americans 10 Study The Art.
In the American Army the art Of
camoufiage will be under the direc-
ton Of the Engineer Corps and the
Chief of Engineers has issued a call
for ingenious young men who are
looking for special entertainment in
the way of fooling the Germans" The
Engineer Corps have been making q
study Of amouflage for some time but
they will welcome new ideas on the
subject and their call for men for
this new branch includes various
trades and professions. They espe-
cfally desire sheet metal workers, sign
and scene painters, carpenters, cabinet
makers, stage carpenters, property
men and photographers. These men
can make themselves useful by devils
ing means and ways of deceiving the
enemy wherever q machine gun is set
up or trench taken, where a new
L
Moving picture directors. scene paint
ers and movie property men will be
particularly useful in this line for they
are adopts in the use of tricks in
scenery. Then too they are especially
resourceful along these lines. Already
our troops lover There" are making
use of the new science as the tents
Of one entire camp are camoufiaged
with branches Of trees. 1t Is expected
that the entire equipment Of our army
will be hidden by scene painters and
wire workers in order that the enemy
aeroplanes may be blinded as to the
position of our men.
Marine Camoufiage.
Marine Camouflage began early in
the war when Germany hid her U
boats by using her wireless masts as
supports for sails, which made them
appear to other vessels as harmless
sail boats until they were close enough
to their prey to fire a torpedo. Another
ruse practiced by U-boats was to hide
behind some neutral vessel and then
come suddenly from behind and fire q
torpedo into the unsuspecting mer
chairman. One particularly bold trick
of the U-boat Is told. 1t seems that 6
big American vessel was zigzaggint
it's way of the Irish Coast on a moon
light night. when suddenly the mai
on watch saw a boat bobbing up ant
down on the water. By the aid o
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1918-01-24
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enemy aircraft flies low enough to be
brought down by the anti aircraft
guns they do not discover the camp
or trench of the men.
At another place a supply train was
painted to represent a row of cot
tages and went through without a
mishap from the enemies aeroplanes
over and over, guns made from Sec
tons of telegraph poles and the fore
truck of wagon with boards for gun
shields have foiled the Germans. One
particular stunt Of the French is to
put a couple of ounces of gunpowder
on tin shelf at the muzZle and fire
it by electricity, especially when the
real gun is being fired elsewhere. The
dummy gun always tempts the enemy
to waste many rounds of perfectly
good live shell and wears out his
energy as well, for there Is nothing so
disheartening to military man as
to discover that he has been fooled.
Machine guns are hidden by the
emplacements being covered by sod
care being taken that no sod be re.
moved nearby. Dummy trenches are
built in places which will not endan.
ger the real position. The French of.
ten cover these dummy trenches with
the limbs of trees which soon wither
This. of course, gives the enemy an
idea that the trenches were concealed
by tree limbs which have withered
and they invariably open fire on the
dummies. Early in the war the wav
ing plumes and white gloves of the
men proved excellent targets for fh<
German gunners and had to be aban
doned. Pretty soon trench warfare
became the all important way of fight
ing and concealment became neces.
sary. Artists of all ranks were called
to assist and camoufiage became on,
of the important branches Of the arm,
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1918-01-24
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glasses they soon discovered that 1t
was ships lifeboat. When the boat
was overhauled it was found empty.
Just at that time the gun crew sighted
a submarine prepared to FIRE. The
Captain swung his ship around and
the torpedo passed the bow within FIVE
feet. The gun crew fired twice and
the gunners were not sure of the effect
Of the shot. However, the big vessel
escaped destruction. The life boat
was undoubtedly a ruse Of the SUBJ
marine to get at the big vessel.
Another camouHage by the U-boat Is
to surround the periscope with drift
wood which gives 1t the appearance
Of a harmless looking mass Of sea
weed or debris, and before the ship
selected as victim gets close enough
to discover the trick the torpedo does
its work.
Battleships are always painted a pc.
culiar gray which Is a sort Of camou-
flage Of the ocean. Recently 1t has
been suggested that the superstruc.
ture Of the ship be painted a blue to
match the sky or some other color to
blend with the horizon. Another idea
Is to paint the ship in a wavy design
to represent the ocean. This makes
the ship rather indistinct in the eye
Of the periscope.
A we'll known naval authority in
speaking of Marine Camouf1age re-
Gently declared that clever feats Of
the art enabled vessels to appear much
shorter than they are tending to de-
ceive the U-boat marksmen. There is
also another type OF deception such
as painting a fake bow waves which
gives the vessel the appearance Of
travelling along at much higher rate
OF speed than they are actually going.
This fools the U-boat gunner and he
usually fires too soon and wastes his
torpedo long before the boat actually
reaches the point aimed at. Recently
1t has been given out that Edison has
invented folding or collapsible boat.
one In which the smoke stacks and
sails will fold down. The vessel can
be painted the color of the water and
when the danger zone is reached the
Captain can fold down his masts and
tunnels and slip through the water
unobserved. 1t is believed that Yam
kee inventive genius will exceed the
clever and artistic Frenchman in this
hocus pocus branch of the service OF
Mars. and that we shall soon hear OF
some new and remarkable camouf1agt
by the American Engineers.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1918-01-24

structions in connection with the vari-
Gus branches in which there Is need
for woman labor. Women are rapidly
replacing men as ticket agents, as
freight clerks and as package check
ers, and are performing their work
with satisfaction to their employers.
In the yards and shops women have
already demonstrated themselves as
the equals, and in many cases as the
superiors, of men as car cleaners.
A note OF warning has been issued
in connection with the employment Of
women in railroad labor in the United
States. In their eagerness to take
work abandoned by the men who have
gone into military service they have
overlooked the limit placed on fem
mine strength. 1t was found by In
vestigators that in some OF the rail-
road yards women were being en-
ployed to sort scrap metal. in the op-
Grafton of which they were compelled
to lift loads far beyond their strength.
Committees on Women in Industry are
taking an active interest in this fea-
ture of women in war work.
The Policcwoman.
The policewoman of the United
States, largely product of the war
| emergency, has come to stay. and 1t
is readily understood that this Is a
beneficial innovation. In connection
with the increase to women laborers.
statistics recently sent out from De-
troit show that within late months
the increase in women service en-
ployed in factories and workshops Is
almost three times greater than that
of men.
To the women in the agricultural
districts the farm offers an exceptional
opportunity for service. Women In
the States of New York and New Jer'
sey last summer demonstrated their
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1918-01-24
ent need but to take care Of the stu
alton after the war Is over.
Woman Committee.

ent need but to take care Of the stu
alton after the war Is over.
Woman Committee.
To bring about the maximum OF eff
fectiveness of the woman power OF
the country. the Council of National
Defense has created a woman's or
ganization which will provide ac-
curate information upon labor condi-
tons as they relate to women In all
parts of the country. The organiza-
ton is known as the Committee on
Women in Industry Of the Advisory
Commission Of the Council OF Ma
tional Defense. This is practically
subcommittee OF the Committee on
Labor of the Council OF National De-
tense, which is headed by the labor
leader, Samuel Gompers.
This Committee has a membership
Of "a women. IS of whom are repro
sentatives of labor. The remainder
are experts on labor problems and
representatives of the employers and
the general public. The executive
committee, consisting of thirteen
members, has its office in the head
quarters of the Council OF National
Defense at Washington. where it is In
close touch with the Government
agencies interested in women in In
dustry.
The officers and executive commit
! tee of this Committee on Women in
Industry are Mrs. ]. Borden Harri-
man, chairman; Miss Edith Campbell.
vice-chairman; Mrs. V. Everit Macy.
treasurer; Miss Pauline Goldmark.
secretary; Miss Amy Hewes, executive
secretary; Miss Grace Abbott, Miss
Mary Anderson. Mrs. Frances G. Axtell.
Mrs. sara A. Conboy. Mrs. Clifford
Pinchot, Miss Melinda Scott MISS
Florence c. Thorne and Miss MARY
| Van Kleeck.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1918-01-24
Women Now Represent
ed In Every Field Of In
dustry =Helpingto Win
the War By Taking the
Places of Men Called
Into Active Service.
Ito Active Service.
Copyright, 1917. by The Intern ational
Syndicate.

Copyright, lolI, by The International
Syndicate.
ZANE OF THE MOST important
results of the war is the i'm
petus it has given to woman's
" work. There are few branches
of industry into which women have
not been called to replace men sum-
moned to military service. Never be-
Tore was the need for woman's service
DO great and never before was the
scope of vocational opportunity 80
wide. Trained women everywhere are
Hooking to the industrial colors and
Tor even the unframed woman the
chance to earn money was never so
conspicuous. In England the women
have been called to enter every field
where 1t is physically possible for
women to work to replace the men
who have gone to the war. In this
country industrial door after door Is
opening wide to receive them.
The public eye has been caught very
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1918-06-12
PAuH MUs

NwA SEX OF Section IS, TOWNSHIP
a North, Range 81 East and on June
10. 1915. made additional homestead
entry o2os2 under the act OF Febu.
AIRY, 10. 1909. for Ma NEH. sEx
NEk and NEA SEA OF Section as.
Township e North. Range 81 East
Mount Diablo Meridian. has filed NO.
tee Of intention TO make final three.
year Proof to establish claim 10 the
land above described. before the Reg.
lister and Receiver of this office. on the
fifth day OF July. 1918.
Claimant names as witnesses: Jos.
eph Battle. of Charleston, Nevada;
Tom Downing, of Charleston, Nevada:
Chris Brown. of Charleston, Nevada;
VIII Graham OF vCharieston, Nevada
JOHN E. ROBBINS,
Register.
First publication. May %, 1918.
Last publication. June %, 1918.