davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03
.PHILLIES BUNCH
HITS OFF TONEY
Philadelphia Nationals Win
6-3 TuSSIe With Reds
in Quaker Town.

CTNCINNATT. o., June 8. - The
Cincinnati and Philadelphia clubs
Jumped back here to play Philadel-
phia for a single game Sunday. Phil
adelphia winning s 20 8 10y punching
hits off Toney i'm the early innings
II was Toneys first defeat or the
week. lie had won four straight
games. The clubs were nearly three
hours late in arriving and this. com
bining with a steady rain that fell
until p. m delayed the start Of
the game. A late start prevented
the teams from leaving Cincinnati
tonight in time 20 play in Philadel-
phia tomorrow. so the clubs will
play a double-header in that city
Tuesday. The score:
Philadelphia 4O1 OO1 0O0-6 II 0
Cincinnati 100 OIL OO0-3 II 1
Prendergast and Burns; Toney.
Regan and Wingo
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03
INDIVIDUAL EVENT
DE PALMA WINS
100 MILE HANDICAP

NEW YORK. June Ralph de
Palma was the winner Of the 100
mile Hardness handicap auto race
at Sheepshead bay speedway yes
terday. and not Tom Milton, as at
first announced. according to A re-
vised report gwen out today by the
American Automobile association.
Immediately after the race. de
Palma. who naJ been placed fourth,
protested. RE insisted that he had
twice Tapped Barney Oldheld
De Palma's representative at the
track was the first 20 claim victory
for his man Later, the figures Of
the scorers were checked and de
Palma's claims verified I'm the report
made 10 the automobile association.
Fred Wagner, official timer and
starter Of the race said the errors
I'm the first announcement Of results
were due 10 mistakes made by the
scorers.
The position and time OF the
racers. as revised. were announced
today as follows.
DE Palma. first. 5S.o1. Tom Mil
ton. second. 1881. Oldfeld third.
59:20. Eddie Hcarne. fourth 60.52
Dan Hickey fifth. $40: Ira Vail
sixth. 61:f1; Omar loft seventh.
62:2S; Louis Chevrolet. eighth.
63:4S
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03
INDIANS DEFEAT
SENATORS 10
Cleveland Americans Down
Washington in II Inning
Battle Sunday.

CLEVELAND. June S.-Cleveland
defeated Washington 1 TO Sunday
i'm an thinning pitchers battle when
Shotton and Morgan going after a
fly i'm right field. collided. letting the
ball fail safely. Hall scoring. O'Neill
singled 10 left and went 10 second
on Bagbv's sacrifice. Hall was sent
i'm 10 run for O'Neill He went 20
third ON Graney's out and scored on
Chapmans hit Two double plays
cut off runs for Washington. Score
Washington 600 600 600 90 . 0
Cleveland zoe 900 OOO oil s 0
johnson and Ainsmith, Bagby and
O'NciI
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03
RELIEVE JOE TINKER
OF DUTY AS MANAGER

TOLEDO o. June Joseph 3.
Tinker has been relieved of the duties
Of managing the Columbus Ameri-
can association baseball club. and
Nordecai Brown OF the old Chicago
cubs outft Installed in his place.
today by Brown. who Is hero with
the Columbus club Tinker did NOT
accompany the team here Under
the direction or Brown tho club has
won Is out OF the last i games
on the road
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03
WINNING DRIVE OF
YANKEES FEATURE
OF WEEKS GAMES

NEW YORK. June S.-The win
ming drive Of the New York Ameri-
cans was the feature OF the major
leagues play during the last week.
With a team batting average for
the week of S46 and outscOrinE
their opponents 45 runs 20 IS the
Yankees won six games and lost
one Boston retained it's lead Of
one game. however. as Boston and
New YORK lost today Detroit and
Chicago respeCtively. =. Louis
Americans went into place
head OF cleveland beca OF the
Indians poor fielding an inetect-
I'VE though heavy batting.
The Cubs won four games out OF
i've while the Giants broke even in
six games in the National league.
Boston continued ats good play. win
nins FIVE and losing two. and Phila-
delphia hraced. getting four VIC
tories i'm six games. New York end
ed its disastrous western trip in
which it won only I'VE games in a.
rs losing TO Chicago last sunday
and Monday New York then took
,vo out of three from Philadelphia
The Quakers victory Wednesday, be
ing their FIRST over the Giants this
season Perrltt shut out Pitts
Iurgh Saturday with three hits III
Lick At second base still pursues he
Giants Niehon breaking les in
Fridays came.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03
EAGLES BOWLING
IN BIC TOURNEY
All Available Forces Taking
Keen Interest in Sport
on Home Alleys.
~ Jchoerphat snarc.

Season and weather have no peril
for the devoted and enthusiastic
bowler and n anything he wants
20 be sntagonized 6y every possible
adversely In the pursuance OF his
favorite pasume. This Isl proven by
the very successful tournament now
being conducted by the Eagles al
their home. where all OF the avail
able bowling forces are taking part.
II is handicap affair and all Of the
events. the hve-meu team. twO-meu
and individuals are being contested.
In the hve-men event. which rs
nearly completed. the Emb ems are
leading with the 6ne score or 2899,
far IN excess ~ what won the first
place In the state tournament re-
Gently conducted here. The Tails
are good second with 2S47. and
the Eagles show third with 2.s3S.
The doubles are being led hy Eulitz
and Bolts with 1853. Van Dnter
and Walker are close second.
while Morgan and Orbeck are a
close third The leaders o. the va
rious events are as follows:
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03
MACK STARS DEFEAT
HARD RIVALS II TO

In a game featured by timely
hitting. fast helding and invincibIe
pitching OF Sallee, the Mack Stars
defeated the Hard Rivals by a score
OF II 20 / on the Studebaker dia-
mOnd.
GorsH led with the stick for the
Mack Stars by getting home run.
two doubles and a single. White
and Brown gathered three hits
apiece
The Mack Stars wish to arrange
games with any team i'm or out of
the city. Score by innings.
Mack Stars .233 0O1 2OO-11 Is o
Hard Rivals 600 OO1 OOO-1 4
Batteries - Sale and Swank.
Brinkman. Nevins and Woelful
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03
STANDARD SUITS
AS WAR MEASURE
Men of England Will Be Able
to Buy Suits for $40
Other Grades Available.

LONDON. June 5. - CORES
spondence.D England's wartime
standard shoes for men are 10 De
followed soon, ii Is announced, by
ready-made standard suits OF
clothes. These are TO be in serges
and tweeds and Will be sold at the
equivalent OF about $40 for the first
grade of material and ar less than
SO for the second.
Serge. both black and blue, viii
also De available for the making OF
suits to measure. No standard
tweed suits Will be made 20 meas
uIe.
From 10000 TO 100000 suits
are expected 10 ~ on sale durins
June. July and August. cloths and
clothing. apart from the standard
tzed materials. VIII continue 10 be
available at the regular prices. just
as other shoes besides the wartime
shoes, are 20 be had.
Have special Board.
The plan OF supplying clothing %
civilians a. moderate prices has beer
worked out by a department of the
war office. known as the board Of
control of wool textile production
Provision is also made for the
clothing OF millions OF men. now
IN their country's service who VIII
eeuirn 10 civil life az the end OF
the war
What is called double purpose
cloth is being produced IN an un-
l. H. %
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03
LOVE WEAKENS IN THE
FIFTH; S0X WIN 90

CHICAGO. June 3.-Love weak
ened i'm the nth inning of Sundays
game and Chicago took command
ing lead over New York winninC
the second game of the series. 6
90 o Love had not allowed hit
until the NTH. tie was replaced by
Finneran after five runs had been
scored Errors by Walters and Mil
Ter. J. Collins double F. Collins
single and Felsch's home run fig
ured IN the SCORING. Score.
New York 200 600 000-2 6 s
Chicago $3.50. coo 050 01~-6 s I
MagridEe. Finnerau. Love and
Walters, Schellenbach and Schalk.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03
KENTUCKIAN KILLED
ABOVE ALLIED LINES

PARIS. June 5-Aviator Carter
Landram OVngton OF Louisville.
Ky. and another aviator were kill
cd during the FIRST day OF the pres
ent offensive Oyington was pa
trolling with three other machines
when the wing or his machine
caught i'm that Of sergeants Up in
the clouds Both machines fell
from a height Of 1900 meters and
their occupants were killed
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03
TIGERS WIN SECOND
GAME AGAINST BOSTON

DETROIT. Mich June s. - De-
troit punched hits with bases on
balls OF Ruth Sunday and won the
second game Of The series from Bos-
ton. 20 g. Ruth scored Boston's
first run iu the sixth inning with a
home run into the right held
bleachcrs With two out i'm the
singles ok McInnis and Hobltzel
produced another. but Scott ended
the game with foul TO Yele
Score.
Boston ...... 900 DOR 1913 O
Detroit 10000 0Ot-4 q
Ruth and SchanE Aencw Erick-
con and Neilc
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03
MIR FARMER 4.

We have everything IN the farm
implement line. Before YOU buy
come in and look over our stock.
You'll not Only save time but money.
for our prices are right down where
YOU like TO see them. No trouble 10
show or demonstrate our goods.
Come and talk II over. Lindahi
Bros. 515-511 5. Michigan St
-Advt-
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03
BROWNS BEAT PERRY IN
SEVENTH AND EIGHTH

ST LOUIS. June Eappinc ouc
three singles and two doubles off
Perry's delivery m the seventh and
pitch and GARDENERS error. So Louis
came from behind and beat Phila-
delphia aEain sunday 20 o. Score
Philadelphia 600 coo 000-2 I
81 Louis GOO 00L n1I=4 o.
Perry and Perkins Shouker
L.owderm.'k and Nuuamaker.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03
TURN AND LOOK

The Buick Valve-in-Head Eve pas
senger touring Car-E- SKIS is a
motor car that attracts attention
everywhere. There Is an indescrib-
able something 50 clearly rejecting
the true character and aristocratic
individuality OF the Buick design
that everyone turns and looks. II Is
a car With refined body details. on
exhibition at the Twentieth Century
Garage. Adv
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03
MR.. BUSINESS MAN.

Are you Obliged 20 deliver your
goods? Let - get together. We
want 10 show you how you can save
few dollars every month by ueing
a Maxwell One-ton truck for oeliv-
ering the goods. It's the modern
way The quickest way. Maxwell
trucks sre right in every paracs AZ
Phone Smuh-Rausch Motor Sales
Co. for psrticulars.-Advt
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03

TO have YOUR pictures framed when
YOU are house cleaning ana decorat-
ug-and Won know an artistic
framed picture is a Joy for ever
sve do ine work and our line or pic
ture moulding comprises all that is
new and popular Portrait ana
Mirror framing "a speciality. Ma
uelski Art shop lis n Main ST
Adv-
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03
A coon BUY.

mere is an everlasting value 20
a d-conseqUentIy 10 Is al
ways a good buy. especially when
sold by responsible dealer We
are showing some beautiful dia-
nnond jeWelry IN settings OF the
newest designs We have a larKe
assortment which We mount 20 or
der By com parisOn YOU Wtll mad
our PRICES agreeable. Calvin Clsuer
Co -AdEL
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03
NJ ARCHIF no m

II your automobile needs trim
ming let Archie do a. He knows
how He Is up on all branches 4
trimming Taking out dents in body
or tenders Recove rinF tops. max
ing new tops. hood covers Placing
new lights In your automobile cur
tains. etc Archie The Auto Trim
rDer. Formerly with ColfaX Mfg
Co Now at 117 South Main -
Bel phone 1904. -Advt
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03
MST A REMuNDFR

10 care FOR your furs during the
GUNNER Our facilities for Storage
and expert treatment OF your furs
are the best. Charges very small
Repairing and remo5sling al special
prices now n Greenblatt Furrier
Est. 1890. 2s2 s Michigan -
--Adv6
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03
Canadians Join Them.

Before sunset a group OF 400 ca q
madam officers and soldiers (who had
been working on the railroads. and
finally 1000 soldiers (straggiers most
Of them from the sixth army were
assembled, fed, armed and sent 10
Join us.
The Germans were meanwhile
coming closer and closer 10 Amiens.
on the goth we awaited a strong at
tack. All the troops cautioned be
tween the Amiens line and Amiens
we're concentrated near Gentelles
and Cachy. At : a. m. fifty officers
came up in lorries and spaced the
men out from the railroad TO the
north Of Bois-TAbbe TO Cachy
The officers brought up with them
forty machine guns and 500 picks
and shovels. All stra gglers were put
to work making trenches BY the
LIST OF April 700 men had been gath
cred together. and work was well
under way.
But on the 18th the attack COM
menced. We moved them down By
The hundred-our little rag-tag army
did. We held them on the 3Oth
some Australians came up to help
US. More attacks-one after the
other We sure did slither away
at EN- with our machine guns Broke
EN- up before they could GET start
ed They couldn't get within L.
800 Yards Of US.
And then came the long-awsited
endorsements The cavalry came
first, and how we did cheer them, on
the 31st masses OF troops came into
line 70 relieve US and after them
the French Our losses We're not
heavy. Yea. DO. We sure did pound
the hay that night We were reliey-
ed. II was our first real sleep in
more than a week"
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03
NATIONAL LEAGUE.
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION.
GAMES TODAY.
American League.

American League.
Washington at Cleveland
Philadelphia az St Louis.
New York az Chicago.
Boston at Detroit.
National League.
Pittsburgh AT New York.
Cincinnati az Philadelphia.
Chicago at Boston.
St Louis at Brooklyn.
American Association.
Columbus az Toledo.
indianapolis at Louisville.
Kansas city az Milwaukee.
ST. Paul az Minneapolis.
SUNDAYS SCORES.
American League.
New York ?. Chicago
Philadelphia 2 St Louis 4.
Boston 3 Detroit f.
Washington o. Cleveland l.
National League.
Cincinnati 3 Philadelphia s.
American Association.
Indianapolis =. 10; 8. Louisville 3 D
Kansas City 3; Z; l. Milwaukee .; >
Minneapolis 1: :. & St Paul 5; 5; 5
Minneapolis 1 4; O. ST Paul .; s. >
Columbus II: Il 4. Toledo 3; J.; l.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03

Don't say you saw II n the
newspaper. Say NewSTimes
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1918-06-03
y. S. Officer Gives Vivid Description Of
How VeritabIe 'Coxeys Ann" RepuIsed
Huns and Saved Amiens During March

miles away from Us. And how We
did use our picks and shovels tear
ing up tho ground. constructing shall
low trenches and dugoGts.
All morning long stragglers came
roaming back from the front looking
for their units Every mothers son
OF them was shot out to where We
wore and given something 10 do. Be
heve me, there was some miXup OF
uniforms. ! noticed one cockney
who had beel ladling out soup from
a goulash cannon for the past three
years practicing up on mis- new ma
chine gun ana being bossed by a top
sergeant who had been made q cap
tain over night.
Along about noon we got some
signal corps officers. ordnance men
end motorcyclists. The autO-ma-
chine gun corps OF the Canadian
army also lined up with US about
noon. with forty heavy machine
guns. Early in the afternoon Gen.
Carey visited our lines, and we gave
him a wild welcome. He smiled and
seemed pleased that We were all
feeling so clipper. Fact is, we were
just as eager as he was 10 see our
CoNey's army lining Up hour by
hour.
ION the morning OF the 27th we
heard that the Germans were trying
20 cross the Somme at Cerisy. The
sector on our left held as best il
could. but was forced to fall back
slightly Later in the afternoon 500
officers and soldiers from the conva
descent camp at Cerisy Joined US.
They were still on the sick list, but
you'd never know il from the way
they n.nrkad
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1918-03-07
WHERE IS PRETTY
JULIA HARRISON?
FOLKS WANT HER

Where is ffteen-year-old Julia Har-
rison?
That's what her father. Ferdinand
Harrison. deeply worried and mySti-
fed. has asked The Times and the
police to find out. He has besought
them in writing for he Is deaf and
speaks but n little.
Julia Harrison, who was filled with
romantic notions about the movies
and life in general, left the little home
Of her parents at 62i Fifth street
northeast early last Saturday morning
to go to work at the store, where
she was employed as a clerk. She
promised to be home for dinner, but
she never has reappeared.
Because she is OF unusual beauty
and apparently eighteen or nineteen
years old and because she has had no
experience, her father feels her periIs
are doubled. There are several
vague clues, but none of them has
been productive of any result.
From testimony OF a street car con-
ductor, Julia boarded a car on Satur-
day morning at $50 o'clock at Fifth
and H streets northeast, but it was a
car going east, not west. He further
says she got of at Fifteenth and H
streets and disappeared. This led her
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1918-03-07
AUTO BANDITS ROB
PHILADELPHIA MAN
AT POINT OF GUN

Held up and robbed OF sos and a
Kold watch and chain by two negro
automobile bandits, who thrust a pis-
toll IN his face and threatened his life
II he made an outcry or resisted. John
e. Driscoll, of 612 South Twenty
seventh street, Philadelphia. who is
stopping in Washington at 1l9 Z
street northwest. is today aiding de
tectives and the police of Sixth pre-
cinct in an effort to cature the high
waymen.
The scene OF the holdup was in the
rear of Criminal Courts building,
second street between B and streets
northwest. Driscoll. according to his
story TO the police, about II o'clock
last night, was accosted by the ne
groes, who leaped from an automobile
and ordered him at the point of n
pistol to throw up his hands and
walk into an alley.
With the pistol pointed at his head,
Driscou did as ordered. One OF the
highwsymen held the pistol, the other
rifled his pockets.
The negroes then ran back to the
automobile and sped away. Driscoll
reported his experience to the Sixth
precinct police. It is believed by the
police the highwEymen stole the au-
tomobils.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1918-03-07
Fine EnEIIsh Lnndscape.


Then there are the dry-points.
"ViIlaEe on the Somme" and Irish
and English landscapes, farmhouses
set in the moors with long stretches
OF country TO a limitless horizon, I'M
mArred by too much sky.
But where can one stop In the sur
vey! The charming chalk drawings
in color OF New York, its busy streets
as well as the lovely corners of the
park and its stately trees. and the
quaint old houses. shelters OF the
Poor"
Mr.. Smith was born IN HonE-KonE,
China, in 1850. From 1887 to 1890
he lived in Germany. He resided for
time in Boston. but New York is
now his home when he is in this
country. He graduated from the Cor
nell College OF Architecture in 1902
and was Resident Fellow in Archi-
lecture. receiving the 1906 Travel
ing Fellowship. He has just been
commissioned captain with four
other artists to go aboard for the
Government to make drawings and
sketches.
The Library OF Congress also has
number OF his etchings on exhibit
ton in the Southwest Pavilion.
The work by Hattis f. Burdette. a
talented Washington artist is shown
in a portrait of a woman In a deep
red gown and a delightful pastel
portrait OF Helen" speaking,
vivid, child's face painted with great
freshness, charm and sureness of
stroke. The 'Moon-flower." is a
lovely poetic charcoal sketch, by the
same artist. Her miniatures are
specially well known and much in de.
mand, evidenclng her ease in many
mediums.
II. WRIGHT.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1918-03-07
MARCONI CHARGES
MONEY MISUSED IN
j. S. PURCHASES

ROME. March Charges in the
Senate here by Senator Guglielmo
Marconi that the Italian mission in
America was defeating its purpose
and that an organized campaign was
being carried on in America against
Italian interests, presumably by Ger
man agents, has caused much COM
ment and speculation.
Senator MarconFs plea for a closer
relationship between Italy and the
United states has met with general
approval. and the belief is that II
there are any misunderstandings be-
tween Italy and America they will be
speedily clearer up.
The senator has been offered the
leadership II the Italian mission to
[, United States. but has not defi-
nitely agreed to accept the appoint
ment.
He has intimated that certain imam
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1918-03-07
RETROACTIVE WAGE
SCALE APPLIED TO
ALL BIG SHIPYARDS

All Government shipyards on the
South Atlantic and Gulf coasts are
affected by a ruling of the shipbuild-
ing labor adjustment board, with
regard to wages, hours, and condi-
tions OF employment. The new order,
announced last night. will be retroac-
tive as of February 1.
In the main the rates for skilled
workers runs about 20 cents a day
less than II the Delaware Chesapeake
decision.
The decision affects about 1900
shipbuilders, employed in thirty-six
different yards. II applies to all
wooden shipyards south OF Baltimore
and to all steel yards south OF New
port News.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1918-03-07
Rub Neuralgia
Away! EndPain
Instant relief from nerve tor
ture and misery with old
"St. Jacobs Liniment."
O. q Email trial bottle!

Get q small trial bottle!
Rub this soothing. penetrating
IMMINENT right into the sore, inflam-
ed nerves. and like magic-neural-
giR disappears. "St. Jacobs Lint
ment" cOnquers pain. 1t IL a harm
less neuralgia relief which doesn't
burn OF discOlor the skin.
Don't suffer- It's so needless.
Get a small trial bottle from any
drug store and gently rub the
aching nerves." and In just a mo-
ment you will be absolutely free
from pain. ache and suffering, but
what will please you more is. that
the misery will not come back.
No difference whether your pain
or neuralgia misery II in the face.
head or any part Of the body. you
get instant relief and without in
jury.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1918-03-07
U-BOat's Shots Bring
Back Speech to Sammy
Suffering Shell Shock

AN ATLANTIC PORT. March Z.
proved a boon TO Walter Jones, a
soldier OF Glen Cove, L. l., who
was invaded home and reached
here from a French port today.
Jones was rendered deaf and
dumb as a result of shell shock
in the trenches in France. On his
way across the Atlantic his ship
was attacked by a submarine, and
IN the excitement of the attack
he recovered his speech and hear
ing.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1918-03-07
FINED FOR BOARDING
MEAT FOR SICK DOG

LONDON, March u Miss Evedia
Hughes was fined $3.50 at Carmarthan,
Wales. under the food boarding act,
foY buying 102 pounds of meat in ten
days. She explained that her dog had
a weak heart and required much
meat.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1918-03-07

cial scandals have arisen. and de-
clares he is not willing to shoulder
them. They are said to involve GER
tain purchases made in America
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1918-03-07

father to think she might have gone
to Chesapeake Beach, where she has
friends, but inquiries in that quarter
have been unavailing.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1918-03-07
STEAMER ASHORE; CREW SAFE

BEACH HAVEN. n. J., March =
The steamship Susquehanna is ashore
of this port. The captain and crew
have been removed.