davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Cordova daily times., 1918-05-07

Austria-Hungary has for many months shown disposition to make peace almost at any price, and only fear of the kaiser has prevented her from entering into negotiations with any of her enemies who would listen to her. Her statesmen read the writ ing on the wall, and realize that their country has been used for the az grandizement of the German empire. To add more woe to her position, it now seems certain that the plan of the German junkers is to incorporate the dual empire as an integral part of the empire of Kaiser Wilhelm. Nit tel-Europa does not sound so alIuring to Emperor Karl as it once did to his venerable and misguided predecessor.
The Cordova daily times., 1918-05-07
GEERAL SHERMAN MADE
 STATEMENT AFTER WAR

SEATTLE, May '. = General sher- mans famous statement, War is he'll" was not made during the heat of conflict between the North and South, but nearly twenty years later, according to Reverend Thomas Ewing sherman, son of the General who has been visiting here. Before the battle of Atlanta, Rev. Sherman says the general asserted that "War Is barbarism and cannot be refined" Tn the early 70's while adressing stu dents at the Michigan Military Aca. demy, he gave utterance to the cryp- tic phrase that was revived when the present world conflict began.
 My father characterized war as he did in order to discourage militarism in the students at the academy Rev. Sherman says. This does not mean that he did not believe in prepared ness, because he was a soldier and nothing else, and firmly believed that the nation should always be ready for scientific warfare. But it was r,iIi- tarism of the kind that characterizes Germany that he decried.
 He declared that war was barbar ism and cannot be refined, and vet he furnished transportation from At lanta for all non n-combatants before attacking the city"
The Cordova daily times., 1918-05-07

The United States troops in the Foul sector had a variety of experi. ences at the weekend, ranging from being gassed to aerial fighting and raiding of the enemy trenches. It is not doubted anywhere in this country that our boys, while small in mum bers as yet, will provide many sur. pr1ses for the Huns, and give a good account of themselves in all emer gencies.
The Cordova daily times., 1918-05-07

It is significant that the Bolsheviki leaders are more willing to pick a quarrel with the United States. which has shown itself to be true friend of the Russian masses, than to fight the German autocracy, which is rap idly enslaVing them.
The Cordova daily times., 1918-05-07

Seventeen million persons in the United States have purchased Lib erty bonds of the third issue. Seven teen million voices raise the cry, "They shall not pass"
The Cordova daily times., 1918-05-07

MEMBER OF ASSOCIATED PRESS
 The Associated Press is exclusively entitled to the use for republication of all news credited to 1t or not other wise credited in this paper and also the local news published herein.
 All rights of republication of special despatches herein are also reserved
The Cordova daily times., 1918-05-07

Wheat is needed for the front line trench lover there"
 Let potatoes serve as the home guard lover here."
The Cordova daily times., 1918-05-07

In 1913, Europe produced 43 per cent of the worlds sugar; since then she has had other engagements.
The Cordova daily times., 1918-05-07

ketchikan did spIendidly in her Lib- erty loan drive. But Cordova did even better.
The Cordova daily times., 1918-05-07

Use less wheat and meat. Buy local foods. Serve just enough Use what
The Cordova daily times., 1918-05-07

Not "Bit" but "Utmost"-the end is worth our "All."
The Oklahoma City times. [volume] (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 1908-1984, 1918-07-13
Knabenschuh Finds
Way to Change
His Long Name

There is no law in Oklahoma 10 pre-
vent person from changing his name
Governor Williams told Private w. P
Knabenschuh Of Oklahoma City, sta
toned at Camp Travis San Antonio.
Texas, in a letter replying to an ap-
peal from the soldier asking the chief
executive to help him in getting rid of
his name.
knabenschuh complained that his
name caused him to be called a hun"
by many Of his comrades and he de
clared he was tired of this appellation
Governor Williams, in a letter which
was sent this morning TO the young sol
dier. congratulates him on desiring 10
get rid of things German and informs
him that the legislature of Oklahoma
does not have the power of changing
names The state supreme court in the
case Of Roberts vs. Mosier ct al. ruled
that there is no law to prevent a man
from taking another name II he so Ge-
sires The governor suggests 10
knabenschuh that he can either ask the
officers Of his company to change his
name on the army rolls or. IL he desires
file an application in the district court
.of the county in which he retains his
residenee to make the desired change.
The Oklahoma City times. [volume] (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 1908-1984, 1918-07-13
Neu Siberian
Chief Pledges
Aid to Allies
Treaties With Entente to Be
Restored and the Russian
Army Rejuvenated,

LONDON, July lj.-The allied pow
ers will have the full support of the
new Siberian government. according to
assurances sent by Lieutenant General
Horvath, who has been proclaimed pro
vfional ruler of Siberia, to the CORE
spondent of the Daily Mail at Harbin
From his headquarters at Pogranitza, in
eastern Manchuria, General Horvath
has telegraphed the Mail correspondent
as follows:
Paragraph five Of the program
OF my government. which establishes
the renewal of all treaties with the
allied powers, is at once confirma-
ton of the firm intention on our
part to act in complete accord with
our brave allies and TO return TO
the Russian ranks those who are
fighting with the enemy"
General Horvath, who has been vice
president and general manager of the
Chinese Eastern railway, is anti Ger
man as well as anti-bolshevik. He an
nounced he would re-Stablish a dis
clpllned army and restore property. He
also favors Siberian autonomy and re-
ligious freedom.
The Oklahoma City times. [volume] (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 1908-1984, 1918-07-13
War Savings Club
Pledges Classified

Pledges payable 70 the various War
Savings stamp societies are being classi
fled at the War Savings bank today.
There are 4l0 OF these societies ir
Oklahoma City and all but twenty-siS
have turned in their reports. So far
the workers at the bank have classified
the cards of 4,2S7 persons who will pay
their pledges through these societies
and there are still twenty-six societies
to be heard from.
Eight young girls volunteered this
morning and have said that they will
work on the classification of the card,
until the list is complete, which will
probably take full week.
Miss Elizabeth Pope Is supervising
the work, and assisting her are Kathryn
liner, Bland Sohlberg Marguerite, Mat
tison, Bernice Nee, Mary Nee, Eleanor
Jordan and Gertrude Gardener.
The Oklahoma City times. [volume] (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 1908-1984, 1918-07-13
Austrian Hobo Is
Arrested on Train
Of Ammunition

Hidden away-in a boxear, only one
car between him and a car containing
a large quantity Of ammunition, Fritz
Andree, Austrian enemy alien, was
found by brakeman on a Frisco train
entering Lawton last Tuesday. Order
for his arrest on a presidential Sar
rant was received here this morning by
John A. Fain, United States district at
torney, from Attorney General Gregory
Andree was thought to be hobo and
was put off the train, but caught it anil
rode into Lawton. Police there arrested
him and notified federal authorities
here.
Andree, according to Fain, will be in
ycstigated 10 determine his status. He
will either be paroled under bond and
subject to the custody OF the United
States marshal or ordered interned for
the duration Of the war as a dangerous
enemy alien
The Oklahoma City times. [volume] (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 1908-1984, 1918-07-13
GOVERNOR MADE
VICE PRESIDENT
OF PEACE LEAGUE
Premature Peace Plans viii
/ Be Combatted Here,

Governor r L. Williams has accepted
election as a vice president Of the
league to enforce peace, according TO ar
announcement which was made today
at the leagues headquarters at New
York Governor Williams was invited
TO accept the office by Former President
w H. Taft, who is the president Of
the league.
Oppose Premature Peace.
\ Governor Williams said this morning
that the league had written him early
in June and urged him to accept cleo
tion TO the vice presidency which he
did on June T.
The league has begun campaign
10 carry patriotic propaganda to all
communities off the beaten path of
speakers sent out by the government
and considerable attention is to be paid
10 Oklahoma, according to the an
nouncement. Special stress v be laid.
in this campaign, upon the necessity Of
combating all proposals for a premature
peace that would leave Germany un-
punished and unrcpentant and defeat the
purpose of the league to unite the na-
tions of the world in a partnership or
gained to prevent future wars.
League Aims Explained.
Judge {. B. hmes, who is state chair
man Of the Oklahoma branch of the
league has received the following let
Ter from the leagues headquarters.
Responsible leaders, in and out Of
official life, are daily pointirg out to
us that no other organization has ne
same psychological opportunity for con-
structive propaganda work that we
have; and that the need for the en-
largement Of our state organizations
over the country and the conduct "
them OF a vigorous campaign Of patr-
otic propaganda is a need that is OBJ
viouslv fundamental: that the messag,
OF Win the Next War Now has the,
irresistible heart appeal that prepares
the mind for all the sacrifice that is
inevitable that sells government Sc
curitcs; finances Red Cross and Y NJ
C. A.: stimulates production in field
and shop and plant that will make the
front line trenches right here In our
midst an insupcrable obstacle to any
peace save the permanent peace. guar
enteed by league Of nations. that will
logically follow allied victory"
The Oklahoma City times. [volume] (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 1908-1984, 1918-07-13
Soldiers Now
Have TwoSets
OF Mothers
Founder of FirStSayS She viii
Let More AStute Rebels
Have Their Charter,

mo charter can keep our little club
from doing good among the poor who
need u.s." declared Mrs. Will Owen, the
organizer OF the American Soldiers
Mothers club, and vice president OF that
organization, in speaking of the War
Mothers of America, who organized
yesterday and got a state charter
The officers Of the new organization
are Mrs X. J. Drake, president: Mrs
,u~ ,ssergrft, Mrs. A. /. noyt, Mrs
Kate Stafford, vice presidents; Mrs.
J. b. Cummings, secretary; Mrs. w. r.
Blackburn, trcasul r. and Mrs. G.
Moore, corresponding secretary.
Secession a Surprise.
Mn. Owen says that after she had
organized the mothers OF sons in the
navy over year ago and made sue
cess OF that organization Mrs. Drake
came to her and asked her to arrange
a similar organization for the moth
erS OF sons in the army Mrs Owen
then formed the club here which has
been in communication with headquar-
ters in Washington in regard to apply
ing for a charter in the national or
ganization, founded by Mrs. Alice Gres-
ham Dodd OF Evansville, Ind, whose
son was the first American soldier TO
lose his life in France.
In the meantime, according 10 Mrs.
Owen, some members OF the club be-
came dissatisfied with conditions,
broke away from the organization and
went to the state capitol where they
got a state charter for their own So
ciety. Il was a complete surprise 10
her, Mrs. Owen declared, as some OF
them were officers in the first club.
"They Can Have IT, Charter
we could take it to law and have
their charter revoked" Mrs Owen said
this morning. But | am a lady and
won't fight it out that way. They can
hive their charter, but they can't stop
us from going on with our work OF
helping the mothers of the boys in the
army This is no time to squabble
over such things. II is the time to work
an do all you can to help win the wal,
And that is what we are trying to do
We are not trying to do society. but
are helping the poor who need help."
The organization has been doing Red
Cross work and cheering and helping
the mothers of soldiers in any way in
which they needed assistance. They es-
pecially want to help the needy moth
ers, according to Mrs. Owen, and will
proceed with their work regardless of
the withdrawal of the members who
have started the rival organization with
the state charter.
The Oklahoma City times. [volume] (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 1908-1984, 1918-07-13
Thirty Named
In M drines' List

KILLED IN ACTION.
sERGT. DAVID A. MosKovICH. Jer-
sERGr. BENJAMIN T STRAIN
Grecnsburg. Ind.
CoRPL. ELIJAH II CoLDwELL,
PRIVATE FRANK A. CUMMINGS,
California, Pa.
PRIvATE RAYMOND f. EHRHARDT
Cincinnati.
PRIVATE HIRAM G. LUHMAN, Oak
field. ". Y.
PRIVATE soLoN A NELSON, Fife
PRIVATE FRED f. PRossER, Frcs-
PRIVATE JAMES F. REYNOLDS,
Glare. Ohio.
PRIVATE LOWELL F. RICHARDSON,
Salt Lake city.
PRIVATE RALEIGH wALDRAN,
Drummonds, Tenn.
SEVERELY WOUNDED.
sergt Edwin Runqulst. Warren, Pa
Pa; Hans II Thode, Orland Cal.
PrIvatcs Emile Brais. Duluth. MINI.
Maine; Arthur Card. Madison, ". J.;
Charles p. Degrange, Berkeley Springs
W Va; Arthur C. Giles. Oak Park. III.
James L. Whlted Gay, w. VN.
The second list, dated July H. follows.
DIED OF WOUNDS.
SERGT. CARL II. HORN. Macy, Ind
CORPL. DANIEL w. REFFER, Clair
ton, Pa
PRIVATE RAYMOND r. EAMEs, Blue
Island H.
PRIVATE WILLIAM r. FLANAGAN,
Conception Junction, Mo.
PRIVATE EARL w. MATTIMORE.
Classon. Mich
WOUNDED SEVERELY.
SerRt Sethle A. Henson. Huntsville,
Ala; William r. Croal, South Norwnlk,
Conn.
Corpl. Robert c. Sheer. Mayfleid. XIV.
Privates Lawrence Schettler, 81 Louis
Mo Eugene g. Struhle. Cincinnati: Rob
ert W Wentx, Rockton, H.: Louis Yak.
Cleveland
The Oklahoma City times. [volume] (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 1908-1984, 1918-07-13
Vital Statistics

births.
Mr.. and Mrs. Joseph NJ. Perkins, sl2
West Thirty second street. girl
Nr. and Mrs. Edward W Gault. 2lis
Wpgt Eighteenth street. boy
NJ. and Mrs. Tonne Kenchion. $40
Gdpt Yrst street, girl.
~. and Mrs. Ola Peush. 20 East Lo-
euat street. .Kin.
~. and Mra II. C. Dunn. st. An
fflony's. boy.
~. ana Hrs. L. II. Chandler. 17s
wyst Siftssnth strrst. sirl
y N. sed Mrs. George McClanahsn, eit
Wset Thirteenth street. boy.
p ~ Mr.. a. Farris. ~ West
as1 Mrs. Frank A. Noble. II East
20 saS Ms W. J. Brons wesley
S Mrs Fred C. Boyd. oslsho-
-
The Oklahoma City times. [volume] (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 1908-1984, 1918-07-13
~l1

The list included Corp. Harry
Rogers, Cushing, Okla, severely
wounded.
The list follows;
KILLED IN ACTION.
LIEUT.. HERBERT A. DUERMEYER,
coRiL EDWARD f. HAYEK, St
7 TTEAMsTER VICTOR J. GEIsERT,
PRIVATE WALTER W COLE, Rapid
,PRivXTE ARTHUR NJ DUFFY,
Private RAYMOND HOWARD,
Newell w. Va
PRlvATE zAcHoRY KRYvoY.
PRivXTE DELBERT MURRAY, For
PRIYATE FRED W NENNEMAN.
PRIVATE oRwICK, steubonvIllc.
Ohio
PRIVATE YERKEs PLowMAN,
PRivHTiE MAX II. RosHoN. wads-
PIRATE ABE RosEN, Los Angeles.
PRIVATE RAYBURN +. WILLIAMS,
pIfo From WOUNDS.
- MUSICIAN ARTHUR J. sToWELL.
Frceport Maine.
DIED FROM ACCIDENT.
PRIVATE MALACHI MCGEE, Hecks-
WOUNDED SEVERELY.
Captain Charles J. Smith, Chateau,
Mont
Lieut. William II. ComrIe, Fargo N.
sergt. John L. shInott, Basic City,
Corpls Roger Flcury Jr., stanvrle,
Earl u. Mcvey, Mansfield, Ohio, John
ID, Mathews. Utica. Miss Albert With
erston. New Haven. Conn
Ptivates Melvin Blake, Edgerton. wis I:
Rufus IT, Begs. Canon. Ga; Charlos ID.
Behrslng. Brookllne, Mass: Clarence A.
Carbondale, Pa; Joseph nrescla. Jersey
city, n. j.: Raste Castillo, New York
city; Joseph G. Chase, New Bedford.
Mass Richard Denton, Houlka, Miss;
Francis di Nostn, Jersey, city; Henry
Schenectady, N. Y; George J. Dunn,
Astoria. n Y; Lionel Dusahlon Woon-
socket. Il. l.; Theophie L. Frontaino
Norwood II, l.; Albert NJ. Gregory,
Roselle Park. n j. Hobart II Hall
man. Gramplan, Pa; John Hclne. New
York city; Roy Hogeboom. Albion. Pa ::
~ teventhal New York; Earl f. Lewis.
Lancaster, Pa: Joe Lucz. EaHt st. Louis.
Ill; Frank MCShHne, Hobokcn, N. j.
William a. Marion. Victoria, n. c.;
James J, O'nonnell. Hazelton. Pa: Dan
+ Dnsko, Chicago; Leon Robertson.
Hlnck Hawk, Miss; Fred w. Sinner St
Paul Mlnn; Orvllc Smith. Lalatine
Bridge. n. y; Lastovico Tasoni. East
Mnuch Chunk Pa; Edward W league.
washington d c.: Albert l. Thrush,
Sheffield, Pa: Nicholas Wager. Brook
lyn, n. Y; Cesare Zunino Genoa, Italy.
MISSING IN ACTION.
1IeutH James r Ashenden. Chicago;
Blanchard u. Battle. Columbus, Ga
Privates Peter Kochanowskl Shame
kin. Pa. Jesse r. Miller Ava, N. Y;
Don G. Murphy Lincoln, H. Cornelius
laulcy McCOrkle. w. Va.
The Oklahoma City times. [volume] (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 1908-1984, 1918-07-13
Mrs. Busch Asks
Palmer to Return
Seized Properties

WASHINGTON, July l3.-Formal
request by counsel for Mrs. Adolphus
Busch, widow of the late St Louis
multi-mllonaire brewer, for return Of
her property taken over by the alien
property custodian on the ground that
It is enemy-owncd has been made to
the custodian and to the department of
Justice. on the ground that Mrs Busch
mas lost her enemy status now that she
is back in the United States after visit
ing relatives in Germany.
The Oklahoma City times. [volume] (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 1908-1984, 1918-07-13
Texas Rangers and
Troops Prepare to
Arrest Resisters

BEAUMONT, Texas, July ia par.
y OF thirty y-three we'll armed men, in,
Guiding regular army troops, depart
ment Of Justice agents Texas rangers
and United States Deputy Marshal Nc
Donald left here today for for White
City, near here, where Ranger ]. D.
White was killed and Ranger w. l.
Rowe seriously wounded Friday during
a battle. Warrants were taken for the
arrest Of several parties, including
three deserters, and one man charged
with harboring deserters, all of whom
are said to be well barricaded and
armed in farmhouse near White CITY.
The Oklahoma City times. [volume] (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 1908-1984, 1918-07-13
NINETY THOUSAND
GO Over IN week;
CORPS ARE FORMED
tcon,lrusd From Page ~

the army corps, General March SHOWED
that five regular, nine national guarC
and four national army divisions hav
ben used to make up the three corps
The first army corps with divisio
commanders comprises the following:
First division (regulars), Mai.
Gen. Robert L. Bullsfd.
Second division (regulsrs), Maj.
Gen. Omar Bundy.
Twenty-sixth national guard, Maj.
Gen. Clarence X. Edwards.
Forty-second national guard
(Rsinbow), Maj Gen. Charles T.
Menhor.
F4ty-first national guard (sun-
set), Maj. Gen. Hunter Liggett.
Thirty-second national guard
michigan and Wisconsin troops),
Maj. Gen. W. G. Ham.
Second corps:
Seventy-seventh national army
New York ttoops), Mai. Gen.
George B. Duncan
Thirty-fifth national guard (Kan-
sas and Missouri troops), Mai. Gen.
William M. Wright.
Eighty second national army (Ala-
hama, Georgia and Tennessee),
Maj. Gen. William Z. Burnham.
Thirtieth national guard (Tennes-
zee, North Carolina, South Carroll
n and District Of Columbia troops),
Maj. Gen. George W. Read
Twenty-eighth national guard
tPennsylvsnia troops), Mai. Gen. c.
H. Muir.
Fourth division (regulsrs), MAI.
Gen. George H. Cameron.
The third corps:
Third division (regulars) Maj Gen
Joseph F. Dickman
Fifth division (regulars) MAJ. Gen
John F. Mcmahon.
Seventy eighth national army (Dela
ware and New YorkNroops) Maj. Gen
J. M. McRae
Eightieth national army division
Maj. Gen Adelbert Cronkhte.
Thirty-third national guard (Illinoi
troops) Maj. Gen. George Bell ir.
Twenty-seventh national guard (Nev
York troops) Mai Gen. John F Organ
Commanders for the army corps ar,
only temporary General March said
the policy of the war department ben,
to wait until the various major general
have had experience in handling tn,
eorps units before max ng permanen
beIectionS.
Appointments as Lieutenant general
will go to the officers selected for N,
permanent details.
The Oklahoma City times. [volume] (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 1908-1984, 1918-07-13
OFFICIAL REPORTS
AMERICAN

WASHINGTON, July lJ.--Gen.
eral Pershing's official communique
dated July II. describes operations
in the various sectors occupied by
American troops through July 7 to
10. Section A says:
in the Chateau Thierry region
a trench raid attempted by the
enemy broke down with losses un-
der our fire.
Yesterday our aviators shot
down a hostile machine in the
region OF Thiaucourt."
The Oklahoma City times. [volume] (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 1908-1984, 1918-07-13
FRENCH

PARIS, July 18th, text Of the
French official report today fol-
lows:
Between Montdider and the Oi,e
the French in Il course of the
night advanced their forward posts
500 metres in the region OF the
Porte farm.
Several raids were carried out
by the French I. oops north of the
Avre (southeast of Amiens) in the
region OF the Oise, on the Marne
and in the Champagne, resulting in
the taking OF prisoners"
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-02-12
BARROW PROMOTION ENDS
LEAGUE PLAYING MANAGERS
F FORM er International
Head Succeeds Jack
Barry as Leader of the
. Boston Red SoX

NEW YORK, Feb. IL.
ND BARROW'S appointment as man
IL ager of the Boston Red Sox leaves
the major leagues without a playing
manager today
Jack Barry, whom Barrow succeeds
at the Hub, was the last playing man
ager in the big leagues as in the COM
ing campaigns the destinies of all teams
will be directed from the bench.
In taking the reins of Boston, Barrow
returns to the majors as manager after
lapse OF nearly fifteen years He was
manager of Detroit club i'm 1903, but re-
signed the position In 1904.
Baseball men here are agreed that
owner Harry Frazee made a good move
for the Red Sox In snaring Barrow, who
is generally regarded as one Of the most
capable all-round men in the game to-
day. His appointment as club manager
was rather unlocked for. although sew
eral months ago 1t was predicted that
he would become associated with the
Boston club
Until such time as a successor to Bar
row Is appointed by the International
League, c. T. Chaplin, of Rochester, will
act In that capacity. The International
League owners have postponed their
decision regarding the advisability of
opening their gates this year until March
20, when they will hold another meet
Ing. Though hope that the league will
continue Is expressed in some quarters
the wiseacres are predicting that the
magnate's eventually win vote to sus-
's2 81 s',.s : |.s zssss ~. :. ".
= ~ oeee oQ1oqce|f9>9 Nt(t
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1918-02-12
SENATOR SPROUJ|
AIDS GLOVE FUN
Contributes $151.12 an
Makes Up the $1,000 10
Be Spent on Soldiers
LARGEST CONTRIBUT0

State Senator william C. Sproul
chester, came to the rescue of the N
ing glove fund yesterday when he ~
pleted the $1,000 drive by sending
his check for s151.12. Up to last VI
Bobby Gunnis and Jimmy Can't y
collected sS4SSS and It was planned
take up another collection TO mako
the balance. Senator Sproul, when
heard Of this. asked to be allowed I
contribute his bit"
i am heartily In favor of the prcjsk
sald Mr.. Sproul, ''and am pleased 10 4
now generously the boxing fans n
responded to the fund. The soldier 4
sailor boys need boxing gloves -
than anything else and / would IN I
help them" III
When Bobby Calhoun made ths
nouncement from the ring at the ON
pa II was received with cheers. Se1s
sproui Is the largest individual a
triputor and assisted greatly In NAB
tiie movement success.
The fund was started by Bobby d
ms and collections were made at 4
cambria, the Olympia and twice st
National. Gloves will be sent to Can
meade and Dix, Cape May and Lsa1