davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-04-28
DESKMEN WORK HARD.
DECLARES REAk-ADMiRAL
Mrn In Camp and Trenches S"t Only
Ones Forced to Tut in
Tedious Hours.
iEy Assocla,cd Press |

llN Associated Press
WASHINGTON. April itcar-Ad-
mirai Samuel McGowan. paymastcr-
general and head OF the navy division
OF supplies and accounts. declares tho
WASHINGTON desk worker in war time
deserves as much credit as the man in
the trenches. Many members OF tho
executive departments clerical forces.
he says. are working ten. twelve or
fourteen hours Il day
Conditions have changed materially,
the admiral says. since tho days be-
fore the war.
I'm those days" he declares. - visi-
tor imprcSs". by the great Size OF the
state. War and Navy building stopped
Il wat"hman 10 ascertain its dmrn-
sons. Ills curiosity WAS cratiticd. and
then he asked. How many work hcr"?''
Not more than half of 'cut." tho
admiral says was the synIcal reply.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-04-28
BABIES ARE POPULAR
IN BARTLESVlLlE. OKLA.
Many Women Seek to Scrurc Child td-
Ncrtis"d for Adoption ~
l.ucal Paper.

RAETLNSVlLLE. OKLA. Aaru 81
babies ar" TIA" most ropul,r ,hing ia
hartlcS, J.. ac"ordir" To Nrs. &. /.
kcliam. natron of the r-ov!dcut As
S"ciation Recently she had . bah,
under her charg" To ador, Sho an
nounc"d it i'm tho local paper rho
next day fly" women We're on hrud e,
her "Ncc at o'clock. Thcy sneu;
TN" "ntir. morning ~ her Office. :iri,u-
ing aH I" which one should yet tho
child. Daring the day more than 100
telephone calls wcrn made oi MIR,
Nellaui. wanting particulars abou, IN.
BABY
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-04-28

'Iust think. Not one bit Of
pain before applying ircezone
or afterwards. 1t doesn't
even irritate the surround
ing skin.
Hard corns, soft corns, or
corns between the toes, also
hardened calluscs OF bottom
of feet shriyel up and fall OF
without hurting a particle.
II is a scientific compound
made from ether. WONDERFUL.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-04-28

the pain in my eyes WAS excruciating
should have been liberated At night
but they Kept me until the morning
OF the sixteenth day. They are artists
IN the cult OF cruelty, and il amused
ihrm 10 see me staggering around in
Tn" op"n Ike blind and drunken
man. They did not want TO miss such
spectacle. Therefore they took care
hot to libcratc me at night;
German justice, enlightenment and
liberation! They are Il mocl>ery and
an om"nsc In the noStrils OF the. Al
mighty.
would have escaped from Germany
ten months sooner than | did but for a
c"inpani"nS complete and blissful liz
r"rhncc OF the Tcuton language Had
Il" been able to say la" at the proper
moment. instead Of remaining dumb. |
would have reached home early 81,
1914. and h" poor follow. would not
now hc shaving from early morn till
night in the Fathcrland. The reference
iS 10 l'riNatc James Anderson. of the
Canadian IliGhlandcrs
1t IS Impossible for me TO give away
any secrets 10 the enemy in counec.
''"n with this Inflated dash for free
uo'l. Tn" Germans know all abou. ~:
ih"N caught is within an hours walk
&c Holland, and we had the goods
~ cur possession in the shape of Gown
passes, maps, etc. For Jimmy and |
did not break away on the spur Of IL
sudden Impulse.
In tn" closing months OF 1916 condi-
tons at the Munster Camp were very
bad. ana gradually growing worse
Many OF the boys cndcavored to quit
germany: few accomplished their
hearts desire. And we who remained
behind had Ia suffer for their success
because tn" furnish sense OF Justice
Is u" twisted as a corkscrcw The nun
iShu"ut "f tho wrourdocr fails 10 give
them satisfaction. They must also
make the innocent suffer
we had our parcels stopped FOR a
month, and were not allowed to smoke
owing TO the fact that two prisoners
vanished beyond their ken This pro-
cedurc exercised an Irritating ercc,
upon my nervous system. and undoubt-
cdlE lowered tho moral tone of TN.
whole camp. Unfortunate adicctivcs
ana adv"rhs Were called upon 10 work
overtime when the subject under dis
'nssion was OF a ''kultural' dcscrip-
uon. Personally. I felt the lirni, had
been attained, and / determined upou
an "lopment. knew the Huns would
b" sorry 10 lose me. but / consoled NV
Srit with the thought that even the
best of.friends must part.
III Ill: HAD LEARNED TO
TALK IIUN-nUT HE DIDN'T
After due and wcighty elaboration.
ana my choice fell upon Jimmy Audnr.
son. | bear no Srudse against Andcr-
SON. but. as events proved. the scIcc-
non was not a happy one. In many
respects. however, i could not have had
q inner pal for the great adventure. He
showed himself a hardy. brave and
CHEEKY lad under circumstances OF the
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-04-28

iIav. got through all right had he beer
able to talk a little OF the lingo.
jimmy was profuSe in his apologies
"acn II was all over. and said some
very nara things about his obstinacy
IN i"'uS'"S to learn bit of German.
Anderson hailed my proposal! TO cS-
cape With enthusiasm. and during thc
weeks that followed we laborcd dtpio-
na'icallN in the task Of getting to-
Scthcr the various items necessary for
our h!Sht IN the dead OF winter throuS h
a hostile land. And we were lucky.
In the way Of clothes | had a black
suit. III" left sleeve OF this suit had
been cut by the Germans and 4 brown
band inserted. l had u good civilian
ovcrcoat, however which concealed this
conspicuous mark. y brown strip had
also been sewn down the legs OF the
trousers. but my high Russian boots
ma inns from view when | wore my
oNcrcoat My hcadGcar was a soft
black hat of German manufacture.
DECIDE TO MAKE
lIREA< FOR LIBERTY
On Sunday. the eth or January. 1911.
my friend and held Il final conference
In lonely corner Of the barracll
grounds. and we agreed To make the at
tempt on the morrow. We had bccu
working for over a month in a timber
yard in Munster owned 10y an elderly
Hun named kruEcr-no relation Of The
historic raul so far aS could learn
and we proposed to slip away uuusicu-
tatiously when the boys were having
their afternoon cup OF coffee about
dusk
Snow fell heavily that night. and was
sun railing At $50 on the following
morning as our party OF twenty men
set out FOR Eruger'S. The weather was
favorable for our plans. because ii
enabled us to keep on our coats Will.
we toiled at the job -; unloading tim
Der. That was Il Ions day for me and
as the hour for departure drew near
my heart nuttcrcd ia most disconccrt-
ing fashion.
Go BE Continued To-Morrow)
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-04-28

we know that our Furniture is admired. We know
that when YOU the owner the kind we sell Won
are proud OF it. We know too, that you expect lis
furnish the better kind Of Furniture without the great
big price, and knowing that, work harder and
harder all the time TO keep up your expectations
We haven't disappointed You yet Come intake
peek at the New Period Dining Room Suites, priced
Sl33, S2la. $3.50, $325. They are indeed splendid
values, and you'll admit il. too
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-04-28
Tells ruth about
Life in Germany
Escaped Prisoner Tells Of Fail
IRE Of First Attcn,pt to QuH
the Huns.
BN PRIVATE 4. Il. DICKiNSOS.
Escaped Prisoner of War From tscrn,nny.
IFr"m the International News bureau.
lnEb

have tr!cd--wlth but feeble sue
cess-to sketch for you the feelings
mat were mine during the initial hours
Of my confinement. and ii is not my
purpose 10 dwell further upon the
mental agony that raClSed me during
almost every waking moment OF those
never be forgotten fifteen days. In
thc words OF Lnnsfellow:
The leaves OF memory seemed 10
make
mournful rustling in the dark
And when memory was not at work
my mind lcapt into the future. and
there grew within me a fixed and un-
shakabic resolve to hate the Germans
and everything German while | CON
tuued 10 draw the breath OF life. This
resolve remains with me sim.
Every day at noon the soldiers came
with my bread and water. The door
was never open for more than a couple
II minutes at time. ana they roughly
refused all my appeals 10 be allowed
'u step out into the passage for a
breathing spell. The conditions pro-
N,dcd for a condemned murderer or the
most vicious OF criminals are. | should
Imagine. easy compared with those
had TO suffer. 1t was inhunanity
apotheosised. could scarcely have
h"en treated worse on cannibal
island.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-04-28
GUARD COMES TO
PUMP ME FOR INFORM ALTON

1t was on the eighth day. I think
am not certain. because got hazy
as 20 the passage OF, tine-that I was
played with as a cat plays with a
mouse. strange guard came to tho
door Of my coll that day aud he came
alone. He stared at me as lac handed
over my provisions.
81 understand you speak German"
Ne said.
Yes" replied
Have YOU ever been In Hewcastlc~'
.hc Iiun then asked
on answering in the affirmative tho
guard proceeded to state that he had
sailed between Hamburg and New
castle :or about twenty years. lie
mentioned numhor OF the PRINCIPAL
buildings IN Newcastle and wound up
hy a"hin-, How would you like 70 20
TO the Empire ThcItcr at Newcastle
io-riehtg"
Soothing would suit me better" said
and as he appeared 20 he i'm n genial
mood | vepturcd Ia request him for a
CIGARETTE"
MS aFains, the regulations" re
marked Tic guard nut as you know
Newcastl" don't mind oblging YOU in
ts.is matter"
The son Of Kul,rr then placed his
riftr against tho opposite wall OF the
oorridor. extracted cigarette from his
cas-" and. wl'h 4 smile. made as though
to hand il over 10 me. But never
touched that fap. Ny fingers were
within an inch Of II when the hound
suddenly Withdrew the desirable dainty.
gave me violent push on the chest
and slammed 80 and locked the door.
And could hear his jcering laughter
~ y" left the building.
shall conclude THIS ipstaGmcnt by
stating that / served every hour OF
my sentence. and that when the time
cam" for ny release ! Vas so weak
could scarcely stand. The gla.inC
bEht Of day blinded ne to- n time. and
The Lambertville record. [volume] (Lambertville, N.J.) 1872-1968, 1918-02-07
eERMANY's COPPER SUPPLY.

Where Germany is obtaining her
present supplies Of copper is a ques-
ton Of considerable interest says the
Scientific American. Before the war
she obtained most of her copper from
the United States, taking over one
third of our exports. She had a large
stock at the outbreak of hostilities,
but this must long before now have
been depleted. Since Germany has
extended her sphere of influence it is
probable some supplies are coming
from other countries. The Serbian
copper mines are now being inten-
sively exploited by the Germans and
Austrians, and good copper deposits
are also said to have been found in
Poland. Work has begun in lead
and copper mines in Kielce, and in
Miedziana, Lysa Cora and Olkuss
the methodical exploitation of these
ores has recently been started. ol
The Lambertville record. [volume] (Lambertville, N.J.) 1872-1968, 1918-02-07

The Borough Council consisting
of Hugh w. Michener, Frank Bush,
Frank B. Cosner Joseph Stoop.
Borden, Bernard Mcdonnell, and
William Hambleton, has completed
the arrangement of committees for
1879 as follows: Finance. Mich
ener. Borden, Hambleton; street,
Bush, Cosner Borden; poor, Bush,
Stoop, Mcdonnell; lamp, Stoop, Cos
ner, Mcdonnell; fire, Hambleton,
Stoop, Bush; borough property,
Hambleton, Mcdonnell, Cosner.
The borough officers are: Chief
Burgess, Harry Warford; President
of Council, Hugh W. Michener; Clerk
of council, Edward N, Dubs; Treas.
John D. Cryer; Attorney, Arthur M.
Eastburn; Assessor, Andrew ]. Scar
borough; Tax Collector, Edward F.
Davis; constable, Edward F. Davis;
Heal tn officer, G gorge Minor;
Board of Health, P. r. Slack, Chas.
Schermerhorn, DR.. R. C. Magill, E.
N. Dubs.
The Lambertville record. [volume] (Lambertville, N.J.) 1872-1968, 1918-02-07
Institute at Pineville.

A farmers institute will be held
in the hall at Pineville on Thursday
and Friday, February Is and 16,
under the direction of County Chair
man of Institutes, B. F. Wambold
of Sellersville.
D. H. Watts, of Kerrmoor, is an
expert on dairying and fruit culture,
and will talk on peach and apple
culture, building up dairy hurds for
profit, and economic feeding of the
herd. Theodore Whitman, of AL
lentown, and Prof. Franklin Men
gSase soil and mipg expect,
will address the meetings. Mr.
Whitman talks on up-to-date ways
and methods that make poultry pay
and varieties and types of poultry
Prof, Menges will talk on natural
ways of maintaining soil fertility
methods of introducing clovers in.
to rotations and soil preparation for
large crop yields.
The Pineville Institutes are usually
largely attended, many of the far
mers of this vicinity taking 1t in,
being but few miles away,
The Lambertville record. [volume] (Lambertville, N.J.) 1872-1968, 1918-02-07
Milk Producers to Meet.

A meeting of the New Hope bras-
nch of the Interstate Milk Producers
Association will be held at the res
idence of John H. Ely, on Bridge
Street, Monday evening next, to con-
slider plans for the coming Spring
and Summer, and to admit new mem
bers.. Anyone interested in milk pro-
duction, whether member or not,
will be admitted to the meeting. y
The new price of sac. per quart,
when the milk is not tested, and
prices of from 7.9c. for 3 p. C. test
to 9. &c. for 5 p. C. test are regard
ed as equitable for the producer just
at this time, in order that the con-
sumption may not fall off to a point
where dealers cannot use the entire
supply. Even though there may be
some temporary loss, it will be bet
ter, the association points out, than
to cripple the market. 1a7 4o'
Under the new schedule the value
of milk, delivered at the New Hope
Station, free of all express and other
charges, would be S3.18 per 1901
for 8 p. c. test, or 1888 per 100 lbs.
for p. c. Cor sac, milk product.
The Lambertville record. [volume] (Lambertville, N.J.) 1872-1968, 1918-02-07
RABBINiCAL LAWS OF HEALTH
Purity, Aim of Most of the Sanitary
Mandates, Was to Be Not Only
Physical, but Also Moral.

Among the rabbis who expounded
the law to the old-time Jews, the
neglect of ones health was regard
ed as SIM" writes DR.. Joseph 81.
Marcus, attending physician to the
Jewish Seaside home, Atlantic City,
in the Medical Record.
Purity, which was the aim of
most of the Biblical sanitary laws,
was to be not only physical, but also
moral"
Among the rabbinieal laws of
health which Doctor Marcus quotes
and which, he says, are generally OBJ
served to this day among the ortho-
dox Jews, are the following:
"No one should force himself to
eat, he should wait until he is really
hungry, not hurry his meal and not
talk while eating. aao o.
"After all solid food eat salt, and
after all beverages drink water.
"It was forbidden to eat the meat
of an animal that had eaten poison
or to eat meat and fish together, OF
to drink water left uncovered over
night.
"It was forbidden to touch dur.
ing meals any part of the body which
is usually covered or to hold bread
under the arm.
"Coins should not be placed in the
mouth, as there is the apprehension
that they have been touched by per.
sons suffering from contagious dis
eases.
''They warned against eating
heavy meals Immediately before go
ing to bed, and approved of lying
first ON the left side and then on the
right side, this being considered
good for digestion"
The Lambertville record. [volume] (Lambertville, N.J.) 1872-1968, 1918-02-07
Rockers Hall,
New Hope, Pa,
Monday Eve'g,
February ll,'l8
Q D M

Given by the Que-E Minis
trel Troupe of. the Queen
Esther Circle for the benefit
of the educational fund.
Way back ''befo' be wah
desc guhls" pledged them
selves to raise home mission
airy funds to be used in edu-
eating a mountain girl of the
Southland. To raise this
money and also help the Red
Cross, the girls have offered
free services to the latter or
ganization for March 6.
If you don't think these
girls earn the quarters they
collect for admission just try
thinking up a thousand and
one original and snappy say
ings, blackening your face
and repeating them to an
audience, just try it.
Everybody welcome. Be
self sick.
The Lambertville record. [volume] (Lambertville, N.J.) 1872-1968, 1918-02-07
MAKING vAcClNES IN CHINA
Four Laboratories Manufacture SMALL
pox, Plague, Typhoid and other
Disease Preventatives.

There are at present in China four
laboratories for the manufacture of
vaccines, while preparations are UNI
der way for the establishment of a
fifth one, at Peking, according to the
Scientific American. The laboratory
at Hongkong manufactures small
pox, plague, typhoid and other bac-
terial vaccines. ''''' ..'l
In Shanghai there are two labora-
tories-one conducted by the munich
pality, and manufacturing smallpox,
typhoid and other vaccines, and the
other a small laboratory manufactur-
ing smallpox vaccine only, and con-
Quoted by Japanese firm. The mu-
nicipal laboratory, aside from manu-
The Lambertville record. [volume] (Lambertville, N.J.) 1872-1968, 1918-02-07
UNDER ECONOMY RULES.

Forced economy is practiced by
the German prisoners of war in
termed in England. Some Of these
men are wealthy, one estimating his
income at between 100000 and
$150,00O year. One of the regrets
of these rich prisoners is that they
are not allowed to spend all they
would like. They are limited to an
expenditure Of SIS a week for lux
uries, and these Injuries must not
include anything containing meat,
sugar, -four or milk. Hence some oc-
casionally buy as much as two
pounds of tobacco a week, or its
equivalent in 100 cigars OF 200
cigarettes. 9n1sg1aa7a eTa afa 5N,
The Lambertville record. [volume] (Lambertville, N.J.) 1872-1968, 1918-02-07
TRACTORS USED IN ENGLAND
Pronounced Favor and Many Brit
ish Farmers Are Investing.

Intensive cultivation is not the
only thing that American farmers
can learn from others. In Eng gland
farmers are using tractors for plow-
ing, reaping, hauling and light
power purposes on scale that puts
in the shade the country where the
best tractors are made, observes the
New York Commercial. In some of
the Canadian provinces the local gov
ernments have assisted farmers in
buying tractors. American consuls
report that with British farmers,
usually the most conservative Of
mortals, tractors are becoming very
popular because tractor enables a
farmer to do better work with a
smaller staff and it is adaptable to
various uses for which power is re-
CURED on the farm.
Several American manufacturers
of tractors are well represented in
England and their sales are growing
fast. Demonstrations of tractors in
operation stimulate demand and
country fairs afford good opportuni-
ties for this. Recently great plow-
ing match for tractors as well as for
horse-drawn plows was held in con-
junction with the annual county fair
at Brantford, Ont, which ATTRACTED
nunureus I'll FARMERS, aud numerous
orders were booked for deliveries to
farmers clubs all over western On
tario. -t
The Lambertville record. [volume] (Lambertville, N.J.) 1872-1968, 1918-02-07
COST AND POWER OF BIG GUNS.

There are now on the ships of the
United States navy, according to
Walter S. Meriwether, 1874 guns Of
14-inch caliber, built at an aggregate
cost of $10,O0O,OOO. Writing in the
Scientific American, he says that
this cost does not include the car
riages, (which weigh almost as much
and whose recoil gear must take up a
shock equal to that Of 20 Pullman
coaches running at 70 miles an hour
and brought to an instant stop"
The Lambertville record. [volume] (Lambertville, N.J.) 1872-1968, 1918-02-07
The "Coontown" Minstrels.

The members of Queen Esther
Circle of New Hope M. E. Church
have completed their program for
the Coontown Minstrel, to be given
in Rockers hall next Monday even
Ing, and it is most interesting.
There will be songs by Mrs. Howard
Hooker, Miss Eva Lippincott, Miss
Florence Davis, Miss Ruth Dean,
Miss Lillian Oblinger, Miss Bernice
Magill, Miss Reba Schermerhorn
and Miss Eva Horn; with quartette
singing by Miss Bernice Magill, Miss
Eva Horn, Mrs. H. A. Sawyer and
Miss Bess Schermermorn.
There will be a farce, Patch
work" with specialties. There will
be a piano solo by Misses Mamie
Lippincott and Elizabeth Minor;
auto harp solo by Miss Rubenstein
and Mrs. H. A. Sawyer; songs by
Misses Bernice Magill and Eva Van
Horn; dance by Misses Eva Lippin-
colt and Reba Schermerhorn; corn
dance by Misses M. Strock and
Florence Davis; and other songs by
the members of the Que-E Minstrel
Troupe. Miss Margaret Balderston
will act as interlocutor, and the
Misses Reba Schermerhorn, Eva Lip
pincott, Lillian Oblinger and Ruth
Davis will act as end-men, or rather,
end ladies.
The Lambertville record. [volume] (Lambertville, N.J.) 1872-1968, 1918-02-07
much longer. This has been the prln,
ciple of all my subsequent trips ana
results have fully proved it to be a
sound one"
ROBINSON cRUsoE.

Rev. Fl. E. A. Cruso, rector OF
Tunstall, Sittingbourne, for 80
years, is retiring owing to i'll health
SAYS the London Times. Mr.. Cruso'
who has spent 81 years IN the
church, is a descendant Of Timothy
Cruso, a great friend Of Daniel De
foe, after whom he named his book
Robinson Crusoe." -aise
The Lambertville record. [volume] (Lambertville, N.J.) 1872-1968, 1918-02-07
TEACH SAILORS TO COOK.

Many prominent society women,
led by Mrs. Adrian Iselin, have
given up social activities in order to
teach sailors how to cook. Mrs.
Iselin, writing in Harper's Bazaar,
tells how, through her New York
cooking school, these women are
training able seamen to prepare
food properly and are rapidly les
sening the shortage of capable chefs
in the navy. Rear Admiral Usher,
U. s. n, has co-operated with Mrs,
Iselin and has Endorsed her work.
The Lambertville record. [volume] (Lambertville, N.J.) 1872-1968, 1918-02-07

Within another week or two THE
NEW HOPE NEWS will be taken over
by a community association, who
will turn out better and more up
to-date paper than has ever been
possible in the past. DR.. J. E.Scott
will act as editor in chief, with a
contributing staff to cover local fea-
lures. The business end will be in
charge of a committee comprising
Joseph D. Holcombe, John D. Cryer
and G. R. Middleton. The present
editor and publisher, Theodore G.
Kitchin, will devote his entire time
to map and engineering work. with
offices in the Hooker building, Lam
bertville. He will also continue his
newspaper correspondence for the
Trenton Times and Sunday Adver-
tiser.
The Lambertville record. [volume] (Lambertville, N.J.) 1872-1968, 1918-02-07
DOG MEAT IN THE ARCTIC.

'In my expedition of ,1s91-9s,"
writes Rear Admiral Robert E. Peary
in the Century, 81 used dogs for
food for the first time in the history
Of arctic exploration. AS the dogs
wore out, we fed them to those re-
naming, or ate them ourselves, thus
making our load Of provisions last
The Lambertville record. [volume] (Lambertville, N.J.) 1872-1968, 1918-02-07
QUICK, WATSON.

Vacationist (much winded)-l-
I Just saw bearl
Innkeeper-Fetoh my gun, Jake,
Vacationist-He was green, with
yellow stripes. }s a#
Innkeeper-Neyer mind the gum
Jake. Fetch bromide. l
The Lambertville record. [volume] (Lambertville, N.J.) 1872-1968, 1918-02-07
81 OF COURSE.

Mechanic-The propeller is at the
front of the machine, madam, and
can make 10000 revolutions a min
ute. ". aeaH qf aa3 j. 13i:g
+ Visitor-How very interesting. !
suppose it is put at the front so as
YOU shall be able to count them.
The Lambertville record. [volume] (Lambertville, N.J.) 1872-1968, 1918-02-07

1acturlng vacclnes, also adm1nlsv..
the Pasteur treatment for rabies.
A fourth laboratory is located at
Marking, and manufactures small
pox vaccine. This vaccine is sold in
Marking and vicinity at a price ap-
proximating cents, United States
currency, per tube.
The Lambertville record. [volume] (Lambertville, N.J.) 1872-1968, 1918-02-07
IN THE FAR SUBURBS.

$50 your new cook came this aft
ernoon. Do you think you can keep
her long?" as ai9 ed' .rs pa
'Well, she can't get any train back
10 y until to1norr1u nnorning." 1t-s