davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1918-02-18

~ products of the allies. We must in
crease our exports. Dairy butter has food
values vital TO children. Therefore. use il
on the table a usual especially for chill
drcn. But use n little a. possible in
cooking, and reduce the use of fried foods
to reduce consumption of lard and other
fats. Use vegetable oil. a. olive and cot
ton seed OIL Save daily one-third of an
ounce Of animal fat. Waste no soap Ii
contains fat and clycerne necessary for
explosives. We must do our part nj home
in Texas, while our soldiers are fighting
at the front.
F.. \. PEDEN
Federal Food Administrators for Texas.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1918-02-18

right which they have
never before. Today
they are our companions
IN Il great war for dem
ocracy and liberty. They
are doing the fighting.
the suffering. and diving
in our war. and will be
carrying this burden for
months To come. The de-
rreasing herds and the
lack Of fodder mean n
steaslv falling off in dai-
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1918-02-18
WHYPRU MING
CITRUS TREES
is NECESSARY
CARING FOR THE TREE BY REMOVING
The DISEASED PART is COMPARED
TO CULTIVATION OF THE PLANT
TO MAKE IT GROW.
MAKES FOR BETTER FRUIT

The following article on citrus tree pruning
Is divided into foun parts. one part t. appear
IN The Herald each day un;il the series Las
been completed. Dr. J. J. Morton. citrus tree
expert for the United States Department nf
Agriculture. who j. stationed IN the Valley AZ
Inspector for this growing industry. il the au-
thor Dr. Morton. previous to coming to the
Valley two years ago had already had long and
extensive experience in the citrus orchards ut
California. therefore h. j. considered quail
fled IN every respect ~ discuss this subject
Ih. Enifnr
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1918-02-18
Japanese Minister
10 States Is Named

WASHINGTON, ID. c.. Feb. 1S.-Vis-
count klkuii-o has been appointed ambas-
sador for Japan iu the United States and
will reach Washington soon to succeed
Ambassador Saton.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1918-02-18
Ask Alienation of
Condition Ex.Czar

PEIRoGAD, Friday-A nuEber of
grand dukes and grand duchcsse, of the
former regime have addressed a plea to the
bolsheviki government urging the allevin-
ton of the condition in which the former
imperial family is being kept at ToboIsk.
perhaps permitting them To 20 to France or
England. They are reported to have re-
nounced all right, and pretentions to the
throne.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1918-02-18
w Gather Summary.

North Texas. generally cloudy. ~:
Central Texas. generally cloudy. 40:
cursicaIa. light rains Sunday. II: Austin.
raining III; Mace. light ran last night. 80:
Temple. good rain Sunday. -: East Texas
generally cloudy. -: Gulf cast. generally
cloudy. "a: beaumont. heavy rain last
night. 10: West Texas. generally cloudy.
3>:San Antonio drizzle all night. u;
, Louisiana. generally cloudy. AZ Oklahoma.
generally cloudy. 40
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1918-02-18

For "cst Gulf States: Warmer Mon
day. Fair first part of week. but cond-
tinns after "Wednesday uncertain. with
probability ~ SraSnnahlc temperatures
and ~ rainfall until end NJ week.
For the Snuthrpn Rocky Mnutnain and
Plateau Regions: Local SHOWS in northern
portions about Monday and again Thurs
day. Probably snow or rain in south
portion at end oi week. No decided TEN.
pcraturc changes.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1918-02-18
American Soldiers
Have Biggest Feet

CHICAGO. H.. Feb. ls.-American sol
diers have bigger feet than any army IN
history. according 70 Allan Albert OF the
War Camp Committee service But they
also have greater chest measurements
largest hat bands and widest step. He said
Our soldier is a far better type than those
OF the enemy or our allies" Albert de-
~clarcd
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1918-02-18
AMEND WAR FINANCE BILL.

WASHINGTON, ID. a.. Feb. 1s.-An
amendment ~ the war finance bin - ~ To
give President Wilson power to appoint 4
directory OF the corporation instead of
Secretary McAdoo was unanimously de-
ded today by the senate finance commit
tee.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1918-02-18
Owner of lie Journal
Is Arrested in Paris

PARIS, Feb. lS.-Charles Sumbers, sen
ator and proprietor of lie Journal, the pa o.
per n winch Bolo Pasha was financially
interested. wa, arrested IN Parl, this
morning.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1918-02-18
New City Manager
70 Be Here Mar. |

Mayor A. Albert Browne today an
nounced the receipt WI 4 telegram from
W. +. Anderson Of Dallas, who has been
city manager of Brownsville. ac-
ceptlng the appointment. and in which he
states he VII BE- IN Brownsville on or about
March | ~ assume hi- duties
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1918-02-18
NEW ENGLAND ASSURED OF COAL.
tI,y Associated .'rcss.l

WASHINGTON, u. I'll, Feb lS.-Trans-
portation for one milion tons NJ coal a
month was assured for New England today
by Chairman Hurley and Director General
McAdoo. six hundred thousand tons going
by water and four hundred thousand tons
by rail.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1918-02-18
}. OGDEN ARMOUR ON THE STAND.

CHICAGO, H., Feb. Isl Ogden Ar
mour president Of Armour a Company.
took the witness stand here today IN the
packing house wage investigation hy Judge
Alschuter.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1918-02-18
tBy Associated Tress.p

PETROGRAD Feb. S-tDeaayedl
In battle at Odessa Monday. between the
Bol>hevki and the Moderate~. hundreds
were killed. War>hps homhardcd the city.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1918-02-18
K|Ev, RUSSIA,
CAPTURED BY
BOLSHEV|K|

PETROGRAD, Feb. 9.-(Dclaycdl Kiev.
the principal city of the Ukraine. was cap
tured by the Bolsheviki Friday after san
Thursday. Bol~heviki aviatorS bombarded
the city. The casualties at Kiev are esti-
mated al 1000 killed and 100 wounded.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1918-02-18
II KILLED and
41 INJURED IN
TWOA|R RAIDS
(By Associated press.)

LONDON, Feb. ls.-Eleven persons
were killed and four injured in an air at
tack on London Saturday night. The cas-
uaities In Sunday nights raid were sixteen
Killed and thIrtyseven injured. il is Off
cially announced.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1918-02-18
LET US REMEMBER.

That the countries associated with us
in the great world war depend upon Amer
lea for food. as they have never depend
ed before, and they ask IL for it with Il
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1918-02-18
Local Weather Observations.

The following are local weather obser
! vatons. covering the .lhour period
ending az a M. today taken by the
local United States weather bureau, in
! charge Of Mrs A. w. Reed:
Maximum temperature ............ .JI.J
Minimum temperature ....... iG.J
lsarumrtric pra~sur.. . 5000
3 y 3 .
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1918-02-18
8 = : . Is . Sc Sx yy
WEATHER FORECAST.

Tonight cloudy. warmer; Tuesday. I'M
settled warmer with light ~ moderate
Suuthcrly winds.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1918-02-18

Continued on page twol
Omaha daily bee., 1918-12-19
OBITUARY..

MRS. MARGARET F.. THOMAS,
wife of William NJ. Thomas. 1924
North Twenty third street, died in
the home of her sister. Mrs. Frank
Ward of Logan. Ia. She is survived
by her husband. two brothers,
James NJ. Daugherty of Missouri
Valley. la, and Robert L. Daugh-
erty of Lead, s. n. and four sisters,
Mrs. Ward Of Logan. Mrs. Rosetta
Hilliard of Springfield, Ill: Mrs. c.
A. Prather and Mrs. Teresa Dermody
of Omaha. Burial will be in Mis-
souri, Valley. Ia, Friday. Deem
Der 20.
CHARLES G.. HADFlELD, former
Omaha boy connected here with the
Burlington headquarters. died Tues
day at Cheyenne, Wyo.. of influenza
and pneumonia. Mr.. Hadtield was
born in Omaha "a years ago and
lived for years at Twenty-siXth and
Cunning streets. He is survived by
four brothers and two sistees, James
b., Joseph, Edward and George. and
Mrs. C. F. Hoel and Miss Elsie Had
/ field. The body will be brought to
AOmaha for burial today. The burial
will be private.
l.. INVERSION. aged IS years, died
at his home, 1911 Clark street, We'd
nesday evening He is survived by
his wife, six sons and one daughter.
Funeral services will be held in the
home Thursday afternoon at :
o'clock. with interment in the Jew
ish cemetery on South Thirty siXth
street
Omaha daily bee., 1918-12-19
Varying Wages Paid
by Big Five" Packers
in Different Cities

Chicago, Dec. lS.-How great was
a variation OF wages paid by big
FIVE" packing companies to work.
men doing the same class of work at
plants in different cities, was teSti-
fed to today by Dennis Lane, secre-
tary of the Amalgamated Meat Gut
tiers and Butcher Workmen'S union.
at the packing companies wage
hearing before Samuel Alschuler, a
federal Judge. The witness asked
that the wages be made uniform in
all cities affected by the hearing.
Lane said that in opening new
branches in various cities the pack
ing firms invariably sent men from
Chicago to get the branches started
and paid the Chicago wage. Later,
he said. local men would be employ
ed at lower rates and the Chicago
men would be sent back to this city.
He thought that competition be-
tween plant managers to keep down
operating costs was the, cause OF this
procedure.
Omaha daily bee., 1918-12-19
INSURANCE men
LOSE LICENSES,
BOARD DEGREES
Four Involved in Choice Bank
Case Found to Have
Used Irregular
Methods.
From a Staff Correspondent.

Lincoln, Dec. lS.-(SpeciaD-The
state insurance board has denied the
application of the German Ameri-
can State Bank OF Chalco for the
appointment Of a receiver for the
Mutual Benefit, Health and Acct
dent association OF Omaha: that c.
I. Crlss, its manager should be re-
moved as treasurer or that the sum
of S266l879, loss sustained by the
bank because OF the incompetancy Of
its officers should be reimbursed to
he bank.
1t holds that the licenses of w. G..
Jenkins, J. W. Mccarthy, +. G.
Grovey and Fred B. Atkins to So
licit insurance are revoked and are
denied the right to solicit insurance
tor the period OF one year
Evidence, III the opinion OF the
state insurance board indicates"
the board says, that W. c. Jenkins.
]. w. Mccarthy, F. {. Grovey and
Fred B. Adkins. agents, deliberately
planned to corrupt the bank cashier
and having done so, proceeded to
write insurance for all classes OF
risks, accepting notes in payment
thereof and discounting them at the
German American State Bank OF
Chalco. having full knowledge that,
in many instances, the persons sign
ing the notes had no financial re-
sponsibilty and would not be able
10 liquidatc same when due
The insurance board finds that
the said W. {. Jenkins, ]. w. Nc
earthly, +. c. Grovey, and Fred B.
Adkins, entered into a contract with
the German American State Bank OF
Chalco, binding themselves individ-
ually aud Severaliy to make good
any losses sustained by the bank by
virtue of its transactions with the
said insurance agents, which obi
CATION to the bank the agents have
failed to DISCHARGE"
Omaha daily bee., 1918-12-19
Private John n. Mccullough,
Soldier Since He Was II
Years Of Age, Victim
of Accident.

Mrs. Violet Cain Mccullough, No.
26l6 Browne street, wife of John II,
Mccullough, killed recently when
large motor truck fell through
bridge near Clermont, France, was
one of the first of America S war
brides, having been married April 9,
1917. just three days after the Unit
ed States entered the war.
Her husband, although only q
years old when he was killed, has
perhaps also the distinction of hav-
ing seen more years of service i'll
proportion to his age than any other
of Uncle Sans men.
In 1902, while mere lad Of only
y years. being unable to secure his
parents permission to join the army,
he ran away from home and in some
way succeeded in being accepted
into the service and has been q
proud wearer of the soldiers uni
form since that time.
In 1910 Private Mccullough came
to Fort Omaha, where, except when
he has been engaged in active serv-
ice. he has made his headquarters.
In 1912 he went to the Philip
pines. where for nearly two years
he saw service as a member of the
United States cavalry forces. and
again in l9l6he went to the Mexi-
can border with General Pershlng.
When the United States entered
the war with Germany, being an
expert wireless and signal service
man. he was transferred to the air
service and soon after became mas
ter electrician. During the sum-
mer of 1917 Private Mccullough was
transferred to Fort Sill, Oklahoma,
where he remained until June, 1918.
when he was ordered overseas.
While at Fort Omaha he distin
guished himself as an athlete and
was quite prominent among base
ball enthusiasts Of the fort and city
in general.
Besides his wife and baby son,
Omaha daily bee., 1918-12-19
Major Warner Of Madison
to Resume Practice of Law

Washington, Dec. 1S.-(Special
Telegram Maj. Frank Warner OF
Madison, Neb., who has been on the
general staff of the army during the
war, was admitted to practice law i'll
the supreme court today. He eX-
poets to go to Camp Zachary Taylor
for two or three weeks following
which he will resign from the army
and resume the practice of law, He
is a graduate of the Nebraska uni
versity and law partner to former
Senator w. V. Allen.
Omaha daily bee., 1918-12-19
British Officials Confer.

London, Dec lS.-Nia Mon
treal)-The members of the war
cabinet and representatives of the
British dominions and of India
held an important conference to-
day at Premier Lloyd Georges Of
fetal residence in Downing street
1t is understood that various mat
tiers likely to arise at the peace con-
ference were discussed.
Omaha daily bee., 1918-12-19
Mother of Late Russian
Car Thinks Him Alive

Warsaw, Dec. lS,-(By Associa-
ted Press Tile mother of former
Emperor Nicholas of Russia, who is
living near Livadia, in the Crimea,
his been receiving letters every ~
days that prr2)rted to come from
the former ruler, according to Polish
officers who lave arrived here from
Sebastopol. The dowager empress
ard al. about her are convinced that
Nicholas Romanotf is still alive, &C
cording 10 information given the
officers by members of her house
hold.
Omaha daily bee., 1918-12-19
Requests for Early
Discharge Of Men in
Service Are Useless

Des MONIES, la, Dec. lS-(Spccial
Telegram)-Governor Harding, i'll
a statement given out today, says he
has receivcdt hundreds of letters
from parents of boys in service ask
ing their discharge but he has been
informed by Washington officials
these men can only be demobillzed
in regular way, hence he says re-
quest for special discharge are given
no attention in Washington.
Omaha daily bee., 1918-12-19
Mourning for Leader.

San Salvador, Republic of Saliva
dor, Dec. lS,-The death is an
to DR.. Jose Trigueros, dean
OF Salvadorean juris-consults and
noted authority on international law.
By decree the government has &C
corded to him the honors of a gen
cral Of division and has ordered
three days national mourning.
Omaha daily bee., 1918-12-19
Congressman Mann Would
Be Sneaker of the House

Washington, Dec. lS.-Represen-
tatiye James r. Mann of Illinois. re-
publican leader of the house, today
formally announced his candidacy
for speaker Of the house in the next
congress, which will be controlled by
the republicans,
Omaha daily bee., 1918-12-19

John H. Mccullough, jr., whom it
was never his pleasure to see, Private
Mccullough leaves father, George
Mccullough, who resides in Pitts
burgh Pa, and a brother who is a
major in the famous Rainbow divl-
c:n,,
Omaha daily bee., 1918-12-19
City Gas Now Nearly Up to
Standard Required by Law

Omaha gas is now nearly as good
as the law requires it to be. accord
ing to test made by City Chemist
Crowley Tuesday. The gas tested
1856 British thermal units. The law
requires it TO test at least 900
z r [ L.
Omaha daily bee., 1918-12-19
Wants Pay Continued.

Washington. Dec. 1S.-Secretary
Daniels today asked congress to
make permanent the doubled pay
given the enlisted men of the navy
at the beginning OF the war as
temporary measure.
Omaha daily bee., 1918-12-19
Bright Lights Cost Six
Persons One Dollar Each

Auto lights without DINNERS
proved expensive for six men in po-
lice court Wednesday. X. w Baker.
Merriam hotel; W. Walk. 2Sl8 Chi
cago street; A. w. Hunt. SIP Wool
worth avenue: |. I. Parker, 1911
Missouri avenue, and !. Delanty,
Castle hotel, were all charged with
driving with bright lights and fined
$l.00 and costs.
Earl Davis, 1872 Crown Point,
charged with bright lights and
speeding, was fned 5000 and costs.
Omaha daily bee., 1918-12-19
PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS.

John f. kennebeck, formerly on the
editorial staff Of Tho Bee. has received
his honorable discharge from the navy aud
has returned to Omaha. He was sta
tened at Puget Sound.
Omaha daily bee., 1918-12-19

Cross Dollar
seek to serve humanity wherever there
is suffering, sorrow and distress-and
this is my only mission.
l have been on every battlefield, midst
thunder of artillery, roar of guns
bloodshed, death, destruction and
desolation indescribable
have brought healing to the wounded,
health to the sick, strength to the
weak, relief to the crippled, hope to
the despairing and consolation to the
dying.
have brought food to the hungry, cloth
ing to the naked, shelter to the home
cheer and comfort the brave boys COM
ing home from camp and over there
Iprovide "canteen SERVICE" always ready
for our boys at railroad stations, fur
nshing hot coffee, hot baths ciga-
rettes, beds and other comforts.
Itenderly care for the wounded, travelling
to the loved ones at home, supplying
skilled medical and surgical attention
whenever needed.
Tput renewed hope and courage into your
boys travelling homeward by making
pleasant their stay in Omaha, no mat
ter whether it is for minutes or for
hours.
care for soldiers families, keeping want
and privation away
help the honorably discharged soldier to
get the job he is competent to hold
and help him begin life anew.
am more necessary today than ever be-
fore, because must do double duty
now. Mywork is not ended because
the fighting has stopped Indeed, in
many ways it has only begun.
Itsup to you and every other good Amer
lean to keep me working Have your
Red Cross Dollar ready when the
membership solicitor calls this week.
Join the Red Cross
~
Omaha daily bee., 1918-12-19
Many Opportunities.

evidences OF the rapid demobili-
cation of our troops and the oppor-
tunity for the association to serve
the men are marked" said r. S.
Flower, general secretary. -Four
hundred soldiers enroute east were
entertained in the local bulidrs
OF the train wired for bathing &C
commodatiQns. Not only baths for
this bunch, but everything else the
association could do for their COM
fort or pleasure was done. Since
the signing of the armistice the dor
m;tories have been completely filled
with permanent men, and men who
desire to room in the association are
being turned away daily. Many OF
the men have come to the associa-
ton with employment problems.
Omaha daily bee., 1918-12-19
Y. m. C. A. TO Give
Memberships TO
OMAHA SOLDIERS
Association Entertains Four
Hundred Khaki Clad Men
in One Day With
a Plunge.

A free three-months membership
in the Omaha Young Mems Chris
tan association is offered to each
Omaha soldier returned from mill
tarv service. This action was taken
at a directors meeting held Tues
day. Men who have returned are
urged to make application for this
privilege to George w. Campbell,
membership secretary.
In addition to this the associa-
ton will continue its policy OF Civ
ing free visiting privileges to all
men in uniform. This has been
doac ever since the mobilization OF
troops at the beginning of the war.
An average of 1000 men per month
have availed themselves of this priv
ileCe
Omaha daily bee., 1918-12-19

Boys Real Macklnaws
Plaids and plain colors, in mill
tary style, $3.50 to $3.50
Little fellows Mackinaws, sets
Of coat leggings and cap to
match $50
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1918-04-21
That English Accent
Made a Gloomy Minute

London.--The Y. NJ. c. A. furnishes
this human interest" item on the
American soldiers first acquaintance
with the cockney brogue:
An American sailor went to Scotland
Yard to report he was changing his
place of abode. inasmuch as he was on
his way to the hospital for n stay. The
sergeant behind the desk looked up at
him and said:
Are you going down to die"
The worried Sammee looked more
doleful than ever, and replied:
Well, If do, l will not be any more
trouble to you except that you will ship
my body back to the states"
| Gloomily he started to leave the Of
flee. when a clerk laughingly explained
to the American that the sergeant said
Are you going down today
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1918-04-21
Missoula Red Cross Branches
Are Accomplishing Much Work

The different branches of the Mis-
soula chapter of the American Red
Cross have made a wonderful record
in work done for the comfort of the
soldiers and in furnishing supplies for
the care OF the wounded and sick on
the battlefields OF France.
There are IS of these branches and
the following Is q compilation Of what
each has done.
ARlEE-TWclve surgeons masks, 3
pairs of slippers, Is pairs Of bed socks,
6 hot water bottle covers, 16 comfort
pillows, 6 pillow covers, pairs Of OPP
Grating leggings, pair Of socks, Is
nightingales. Is bed shirts, 4 sings, IS
pairs of wrlstlets, % towels, helmets,
4 mufflers. 20 sweaters, ) suits of pa
jamas, bed jacket.
BONlTA-Eight panrs of slippers, 3
pairs Of socks. bed shirts, 3 sweaters.
CllNTOk-One pair Of slippers, 3
pairs OF bed socks. pairs of operating
hose. 10 pairs Of socks, 46 bed shirts, l
pair of wristlets, l knitted bed spread,
bed jackets, mufflers, IL sweaters,
II pairs Of pajamas, 3 surgeons gowns.
UPERlOR-Ninety- three pairs of
slippers, 5 surgeons caps, % pairs Of
bed socks, q hot water bottle covers,
8 pairs of operating hose, 81 comfort
pillows, IA pairs of operating leggings.
20 pairs of socks, 9 nightingales. 100
bed shirts, 6 nurses gowns, AZ sings,
80 pairs of wristlets. 4 helmets, muf-
flers, SO sweaters, IS suits OF pajams.
3 surgeons gowns, % pairs of ban
daged foot socks, Bed covers. 2 COM
forts. 2 quilts.
MOIE0E-Twenty-s six masks, pairs
Of slippers, 2 fracture pillows. sur
geon's caps, 3 pairs Of bed socks, SO
hot water bottle covers. IA pairs of OPP
Grating hose, 1G comfort pillows. 3 pill
low covers. IL pairs OF operating leg
gings. / pair Of socks, % bed shirts,
l muffler q sweaters, IS suits of pa
jamas, "a wash cloths.
lOLO-Five comfort pillows. pairs
of socks. IS bed shirts. sweaters. II
suits OF pajamas, tray cloths, nap
kins, 3 ambulance pillows. So handker-
chiefs.
STARK-Twenty- six pairs of slip
pers, 90 comfort pillows, pairs Of OPP
Grating leggings, IS pairs OF socks, 101
bed shirts, II sweaters, 81 suits of pa
jamas, 10 ambulance pillows, 6 pairs
OF bandaged foot socks and 9 bed
Jackets.
RONAN-Six baby layettes.
ST. iGNATlUS-Four bed shirts.
Al6ERTON-Eigh seven pairs OF
slippers, 10 pairs Of bed socks, IL com
fort pillows, pairs Of operating leg
gings. pairs of socks, So bed shirts
8 pairs Of wristlets, / helmet, l muffler
20 sweaters, suits of pajamas, con-
valescent's robe.
ST. REGiS--Twelve masks. II sur.
geon's caps. 3 hot water bottle covers
10 comfort pillows, II pairs OF socks
81 bed shirts. 2 mufflers, II sweaters
2 pairs Of bed leggings, Is suits Of pa