Bisbee daily review., 1918-07-28

from the side of Russia. It was Uk raine, territory extending along the Rumanian and Galician frontier from the Black Sea northward to Cholm, in ancient Poland. With this republic, the Central Empires made peace late in January.
 The failure of the Bolsheviki author ities to reach any agreement with the Germans resulted in the renewal of hostilities on February IS, and the German armies moved forward once more.
 5rest-Litovsk Treaty
 This brought about a renewal of the peace negotiations, and at Brest-Lit- ovsk the Bolsheviki were given to un- derstand that Germany would recog- nize the kingdom of Poland, the re- public of Ukraine, the independence of Finland, and the separate government al status of Lithuania. EsthOnia and LiVonia Turkey, as an ally of the Central Powers, was given a great area to the east of the Black Sea, including the regions of Baum, Kars and Erivan
 With the announcement of the final signing of the treaty between the Bol shevikf and Germany. the Allies gave up hope that Russia would remain in the conflict, and at once they began to strengthen their lines against the coming of the great German offensi Ne by which Berlin and Vienna hoped to force the Entente nations to make peace.
 Rumania capitulates With the greater part of her terri tory occupied by the Germans, Aus trians and Bulgarians, with her gov ernment driven from Bucharest to Jassy and with the Russian Rolshivi- Ri openly hostile toward her, Rumania found herself in a critical situation. Rumanian troops during February and March advanced into Bessarabia, a part of the new Republic of Ukraine, but they were hemmed in by the enc my forces and obliged to withdraw. At last, on May 6, Rumania signed a treaty of peace with the Central Pew CTS.
 By this treaty Rumania lost the lprovince of Dobrudja, on the south side of the Danube, which she had re ceived after the Balkan war, and agreed to a rectification of her west ern frontier. Economic concessions also were made under pressure from | the Teutonic Alliance.
 Peace TentatiVes The period between December l, l1917 and March 1, 1918, may be called the pericd of peace tentstives. It is ! true that before the end of the sum mer Pope Benedict made an appeal to the warning nations to enter into peace negotiations, the basis for pourparlors being the restoration of Belgium and Serbia and the return to Germany or | her lost colonies. This appeal, made | on August 13, was answered by Presi- dent Wilson on August 29, when the President announced that the German government as constituted could not be believed and that the United states was ready to enter into negotiations when the German people showed they desired peace and when they spoke through any authority which would be representative of them.
 The German answer to the Popes appeal reached the Vatican cn Septem- Der 21. It expressed hope that further warfare could be averted through the good offices of the Pope, but declined to enter into any engagement to meet what the Allies had declared to be their minimum war aims.
 German Peace Offer German efforts to secure a peace which would leave to Germany all the fruits of her victory gained through Russia's collapse, and with Belgium | and large portions of France to be used as pawns at the council table, began with the address of Count Czer min. then Austrian foreign minister, at Brest-Litovsk, on December 26. The keynote of the address was general peace without annexations and indem- mites.
 On January s, President Wilson, ad- dressing Congress, said that the Unit | ed States must know for whom the German rulers were speaking. The address was a complement to an ad- dress made on January hy David Lloyd George, the British premier.
 To these addresses reply was made | by Imperial Chancellor von Hertling of Germany, and Count Czernin. The latter was pacific and conciliatory in tone. while the former. alluding to "the good German sword showed he was speaking for the militarists of the Germanic powers.
 -Four Principles" Enunciated
 To these replies there was rejoinder by President Wilson, who, on Febru- arv II. again addressing Congress, laid down what have come to be known as the -Four Principles" upon which peace can be based Briefly, these principles were:
 Final settlement must be based on |i essential justice.
 Peoples and provinces are net to be bartered about like chattels. Every territorial settlement must be for the benefit and in the interest Of II the populations concerned. II All well-defined national aspirations shall be met with the utmost satisfac- tion consistent with the future peace
 Pope Benedict, in pastoral letter II issued at Easter. made another appeal for concord among the peoples of the world. but it brought forth no tangible results. At the Pope's behest, prayers for peace were offered in Catholic churches throughout the world on ,; Peters Day, June 2S.