davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington times., 1918-03-03

ferent light. Here was a general
stan which had for forty years plan
ned and perfected aggressive war. II
took for Eranted-and there was no
violent exaggeration in such a view
that complete victory would be
achieved Immediately.
A command in this mood finds IT.
self, and Is stupefed to find itself
caught, held. hurled back. and at last
pinned by those inferior forces which
not a week before 1t had regarded as
a mere prey. That the defeated party
in such a catastrophe should produce
and develop a tenacious defensive,
should save what 1t could and cling
to the flrst opportunity for a halt, Is
no more than the crude necessity Of
its position That it should have fore
seen and prepared for IL Is neither
evidence nor probability.
Trenches were. indeed. dug upon
the Aisne position by troops still in
the rear after the frst news OF the
Marne was appreciated by the Ger
man command, but not before.
The Washington times., 1918-03-03

| for the future it would seem as II in
/ this vital matter of work i'm the air
the allies were really establishing a
| supremacy, but we do not know
whether the enemy may not be meer-
ly holding back heavy forces OF air
| planes or even some new types of
superior effectiveness, for use in a
| special effort in the air to coincide
with the opening OF his attack on
the trenches, If this is made.
Germans Almost
Must Fight Alone.
Theoretically the disappearance OF
the eastern front as a military fac
tor and the release OF much OF the
greater part OF the men watching It
should allow the central powers, to
throw the whole weight OF their
armies into the attack or series Of
attacks upon the lines I'm northern
France. But I'm practice this attack
will have TO rely upon German troops
almost alone. The Austrian forces
have already been heavily reduced
by the disasters which overlook them
In the early part OF the war. Their
available resources are now mainly
occupied upon the Italian front, and
N-ohoAAAN NoAAAA III jug AlOul mug
tria-Hungary are worse even than
those from which the German empire
now suffers. Moreover the civilian
population is far less homogeneous
and more disconnected than Is that in
Germany itself.
Some observers also have argued
that the new commitment of the cen
trail empires TO action in the East.
which they assumed when they began
marching toward Petrograd in the
north and toward Kiev in ehe south.
will further hamper them and deter
them from any attack in the West.
But this in error. There is no Rus
sian army in exlstence-only a GER
tain number OF men. wearing uniform
IL Is true, but without discipline,
largely without arms, and enormous
ly reduced in numbers by desertlons.
Small Force Only
Used in RUSSIA.
The forces which the central en-
pires are now sending forward into
the heart OF what once was Russia
are quite small A certain propor-
tion OF cavalry, accompanied by artil-
lery, is sufficient for the work. sup
ported as they are by the reduced
uhANS Va poOI BIduo lufSnlTy which
have been found all that was neces-
sary for use on the eastern front IN
recent months. Dvinslc. for instance,
was abandoned without n struggle.
and already far more than a thousand
guns. formerly provided by the allies
to aid Russia, have been given up
without a blow. There Is no real
lighting.
The only task of the small invad-
Ing armies, In fact, is the garrisoning
and policing OF such districts as Ger
many chooses to have them occupy.
And the the Ukraine IS already in
with the Germans, and as
the local leaders and Germah agents
10 the north have readily surrendered
all that was asked TO the central
empires, the German commanders
may put the limit OF the advance of
The Washington times., 1918-03-03

phase was part OF a deliberate plan
already established in the enemy's
mind.
SIIsunderStands
Nature of War.
To entertain such an error would
be. as subsequent study and evil
dence have proved. to misunderstood
the nature OF the war and the psy-
chology of, the opposing beligerents.
Trench warfare was certainly not
foreseen by the enemy. He had pSe-
pared nothing for 1t. His just ap-
probation of the value OF machine
guns and his initial overwhelming
superiority therein were based upon
the idea that the machine gun would
be invaluable in the check OF local
counter offensiyeS and even In the
prosecution OF rapid attack. Its value
for permanent defense he seized when
he was constrained to that perma.
nent defense. 1t is greatly to his
credit that he should so rapidly have
appreciated the new conditions; but
he did not plan them.
All his plan was for . rapid often
sive, in which he was more or less
certain OF an immediate or over
whelming success: accident and cir
cumstance external 20 his design were
his tutors in this matter. The trench
warfare, which was established In the
third week of September. 1914. was
imposed upon the Germans by their
defeat, and SO far from being q COM
plete system organized and thought
out before the outbreak of the war
nearly all its features developed as
noveltiO.
That almost Inevitable tendency by
which we see the difficulties OF our
own side in war and forget the corre-
spending difficulties of thu opponent
led opinion among the allies to a Sc
rious overestimate OF the enemy's cal
in tho matter OF defensive
war. II we put ourselves in the posi-
tion OF the German higher command
we shall see things from a very diff
The Washington times., 1918-03-03
Aim at War of Movement, Says Noted Military Critic
American Hen on Job;
Lays So Periodically
That Eggs Drop u Cts.

NEW YORK, March 3.-Ths
great American hen Is doing It's
bit to help whip the Kaiser.
P. Q. Foy, market expert for
the United States Food Adminis-
tration. Is responsible. for thiB
statement. and p. Q. ought to
know. To. supstantiate his state
ment, p. Q. pointed out that eggs
have fallen % cents per dozen in
New York in a week.
Anyone will be convinced that
the American hen is on the job"
said Foy. when they realize
that 2e,so7,s6e eggs were re-
. ceiyed in New York alone yester-
day"
The Washington times., 1918-03-03

7 which would insure that they would be
the future masters OF Europe.
Can Play for Small
Stake or Big One.
There are two ways in which they can
attain this end; q minimum way and a
maximum way.
The minimum8 is to hold the
present siege line from the Channel
to the Adriatic intact, while they
continue to increase the pressure
upon Great Britain and the vitaf'com-
municationA of the allies by q larger
and more effective use OF the subma-
rine. They hope that even II they
have no better success than this It
will be a sufficient power in the field
to upset the new balance created by
the detection OF Russia from the al
lied cause, and in spite OF any assist
] ance which America can give. across
three thousand miles OF submarine
infested ocean.
But the maximum way would be
far more satisfactory to the Ger
mans, because 1t would be shorter
and because It would be Infinitely
more conclusive. 1t consists in
breaking up the western line and re-
storing the "war Of movement" which
ended on the west when the Germans
were pinned into their trenches from
Switzerland to the sea following their
retreat after the battle OF the Marne.
Nothing but Guesses
As 10 Their Plans.
No one can possibly tell whether
the Germans intend or not TO make
this attempt in the near future.
There have been plenty OF guesses,
but they have been guesses only.
German prisoners taken by allied
forces In raids In the last weeks have
alluded in large way to the immi-
nence Of such q stroke, and expert
the whole. that some such attempt
will be made. But some OF the most
acute obBervers OF the war are still
OF the opinion that-in spite OF, per-
haps because OF, the wide advertise
ment that this coming offensive has
been given. from the German side
II is a bluff; that the central empires
will not at this time risk the very
heavy losses which such an expert
meut would entail and the possible
collapse of their whole structure to
Wnlcn Such losses might ledd-
The real crux in the judgment Of
this question is between those who
think that the Germans must make
such an effort because OF the moral
and material condition OF their civil
ian population, and those who think
they can afford to postpone II in
spite OF the increasing strain upon
their peoples, and that they can keep
the population in order in spite OF
any discomfort which may develop
during the strain OF waiting
Meanwhile observation from the
afr informs US that the Germans are
rehearsing their troops IN formations
for use in a "war OF movement" be-
hind their lines, that they are using
large bodies OF men in this, prob
ably in coordination with their new
tanks, and certainly with an elab-
crate new organization prepared for
use when and II a change can be
made from the trench warfare Of the
last three years.
Likely to Strike
British Near CambraI.
In a former article discussed the !
various sectors upon which q German |
attack might take place. It now ap-
pears that the probabilities are that
the offensive Will be launched. IL Il
The Washington times., 1918-03-03
BY HILAIRE BELLOC.

BY HILAIRE BELLOC,
.AuthOr Of 'fEIements Of the Great
War; and BriteIn'a Most DIstiR-
EuIahed Military Critic.
(CopyriEht. IsIs-The Tribune ASsO-
citation, the New York Tribune)
Politically the great interest OF the
war during the present week he's
been the surrender OF Northern Rus
EsiA But the military interest, which
Is supreme, for It must in the end
control even the political arrange
snents which have been set up be-
tween the German government and
BolseyIlk leaders, lies in q discussion
upon "the war OF movement" which
the German high command is appar-
entity planning TO put into effect II
possible upon the western as well as
upon the eastern front.
The capitulation OF northern Rus
ala has taken place, OF course, with
out any consultation with its peo-
Eple or attempt to determine their
wishes in the matter. 1t was signed
Emerely by the small cosmopolitan
group OF men who are masters
through terrorism in Petrograd; some
of whom are actually agents Of the
German government, and all OF whom
are entirely indifferent to any na-
rtional feeling for Russia.
Its object is to maintain these peo-
pie in such power as they have been
able to set up in what used to be the
rRuGsian capital, and its effect is to
complete a long belt OF small and
weak states. nominRlly independent
which Germany and Austria are set
ting up In Eastern Europe. These
they win dominate politically and
economically and from them they
hope TO draw military strength, so
that in practics, II they remain with
their present boundaries, they will
form parts OF a great Central Eu-
ropean empire under the leadership
and domination OF Prussia and its
rulers.
These small states are LIvonia, Es-
thonia, Courland, q GermRniEed Rou-
mania with a new king, who would
Ebe appointed by Germany, and prob
ably would be one OF Prussia's ruI-
ling family, and the Ukraine.
Prussia FeaFs
n Fres Poland.
One Of the chief objects In setting up
all these small states-especially the
last named-is to create a weak and d.
uE4niShed Poland. This Is because Po-
land Is . raj nationality. strongly patrl-
Ot3e. Vtri1A. and possessing the elements
- national greatness and power. 90 that
- resurrection as q state IL one Of the
AangS which Prussia most seriously
6rssdS.
But an these arrangements depend for
6heir permAnency upon what happens
0n the western front II the Germans
can maintain their line In the west, and
can succeed In forcing the allied pow
ses 10 give them a peace which leaves
thsEn strong and the undisputed masters
Of Central Europe, they would obviously
have won the war. They would. Of
cOurna. SvncuGte Belgium and northern
France; they would hold a referendum
With pleasure in Alsace-Lorraine, and
they probably would even tell Austria
10 give back TO Italy the territory now
occupied and the Trentino, that Italian
valley IN the Alps which Austria now
TuleA But In spits of these concessions
they would come out Of such a mar
-rHngsment with powers and resources
The Washington times., 1918-03-03
.BELLOC DISCUSSES EFFECT
OF RUSSIANS SURRENDER
BelIoc Forecasts Possible Change From
Trench Warfare

mo possibly tell whether the Germans intend make big
guses they have been
of the
Hat perhaps Of the wide that fn
given de- central will
this which such would entail and
collapse whole which such might lead
Meanwhile rehar
of behind their lines
large bodies of this probably coordination with their
when
change years."
The Washington times., 1918-03-03
RESERVE SYSTEM GROWS.

Admission into the Federal reserr
system has been granted to the fol
lowing banks by the Federal Reserv
Board: Scandlnavian-Ameri Bank
Ore; Guaranty State Bank
Hansford, Tex: State Bank OF Wayne
Wayne. Neb.; Union Bank and Trus
Company. Helena Mont.
The Washington times., 1918-03-03
Likely to Strike
British Near CHmbFaI.

In former article I discussed the
various sectors upon which q German
attack might take place. It now ap-
pears that the probabilities are that
the offensive Will be launched. II IL
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-12-04
PUBLIC UTILITIES FOR
 CITY OF FAIRFIELD
Newly Incorporated City to Have Public Conveniences at an Early Date

Work will begin in short time by the Fairfield Utilities company for light, heat, power, gas, water, street car and street transformation and many other city conveniences at Fairfield. This com- pany was organized recently with capital of $5o,0oo, and the citizen ship of this suburb which has recently been incorporated will be able to enjoy all the privileges found in the larger city when this work Is completed.
 George Gordon Crawford, president ot the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad company, is president of the new com pany, H. c. Ryding is vice president. L. F. Beecher secretary treasurer, and c R. Sexton, assistant secretary.
 According to the plan of the company the conveniences enumerated above will be installed at an early date, the incor- poration papers setting out the confines of the recently organized city at Fair field as the scope of the operations of the company.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-12-04
.MUSGROVE ID MAKE TRIP ID PARIS FOR
 TEMPERANCE CAUSE
Is One of Delegates Chosen by w. c. T. U. to Attend
 World Conference

A telegram to L. B. Musgrove yes-
 terday from the Women's Christian
 Temperance union convention now in session in Chicago announced that he and Bishop Cannon of Virginia had been chosen as delegates to represent the in-
 ternationAl temperance cause at a con-
 ference, In Paris and they were instruct
 ed to sail not later than December 20. ' lI is understood here that the step is
 caken in cooperation with the world temperance conference which was re- gently held in Columbus, Ohio. At that time it was felt that world temper ance would be an important factor en- tering into reorganization of world con ditions and it was felt for this reason to be important to have representa- tives of the cause in Paris at the time of the peace conference Tn order that the furtheranee of temperance might not be overlooked in such arrangements as it is proposed to make.
 Mir, Musgrove went to Jasper yester- day afternoon
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-12-04
ALBERT ID ARRIVE !. IN PARIS TOMORROW Will Be Accompanied by Queen Elizabeth and
 Prince Leopold

Paris, December 3.-(British Wireless service0-King Albert. Queen Elizabeth
 and Prince Leopold of Belgium will ar hr!ve here Thursday afternoon. They will
 be received by President Poincare and
 Mime. Poincare, the presidents of the
 Senate and Chamber of Deputies and l4he municipal authorities of Paris King Albert and his entourage will reside at the ministry of foreign affairs,
 where King George is stopping. Thurs day evening the Belgian royal family will be entertained at dinner at the Pres ident's palace. Friday, luncheon will
 be- served at the foreign affairs palace, followed by a reception at the city hall. The King. Queen and daheir to the throne of Belgium will leave for Belgium Friday evening.
 Premier Clemenceau, who now is in London. is expected to return. here on Wednesday night in order to be present
 at the reception to the King and Queen
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-12-04
CRIMINAL COURT


 The trial of John McKenney, negro. charged with killing Monroe McEachern, white man. at the steel plant of the Tennessee Coal Iron and Railroad com pany at Ens.ey last May, was begun in the criminal court yesterday afternoon. Not al. of the witnesses had been ex- amined when the court adjourned yes terday and tine trial will be resumed this morning.
 John Henry Hunter. negro. was con victed of murder in the second derre' on two charges Jn the criminal court yesterday and given sentence of 10 years in the penitentiary in each case. It was alleged that he killed Mundy smith and Dyke Prince several months ago.
 In the absence of Judge Heflin and Judge Fort. both being sick. Judge Pugh, Judge Miller and Judge Ferguson pre- sided over the divisions of the criminal court yesterday.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-12-04
f4uy dreds Of Beautiful and
 7 1intlly Dressed Dolls Al
 CliLdren's Hospital Bazar
Al Sorts and Condition of Dolls Display Bazar g First Avenue 800 Lovely Dolls For Children of Soldiers-Allied Flags and Holiday Decoration
 Produce Artistic Effect

Masberg, $5; Mrs R. D. Johnston, Jr. $5; Mrs. Sam Earle. s2.50: Martha Clements. $2.50; Francis Clements, s250.
 Mrs. R. E. Hogan of Fairfield has sent in the following donations:
 Mrs. T. D. Temple, $1; MT. Seymour Hall, s3; Mrs. G. B. Gable, $2; Mrs. H. R. Mearns, s1; Mrs Joe Scholl, s2 MT J. M Richardson, $1; Mrs. Charles Fos- ter, 50 cents: Mrs. W. D. Miller, 50 cents; Mrs. Fred Sturgess, $1;p Mrs. Isaac Morris, $1: Mrs. I. V Thomas, $'; Mrs Isabelle Orrnsby, 50 cents; Mrs. Leroy Beckiey s1 Mrs. King, $l; Mrs Armand. $1 Mrs. Jenkins, 50 cents; Mrs. B H. Sadler, $1; Mrs. c. c. Ellis, ST; Mrs. Edward Patton, $1; Mrs. W, w Ellis, s1; Mrs w F. Lewis, $1; Mrs. E c. Crowder, s1 Mrs. A. c. Hazan. s15o: Mrs. c. Fl Ritchie, s2; Mrs. C. F. Busch, 50 cents; Mrs. G. A. Neal. Sl; Mrs Baehman, 50 cents: Mrs DaVlo House, s1 Dr. C. J. Donald, $2; Mrs. k. E. Hogan, s2.
 DOLLS DONATED
 Mrs. E. w. Tucker, Mrs J. E. Ben- nett, Mrs P B. HarrelI. Mrs. Arthur Srere Mrs G. NJ Glasgow, Mrs. Arthur E. Smith, Mrs. R. A. White, Mrs. Roz- den Carter, Mrs. Grady Lovelady, Mrs Jack Bessony Miss Alderman, Found tain Heights Red Cross unit (Mrs. C. A. Donneliy chairman; two dolls and one box clofhes). Mrs. W. S Scott, Mrs C. B. Whitaker, Mrs. John Shelton, Mrs John Goodwin, Mrs. J. B. Rule, Mrs Jakes Mrs j. R. Montgomery, Mrs Madison Gumm. Miss Juliet Odom Mrs c. B. Marvin Mrs Jamie Jones, Mrs Sparrenberger. Mrs. H. M. Dozier. Mrs Lee Rust. Mrs. Weakley, Mrs Joseph Ware, Mrs. Lee. Mrs. George Hobart Mrs. Cunningham, Mss Elsie Brooks Mrs. w. l. Grubb, Miss Rosa Kaufman Mrs Carl Fox, Mrs. Ted Joy, Mrs Glover. Mrs Hubbert smith. Mrs w A Currfe, three dolls: Mrs W. c. Bor- ham Mrs Harry White. Mrs James Arthur Smith, Mrs. Will Dunn, Mts George Morrow, Jr., Mrs Campbell Maben. Mrs. Crawford Johnson. lz dolls. Mrs Felton Wimberly. Miss lc- May Caldwell Mrs. Charlie Marks, Mrs Herbert Tutwiler. two dolls; Mrs Henry Foster, three dolls: Mrs Louis Richter, four dolls Mrs W. B. Leedy IT.. two dolls: Mrs. w V M. Robert son, Mrs E. w. Tutwiler, IT,. twe dolls. Mrs. R. T. Conner. Mrs. Lutz, Mrs McAlee. Mrs Sid Smith Mrs. McGhee Porter, Mrs H. P HefEn, Mrs Joh7 Chisolm, two dolls; Mrs. James l. Davidson Mrs Howard M. Brooks, Mrs Wall. Mrs w. C. Phillips.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-12-04
MEN ACCUSED BY HUGHES PARDONED
 BY HE PRESIDENT
Charged in Report on Air craft Investigation of Do- ing Business With Firms
 in Which Interested

Washington. December 3.-Lieut. Cols. J. G. Vincent and George W.
 Mixter, army officers named by
 Charles E. Hughes in his report on
 the aircraft inyestiga ton as having
 been guilty of trnnsactinG business
 with private concerns in which they
 were financially interested, have
 been pardoned by President Wilson.
 This announcement was made tonight at the White House;
 Tt was announced at the execucfv, office today that the President had par doned Lieut.. Col George w. Mixter ana Lieut.. Col, J. G. Vincent, whom tn, recent report on aircraft production showed to be technically guilty becausi of breach of statutes, because he en tirely concurs in the views of the At terney General with, regard to these twl cases. He believes that the two gentle men concerned were entirely innocent 0 any improper or selfish intentions, tha their guilt was only technical, and tha their services to the government whicl have been of the highest value and O the most disinterested sort, deserve most cordial rncoOpifipr,
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-12-04
73 Head Stock Lost
 in Montgomery Fire

Montgomery, December 3.--A disastrous fire, sweeping through the W. I. Stegall Horse and Mule barns of this city, early this morning. caused the loss of 73 head of stock, the purchase price of which ranged from s250 to $500 per head. At the time of the fire 150 animals were chartered in the barns, the others being saved by fremen and spectators, who were able to drive them from the burn ing building. The loss on buildings. stock and foodstuff will approximate s25 900, which Is partially covered by in- surance.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-12-04
BIRMINGHAM MAN IN PARIS TALKS ABOUT
 WORK OF HIS HOME
 CITY IN GREAT WAR
tContinued from Page One)

the soldiers in a thousand ways. It has been God-send to American troops.
 "It1is also wonderful what the Red Cross has done for the army and in help
 ing the people of France. Indeed the Red Cross is the most remarkable or ganizat ton of this age, and l predict that, even after the war, it will play an inn portant part in humanitarian work all over the world. So, when people sub scribe to the Red Cross, the Y. M- C. A.. the Y w. c. A., the K. of C., and other war relief organizations, they are con- tributing to causes that are not only helping to win the war, but are helping to make life easier and more comfortable for our soldiers.
 "On a recent visit to the front l ehanced to be in one ofrthe ambulance stations just back of the lines, and there saw some boxes of tobacco with Red Cross labels, on which was printed For American Soldiers; The Birmingham Age Herald Tobacco Fund" To be perfectly frank think that our soldiers are using too much tobacco. but those who sub scrbed to The Age-Herald tobacco fund may be sure that it is reaching the sol dier boys.
 SEES CAPTAIN HENLEY
 ''By the way, I didn't tell you about Capt Courtney Henley, the son of Mrs. John C. Henley Captain Henley has made a splendid record in the army. He has been in some of the hardest fighting that has taken, place, and on October II was wounded by a machine gun bui- let His right leg was broken just above the knee He is recovering very well, though the X-ray examination shows that there is some overlapping Of the bones. That, however, can very likely be remedied by proper treatment. I am trying to get him transferred to Paris! and he will either come here or go to Nice very soon. The bone work by the surgeons has been wonderful eases that were formerly considered hopeless having been completely cured"
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-12-04
DONATIONS
MRS. ALMA HOOKER
 VICTIM OF ACCIDENT

Relatives of Mrs. Alma Tooker are in receipt of telegram from her husband, R. J. Tooker of Buffalo, N. r., stating that she accidentally shot and killed her self there yesterday morning Mrs, Tooker was formerly Miss Alma Garri- son of Birmingham. Her husband was formerly manager for the Sherwin-Wil- Hams Paint company branch here, but at the time of her death was travelling for the said company with headquarters at Buffalo
The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-12-04
Negro Given Heavy
 Sentence for Speeding

Preston Allen, negro, was fined~<Nc0 and- costs and sentenced to serve 90 days in Jail in Judge Martins Court yes terday afternoon when he was found guilty of reckless driving. It was al legged that on November 21 the negro. while driving an automobile. ran into a buggy occupied by J. w. Johnson and his two small sons on Avende F. over turning the vehicle. considerably bruis- Ing the occupants. It Is reported that the negro saw what he had done, and speeded away.