The Birmingham age-herald., 1918-07-28

 swollen by rains in the mountains, com pleted the overthrow of Austria's hopes. After suffering terrible losses the Aus 1 trians retreated to the eastern bank of the Piave from the Montello plateau to the Adriatic.
 MINOR OPERATIONS Among the years operations of com paratively lesser importance were the | British drives in Palestine and Mesopo- tamia; the Turkish advaNee in the eau casus; the French and Italian offensive | in Albania, and the fighting in the ser man African colonies.
 l Jerusalem was captured by the Brit ists on December 10, and shortly after ward the fall of Jericho was announced. Since the taking of Jericho the Britlsh { forces in Palestine have not been active o1 the offensive.
 General Maude led the British troops into Bagdsd on March II, and shortly afterward died from cholera His forces pushed further up the Tigrts until the | intense heat of summer terminated opera tions
 The Turks after the collapse of RussIa took advantage of the demoraIized con dition of the Russian forces to advance , through the Caucasus and obtain pos session of the regions subsequently ceded them by the treaty of Brest- -Ltovsk. I The French and Italian drive in AL bania began on July and is still ih progress.
 | During the year British forces in Africa drove German forces before them Tn German East Africa and in German Southwest Africa. and finally compelled tkem to disperse or surrender. This tooR from Germany the last of the vast colonial possessions held by her when ths | war began.
 SUBMARINE WARFARE I rr-t-- Gd gradual decline of submarine sinkinss, as compared with the number Of ships being built by the entente allies rms operations of the British and Anerfcan destroyers have spread terror among ths | 'wasps of the sea, while a great mlne field completed in May by the 6rltlsil navy converted virtually the whole North sea into an area closed against U-ooas activities.
 The harbors of Zeebrugge and ostend, from which German submarines had been operated against entente shipping "erS either sealed entirely or made Vlrtualiy va1ueless as submarine bases by daring naval and air raids by the BrItlsh III May
 U-ROATS IN AMERICAN WATERS
 German submarines visited Anellcatl ' waters in June and sank at least lo ships the field of the U-boats operations being from the north New Jersey coasl south to the Virginia capes and easteriy half way to the Burnudas.
 The only United States transport lost while carrying troops to Europe was tho Tuscania, which was torpedoed off the north coast of Ireland on February 0 with a loss of PIP men.
 HOSPITAL SHIPS SUNK
 During the year Il hospital ships have been sunk by submarines, the latest and most fragrant case of this violation of the Geneva convention being the de- struction Of the British steamer Lian- dovery Castle, carrying Canadian nurses and doctors. This took place on June r, only 24 o. the 25S persons on board being rescued.
 The total shipping reported sunk since August l. 1917. is more than 4,250,Oa0 tong
 Against this destruction of shipping the allies have combined their shipbuild- ing capacity. The actual number of tons of shipping launched and put into service has not been published Official an- nouncements have been made in the re- cent past. however, to the effect that more ships are being built than are being sunk. On July 1, 90 vessels were launched at American shipyards
 LOSSES IN BATTLE
 The years fighting has entailed great l losses for most of the bei.gerents. Dur-
 
 November the Teutonic armies claimed the capture of more than 1S0 eco Italians In the German offensives in France thls year about 190.0G0 French. British Amer
 ican and Portuguese were reported te
 have been taken prisoners Added 10 these losses are the casual ties in killed and wounded, No definite figures have been issued by Germany
 and Austria, but it has been reported or
 what appears to be good authority tha
 in the fighting from March 2l till Jun' 14 the Germans lost more than 5N,N men The French and British losse were considerably smaller, as the all;e
 were fighting from entrenched positions FINANCIAL ASP PECTS The United States has floated thre great Liberty Loans The proceeds c these loans have aggregated s1o, 7SS, 54l, 9o The total war cost to the United States according to latest available figures. i $13, 800, ,100.o00 Since the nation entere the war it has extended credits to tn ] allies aggregatng $6091, ,590, ,O00
 The total cost of the war to Englan' up to December 15. 19l7 was placed a a6, ,242, ,0oO.oG0 while French votes of cref' : are somewhat smaller. At latest report
 the total of the German war loans ap :. proximated e31, GOO 000,o0o.
 INTERNAL DISORDERS | r disorders in countries engaged in th f war Riots and bloodshed have been re ported from Germany and Austria man times during the past spring and sum
 mer and there is little doubt that n
 Slavic races of Austria are seething wit r discomfort.
 Ireland came to the center of the stag
 in this connection early in May, when pro-Gerulan plot was detected. but nippe = in the bud, with the arrest of IS leader i, of the Sim Fein.
 . Recently disaffection was reporte n aga.nst the British in South Africa, bu a it has apparently been stamped out.
 ONE MONARCH DIED 2 During the year one ruler of bellige' q ent country died. The death, of the Su V tan of Turkey was announced in Jun' subsequent reports intimating he ha ; been murdered
 d ASSISTANCE FOR RUSSIA
 Since the collapse of Russia the allie ' nations have sought to find way { g assist the people who are being eS : plotted by the Germans. French, Brius Q and American forces have been iande 0 on the Murman or Kola peninsula, 0 L the north coast They have not actlVei !. intervened however, being there only : protect allied property which had bee $ landed at the port of kola before Russl d withdrew from the entente alliance.
 In Siberia there is a well defined ant IS bolshevik movement which has bee l built up around Czecho- Slovak prisoner a Of war, who armed themselves and II y fhcted defeats on the bolsheviki. A ne IS government has been set up there undt q General Horvath, president of the ga B. nese Eastern railroad Japanese, Brtls