davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Robesonian., 1918-03-14
ROWLAND RED CROSS.

Articles Sent to Headquarters
Reports Wanted From Auxiliaries
Membership of Chapter Now S5S
Correspondence of The Robesonian.
Rowland, March 1l.-At a recent
meeting of the executive committee
of the Rowland Red Cross chapter
the following new committees were
appointed:
Co-operative-Dr. C. H. Lennon,
chairman; T. w. Brake, J. T. Will
liams.
Finance-T. w. Brake, chairman;
D. L. McLaurin, w. l.. Buck.
Home Service-Dr. w. E. Evans.
chairman; Rev. A. J. Groves, Rev.
Powell, Mrs. Howard Rudy.
Membership-Mr H. w. Rainey
and Miss Hassie Smith, chairman of
the different territories on opposite
sides of the railroad To assist Mrs.
Rainey, the following were appointed:
Mrs. j. E. Lytch, Mrs. B. A. Edens,
Miss Eva Mckay and Miss Cattle Nc
Arm; to assist Miss Smith, the fol-
lowing: Miss Bertha Baker, Miss Es-
ther McNeill, Miss Flora Mcleod,
Miss Agnes Evans, Mrs. G. K. Nc
Neill.
The junior auxiliary work of the
Rowland school is under the supervi.
sion of Miss Sallie McCollman.
Since Miss Lille Sinclair, vice-chair-
man of the chapter, has to be away
from town for quite a while, Mrs.
C. D. Smith was appointed tempor-
ary vice-chairman to serve during
her absence.
Although quite a while has lapsed
since a report of the chapters work
has been sent to your paper, the fol-
lowing figures will show that our
members have by no means been
slothful in performing their duties
both in the sewing room and at knit
ting.
The following is complete list of
articles sent to headquarters from the
sewing rooms made by Rowland aux
iliaries:
September 90 dozen operating
gowns, 1 dozen suits of pajamas, 1-2
dozen pillow cases, 29 bed sheets, 1s
pairs operating leggins, dozen pairs
bed socks, 8 dozen operating caps
8 dozen operating Leemets, 9 dozen
hospital bed shirts.
October 30-10O triangular sings
100 fracture pillows, 8 dozen IL
metre guaZe.
November 21-26 dust cloths, 4
dozen wash cloths, 10 operating
gowns, pairs operating leggins,
pairs bed socks, Is bed shirts, suits
pajamas.
December-136 Christmas packages
to soldiers, "a comfort kits to boys
from Rowland and vicinity.
February 5-29 hospital bed shirts
13 stacks guaze squares.
February 20-30 comfort pillows.
The committee has on hand SO suits
of pajamas ready to ship.
We are proud of the amount o1
knitting done by the ladies of Row.
land and the auxiliaries. Sweaters
l54; mufflers 88; socks 1913 pair
wristlets, 68 pair-a total of SOB ar.
ticles.
We take occasion here to again ash
the different auxiliaries to send ir
written reports of their work. W.
wish to mention each time amount
handed in from our auxiliaries, but
have no way Of getting this record
unless the auxiliaries report.
One new auxiliary has been organ
lied among the Indians at Reedy
Branch, with membership of Al. Thi:
auxiliary seems much interested ant
has wool to help with the knitting.
The present membership Of the en-
tire chapter is S5S.
The Robesonian., 1918-03-14
Preparing to Produce Food Crops
Personal Mention.
Correspondence of The Robesonian.

St. Pauls, March 8.-We gladly
welcome this our first spring month
Several of the housewives are already
in their gardens, and the farmers in
and around are busy preparing for
another crop, so it looks like we
won't be without something to eat
these war times, and 'tis quite a good
The Robesonian., 1918-03-14
News Items From Philadelphus
School.

0CuOOls
Correspondence of The Robesonian.
Philadelphus, (Red Springs, R. p,
March 1.-THE basket ball team mo-
tored to Rowland Wednesday after
noon to play the Rowland team, Phil
adelphus being defeated 25 to 33.
Miss Katie Buie has purchased a
new Overland car, and is driving to
school each morning.
Miss Wixie Pearson spent the
weekend visiting relatives in Fayette-
vile.
The Robson county home guards
drilled on the school ground Thurs
day night.
The senior class has begun work on
the senior play.
Miss Reaves has begun series of
Bible stories in chapel each morning.
The first and second grades con-
Quoted chapel last Friday morning.
The Robesonian., 1918-03-14
Chamberlain's Cough Remedy a Fav.
erite For Colds.

j. L. Easley, Macon, ILL.,, in speak
ing Of Chamberlain's Cough Remedy
says: During the past fifteen years
it has been my sisters favorite medi-
cine for colds on the lungs. l myself
have taken it number Of times when
suffering with a cold and it always
relieved me promptly"
The Robesonian., 1918-03-14
TWEEoLEDEE AND rwEzo, zn,,.

IWEEOLEDEE AND TWEznt Kn,,Ha
ne woods are full Of country doctor,
VINO can give cards and ssadss to
our city brethren.
ne woods are full of country doctors
VINO can give cards and shades r.
our city brethren when il cor.o, -
making a scientific diagnosis or an.
pfylns the very best of treatment
Don't be deceived by appearances
II you aFe, first thing yeu know Ger. i.
suave quack will have veu j. 80
ciutches' of materisl prosperity.
The Robesonian., 1918-03-14
f &'lI4I1", HFA11a>Tc!EN& u 1f1>'Jf & q
NJ '7Ah'~ !171 se.ss q; 4 81

Questions Health
NO diagnosis or treatment of individual
The Robesonian., 1918-03-14

crutches.
Mr.. David Gibson and family from,
New York, are visiting Mr.. Gibson's
parents.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-05
DEATHS IN VIRGINIA
Joneph Edwin Cox,

Joseph Edwin Cox died yesterday in
this city in the seventy eighth year
OF his aSc. Mr.. Cox was born in
Petersburg and was the youngest child
OF the marriage of DIR. Joseph Edwin
Cox and Sarah A. NJ. Burgc. After
completing his education at the Uni
versity OF Virginia. Mr.. Cox entered
business in Petersburg. At the COM
mencement OF the war no enlisted in
one OF the companies from that city
and served to- the end After being
parolcd at Greensboro, y. g, in May.
1865, he engaged in business in Chcs-
;crfield County. but in 1850 he became
connected with the Richmond and
Danville Railroad Company and it's
successor. the Southern Railway Com
pany. He is survived by a sister, Mrs.
r. r. Grymes, and by eight children
j. Z. Cox, Jr., of this city; Mrs.
Sarah p. Sutton, Clifton Forge: Mrs.
l.. A. Keller. of Mineral; T. Wallace
Cox. OF Millboro: G. Cooper and W.
Porter Cox. of Washington. n. G.;
Mrs. J.. c. Rcardon. of Alexandria, and
Mrs. ]. IS. Stanard, OF Norfolk. The
intermcnt will be in Blandford Gene
terry. Petersburg. on Wednesday.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-05
ASKS PROMPT PAYMENT
Federal Income Tax May BE Settled
mt Time Returns Are
Made,

In order to meet the Increased eX-
penses incurred by the cities and States
of America under the present stress,
tho Treasury Department in Washing
ton suggests that the necessity for
prompt settlement of taxes be impress
ed upon the people Of the United States.
The newspaper and field nrn, who arc
aiding the taxpayers in preparing
their returns, should be instructed in
the Importance OF advance payment
suggests the department.
Fraternal orders and societies are to
be encouraged In bringing this mat
ter before public attention. and the
officers of the chambers OF commerce
In the various cities as we'll as the
labor unions may id materially. Man
ayers OF motion picture theaters will
doubtless BIO willing to throw on the
screen short statement urging the
early returns and payment of taxes"
1t is the right of the taxpayer 10
postpone payment Until June Is, but
the department urges them to make
payment at the same time that they file
their returns, as in SO doing they will
be fulfilling their obligations to the
Fodern. government u.iier the income
tax law for the current year.
AS recognition for prompt settle
nnent, the government allows a discount
OF 3 per cent on the total amount OF
tax. If. however, the payer valves
this discount. the fact should be noted
on the return.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-05
National Capital
News Cut Short
Happenings at Washington as
Reflected in Ncws Dis
patches.

WASHINGTON, February 4.-The
army signal corps to-day requested the
public to refrain from the shooting OF
pigeons. Numerous complaints have
been made that carrier pigeons Of the
racing homer type have been shot by
hunting expeditions. and the important
work training Of the birds for military
service has been seriously interfered
with. Army pigeons are labeled "U.
s. Ala"
A joint resolution extending the time
in which soldiers and sailors who en-
tered the service before last October
10 may apply for government voluntary
life insurance for sixty days from Feb
ruary IL was prepared to-day for in
PRODUCTION in Congress. Owing to the
difficulties OF insurance solicitation
among the scattered forces. many of
the men have neglected to enter their
applications.
The Queen Of the Bclgians has cabled
DR.. Anna Howard Shaw. chairman of
the woman's committee of the Council
OF National Defense. thanking her for
cablesram expressing the gratitude
]
tartan services rendered by the Queen
and women of Belgium to the cause O,
freedom and civilization.
Officers and men Of the navy and
marine corps arc specifically authorized
70 serve under the government OF the
Dominican republic in bill passed to-
DAY by the House. The purpose is to
permit them TO receive pay for services
the management OF the republic
The House Interstate Commerce
Committee to-day approved sections Of
the administration railroad bill pro-
viding for a standard return to the
roads By the government. and creating
s1oo.ooo,ooo revolving fund for opera
ton and extension. The committee cx-
poets TO finish consideration of the
measure by Wednesday at the latest.
Deputies of the Polish Popular Party
in Austria have announced that they
viii! insist upon a Polish nation, ac-
cordng to an official dispatch to-day
from Switzerland They hold that the
sole solution Of the Polish problem Is
the unification OF all Polish territories
az an independent state with access TO
the sea.
Inc war Trade Board tonight an
nounced that it has amended the new
regulations governing the issuance Of
| licenses for bunker and ships stores.
so that ammunition vessels not rcuul-
sitioned by the Shipping Board are put
in the same class with neutral vessels
The new regulations became effective
the first OF this month.
Mrs. Carrie Cha pman Gait. chairman
of the educational propaganda depart
ment OF the woman's committee OF the
Council of National Defense, to- day ap-
pealcd to the women OF America to
educate women speakers 10 bring the
message OF war necessity TO all com
inunities.
An appeal to the public not to build
new homes during the war except when
the need is urgent. in order to save
capital material and labor for essen
| tiai war enterprises. was issued to.
night by Secretary McAdoo.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-05
DELAY IN PLANS FOR SHIPS
HOLDS UP CONSTRUCTION
President OF New Orleans Concern
Says Submarine Boat Corpora
ton Failed to Supply Them.
RAISE HOG ISLAND SALARIES
Armour, Vanderlip. Corey, Dollar,
Lovett, Herrick, Vail, Kahn and
Other Prominent Men Among Di-
rectors Of Corporation.

WASHINGTON. February i.-Dclay in
furnishing plans to the Jahncke Ship
building Company, of New Orleans for
six government ships contracted for
last October. and salaries paid officials
OF the Hog Island Ship-Yard. occupied
the attention to-day OF the Senate Ship
Yard Investigating Committee.
Ernest l.. Jahncke, president Of the
New Orleans company. told the COM
mittee he was ready to go ahead with
the ships. but had been unable to Sc
cure the plans. which were to have
been furnished by the submarine boat
corporation under an arrangement with
the Shipping Boards Emergency Fleet
Corporation. The submarine corpora
ton failed to supply them, and Jahncke
said he made an arrangement to have
them made by tho New York office OF
Theodore L. Ferris. former chief do.
siCner for the fleet corporation. but
former Rear Admiral Bowlcs, OF the
feet corporation, objected.
Figures furnished the committee by
the Shipping Boards Emergency Fleet
Corporation showed that the officials
OF the Hog Island plant, which is OPP
eTalcu IoT inc government by the
American Industrial Corporation, re-
ceive considerably larger salaries now
than they did before entering the COM
pany's employ. In the case OF the gen.
cral manager the increase is s5S333 n
month. the transportation manager gets
$3.50 a month more and smaller in
crcascs arc shown for minor officials.
Senator Johnson read into the record
the names OF the directors Of the Amer
lean international Corporation. the
contracting concern. as follows:
j. Ogden Armour George ]. Baldwin.
Pierre S. Du Pont, Frank A. Vanderlip,
w. Il. Corey, Robert Dollar. Robert s.
Lovett. Robert II. Hcrrick. Percy II.
Rockefeller John D. Ryan. Theodore n
Vail, Otto II. Kahn. Ambrose Morrell,
Henry s. Pritchett, William l.. Saun-
ders, James A. Stillman, Charles A..
Stone. Guy T.. Trift, Edward S. Web
ster. Albert II. Wiggin. Beekman Win
throp. William Woodward, Joseph T.
Grace.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-05
Afternoon Marrin-c

Saturday afternoon, in St Pau!'s
Episcopal Church. Miss Kate Cu,nmins
Northrop, daughter of Mrs. Annie J.
Northrop. of Wilmington, " c., was
married to Lieutenant William ,B
Weissblatt stationed at Camp Lee. The
ceremony was performed by Rev L.. p
cambridge. assisted by Rev. DR.. RAN
DALI chaplain of the Three Hundred and
Twentieth Regiment. The bride. who
entered the church with Major Cook
was attircd in going-away gown of
taupc faillc, hat TO match and carried
sweet peas. The attendants were Miss
May Stevens. In gray GeorGettc crepe.
and Miss Margaret Grundy. of Balti-
more, In black velvet with trimmings
OF rose. Lieutenant Benja min Temple
of Camp Lee, was best man.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-05
MORE HEATLESS DAYS
Fuel Administrators Tell Onclnls Their
Towns Have but Days Coal Sup
ply Ithcnd.<
IBy Associated Press. ]


WASHINGTON, February "A critical
turcd to Fuel Administrator Garfield
to-day by dozen State fuel admins
traitors called TO Washington for con
ference on general fuel conditions
So serious is the shortage in some
States that a number OF administrators
urged that there be no suspension OF
the Monday closing order until condi-
lions are bettered In these States, 1t
was declared, the people arc only day
ahead with their coal supply.
The administrators for New York City
said that apartment-houscs and tene-
ments were exhaustinE their supplies,
and that coal was not available to
fill the demand. New Hampshire. with
three days supply. had the most IA
vorable report 10 make of all the States
represented.
Suspension of the Monday closinss
will be discussed tomorrow at a con-
ference between DR.. Garfield and Direc-
tor-Gcncral McAdoo. At the conclu-
sion Of a conference last week at
which the subject was taken up. it was
indicated that last Monday might be
the last OF the closing days, but to-
night fuel administration officials APP
pearcd inclined to be doubtful as to
whether tho order would be lifted.
Because OF another cold wave over
the East. accompanied by high wind.
which drifted snow badly. the rail
roads to-day failed to establish the
coa!-hauling record for which officials
had hoped. In preparation for the dcci.
sion tomorrow whether to abandon
fuelless Mondays in tho future
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-05
FARMERS WANTING NITRATE;
OF SODA MUST ACT QUICK,
Applications Arc to he Filed with
National Agricultural om-
GERS February Z, -.
Especial to The Times-Dispatch,

Especial to The Times Dispatch s,s
WASHINGTON. February farm,
ers of Virginia and those of otbcn':r
States who wish to avail themsclvc,1.
OF the opportunity to buy fertiiizc,.:|
for this years use at tho price II COST
the Federal government. have been
warned by the Department OF Agricur!as
ture that their applications for thoI
purchase of the nitrate Of soda must
be in the hands of their county apri
cultural agent or their agricultural.
committee. their State extension
agent before Tuesday. February s. At
that time all the applications will be
forwarded to Washington. where tho
apporttonmcnt of the demands will b6"
made.
AT the present time. owing to a..
demand for munition- making, nitrate
Is very difficult to obtain, and [ would
advise only those farmers who are cxe'
pcrienced in it's use tC make applica
ton for part of the present Eovcrni5e,
ment supply" said Fred Brown otar.
tho Bureau OF Fertilizers. to-day Mr..
Qown explained that by far tho great.
est use or nitrate of soda as n fer
tilizer is made in the cotton belt; pritf,'i
cipally in South Carolina Georgia and
Alabama: although ii may also; he uscJ
10 great advantage almost all kind,
OF truck crops and grains. Virginia. 's
according To Mr.. Brown. uses a motif
crate amount or the nitrate as fcrs..
Itilizer. -
Tho sodium nitrate will be soid
direct to the farmers by the Depart,
ment Of AEricuiturc, the county agri,
cultural agent or the county agricnl
turai COMMITTEES acting as agent in tho
transaction. The price will be s75Jo
i ton, freight charges from the port
ARRIVAL and the state fertilizer tar
Zee to be paid by the buyer
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-05
Mrs. Anne NJ. ID. Wincficld.
Especial 10 The Times-DisDatch

PETERSBURG, VA, February a.
Mrs. Anne NJ. D. wingfield. widow of
the Right Rev. j. II. d. Wingfield, late
Bishop OF the Episcopal Diocese OF
Northern California, died last night
ut the home of her niece, Miss Mary
Paul Roper. on Shore Street. She was
in her seventy eighth year and Was
twice married. her first husband being
Glenn Garland. OF Mecklcnburg Couu-
~. bishop WingfeId was formerly
rector OF St Pauls Church in this city.
AFTER his death in California, about
eighteen years ago, Mrs. Wingteld re-
turned to Petersburg and made her
home with relatives. The funeral took
place this afternoon from st. paurs
Church.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-05
ADoLPH PAvENsTEDT GOES
TO FORT OGLI.1vHoRpI

NEW YORK, February 4.-Adolpb
Pavenstedt, banker, intimate friend OF
Count Won Bcrnstorf. and the go
between when BoIo Pasha visited this
country in 1916 to cooperate with ths
German ambassador in an attempt TO
subsidizc the French press. was one OF
three enemy aliens transferred to -day
from Ellis Island to tho internmcnt
camp at Fort Oglethorpe, Ca
Another was Frederick j. Heuser, a
Yonkers confectioner, who gained no
( orlety which led to his arrest nv man
cdtacturinE candy in the shape OF iron
crosses, spiked helmets and other dis
tinctly German designs. and by putting
the German flag on cakes
The third man was Nicola Alfetic, an
Austrian who was caught lettering
about a pier, and after a police inves
tigation was interned as dangerous"
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-05
LAST DRAFT INCREMENTs
WILL MOVE FEBRUARY %
Movement Will Bring Strength OF
National Army Up to
GS5,OOO Men.
CAMP LEE TROOPS AFFECTED
War Department Also Decides to
Mobilize AL Certified Accountants
Who Come Within tho Military
Age.
.IBy Associated Press. J


WASHINGTON. February 4.--Pro-
vost -Marshal-Ge Crowder to-day
announced that tho movement OF the
last increments OF men selected in the
first draft will begin on February %
and continue for 4 period Of five days.
This will complete the operation OF tho
first draft, as all States will have fur
nished their full quotas.
Tho movement will bring the
strength of the National Army up to
the 6S5.o00 men contemplated in tho
first draft
The numbers OF men which will be
started to the Southern environments
on February IS are:
Camp Lee, Va. 5000; Jackson. S. G..
3,aSS (negroes): Gordon. Ca. $500
tnegrocs): Travis. Tex. 1858, and
Pike, Ark. 1000 (negroes).
West Virginia will send 1870 men
to Camp Meade. Md. instead of to
Camp Lee.
Mobilization of all certified ac-
countantS who come within the draft
law has been ordered. so as to supply
vacancies in the army business or
ganizatiop.
Henry L. Wise. attorney for paper
manufacturers. appearing at hearing
to-day before the Federal Trade Gem
mission, told the commission he had
received. as chairman of draft boa I'd
in New York. orders from the adjutant-
general to call in at once all registered
accountants. put them through physl-
cal examination and mobilize them.
They were to be sent this week tc
armE depots. Mr.. Wise said inability
to get accountants had delayed the
assembling Of information he desired
to present to tho commission
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-05
CALLS FOR SETTLEMENT
OF L. TOILETTE TRIAL
Wisconsin Governor Says Senator
should he Tried or Exenerated
by United States Senate,

by tsSocIatcd PTess
WATERTOWN, WIS, February A.
Governor L. J.. Philip. addressing a
mass meeting here tonight. said that
IL Senator La Toilette. in the perform
ance of his duty. has committed an Of
tense against the government, the
United States Senate should give him
prompt and fair trial. and If 1t finds
him guilty he should be expelled. II.
on the other hand, he has committed
no offcnse that disqualifics him as a
Senator or patriotic citizen, the
United States should say so. and the
public trial OF the Senator should end,
tho speaker said.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-05
CANTER MUST SERVE LIFE
TERM; DENIED SIXTH TRIAL
Judge Sentences Young Man for out
rnRe md Murder of Mrs.
James Il. Wilson.

IHVCVIdI 20 i TIC Il lIIlCS- DTSUEtCNeJ
BRISTOL, VA. February 4.-Judsc
Preston w. Campbell. in the Circuit
Court at Abingdon, Va, to-day denied
the motion for a sixth trial for James
Canter, and sentenced the young Vir-
Sinian to prison for life. In the first
trial James Cantcr WAS convicted. along
with his elder brother, Luther Canter,
or tho outrage and murder or Mrs.
Maude Wilson. wife of James X. Will
son. a young Virginia farmer. Tho
elder brother died In tho electric chair
but James was granted new trial
and subsequently his case was heard
four times before an agreement was
reached.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-05
sTAUNToN's FOURTH FIRE
r. .cmen Find Can OF Keronene and pie
or ShnvinEs In Virginia
Hotel,
tBy Associated Press. !

STANTON. vA.n February 1.-THE
fourth of series OF mysterious fires
was under investigation here tonight
by the police. who are working on tho
theory shat a man who registered as
allie Brown" al the Augusta Hotel
here January IL, and whose room later
was fonud in bames, Is responsible for all
of them. Shortly after the fire in the
Augusta Hotel similar fires broke out
in the Virginia Hotel and in the Coun-
try Club. Yesterday flames were dis
covered simultaneously on the first
and second floors Of the Virginia Hotel.
and the police reported that a can OF
kerosene and pile Of shavinEs had
been found nearby
None OF tho fires did much damage.
and thus far no motive for them has
been discovered.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-05
Mrs. Arinnn NJ. Fucker.

Especial to The Times-Dispatch.
LYNCHBUEG, VA February Airs.
Ariana NJ. Rucker, seventy-seven years
OF age. widow OF V. II. Ruckcr. died
here Sunday at the residence OF Miss
scott Mosby. She survived her hus-
band about seventeen years Mrs Ruck-
or was a member of Court Street Meth
odist Church. and she Is survived nv
the following brothers: Captain Thomas
S. West Bedford County; Captain Alex.
ander West Bristol, Tenn, and ]. w.
West, Lynchburg.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-05
PROPOSES RATE CHANGES
Norfolk and Western Seeks Permission
to Raise Tariffs to Boston
From Certain Towns.
INV Associatcd Presa1

fBy Associated Press.1
WASHINGTON, February 4.-To es-
tablish normal rates relationship with
Roanoke, Va, the Norfolk and West
ern to-day proposed to the Interstate
Commerce Commission increases rang
ing from to 90 per cent on rates to
Boston from the following Virginia
towns: Terrels, Forest. Thaxton. Villa
mont, Vinton, Norman, Goode, Irving,
Blue Ridge. 1Ialsey, Lowry, Montvale,
Webster. Clay, Bedford Dewey and
Boneacks.