davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Kansas City sun. (Kansas City, Mo.) 1908-1924, 1918-06-08
A. F. and A. M. Mo.
Jurisdiction
offieen-1s17.

w. W. Fields, Cameron, Mo-, Grand
Master.
C. C. Clark, st. Louis, Mo-, Dep.
Grand Master.
Ernest Boone, louisiana, Mo-, Senior
Grand Warden.
l. H. Bradbury, st. Louis, MO-,
Junior. Grand Warden.
H. H. Walker, st. Joseph, Mo-, Grand
Treasurer.
Geo. w. K. Love, Kansas City,
Grand Secretary.
Nelson C. Crews, Kansas City, Re
lief Secretary.
E. G. Lacey, Kansas City, G. L.
LIST District.
E. ]. Cooper, Mexico, Mo-, G. L.,
End District.
Cresco plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1913-1945, 1918-04-26
REVIVE SORGHUM INDUSTRY.

Plain Dealer: Under appointment
of the extension department of the
Agricultural college, Ames, Iowa, we
are making a survey to locate old
sorghum mills and to urge farmers to
plant cane. I know of no better way
nor one more feasible than to arouse
interest through the home papers.
Forty to fifty years ago the produc-
ton of sorghum was quite general
and successful both as to quality and
value. Its Abandonment need not be
discussed only to say that the cheap
corn syrups in recent years took its
place and many or nearly all the old
presses and apparatus turned into
the junk yard. The. necessity at this
time of reviving the production of
sorghum also needs no discussion. In
those years the growing of cane and
its manufacture into syrup at the
numerous mills was as popular as
that of raising wheat and its being
made into flour. by the grist at the
old mill.
We are now advising and urging
farmers and Others who can to plant
cane and in our talks on the subject
with farmers there seems to be an in
clination to do so, and this Is the first
step. Now, in regard to seed of the
different kinds or varieties, our ex-
perience in the past brought out the
fact that early amber sugar cane is
the best for this section. It can be
had through the county agent in
quantities needed at very moderate
prices If sufficient orders are made
so as to enable him to get it by the
cwt. There are quite number of
old mills yet in the country and the
college informs us that suitable
portable mill can be had for less than
500. Any good corn ground, not too
rich in manure, inclined to be lit
tie sandy or clay soil. The cleaner
and freer from sod the better except
that fall blowing is preferable.
John F. Murtha.
Cresco plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1913-1945, 1918-04-26
Chicago Live Stock.

Chicago, April Offerings of
hogs proved to be more numerous
than had been looked for, and the
market accordingly declined. Cattle
lacked quality. Sheep were scarce,
many of the arrivals having been con-
signed direct to killers. Hogs-Re.
ceipts, $4,000; slow, 10@15c under Sat.
urady's average; bulk, 17.1O@17.66;
light, $17.10@17.75; mixed, $16.95@
1910; heavy, $16.10@17.25; rough,
$1610@16.60; pigs, $13.25@17.25. Cat
tle-Receipts, $4,000; weak; native.
steers, $1O.S5@17.25; stockers and
feeders, $S.3O@12.60; cows and heifers,
$7.40013.90; calves, $9@14.75. Sheep
Receipts, 10000; firm; sheep, $3.50
1885; lambs, $16.50@21.S0.
Cresco plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1913-1945, 1918-04-26
picion on his patriotism. But let US
work for condition of affairs that will

picion on his patriotism. But let US
work for condition of affairs that will
make it easier for his son to be 100 per
cent. American than 1t may have been
for the father. Let US be big enough
to attack the evil things without attack
ing innocent individuals.
The manufacture of our airplanes has
been delayed by the treacheI- Z, . ~Ac-
tory hands whose votes were in 4 erica,
but whose hearts were in '..uope.
American mothers have rccei ; kcme
the mangled bodies of their 10, ash4d
to death from mountain heigb t uir-
plane schools because some foreigner,
who votes in America, had filed a wire
on the plane in which the boy made his
practice flight. American soldier boys
have died prosaic deaths in camp hos
pitfalls, their stomachs eaten out by
glass placed in army rations by men
who have enjoyed the big things
America gives and yet in the time of
trial set poison in behalf of the kaiser.
All day and all through the black
watches of the night thousands of
uniformed American boys pace back
and forth over bridges and around
elevators and storehouses and factories
to guard them from their fellow citi-
zens, whom foreign language papers
and clergymen, and professors have
bound by the heart-strlngs to land
from which their fathers fed. And
now and again a storehouse or an
elevator is destroyed by fire and we are
told 1.-THE cause is unknown.
eye cannot serve God and Mammon. -
Our citizens cannot read and pray and
study in q foreign tongue and be as
good Americans as if they used the
language Of George Washington and
Abraham Lincoln.
''This nation cannot endure half slave
and half Free" Neither can we reason
ably expect to develop unified Ameri-
can nation if we entrust the education,
the religion, and the public opinions of
our citizens to all the languages with
which the Almighty cursed the build
ing of the tower of Babel.
Cresco plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1913-1945, 1918-04-26
South St. Paul Livestock.

South St. Paul, April 23.-Estimat-
ed receipts at the Union stock yards.
Cattle, 5000; calves, 500; hogs,
$500; sheep, 1900; horses, II; cars,
PSI.
Railroads entering the yard report
ed receipts for the day by loads as
follows: Great Western, 2; Milwau-
Kee, 80; Rock Island, 1; Omaha, 81;
Great Northern, 46: St. Louis, "a;
Northern Pacific, g.; 500 Line, As.
Cattle-Steers, $S@11.50; cows, 50
@12; calves, $1O.5O@13; hogs, $500
@7.05; sheep and lambs, $14@17.
Cresco plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1913-1945, 1918-04-26
> We Must Americanize America.
Lieutenant Fred Bierman writes
from Camp Dodge to his Dscorah
Journal the following editorial:

Nearly every time I pick up a
Des Moines Register or Des Moines
Capital, I am impressed with the sound,
wholesome patriotism of their editorial
pages. Both are giving most effective
support to America in her prosecution
of this wer. Both are Republican
papers, but now they've forgotten that,
as we all should forget our partisanship,
and their only thought is America.
On April 18th, the Register published
great editorial from which beg leave
to reproduce small portion:-
1.-THE campaign against the German
language will have missed the one point
of genuine danger to America if it fails
to eliminate German as the instruc-
tional language in parochial schools.
Neither during the war nor after it
should there be a single elementary
school in the United States in which
classes are conducted in any other
language than English. This applies
as much to the Scandinavian tongues,
Polish, Italian, Russian, Bohemian and
French as it does to the German. It is
not matter of dislike, or of prejudice,
but of speech unity.
Some years ago the discovery was
made that in certain counties of Wis
consin, English was neither used nor
taught in the public schools. German
was the sole language of the school, the
church and the home. The result was
that these counties resembled trans
planted bits of German soil.''
Not only should foreign languages
disappear from parochial schools, but
they should disappear from the press,
the pulpit, the colleges and the semi
naries. This war should have taught
US our lesson: we are a conglolneration
of settlements and nationalities; millions
of our people are tied by the heart
strings to foreign countries.
The big job ahead of US at home is to
Americanize America. There is only
one language for that process and that
is the American language.
The change should not be made by
laws. It should be made by force Of
public opinion. And in making the
change, we should be charitable. Let
US hate no man because Of foreign
speech or accent. Let US cast no sus-
Cresco plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1913-1945, 1918-04-26
Suit Against Miners Dropped.

Washington, April 23.-Upon the
motion of attorneys for the Hinchman
Coal & Coke company of Wheeling,
w. Va, contempt proceedings insti-
tuted by the company against Presi-
dent Frank ]. Hays and nine other
officials and members Of the United
Mine Workers of America, filed in
the supreme court. have been with
drawn. The Hinchman company &C.
cused the labor leaders of violating
iIjunctions restraining them from at
tempting to organize employees Of the
company.
Cresco plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1913-1945, 1918-04-26
Butter, Eaas and Poultry.

Minneapolis, April 23.-BUTTER-
Creamery extras, per h., 41c; extra
firsts, 40c; firsts, soc; seconds, 3Sc;
dairy, SOC; packing stocks, 29c.
EGGS-Fresh prime firsts, new
cases fresh, 33c; current receipts, rots
out, case, $3.50; checks and seconds,
doz., Csc. Quotations on eggs include
cases.
LIVE POULTRY-Turkeys fat,
10 lbs. and over, Csc; thin, small, 100
12c; cripples and culls, unsalab BILE; old
ROSTERS, 1Sc; ducks, Csc; geese, &c:
1917 ROSTERS. Csc; 1917 shaggy, 200
&c; hens, 81 lbs. and over, 26c; un-
der 81 lbs, CSC.
Cresco plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1913-1945, 1918-04-26

Washington, April 23.-In letter to
Senator Overman, in which he de-
clares his belief that the measure Is
unconstitutional, President Wilson
has come out in opposition to the
Chamberlain bill which would try VIC.
lations of the sedition law by court
martial.
II enacted, the President declared,
the bill would place the United States
on a level with its enemies.
Enactment of the Chamberlain bill
has been urged before the Senate
military committee as necessary to
stamp out German propaganda. Wig
orous opposition to it's passage has
been developing and Senator Borah
has sought support of Senate leaders
in his efforts to defeat it. The bill
has not had the support Of the De-
partment of Justice and Charles War
rem, assistant attorney general, re-
signed after, it was said, his advocacy
Of the measure failed to receive the
support of the attorney general.
The President indicated that he
would not compromise with opponents
advocating amendment of the Over
man bill which proposes broad gen.
eral grant OF power to reorganize
government departments.
Presidents Letter.
The Presidents letter follows:
"My Dear Senator:-Thank you for
your letter of yesterday. I am heart
lily obliged to you for consulting me
about the court martial bill, as per-
haps l may caY it for short. am
wholly and unalterably opposed to
such legislation and very much value
the opportunity you give me to say
SO. I think it is not only unconstitu-
tional but that in character it would
put us nearly upon the level of the
very people we are fighting and ar
fecting to despise. It would be alto
gether inconsistent with the spirit
and practice Of America and in view
Of the recent legislation, the espion-
age bill, the sabotage bill and the
woman spy bill, I think it 1t unnec-
essary and uncalled for.
II take the liberty, my dear senat-
or. Of expressing myself in this EN-
phatic way because my feeling Is
very deep about the matter as I gath
er your own is.
Thanks Senator For Work.
1T is admirable the way you have
been handling these important bills
and l thank you with all my heart
for standing by the bill which bears
your name without any compromise
of any kind.
LIT gives me the greatest satisfac-
ton to tell how much I have appre-
ciated what you have been doing.
CORDIALLY and sincerely yours,
WOODROW WILSON,"
Senator Borah renewed his opposi-
ton to the Chamberlain bill in the
Senate today, charging that political
Pharisees" supporting 1t before the
Senate military committee had given
the impression that Americas farm
Ing population Is disloyal. Farmers,
he said, are as loyal as others and
are buying unusually large amounts
of Liberty bonds.
Cresco plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1913-1945, 1918-04-26
Earthquake 10 prlnkish.

Los Angeles, April 2S.-Fortune
played some queer tricks in the earth
quake at Sam Jacinto. A Chinese
cook in vosburg hotel was made in
dignant, to forgetfulness of his little
English, when the shocks broke up
the freshly washed dishes from the
hotels Sunday dinner and left qnite
safe piles of unwashed dinnerware.
The Bothin block, once a two story
brick building, lost it's upper half in
a singularly destructive earthquake
Christmas day, 1899. The last shock
leveHed the lower story.
Cresco plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1913-1945, 1918-04-26
Farmers Attention.

For cream separator that's built to
wear, to skim perfectly clean, easy to
turn and easy to wash: and keep sani-
tary, one bpiltjwithl the troubles left
out, for such q separator you should
call Oh Andrew Smith, Cresco, II.
Phone PSI. 34-tf
Cresco plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1913-1945, 1918-04-26
MASSED ATTACK ABANDONED
ludendcrff Gives Them Up As Prov.
ina Too Costly.

ing Too Costly.
London, April 23-The enormous
losses inflicted on the enemy by the
British have caused General Luden-
dorf to change his tactics and he
has ordered that no more massed
attacks be made by the Germans.
The correspondent of the Daily
Mail at British headquarters in France
reports that General Ludendorff, in
an order dated March 80, said:
"The idea Of forcing success by the
employment of masses must be abol.
ished absolutely. 1t leads only to
unnecessary losses. The effective use
of weapons, not Of numbers, gives
the decision"
The German method of advance
since the order, says the correspon.
dent, has been to push forward small
bodies of troops with light machine
guns.
Cresco plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1913-1945, 1918-04-26
Car for Sale.

1918 Oakland, 6-cyl., 5-pass. touring
car, used but little. Will take q Ford
in trade. Also Sharples Cream Sep
arator. Enquire of
33tf WILL FENCL, Protivin, In.
Cresco plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1913-1945, 1918-04-26
IRISH SWEAR TO RESIST

Oath Administered to Thousands BY
Catholic Priests
Dublin, April 23.-Throughout Ire
land the covenant to resist the i'm
position Of CONSUMPTION by all posi-
BILE means has been administered by
priests and subscribed to in q quiet
manner, by hundreds Of thousands Of
people. From every Catholic pulpit
CONSUMPTION was the subject Of dis
course and the action Of the bishops
Cresco plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1913-1945, 1918-04-26
BUY L. BONDS

Silver Melting Bill Passed by House.
Washington, April 23.-The admin.
istration bill authorizing the melting
into bullion Of 35O,0OO,OOO silver dol
lars to pay trade balances was passed
by the house without amendment. It
has been passed by the senate aid
now goes to the president.
Cresco plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1913-1945, 1918-04-26
Gives Seven Sons to Nation.

Greenville, 8. c., April 23.-Vivian
NJ. Manning, seventh son Of Governor
Manning Of South Carolina to offer
his services to the United States. has
announced he shortly would sell his
business here and enter the army rs
q private.
Cresco plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1913-1945, 1918-04-26
= BUY L. l.. b
DAILY MARKET REPORT:

MINNEAPOLIS Grain.
Minneapolis, April 23.-Oats, May,
$3.50.
Cresco plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1913-1945, 1918-04-26
WIN FIRST REAL FIGHT
Americans Victorious in Real
Initiatory Battle.
Pershing's Men DecisiveIy Huri Ger
man Forces From Post at
Seicheprey.

New York, April 23.-Their first
real battle of the war has been
fought by the Americans at Seiche.
prey and they have come through the
engagement with victory.
All previous attacks by Germans
against the American positions in
Eastern France have been raids or
"Reminiscences for the purpose of Sc.
curing information for Won Hinden.
burg. The assault at Seicheprey,
however, was not of this character. 1t
shows every evidence of having been
an attempt by Hindenburg to seize
permanently the village held by the
Americans and to improve German
positions opposite that part of General
Pershing's line.
Foe Planes Baked.
Failure to accomplish this purpose
was complete. The official Berlin re.
port that the Germans destroyed zen.
envy works" in the American position
is unimportant in view of the fact
that the Germans were forced back
to their own lines. The purpose of
Hindenburg to consolidate the Amer
ican.held sector with the German
front is sufficiently indicated by the
action of the Germans in remaining
overnight in the American positions
they had temporarily occupied.
Cresco plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1913-1945, 1918-04-26
Fer Sale.

1916 Timothy..seed mixed with medi'
UNI Red Clover and Alsyke at $3.50 pei
hundred. Lee Kapler, Crescc. Phone
Silver Maple 10. 2-tf
Cresco plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1913-1945, 1918-04-26
Jitney tits.

+ The gasoline saver. More power t,
motor, less carbon, more miles per gal
Ion of gasoline. For sale by 35tS
WENTWORTH & BURR, Cresco, Ii.
Cresco plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1913-1945, 1918-04-26
President Declares Himself as
Against Measure to Try
Cases BY CourtmartiaI.
TAKES DECIDED STAND
Holds That Proposed Law Is Uncon'
stitutional and Would Put Us on
Level With Enemy We Are
Fighting.

Washington, April Ex-senator
Chamberlain has indicated that
the Senate military committee,
In view Of the presidents opposi-
ton, would not press the court.
martial bill for disloya!ty. Fur
Their hearings planned, Senator
Chamberlain said, have been def
nitely postponed.
Cresco plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1913-1945, 1918-04-26

to have sew ere
pains in my back.
! was nervous and
weak, and, as I was
going through mid.
die life, would have
hot flashes, also
dizzy spells. I took
the = Favorite Pre-
scrfptiOn' and it
proved very bene-
fcial. 1t helped to
build me no in
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1918-05-16
RED CROSS SOLICITORS

The following parties have been
appointed to have charge of solicit
ing funds for the Second Red Cross
War Fund for the City of Audubon.
John Horning, Chairman; F. A..
Hudspeth, l.. j. Larsen, Walter
Roth, ST., Harter McClaren, Jacob
Mogg, Wallace Bolton, DR.. ]. X.
Donaldson. Evans Marquesen, j. E.
Kerwin. Alex Ferguson, Joe Kevan,
II. j. Hoogenakker, G. II. Virtue,
James Fullerton, j. A. Graham, Dan
Hecker, l.. n. Wickham, S. Luse,
Peter Rasmussen, Ed Cousins, A. ].
Van Sise, John Martinsen, Ben Men
denhall. George Ross, +. f. Johnson,
owen Davis, Thomas Conner, Blair
Z. Rice, Charles Bagley, C. II.
Priestley, George Everts, Prof. Nc
lntire, Bertel Jensen, Henry Savage,
Chris Mikkelsen, Jens Andersen, c.
p. Christensen, r. j. Loveland, T.
H. Turner, Albert Fancher, William
Laubender, j. A. Cozine, ID. C. Ross
]. w. Dawson, James Hunt, William
Krauel Hal Mantz, William Rucker
Il. c. Spencer. F. Buckner, Rasmus
Wilesen, Chris Henriksen, L. E
Tramp, Chris Christensen, Ralph
Hawks, Chris Olsen, Fred Plaehn.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1918-05-16
EVANGELICAL CHURCH

Services for next Sabbath: (unless
otherwise ordered.)
1000 a. m.-Sabbath school. The
subject will be, Jesus Exercising
Kingly Authority" Mr.. John But
terton, Supt.
1900 a. m.-Cradle Roll pro-
gram. Mrs. Matt Butterton. supt.
Of Cradle Roll. Also children's bap-
tism by the pastor.
Remember the early service, 1880
D. m, for old and young. Subject,
Education, the Doorway to Ser
vice"
500 p. m.-preaching by the pas
tor. Subject, 1.-The Life That Never
Dies"
Wednesday evening at 500 p. m.
prayer meeting. w. c. Sheets, lead
er
Saturday afternoon at 1880 p. m.
at the church a meeting of the Wo-
mans Missionary Society. Election
of officers for the Society and cleo
ton of delegate for the annual con-
vention.
The coming of the Conference
Quartet in June has been postponed
until a more convenient time. Their
work has been greatly blessed in the
past and highly appreciated.
The first quarterly meeting of the
Audubon charge will be June 81 to
23 in charge of Presiding Elder, II.
i Faust
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1918-05-16
DIED VERY SUDDENLY

Mrs. Jens NJ. Peter Jensen. living
on the old Peter Nissen farm north
of Hamlin, died very suddenly at
her home last Tuesday. She took
sick Sunday but the attending ply
stefan and those attending her did
not think she was in critical con-
dition for she seemed to improve as
the ailment yielded to treatment.
However on Tuesday she became i'll
very suddenly and continued to grow
weaker until evening, when she
passed peacefully away. The cause
of her death was poison in the sys-
TEN.
The deceased leaves a husband
and several children. Funeral SER
vices will be held at the church in
Elk Horn tomorrow afternoon at
two O'Clock and interment will be
made in the Elk Horn cemetery
The family has the sympathy of
the people of the community in this
their hour of affliction.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1918-05-16

NOT DEAD But ALIVE
Calf for sale. Enquire of l.. C.
johnson phone No. 409J. pd
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1918-05-16
X \ X X X
BRAYTON

Jacob Andersen has the founda-
ton laid for his new home in the
west part of town and the carpenters
will commence work this week.
AT the Booster meeting held Mon
day night it was decided to have a
patriotic celebration in Brayton on
Saturday, June 18th.
Willis Jenkins of Omaha was a
business caller in Brayton Monday.
Miss Mary Rucker of Audubon is
visiting Athena Petersen.
Eli Hansen and Jesse Nymand ac-
companied by John and Nels Hansen
OF Atlantic, went to the Northern
Lakes Monday.
j. c. Hardman of Ashland, Nebr,
and V. j. Robinson of Atlantic were
calling on friends in Brayton last
Friday
Lawton Bartlett went to the Thad
Acker home near Atlantic Sunday to
assist with the farm work during the
summer.
Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Heath and
children of Atlantic. spent Sunday at
the viii Essington home north of
town.
Mrs. Minnie Mikkelsen and daugh-
ter Bessie of Omaha are visiting her
parents, c. j. Thompson and wife.
Clarence Christensen of Extra sold
a Ford truck to A. I. Rasmussen and
delivered it the first of the week.
Don Woodward and family, Of At
lantic were over Sunday visitors at
the Clyde Freeman home
Einar Miller and Roscoe Smith
left Monday with the quota who go
to Jefferson Barracks, Mo.
j. Larsen and family of Harlan
were visiting at the A. F. Andersen
home Sunday
Mrs. Cora Freeman visited in EX-
ira last week with her father, ]. j.
Lewis
Aeline Bills is visiting at the home
of her brother Wilbur, near Atlantic.
Dick Powers went to Kimballton
Monday to remain for some time.
Mrs. George Hardwick was calling
on friends in Extra Monday.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1918-05-16
HOW THE RED CROSS
PLANS TO SPEND MONEY

New York, May 10.-How the Red
Cross plans to spend the 100000
600 it has asked the American peo-
pie to contribute between May 20
and 81 is announced in statement
made public here today. New York
is requested to supply one fourth of
the money.
OF the 100000 raised last
year, S11 100000 still remains, it
was stated and this will suffice only
for the remaining two months of the
fiscal year.
Many undertakings requiring eX-
penditures in the future include, be-
sides caring for the wounded, feed
ing the American prisoners in the en-
envy countries, relief for Americas
allies in the shape OF reconstruction
of homes and villages, repatriation
of refugees and so on, canteen ser
vice at embarkation points. combat
ting tuberculosis on an unprecedent-
ed scale. the care of $4,000 French
children in the hospitals.
Out of the first 500, 100000 re-
lief was extended to thirteen nations
or territorial divisions of nations,
France, the chief beneficiary, receiv-
ing nearly $31, 100000.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1918-05-16
NOTICE OF LETTING

Sealed bids will be received at
the office of the County Auditor,
until eleven o'clock a. m. on May
goth, 1918, for six concrete box cul-
verts. Plans and estimates on file
at the above office. The Board of
Supervisors reserves the right to re-
ject any or all bids.
A. ]. VAN SISE
19-2w County Engineer
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1918-05-16
WILL DO HAULING

| have an auto truck and am pre-
pared to do all kinds of hauling
either in the country or in town. If
you need my services call phone No.
477W. 1S-4t-pd.
J. NJ. Fullerton.