davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-08-17
Canadians Turn
Flank of Enemy
7Wc Officers Bet on Who Is First
at German Head
quarters.
IBy Associated DIESEL

WITH THE CANADIAN FORCES IN
FRANCE. Thursday. August l5.-Somc
interesting Incidents of the fighting
OF the past few days are now avail
abic. FOR instance. all day Thursday
OF iast week. when the battle opened
great di'hculty was met In advancing
on our extreme lcft. Finalli- IL WAS
decided the only way TO advance was
70 turn tho left flank. \ famous OucDcc
battalion was intrustcd with the task
Iney had To take up their position in
the dark by the aid only OF the stars
maps and compasscs. Only military
men can comprehend the difficulty OF
the Undertaking. AZ the appointed
hour-i:3c in the morning-;hey were
on their ground. whence they advanced
and took the position. forcing the en-
tire enemy line in this sector TO fail
back. with triiiing loss 70 us
One officer had a bet with another
that n" would be in the hochc di-
viaionai headquarters ut ouesnil frs,
on Thursday night II was "a Wild race.
and VAS not settled till Friday morn
ing. when "a, inner actually took
possession Of t. CHARTERS while his
troops wcre still fsh,ing Il; the far
end OF the town. 10 captured ;he en-
tire enemy divisional plant Shortly
after. the loser came along and had 10
content himself with humber bilIeta
This VAS nine miles from ;he start
ing point of Thursday morning The
advance or "a Manitoba battalion was
tho record Of the battle. being over
10000 yards from our front line. While
marching down "a road this battalion
was attacked by eighteen German air
planes lying low and sweeping the
road with machinc-gun fire. The or
der was given for the men to scatter.
ana not one was hit.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-08-17

ed TO tn. officers tr;,inin.; school tn,s
week were to-day mustered into the
ohi'ed states Army Tor the period OF
the war. IN event ;h"y fail to onaiIfy
for commissions. they will confirm. In
serve as enlisted men.
stunt nigh: 1T the biz ~" hu, Lass.
night delighted "a largo crowd The
program was featured by "a bag punch
ing act by otto Berg. The urogrnm
consisted of niaEu selections by l.. Ap-
prasec! songs By Sergeant Major john
son. particularly good contortion!st
act by Armstrong, 4 tuublinc ac. by
Cook and S:ck.cs. several Songs NV
isaac Schrier. vaudeville and songs nv
Cornarodo. Ayers. former K.,tn's
comedian. drew many laughs with mis-
act. Snaucr Was a feature on ;nc
roller skates pipinasky proved a OK
cellent dancer. In a burlcsutic srccrh
Emheart brought down the house All
the talent OF the show was drawn
from enlisted men w'ho are served fv
" hat No. 90.
Tie Kaiser The Beast Of l:rr.in.' is
the moving picture that w!l be pre-
seHtcd a. the big ~ hu, m.x, Tues
day night.
y, ihc veterinary training school
there are number Of professional,
Jockeys inciudci Sergeant Tom
Chinn. late Of Nortn'S stables of NcY.
Market. England ana % the IIiad!.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-08-17
RAILWAY MAIL CLERK KILLED
Luther Is. Armstrong, of Warrington,
S,ruci, by Engine ut Charlottcs-
Vile Union Station.
t$peclal to The Times DisDa,ci.l

l$Dec!ai to The Times Dispatch.l
CHARLOTTESVILLE VA. August
l6.-i.uther l.. Armstrong, aged sixty
two. of Washington -. e. for over
thirty years a postal clerk on the
last night at Union station. upon con-
plet!ng his run from the Capital 10 this
city. stepping from 80. -, iht south
bound local. he landed Oh the north
bound track and was struck by 4 pass
ing engine lie WAS knocked 20 the
ground ana sustained several !acerated
wounds on the forehead and head: a
fracture OF the bones Of the nose. ex-
tending deeply back toward tn. base Of
tho brain and h"d both hands man@l led
Is II run over by Wheels lie was
rushed 10 IA" Martha jefferson Hos
D'ta! where he died about midnight;
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-08-17
FUTURE REALITY MAY III: WORSE:
THAN PRESENT PRODUCTIONS

This summarizes the commercial
prospects with which Germany is faced
as seen through the spec;acles o! her
more thoughtful and eminent eaonom-
1875. 1t is serious enough as u stands.
bq, /, may we'll be that future reality
viii prove even worse than such pres
ont predictions. Some allowance IS
made by these captains OF Industry for
TIC world hate which Germany viii
have earned. but no allowance a. all
is made for basis Of ani;-Gcrman feel
ing which Viii exist still more potent
Is after the Har--unlcs. the central
.unires arc ruled bN ucw men with
ucw principles
For Gcrrany's present eneu.ies il
N!il not then be so much a matter OF
nate as Of essential policy; ;hey VIII
he engaged in a strugg!" io.' survival.
Hardly any German realizes iha; his
country, AT prcscn, constituted
threatens RUIN to the world. Peace can
make no difference if militarisnl sur
wives. Quite apar, from prejudice.
other civilized peoples cannot afford 10
allow the military power of Central
Europe to be revived. and such revival
vii! depend on the resurrection Of Ger
man trade and industrialism. Ger
many. as she exists to-day. canllot be
permitted in the future to strengthen
her sincws and sharpen her claws. The
danger is too great; it would be arm
ing prospective enemy.
If the war ends in n compromise
which leaves Germany as she is. it is
very certain that the economic struE-
gle will be more bitter than any Ger
man foresecs. Central Europe will be
surrounded by an economic fencc-thc
necessary trench line. il were. OF
enemies as hostile then as now.
AGAINST that barrier. Germany will
heat in vain. for thc salvation of the
world will depend on its holding
tgainst her assaults If it holds. by
her own admission, she must sink in
commercial status. and therefore in
mower
But there is another possibility. UNI
cen by the miiitarists and the mer
,bant commanders OF Germany, which
alone promises 4 better future for all
concerned If the German armies are
beaten. n new Germany will inevitably
arise from the ashes Of destruction
which will represent the death Of
system and not the ruin OF people.
This is so much more than a possibility
that II may be regarded ms the only
ond ultimately possible. Till this comes
about there can be no peace for the
nooples of the earth. for even the ces-
cation of war could he nothing but
,ruce. IT would lie less than truce.
cor It would merely be the replace
,,ent of one war by another.
Copyright. 1879
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-08-17
LABOR CONDITIONS BETTER
Restriction Upon N1nwnr PrnGuctio n
Hcicnscs Many skilled Mcn to
Essential Industry.

WASHINGTON. August iG.--Sha.. &c
81 skilled labor IN war ;ndus.r.cS IS
icing considerably relieved by res 'ric-
''ors upon nonwar production, III. de-
ravimcnt OF l.abo. today anu1unrai
cUrtaiimcnt Of automobile production
alone has released many mechanics
and other workers. There is si!. 4
serious shortage IN many war indus
trial ccaters. however. the department.
says. which can be relieved only hy
further transfer OF labor from non VAR
industries.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-08-17
Held for Di.IoyaI rrterancc,.

ROANOKE. VA. August I6.--Co!um =
hia Hodges, a painter. was arrested to-
day on a Federal warrant charging
him with d!sloyal uttcranccs, lauding
N. German Kaiser and abusing Pres
dent Wilson. He was bailctl in the sun,
of $1,000. hodges is alleged to have
expressed the belief that Germany
would defeat the United States He is
said 10 have declared that he would
rather live under the German govern
!ncnt ;han that Of the United states.
and tina; tie Kaiser has some sense
and old Wilson has none"
Let this remind You to bring or phone
your sunday Want AID cory for The
cnrly to-day.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-08-17
GERMAN PRESS WARNED
ABOUT TRADE AFTER WAR
hcaiize Immensely Difficult Problem
which VIII Face Nation at Con-
ciusion OF Present Conflict.
IDEA OF DEFEy + is SECUTED
hut Tcutons Know That Economic
Ho!cott Would Drain Country IL
It's LlfebIootl-Slut On From
Markets OF World.
NY CAPTAIN Il. r. y. ROWE.
of the Nrifiab trtuy

LONDON, August ia study or tho
'"rrnan press reveals a growing
''A'e'y among the more thoughtful
.'hd bettcrinformcd members of the
commercial community Men holding
important commercial positions con
'"'"aiy write articles warning their
'"hntrymen OF 'hc Immensely Difficult,
t'"n!en "h!ch faces German trade ar
ter the war
IS true that even thoyc vino are
~ wholly blinded by national urSiu-
"''n sun assum" that. though the war
may not end in a decisive victory for
hclr arms. the position OF Gcrin.uy
Wien peace is declared viii be at lea..
us great and influential as formerly
hoN postulatc Il mighty naiion groan-
'hE admittedly under ho2vy taxes. but
''r ably and completely dominated az
ever by miii'arists on the one hand
nd commercial hierarchy on the
'sH": This adaptable iuaChine they
i''"Pos" TO rcEUlat" AS before for eco
ionic battle But they recognize thai
no hght WI be Of tremendous int.n-
iiY and against serious odds Ger
many hh" lost practically all her for
'ltH markets. she must r.captur.
ham 81 sink in commercial status It
frankly admitted tina. these are the
the alternatives; no other choice is
omen. lIcr Industries were and must
continue TO be. her likelihood
y is Interesting TO observe that IN"
possibility OF ultimate disaster to the
'icrmau armies Is either secuted as
ridiculous or treated as an cvcItualijy
that would involve the complete rain
~ Germany for all time" That Il
could result in the ruin OF system.
NJ the national organization as a. pres
cnt controlled. goes without saying.
but II is characteristic Of those who
d0miuate Germany at present that no
other condition OF affairs is within IN.
scope % their 'uaE inations An end
II their domination appears 20 them
yacui'y Yet. even II We assume that
Tho governmental system OF Germany
VIII remain unaltcrcd TIA" problem Of
IA. fgturc as admitted b. such ac-
krnwisdGed authorities as Professor
Wohrmann Dr Weber and many
others hrlsflcs with diiIlculiicS
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-08-17
REALIZES GERMAN TRADE
MIST RI; RESr6HfE

TIL" impor' of colonial produce Cor
msr and hcas: is ind <Densahlc." writes
Professor wohitmann. and GERMANY
highly developed industries would Z"
80 the wall and her workers y" -
dIcci to starvation If she tailed -"
ah'ain raw materials trorn ab-nnd after
The war our warehouses ar"
empty. we have no cotton and only
IN insufficient quantity Of WOO; ruiz
Ter and gutta percha are hardly I'M
noytcd AZ al. and tn" same holds good
Tor coffee. cocoa. spices. etc.
After the conclusion OF peace Va" a."
threatened with an economic war. and
II this should come about We shall be
confronted with great cconomic dis
trnss and a now prohlem OF .Nistcn &c.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-08-17
AT the Movies

ODEO N-Mnry I.ickforu, In
"M'iiss."
DiJoI-Mary pickford, In GLOW
Could You, .Icnnf"
&c i.-Icwcf Carmen. In
"Ihr Fallen Angel"
isiS.D. W. GriiHths. In "'rhc
Great Love-"
DI.tEhiRD attractions.
n l. Il d = Annn o. Nilsson, In
"iicnrt of the Sunset"
REA-Sinndnrd attractions.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-08-17
wooden Miiis Destroyed.
1ay Associated Press. !

NSSOVIWlt'I I-TVS"'T
STOUGHTON. MASS. August 10
wire to-day destroyed three mills OF
tho French e. Ward Wooden Company.
engaged on government work and
large stock OF cloth for army uniforms.
rho loss was estimated at 100000.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-08-17

stables. % rhiladelphia: William H.
Gray. late OF Lanurk shire iiunt club,
Scotland. also of toi9nel Beck'S stables.
London. pnt.;-Dan shea. of the George
chipchasc Stable. Of Hoston. Mass. Also
there is Jonn j. White. wclt-k"own as
light horse driver
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-08-17
slight lncrensc In pncumon,n in Army.

slight incrensc In Pneumonia In Army.
By Associated Prcssl
WASHINGTON. August ie,-Tsere
was a slight increase In the number. OF
cases Of pneumonia, among the troops
ia the United States during the soven-
dag period ending August 9. the weekly
health report issued to-day shows
Admission and nonefrective rates gen.
orally in all camps increased slightly,
but deaths from disease still were OF
the annual rate of 3.lS per 1000. 't
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-08-17

Your Wnnt Al In The Times Dispatch
Tomorrow will he read by more thnn
NIFTY thousand people. 500
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-08-17

trainin" school
Of professional
Sergeant Tom
stables. OF Nov.
% the Biadlc
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-04-28

LONDON. April :7.-Despatches from
Hollapd this afternoon say that al
though. according to The Hague Vddcr-
land, tho questions Of customs din!cul-
ties. Of which Germany had complained.
and the use Of the Limburg Railway,
which Germany had demanded. have
been settled In her favor. Germany still
maintains her ground on, the sand and
gravel question. Germany has expressed
much annoyance at the Btoppage by
Holland OF Rhine traffic and the fact
that Holland negotiated With the United
States regarding the cession OF Dutch
ships before their seizure and concealed
these negotiations from Germany.
As q result, says despatch from
The Hague to the Amsterdam Tcic0raaf,
the feeling there has never been moro
depressed. There Is an impression In
some quarters In Holland tha' SO long
as DR.. Won Kuhlmann remains German
Foreign Secretary. Holland will not be
pressed to the extreme. But this view
Is not held by others. who dispute II
on the ground that while DIR. Won Kuhl-
mann and his party are sincere they
have little influence in the conduct OF
German affairs. the real rulers being
the military party. which has It's eyes
on the Dutch North Sea ports.
The Vaderlond urges tho Dutch Pre-
mier to form n national Cabinet
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-04-28
ARMY ASSAILED
BY YSCHEIDEMANN
Socialist Majority Leader AS
sert Incorrect News Of War
Is Given Members.
IRON HEEL FOR UKRAINE
"Demands for Food Cannot
Watt" Is Reply of Gen.
Won Risberg.

AMSTERDAM. April 27.---A carefully
censored report Of tho discussion at yes
terday's session Of the main committee
Of the Reichstag In Berlin does not con-
csal the fac, that there we're livery ex-
pressious OF dissatisfaction with the
military administration. Herr Scheide.
mann. the majority Socialist leader
complained that information given the
committee regarding the events at Zee
brugge were lat least erroneous" lie
also attacked the war press depart
ment for "gaGging the press and foi
preventing the criticism OF 'stupidities.'
He also referred to discomfort In Tho
Ukraine and the refusal OF the military
to allow representatives OF the border
peoples to place complaints before th'
German Government.
Herr Go:hein, Progressive. asserted
that the military measures taken in tn,
Ukraine would not achieve their object
while Matthias Erzberger, the Centris
leader. described the military procedure
In the Ukraine as simply shocking"
Replying to these accusations Gen
Won Risberg said:
"The power Of the Ukraine Govern
ment is slight. but We must carr!
through our demands for food and can
! not walt. This can only be done by th'
military"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-04-28
LONDON HEARS
EX-CZAR'S SON IS
RUSSIAN RULER
Outbreaks to Overthrow
Bolsheviki Said to Be
in Progress.
MICHAEL REAL LEADER
Finland Dispatches Tell of
Serious Rioting in
PetrOgrad.
CAPITAL LONG ISOLATED
Stockholm Newspaper Claims
to Have Definite News of
Counter Revolution.
CAPITAL LONG ISOLATED

LONDON. April 27.-A despatch from
Copenhagen to the Exchange Tele-
graph says 1t Is reported there that n
counter revolution has broken out in
Petrograd. 1t reports that while no
kilograms have been received from Pc
trograd for several days, there are ru-
,nors from Finland that there is serious
riotirg at the capital. and that the
rumor is persistent that Grand Duke
Alexis Nikolaievitch. son Of the former
Emperor. has been proclaimed En-
peror, and that Grand Duke Michael
Alexandrovitch is the real leader IN
Russian affairs.
The Stockholm Alton blodct says that
definite reports have been received
from Abo. Finland. that Grand Duke
Alexis Nikolaievitch has been pro-
claimed Emperor. with Grand Duke
Michael Alcxandrovitch as Regent.
When Emperor Nicholas abdicated
the Russian throne at midnight March
Is, 1917. he also renounced succession
to the crown of his son, Grand Duke
Alexis. in favor Of Grand Duke Michae
Aiexandrovitch. The next afternoo!
Grand Duke Michael himself abdi
Gated. thus bringing the Romanoff dy
nasty to an end. Where the proclama
ton proclaiming q new Emperor wal
issued is not apparent from the Copen
hagen despatch.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-04-28
CABINET MAY QUIT.
Ministerial Crisis Now Feared In
Austrian Government.

WASHINGTON. April 27.-The POSSIBLE
ity OF Ministerial crisis in Austria Is
related in an official despatch from
France. which says:
THE frmest supporters OF the Govern
mcnt, which TIL now were the Christian
Socialists and the Union OF German
pa,ties, seems to have been changed, and
they appear to wish to pass over the
opposition. The Christian Socialists are
rritated by the measures taken by the
Seyder Cabinet In what concerns food
supplies. They condemn the acquisitions
proposed to be made among the peas
ants. and they declared that the food
policy o. Won Seydler is both insufficient
and tactless, The President Of the Coun-
ell should have In their opinion, OBJ
tained from Hungary larger concessions
"It Is considered certain all the Slav
parties will remain with the opposition
The Government has no longer single
partisan In Parliament. The whole Qucs-
tion Is to know whether It will resign OF
whether II will obtain from the Emperor
the dissolution Of the chamber.
ION the othe- hand. a telegram from
Zurich says that according to infOrma
tion received from Vienna through Tho
| Lokalanseigcr the Seydler Cabinet ap
pears to have decided to resign as 1
body. The question 10 whether the EN-
peror will accept the designations"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-04-28
Smokes Make Soldiers
Love Home Folks More

"VOUR tobacco gift is greatly
appreciated" writes Lieut..
Lester l.. Meyer, Aviation Corps,
to a SUN Fund contributor.
"Your kindness and thoughtful
ness would be we'll rewarded il
you could see how happy we all
are to receive these gifts from
home"
Most of the athletic clubs Of
the city are joining the Friars
and the Lone Star Boat. Club In
preparations for a great national
handball contest and dance to be
given in the Seventy-frst Regi-
ment Armory, Saturday night.
The entire proceeds are to como
to the fund. Read about it and
other events on page !, Section 2.
WARNING! THE SUN TO-
BACCO FUND has no connection
with any other fund, organizs-
ton or publication. It employs
no agents or solicitors.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-04-28
GERMANY URGES TRANSPORT
DEMANDS ON NETHERLANDS
Maintains Ground on Sand and Gravel Question-Ber-
lin Annoyed by Hollands Stoppage of Rhine Traffic
Customs and Railway Disputes Settled.

now looms up through reported willing
ness Of Holland to meet In part the Ger
man demands.
This. Il Is explained. does not mean
that Holland will permit Germany to
make the Netherlands base Of military
operations by forcing the Dutch to
transport war supplies through her ter
ritory. 1t likewise is not expected to
result In any unneutral policy on the
part Of Holland which might necess'tate
swift consequential measures from the
United States and the Entente. But In
terwoven In the pending Dutch-German
negotiations are questions involving Gus
toms duties. tariffs. the sand and gravel
dispute, &c, On these matters the Ger
man view Is expected to prevail. though
Holland may hold out stubbornly for Its
undoubted rights under international
law In these matters.
Should Germany force Holland to per-
nit war supplies TO go through Dutch
territory. this, Il is pointed out. would
be tantamount to a forced invasion OF
the country II the Dutch persistently
withheld their consent. On the other
hand. consent even under duress would
Immediately involve Holland In ser!oua
complications with the United States
and the Entente.
Reports have reached the Netherlands
Legation here to-day which clear UP
certain points In the situation. II Is
explained. for example. that the Ger.
man Minister TO the Netherlands Us still
at The Hague and did not leave for
Germany as reported. The Dutch
| Minister to Berlin returned to The
/ Hague. II is said. to discuss with hit
Government the progress OF negotiations
with Germany. No ultimatum. II wal
asserted at the legation. has been sent
! to Holland by Germany either In rela
ton to the sand and gravel dispute Of
any other questions that have arisen.
! The legation here also denied tina
! Holland has put an embargo on th'
/ export Of tin. cinchona and kapok from
the Dutch East Indies. The Dutch Gov
ernment had merely issued an order re
Quiring that exports be licensed. and i
was added that this action had nothinl
- Do Wtths the Ra9otaattoNo' eotweel
Germany and Holland. but was domes
tic matter In which Holland alone wa
concerned.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920, 1918-04-28
QUITS
AUSTRIAN POST
DR.. Won Seydler Presents His
Resignation for the Sec .
Ond Time.
HIS POSITION 'UNTENABLE'
Vienna journal Says People
Will Not Fight to Retain
German Conquests.
HIS POSITION 'UNTENABLE'

LONDON, April 27.-Dr. Won Seydler.
tho Austrian Premier. for the second
time has presented his resignation. ac-
cordng to an Exchange Telegraph des-
patch from Zurich to-day. The Premier
Ia quoted az declaring that he desired
to quit ONCE because he found the situa-
ton urtenable.
Austrian internal conditions. like those
Of Hungary and the dual monarchy as
a whole. have been extremely unsettled
for some time, the agitation being due
not only to the complications over for
eign affairs. but to the question Of suf-
fra6s reform In Hungary and the peren-
NAL racial disputes in both Kingdoms.
Premier Won Seydier rendered the
, resignation OF the Austrian Cabinet early
In February bccause*Uf tsooSeso Wsea
the Polish delegates over the budget. bu
| Emperor Charles refused to allow thu
Ministers TO retire. There were reporti
from Vienna through Zurich last wee,
that Or. Won Seydler had again offeret
| his resignation. but these weic no: con
, hr,ned.
, Empress Zita Under Attack.
, The formation In Vienna OF an anti
| Emperor Charles party" composed o'
persons prominent IL court circles, II
reported in Vienna despatch TO thu
Tageblatt OF Berlin. In the party arr
members Of the nobility who were per
sonal friends Of Emperor Francis Jo
seph. The chief argument of the pro
moters OF this movement. the despatch
says, Ia that Emperor Charles is unde'
the influence o. Empress Zita. who ha'
failed to grasp the Austrian point o
view in regard to high state affairs.
| The correspondent at The Hague @
the Exchange Telegraph Company re
ports that great sensation has beei
caused In Vienna by an announcement
that the Papal Nuncio there has begul
a disciplinary inquiry at the request o
the Austrian Government into the cas-
OF the Archbishop Of I.a.bach. He i
charged with having placed himself a
the head OF the Southern Slav move
ment, the aims OF which are said 10 con
stitute high treason.
VIII Not support Conquests.
This despatch gives another OF III
indications. Of which there have bee
number recently. that the movemen
against Austria among the souther
Slavs was being revived. A large par
of this element consiSts Of Serbians. VIII
desire separation from Austria.
zone thing is certain" says IN
Arbeiter zcitunD OF Vienna, an quote
In an Exchange Telegraph despatc
! from The Hague I'VE arc not goin
to allow Austrian Blood to be shet
either now or later on, to retain GeI
man conquestn.
This statement Is made In criticisr
Of Germanys action In the direction {
virtual annexation Of the former Rus
,ian hnrdar S,afes pf Iivpp,a and E,s