davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1918-09-26

So; besgleiden, BeeezS upplies $40.<
o5; geparaturen $14.85; M. S. glepe>
Lamb, Sngenieur<M nslage11 bel 6taatsS
ipegen $75.5s; GIarf 3nmber Co., grii<
denmaterial, $3.50; Srau Sol. Chem
fteiner, 9upplies fir B%egearbeiter. $12.<
50; Sopn @ben Gate, 8ridenarbeit an
Der Rabnebiue $otpn @ren3e $500; g.
81. Qabr, Quslagen na9 Minneopolis fir
gintaif eines &tesberlabers $6.18; Nel<
fon Werenntile Co., Supplies fur9taats<
meg $445.72 @uber s. Static, Supplies
fir @egez@ af9inerie; YIbmoutb Som
itrnftion Company, 8riidenzM nsbenernnz
gen $276.10; besgIeiden $21.55 uno
$4,000.
Comm @odbiqe, 8e9earbeit $317.88;
Wilton Smitb, SuppIies fir @tnatspeg,
$32.47; ct. gIoub Sron 8orfs, Nus=
be1ern Der BegezMaf9inerie, $1O.35;
81: Ebomeb, >&usla9e mad @inneapolis
fir &nnf zines &iesberIabers $6.16; 6.
g. Ittpoob & Co., Supplies, $14.40; %.
q. Borger, Sreimarfen etc. $27.98; CO.
pbia 8irfe, 8eugengebIbren, 8anbIanbt
$500; Maria 8Irfe, 3engen9ebiibr
8an0lmb $40; S. 8. 9nnn, Beiidtiz
gu,1g Ser 2eide bes 81. 8arren, $3.50;
Sran3 Sanbel, Supplies, $34.38; Sribz
GroB 60, Supplies, $3.50; besglei6en
Guittungsbu6 $1.00; $50. 6in1sl, Srei<
marfen, etc., $13.15; Naria Settle, 3euz
gengebiibr, 8en6tlanb, $500; SRI. Ma<
ria Settle, 3eugen9ebiibr 8enbtIanb, So
20; g. 50. 2abr, SelepbongebIbr $5.46;
g. 50. 2abr, @onntbz@ommiKdrs Eagesz
1lnb Meilengebibr $4,000; sc. 8. Gang,
BIatte fir l1rfunoe1z @egiitrar, $3.50;
@einri6 2imperi6, Observation-Disclosures
gebiibr $100.40; Minne1ota 5taatszSaz
nitortum, 8ebanolung bes SIZES, @rbz
Tide unb @ni1el $101.45.
S. g: mnniinser, glnmbierz9aepqra>
$20.73; gbriit. @dmitf, Sreimarten,
$27.00; s.. 6. @91ner, @beriffszMusIaz
gen, Staat ge9en Ratriat nnb Sauiteb,
$22.86; g. g. 691ner = 8ef0itigung
Ser @tearns County, @efangenen $4,000;
Der 8enton County, efangenen $15.75;
S. 59ufter, Insbeiernngen am Court
haufe. $3.15; Securitb 81onf 8oof 4
Rrinting Company, 8lanfs unb 5nppz
lies ,$27.15; 56reibmnterial $3.50;
@npplies $500; 81. Ebomeb, Sreimor>
fen ETC., $54.35; Simes 9rndgeie1ldaft
- Noti8 fir @ol8berfdufer $40; Ser
0ffentli6ung Ser @ountbz8eb0rbez@er
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1918-09-26

Nadmittaesiibung, BEN 10. @epternz
Der 1918.
Ser @ertaeung eemdB trot Sic 8eh0r>
De 5uiammen. g; 81. 2abr als gortdIber
un6 ale Mitglieber antpeieno: SIZE Nn<
gelegenbett Der @tablierung elmer Wob<
nung fir Soiepb &erbelp. zines 4r1nen,
nnr6e Ser BebDrbe our gr0rternng bor>
gelegt, unb ba @ertreter fir Die %interelz
lierten Eotpns @robe, @prtng 9tu nno
ct. Martin our Steue tparen, tpnroe oas
Sir unb 8iber Der Ingelegenbett be-
lproden. So Die 8etpeisfiibrnng nngenii<
geno eri@ie11, tpnr Die 8eb6rbe al1ber1tan>
Sc, cine @nt19lieBung at treffen, nno on<
fer tpnrbe Die M~ngelegen6ett auf Nntrag
6es Sneob Beber, unter1tibt bon Be1t.
Offering, 5uriidgelegt.
Sn @nden Der $eilnng beg I'M @9nbz
ANTE Ser friiberbin foniolibierten S9nl<
biftrifte So. 12~125 befin6li9en @eloes,
.bas iebt Dem getp0bnli6en 99ul0i1tritt
SEQ. 1915 geb0rt, fiubet Die 8eh0roe fol-
qe16e Eat1aden: 9ab betm 59ln11e 0es
56uIiabres 1918 Die 5nmne bon ST.
500. 6O}i9 i'm 5dnbamte beg fonfolibter>
ten 9iftrtfts befmb; 6ab, dls Der @bnl<
bifittrifft $50. 1876 berbur10en tplrDe NIT
benz 56nIoiftrifft $50. IL genannter 9iz
.iftrift 1876 Dem @6abamte bes fonfoltoierz
ten 9iffrifHts Sic 5um1ne bon $1,000 5n<
geben Iieb. (2ebter 8etrag mar ger11>
6erungsgelb fir Elm abgebrmntes @9ul<
baus). Inb neiterbin, bdb nod etne a11sz
ftebe11De 5duIb bon $4,000 %borbanoen lit.
9aber lei na6 redtmafbiger @rOrter@
nng Der Sat1a6en un6 anf Mntrag ange<
or6net, bab bon benz @el6e TN SdaRamI
te bic @nmr1e bon $1299 benz 9iftrttf
1875 fir Iebtgenanten 9iftrittgebrnub
8ngemieien 1T; unb bob bic ansfebenoe
5dnIb bon $45 be8nbIt tper6en fol; uro
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1918-09-26
9aniid)er airing beindt Ser. Staateu

Wa1b1ngf0n, II. SePf. Br1n5
Mrel bon DGnemarf, 6erSberbefebls=
baber ser 6dnii6en Seema9t uno
8iibrer elmer @efnn6tiduft, melde
bon Mmerifa eingela6en nar> Die bie.
ligen Marine : @inridtungen 81 itu=
6ieren, tpur6e geitern bonn Braii6en=
ten @ilion empfangen. Ser Brin3
ging nit Sefretar 2aniing gum Bei7
ZEN @aus un6 Serr uno 6rau Do
niels empfingen i'm gum Iben6elien.
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1918-09-26
@n6 9afota.

81. 50. Wilmarib, @i-
gentimer 6es DoirD Depot=@ ebdu=
see, 6os fiir5li@ einem 8ran6e gum
Opfer fiel, bat erfldrt bab 8lane
ausgearbeitet per6en, 6aS @ebd116e
pie6er benubbar 3u maden. 8a1bol5
1T bereits berbeigei6afft mor6en, u16
Sic Mrbeiten nebmen ibren Mnfang.
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1918-09-26

@enn Ser Eraiibent sic geplaute
&eile ourd bas 2an6 au9 bat aufges
ben miii1en, = sos Soft miro i'm
troB6em beriteben nn6 inn miuig
fo1gen.
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1918-09-26
&riiser, Elm 9%rndeberser, getStet.
rr,,o 4rono1offon fled With fhe most

&riiser, elm 9rideberger, getotet.
True translation filed with the post
master at st. Cloud, Minnesota, on
Sept. 26th, 1918, as required by the
Act of Congress of October 9Th. 1917.
% 04pen, isis, %. Sept. On,
mig &riiger> 90 Sabre alt, elmer Der
bier &riger 8ru6er, Die bon &egies
rungsbeamten oIs Drudeberger ge=
inbt tp11rben, nn6 tpel6e gegen Die
@taatsmili5 Dor elmer ISOLDE bon
ibrem Seim nobe @itbee fdmpften,
nur6e geitern in elmer 5deune 5tpei
Meilen iii6Ii1 bon Boap eri9ofien,
tpie Ser. Staaten Deputp Waridan
Soiepb @ant, beri6tet, Ser beute ben
2eidnam bierber bradte.
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1918-09-26

b%onoluueen, $64.5o 9. g. Weit. !@arte
fit urtunben Megiitrnr, $3.50; Wetern
electric gompmb, 8elepbon<S ettenitid.
$S.76.
Nuf Qntrag bertagte ii6 bic 8eboroe
fine bic.
g. 81. Qnbr, goriiber Der gountbz8ez
horde bon 5tenrns gountb, Neinn.
Beftdtigt: Ni1oIas Shomeb, gonntp@
Nnbitor alnb eg offieio @lert Der Be-
h1r0e.
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1918-09-26
Mitttpo6, BEN II. September 1918.

Ser 8ertngung get1GB trat bic 8eb0rz
be 5n1ammen; g. 81. 2abr, Bor1iber, nno
ale Meitglie6er %autpe1enb. Nngebote fir
@ol5lieferung an bas County fir 3erbitz
ut1b @interz Mblieferun9 ipurben entgez
aengenommen. gnf Nntrag tpurben Die
Nngebote %folgenber nambaft gema6ten
9erionen in Quantitdt nnb Yreis, ipie
Sen reipeftiben Namen entgegengefebt
angenommen nnb Die &ontrafte tpie fol9t
e]ingegangen: IS. 90. @agner, - &lafz
ter gemii9tes @ol8 at $6.75 per &lafz
ter. Sran8 G6Iammer, 25 @iafter gez
mii6fes Sol5 gil $500 per @lafter. HSran5
E@imon, so @lafter gemiidtss @ol3 gu
$500 per &lafter. Sran8 @9miot, IS
8lafter gemii9tes @ol5 8u $7.25 per
alofter. Nif. M0Ier, 1875 &lafter Iama@
red 8u $500 per &lnfter. Sofepb S.
Mor9el, 10 &lafter 2inoenbol5 gu $3.50
per &lnfter.
Mnf Mntrag tpuroe f%oleenoer 8efdluB
gefnBt: Gel es be19lo11en, bon Der 8ez
h0r6e Ser County &ommiHGre bon
Gtearns COUNTY, Winn., bnb bas 9odz
tpeg=9 epartement bes Stnates er1n6t lei,
6 Bro3ent bes Nnteiles bonn 5taatstpegez
Son6s CUR 5eite legen, I'M tie als einen
unterbnltnngs <Sor0s al gebrnn9en. 9a>
titert ct. GGouS, Sen II. Sept. 1918:
(Sie9el)
g. 81; 2obr. @oriiber; $aceb @sz
Der, Sen. Offering, g. S. Sbeifen,
County, 8eb0r6e.
8eftdttgt:
Nidolas Ebomeb, gountb Nubitor.
Muf Nntrag muroe Die @nmme bon
$317.88 aus Dem gonntbz8 egez uno
8riiden<Son6s Dem Sotpn &odbiue fir
8egearbeit, bie in eenanntem Sotpnibip
9etan tpurbe, erlnnbt. Nnf Nntrng muir
Sen folgenbe @ebnungen erla1bt unb 6em
@efebe 8ufolge our 3ablung a%ngetpieien:
S. s.. Bra6leb, Sngenieurenbienife
beim SO. 80 G%ounfbgraben $4,000; bes<
glei6en beim $50. Al gountbgraben,
$4,000; Batrid @beeleD, &eini9en uno
Musbefern BEG go. 16 @onntbgrabens,
$1665:65; 81. 9. Gang, Sng%enienrotsn<
ite beim $50. Al @o1tntbgraben $500;
Mmerican 9. & 8. Cine Company, @ege
Supplies, $87.95; Nuitin 8eftern Cont
panb, Gra6iermai6inenz9 feparatur $14.<
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1918-09-26

g. 81. 2abr, @oriiber; Sacob 8ez
Der, Sen. Offering, g. S. Sbei1en,
Gountb<Beb0r0e.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-05-26

ments to the lands now included
within British sovereignty.
Far more to the point is the ques-
ton what we shall render to France,
when all is over, for her services in
the common cause. No reward that
we can offer will satisfy our sense
Of obligation. In the new map of
the world she will doubtless receive
territory. Britain upholds the claim
of France to her lost provinces. But
France means more, even, than AL
sace-Lorraine, however vital be
those symbolic names. French CIV
ilization must be bruised no longer
by the brutal pressure of degraded
and degrading despotism, ever at
her throat, as it seems to most
Englishmen, the real guarantee for
the security of France must be, not
so much her treaty, whatever it be,
with Germany-that is a mere scrap
of paper-but the bond which binds
her to allies whom she can trust.
The Value of
American Aid
Barriers are breaking down and
international friendship is sealed
with blood. By adjusting her rela-
tions with the Serbians, italy has
removed local obstacle to perfect
unity, in League of Nations.
France. on her side, may discover
in the backing of the United States
more valuable strategic considera-
ton than. let us say, the Rhine
boundary of 1914. Anyway, for the
moment, it is the business of as all
to work for conditions which will
enable our American comrades ~
make their weight felt most directly
and most rapidly on the Western
front. When Germany has been
successfully resisted. great tasks
will lie ahead of the peoples by
whose sacrifices the victory has been
achieved. In the inner councils of
democracy, the voice of France will
be heard for all time, influencing
world ideals, inspiring, warning,
reconciling, helping. The Latin
civilizations of the Old World and
the new will be linked with the
Anglo-Saxon civilizations and to-
gether will solve the great problems
of Africa and Asia, which have be-
come so urgent. Such league will
not be exclusive, except against
tyranny, and the Teutonic peoples
if we take a long view of the
future-will have to qualify for
membership by evidence of sincerity
and PREPARATION. That is not a stage
that we have yet reached. And, for
the moment, it is enough that France
and Italy sit at the table with the
United States and Britain, laboring
over the birth of a new era. which
will be something more than a
treaty of peace, a termination eff
hostilities. The new era is already
in being, positive, constructive, for
ward looking, and that vision which
French eyes see so keenly, to-day
inspires the millions Of men in the
one united army, who cheerfully
face whatever blow may be impend-
ing
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-05-26
When Hungry Smoke a Pine

For long time it was assumed that
the teel1ng OF hunger and thirst origi-
mated in the stomach, and only recent
researches established the error of this
hypothesis. Writes the "Prometheus."
an authoritative scientific magazine;
To-day 1t is recognized beyond doubt
that the upper part of the sophaCus
is the real seat of the feeling of hun
ger and thirst. In order TO ascertain
the correctness of this assumption the
throat and osophagus of hungry man
was narcotized by an injection of a
cocaine solution. Immediately the feel
ing of hunger and thirst completely
disappeared, and for five and six nights
he could not be prevailed upon to
eat or drink from which the Inference
was drawn that the cocaine had killed
IN ham hunger and thirst
The same cases also explain the rid
die why many explorers by emulasing
the example of the savages in chewing
the Leaves of the cocoa plant for MANY
days suffered neither hunger nor thirst
The chewing of the cocaine containing
leaves narcotized the palate and upper
part of the 9sophagus
Nicotine acts exactly as cocaine. A
person suffering from hunger and
thirst can with few pipes of tobacco
or few cigars drive OFF this unpleas-
ant feeling for a couple of hours. IL
Is well known that soldiers ~ho smoke
on long marches or while waiting in
the trenches for the field kitchen can
hold out longer without nourishment
than the nop-smokers among their COM
rades
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-05-26
By Mark Swan
(Of the vigilantes)

The greatest question before the
American people to-day is "Wherewith
shall we be fed ?" We neglect to an
swer the question because we don't
have to answer it noqv. Some of us
won't even admit that it is a question.
Reginald has always gone to Rector's
after "the show; there's always been
flet mignon and mushrooms. Spike,
the truck driver, has always gone into
that quick lunch, around the corner.
and called for cham and"-and from
some mysterious region cham and"
has appeared. Why should filet mignon
and cham and" fail to answer
"present" as long as one has the price :?
Reginald has every confidence in
Rector's and Spike places unbounded
dependence in the quick lunch. 1t is
absolutely inconceivable to either of
them that their haven of food should
fail them.
And they won't believe it-now-
they won't ever consider it or try to
understand it, until ono day the Food
Card will softly step up and tap them
on the shoulder. Thereafter Spike will
have to get along with a lightweight
portion of war bread once in awhile
and the best Reginald will get will be
shredded peanuts and split prune for
breakfast and the wing Of = shrimp
every other Thursday. Yet II you warn
them they call you Calamity Howler.
Howling When 1t Is Vain
It's terrible thing, for people 70
have to listen to calamity howief
and read his dire prophecies. wnea
there are SO many pleasant Things se
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-05-26
Sunday Gowns
Dating From 1914

Nobody laughed, certainly, in the
tightly crowded compartment. ldenti-
fcation cards and little flags mingled;
Sunday costumes rubbed against one
another. The heads of the poor travel
lers stood out lamentably, faces drawn,
hair disordered and dusty, above
bodices crinkled by hours of standing
in the train--bodices whose style went
back three years, recalling 1914, care
free peace and all the tranquil happi
ness whose sudden end no one then
suspected.
There was conversation, naturally.
Disputes occurred sometimes. But
more frequently there were little DEM
onstrations of fraternal sympathy,
and, permeating all this, an immense
undercurrent of hope and love. To see
France once more-the true France,
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-05-26

set will outlast family of most
strenuous children.
A collection of empty spools of diff
ferent sizes is treasure for the child
of three, who will rejoice in stlinging
them on a cord passed through bod
learned skill in this exercise he may
graduate to stringing buttons with
real needle and thread. On baking day
a small lump of dough (made less
sticky by working more flour into it,
which can be rolled and played with on
q bit of smooth board, is great fun for
little folk; and let the mother con-
stantly remember that any fun which
is secured by using the hands does not
educational value.
ws aa w snd e' s o Of cloth 81 to oRBs
washed out will fill many happy min
utes. The oilcloth apron is indispens-
able for tfIs play, as for the outdoor
water play and for clay modelling: This
last is perhaps the most etcrnally in
teresting Of the indoor OCCUPATIONS tor
little children. If the clay. is kept on
bit Of oilcloth on low table it is not
an untidy element in kitchen.
Making Animals
If dried peas an, soaked for few
pierced by a needle and can be strung
by four and fve-year olds into neck
laces and bracelets, or they can be put
together with wooden toothplcks into
many fascinating shapes. Dried water,
melon and sunfower seeds can be used
in the same way. A box of dry corn
cobs can convert free corner OF the
floor into farm with log.-cabin house,
rail fences and barns. Trees can pc
l ut inn 10 ad hu tx1yfcrc or
clay to hold them upright, and farm
animals can be rudely fashioned out OF
clay, busted over with domestic color
ing material to make them realistic
-four for sheep, cocoa for brown horses
and cows, charcoal for black animals
and then baked in the kitchen oven to
make them firm.
may dive and delve, is a resource for
rainy hours, and If the mother is at
hand to keep. an eye on the process and
tell what colors and materials are, to
suggest matching those colors and
stuffs which are Identical and to make
agreeable combinations with others
rag bag hour is as educational as any
exercise in carefully run modern
school. The country mother has here
mothers in that her work is always at
home and of nature which allows her
to- SUPERVISE the children's play with
out giving up all her time to them.
Provision should be made in the case
of little children for their. desire tc
handle all sorts Of objects; the desire
.. which makes them enjoy so greatly {
tumbling over Of mothers work-basket
There IS no need to let them upset
that when there are in every country
| house such a vast number Of other ar.
/ ticles which are not hurt by bah,
: Tablespoons, tin pans, boxes, tongs
r Furthermore, instead Of being toll
3 1Dont touch!" they should be en-.
$ couraged to learn how neatly aud com
+ petently to perform such ordinar,
u operations as opening and shattini
: drawers and doors and boxes an.
r gates, serewing the tops on cans, hang
) ing up clothes, and taking OF rubbArs
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-05-26
Both Nations on Eve of Another Battle to
Separate Their Armies, Resolve ON Victory
Over Graves of Their Commingled Dead

British soldiers. twenty-five years
of war had weakened France. And
Germany rose, in due course, to con-
tinue the process of humiliating her
and crushing her Incompatible pres
tige.
What Christendom might have be-
come if France and England had
worked together, instead of fighting
each other, leave to the regretful
imagination. But at least these wars
left no ranking wound. Through it
all Rheims Cathedral still stood,
lovely and entire. Napoleon, like
Lord Elgin and his marbles, occa-
sionally picked up things, but he did
not trample on art. He won battles
which, on the whole, liberated the en-
emy. This has been the reason why
to-day Napoleon is so popular fig
ufe in England. He is inexhaustible.
Our Winston Churchill, like Lord
Roseberry, collects all he can find
about Napoleon. Nine. Tussaud's, in
London, changes the waxworks
weekly. but never the Napoleon
relics. Books on Napoleon fill our
libraries. Every fresh one is re-
viewed at length, and read with
avidity.
The first result of giving our peo-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-05-26

Specification. And those who displayed
with so proud an air their rose-colored
bows didn't know that that little butter
fly Of tender hue was for them the
saddest Of all, since 1T consigned them
"a wandering band, whom no one
claimed-to the chance good Offices of
the various departments.
The little gold piece which had been
given to each Of them on their arrival,
the concert offered them, the discourse
made on their behalf--were these pre-
liminaries not promises at last of JOY
of happiness?
A tide of French vigor ran trimming
through the hall The women, when
asked in the cloakroom what piece of
clothing they needed most, invariably
demanded an apron. An apron? To
work. To begin to reconstruct the
past.
Frail, weak and timid, Nine. Dumont
behind the others, waited her turn
Some one came along to examine the
labels they wore. 1t was for all the
travellers, at the climax Of their IA
tigues and emotions, the truly supreme
moment-when they should know, yes
or no, whether some one would claim
them in one part Of France or another;
whether the home destroyed would be
reconstructed again, whether the poor
human dog, whose longing was visible
in all their eyes, was going to be freed
from the pound, in which, shivering, he
had awaited for so many weary days his
long postponed deliverance.
mime. Dumont, senior, widow
claimed at Paris by Nine. Dumont
widow, and her little SOM
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-05-26
Trotzky's Red Army
A Menace to No One
But the Russians
The NcaU York Tribune
FOREIGN Press Bureau


Paul Eric, Pe.rograd correspondent
of lie Journal" of Paris, ia decidedly
of the opinion that no dependence
should be placed on Trotzky's Red
Guards. The first organization, ne
says, consisted of tramps, who were
collected in Petrograd and after two
or three hours drill received a few
hundred francs to arouse their patri-
otic ardor and were sent to the front.
But they did not get very far, disband-
ing as soon as they got outside of Pc
trograd, and proceeding to spend their
money.
The second organization was in
tended as bodyguard to the Bolsheviki
and means for enforcing the power
OF the Soviets. Trotzky constituted
himself the general in chief of this
body and issued call after call for VOL
unteers.
Trotzky announced that he would
soon have an army of from SOC, 900 to
100000 men. bat the first detachment
Of tho new Red Guards. named for
Liebkneeht, committed so many thefts
and abuses Of all kinds that they had
to be disbanded. The SECOND detach-
ment would only consent to duty as
guards for the railroad stations and
railroads. Every day they demanded
an increase in pay and finally 20. up to
$3.50 month.
So far, Trotzky has only been able to
form few detachments, over which he
has no authority, and who are menace
to NO one except the Russians.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-05-26

French that to-day we cry, "Dieu ct
Mon Droit" and "Noblesse Oblige."
1t is true that for eight centuries
England and France were at war,
save for troublous armistices.
France was Scotland's friend, Ire
lands friend, Americas friend,
against England. To some extent
the Normans and Plantagenets must
be held responsible. These were, in
effect, French civil wars, with Eng
land feudal accessory. AS boy l
enjoyed reading about Crecy, Poi
tiers and Agincourt, and I am still
proud of the noble lines which
Shakespeare attributes to John of
Gaunt and King Henry Y. But, af-
ter all, the supreme heroine in Eng
lish history is Joan of Arc. We re-
we're Queen Elizabeth. We found in
Queen Victoria a mother of nations.
But the Maid of Orleans, the saint
who to-day unites the worship of
French clericals and French citi-
zens, is one Of those few tender,
tragic, triumphant fgures-indeed,
she is unique, l think, in Christian
annals-whom we dare to greet with
alteration. England's endeavors to
keep France divided and distraught
during the middle ages were crimes
by kings in whose veins, | must in
fairness say, ran much French
blood. The sympathies of the Brit
ish changed with the romances of
Sir Walter Scott, who, writing in an
age still dominated by the terror of
Napoleon, presented in Quentin
Durward" a final picture of Louis
XI-that strange monarch who
achieved French unity. AS the il