davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington times., 1918-03-31
)u Aresh Hag Reports But Enemy Repused With Losses
GERMANS HALTED
TENMlL ES EAST OF
RAHROADCENTER

4AE14A4N ~ ~ &3A . 80 -
CONTINUED from Page one.)
the village Of Denuin Heavy counter attacks by the Brit
ish are from here and also at Mezeres which the
Germans succeeded IN occupying late Friday.
ghe region Of Boiry and Boyelles the Germans
repulsed with heavy casualties and the loss Of consider
able number Of gums.
- GERMANS NOW DIGGING IN
In the north, the Germans having failed in their at
tept to drive an opening wedge into the British line
everywhere digging themselves IN, m preparation for
counter Apparently the enemy has, for the pres
.nt given up hope of taking Albert Military experts be-
heve the next drive IN the northern sector win be made
along tho Somme river m effort to form claw for the
pncers movement on Amiens.
The only change IN the Arras sector yesterday was
at AIeux where strong enemy patrols penetrated the
British outpost line and forced slight withdrawal
FRONT EXTENDS IS MILES.
The front now extends approximately fftyfve miles,
che French occupying the line from Caonne to few miles
south of the Somme The heavy rains slowing up
emy attacks but affordng him opportunity to c6nso-
date his lines. q.
Dispatches from the front indicate that the German
offensive has not yet spent its force and that four FIVE
days more of intense fighting may be expected.
Although military officials refuse to verify it, the
cieut strength to sweep back the German line when it is
definitely learned that the offensive has been stopped
These reserves, it is understood win not be used for
defensive work except in of dire necessity. Appar
entity there is disposition to them at present
FRENCH USE RESERVES.
Correspondents from the southern section declare that
the French using small number of their IN
the fighting around MontddeE but that the bulk Of the
mobile force being held for powerful offensive blows at
the opportme moment I
Premier Lloyd George declares the battle is only IN
its opening stages.
The part that the American troops viii play in the
general counter offensive is still matter Of conjecture 1t
Is considered probable that the Americans may be sent to
the relief of the French forces Verdun where linden
burg reported to have massed large number of troops
However possible that they may be used the strategic
points the western end of the southern salient where
the prince has made his greatest advances Military
declare that the German line be sraishtened m
tins sector of the crown princes army will be open to
destructive flank movements.
LONDON, March 31.-Every, front dispatch and even
tIof
The Washington times., 1918-03-31

Don't LAke Doetof1-
81 had no physician present for tAs
reason that DO not approve Of ply
sicIans and win not 80 to hospitals,
which are maintained for the poor and
helpless. I had q midwife. She was
4 good one. / gave her name to q
detectives sent by the health officer,
but did not remember her address.
He claimed she was not registered
with the District government That is
Of no concern to me
s.The birth OF my children was .
matter which interested me alone I
shall permit no one 70 cast . slur At
either OF them
at was not necessary for me TO
have q child to secure the vast for
tune OF more than 500, 100000 that Is
awaiting me today, II went to Eng
land and asked for # Had such
thing been necessary ! could not
have secured q baby from an institu-
ton Their rules and regulations
would not permit OF IT,
The absurdlty OF the thing u aD-
parent when the fact Is known that I.
had two boys instead OF only one.
Surely ! would not have adopted two
of them during these war times, when
one IL expensive enough to test any
widows strength.
several years before my husbands
death he made his will To me he
left his entire estate and all the dig
mites that would come to the family
Of Banff. Had had no children !
could have claimed the estate just
the same" "@ss.as -, 80
The. Oldest son. Lady Bann says,
she Il keeping with her In Washing
ton, while the youngest is with a
kinsman IN q Southern State.
The present unsettled conditions In
this country and In Europe VIII no
doubt delay for several months Lady
BanfPs proposed trip to Scotland
She is Withholding the hling of her
husbands will until she can take IT
in person to the proper English au-
thorfties. II while on the voyage a
submarine sinks the vessel on which
she Is travelling, she says she wants
the will to 20 down with her.
The, late Lord Cecil Spring Rice,
former British ambassador here,
Lady Banff says, she and her hus-
band counted their friend He was
one OF the few Engiishmen who have
been in this country whose standing
In the peerage has been high enough
to officially receive her husband. she
aaserts
The Washington times., 1918-03-31

LONDON, March 31.-Every front dispatch and even
Berns official ougvng show clearly that this is the crti
cal stage of the drive that the next foyeght hours prob
ably will bring decision.
Meanwhile reports are coming through from Germany
with growing frequency of an impending powerful
blow other vital part of the Amageddon 'front.'
Verdun is mentioned most prominently. Won Galwitz,
Genanys most noted artillery general is known to have
accumulated staggering array of guns especially heavy
pieces on that front.
The Washington times., 1918-03-31
WOULD START PENDULUM BATTLE.

There have been many other indications in the last
few days pointing to German plan to attract all available
allied reserves to the SommeOSe battlefield in order to
strike at some distant point and thus usher in pendulum
battle forcing the allies he can into continual shifting
of reserves.
But the Versailles council is known to have dealt with
this old war rlse beforehand. Wherever the German may
strike confidence here and in Paris is unShakabe that he
will not break through though at terrible blood price he
may bend the line.
The weather in the Picardy zone continues bad
BRITISH CAVALRY EFFECTIVE.
British cavalry is mentioned by Hag today as pow
enully effective fighting in the last weeks combats
Both mounted and dsmounted they showed "great gal
lantry" rpusng the enemy with heavy loss after nume-
Gus engagements.
E As in all previous campaigns the Germans in the pres
est drive included certain psychological" aims in their OBJ
The Washington times., 1918-03-31

Continued from Page one.)
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1918-07-11
Notice Of Annual Meeting

Notice is hereby given that the
animal meeting of the stockhold-
ers of the Colgate Farmers, Ele-
vator Co. will deheld in Colgate,
N. OAK, at two O'Clock in the
afternoon of Monday, July 18th,
1918, for the purpose of electing
directors and the transaction of
such other business as may pro-
perly come before the meeting.
Dated at Colgate, N. Oak, this
3rd day of July, 1918.
S. Il. Pope, President.
FOR SALE Hollow wire gas
lighting plant, suitable for store
or farm dwelling. Will sell at
half price.
Pioneer State Bank,
Luverne, N. ID.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1918-07-11
GETS HIS FURL0uGH
Private Rambo Sets Fine Exam.
Pile in Contentedness.
Letter to Parents PIeases Camp Com
mander and Private Is Given
Leave of Absence.

Camp Meade, Md.-Private D. e
Rambo. Three Hundred Fifteenth in.
fantry, was scared for the first time
since he left his home to fight when
ne was ordered TO appear before the
"old man." MS Brig. Gen. William j
Nicholson is known throughout the
brigade.
Private Rambo" the General sud.
denly barked forth, Ibid you write
this letter."
. Private Rambo looked, cleared his
voice of some of its huskiness and ad.
mitted he had. 1t read:
Dear Mother and Father:
"Am writing you a letter to let you
know ! received your letter and also
the box christmas box). You sent
the box by express. Why don't you
send them things by parcel post;
Everything was fine. but the honey got
warm and ran through the box. The
cake was good, too. There's a fellow
here ! knew up in the city. He thinks
your cake can't be beat. We had q
fine time yesterday, entertainments
II turkey dinner. Now all l want is
to get home for 2 week and then I'm
ready to go anywhere. Nav, I never
felt better in all my life than | do
now. This is sure a healthy life. Plen-
ty OF work and all you can eat. Now
don't forget to send n cake once in a
while, for a box Of things like you sent
makes life better. You can write and
let me know when you send some more
cake With love for all, your son, D.
e. Rambo."
well, Private Rambo," the general
doomed again, "you can have that
weeks holiday home. l like boys who
don't grumble all the time"
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1918-07-11
Coed Reason.

Wife-This article says that the ball
Is the Oldest toy in the world.
Husband-Yes, and a baldhea6 must
be the Oldest joke in the world.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1918-07-11
FIRST NAVEL ORANGE DYING
Parent Tree of California Citrus Or.
chards Planted "a Years Ago,
Seems Near End.

Riverside, Cal.-The original Wash
ington navel orange tree, planted here
fOrty-four years ago, producer of the
first navel oranges grown in the Unit.
ed States and parent of millions Of
trees now growing IN California, is be-
lieved to be dying.
Horticultural experts are studying
the disease that threatens it in the
hope of prolonging its life.
This tree came originally from some
point inland from Bahia, Brazil. 1t
was planted here in 1878 by Mrs. C. l..
Tibbetts. who obtained it from the bo.
tanical gardens in Washington. Ef-
forts to discover in Brazil other navel
orange trees have so far failed.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1918-07-11

thrive. England had a mighty fleet,
and a disposition to hold what she
had, even though she did not show q
disposition to fight for ore
There remained South America. It
was divided among weak nations. It
was protected only by the Monroe doc
trine. This Monroe doctrine was q
sacred thing to Americans, but, not
being backed up by mighty armies and
fleets, was not even a "scrap Of paper"
to the Germans. Can anyone doubt,
should Germany succeed in welding
into a mighty empire the 73,O0O,0O0
Germans and the 10O,O00,O00 inhabi-
tants Of the vassal and conquered
states Of her Mitteleuropa, that her
next step would be toward the west?
The very fact that she had this en-
pire would presuppose the defeat of
England, so that no British fleet would
stand between us and Germany when
the time came for the kaiser to send
his legions across the Atlantic.
Gas in the East, 50 in the West"
is a motto which, Of recent weeks, has
been much heard in Germany. At q
conference Of the national liberal par
ty, held in March of this year, the fol-
lowing amazingly frank declaration
was MADE:
sour policy has been directed to
making the government and majority
turn away from the reichstag resolu-
ton of July 10. peace without an.
neXations and indemnities). In that
we have succeeded. Peace has just
been made in the East under condi-
lions in flat contradiction to the pol
icy Of July 10, and has received the
support and assent Of all the burgeois
parties"
In other words, all Germany is now
planning both annexations and indem-
mites, such as will leave her without
q formidable opponent in the world.
Can we make peace now and leave
Germany, flushed with victory, in pos
session Of all she has gained and lust
ing for further conquest? If we did,
would not the whole world live in
perpetual terror of German aggres-
sion, each country awaiting its turn to
be gobbled w.? Can any red-blooded
American talk about peace without
vlctroy-victory so decisive that Ger
many will be forced to disgorge all it
has seized, and the German menace be
removed from the world foreverf
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1918-07-11

of birds and of wild life. according to
q statement issued by the directors of.
the National Association of Audubon
Societies.
Mr.. T. Gilbert Pearson. the secre-
sary of the association, in making pub
lie resolutions adopted hs the board
Of directors. said that unless every eff
fort is made to enforce all game pro-
lection laws. the resulting unrestrain-
ed activities of gunners and pot-hunt-
ers would soon destroy the natural
foes of insects and of rodent pests and
of weeds.
1.-THE crops will save the nation,"
says the official statement, land the
birds will help to save the crops" In
this national crisis. America is looked
upon by our allies as the granary of
the world and the source of food
which must sustain the fighters in the
months of struggle yet to come. There
fore every effort should he made to
Increase the yield of our fields.
'.This association points to the grave
peril which attends the relaxing Of
the wise statutes enacted for con-
serving the wild life of this country,
which is more and more recognized
as an important economic factor"
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1918-07-11

o1UeC 1HtS1VS0 III HOS IdISIIIS 10 W
be conducted locally, eliminating
In the big swine show at the
North Dakota State Fair, Fargo.
July Is to 20.
The shortage of meats and fats
is so pronounced all over the
world. and this shortage is becom-
ing so acute, that it is necessary
for live stock raisers to pay prin-
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1918-07-11
THIS SOUNDS A LITTLE FIsHY
Fish, Perch and Treut Fail to Find
sammon in Kansas City
Hotel.

Kansas, City, Mo.-"Call for Mr..
S-a-m-m-o-n; call for Mr.. Sam
in"o-n!" called a lrsty bellhop at the
Hotel M%eihlebach.
An elderly man walked up to the
boy and said:
MY names Perch, and, though they
often call me Fish, I've never been
called Sammon. Maybe that's for me-"
That's n for me, too" said an
other man who overheard the CONVEX
sation. My names Fish"
Fish and Perch walked over to the
clerks desk and explained their
troubles, and just then a mar walked
up and registered:
u. D. Trout-St. Louis, Mo-"
The three men agreed it must be a
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1918-07-11

1t is reported officially that there
are 35,O00,000 less hogs in the
IN world now than three
~ years ago. The condition
kAA!k14kHsfSs has become so alarming
@K=4S that a campaign to slim
ulate interest in hog raising is to
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1918-07-11

cipal attention to the raising of
meat animals which will multiply
rapidly and mature quickly. Hogs
multiply five or six times as rap
idlyas any other meat animal. A
hog can be marketed from six to
ten months after birth.
Fats Wanted.
Pork is needed principally be.
cause it is a fatty meat. The hui
man body must have fat, and pork
is one of the common sources OF
fat. There is a dearth of fatty
foods in Europe.
The swine show will popularize
hog neutrality-suspicious..
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1918-07-11
HAIL AND FAREWELL

BY Anne Higcinson spicer of Tn
Vigilantes.
Dogs barking. dust a-whirling.
And drumthrObs in the street.
TIE %braggart pipes are skirlink
An old tune. wild and sweet.
BY fours the lads come troopins
With heads erect snd high.
watch with heart a%-droopine
To see the kilties by.
And n Of them Is %glancing
Up to this window, this.
His brave blue eyes are dancing.
File losses me a kiss
send him bach another. 4
! ling my hand out free,
God keep you safely. brother.
Who go to die for ma"
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1918-07-11
ADULTERATED AND MIsBRANDED
FOODS AND BEVERAGES

II. p: F. .Ladd, State Chemist and
Food COMMISSIONER for North Dakota,
40 hereby certify that the list of food
fed has been analysed during the six
months preceding July /, 1918, and the
same IAN found to be adulterated or mis-
Statute as shown in each Individual
case.
l further affirm that this is a true
ana correct list to the best of my
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1918-07-11

DO hereby certify that the list of food
BB eSdh be. h ana beverages herein speci-
months preceding July /, 1918, and the
same found to be adulterated or mis-
SStt at%ts a wit ahnwt the T. meaning Of the
case.
I further affirm that this is a true
knowledge. "
Chemist and Food Commissioner.
81. SUBSCRIBED and sworn to before me
%seaD ALMA X. JOHNSON,
Notary Public, Cass County, N. D.
MY commission expires Oct. 20, 1918.
Mrs. F. w. Thompson, Mandan, N. 3.
1s H17SseommpfHsedM; a a ndd for G toed. r.,ao ~
1s ESsaa1 Il. = % S5si ; 3 Restaurants,
1s3 Is 9if cent Il; + illegal E@shcnroom, Fargo,
N M D osnt Fat. s;s per cent; solids, 81
R y; o Cent Fat f,i S;s per cent; solids sii:s
,Sss5ids;, lis . per :: cent? nat 1li les : per cent;
lsf L. rcn First Aye. Dairy Lunch.
13193-Milk. Mtller's Lunch, 222 Front
ssl , dEa11f IT,; psr q Gent Fat i,, s;2 per cent:
Fargo, \: d; Fat: S.s per cent; soiids:.
l' Fargo. n: D. P Fsy. 81 1p pes eeP TEoa gt,i st..
1s1 19;l Pef cent p illegal: 49,
solids: Al IL per p; {; rat ill a;s per cent;
1saEs IT, O. 4. Hazen, Broadway.
1a294IMi!k: Bro oi.deai; Dairy Lunch.
FaFgo. N; D.; Fat. Fl per cent; solids.
1s2 70 Prizes Cafe. Broadway.
IL f6aeeg ner ~ cen p Eat, per cent; solids.
Cent Fat t,e sss per cent; solids. li:s per
's FaEso. n. D. 1f Fat, G shs bee d a@ssta sa;'Sss..
55;S psr cent; flee gal per CENT S0''o''
's Fssgo, n. D. NJ Fa f: 3 81 ne %q asSs: R 5s}9ss.,
1s5!s1PM sf cent First rsites Ave. 1uncnroom.
E16pr psP d y; P. E E;t;s Is per cent; so}ids::
1a225-Milk Unique Cafe. Fargo, N. D.
Eat, 2;6 per cent; solids, 11.9 per cent.
1sS2s61Milk. New Viking Cafe, Fargo,
Per cent: ii ill s;e Per cent Solids 11's
'' s: Fati is q pss g cent: c s6fiia5F, alr5F :9 p n:
1s234-Milk. Elgin Lunch, Fargo, N, D.
H III. II per cent; solids. 1913 per cent.
1323e-Milk. Boston L%unchroom, Fargo.
Ne d. Gent Fat, FL per cent; solids, 16.7
l323s-Milk Mandarin Cafe, Fargo, N.
D.: Fat, 1.9 per cent; solids, 1913 per
132s7-Egg-Kon-O-My. National White
Cross League, Chicago, Not as renre.
sented. Colored in imitation Of egg.
1s3l5SSWard's Magic Egg Saver, New
Method Co. Chicago, III. Not as rem.
resented. Colored with coal tar dye.
133s1SPost's Eggo-Like. Posts Egeo.
Like Mfg; Co., Des Moines, Ia. Bak.
ing powder. colored in imitation Of
1sSsS-Yelc9: Yelco Pure Products Co..
minneapolis Mimi. Baking powder,
ere ee3sd i mql1lk; colored in imitation Of
1afFs Td g e. Ice +, Cream Fargo Dairy
Bros Sac M%innea ReTan's Nc Cake M., Kega az
1a9 9SS.; H. H. per cent short weight. y"
6aR1and P Set Coast Canning Co..
weight. =" :"
Mrs. j. n. Piath. Alfred iu n. B. co ny
talns wild oats. n trash. Not fit
Tor food. Illegal.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1918-07-11
PERILs OF BIRD SLAUGHTER
National Association Of Audubon So.
cisties Points Out Danger Of
Relaxed Game Laws.

New York.-Grave perils threaten
the agriculture of the United States
through the indiscriminate slaughter
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1918-07-11

new-found aquarium, as they walked
to the bar, where they got on "swim-
mtngly."
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1918-07-11
Lucky Indeed.

"Did you have any luck In your stock
market speculations?"
ayes, indeed. 1 escaped with part Of
my money"
The Washington times., 1918-09-19
PUBLIC SCHOOL NOTICE
PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF THE DIsTRICT OF

PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF THE DISTRICT OF
COLUMBIA. September IL. 1913. The
Public Schools Of the District OF Columbia
will open on MONDAY, September 20. 1918.
at $500 o'clock A. NJ. ADMISSION TO
United to the kindergartens AT A MINI
first grades AT A MINIMUM AGE OF SIX
YEARS. All children not on the rolls OF
the public schools at the close Of last year
who desire to enter the graded schools a nd
kindergartens will make application for
admission tickets at the schools most con-
venient to their homes. Principals will be
at their buildings on Friday and Saturday,
September 20 and 81, from s:3o to 10 90 A.
N. and from 400 to $3.50 p. NJ.
VACCINATION CERTIFICATES MUST
BE Presented. The law requires that,
lie school who shall not have been duly
vaccinated or otherwise protected against
smallpox" GRADE SCHOOL PUPILS
All pupils in the graded schools last year.
except those promoted to the high schools.
will report TO their last year rooms from
which those to be transferred will be sent
to the higher classes. Pupils promoted 10
the high schools will report at the respec-
tive high schools at 1880 A. NJ on Mon
day, September %. ADMISSION TO
WHITE HIGH SCHOoLS-AH appIieantS
the Central. Eastern. Western and Bust
ness High Schools. and the Mckinley
Training School, other than those who at
tended the eighth grades of the District OF
Admission Board at the Franklin School on
Thursday or Friday. September 10 and 20.
between the hours Of $500 to IL 100 A VI
and 900 to 500 p. NJ. The Board will as
sign pupils to the examinations. Students
entering the high schools through the hizh
school admission board will be assigned by
that board to schools other than the Cen
trail High School except in cases approved
by the Superintendent where material
hardship would result from such assign
ment
Examination for admission to the first
wear Of the high schools will be given On
Saturday. September 81, at $500 A NJ Al
the Franklin School. For admission TO the
examinations in English, Grammar and
Composition, Arithmetic, u. S. History and
ard Geography. All appli-
cants must present proper certificates or
records Of all work completed in other
schools otherwise no credit may be given
for such work. Examinations may be re-
uuIred but credit may be given for some
Of the work done In other schools u GER
tincates are satisfactory, ADMISSION TO
THE COIORED HIGH ScHOOLS-Au can
classes Of Dunbar High School. the Depart
ment Of Business Practice, or the Arm
strong Manual Training School, except
graduates Of the eighth grades Of the ele-
bia. will be eIami9pd by the High School
Admission Roard At the Dunbar HiKh
school on Thursday or Friday. September
ls and 20, between the hours Of 200 and
s 100 p. ". The Board will assign pupils to
the examinations
The requirements for admission to first
year classes are the same as outlined above
for white high schools. NIGHT SCHOOL
ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE OPENING
OF NIGHT SCHOOLS WILL BE MADE
TON. Superintendent Of sehools
1S.11.1S
The Washington times., 1918-09-19
ELEVATOR MAN IS
KILLED IN ACCIDENT

A fktaI accident in an elevator in
the Southern building, Fifteenth and
H streets northwest today cost the
life of the instructor. E w. Wheeler.
shortly after o'clock this morning.
George H. Berger. about nifty years
old. of so Rhode Island avenue north
west. a new. elevator operator, was
in the car with Wheeler. aud the car
was on the first floor. According to
the story of Berger, he got the sig
nal to go up from Wheeler, and
started the car.
Wheeler was looking out OF the
car into the hall and was caught be-
tween the top of the entrance and
the floor of the car and crushed to
death. His body fell into the eleVa-
tor shaft. II will remain there until
the coroner has investigated.
Wheeler was forty-fiVe years old
and lived at 1872 H street northwest.
Persons with offices in the building
said that he had been there for some
time. Martin ]. Laughlin, with Of
fices in the building, was in the car
at the time of the accident.
The Washington times., 1918-09-19
LEGAL NOTICE

A lEPECIAL STOCKHOLDERS MEETING
81 the Industrial transportation Co. for
atha purpose OF reducing its capital stock
amending its charter will be held in
company's office. Waco. Texas, Sep
lnbsr g. 1871, az 70 m. J. 7; LAND.
The Washington times., 1918-09-19
THE LOCAL MARKET

Trading on the local stock ez-
change today was fairly active. Four
sales were recorded, bonds being thsA
more In demand. e.
A $500 Capital Traction S sold afr
eeh. Ten shares Of continental
Trust sold at us. one $500 Lznstop
Script sold At %. and there were
three 500 sales Of the same. also It
ea On the after call. $500 Potomae
Electric and Power General Q sold
at oox.
The Washington times., 1918-09-19
BALTIMORE GRAIN MARKET

BALTIMORE, Sept. 1o.-wheat-
Active; demand prices firm: No.
red winter. $2.35%; No. 2 red winter.
garlicky, $2.33%. Receipts, 74.766
bushels; shipments, $500 bushels.
Corn-Steady; contract mixed or
yellow nearby, S1.70 Receipts, 1885.
Shipments, 63S bushels.
Oats-Firm; No. 3 white new do
mostic, 7S67Sh cents. Receipts, IT,
$50 bushels. Shipments, $3.50 BUSH
els.
Rye-Steady; No. 2 Western ex-
port, spot, $1.72. Receipts, no BUSH
els. Shipments, none.
Hay-Firm; good demand. .
Flour-Quiet; unchanged.