davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07
Training Crowds
For Signal Men

THE Signal Corps is divided into
Il divisions Of administration, a
cable section through which undersea
wire communication is conducted with
the American expeditonary force,
science and research, functioning all
scientific development of this important
and highly progressive branch of the
War Department; land division which
develops a broad network of means
of communication of various sorts, in
cluding a well-established pigeon SER
vice, and the air division, which is the
widest branch of the Signal Corps, pos
sessing almost 100 separate divisions
and sections.
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07
Keeping the Army
Hale and Hearty

HE work done under the Surgeon
- General to the close of the first
year Of war has included the follow
ing enlargement
ARMY HOSPITALS
,..h IN the United States tnumber). from to 60
:. ~ tie tie United States (bed capacity from 5000
10 So 200 Ito be made 50 400 and perhaps lco ooo)
% per cent OF strength Of expedItionary forces
DEPARTMENT PERSONNEL
Total strength. from 5000 to 100000
Umcers. from 600 to goo.
Army nurses twomen) from s75 to 1000.
:. Am6ulance nna service Din traInng). from nothing
ARMY LABORATORIES
Large from 70 to $50.
All sizes. from 100 TO 500.
MEDICAL TRAINING SCHOOL
Capacity. from nothing to q OO0
Enlisted men graduated, from noe,Ing to i500O
ohlcers graduated. from nothing to 5000.
GAS DEFENCE PERSONNEL
0hicers from nothing to 100.
Enlisted men. from nothing TO 600.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS
Total made 10000.
hUTRITIONAL SURVEYS
Food cookin9 and wastags studied In over
forty camps
EXPENDITURES
Appropriations for fiscal year, $780, 600 oOO
Expended to April I. sos 900 900.
The old idea of the Medical Depart
ment's work was to fix up sick and
wounded men who could be returned
to active service and discharge the
rest. Now the department must han
die men chosen from civil life under
physical requirements far less rigid
than formerly and work for the up
building of their fitness. It's work
goes through the stages of preparation
for war and fighting operations and
continues until the wars sick and
wounded are refitted for useful and re-
munerative places in civil life.
Reconstruction hospitals are being
provided on a more comprehensive
scale than any other nation at war has
attempted. Already few wounded SOL
diers are being reconstructed at Medi-
cal Corps hospitals The blind, the
armless and the legless will be taught
trades and professions which will en-
able them to support themselves.
The hundreds of thousands Of men
taken from civil life into the army are
now showing death rate from disease
(6.6 per thousand for the week ended
March 81 below that of men of mill
tary age twenty to thrtynine years.
in civil life, which the Census Bureau
gives as 81. The camps got under way
about September |. and from that date
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07
Development of
The Battle Plane

Battle planes, however, presented q
much more difficult problem. Very
little was known of what had been
done in this regard in Europe, where
new types were being rapidly devel,
oped by the unending competition at
the front. Delays of three months in
getting samples to this country and
last-minutc changes of types after
production was about to begin have
repeatedly caused delay.
Nevertheless, the United States is
now actually producing battle planes
of the very latest European design
Immediate needs will be met by Allied
manufacturers.
The Liberty motor has made good
and solves the greatest problem OF
quantity production in aviation
Whereas there are over seventy diff
fercnt types of engines on the Western
Allied front, the United States will
appear with single standardized
type, which will greatly reduce the
ratio of forty-seven men required on
the ground by foreign services for
every man in the air.
Planes and engines, however, are
only part of this intricate and scien-
tific development. Over dozen smail
instruments of the most delicate work
manship are needed for each plane, 60
per cent of them never made here be-
fore, to tell the speed, altitude, in
clination and direction, and the TEN
perature of the engine; special ma
chine guns synchronized to fire through
the propeller, sights requiring the
finest lenses, cameras of new and spe-
cial designs, and a special kind of
radio, and five different types OF
bombs, as we'll as deXices for directing
and discharging them.
The supplies of vital raw materials
in sight at the start were in many
cases wholly inadequate, and effective
steps have been taken to provide the
necessary quantities. The Northwest
outpu. of spruce has been comman
dcered. regiments of lumbermen o:-
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07
Ar,11ing Merchant
Ships to Fight

~ March - it was announced that
~ American merchantmen would be
armed for protection against submarine
attacks. Hundreds of guns Of Ire
proper calibres were required. anG
these had to be taken from the feet.
to be replaced as soon as possible
Our naval gun crews we're serving Oh
merchant ships in the war zone be
fore war was declared; and the first
enlisted man lost III service was John
Espolucci. of Washington, d. c., who
vas killed when the Aztec was sunk
on April l.
The first officer lost. Lieut. Clarence
c. Thomas. of California, perished after
the sinking of the Vacuum on April
2S. Every American merchantmen
which applied has been armed, and the
gallantry and efficiency of these armed
guards in their numerous encounters
with attacking submarines have upheld
the best traditions of the Navy.
When the existence of a state OF
war was declared, April 6, the feet
was ready and was modified without
-an hours delay. Warships that had
been in reserve were fully manned
and commissioned. and every available
vessel was put into service. Large
stores Of munitions and supplies and
parts for replacement of machinery
and repairs had been accumulated. Re-
pair ships were equipped and ready
10 sail. A fotiila of destroyers was
quickly organized and equipped for
foreign service, sailing in April, the
first contingent arriving at a British
port May 4. Since that time our de-
stroyers and various other vessels have
been active in the warfare against
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07

and 1920 men, 3 small flying fields,
less than 800 second rate planes, prac-
tically no aviation industry, and only
the most scanty knowledge of the
Kaleidoscope development abroad. The
first two months of war were required
and work out the programme finally
adopted. The problem was twofold-
first, personnel; and, second, equip
ment.
To-day the personnel is over 100
times that of year ago, practically
every member a skilled man who has
gone through an intensive course of
training. Schools Of eleven different
kinds have been instituted, courses
Of instruction laid out, and instructors
secured, including foreign experts in
score of lines, rs follows: For f1iers
at ground schools and flying fields; for
mechanics at the flying fields and at
over a dozen different factories; for
photographers, balloonists, adjutants,
supply officers, engineer officers, ar
r,crers. and instructors Of mechanics.
American aviators are now flying in
tho aggregate over 100000 miles daily,
or four times around the world. Only
recently at one field 1856 planes were in
the air, a grand total Of ss2 hours in
one day.
A great amount Of construction has
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07

vision Of the Quartermaster Generals
Department built sixteen cantonments,
each one practically a small city, COM
prsing about 1,4OO separate buildings
and providing quarters for $4,000 men.
In the construction of these sixteen
cantonments over $4,000 individual
buildings Of many types were erected
for the housing Of the National Army
while in training. The construction
cost approximately $136,0OO,OOO. The
contractors profits on the several con-
tracts averaged only 2.98 per cent.
The largest cantonments are Camp
Lewis and Camp Funston, the first
near Tacoma anG the second at Fort
Riley, Kan. The total number of men
in the cantonments is about $4,000.
The $4,000 buildings are lighted by
100000 electric lamps.
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07
TRAINING CAMP ACTIVITIES

g ECRETARY BAKER in April, 1917,
~ appointed commission on training
camp activities. A short time later
Secretary Daniels appointed a similar
commission. Both were placed under
the chairmanship of RAYMOND B. Fos-
dick. To supply the normalities of life
to nearly 100000 young men in the
army training camps and naval train
ing stations and to keep the environs
of those camps clean and wholesome
was the twofod task.
Mass athletics have been dcvoloped d
in the camps for their recreational
value and their bearing on bettering
the fighting efficiency of the men.
There is not a red-light district ex-
listing to-day within an effective radius
Of any war camp, according to Chair
man Fosdick.
The development OF singing in the
army and navy has been given special
attention.
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07

through the winter the death rate
varied from 2 to Il per thousand per
year from disease, averaging just over
8 per thousand per year-higher than
the rate in civil life. The rate in civil
ilfe by months is not available, SO ac.
curate comparison is impossible. 1t i.
considered assured from the figures to
date and the army's experience here.
tofore that next September will show
figures for, a year better than those in
civil life for men of military age.
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07

ganlzed and sent into the woods to
get the lumber out, and the first cut
up mill built on the Pacific Coast; the
supply of dope" for coating the sur
face of the planes has been increased
by the building of four factories a,
government expense; the supply Of
linen having failed, cotton substitute
has been developed; and castor oil for
engine fabrication has been provided
by the planting of 10000 acres OF
beans. These are but instances of in
dustrial undertakings of this nature.
1t is important, however, to see this
programme in its time perspective
Discussion Of "a hundred thousand
planes in France" has created an ex-
aggerated impression. After three years
OF war neither side on the Western
front has been able on given day to
place more than $500 planes in the air.
Other Work of
Signal Corps
The Signal Corps, in addition to the
aviation programme, has been charged
with the whole system of the communi
cations of the army, telephone, tele-
graph, and visual, both in this coun-
try and in France, and has increased
IN personnel nearly thirtyfold. 1t has
had to equip the cantonments, camps,
and Coast Artillery with telephones
and telegraphs, and has built 1900
miles OF permanent wire in France, and
Is renovating and maintaining $500
miles OF wire behind the French and
British fronts. The poles alone of all
this equipment were obtained in
France
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07

~ N MARCH II, 1917, the navy be-
gan to arm merchantmen in re-
~ sponse to the Presidents order
that the United States would meet Ger
many's notice of unrestricted subma-
rlne warfare by placing armed guards
on American merchant vessels sailing
through the areas barred by Germany
On May 4, twenty-eight days after
the declaration of war, American de-
stroyers arrived at a British port to
assist in patrolling European waters,
and on the following day Admiral Sims
attended an Allied war conference at
Paris. The first Of the regular armed
forces of the United States to land in
France were units of the naval aero
nautic corps, June 8. The first con-
tingent of the evolutionary forces,
transported and conveyed by the navy,
had been landed safely at French
port by July ,.
The personnel strength of the navy
to-day is more than three times as
great as OH April 6, 1917. This expan-
sion is shown in the following table:
Cf1.cn1tL of t6o Noo.,, 1fo.,L 20
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07
A Years Mobilization of Industry

ordnance programme includes 100000 hand
srenades 7z5ooo automatic pistols revoers
projeees for heavy artillery pounds explosives
100000 machine guns, rifles
Machine produced 225ooo year. 3s inch
the of $4,000 year.
When declared building or author.
lied, contracts placed since for vessels.
More than 700 purcha.ed or chartered bv
the navy.
Six DESIGNED h. 5oo +on.
largest battleship. in the world. ~ ~ - ''' ''
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07
requirements in
Amy Clothing

ihs requirements of the army in
Aening and wearing apparel may be
saasea by the activities Of the supply
va equipment division, which pur-
VASES cotton. wooilcn and knit goods !;
ssses, leather and rubber, manufac-
.'ea articles Of clothing, misccllanc-
- materials, vehicles and equipment.
s'fty million yards os bobbinct for
'selito hars is one Of the items that
sset the requirements of the army.
sa&s authorizations are olive drab
's.''','oo yards; shelter-tent duck, 3J5,-
s"''So yards; 10000 900 woollcn blank
- S9'oco,ooo yards flannel shirting;
''sSo|oso yards Uniform cloth; 22,0oO,-
ss'ds oyercoating; 1900, 900 pairs
cotton drawers; 1900, 900 pairs OF
''''sn drawers; 1900 900 cotton un-
.1s'rtz; 10000 winter under
.S'11; 10000 pairs Of heavy gtocs-
80 100000 paira light stock
~ 100000 pairs Of marching
ssa' II 100000 pairs Of field shoes;
as s.'f'vo pairs Of wool brecchcs; IL
sss, ~ WOOL coats; $4,000 oycrcoats;
i. '''' barracA bags, and 5000 ,00C
'as3s, and an expenditure of $50,
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07

u@HE Air Service has been called
upon in the past twelve months
to build an enormous structure
Of the most highly trained personnel
and the most intricate equipment with
practically no foundation to start from.
Three large appropriations, including
the 100000 act passed without
rollcall, made a total of $691, 100000
available for the first year. All Of this
has since been obligated. In all the
years up TO the outbreak of war less
than sl,5oo,00o had been appropriated
for this service.
Last April the Air Service had an
almost negligible force Of IS officers
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07
WAR CREDITS BOARD

THE War Credits Board. which acts
on financial advances to aid CON
tractors for supplies for the army, has
personnel of eleven officers and TWEEN
ty two civilians.
Total advances approved by the
board from November 20. 1917. to
March -, 1918, are s149.s92 ,423 2233
Amounts advanced to contractors for
supplies can not exceed 80 per cent of
the contract price. Interest is charged
at rates fixed from month to month.
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07

Our 35oooon cruisers thirty the fastest in
world. - - '
nerc hantto
During the nearly the Nav, Con-
sultng Board concerning combating Uboats
10 February TO- Director General Military orders
for supplies valued a99reeate e;ob f
$4,000 long Depot to February issued
$500 orders for material valued $2o20ooooo.
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07
Engineering Bureau

THE task presented By the first year
L of war to the Bureau of Steam En-.
gineering involved not only keeping
ships in motion, but providing nearly
all Of the accessories connected with
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07

the naval establishment is more than
$4,000.
The estimated total expenditures Of
the naval establishment Gur;re tho
first year Of war are given as follows:
Disbursements, S994 600 900: outstand
ing obligations, 1887 600 600; estimated
total, 81 1881 100000.
Total estimated pay of the officers
and men of the navy during the first
year Of war was 1925, 100000. Monthly
pay is now on the estimated basis Of
s17,2oo,o0o. In April, 1917. navy paw
was approximately 100000 per
month.
Congress has made the following
naval appropriations for the fiscal
years 1917-18:
Ac. . Of Of Auaust 49, a9ls......... ssl2sas oeo 25
Ast Ass o. o. Ma. mareh a. ,as1 5ie.as s92 %
Act Of October 8. tsi7............ 5ei43s. .o23 So
Appropriations pending:
Urgent deficiency bill ........... 66 32I 672 90
Naval appropriation bi!l......-.. ,327 600 600 90
In the pending urgent deficiency ap.
preparation bill. authority Is
tanned to Incur obligation: to the
extent ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. 3A.2e4. 900 90
Total appropriations. real and
pending ..-..-.. ...-...... s3s sos 5si 20
The total expenditures Of the NAVY
from the date of its establishment in
1894 to 1916, inclusive, were s3.3s7.l6o.
591.77, only about s34 100000 in excess
OF the appropriations, real and pending.
since August 20, 1915.
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07
,imless cartridge has been another val.
usSie achievement.
Feeding theArmy;
Clothes and Shoes

TEE achievement Of the Quarter
l master Corps cannot be measured
sd.qustely By the expansion Of the
amy. In many instances the service
las required that the Quartermaste
Corps anticipate and prepare to meet
future requirements of other branches
II the army, while in every instance
the activities of the corps must keep
sbreast with the actual growth aud i'm
mediate demands of the field forces.
In the interval between March 4 and
June Is it devolved upon the Quarter
master Corps to see that none of the
activities incident and necessary to the
expansion of the army we're curtailed;
this despite the fact that the Quarter.
: master General had no funds to his
credit.
The difficulty was met by an adjust
men! Of small balances that remained,
extraordinary care in their expendi-
are, and d borrowing of S30,O00,OO0
from the appropriation for the ma
sonal security and defence. A system
vas devised, in cooperation with the
Federal Reserve Board, which enabled
ansractors during this period to secure
aads to tide them over the delays in
snal settlement.
The major appropriations Of the
Vaartermaster Corps obligated since
ANIL G. 1q11 uern.
New-York tribune., 1918-04-07

The magnitude of the work of the
susrtermaster Corps is indicated by
as operation OF the subsistence .di-
'islen, which is charged with the re-
'pshsibility OF seeing that food sup
pAes for the army are available at all
aa'ions from the Philippines to Lor-
'she Purchases recently made in
uaded 100000 pounds dried beans,
na'aeo,o0o cans baked beans of the
i'ti crop, 65,184,475 cans of tomatoes,
.''~o'ooo cans OF condensed milk, and
',Qoo pounds of prunes.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1918-05-29
c. 0. P SELECTS
STATE TICKET
(By Associated PresS.)


INDIANAPOLIS, May 29.-The state
republican convention nominated al
the candidates unopposed, on the mo
tion of John Bryson of Clay county.
Those nominated in this manner
were: For secretary of state, W. A
Roach, Delphi; for treasurer of state
UZ McMurtrie, Marion; for auditor
Otto Krauss, Evansville; Tor attorney
general, Ele Stansbury, Williamspcrt
for superintendent of public instruc
ton, L. N. Hines, Charlottesville; for
judge of the supreme court first dis
trict, B, H. Willoughby, Vincennes;
fourth district. Howard Townsend, FIT
Wayne; for judge appellate court, first
district, Scion A. EnloW. Danville, and
F. NJ Thompson, Versailles; for judge
appellate court, second district. Alon.
20 Nichols, Winchester, and Willis
Mcmahon, Crown Point.
This action leaves only two more
candidates to be selected, those Of
clerk of the supreme and appellate
courts and state geologist.
Nominations for clerk were called
for and Patrick ]. Lynch of New
Castle and Charles S. Preston of Mon
ticello were placed in nomination.
Roll call by counties then was begun
DR.. Horace Ellis, present superin-
tendent of public instruction, with
drew from the race for denomination.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1918-05-29
ITALIAN FORCES WIN
MOUNTAIN BATTLE

ITALIAN ARMY HEADQUARTERS,
Tuesday, May 23.-One of the most
brilliant mountain operations since the
beginning of the war was carried out
by the Italians in the Tonale region,
northwest of Trent, early this week,
particulars regarding which are now
being received. The basin of Presena
lake was captured by Italian Alpini
after 40 hours of fierce fighting against
a numerically superior enemy.
The Austrians were we'll entrenched,
having at their disposal strong fortifi-
cations built before the beginning of
the war and greatly strengthened
since then. The great Presena mount
ain was reached by the Alpini after at
tacking four times under a heavy fire.
The enemy was finally overwhelmed
by bayonet drive
The fight was rendered more diff
cult by the condition of the ground
which was hard and slippery with late
spring snow. The Italians advanced
up steep ascents, down precipices and
over glaciers.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1918-05-29
men OF PRESENT
AND PAST WARS
TO BE HONORED
Parade Will Precede Memoir
ial Day Services in Coli
scum Thursday.

Men fighting for America in the
present war, and those who have serv-
ed the country in other wars. will be
honored in the Memorial day services
to be held here Thursday. Equal
tribute will be paid the men lover
there" and the grey-haired veterans
of the Civil war With an added seri-
BUSINESS, caused by the recent events
IN France, the city generally will OBJ
serve Memorial day with patriotic
reflection and prayer.
All Richmond stores and banks will
be closed Memorial Day.
Special exercises have been planned
for the day, in which civil war vet
Grams of the county are to take an
active part. There will be a patriotic
parade in the afternoon, followed by
a mass meeting at the Coliseum, at
which the Rev. Somerville Light will
be the speaker.
Parade at 80 o'clock.
The parade will start from the
court house at 1870 o'clock Thursday
afternoon and will extend to East
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1918-05-29
BELIEVE 450 WILL
REGISTER IN WAYNE

Members of the Richmond selective
service board estimate that about $50
men will register in Wayne county
next Wednesday, June 5. basing this
number on an estimate for the entire
state that has been made by Major
Robert c. BaltZcH, state conscription
agent
Baltzell estimated that about $1,000
men would register in the state, bas-
ing his figures on last years total
registration il the state In 1918 the
Indiana total Of registered men was
100000, and ten and one.half percent.
Of this number were just q years of
age.
Indiana's population is about 3,0o0,-
900. and Wayne county's population
close to 10000 The county's census
is one-sixtieth of the entire state. and
selective service board members be-
lieve this ratio will prevail in the
number of registered men.
AS the Richmond district has a pop
ulation of two-thirds the entire county,
it is thought that about 200 will reg
lister with the Richmond board.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1918-05-29
(By Associated PreSS.)

INDIANAPOLIS, Ind. May 20
Patriotism was one of the subjects on
which Governor James P. Goodrich
spoke when he delivered the keynote
speech of the Indiana Republican
state convention here today, pledging
the wholesouled support of the party
to the administration in the carrying
on Of the war
"A convention OF Indiana Republi-
cans assembled in the year 1918 can
only be a convention of patriotism
the governor said. Party issues,
state and national, have faded from
the foreground in the light OF the ma
tional necessity for winning the war
against the Central Empires. There
can be no middle course in this war.
There are just two kinds of people in
America-patriots and traitors.
ITO us Mr.. Wilson is the president
of the United States, and the com
mander-in-chief of our army and navy.
and as such, not as a member of a
temporarily victorious party, but as
the head of this great nation, he com
mands the respect, cooperation and
entire support Of every loyal Amer
lean"
Speaks on Tariff.
Touching briefly upon the tariff the
governor said that he did not agree
with some Of the american vision
aries" who hold that it will be neces-
sary after this war to have universal
free trade if universal peace is to be
maintained.
81 believe peace may best be main