davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Perth Amboy evening news., 1918-07-13
SUBURBAN NEWS
WED IN ELIZABETH
south Amboy Couple Motor Out Of
Town for Ceremony
gu SpeosgI CorTsspordsuE.

SoANAG AMONOI ONN IX
Town for Ceremony
81 SpecssI CorrssponasuG
SOUTH AMBoY. July 1s:-Miss
Mabel Let's, daughter of Mr.. and
Mrs. James Let's, Of Pine avenus.
became h bride of Henry A. Nilsson.
son OF job A. Nilsson. of Henry
street, last night. The was
performed by Rev. Il. NJ p. Pearca
at Elizabeth. The bride was attend-
ed by Miss Ruth Nilsson, a sister Of
the groom, while Clarence Thorpe. 8
former classmate of the groom, was
best man.
The couple left this city early last
evening" making the trip to Elizabeth
BY motor, arriving there shortly be-
fore 8 o'clock.
Both young people are popular
among h younger set. Miss Latts
being active In Red Cross work. Mr.
Nilsson was a. graduate, OF the South
Amboy high school in the class nf
1915 and Is at present connected with
the South Amboy p~ostofica He il
also correspondent for the EVENING
NEWS.
The bride was becomtngIy attired
In a dress of blue French wolfe with
white satin trimming. She were q
white picture hat to match and wora
q corsage bouquet Of white roses.
The bridesmaid looked charming In q
dress of light pink GeorTetta crepe.
She wore q white hat and cnrriad .
bouquet Of pink roses. After a short
honeymoon MI. and Mrs. Nilsson wilt
make their homo with the brfdo'n
parents In Pine
Perth Amboy evening news., 1918-07-13

Mrs John c. Newton OF Pfincston.
M, 10 visiting her sister, Mrs. 8. 3.
Hinsdafe.
Mrs. B.. B. WaIling entertained the
ladies of the Presbyterian Church at
a porch tea this week. Mrs John
Torch and Mrs. Bert Woolsy will en-
terrain at a tea next Wednesday after
noon at the home of Mrs. Torch in
Ridgedale n
The Tanda Camp Fire Girls held
their regular meeting at the home of
Miss Catherine Romond.
Mrs. r. Il. Bpyntou a returned
from a brief visit at the home Of Mrs.
Leroy Saterlee at Flushing, Long
Island.
Mrs. Owen O'Neili was a Perth Am
boy visitor this morning.
The festival at st. James School
grove will be open tonight.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1918-07-13
KEYP0RT

Alden w. Welsh of New York is
spending several days. vacation with
Rev. and Mrs. II. T. b. Reynolds OF
Division street.
Mrs. NJ. 8. Crosby of Osborne
street was the guest of friends at New
York this week.
Nj. and Mrs. George A. Baker and
daughter Miss Ethel of Brooklyn are
now at their summer home on Flor
enco avenue for the balance of tho
season.
Miss Jessica. BARKER of High Bridge,
IN. Y, IL spending the balance OF the
summer with her sister, Mrs. Fred L.
6ohildknecht of Church street.
Mrs. George H Eahlor is spending
several days with friends at East Or
anRa and Newark. 80
MiHs Marion Dickhaut OF Jamaica,
Z. L, has rsturned attsr having spent
several days with her sister, Mrs. J..
r.. Reeves OF Osborne street.
The Third Battalion Band OF the
state OF New Jersey will give q band
conosrt In the borough on July IS
for the benefit of the local chapter OF
the Red Cross. Although the pinoe
has not yet been determined, drkgfs
will shortly DO on sale by the men,
barn Of the various committeeG
Henry Saiz OF Main street was the
guest OF friends at New York Thurs
day.
4 number from this borough at
tended the meeting held at the home
of Mrs. Lewis 3. Thompson at Lin
croft in the interest OF the State
Charities Aid Society on Thursday.
A CurtiHs plane came to grief hare
yesterday morning when In making q
landing near the aero-martna plant
IL hit nose first The wing Of the
machine was damaged and the avia-
tor received q broken nose. Dr.. 8. II.
Cassidy was called and he edminis-
tered the necessary attention,
John Costa who left the borough
last Tuesday for Camp Dix arrived
home Friday morning. having been
discharged owing to defective feaL
Mr.. Costa has been given discharge
papers. His brother Louis will leave
for camp next week and during his
absence John will conduct the bush
ness on Front street known as Costa
brothers fruit store.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1918-07-13
SOUTH AMBoY

The funeral services of the late
Mrs. Georgiana DeiciIer were held
from the residence of her son-in-law,
William r. Thompson, yesterday az
ternoon at 2 o'clock. Rev. J. e.
Shaw. OF the John Street Methodist
Episcopal church. off1ciated and the
choir from that church rendered two
Church cemetery. The bearers were
Messrs. William r. Thompson, A.
Thompson, William Thompson, Jr.,
and J. Arthur Apologize.
At. O. meeting the Troop No. 2 Boy
Scouts OF America held last evening
plans were made for the reorganiza-
ton OF the troop. A special effort is
prospective member out to the meet
ing next Friday evening, at which
time definite action will be taken.
There are 4b0 comfort bags to be
made by the local chapter Of Red
| Cfoss. Mrs. Robert Kerr, of Main
street. will gladly furnish material to
anyone willing to help with the work.
The local chapter of Red Cross
now has an abundant supply Of yarn
for knitting. Everyone who is will
ing to help them completes the quota
OF 1900 pairs of socks, 500 sweaters,
80 helmets, before September / call
at the home of Mrs. StrEtton, I'll
Henry street. and get the necessary
amount of yarn. Everyone who a
possibly do, SO should knit socks. The
demand for socks Is much greater
because of the constant need for them
and the short durability Of a pair In
the trenches.
The officers and teachers Of the
Methodist Episcopal Sunday school
are greatly delighted over the pros
poets of being able to run their an
nual excursion to Asbury Park and
Ocean Grove this veal as usual. The
date announced Is August 20.
Saturday. August 10. will be Old
Home Day. The members Of Com
pany F are planning an informal cell
ebration for the entertainment of its
members on that day.
Mr.. and Mrs. James Briggs have
received u letter from their SON, Al
bin, in which he states that he has
arrived in France and Is in tho best
of health. He also states hat he Is
anxious to get a shot at the KAISER
he being first gunner.
Lodge No. 1854, Loyal Order Of
Moose, -iways setting the pace, have
subscribV for another 800 worth of
thrift stamps
Perth Amboy evening news., 1918-07-13

You Can Do Better With Our Own Merchants
Why Send Your Money To
Others
RmDoyE Lighting Co. O. Hilton L. PARROT
Autos Supplies cDhir Royal Trimming Store
1873 Smith st. R3 SmhSt sSsmih &c.
F Sw The narhu Jacobsen Perth Amby Hardware o
Ladies' Wear an Mill Supplies
Lh@ wa $50 ninth st. 100 uMu l.
ET smith St. 1913 Madison Ave.
Kelly q MoAHndm Co. pmh su5m
Lit Hardware Phmbhgs Supplies 1875 New BrumuSGA Ava
2@smhhst ~
nmA pm. Ls Kmay
Footwear
lao Smiths Sol RubsnMa
JOS Chris E&oa O. s1smf a.
~SuW Es Smiths ST.
Mrs. Kddhama a
Gd TMs oEt EVERY 1S Smith St.
H815S Smith ST.
Albert Leon harp q Hanson Int
Shoe nd Millinery HmeF Furnishing Dry Goods
9ou4 sh ST. Smith and State Streets A"~ smith st.
rudsc mav Kmhm LndWss Furniture Hus Philip &nd
Trwmr Home Furnishings Wearing AmuL
T@s m#hS rMuh%nA Ave- smHst a4s State St.
rnt Nssons nmk WIZ Mccormick s@~ La O. Stark
%1 Hardware G. Mill Supplies Jwdr
@smhh St. ls Smith ST.
Peter "sh& s%n A. MnsaDa sam& Co.
New @E~ H~s Feed and Grain Home ohMs~s
2S NwB Brunswick Ave- 1853 Smith St
Fruit Produce Wholesale NJ Mrhan r. o. Albert H rumms -
ga New Brunswick Ave cd. 1As Dry Goods ~
IB Smith ST. 15 Smith st. --
GssEn Ba
Gmau p4m.M a Ounm.sb, me French Millinery
e1 Smith st. aM msGIn 5aLsahSS Prop
Perth Amboy evening news., 1918-07-13
kEAS6EI

The regular weekly rehearsal OF the
Keasbey Drum Corps was held In the
IRE house last night. A number OF
new members win be taken In at the
next meeting.
Mr.. and Mrs E. Uroanski of South
Amboy visited at the home OF the
lRtter's parents. Mr.. and Mrs. p. SAM
dusky Yesterday.
Mrs. Otto Maisr and daughter
Florence Of Crows Mill road, spent
yesterday afternoon N Perth Amboy.
Mrs. Charles Henry and Miss Erick-
son of Perth Amboy were the guests
of Miss ida Fullerton last night.
John Burke Of the U. 8. N. r. F..
stationed at Pelham Bay IL visiting
at the home Of Mr.. and Mrs. Williams
Romer In Crows Mil road on htS
weekend furlough.
The Misses RoSallie Resh and Ethel
Fullerton were Fords visitors yester>
day.
Miss Ida Fullerton was q Metuchen
visitor Yesterday afternoon.
MrH William Romer and son Msl-
vim Of Crows Min road, were out-ef-
town visitors yesterday a~ffernoou.
Mira Emil Kiecak and son Godfrey
of . York are visiting her par
entss Mr.. and Mrs. Frank Hafa in
Copernic avenue.
Mrs. A. p. Johnson and daughters
nEola and Christina Of Fords visited
Mrs. James Quish here yesterday.
Carl Schwartz of Crows Mil rohd
an Out-of-town visitor last ninht.
Mrs Samuel McGraw spent last
night In Perth Amboy.
Edward Bertram of Perth Amboy
visited at the home of Mr.. and Mrs
Charles Pfelffer. Sr.. In Smith sfreeE
last night
Frank Fee. SE, was an out-of-town
visitor las night.
The regular semi-monthly meetinR
the Protection Fire Company No. /
Will DO held IN the fire house Monday
night at 8 O'clock.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1918-07-13
MATAWAN

Word has bean received OF the mar
rage OF A, II, Ilsk, u Matnyan. ana
Miss Mary Applesate, Of Bayonne- The
wedding ceremony was performed ~
Baltimors Monday BY Rev. Samuel
Bower, q former pastor OF the FiFst
Baptist church here, Mrs, Lisk for
merry made her home at this place
Mr, and Mrs. Lisk are enjoying A we'd
ding trip and are now az Atlantic city
ing the Y. n. g, A. oanfar0nce now BE-
ing held in BRruaei College, ~, n,
The conference is held for those Who
are arranging TO do Y, Al. Q. A. WorA
in France,
Miss Kathryn Fury, OF Trentons -
visiting her cousin, Miss Bess Fury -
the Matawan house,
Perth Amboy evening news., 1918-07-13
SEWAREN

Mrs. Phil J. Mooney and Miss Nil
drad Mooney were the guests OF Mra,
4 q, Rassi Of Perth Amboy. Thurs
dag afternoon.
The members of the History Club
naxt wednesday At washington Rock
the trip 10 be made b. auto and BY
trolley.
Mrs.. Louis Eeqbers was an nut~of-
t0Wn visitor fpdeK.
Ms WycoH spent this morning "a
.PsrtA AmboT
Perth Amboy evening news., 1918-07-13
NATIVE OF WOODBRIDGE
Donald Miller Killed In British Avia-
ton Service.
Blu 2nacfnI Gnrraanon.fnnf

Service.
BIZ Special Correspondent
WOODBRIDGE, July 1s:-Lieu-
tenant Donald Miller of the British
Royal Air Force. killed in action in
France, June 80, is the second boy
born in Woodbridge township to lose
hts life and the first to die in aScon.
Lieutenant Give Scott. born in Sc
warren, being the first from the town
ship to lose his life.
Lieutenant Miller, who was just
twenty years old, was born in Wood
bridge while his father. Rev. Thomas
9. Miller, was pastor of the First
Congregational Church. Rev. and
Mrs. Miller removed to New York
from here about seventeen year
ago and the New York papers claim
that city as hts birthplace.
Lieutenant Miller enlisted in Octo-
Der, 1919, received his training In
Canada and went over last February.
His two brothers are also In the serv-
ice. Allison Miller Is a cadet at West
Point and Gordon Miller a seaman in
the U. s. Naval Reserve forces
Perth Amboy evening news., 1918-07-13
Ornamental Treea.

As ornamental ree the Japanese
and Chinese persimmons are entitled
10 high rank. When the trees are in
full leaf they nre handsome without
other adornment. The trees loaded
with orange and orange-red fruits are
among the most striking objects In
the garden. All thrive IN California,
and not elsewhere except In some
southern states.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1918-07-13

WooDBRIDGE July q 1ha Ia
neral services az NFz TheodQFs Ha4e
aard were larssiE attended from he4
late residence "a Main stgevt yests~
day afternoon. Rew l. Y. RqshMan
pastor 20 he PrssoFisrisa pepfen
covered with the most heautiful hew-
ers. TAs p~allbezrers Were John II
Lelsan. Arthur Z. Berry William A.
Elnlam and Henry vi Fhluips AhA
ntsrment we IN tha fauilF Pot a.
BE PFsshgtaTiau femefQN
Perth Amboy evening news., 1918-07-13
FoHpS

Miss Clara oYsfgaard. Of Fords,
arrived home yesterday after two
weeks at New Haven, Conn.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1918-07-13
Unhappiness Follows The Wrong Start

A newly married couple falls prey to the Geyeny devised schemes of the mail order
house, The husband, one injured lin playing a m of bindnans buff acqui@ces to the
wishes of his wife, who turn becomes the ocaI pifner for the outoEown house.. She is
steadily losing her hBndst through her persistent efforts to eneI them in 1.-The net of the ocu-
push order that she may herh her home wit thess hoddy offerings here employing mail order
houses give hTa as ewadf ora nhdpg herf friends hot their fold of Victims The husband
knows the danger buff falls at his H8s appeal.
MORALE often takes two falls to hmeta cut that will reach the memory.
New-York tribune., 1918-12-14

CHANCE OF A LIFETIME
Goods received in settlement of Indebtedness
MUST BE SOLD AT ONCE
so Sets 1847 Rogers Slverware a SIS Sci
GA pieces: knives, spoons, 6 forks,
teaspoons)
For sale at leadis4g department stores from
S23 to $26.
Also 4 $I25 Columbia Grafonolas q Sloo.
7 Englander Couch Beds a $40.
(SoId for S25 to S33)
Attorncy-s50 w. I19 st.
Phone (Evenings) st. Nicholas S1f9-W.
Or send check with mail order
New-York tribune., 1918-12-14

will not be returned directly to the
owners. but will be turned back by the
War Department to the United States
Shipping Board, and by that body al
located to various trades, principal
among which will be South and Cen
tral American commerce. The proceed
ure to be followed will be the reverse
of the action taken in October, 1917
when all American ships over $500
tons we're requisitioned by the Ship
ping Board. and then assigned by that
body to the War and Navy depart
ments, Belgian Relief, Red Cross and
Allied governments.
1t is also understood that the 100000
tons now designated will soon be in
creased to over 100000 tons. Among
the ships believed to be under consd-
Grafton for release are somecf the
Dutch steamers requisitioned last year
and now under War and Navy depart
ment control.
1t is also possible that the Shipping
Board may operate the released yes
sells through the various established
lines, which could handle the work of
loading. sailing and discharging in
designated trades as agents of the
Shipping Botrd, procedure which was
followed in numerous instances when
the vessels were first reguisitioned.
New-York tribune., 1918-12-14
u. S. Gas Fighting
Plans Beat Enemy.
Say Army Experts
One Hundred Tons of Mus
tard Napors and 10000
Masks We're Being Made
Daily at Close of the War

One Of the factors in convincing
Germany of defeat, chemists and mill
tary authorities believe, was the tre-
mendous gas offensive for which the
United States was prepared at the
cessation of hostilities, word of which
is thought to have reached Berlin.
The offensive and defensive measures
taneously corps of expert research
scribed recently by army officers to the
New York Section Of the American
Chemical Society, which made some Of
them public Yesterday
"We had on November II of this
year." Colonel William II. Walker said,
call the facilities for producing mus
tard gas at the rate of 100 tons q day,
to say nothing Of resources for delug-.
ing our enemies with chlorine, phos
gene, chlorpicrin and noXious vapors
previously unknown to them"
Colonel Walker showed that the er
rors of extended Investigations seeking
new and improved processes which
caused SO much delay in quantity out
put in some other lines of war activi
ties could not be charged against the
chemists. From the outset, he oe
clared, we'll known and efficient toxic
gases were selected for manufacture
in effective quantities, while simul-
prepared by the Gas Defence were d.
workers sought for improved methods
and products. AS a result there was
never a day when the production of
materials did not exceed the ability to
utilize it.
Colonel Bradley Dewey, commanding
officer of the Gas Defence, said thay
in May, 1917, the production of gas
masks was started by group of five
volunteers. In eight weeks they had
shipped 10000 masks far inferior to
the present type. There had been pro-
duced up to the time the Germans laid
down their arms 100000 masks, 81
100000 extra canisters, 100000 horse
masks and large quantity of mustard
gas suits, gloves, ontments and anti
dotes. The production Of gas masks
when hostilities ceased had reached
100000 a day. The 1919 model repre-
New-York tribune., 1918-12-14
Lines ON an Office

An Office is funny thing: Each morn
ing certain men ...
And certain girls and certain boys
come into it again
And hang their coats on certain pegs,
their hats on certain hooks,
And sit them down at certain desks in
front of certain books.
They all have certain work to do in
just certain time,
Concerning certain dollars for cer-
tain fixed per diem;
And then at just a certain hour, in
sunshine or in rain,
They close their desks and hurry out
to catch certain train.
An Office is tragic thing when that
is all there is,
When each one has his certain work
and certain way of his
And walows in a certain rut and never
seems to see
Tht there are certain other ones in
life as we'll as he,
a7or we would find certain fun in
certain other ways,
If we would give word of cheer on
certain busy days
When problems vex, when certain
things require helping hand,
Would give certain sympathy that
mortals understand.
An office is pleasant place-at least,
certain kind
That has a certain brotherhood, where
day by day you find
irl,h hO,
glad to pass along,
A certain sort of friendliness, certain
sort of song,
There is a certain duty that we owe
to other men
To help them when they need q lift,
to steady them again.
An Office can become in time, to man
and girl and boy,
a certain kind of fellowship, and work
a certain JOY.
American Lumberman.
New-York tribune., 1918-12-14
Drire on PetrOgrad
BY Germany Halted
At austrian Threat

VIENNA. Dec. 10 (By The Associated
Press). - Count Czernin, the former
Austro- Hungarian Minister. in issuing
the substance Of notes kept by him
during the Brcst-Litovsk negotiations
shows tho various steps taken by the
Central Powers and Russia at that
time.
lie says the Russians proposed
referendum for Poland after German
forces had been withdrawn. but that
the Germans wanted "plebiscite
during occupa.ion." Austrian media
ton was unsuccessful up to December
20, 1917, when negotiations were
broken off. When meetings were re-
sumed on January 6, 1918, Leon Trotz.
ky, the Bolshevig Foreign Minister OF
Russia, disagreed with the Germans on
the question of territory which should
be included in the referendum.
At that time, Count Czernin says:
Austria proposed a general policy of
sive safeguards against influencing the
voting" Austria, however, failed, he
says because of Ukrainian claims to
Hungarian and Polish districts and be-
cause of the critical food situation in
Austria.
Trotzky Urges Revolt
Later. after Trot7ky had sent wire
less messages to Berlin, which. Count
Czernin says, urged the German
troops to rise in revolt, DR.. Richard
Won Kuehlman, the German Foreign
Secretary, received strict instructions
to demand that Russia cede to Ger
many the provinces Of Livonia and
Esthonia. The treaty with theUkraine
was signed after wearisome negotia
tions, he says. 1t became clear that
Russia could not, by merely ceasng
hostilities, obtain a cancellation of the
Germany, soon afterward, did denounce
the armstice, according to Count Ger
min, but Austra-Hungary declared she
would take no part in this action.
Count CZernin described the nego-
tiations leading uo to the treaty at
Bucharest. in which he says Hungarian
opposition to peace by compromise
dominated because of conflicting claims
between Germany and Hungary.
Hungary Wanted Oil Lands
Hungary wanted the frontiers so
altered that a repetition of the inva-
sion of 1915 would be prevented"
Count Czernin says. "This meant the
ceding to Hungary of Rumania's valu-
able oil districts, which was not well
coined by the German military party
with its greed in economic matters.
Germany's plan was to secure eco
nomic privileges which would amount
to an indemnity.
'The plan vas to force Rumania to
cedc to Germany her oil lands, rail-
ways, ports and state domains and sub
NIT to permanent financial control. An
understanding was eventually reached
as to Bulgaria's demand for the prov
lnce of Dobrudia. which would shut
Constanza. Under these conditions I
resigned from office e"
New-York tribune., 1918-12-14
A Tunnel Under Berina Strait

The possibility that the construction
of the Channel tunnel may be taken
in hand at no distant date appears to
have given encouragement TO the advo-
Gates of two other submarine tunnels
--one between Great Britain and Ire
land and another between Gibraltar and
the north coast of Africa. The latter
scheme seems rather premature in view
OF the present condition of civilization
in North Africa. A more hopeful pro-
jcct which created some interest few
years ago, but which seems to have fall
len out of sight, was for a tunnel be-
meath the Bering Strait. This opens
out very attractive prospect seeing
that such a tunnel would bring the
whole of Canada and the United States
into railway communication with 81.
beria and the European Continent
without going a mile over the seas.
The Bering Strait tunnel would be
about forty miles in length, but would
run under islands in The centre
through which ventilating shafts might
be driven. There seems to be no en-
glneering difficulty in the way, and the
advantages are so obvious that a re-
newal OF the scheme may be looked for
sooner or later.-Mancheste Guardian.
New-York tribune., 1918-12-14

on December is. Several members Of
the Brooklyn's crew are still suffering
from serious burns.
New-York tribune., 1918-12-14
Ships Given Over
To Trade Routes.
BY U. S. Order
80O,OOO-Ton List Has Beer
Sent to Secretary Baker
for Review Before 1t Goes
to the Shipping Board

WASHINGTON, Dec. 13.-Ships with
an aggregate carrying capacity Of
oOO,OOO tons have been designated to
be turned over by the army quarter
master department to the Shipping
Board for return to trade routes.
Major General Goethals to-day so in
formed Senator Smith, of South Caro-
lima, chairman of the Senate Interstate
Commerce Committee.
General Goethals said a list of the
ships no longer in troop and army sup
ply service has been sent to Secretary
Baker for review before it goes to the
Shipping Board.
The statement made yesterday in
Washington that the War Department
is to turn back to the trade routes
100000 deadweight capacity tons of
ships was viewed in shipping circles
IN New York as one of the most i'm
portant readjustment announcements
that has been made since the signing
of the armistice. Representations made
recently to Washington by the Cham
Der of Commerce here showed that
more than 1000 tons of export
freight was tied up in New York alone,
and that unless early relief from the
shortage of tonnage was granted, man.
ufacturers and exporters would face
hetvy losses.
The understanding here is that the
ships designated for trade purposes
New-York tribune., 1918-12-14

list. in the lower house Of the Dutch
Parliament to-day.
The former Emperor, he continued,
should not be handed over to the AL
lies, but should be sent to Germany
for trial by peoples tribune. The
Dutch workers VIII oppose every at
tempt to drag Holland into war on
the question of the former Emperor
NJ. Groenendaal, q Socialist, denied
the charge that he favored the an
neSation by Belgium of part of Dutch
Lfmburg. He said he had spoken Jest
he knew why his home had been
searched by the authorities.
LONDON. Dec 13.-Several scores of
detectives, the pick Of former Emperor
New-York tribune., 1918-12-14
Shell Shock Cured
By Armistice NeiUs

VXT ASHINGTON, Dec. 13.--
w More than 1000 American
soldiers in France, suffering she'll
shock, were cured by news of the
signing of the armistice, Surgeon
General Ireland to-day told the
Senate Military Committee. Of
$500 shell-shock patients, the gen.
eral said, all except about 800 were
we'll almost Immediately. "It was
the greatest experience in psyche
therapeutics known" the commit
tee was told.
New-York tribune., 1918-12-14

sents a revolution in design and over
comes all the discomforts of the earli-
er patterns, while efficiency IS tentold
increased.
Ointments such as were referred to
by Colonel Dewey are understood to
have been invented by an American
chemist and to have prevented burns
from gas when applied before an at