davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington herald., 1918-05-08

diers now have q permanent home
here, the government having leased
for them the handsome home of
Alexandria Lodge Of Elks.
II was decided to have q patriotic
demonstration on George washing
ton Park. July 4. and q committee
soon win complete plans for the sf-
fair.
c. W. Strickland. about IS years
old. who was employed a. chief
timekeeper by the p. r. Gormley
Co.. at Camp Humphreys, Va
dropped dead at that place last
night The deceased was a native
of Atlanta. Ca. and has q family
living in that city. The body was
removed to Demain's mortuary
chapel and will be shipped to At
lanta for burial
Edward b. Byrne. who died last
night at the Emergency Hospital,
Washington. as q result Of injuries
sustained April 10 by being struck
by an automobile in Washington,
was q pattern maker. and lived at
20s wilkes street In addition to
his wife he is survived by two sons
and a daughter, Vincent Byrne, now
in France. Herbert Byrne. also in
the army at Anniston. Ala. who is
on q furlough here, and Miss Ara
bella Byrne. The deceased was Is
years old.
The woman's Auxiliary of the
Piedmont Convocation will hold an
all-day session at II o'clock tomor-
row morning at Grace p. e. church.
Holy communion will be given at
IL o'clock and followed by the busl-
ness session beginning at 11:f5
o'clock. Addresses will be made by
Mrs. Hubbard Lloyd. Japan; Miss
Louisa Davis. Mrs. z. w. Howard.
Mrs. e L. Woodward. Rev. Hubbard
Lloyd. Rev. W. Crosby Bell. d. d.
Automobiles belonging to II. L.
Jones and Harry ID. Rapp collided at
Washington and Cameron streets, at
. o'clock last night. The machine
driven by Mr.. Rapp was considerably
damaged and Mrs. Victor Olmstead.
Of Clarendon, Va. was thrown out OF
Mr.. Rapp's machine and injured.
The funeral Of Mrs. Philip NJ. Brad
shaw will take place at O'Clock
Wednesday afternoon from her late
residence. 5l2 King street. Burial
will be in Bethel Cemetery.
The committee on retail merchants,
conventions and publicity Of the
Chamber Of Commerce, will meet at
8 o'clock Wednesday night in the
rooms OF that organization
The funeral of Andrew jackson
Davis will take place at 4 O'Clock
Wednesday afternoon from Trinity
NJ. Z. Church. Services will be con-
Quoted by Rev. A. z. Speilman. pas
tor Of that church.
The Washington herald., 1918-05-08
: COTTON MARKETS.

New York. May THE cotton market saesed
in the final dealings today after it had scored
a good gain on covering due to bullish advices
on the spot article from the South. with pre-
dictions that The. days sales Of the actual
article would be the largest in some weeks
Early in the session the tone WAC weaker. re-
hecting ideal weather conditions and heavy
selling from Liverpool.
Competitive bidding put May up "A points
on the call, but other months were IL to Is
points net lower. Some spot houses sold mod
erately. After showing q net loss Of about
. to q points the market stesdied on covering
and there were rallies Of g or 30 points, after
which trading became less active with huctua-
tons irregular.
Reiterated reports Of spot activity In Southern
markets led to q sharp local covering movement
in the late afternoon, under which prices re-
gained all Of the early losses and sold I'D to
a net advance Of 3a5 points The close was
barely steady at a net gain Of points to q
decline Of Il points. prices selling of rapidly
after the covering had run its course.
Receipts at the ports were s.7ss bales; no
exports.
Spot at New Orleans was steady and un-
changed at $50; sales. sg6 bales. Spot here
was quiet at an advance Of s points at rs
cents; no sales.
The Washington herald., 1918-05-08
THE CURB MARKET.

New York May There was q further i'm
proyement in the -olume OF business on the
curb market thday. Aetna Explosives was the
feature Of today's dealings. and despite the
pressure OF profit taking sales a fairly firm
Trics tone was maintained throughout, Subma-
rine Boat also attracted interest. due to its
further advance. Motors wers again weak.
Chevrolet declining sbout 3 points from the
high level Of the day.
Furnished hH W B HihhS 4 Cn
The Washington herald., 1918-05-08
Washington Stock Exchange.
SALES.

Washington Railway and Electric h, n 900 at
67R
Potomac Cons. Sc. 5000 at ssh, 5000 at ssx,
81. 900 at 95G.
Washington Railway and Electric pfd, S at
After call:
Washington Railway and Electric 4s. 1000 at
s77i. 81 900 at S7&.
Mergenthaler. at 10. at no.
Potomac Cons. IS. $1,000 at 81, 81 900 at a.
Capital Traction, 3 at IS, 3 at IS.
GOVERNMENT RnNnS
The Washington herald., 1918-05-08
NEW YORK MONEY.

New York, May 7.-Money on call opened at
Q Der cent; high, per cent; low, { Der cent
close. per cent Most Of the days loans were
made at per cent. -
Time mouey was inactiye Six pr cent was
the rate for five and SIX months' maturities
Mercantile paper was bought moderately. Buy
ers were insistent on full rates and per cent
was practically the minimum
The Washington herald., 1918-05-08
Paci6st Has Hot Time.

London. May THE police saved
Ramsay Macdonald. NJ. p. from q
hostile crowd in Leicester square
on Sunday afternoon when he tried
to make a May Day speech. Mac
Donald. who is a pacifist. escaped
in a taXicab
The Washington herald., 1918-05-08

it happened was receiving tributes
from the citizens of New York on the
day when Secretary Daniels was here,
and Secretary Daniels himself.
HOLLAND"
The Washington herald., 1918-05-08

Montreal claims the largest, -four
mill in the British Empire. with q ca
pacity Of 5000 barrels . day.
The Washington herald., 1918-05-08

The committee on retail merchants,
conventions and publicity Of the
Chamber Of Commerce. will meet at
8 o'clock Wednesday night in the
rooms OF that organization
The Washington herald., 1918-05-08

The funeral Of Mrs. Philip N. Brad
shaw will take place at 8 O'Clock
Wednesday afternoon from her late
residence. 5l2 King street. Burial
will be in Bethel Cemetery.
The Washington herald., 1918-05-08

The funeral Of Andrew jackson
Davis will take place at O'Clock
Wednesday afternoon from Trinity
NJ. z. Church. Services will be con-
Quoted by Rev. A z. Speilman, pas
tor Of that church.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1918-07-03
SENATOR TILLbAN
ENDS LONG CAREER
OF PUBLIC SERVICE
Famous South CarOlinian Had
Been In Upper House for
Twenty-Four Years

Washington, July 3-Sonator Ben K.
Tilman, South Carolina, ("Pitchfork
Ben y died at APO O'Clock this morn
ing.
The senator had been i'll for some
days as a result of paralysis attacks
land all hope for his recovery was
abandoned Sunday. Members of his
family Were with him at the end.
The death of the senator from South
Carolina marks the passing Of one OF
the most unique and interesting mem
bers who ever sat in the upper branch
|of congress. He represented his state
there for twenty four years and as he
hoped, died in action.'
Tillman was born in Edgefield
county, South Carolina, the son of a
farmer. The sobriquet of "PitchforlS
Ben" was given him because of hab-
it he had of pitching into opponents
when good fight was on. From early
life he was active in politics, always
supporting the cause of the farmers.
In, 1890 and again in 1892 he was
elected governor Of South Carolina,
going to the senate in 1894. In 1896
he was a candidate for the democratic
Nomination for president, but was lost
in the popular tide started by William
Jennings Bryan 3 famous "cross Of
gold'' speech. .,.s
As chairman Of the senate naval
committee he had been instrumental,
with Senator Swanson Of Virginia, in
putting through the great naval legis-
lalion of the last two years.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1918-07-03
Eighty-fUe names
On Daily Report
War Casualties
Eighteen Americans Killed In
Action and Twelve Severe
Iy Wounded

Washington, July 3.-General Per-
shing'S casualty list of IS today was
divided as follows:
Killed in action IS; died of wounds
9; died Of disease 4; died of accident
an other causes s; severely wounded
II; missing in action 36.
The list follows:
Killed in Action
Lieutenants B. Crawford, Tarentum, Pa.
R. V. Curry, Plans, Pa.
Sergeants A. Cornell, South Manehes-
ter, Conn.
E. H. Foley, Philadelphia.
Corporals W. M. Batter, Rogers, Ark
A. Lehner, Detroit, Mich.
Wagner Delbert F. Calender, Elk
hart, Ind.
Privates c. J, Brewster, Newport,
N. H.
E. B. Coxwell, Gadsen, Ala.
w. Leroy Day, Blue Springs, Neb.
P. X. Eskew, Franklin, Ky.
D. Gonzales, Tueumcari, N. NJ.
j. A. King, Chestnut Hill, Mass.
j. Massorra, Rochester, N. Y.
F. w. Calsgrove, Phillipsburg, N. J..
N. Reichland, Chicago.
j. X. Shoemaker, Waterbury, Conn.
II. V. Traynham, Arbucle. Cal
Died from Wounds
Lieutenant H. L. Smith. Oshkosh,
Wis.
Sergeant W. Haekman, San Fran
cisco.
Bugler A. Bailey, Springfield, Ohio.
Privates J. Farrell, New York
II. s. Keefe, Roxbury, Mass.
J. j. Kirkpatrick, Jr. Holyoke. Mass.
j. G. Mckee, Nelsonville, Ohio
M. Niots, Burgettstown, Pa.
S. Owens, Owanka, S. D.
Died of Disease
Corporal E. Il. Curth, Yonkers, N. Y.
Privates j. Francois Scott, La.
H. Hoffman, Beattie, Kan.
R. d. Wentzel, Telford, Pa.
Died from Accident and Other Causes
Lieutenant A. E. Crocker, Jr., Fitch
burg Mass.
Corporals r. T. Hadiey, Texarkana,
Ark.
D. Smith, Sugar Tree Ridge, Ohio
Privates j. Bloodough, Salisbury, N.
Y.
W. H. T. Breisch, Allentown, Pa.
l.. B. Person, Brooklyn, N. Y.
wounded Severely
Privates G. NJ. Libhart, French
Camp, Cal.
d. G. Waite, Davenport, Iowa
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1918-07-03

Americas Great Universities
Are Transplanied 10 West
ern War ZOne--Boys VIII
Come Back Home Well
equipped to Direct Affairs
Of NatiOn---Best Men In Uni
Versity Work Have Been
Drafted For Service by
Great Organization

written for the United Pressl
Atlanta, Ca, July 3.-The Y. M. C.
A. is transplanting Americas great
universities directly behind the .fioht-
ing front in Europe in order that our
mtilions of boys may come back from
the war equipped to direct this nations
affairs of tomorrow.
We feel it peculiarly fitting that
this vital part of the Y. M. c. AS
work overseas be given publicity Just
now as we approach the campaign for
our new overseas war work fund of
|$ll2,000,000 because it touches rock
bottom on one Of the many gigantic
problems this country has to face when
peace is here.
When you remember that these le-
gions OF boys over there will come back
70 be our councilmen, our senators, con-
gressmen, diplomats and business and
professional leaders in later years, YOU
glimpse the reason for this great edu-
cational undertaking.
The work Is already under way. 1t
has q. present, as well as future ac-
eomplshment to effect. It's big task
now is. TO teach every how with a g,,p
exactly what he is fighting for No
man can do things well Is he does not
clearly understand the reasons for do-
ing them. Putting the war issue clear
ly before these boys through these uni
versities behind the front s+rengtbcns
and improves the morale Of America .
armies as nothing else ennld Tho eae.
ond and equally important object ia 10
train these boys, even as thew fight.
for' neoca tima affairs
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1918-07-03
Old Indian War Claims
May Finally Be Settled

Washington, July 3-After more
than quarter of century of litiga-
ton the present session of the court
of claims will see the passing of the
last of the claims of property of cit
liens of the United States taken or
destroyed by the Indians without just
cause or provoeation, Assistant At
torney General Huston Thompson an
nounced today.
A total Of moro than 10000 claims
were filed under the Indian depreda-
tion act passed on March 81, 1891, to-
falling nearly $44,0OO,00O. More than
S6,000,000 have been awarded these
claimants which came from every
state west of the Mississippi and many
states east of that line. The largest
claim was S1,3S1,25O and was filed by
Charles d. Poston, a prominent figure
in the early history of Arizona.
His Losses were at the hands of the
Apache Indians.
Every Indian var is recorded in the
flies of these eases from that with Te-
cumseh in 1873 to that with Sitting
Bull in 1S90-9l
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1918-07-03
War Summary Of United Press
nninIIrnIIrIIIIIIlIInIIIIII
l43Oh Day Of the War; lO3rdDay Of the Big Offensive

Marne front - Americans yesterday
repulsed a second German counter at
tack on the newly won positions west
Of Chateau-Thierry.
French advanced a half mile on a
two mile front northwest Of Scissors,
taking 220 prisoners
Picardy front-Germans last night
recaptured most of the ground taken
by the British northwest of Albert
Sunday.
Alsace front-German raids repulsed
Italy-Additional reports greatly in
crease the original estimate Of 1900
Austrans killed in the recent Italian
victory in the mountains.
England Lord Rhonnda, British
food controller, died this morning fol-
lowing long illness.
Germany-Hundred thousand cases
Of "Spanish influenza reported thru
out the country.
Sinking of the Canadian hospital
ship Llandovery Castle is semi-official'
ly denied in statement which sug
gests that ga British mine" probably
was responsible.
Austria-Several regiments of Aus
trian soldiers in Prague and Gratz re-
volted when their bread ration was cut
off. .s kMK
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1918-07-03
fierce BARRAGE
ISOLATED FORCE
sent TO ATTACK
Entire German Column Was
Annihlated by Yankee
Defenders
SIXTY MACHINE GUNS
TAKEN In OPERATION
American AviatOrs Defeat
German Airplane Offensive
Chateau-1hierry
By Lowell Mellett

United Press Staff Correspondent
With the Americans on the Marnc
July 3.-(Evening) The Americans
utterly demolished an attempted coun.
ter attack on their new positions west
of Chateau-Thierry this morning taking
" additional prisoners.
Our artillery laid down a terrific bar
rage that entirely cut off the attack,
ing force, while the American machine
gun and rifle fire annihhated them.
number of light machine guns
were captured in this fighting, raising
the total taken since last night to more
than sixty. Final checking up Of the
boche prisoners taken in last night IS
and today's operations is expected to
show more than 900.
Last night $ advance progressed far
tder at some points rnan was first re-.
ported 1t is now established that the
minimum penetration was about kilo,
meter and half, or nearly a mile.
While the German counter attack was
under way this morning, eight Ameri-
can flyers attacked nine boche direct
Iy above the scene of last night S bat
tie. The fight lasted 35 minutes.
Two Germans, from height Of $4,000
feet, dove through an American patrol
hoping to draw the latter down into an
ambuseade. The Americans saw the trap
and attacked in battle formation at
5000 feet. A free for all resulted in
which four boehe planes were sent
aplnning. The French later reported
these were destroyed.
John Macarthur of Buffalo is cred
1ted with two of the enemy victims;
Whit9 Albert Grant of Denton, Texas,
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1918-07-03
EACH DOG IS PLAYING Ills
PART IN WORLD WARWORK

new known as "rommyW Just what
his French name was no one knows
He's of the crossed bull and fox terrier
variety, has had a bath since he fell
into American hands, and is getting
fat on the left-overs of food from Am
.erican messes. Whatever he was in the
days of his puppyhood, he's a Saliva
tion army dog now, and the friend of
every soldier who lives in or passes thru
the village.
If there is anything a soldier in the
field loves most next to his letters from
home, his smokes, and his bunkie, it is
a dog, Consequently there is feeling
Of pity as the men i'll the trenches look
out over the parapet and see the stiff
fened body of the Boche dog. He hap.
pened to be born on the other side of
the Rhine. Therefore he was an enemy
He couldn't reason why one man was his
friend and one his foe. He only knew
that when he was called, and some.
thing was slipped in the little alumni
um container on his collar, he must go
to the place to which he had been
taught to go. Neither did he know that
when he galloped beyond the German
wire and out into Nomans Land his lean
form was silohetted against the sky in
the gathering darkness. He knew only
that this was the short way to the next
post command
Part Of War Machine ...
Though only dog, he was part Of the
monster German war machine that il
menaeing the world.
Corporal Clark, of E Company Of the
- Infantry, loves dogs as much as
any soldier But, you must remember
the Boche dog was born on the other
side Of the Rhine. He was Clark's en-
emy. The corporal raised his gun and
fired The Boche dog dropped dead
Clark slipped out through the wire, un.
fastened the dogs collar, and brought
it back. The collar was sent into head
quarters.
The little aluminium message box that
hung at the dogs throat was opened.
The message contained valuable inf0r-
nation as TO relief in the enemy lines
and told other things which it is neces
sary to know The colonel of Clark 8
regiment sent him note commanding
him for shooting the dog, declaring it
showed him to be "a quick witted ,ol-
dier Of action"
Tommy Was French. &c..
"Tommy" doesn't know the story of
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1918-07-03
AMERICANS NOT READY
FOR OFFENSIVE CAMPAIGN

II is highly improbable that General
Foch will use the Americans in an ex-
tended offensive this summer. A sud
den emergency may arise, making such
a course imperative, but under normal
conditions, another million Americans
ought to be in France before the su-
preme effort is made to inflict military
defeat on the Hohenzollerns.
General Foch has demonstrated this
year that he has the supreme quality Of
patience, although he well knows that
the allies must apply the offensive
weapon to win the war. But there will
be no false start so long as General
Foch can carry out his own plans, nor
will an effort be made to break the Ger
man war machine with an inadequate
supply Of men.
OF the million American troops in
France, approximately 65O,000 are ae.
tual fighters. OF these active combat.
ants more than 100000 have reached
France since the beginning of Won Hin
denburgs S offensive on March 81. That
means the British and French casualties
in the spring offensive have much more
than been made good.
General Foch, therefore, in all prob
ability has superiority in man power
over Won Hindenburg. The superiority
however, is not yet sufficient to insure
that quality of supreme pressure which
the allies must be prepared to maintain
once the American offensive starts.
General Foeh is developing his major
strategy with profound skill. This sum
mer it is for Hindenburg to attempt to
win if he can, and thereby deplete the
German reserves.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1918-07-03
Mrs. William Story
Pleaded Not Guilty

New York, July 3.-Mrs. William
Cumming Story and her two sons, Allen
and Sterling, pleaded not guilty today
today to charge of conspiracy in the
case of Mrs. Story for grand larceny
which grew out of allegations that a
- fiftyfifty" arrangement had been
made with solicitor to get contribu-
tions to the National Relief Society, ono
fifth of which was to go to Sterling
Story. Mrs. Story is president of the 50.
eiety. Allen Story Is lieutenant Il
the army.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1918-07-03
Eight Year Old Boy
Drowned at NewporI

Capital Journal Special service)
Newport, Or, July 3. - Freddie
Chambers, the eight year old child of
Mr.. and Mrs. Geo. Chambers, of To-
ledo, drowned there yesterday after
noon. The boy was swimming with 9TH
er youngsters back of Frederick 8
store, when his companions sent him to
the bath house for suit. He unex-
pectedly stepped on plank, lost con-
troll of himself and went to the bot
tom at once. His body was recovered
half an hour later, but efforts of three
physicians to pasusitate him were
fruitless
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1918-07-03
German Officers Dog Victim
Of War" Tommy, Fam
Gus American Pet
BY Fred S. Ferguson

UNITED Press Staff Correspondent
With The American Forces in Picardy
May 10.-(By Mail)-This is the story
of two dogs. One lies stark and stiff
out in Noman's Land. He gave his life
for the country Of his master, German
officer. He was shot by an American
sentinel while on duty as a soldier, ear.
rying a message.
The other dog still lives, but for tti
coming Of Americans to the little village
that was his home he might have died
of neglect and starvation. This dog is
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1918-07-03
All On Board Save One
Boat Load Perished

London, July 3.-All of those on
board the hospital ship Llandovery
Castle when she was torpedoed and
sunk by German submarine, except
ing the single boatload of survivors
already rescued, undoubtedly perished,
the admiralty announced last night
The area about the scene Of the at
tack has been thoroughly searched,
the admiralty announced. and only one
empty boat and a quantity Of wreck
age were found. 1t is assumed there
were no more survivors.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1918-07-03
YANKS SMASH COUNTER ATTACKS
TAKING MORE GERMAN PRISONERS
ace To Observe
) Americas Great Day
By Andre Tardeau
Commissioner of Franco AM

elican Relationship
= (Written for United Press)
{ Paris, July 8. - The first
Fourth of July to be eelebras-
( ed by the French as a nation
( al holiday will be observed to-
K morrow. Both chambers de-
< eided in perfect agreement
( with the government to thus
manifest the unanimous senti-
( ment of the French people.
< When | returned from the
Z United States, | endeayored to
< make my compatriCts under
< stand the extension of the Am
( erican effort and the power Of
|: the idea antimating your great
( democracy. | am glad to tell
you that France appreciates
K fully the value of American
cooperation, which is previous
in its comforts and most eff
caciOus in its encouragements
k ito pursue the fight to victory.
All that is American arouses
< the public interest. Your sol
K diers have acquired among all
< CLASSES a cordial popularity. 1t
k is sufficient in meeting
( merely to pronounce the name
Wilson" to arouse the most
< enthusiastic applause.
Be assured that ON the Fourth
of July the heart of France
will beat more than ever in
( unison with the heart of Am
X erica.
k X X X X X X X X x X X x
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1918-07-03
FORTY Marine CORPS
CASUALTIES ARE
REPORTED TODAY
Thirty-Three Killed In Action
and Four Died As Result
Of Wounds

Washington, July 3.-Forty marine
corps casualties listed today were as
follows:
Killed in action 33; died of wounds
a; wounded in action 5.
The list follows;
Killed in Action
Second Lieutenant V. l.. Somers,
Bloxom, Va.
First Sergeant ]. A. sissler, New
York.
sergeants C. L. BrOekway, Utica,
N. Y.
H. Caman, Jamaica, N. Y.
P. Conway, Chicago
A.. +. Ware Fort Scott, Kan.
Corporals H. w. Elliott, Minneapo'
lis, MINI.
A. Hughes, Madrid, N. Y.
R. W. Laidlaw, Cuba
N. j. Leblanc, Chicago
II. t. Lyon, Hattieville, Ark.
H. H. Stone, Detroit, Mich.
Privates P. A. Adwell Renville,
MINI.
|. Brandon, Clearwater, Fla.
G. |. Chandler, Waverly Hall, Ga.
M. R. Collier, Olathe, Kan,
H. D. Dunlavy, Goose Greek, Texas
j. P. Eaton, Corning, N. Y.
B. A. Ellsworth, Cripple Creek, Colo
H. j. W. Field, Hatfield, Pa.
T. c. Grant, st. Louis, Mo.
j. A. Hammer, Bogalusa, La.
G.. w. Lockhart, Wallsburg, Utah
George w. Luce, Oxford, Mass.
A. Mcbride, Clarendon, Ark.
w. A. May, St. Louis, Mo.
R. H.. Nielsen, Milwaukee, Wis.
H. Pankow, Chicago
f. w. Schultz Quincy, Ill.
M. T. Suttles, San Marcos, Texas
D. Tartikoff, Maiden, Mass.
A. E. Weisbacker, Newark, N. j.
Died of Wounds Received in Action
Sergeant W., Hoffman, Milwaukee,
Wis.
Corporal r. B. Hess, st. Paul, MINI.
Privates R. r. Benson, North Wood
stock, Conn.
L. R. Murray, New York
Severely Wounded
Corporal H. E. McCurdy, Chicago
Private II. +. Clausen, Chicago.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1918-07-03
AN AWAITING COW

Portland, Or, July 3.-Motorists on
the Columbia highway were startled
yesterday when the body of COW
hurtlcd through the air and fell life.
less a short distance ahead Of their
machine. The COW had slipped over the
edge of a cliff. 200 feet above