davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13
WILSON FIGHTS FOR DEMOCRACY
AS RIGHT OF WORLD
NEW YORK HAS MANY
SPECIAL CELEBRATIONS
tBy Associated Press

10y rS6cClhteQ PEeSS
NEW YORK, February l2.-The OBJ
servance of Lincoln's birthday in New
York City was marked by an unusually
large number OF patriotic meetings.
Special celebrations were held in
schools and churches under the aus
piccs of the National Security League.
Cardinal Farley presided at a notable
meeting in st. Patrick's Cathedral
The directors OF the Lincoln Patrio-
tic Army here made tho day An occas-
ION for obtaining enlistments for this
semimtlitnry organization formed re-.
Gently for tho purpose Of "Inspirat ton
and training in practical patriotism and
intelligent citizenship" Men, women
and children are eligible for member
ship.
The Lincoln Patriotic Army was or
ganizcd under the auspices of the Lin
coin Memorial University Cumberland
Gap. Tenn. The campaign for enlist
ment will be nation wide, and will con-
unue throughout the week.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13
OBSERVANCE OF DAY AT
SPRINGFIELD, ILL
Tpy Associated Press.

Thy Assocleted Press.l
SPRINGFIELD. ILL. February 49,
observance OF the birthday Of Abraham
Lincoln. born 100 years ago, took a
more popular turn than for many years
IN Springfield. the last resting place of
the martyred President
Instead Of the exclusive banquet of
former occasions, two ma ss-meetings
were arranged for this afternoon and
tonight in the State arsenal.
This afternoon Addison G. Proctor.
OF st. Joseph. Mich. said to be the only
living delegate to the wigwam conven-
ton which nominated Lincoln for
President in 1860. will tell of the his
'oric gathering. a great chorus OF
children Will sing patriotic airs.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13
NO MARDI GRAs
New Orleans md Mobile Abandon Gus
toms Established Half Gen.

NEW ORLEANS. February 12.-For
the first time since the War Between
the States. New Orleans to-day failed
t. celebrate tho Mardi Gras with the
customary festivities. masking and
parades. Owing TO the war. ali the
merry-making and paEeantry which
formerly characterized tho feto day
were abandoned by the city authorities
and by the various carnival clubs.
The city authorities forbid masking
to-day on the ground that It might
hermit enemies Of tho nation 10 commit
unlawful acts while disguised. All tho
balls and social affairs usually given
during the few months just preceding
Mardi Gras by the carnival organiza-
lions also were dispensed with this
season,
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13

veying them to burial places. Some
bodies were dashed upon the rocks at
the base OF preoipitous cliffs higher
than the Palisades OF the Hudson River.
AZ one point. togty-four bodies were
recovered at tho base Of cliffs which
rose to a height OF 400 feet. making
It impossible to remove them more
than a few yards from tho waters edge.
MILITARY ACTIVITY ON
WESTERN FRONT INCREASES
King George and David Lloyd George,
the British Prime Minister. in addresses
to the British Parliament-tho former
before Joint session OF the House OF
Lords and the House OF Commons
have declared again that in the recent
u,terances OF the spokesman OF the
Teutonic allies there can be found no
basis for a peace which will fulfill the
demands of the demecratio govern
incnts.
Tho addresses Of both the monarch
and his Prime Minister were at one
with President Wilson's speech made
Monday.
CUT TREES PROM FOREST
TO PROVIDE THE CoFFINS
The absence Of timber on the barren
lands out OF which to make collins de-
layed the buria,s anS made il neces-
sary ultimately to bury most of the
bodies OF the men in their uniforms
covered with canvas. Some collins were
provided from trees cut down for the
purpose. but only small proportion
81 the men were -buried In this way.
4 local undertaken at the point
where the sixty bodies were found soon
exhausted his small available supply
Of collins. Thereupon the owner OF a
oiG estate Immediately ordered out all
Of his employees to cut down the only
c.ump of trees within miles in order
TO make collins. This provided twenty
five. No more trees were to be found
on the otherwise barren land. so it was
decided to place the collins at the bot
tom OF great pit and then lay the
bodies of some OF the men in rows on
.op OF them.
Tho overlaycr Of khaki-clad SOL
diers was placed In one great sheet OF
canvss. Another ten bodies were laid
over this row. and SO on, until all were
ready for burial.
AT the point where forty-four bodies
were buried no timber whatsoever was
available, AID all the men hal to De
buried without collins.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13
FLOOD THREATENS ILLINOIS
Thar and Heavy Rain swells River,
md Many Residents Pre-
onrc Elee.

CHICAGO, February I2.-Eastern H.
!inois and Indiana we're to-day facing
food menace, which. II was feared
would reach the proportions Of the
1919 disaster. The thaw and rain
swclied the rivers. and residents OF
many towns were preparing to Zee
their homes.
Among the rivers affected are the
Wabash, Calumet and Kankakee. Gary
fs menaced by the rising OF the Little
Calumet. Near Hammond. Ind. The
Kankakee, Little Calumet and Grand
Calumet are raging torrents. The mats
In Eastern Illinois near Homewood.
Oakglen, Thornton and West Hammond
were under water.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13
BANKERS FAVOR BILL
War Finance Corporation VIII Help
Next Liberty Loan, Says
Rrrfrnp

WASHINGTON. February l,.-Crea
t!cn OF the var finance corporation Will
have Ealutary effect on the mex.
Liberty loan. s. r. Bertron. a New
YORK and Philadelphia banker, to-day
told the Senate Finance Committee
Some such legislation. he eaid. was
necessary 10 carry On the busincss o.
the country.
MT. .bertron told the committee that
he favored an ohlendmen, for selection
y. !oca! committees in each Federal re-
serve district 20 pass on proposed
security issues.
among Eastern bankers, he said
there is "alros, universal approval
OF the bin In general
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13
TO CONFER WITH LEADERS
PresfdeAt Wilson Hns Asked both
Democrats and Republicans to
CoDfkYeurea
conferences.
fPy Annotated Press

--I ~ AItocIhted PreSS.
WASHINGTON. February i2.-Presl-
dent Wilson will begin a series OF
conferences tomorrow with Congress
lsaders-both Republicans and Demo
crats--oh all phases OF war legislation.
For tho hrst time. members OF both
parties are to be taken into the White
House councils In the consideration OF
war legislation. and in this way the
administration expects to smooth out
some Of the difnculties which confront
tho war program.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13
Cool Shortage Near End.

Thy AssociGted Press.
PHILADELPHIA, February 1.-THE
coal famine may end in two weeks
Pennsylvania fuel administration Of
fcials say. Report. from the coal Sec
tons say the railroad movements CT
anthracite and bituminous are nearly
normal and with mild weather likely
to continue. the shipments Of fuel Will
steadily increase.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13
Captain at Twenty-Five y.ur..

tAMF SHERMAN, o, February "a
Captain r. r. klingler to-day holds
the distinction OF being the youngest
captain in camp. Captain Klinger was
,wenty-one when commissioned. and ne
oassed his twentysecond birthday in
August
Captain Klingier commands Jerer-
son County boys IN Company X. Three
Hundred and Thir,y-second Infantry,
ana. although so per cent OF his men
are his senior In years, they all swear
by their youthful cap"
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13
MILITARY BECOMES ACTIVE
ON THE WESTERN FRONT

The military activit, the western
front Is daily increasing in volume.
The patrol encounters are being car
ricd out by larger parties than has
been the case since the hard winter
set In and more zest being added to
the lighting.
Tho British. near Epchy and La
Eassee, have conducted further incur
sions into the enemy positions. in tho
latter region innictinG numerous cas-
ualties on their antagonists. and also
taking prisoners and machine guns.
Likewise, north OF the Ailette River
and In the Wouvre sector the French
have made successful attacks. which
resulted In tho capture OF nearly 800
prisoners. A somewhat ambitious at
Tack by the Germans In the Nerdun
sector was put down by the French
with severe casualties.
Between the Americans and the Ger
mans there Is constant change OF
artillery fire, and the Americans con-
tinue to carry out patrolling mancuvers
toward the enemy trenches. The Ger
mans evidently are anxious TO gauge
tho positions occupied by the Amer
leans, and also TO ascertain the num-
Der of men they are employing, for
daily their aircraft are lowering over
the lines taking photographs and
making observations. Ant!airCratt guns
several times have driven off the
enemy.
GERMANY MAY he PLANNING
HERALDED GENERAL OFFENSIVE
Although the increase IN the actiNi
ties along the entire front in France
and Belgium is noticeable. there is no
Indication yer when the Germans
viii begin their rnvch-he!a!ced genera,
offensive. German captured By the
British says ina: :: least one bis at
;acl: il a.. 10 Ssg.a some tine IN
March. Meanwhile, !zr2e concen:ra-
lions Q: ttett ;:c32s ca!!y are arriving
bsh!nd II. SXs-L.: &.ne and carrying
OF. practice :-s--l.-!e:z.
On ne Italian !.o.t ~. Aus,rans
again hay. s1ces~c-ec 20 ,tet the
strength e: II. italians IL the Se.,e
Comnun. r.s,es- t.cio,. TIE German
va. Or,es sts..;I tt8L TIE Autir!aas
carried 81: rroS, .vcceIs.ul attack
he.e, buy ne !.E!sa o-5c!a! cornnuA.-
cato. tecif.eE III. i.e Auzt.ians'
column were ,e.n - 1,.ces ~ .Ae
Italian s!ti.itr. as they :.:=d % re, in
the southern t.ores O. Monte Sasso
EooEo and oth*- o:E!,ioaE. ana ,hs Of
fensive completely repulted
There was d considerable i:creaN
IN The number q aerial ATTACKS de-
!ivtred b. entente a;r;nen on German
town. in January III all ,h!rty.oa o:
these raids were made. according 70 Z
German official statement. kar!Hruhe
Mannheim. Fr!edrichbhaven. the home
OF the Zeppelin airshjp industry. and
other towns were bombed The sta,e,
men, says the entente los, four air.
planes during these attacks
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13

ing of slackers into the military serv-
leo has begun here under instructions
from Ottawa that strict enforcement Of
the CONSUMPTION act will be the rule
from now OH. Press gangs OF police
have been organized. and every man
who appears Of military age Is being
stopped and questioned. If unable to
prove exemption, he is taken into GUS
tody.
MEMPHIS, TENN, February LIT.
c. Rogers and =. b. Cooley, flying
cadets, were killed at Park Field, the
army aviation camp near Memphis.
when the machines in which they were
making practice flights collided In mid
air late to-day. They were flying at
n height of about $50 feet when the
accident occurred.
AVER, MASS. February 1.-THE APP
pointment OF Major Rhinelander Waldo.
former police commissioner of New
York, as assistant provost marshal
general in France. was announced In
dispatches received to-day at divisional
headquarters at Camp Devens. The ap-
pointment was made by General PERISH
ing.
LONDON, February 12.-Harold AL
fred Vyvyan ST. George Harmsworth.
the heir of Baron Rothermere and a
nephew OF Viscount Northcliffe. died in
London to-day froIl wounds received in
the battle OF Cambria. Lord Rother-
mere's second son was killed in the
battle OF Ancre.
NEW YORK, February 1.-THE King
is dead. Rex, the oldest Hon in cap
tivity. was slain to-day in his cage
In Prospect Park. Brooklyn. Jack
oBricn. the keeper. declared at twenty
nine years Rex was so decrepit that
life was burden to him.
LAKE CHARLES, LA. February Ia
Lieutenant l. +. Plummer, OF New
Rochelle. y. Y, was instantly killed at
Ccrstner Field, the army aviation camp
near here, late to-day when the air
plane In which he was riding fell 100
feet to the ground.
NEW YORK, February faction by
the government is expected to bring
about settlement OF the Strike of
l.0G0 ship carpenters at the Staten
Island ShipbuildnS Company and the
Wallace Dowmey Co. yards. The men
demand an increase in wages to $3.50
Il day.
GRAND RAPIDS. MICH. February
l2.--Circuit Judge Willis L. Perkins
day denied motion of the Chicago
Tribune to dismiss the sl,000.l00 libel
suit brought against the newspaper by
Henry Ford. OF Detroit. Judge Perkins
held that the suit was properly inst:-
tutcd in Grand Rapids
NEW YORK, February l2.-Frederick
W. Galley, eighteen years old, OF
brooklyn. who was with General PERISH
ing's force in France. has been OIL
c!aliy reported missing. \ telegram
to the father confirms press reports to
that effect.
AVER. MASS. February 1.-Two
thousand soldiers from Camp Devens
have been transferred during the last
week 10 Camp Greene. Charlotte. y. c.
Announcement of the movement was
made az division headquarters to-day
upon receipt OF word of The arrival
Of the detnchinents.
NEW YORK, February l2.-The Shu-
beris won an important point to-day
H. their war with Klaw & Erlangcr.
Il was announced that they had moved
10 acquire full hooking privileges in
the attractions Of some OF the larger
producers,
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13
CONGRESS PAYS TRIBUTE
TO L|NC0LN's MEMORY
Senator Lewis Says German Peace
Offers Are Only a Rusc
to Murder.
DEMocRAC1Es HAVE TO FIGHT
Many Patriotic Meetings in Honor
OF the Day at Now fork--IAyo
Celebrations at Springfield, ILL.,,
Resting Place Of President.

WASHINGTON. February 12.--Abra-
ham Llncoln's birthday anniversary
was observed in both houses OF Con-
gress. Senator Lewis. OF Illinois, do
livered n euloEy and In the House.
Representative johnson of Kentucky.
In whose district Lincoln was born. was
called to the chair to preside. while
Representative Russell, OF Missouri
read the Gettysburg address.
Germany's war lords were scathing
~ denounced and Americans urged TO
fight for "the democracy implanted by
Lincoln and advanced by Wilson" by
Senator Lewis. The German peace Of
fers were declared to be only "a ruse
TO murder"
Struggles Of the worlds democracles
to retain their liberty were recounted
by Senator Lewis. quoting tho German
poet. Goethe. that those who have
liberty must fight to keep It." He re-
ferred to President Lincoln as "the
apostle OF the liberty Of man, and the
standardbearer of the democracy of the
world" This nations progress and
freedom. he declared. is the worlds in
splratton for republican government.
mo democracy was ever founded"
he said. that did not have to fight TO
continue its existence or maintain it's
Ideals.
From the envy OF our situation, from
Jealousy OF our progress, hatred was
aroused In the hearts of others. Ameri-
cas- institutions OF freedom. inspiring
mankind to her example. infamed the
souls of the royal rulers of Prussia
with fear and inspired them to the war
OF destruction OF all that America
stood for and was living for. This to
them was necessary that they might
avoid American influence upon the
hearts of the libertyloving German
people
WILSON FIGHTS FOR DEMOCRACY
AS RIGHT OF WORLD
It has been charged, Senator Lewis
said. tina; America under President
Wilson. would continue WAT to force
governments and people of foreign
lands TO take our form of government"
This he denied. asserting the Presi-
dent lights for democracy as "A right
Of the whole world"
The promise of President Wilson 10
make the world safe for democracy
he added, lis no threat to make the
world take democracy. 1t is but the
assurance Of the effort to give TO the
world It's chance to take democracy"
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13
Army Trucks ON Long Trip.

II3y Ns6OCIated Press.l
BUFFALO,. y. Y, February 49,.
SiSty-threo motor trucks. in charge Of
army engineers. and carrying war sup
plies. loft here this morning for New
York. a further development OF motor
truck transportation OF army supplies
To the seaboard will depend on the sue
cess OF the trip. Weather conditions
are unfarorable, many country roads
being flooded.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13
WILLIAM GOING TO SPA
Gernnn Emperor VIII Make Head.
quarters MT Belgian Water
Ing PIncc.
iBy Associated Presa)

iBy Associated Presa)
l|oHDcH, February l2-EHperor
williams personal headquarters are TO
be transferred 10 Spa, the Belgia n
watering place near the German from
tier, according TO statements IN the
German press. says tho Exchange Te!e-
graph correspondent at Amsterdam.
The Emperor expects 10 take the euro
there for short time, Il is said.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13
SOUTHWEST STORM COMING
Weather Bureau Issues Warming for
Const From Norfolk to
EnHfuOrf.
IBy Associated Pross.l
EAhr,,nr,, 30

WASHINGTON. February i2.-South-
west storm warnings for tho Atlantic
coast from Norfolk to Boston. and
southeast storm warnings from Marble
head to Eastport. were issued this at
ternoon by tho Weather Bureau.
Strong southwest winds tonight. be-
coming westerly Wednesday morning.
are indicated.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13
Bristol Mnn killed In Action.

OTTAWA, February 12.-E. Grant.
OF Brihtol. Tenn. has been killed In
action. according to to-days Canadian
casualty list
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13
FIRE WRECKS MINE
Declared Dlaae In indianapolis Conl
Field wns OF Inccndiury
ORIGIN.
tBy Associated Presa.1

iGRfE HAUTE, IND, February 12'
Mine No. 8, OF the jackson Hill Coal
ana Coke Company. practically was de-.
stroyed by fire to-day. Tho fire Ia de.
ciarea ny j. G. kolsem, general man
aeer or tho company. to have been of
'hcehalary origin. This was the third,
mine tippie In this coal district de-
stroyeo oy IRE this winter. each blaze
having necn OF inceudiary origin. mine
officials say.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13
SUMMONS ANOTHER SESSION
OF IMPERIAL WAR CABINET

II have summoned representatives OF
my dominions and my Indian empire to
further session OF the imperial war
cabinet in order that I may again re-
ceive their advice on questions Of
moment affecting the common interests
OF the empire.
Gentltmen of the House OF Com
mons, you will be asked to make suit
able provisions for the requirements Of
the combatant services and for tho
stability OF our national finance.
my lords and gentlemen, tho strug-
gle In which We are engaged has
reached a critical stage which demands
more than ever our united energies and
resources. I confidently commend to
your patriotism the measures which
viii be submitted to you and pray
that the Almighty may bestow His
blessing on your labors."
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13
KING GEORGE SAYS FIGHT
HAS REACHED BIC CRISIS
Tells Parliament 1t Is Duty OF
Great Britain to Con-
tinue War.
GERMANY IGNORES JUSTICE
Representatives of India and Over
sea Dominions VIII Attend SEES
sion Of Imperial Cabfnet-Strug-
gle Demands United Energies.
TBy Associated Press. ]

BY ASSOCIATED Prcdh]
LONDON, February 12.--1n his speech
at the opening OF Parliament to-day.
King George said the struggle had
reached critical stage which de-
manded moro than ever tho full use Of
the country's energies and resources.
Until recognition Is offered of the
only principles upon which an honora-
BILE peace can be concluded, tho King
declared, II Is tho duty OF the British
TO prosecute the war with all the visor
they possess.
Following Is the Kings speech:
MY Lords and Gentlemen:
The necessities of war render IL I'M
perative for me, after but a brief in
terval. to summon you again to your
deliberations. Tho aims for which ]
and my allies are contending were re-
Gently set forth by my government in
statement which received the en-
phatic approval CT my peoples through
out the empire, and provided a fir
basis for settlement OF the prescn,
struggle and re-establishmcnt OF M
tional rights and International peace
In tho future.
MUST CONTINUE TO FIGHT UNTIL.
HONORABLE PEACE IS POSSIBLE
"The German government has. how
ever. ignored our just demands that /,
should make restitution for the wrongs
1t has committed, and furnish guaran-
tees against their unprovokcd repeti-
ton. Its spokesman refuse any oh:i-
cations for themselves while denying
riGhtful liberties OF others. Until n
recognition Is offered OF the only prin-
ciples on which an honorable peace can
be concluded 1t is our duty to prosecute
tho war with all the vigor we possess
Il have full confidence that my
forces In the field. In close co-opera-
ton with those of my faithful allies
will continue to display the same heroic
courage and my people at home the
same unselfish devotion, that have al
ready frustrated SO many OF the
encmy's designs and will insure the
ultimate triumph OF the righteous
cause.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13

AVER, MASS. February 1.-THE APP
pointment of Major Rhinelander Waldo,
former police commissioner OF New
York, as assistant provost marshal
general in France, was announced In
dispatches received to-day at divisional
headquarters at Camp Devens. The ap-
pointment was made by General PERISH
ing.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13

NEW YORK, February l2.-The Shu-
beris won an important point to-day
H. their war with Klaw & Erlangcr.
Il was announced that they had moved
10 acquire full hooking privileges in
the attractions OF some OF the larger
PRODUCERS
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13

LONDON, February l2.-Harold AL
fred Vyvyan st. George Harmsworth
the heir of Baron Rothermere and q
nephew OF Eiscount Northcliffe. died iT
London day from wounds received IL
the battle OF Cambria. Lord Rother
meres second son was killed in tht
battle OF AnCre.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13

AVER. MASS. February 1.-Two
thousand soldiers from Camp Devens
have been transferred during the last
week 10 Camp Greene, Charlotte. y. G.
Announcement OF the movement was
made al division headquarters to-day
upon receipt OF word of the arrival
Of the detnchnents.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13

MEMPHIS, TENN, February 1T.
e. Rogers and =. Il. Cooley. flying
cadets, were killed at Park Field. the
army aviation camp near Memphis.
when the machines in which they were
making practice flights cOllided In mid
air late to-day. They were flying at
a height of about $50 feet when the
occurred.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13

NEW YORK, February l2.-Frederick
W. Galley, eighteen years old. OF
brooklyn, who was with General Perish
ing's force in France. has been OIL
c!ally reported missing. \ telegram
that effect.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13

NEW YORK, February 1.-THE King
is dead Rex, the Oldest Hon in cap
tivity. was slain to-day in his cage
In Prospect Park, Brooklyn. Jack
o'Bricn. the keeper. declared at twenty
nine years Rex was so decrepit that
life was a burden to him.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13

LAKE CHARLES, LA, February r.
Lieutenant l. +. Plummer, OF New
Rochelle. y. y, was instantly killed at
Cicrstner Field, the army aviation camp
near here, late to-day when the air
plane In which he was riding fell lo0
feet to the ground.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1918-02-13
Important Neu,s
Quickly Told
Eucnts From Various Sources
Reduced to Minimum,
Space.

MONTREAL, February 12.-Impress
ing of slackers into the military serv-
leo has begun here under instructions
from Ottawa that strict enforcement Of
the CONSUMPTION act will be the rule
from now OH. Press gangs OF police
have been organized. and every man
who appears Of military age Is being
stopped and questioned. If unable to
prove exemption, he is taken into Gus
todN.