davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1918-09-13
WILL PROTECT.
CITY FROM ANY.
DAMAGE SUIT 6.
Council Asks Statement
Showing Order To Prohibit
Laying OF Walks
ORDINANCE REGULATING
USE OF STREETS READ
Cemetery Workers Get
Raise; Council Meets Al
ter Five Weeks Recess

AS means of protecting the city
against any damage suits which
might result from some persons sUs.
tanning injuries along the unpaved
portion of West Vine street in front
Of the William Baker property, the
city council on Monday evening in
structed Service Director Brecce to
secure from W. II. West, contractor
a statement in writing that the lat
ter had received orders from the gov
ernment, on starting the sidewalk, to
the effect that no sidewalks should be
laid during the war, automatically
resembling the councils order for
sidewalk.
II Is considered that as this place
is dangerous spot for pedestrians
and such action on the part of the
service director is the only manner in
which damage suit could be avert
ed.
This is The first time the council
has met for five weeks and one new
ordinance was brought up. II pro-
vided that u fine not to exceed $2J be
imposed on anyone driving IA motor
or horse-drawn vehicle who parks his
vehicle within 15 feet of Il freplug,
who runs his motor vehicle with the
cut-out open or who !grIs around in
city street without first going to
the intersection for that purpose
After three readings, the ordinance
was referred to the ordinance com
mittee.
Following the introduction of the
subject by DR.. II. G.. Larimorc and a
few words on it by Prof G.. E. Welsh,
manager of the Mt. Vernon hospital,
the matter of having a sidewalk laid
from Mulberry street to the hospital
Twas referred ro the finance commit.
| teee The matter of securing material
and the sanction OF the government
for the laying of the walk was refer
red to Dr. +. G. Lpriinore and Ser.
vice Director Breeze.
Safety Director I'addis explained
at this meeting that the patrol trucl,
was in need of five new tires and sug
gested that they be bought OF tho
truck disposed of for a. lighter vehicle
for the same purpose. This matter
was referred to the fire committee.
After Charles t'rederlcks, in charge
of the cemetery, had reminded the
council that the cemetery was self
sustaining, that the laborers were
leaving him for places where more
money was paid, but that the appro
priation Tor the last half of the iisca
year of 1913 would only permit an ex
penditurc of 33 l-3 cents an hour fo
labor, Councilman Auskings moved
that beginning Sept, /, 1918, the Gem
etery laborers be paid at the rate o
A 30 cents an hour, making thei
wages $i day for nine hours work
with the provision that their back pa.
be given them at the first of January
1919
The estimating board for the as
sessing of property holders on WoOs
ter avenue for the Wooster avcnu
paving made a report to council whic
was accepted. The board consiste
of George Lepley, Riley Moore an
William Appleton, Sr.
At the conclusion of business, tn
councilmen passed favoarbly on a mt
ton to adjourn for two weeks.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1918-09-13
LIFE AT GORDON is
FINE, SAYS RUSSELL

In a letter written to the local draft
board. Hoy l.. Russell, who went to
Camp Gordon, Ga, several weeks ago
with Robert Severns and Charles My
ers to enter the central officers train
ing school, says that there is nothing
better, to his mind, than The life at
Camp Gordon. Russell added that he
and the other men were working from
s a. m. to 8 p. m. to becomc>officers in
four months.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1918-09-13
DE|N|sON GETS N|NE
Seven Boys And Two Girls
Go To College AT
Granville

Since the advent of the Students
Army Training Corps into Ohio col
leges many young men will leave this
community TO attend some college or
university this year The following
boys went TO Denison university on
"Wednesday; Carol Benoy, Philip
Dye, Ralph Hedges, Henry Levy. Bur
CESS Cochran, Kenneth Masteller and
Robert Simpson.
Two girls, the Misses Doris Woot-
ton and Mildred Dye, also enrolled at
Denison on "Wednesday.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1918-09-13
MEN TO REGISTER In
CLINTON B, ATTENTION

Announcement was made Tuesda,
that those registering on Sept. ~ In
Clinton B will 20 to Baldwin u Peter
sons grocery on the Columbus road,
instead of across the street from the
grocery, the regular voting place.
Owners of the grocery stated that
they have made platform inf their
store and are ready to accommodate
the registrants.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1918-09-13
SCHOOL HEADS ARE
BEING KEPT BUSY

That they are actually Hooded with
interviews concerning the Students
Army Training Corps at Ohio col,
leges by young men desiring to know
whether the credits they received
while IN high school are sufficient to
permit them to enter IL the announce.
ment OF Supt. oi Schools Iemer and
Principal w. +. iiimer of the high
school.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1918-09-13
LIST OF EXECUTIONS
INCLUDES NAMES OF
BRITISH DIPLOMATS

BY Associated Press to The Banner1
LONDON, Sept. liza list of 81
persons recently executed in Moscow
includes the names of several former
cabinet members, ministers who
served during the reign of the late
Emperor Nicholas.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1918-09-13
sHERIFF's SALE


l.. Dcnncy. Guard. -
VS.. WlU0H
Howard M. Kinc, ct al.
Knox Common Pleas
BY virtue Of Order of Sale issued out OF
the Court OF Common Pleas Of Knox
County, Ohio and to ME directed. viii
offer for sale ut The door of the Court
House, in Mt. Vernon. Knox County,
on the
21st day of September, 1918
between the hours of p. IN. and pm.
of said day. the following described lands
and tencmcntS, to-wit:
Situate IN the Township of Jackson,
County of Knox and state of Ohio. and
more particularly bounded and described
as follows. to-wit: Being the Northwest
Quarter of Section U7) seventeen, Town
ship Five. Range Nine. United States
Military Lands. except a portion thereof
heretofore conveyed to George Mckee
and Amos Green. said tract contained
about cighty-onc acres more or less. The
above described real-estatc is located on
the Bladcnsburc and Mt. Zion Road about
two miles southeast of Bladcnsburg mile
from the Mt. Zion Church i'm Jackson
Township.
Appraised at $1,000.
TERMS or SALE: CASH.
: WALTER y. MOSiiOLDER.
Sheriff Knox County, Ohio
Harry w. konns, Attorney for Plaintiff
e-iH. 23.3O 9-6 13S
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1918-09-13

FOR RENT-Safety deposit boxes
for valuable papers. The Knox Saw
ings and Loan association, northwest
corner Main and Vine streets, Mt.
Vernon, Ohio. WTtf F"tf
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1918-09-13

Paul Kirk and family returned to
Pittsburgh, Pa, Wednesday after
spending two weeks here on business.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1918-09-13

Mrs. Barbara Carle returned to Co.
lumbus Tuesday after visiting rela.
tives here. - '7f'' '-'-''
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1918-09-13

WANTED Women for telephone
operators. Pleasant work, healthy
surroundings, short hours. Perma-
nent occupation in an essential busl-
ness. The Mt Vernon Telephone Co.
XII X13*
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1918-09-13
21st day of September, 1918

of said day. the following described real
estate, to-wit:
state of Ohio. and In the Township Of
Miller and bounded and described as fol-
lows; Being Lot Number nineteen uD
ship and Thirteenth u3) Range. United
States Military Lands in said Knox Co,m-
ty. estimated to contain One Hundred
uo0) Acres.
Save and except the following described
promises being part of lot number nine
teen, IN the Inird Quarter, Fifth Town
ship. and Thirteenth Range, L.. $. Mil
'tary Lands, and bounded and described
as follows:
Commencing at the southwest corner of
ihe above described. tract and running
Of 100 feet thence North parallel with
the East line of said tract q. feet and Q
inches THENCE East parallel with tho
East line of said land; thence South along
The East line of said tract 272 feet and
inches to the place of beginning, estimat-
ell 10 contain one % ucrc
The premises hereby conveyed coutain
lnS ninety -hne tID acres more or less.
fhe premises above described being the
same premises that Caroline Thompson.
et al, conveyed to Nelson r. Davidson bv
tneir deed dated Dee. 16, l9i2 recorded in
,nol ~ page l6i. Knox County Deed
% hecorus, reference to which Is had for
greater certainty, of description. tIiis CON
NeSance also includes premises by Virtue
or her being one of the heirs at law of
Lewis Lew, ~ H. THOMPSON, deceased. the said
Dora L. Davidson not being one OF the
s'Gners OF the deed above referred TO.
me ABOVE described real estate was an
praised by three disinterested freeloIders
anu residents OF The County of Knox and
The state of Ohio. the same being an
praised at $64i5.OO "P
The above described real estate ap.
praised SUBJECT to the Mortgage of s3,su
given to Nelson II. Davidson
Ine above described tract of land Is 10.
Corners or about | mile north oc Tho
Licking County line NV
e., ,a,ppraisenlent less Mortgage OF $1,000 is
TERMS or SALE: CASH.
WALTER b. MOSHOLDER
/, Sheriff Knox County, Ohio.
=; ic 30 .; 80 Graham, Attorney for PIaintiff,
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1918-09-13

Mrs. Walter Mosholder spent We'd
nesday In Columbus.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1918-09-13

FOR SALE-A number of wood
and iron gulloys of different sizes,
Two sets of cone pulleys, several
lengths of line shaftlng, different
sizes, and hangers. Call at Banns'
Office tt Il
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1918-09-13

WANTED To buy good corn and
wheat farm near Mt. Vernon. Eli p.
Frost. Belmont, Ohio. X0 xl3"
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1918-09-13

FOR SALE-Potat0 onions for fall
planting. Citizens 2O40-K. Xl3 Xl3*
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1918-09-13
Wanted, For Sale, &c

WANTlID-To rent farm on
shares. Citizens phone 203O-J, If IT,
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1918-09-13

FOR SALE-Farm, SO acres; also
73-acre tract. c X. Salisbury,
swift F#H
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1918-09-13

FOR SALE One pure-bred lamp
shire ram, two years Old; also two
Fredcricktown exchange. ID. ID. Raw
lns. x9 xl3"
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1918-09-13

FOR SALE-A number OF ends of
Of newspaper rolls. suitable for BAH
quet table coverings, etc. Banner
office. Il
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1918-09-13

BANNER CLASSIFIED ADS. PAY
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1918-09-13
SHERIFF's SALE
Edward Z. LutemaII.

Edward i. Luteman,
vs..
james /. Mccullough, ct AL
Knox Common Pleas
by virtue of Vcndi. ExpOnas issued out
of the Court of Common Pleas OF Knox
County. Ohio. and TO me directed, I will
offer for sale at the door of the Court
House, in Mount Vernon, Knox County,
on the
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-08-22
ALIBI PROVED FOR PRETzEL
Going Far Back Into Ancient History,
II Can Be Proved That II Was
Not Of German Origin.

Now comes the lowly pretzel before
the bar Of public opinion in a valorous
attempt to remove the stigma of Ger
man origin. II has delved deep into
ancient history to prove its aiibi and
upon the face of the evidence pre-
sented Il has made out reasonable
case for itself Indignantly does the
pretzel deny that it sprang from un-
hallowed association with German
beer; that use it declares is a desc
Grafton Of its originally high birth, a
degradation characteristicnlly Teu-
tonic. The pretzel insists that it Is
inherently baked prayer, for in the
early day Of the Christian church the
pretzel was used almost exclusively
rs a reward of merit given by priest
to children for learning their prayers.
In the mouaSteries of the middle ages
the pretzel was considered "A rare del
icacy. and during lent ii was the usual
aims offering. Furthermore the very
crOokednesS Of the pret2e is a crush
ing argument against its calumniators,
for 1t represents the arms folded in
prayer. Thus stands the case for the
sanctity of the humble pretzel.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-08-22
TOWN HAS HISTORIC PAST
iIfraeombe, Popular English Summer
Resort, Has Been Well Known
Through Many Centuries.

Ilfracombe Is rapidly becoming popu.
lar as summer resort-or, us the Eng.
fish call it, watering place. 1t Is set
on steep hillside. surrounded by "the
seven hills" Oh the beautiful Devon.
shire coast. From the near town Of
Hillsborough Ilfracombe shows mass
CT white cottages, clinging desperately
to the hillside to keep from tumbing
into the Atlantic ocean.
Many people think that Ifracombe
is a modern town, in spite Of its quaint
ness, because II has such an up-to-date
air But Ifracombe is a skillfuIly cam
ouflaged antique, having been a harbor
Of some note way back In the twelfth
century. This attractive toWnlct has
been inflicted with great variety of
jaw-breaking names during the cen
turtles Of its existence. It's names
range all the way from Aelfringcombe
and Ifordscombe to AlfrpdScOmhe,
and. at last, Ilfracombe. But the good
folk round about Ilfracombe just call
It Connie.
III 1914 Ilfracombe was one of the
AZ English ports that sent representa-
tiv's to the council Of shipping, and in
1916 It was captured by Fairfax. They
say there were some hot skirmShes at
that time In what is now known MS
"Bloody Meadow" Some cannon balls
of that period found here corroborate
this tale.
In these olden days wrecks near r.
fracombe were frequent. and pearls
and other valuable treasures Of the IN
dies were often sold to advantage by
the fisher folk to merchants in neigh
boring towns.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-08-22
House Oldest in America.

Tradition. indorSed by the press
and the testimony of the oldest in
hahitants, gives authority to the state
ment that the oldest house, No. 04
North st. George street, st. Augustine,
Fla, is really the oldest house In
America. Built by the Dons in medic
val times G5S9) on the oldest street
Of what was the site of the Indian vii
lage of Seloe, whose chief was Folio
mato, this ancient house has never
been remodeled or modernized,
The architecture is Of Moorish de-
sign, antedating the Spanish. With its
coquina-terrace floors. round carved
pillars in the patio, mahogany stair
way. hewn red cedar tlmhers, all
pegged together, secret closets and
other substantiating hallmarks, II is
unlike any other house in st, Angus
tine, and is truly one Of the sights OF
the ancient city,
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-08-22
SUPREME IN INSECT MIMICRY
Really Wonderful Act Of Caterpillar
Shows Natures Protection
Thrown Around lnnocents.

l witnessed quaint little scene
on a blackthorn bush in Eppng forest
a day or two ago, writes az. F." in
Manchester (Eng.) Guardian. 1t is
well known that many species of cat
erpiliars so closely resemble the
brown, harked stems, while others, be
Ing green, fix themselves to the new
green stems Of the current years
growth.
Among the blaCkthorn twigs ! oh.
served one young member of the dark
er species sticking out, rigid and mo-
tionless, at the orthodox angle of A.
degrees. from apparently young
green shoot. On closer examination
discovered that the young green shoot
was itself caterpillar sticking out at
an angle Of 45 degrees.
What had happened was obvious
The disguise of the green caterpillar
was so perfect that even another cater.
plllar-itself master In the art of
tWig imltatlon--had palpably been
completely deceived and mistaken the
green caterpillar for a twig. Surely
this Is a triumph of insect mimicry.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-08-22
IN MATTERS OF EDUCATION
Question Where Authority for the
Proper Conduct Of Operations
Should Be Rightly Placed.

Fundamentally the determining fac
tor in educational administration be-
comes. today one of finance. The
school superintendent declare them
selves unable to raise more money To-
cally than Is already furnished. The
whole question Of educational finance
In relation to local taxation has not yet
been adequately considered TO deter
mine the validity Of such statements.
Without going further into this prob
lem an agitation has been begun for
securing aid from the federal govern
mcnt. II Is argued that the federal nu-
thority today is In better position for
levying taxes than Is the local author
ity, that the nation as a whole is like
~ to suffer unless national measures
are adopted for combating illiteracy,
Amerlcanizlng the Immigrant, and i'm
proving the physique Of the citizens,
and finally that teachers may now be
regarded as performing service Of ma.
tional importance-New Republic.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-08-22
Ideal Friendship.

nsincerity may fascinate--but 1t is
not lovahle. Only honesty and direct
ness of dealing can win lasting at
tachment. Artificial folk are desper-
ately afraid of the plcturesquely I'M
conventional actions that they think
will make them ridiculous. They are
so stiff and starched in their unman-
nerlness that they are hopelessly I'M
Interesting. Stlcklers for etiquette
and for the obseryances of all the mi
nor canons of good form, they find SO
many petty, silly rules to follow that
they have no time to give rein to large
and generous impulses. A personality
that makes itself count ardcntly and
lastlngly In other lives and for the
worlds well being is too high for spite,
too noble for mean. small WAYS, too
genuine for intrigue and innuendo and
too faithful tn sacrifice a friend.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-08-22
SEA BUFFALO GOOD EATING"
Other Things Beside the Beefsteak,
to Which the Nation Is Attached,
May Be Made of Use.

Sirloin Of sea buffalo is much es.
teemed in San Francisco and other
Pacific coast cities, where meat of this
highly valued animal Is coming to mar.
ket in such quantities as TO lower the
cost Of living by keeping down the
price Of beef and mutton.
Sea cows and sea horses have long
been Familiarity known, but most folks
would confess themselves unacquaintr
ed with the sea buffalo. If they saw
one, they would call It whale; and
no wonder, for that is the sea buf.
falos other name.
Some people might be preiudlced
against eating whale meat, but sea
buffalo steak sounds good. II Is good
quite equal, in fact. to the best beef.
steak, and hardly distinguishable from
the latter. In the market sea buffalo
tenderloln homeless "tilptO costs only
Is cents a pound; other cuts are
cheaper.
The gray whale Common in Pacific
waters) furnishes most of the meat.
A G0-foot specimen will weld as much
butchers material as 10 head of cattle.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-08-22
A Considerable Amount.

A certain little village in the West
stands some distance from the near
est good supply Of pure water, and
Patrick Is the man who transports bar
rels Of drinking water to the homes of
the village.
One day, says Chicago Herald,
as Patrick halted at the top of the
river bank, a man famous for his in
quisitive mind stopped and asked:
allow long have you hauled water
for the village, my good man?"
"Tin years, sor,"
"Ah how many loads do you take In
day."
"Trom tin TO fifteen, sor?"
"Ah yes! Now. have problem
for you. How much water Mt this rate
have YOU hauled In all?'
The driver of the water cart jerked
his thumb backward toward the river
and replied:
"All the water yez don't see there
now, sor."
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-08-22
Can shyness Be Cured?

What is the remedy for shyncSS?
What is the shy man to do in order
that he may be shy no longer?
The remedy is simple, and is 10 be
found by consideration of the cause.
The shy person is shy in the presence
of strangers only. Let him have no
opportunity Of meeting strangers. and
let the opportunity be- abolished not
by abolition IF the meetings. hut by
abolition Of the Strangenc~S. In other
words, shy persons are those who in
early life had not practice and uo ex-
perience In meeting strangers. and 50
having the attention Of strangers di-
rected 10 them and attracted to them.
If the meeting with strangers becomes
customary 1t loses its strungenesS.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-08-22
NO LOBSTER AT THAT MEAL
Good and Distinct Reason Why Man
Took His Dinner From the Hum
bic Sardine Tin.

A friend Of mine is very fond Of lob
ster. hut. like many men, has no idea
how such food is prepared. His wife
had occasion To be absent from home
one day last week. and she told the
servant girl to brOil lobster for my
friends dinner. She left note. telling
her husband Of the treat she had pro-
vided for him, and requesting him not
10 wait dinner for her. He was quite
hungry when he reached home and. af-
ter regarding the note, said to the SER
want.
rs that lobster ready?"
"No, sir, 1t isn't" said the girl.
swell, hurry up with ii. I'm as hun
cry us bear" said he.
Il can't. sir" said the girl. "The
mistress said to brOil the lobster, and
| got him on the gridiron after dale
of fuss. The more.I poked the fire the
more he walked of, and | thought the
basic WAS haunted and no good would
come from cooking straddle bug like
that"
What did you do with it?" said my
friend, getting mad.
Faith, the last | saw of him he was
going out the back door with his tail
up, like the maniac he was"
He had sardines for d!nner.-London
Mail.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-08-22
Pitt a Spendthrlft.

The complaint that many OF our
statesmen will not themselves set the
fashion in economical living in war
time Is not a new one. Pitt, who
preached economy and forced it on the
people, was himself a notorious spend
thrift.
For long time twhile warden OF
the Cirque ports) his income was tl0-
600 a year, and it never fell below 49,
600. Yet he was always hard up, and
when he died the nation, in the throes
of a great war. had to find some f4O,-
600 to satisfy his creditors.
Examinations of Pitts household
UNDERESTIMATE from time to time at
his own requost--showed such items
as a hundrcdwcight Of butchers meat
consumed in a single wcck-or, more
accurately, charged to Pitts account.
london Chronicle.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-08-22
SHERIDAN COBBLER
DIES AT HOSPITAL

John J Rasmussen. aged 81 years.
one OF the best known residents OF
Sheridan died this morning at Ry-
burn Memorial hospital in this city
after a short Illness from uFrmia. The
decedent had been m failing health
tor the past year but was olly rtriek-
IN with his fatal Illness few day4
ago. He was brought 10 RyburH Hos
pltal yesterday. was IN a very critical
stare. but never regaincd conscious
ness after his arrival there.
Mr. Rasmussen was born in BerWIn,
Norway. and came To the United
states when a very young man. SCI,
Ting in Chicago. Forty years ago h
removed TO Sheridan where he has
since resided. and followed the pro
fession of a cobbler. He was the own
or of the Rasmussen Block. one of tho
largest and best store buildings II
Sheridan. which burned recently a,
the Sheridan fire.
Surviving he leaves two daughters
Mrs. c. 4. Newman. of Rockford and
Miss Jennie Rasmussen, of Sheridan
The funeral service will be held on
SATURDAY afternoon at the family
home In Sheridan. and burial will be
made beside the deceden's wife. ~
the family lot in the Sheridan GENE
terry.
Free trader-journal. (Ottawa, Ill.) 1916-1920, 1918-08-22
First Quakers.

The first Quakers to land on Ameri-
can soil were Mary Fisher and Ann
Austin, who reached Boston in 1856
after long voyage from England by
way of the West Indian island Of Bar
bados. The two women caused great
CONSERVATION to the Purltnns, and
George Bishop in an address to the
magistrates, said:
"rwo women arriving In your har-
Dor so shock We, TO the everlasting
shame Of you and Of your established
order. as If formidable army had in
yadod your borders
The Quaker sect, or Society of
Friends. was founded by Fox In 1913,
about eight years before the first mem
bers reached America on July II. 1856.
Later George Fox visited America.
The part played by William Penn and
other Quakers in the early history OF
PENNSYLVANIA and New Jersey Is fa.
miliur to all students of history.