davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-03-09
ALL BISMARCK /.
TO HONOR ITS
SOLDIER DEAD
General Participation Of Citizens
Assured for Spetz Mem.
orial Sunday -.
.s ~ .-," sg ~ - ,.,y Sf@t tEtt
POSTLETHWAITE PRESIDEs

All Bismarck will unite at the Audi
torium tomorrow afternoon in honor
ing the memory OF the Capital City's
first soldier dead in what promises to
be the most impressive services ever
held here. 1t is certain that the big
Auditorium will be we'll filled with
fellow townsmen of Private Lloyd
Spetz of Co. A, 164th u. S. infantry,
the first Bismarck boy to Lay down
his life in the cause of his country.
The Bismarck Trioune's Associated
Press dispatches carried the first ad.
vices OF Private Spetzs death in an
official announcement from the war
department Wednesday morning Pri-
vate advices came to Mrs. Ann Gradin,
mother OF the martyred boy, at the
same time. -, =, A[ T. "
Rev. H. C. Postlethwaite, pastor OF
the FIRST Presbyterian church, ana
who is in charge of the Sunday mem
orial for Private Spetz today an
nounced the following program for
he services, which will begin>at 8: 80:
Opening number, America" the
congregation joining. +
Invocation-Rev. L. R. Call, acting.
pastor First Baptist church. ~. '.'
Crossing the Lar" Tennyson.
Scripture reading. ".
Prayer-Rev w. ]. Hutcheson, Nc
Cabe Methodist Episcopal church.
Keep the Home Fires Eurning"-
henry Halvorson. !.
Memorial Address = Rev. H. C.
Postlethwaite, pastor First Presbyter-
ian church. n.
Anthem-"He Shall Come Down
Like RAIN Dudley Buck -,
Closing number, The Star Spangled
Banner" t-.
F. Benediction. Rev. Geo. Buzzelle.
Governor Lynn ]. Frazier and Hon.
A. W.. Lucas, president of the Bis
marck city commission, will occupy
he stage with the officiating clergy.
men. t"' 81 %}>>E -
The Bismarck Home Guard. under
orders from Capt. Y. G. Wannsr, will
attend the memorial in a BODY, as.
sembling at the state ar1morys and
marching to the Auditorium, in full
uniform and with their arms. A guard
or honor will be provided to escort
Mrs. Anna Gradin from her home to
he Auditorium. IS NJ g
Ageneral invitation, is extended the
public to attend and: evidence It's
appreciation of the supreme sacrifice
made by one of Bismarcks scores OF
brave soldier boys who are now on
he fighting front in France,
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-03-09
HENEY SUFFERS
REYERSB;CAN'T
SEARCH FILES F !:
U. S. District Court Of Appeals
Rules Against Trade
" Commission
BASED ON TECHNICALITIES

Chicago, ILL.,, March 9.-The United
States circuit court OF appeals today
quashed the search warrant issued by
Judge Lands to permit examination
of the letter files in the office of Henry
Veeder, counsel for Swift & Co. by the
government. The decision was with
out bar to further proceedings
The search warrant was sworn out
ny Francis J. Heney, attorney for the
federal trade commission, which Is
conducting a sweeping investigation
OF the packing industry. 1t was said
that the reversal was based on tech
nical errors in certain of the Heney
affidavits. '..
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-03-09
HALF AN INCH (
OF WATER IN Z:
HEAVY SNOW
Friday Evenings Storm will
Prove rop.Maker for Slope
Territory ,.....

Last nights snow, aggregating sev.
en- inches, the heaviest fall of the esea.
son, will reduce to AZ of an inch of
water, and will be worth millions to
the Slope as a crop-maker, reports
Observer o. W. Roberts,i In charge of
the United States weather service for
North Dakota. ats,2
"The warm weather Of the last
week took much of the. frost out Of
the ground, and this snow will soak
in, as it melts," said the government
meterologist Warmer weather Is
coming tomorrow, and the ground will
rapidlyy absorb this moisture"
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-03-09
NAMES.
new BOARD OF
DEFENSE BODY
Only Two Members of Former
Executive Committee Re-
tained by Governor

Governor Lynn J. Frazier today
named his executive board for the
North Dakota defense council, as pro
vided by an act passed in the closing
hours Of the recent special session
as follows:
First judicial district-William Eng
lish, Grand Forks.
Second-Carl Nelson. Cando.
Third Thomas Allen Box, Cassel
ION. '-.
Fourth--C. H. Rony. Oakes.
Fifth-K. S. Ramset, Fingal.
! Sixth-R. J. Montgomery, Tappen.
SEVENTH. J. Nielsen, Hoople.
:Eighth-Dorr Carroll, Minot.
Ninth-Charles d. Backeberg, Bot
tineau. ....
Tenth-Dr. V. H. Stickney, Dickin
son.
Eleventh-M. S. Higgins, Banks.
Twelve - Charles M. Whitmer
Yucca.
The governor, as ex officio chairman
of the board, has called an executive
meeting for March IA, at the capitol
when a secretary and vice chairman
viii be named. The fourteenth mem
Der Of the executive committee is
Attorney General William S. LANCER
OF the original board of directors OF
the state defense council, Governor
Frazier has retained out two members
--Dr. V. H. Stickney of Dickinson and
DOrr Carroll of ;Minot. -..
r. o. Hellstrom Of Bismarck is the
present executive secretary Of the
board, and Dorr Carroll Of 'Minot was
chairman. ...-.-g
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-03-09
PRESIDENT IN
APPEAL URGES
TRUCK-RAISlNG
Asks Bureau of Education to
Stimulate City Farming
Among the Children
TO PRODUCE $5Oo,ooo,ooo
Chief Executive Believes Riddles
Can Do Much to Help Feed ~
Our Country

Washington, D. c., Mar.
9.-President Wilson in a
letter to Secretary Lane ex.
presses the hope that "every
school will have a regiment
in the volunteer war garden
army"-the army of school
children that it is estimated
may raise this year produce
valued at $780, 1000, 900.
The presidents letter said
in !, part:
may be successful through
the bureau of education in
arousing the interest of
teachers and children in the
schools of the U. S. and in
the cultivation of home gar
dens. Every boy and girl
who really sees what the
home garden may mean,
will, l am sure, enter into
the purpose with high spir-
its because l am sure they
would all like to feel that
they are in fact fighting in
France by joining the home
garden army"
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-03-09
BIG GUNS In
LIVELY TILT
WITH TEUT0NS
Enemy Bombards American Po.
sitions Heavily Without
Important Result
SAMMY SHOTS EFFECTIVE
SharpshOoters in Uncle Sans.
Army Showing What Real
Shooting Means
SAMMY SHOTS EFFECTIVE

With the American Army in France,
Thursday, March 7.--(By the Associat-
ed Press)-There was comparatively
lively artillery firing last night and
today on the sections Of the Lor.
raine from where the American troops
are now training. Late this evening
tho enemy bombarded the American
positions heavily but without result
On the Lorraine sector as on the
front northwest Of Toul, the Amert.
can artillery is showing effectiveness
and accuracy. Its shells are register
ing we'll on points back of the enemy
lines, especially on crossroads bat
teries, and working parties. -.
Because OF new but probably tenn.
porary rule, it is not permitted to dis
cuss American casualties, no matter
where they occur. g. .,
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-03-09
STATE EXAMINERS
OFFICE CATCHES UP

After q strenuous effort to catch up
with routine work, after the unusual
load of extra business which was
dumped on his department toward the
close of the last year, Major J. +.
Waters. state bank examiner, reported
Friday evening that everything was
absolutely down to date, every report
of a bank examination received In the
office having been investigated. "A
special staff Of five deputies now Ii
engaged in inspecting state banks
which are coming under the neE, de,
positors' guarantee act, which viii be
made operative, in the early sum;
mer,
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-03-09
kAISER'S GOAT
MADE KILLING
IN METROPOLIS

Fargo, N. D., March 9.-The "Kais.
er's Goat which has been travelling
around Fargo the past week, collect
ing subscriptions for war savings
stamps, has secured pledges to the
amount of $1,025. and this vast sum
will be used for the purpose of thrift
stamps every month for the rest of
the year.. according /. to the pledges
made as the result Of the Goat"
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-03-09
BODY OF REDMOND
RESTS IN IRELAND

London, March 9.-The body of John
Redmond was taken to Ireland last
night. Interment probably will be
made Sunday in the family vault at
Wexford.
Messages of sympathy from Queen
Mary and Queen Alexandria were
among those received by Mrs. Red.
mond yesterday.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-03-09
SREPULSED
AT BEGINNING
OF. BIG DRIVE
Attack on Mile-Widc Front in
Belgium Results in No
Gains for Germans
OFFENSIVE NEAR YPRES
Infantry Moves Forward Under
Cover of Heavy Artillery
- Fire, Says Report
OFFENSIVE NEAR YPRES
GERMANS BEGIN ATTACK
ON MiLE.WjDE TERRITORY

London, March 9.-After a bonn.
.'oardment lasting all day, the Ger
/ mans yesterday evening made an
attack on front Of nearly a mile
in Belgium, from a. point south Of
the Men in Road to a point north
! Of PoeIderhoek, the war office an
nounces.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-03-09
TWO RUSSIAN TRANSPORTS
t SUNK BY THE GERMANS

London, March 9.-Two Rus
sian transports were attacked and
sunk by German destroyers after
a fight south Of the Aland Islands
islands on Thursday, according to
a Copenhagen dispatch to the Ex-
change Telegraph Co.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-03-09

The Germans were repulsed, except
near Poederhoesk and positions on a
front of 200 yards which were lost
there were restored during the night.
The statement says:
Yesterday evening, after consider.
able artillery activity all day, east of
Ypres, the enemy's infantry covered
BY q heavy bombardment, attacked on
q front of nearly q mile
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-03-09
RUSSIAN-ROUMANIAN
PEACE is CONCLUDED

London, Mar. 9.-Conclu-
sion Of peace between Rus
sia and Roumania is an
nounced in a Russian Wire
less dispatch received here
today. Roumania promises
to evacuate all Of Bessara-
bia.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-03-09
ILLINOIS FLIER IS
DEAD AT KELLY FIELD

San Antonio, Tex, Mar. 8.
Lieutenant l.. G.. Chand-
Ter, Hindale, ILL.,, was killed
in an aeroplane accident at
Kelly Field at 6 o'clock last
night. Cadet H. K. Huber,
in the plane with him, es-
capped with slight injuries.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-03-09
$4oo, 100000 ASKED FOR
MAKING -f ORDNANCE

Washington, .. c., March o.
Congress was asked today by the
army ordnance bureau for an ur-
gent deficiency appropriation Of
$4o0, ,0oo, 900 for the manufacture
Of ordnance, principally heavy
ouns, @ ,
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-03-09
SAMMIES HAVE
FIRST BAPTISM
IN LIQUID FIRE
Enemy Troops Carrying Flame
Projectors Discouraged by
American Patrol
TWO MACHINES CAPTURED
Huns Beat II So Fast for Their
Own Lines They Had to
Drop Equipment
TWO MACHINES CAPTURED

With the American Army
in France, Mar. 9.-Ameri-
can troops in the sector
northwest of Toul have been
subjected for the first time
to an attack of liquid fire.
Enemy troops carrying
flame projectors were just
opening the attack when the
American patrol which hap.
pened to be nearby fired on
them. The Germans fled
precipitably, pursued by the
Americans. They dropped
four projectors, two of
which were flaming. The
Americans went into action
50 quickly that the enemy
had no chance to light the
other two. No damage was
done by the flames. The pro.
jectors lay in No Mans
Land for three days, and
early this morning they
were brought in by an
American patrol. All had
been punctured by shots
from the American trenches.
Late this evening, the pro-
jectors were taken to head
quarters and moving pic
lures were taken. They are
of a type long familiar on
the western front.
Shippers Busy. 81
Enemy snipers have been excel
ionally busy in the last twenty-fou
ours at a certain point, with more Q
sss success. Various parts of tn
american sectors were bombarde
'ithout suffering great damage
iany valuable points In the Germa
ositions were bombarded with SUI
ess by the American artillery.
An enemy observation balloon i
he rear of 'Montzec caught fire thi
forming and was hauled down. Their
yas great activity in the air all da!
blowing the bombing expeditions q
St nipht during which the German
brew down near towns behind tn
american lines, bombs, aerial torpt
oes, and heavy shells. They set tn
Uses and dropped them from thei
lanes, but the only result was to di
lrge holes in the ground. America
nti-aircraft guns drove off severa
nemy machines many of which cross
d the line today. One enemy machin
,as driven down out Of control afte
battle which thrilled the men in tn
'enches.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-03-09

EVERY SCHOOL A REGIMENT IN VOLUNTEER GARDEN ARMY
GERMAN AvlAToRS RAID
PARIS-SOME LIVES LOST,

Paris. March s.-Gern,an avia-
tors raided Paris last night. Early
reports show that bombs were
dropped with some loss Of life and
property. Signals that all was
clear were given at 1890 a. m.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-03-09
Berlin Forecast Further Borne
Out by Resignation of Peace
Pact Promoter
PLAYED IMPORTANT PART
Made Public Text of Secret D0cu.
ments Exchanged Between
Wilhelm and Nick
LEON TROTZkY ANNOUNCES
RESIGNATION As ,OFFICER.

Petrograd, March 9.-Leon
Trotzky, in an address at meet
ing Of the Maximilists party to-
day, announced that ne had re-
signed as commissary for foreign
affairs.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-03-09
LONE SAMMY
WHIPS WHOLE
HUN PATROL
Sentry Says He Didn't Have
Time to Wait for Rein
f0rcements
COMMANDER is KILLED
Leader of Invading Party Falls
at First Crack-First Liquid
Fire Attack
COMMANDER IS KILLED

With the American Army
in France, Thursday, Mar. 7.
-(By Associated Press.)-
A lone American sentry to-
day attacked an enemy pa.
troll Of about 40 men, some
of whom had stealthi!y en-
tered an advance American
trench. He drove them off,
killing the leader and
w0unding others. The first
reports of the encounter
were that another raid had
taken place and ali along the
line details were heing
awaited eagerly. But inves-
tigati0n showed that une
American started what
there was of an offensive.
The name of this man is
mentioned in all reports Of
the affair, and he has been
congratulated heartily for
his courage and level-head.
edness by his officers.
- The American saw the Germans as
The patrol began to drop cautiously
into the trench. He knew that an
patrol was out along the
wire not far away and counted on its
help after he opened fire. There were
four men in the American patrol. BY
he time five Germans had entered the
trench, the sentry thought he should
delay no longer, especially as the un
ter officer who was leading the Ger.
man had approached within a few
Yards of him. The sentry opened fire
'apidly without challenging. The Ger.
nan leader fell at the first crack of
he rife. The others in the trench
sought protection, but they were not
luick enough, for the sentry's bullets
caught some Of them.
The Germans Came Out
As the American began firing, Ger.
nan from the distance outside the
wire shouted, "Come out, come out. =
rhe Germans needed no second invi,
alton. In fact, those who were still
Il the wire already had started out.
The small American patrol saw the
enemy trailing back across No Mans
4and under fire from the sentry and
rom Americans at points further
llong the line The patrol joined in
he fray and helped to speed the Ger.
mans on their way by hurling large
number of hand grenades, some OF
which probably took effect. Four rifles
we're found in the American lines.
Patrols, both American and German,
ire constantly seeking opportunity to
inspect the opposing lines and the
Germans on this occasion, certainly.
lid not wish to be discovered.
American troops in the sector north.
vest of Toul have been subjected for
he first time to an attack OF liquid
ire
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-03-09

hTHl | KE'ATi| 'il,l IRls
psrt'y ciSIsay ard.Sst'|dasur' 4
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-03-09

III asg .s, sa ssl9kH
sisibBnagIus fltOIlI
'ariissnr sdi bNe
The theocrat. [volume] (Zion City [i.e. Zion], Ill.) 1914-1949, 1918-09-28
DEPT. STORE
Restaurant
We are now serving
Breakfasts, Dinners and

Breakfasts, Dinners and
Suppers
EVERY DAY INCLUDING
LORDS DAYS
Breakfast 7:30 A.. to 900 A. M.
Dinner HOO A. M. to 200 P. M.
Supper 500 P. M. to 1880 P. M.
LORDS DAYS
Breakfast o:30A. M. to $3.50 A. M.
Dinner 1870 A. M. to LOO P. M.
Supper $50 P. M. to 100 P. M.
Home Cooking Pleasing Menus
Good Service
No Drinks or Ice Cream Served on
Sundays Except with Meals]
The DINING Room of Zion Home
has been closed for the present.
We have made arrangements to serve
three good meals day at economical
prices.
By increased facilities and efficient
service we are determined to merit
the patronage of all.
GIVE US A TRIAL
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1918-11-23
MACKAY TO CONTEST
SEIZURE OF LINES

NEW YORK. Nov: 80. 49, The Postal
Tclcgra ph-Cahlc Company will contest
in court the government seizure OF its
properties and proposed consolidation Of
its land lines with those of the Western
Union Telegraph Company. Clarence H..
Nackay. president. announced tonight.
II" declared taking over of the cable by
the government WAS contrary to the
letter as we'll rs III" spirit Of the law"
"Mr. EurlcSon announces that he pro-
poses to merge ar co-Solidut" tho West
rru Union and Postal" said Mr.. MaCEay.
Has he no fear of the Sherman anti
trust act? If tho TWO companies ihrm-
selves started out tn consolidate or
mcrC". they would promptly hc met by
an Injunction hy the attorney general OF
the United States and would face Jail.
The joint resolution II congress au-
thOri2cd the taking over the telegraph
NurS for national security and defense.
but did NOT authorize or intimate IN tn"
slightest drCrc" that any merger or
consolidation was contemplated, expected;
rr would hc tolerated. ar that IN" post
master general could "vcrrid" the ac'S
Of rangr"s&. We shall contest this in
tho courts II attempted"
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1918-11-23

peace conference and create q better un-
Outstanding of the new condition which
will result from the entrance OF the
United States into an international part
nership.
Part of this purpose is 10 strengthen
the branch organizations Of tho lcagu"
In every state, so that II the League Of
Nations portion Of the peace treaty on
counters opposition when it comes be-
fore the United States semitic for raii-
location. popular pressure may b"
brought 10 bear through these branches.
The league believes. however. that the
international reconstruction that will be
ncceSsitated by n League Of Nations
needs only 10 b. understood 10 be npprc-
ciat"d and that its purpose will be ac-
cumpiiShrd by widespread campaign
Of popular education So that there Will
be no necessity Of using I club TO bring
congress into line.
Although the governing board Of the
| leaCu" contains mon Of all shades Of
political opinion. the organization has
! Just adopted n resolution which lines Il
UP Squarcly with the president on the
i League OF Nations proposal. This rcso-
| luton says:
'Wh"rras. Tho president nf tn" United
States has proposed Ms on" Of tho terms
| of peace that 4 League Of Nations he
| organized and this proposal has hccr
! adopted MS the basis Of IN" armisticr:
'Rcsnlvcd. That III" League to En-
force Peace pledges it's hearty support
to the president in the establishment
| of such 4 League Of Nations"
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1918-11-23
BITTER TASTE
SOUR STOMACH
Pills and Strong Medicines Made
This Lady's. Troubles Worse, But
Thedford' S Black-Draught I'M
proved Her Appetite and
Took Away Her Bile.

Nancy. Ky.--Mrs. Cora Waddle. n
resident of this place, gives out this
statement: II have taken Black
Draught and found it to be the best
liver medicine | ever used. II has just
been fine for Indigestion. sour stomach
and Il bitter taste in the mouth.
Il used to get bilious and constipated
ond had TO take something. Pills and
other strong medicines would only
tear nv stomach up and leave me IN
a worse fix than before taking. be-
gan to have sick headache.
after learning of Black-Draught |
took it and was cured Of sick head
aches, One or two doses Il week. ar
a pinch after meals, kept the bowels
open and took away all bile. I have
good appetite, due to my use OF
Black.Draught."
If your liver Is not acting properly
YOU may suffer from such symptoms rs
headache. btliousness, constipation,
indigestion, etc, and unless relief Is
obtained serious trouble may result.
In its 20 years Of successful use
Thcdford's Black-Draught has been
found 10 relieve. these ailments and
stimulate the liver to do its work.
At all druggists.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1918-11-23
s,so,a, D,sDatuh to The Intclnccncer.

NEW YORK, Eoy. 22,-pcccmecr Ith
has becu selected ms the date anu
charleston as the place Of The state
convention of the West Virginia Dranch
of the League TO Enforce Peace. This
announcement was made today at the
national headquarters of the league after
consultation with Governor Cnruwcll and
Chairman Dillon Of the West Virginia
branch of the organization. Governor
Cornwell has promised to appoint county
dclc gates and it is expected that he VIII
be one Of the speakers. Tho principal
speakers from outside the state VII! nc
James W. Gerard, formerly ambassador
to Germany.
This convention will bc one Of a series
organized by the League 10 Enforce
Peace during the fall and winter
throughout the United states. Fonfrn-
tons already have been held by the state
branches of tho organization in WASH
inCton. Colorado. New Mexico. Ariz"na'
Kentucky and Wisconsin. The Virginia
branch will meet AZ Richmond. Ncrcm-
Der 80: the North Carolina branch VIII
hold O big state rally ut Raleigh Dc
cember 8, and tho South Carolina organ
lza,ion will follow with big meeting
at Columbia December 5. The North
Dakota and Minnesota branches or the
league also will hold conventions in Dc
cember.
The general purpose Of these conrcn-
tons Is to crystalze public sentiment
behind the League Of Nations project.
It is believed that the wide discussion
Of President Wilson's proposals Will IA
cilitate the task of our delegates at tho
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1918-11-23
IMPORTANT SHIPPING
RULING IN u. S. COURT

TRENTON. Y. j., Nov. GA private
Is owned ship in the srTFir" or INC
British government is Immune from
seizure while actually in the service Oh
it's government. even though III" s"lzurc
may hc applied for hy 4 citizen OF IN?
United States. JudE" k"llst"ad ruled III
,h,. federal court her" today.
Judge Rrllstcad's decision wns handed
down in tho case of MrAlhSt"r brothers
Il lichIrrarc company of New YORK
against the British steamship k"S"hlr
which while in The SrrTiC" Of the british
navy ran down Il lighter belonging t'
the McAlliSi"r concern in New 10TH
.lurhrr The ItnS"rir was seized Ivy n
United States marshal and held until n
protest was received from tn" british
embassy.
Thu ruuri ruled that the En*cric DC
ir,, = TRANSPORT was Il warShip and un-
L.r the sovereign power of the FritSh
government, II was held however. that
Ihr SUIT could br rcopcn"d when The
ship Masses from government {" private
control.