The public ledger. [volume] (Maysville, Ky.) 1913-1968, 1918-11-20
UNSUCCESSFUL WARS AND RE-
VOLTS HAVE CAUSED MANY
ALLEGATIONS

4
Defeat in foreign wars or insurreo-
ton at home, the two causes which
combined to force the abdioation OF
William ii, have together or separate
lly been responsible for most of the
notable precedents of this act. Mill
tary defeat forced Napoleon /, to abdi-
cate at Fontainbleu in April, 1914, in
favor of his infant soma reserva-
ton which the Allies opposed to him
disregarded. After the return from
Elba and the Waterloo campaign Ma
poleon again abdicated in the summer
of 1915.
Previously King Charles w., Of
Spain, and King Charles Emanuel H.,
Eof SARDINIA had abdioated beoaused Of
their inability to conduct war success
fully against Napoleon, the one in
1908, the other in 1902, Augustus the
lStronge, King of Loland, abdicated af-
ter defeat by the Swedes in 1706. and
Stanislas Poniatowski, the last King
of Uoland, was forced to take, the step
by the powers which partitioned his
country in 1895. Charles Albert, of
Sardinia, abdicated after his defeat
by the Austrians at Novara in 1S49.
Recent years have seen numerous
abdications by sovereigns, who, in
fact, had been overthrown by popular
revolt or who realized that they had
lost their hold. The latest of these
was the young Czzar Boris, of Bull
garia, who abdicated one week ago
today, following a peasant rebellion
less than a month after he had taken
over the throne which his father, Fer
dinand, had abdicated after the over
whelming defeat of the Bulgarian
armies. The reported abdication of
the Emperor-King Charles, of Austria
Hungary, for reasons similar to those
of the German Emperor, has not been
confirmed.
Nicholas H., Car of Russia, abdi-
Gated in March, 1917, after the Imper
ial Government had been overturned
by revolution. He named his brother
the Grand Duke Michael, as his sue
cessor, but Michael was compelled to
give up his claim on the throne in a
day or two. Whether he was ever leg
ally Car is question of dispute.
The Emperor Hsuan Tung of China
was forced to abdicate on account of
rebellion in February, 1912, and af-
ter the republican Government which
followed him had been turned into a
monarchy by its President, Yuan Shin
Kai, that potentate also abandoned his
monarchical pretensions before his
death, and became merely President
once more. Abdul Hamid H., Sultan
Of Turkey, was forced to abdlcate by a
revolt in April, 1909, just as his uncle
Abdul Aziz, and his brother, Nurad
had been forced to do successfully in
the summer of 1876. Dom Pedro H.,
the last Emperor of Brazil, abdicated
in 1889, after a bloodless popular
movement had shown that the empire
had lost its hold on public sympathy
Alexander, of Battenberg, Prince of
Bulgaria, was compelled to abdicate
after a coup d'etat by military con-
spirators in 1885,
The revolution of 1S4S forced the
abdication of Ferdinand, Emperor of
Austria, in favor of his nephew,
Francis Joseph; as well as of King
Ludwig, of Bavaria, and King Louis
Philippe, of France. In the revolu
ton of 1880 the French had compelled
the abdication of Charles X, the last
Bourbon King. Amandeus, King of
Spain, abdicated in time or Internal
tumult in 1873, and Victor Emanuel L.,
King of Sardinia, abdicated in favor of
revolutionary move in 1921.
The most powerful German ruler
before William H., Charles ", Holy
Roman Emperor, ruler of Germany,
l