davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1918-03-23
III NrHlol'iaiii.

In sad hut loving remembrance of
our dear loving wife and mother.
HAITI" Foster Graves who died three
Years ago March %. 1918.
y =, 'I.:a.;&aF"'~''5 ~ ?: 81 - -. r. /,
"Thcr" is no Death! What seems so
is transition;
IniS lie OF mortal breath
IS but suburb OF life Elysian
Whose portal we call death.
She is not dead rhe wife and mother
Of our affection.
But gone into that school
where she no longer needs our poor
projection;
Ana Christ himself doth rule"
HUSBAND and CHILDREN.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1918-03-23
HDlNlI.S-JASpfIR.

Mr.. \. W. Holmes Of This city and
Miss Viola II. Jasper were married
ThurSday morning March If at the
residence Of Mr.. and Mrs. John w.
stockton. Washington. ID. G. The
bride has been passing some time in
New York city. the guest OF her sis
ter since October last.
She is a daughter of Mr.. Matthew
Jasper Il prosperous farmer located
near this city on the James river.
The Groom is widely known as n fra
tcriial society organizer. At home lG
w. Leigh street Thursday evening
March %. Friends are invited.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1918-03-23

position, be was called to the pas
tOrltc.
a LARGE membership.
The Vermont Avcnuc Baptist
Church has a membership Of four
thousand. Under his regime the
church has been rcmOdclled at Il cost
Of $1,000 and property adjoining has
been purchased The church is free
OF debt
Rev. DR.. Willis visited the Holy
Land in 1913. spending three months
abroad. lie has since delivered a
series Of sermons upon this subject
He is now writing a book descriptive
OF his career, together with Il dcScrip-
tiCn OF his travels in the Holy Land.
AN ELOQUENT DIVINE.
Rev. DR.. Willis is a forccful, clO-
qucnt speaker, holding an audience
Sprllbound under the power Of his
oratory. He speaks as from inspira
ton. He has made Il marked i'm
preston upon the people here and
the Wcll-nigh unanimous desire Of all
who have heard him is that he shall
return next week for the continual
ton Of the service.
REV. GUM ITnRE, TOO.
He is assisted by Rev. A. II. Gum
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1918-03-23
NATIONAL IDEALS TO PARADE.

To the members of the various
lodges OF the National Ideal Bcnrf.i
Society OF Richmond District. This
S to notify You that on Sa urday
March 23rd at , o'clock =. NJ there
will be Il Patriotic Thrift Parade. 1t
is earnestly hoped that all members
ri the order who can possibly do
so will meet at the Ideal Hall al .
O'Clock lead by Deputy Supreme Mas
ter to participate in the parade.
Fratcrnally yours.
4. w. HOLMES. s. NJ
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1918-03-23

Editor Mitchell Delivers Address II
IidrWatcr.

Norfolk. Va, ,Murch rs Editor
John Mitchell, Jr., spoke 1T The 81.
Johns y. NJ. T.. CAurch here .as;
night to Il large and enthusiastic
audience on "Thr World War" The
popular pastor, Rev. :. $. Norris,
ID. d.. presided. The choir rendered
excellent selections. Rev. Dr. Morris
at the request OF Mr.. Mitchell read
the ION chapter OF RcvclaIloIl, de-
HcrIptiEr OF HE great bate of Anna
g"ddon. The occasion Of this great
meeting was II loyalty, liberty pat
form service with Mr.. S. l.. Tuck
er, Chairman. Mr.. j. II. =. Cross.
secretary.
Cashier Jesse $. Jones Of the Alu
tunl Savings Bank OF Port Amou rh
in wc.l"chosen language introduced
the speaker. MIR. Mitchclrs message
held the audience spc,l-bound for
more than an hour. Ills know edge
OF war conditions and the origin of
this great struggle SURPRISED even
those We'll vcrScd in present days
conditions. He named all of the
countries both bclligcrent and ncu--
trail engaged in this war. telling
about the underlying principles Of
International law involved.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1918-03-23

Mr.. and Mrs. Geo. W. Lutterloth
hnnonnc" the marriage of their daugh
Ter. Blanche Gertrude to DR.. Willis
j. Potts. Wednesday afternoon.
March 27. 1918; l02 South eth St,
Wilmington. n. G.
At home. POS +. Clay St. Monday
Aprtl Sth. Reception from $50 to II:
30 i. NJ. April s. 1918, at Morris new
Cafeteria, D L n. Second street. Rich
mond. Va.
Friends are invited. No cards.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1918-03-23
"ONiI Err THERE"

Hear DR.. Robert G.. Bryan on his
Trip through Europe. He will tell or
his observation and experience on his
recent trip ovcrc there. having made
two successful voyages.
Or. Bryan will speak at the EbcneZ-
er Baptist church, Sunday night.
March 9th. 1918 s o'clock Special
Music. Rev. w. II. Stokes, Phi. D.,
pastor.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1918-03-23

Keeper at the Planet Office and Will
be greatly missed by her co-work crs.
MIR. and Mrs. Harris are from we'll
known Nir% mia families and carry
with them 10 their Northern home
the best wishes Of their many friends.
Ih"y lett last Monday for Schenectady
New York.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1918-03-23
(HAMBERS-(iIIPI\.

MT. and Mrs. st. James GilpiG.
ahh"mnrr the approaching marriage
OF Their daughter. Emily Jeanette TO
Dr. John w. Chambers al their resi-
d"hrc 1909 st. Peter St. Thursday
even .nG March 2Sth. l:3U O'Clock.
FRIENDS are invited. No cards.
Or. and Mrs. John W. Chambers
VIII :"tclf" their many friends. Fri
day. April 9th 1918. 1909 ST. Peter St.
from $50 TO II +. NJ.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1918-03-23
Notice.!

We are very thankful to The Sixth
Mt.. Zion Baptist church End many
friends for their cards Of good wishes
and their generous gifts to las at our
reception. May Gods richest blessing
rest upon You.
500 st. James ST.. Mr. and Mrs.
ChaS. Waddey.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1918-03-23

Mrs. Mnrtral Walker. who has
been in Lynchburg. Va. since the
death Of her mother, returned to the
city last week. She was accompanied
by her father. Mr.. Silas Green. After
spending a few days here. he return
cd to the old home in Lynchburg. Va.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1918-03-23
Hear Him! Hear Him.

Kew. w. II. Skipwith b. d.. the
great singing preacher and Evangelist.
WI speak at Leigh st. NJ. T.. church
fIiih and Leigh street. Sunday
MarrlI 9Th. at ) p. NJ. Subject: "a
Mlsh'y DcluGr" under the auspices
OF The Y. NJ. G.. 4. Come.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1918-03-23
In NicInoI'iailI.

PAGf.~~~ln loving remembrance Of
Mrs NJ. Louise Page, who died one
year ago March 20. 1917.
"Slccp on beloved sleep"
Her Husband and Children.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1918-03-23

Mrs. Mary T.. Johnson Of Dccat-
VT street, South Richmond, who has
been sick for the past two weeks is
out again.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1918-03-23
\ DETAILED EXPLANATION

His detailed explanation made il 50
plain that 4 child could understand.
hlany had never had even n remote
knowledge OF the cnormity and gray
ity OF the struggle. He eXhorted his
hearers to aid President Wilson and
the National Government. lie urged
al to buy War Saving Stamps in
order 10 emphasize" that loyalty for
which colorcd people had been always
no ed. The Knights Of PythiaS Batta
lion under command OF Major William
II. Tyler wash out in honor of The
speaker. OFFICERS from Portmomh
were also in attendance.
MR.. JFGNNIFER SPEAKS.
At the conclusion OF his remarks,
Special Agent Jcnnifcr OF Washington
spoke relative to farm labor and he
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1918-03-23
REV. GUM ITiJRIG, TOO

He is assisted by Rev. A. II. Gum
The sun., 1918-02-28
VAST STORES AT STAKE.
Washington silent a. to Course to
he Puraued.

WASHINGTON. Feb. G7--Ofilcial Wash
!ngton declined to discuss to-day the
possibility II American cooperation
with Japan in a Sib ria> campaign. 1t
was believed here that the proposed au-
tion is due, in part. to criticism AT
home of the small part played by Japan
in the war
Accumulated ar Nladivustoli are mili-
tary supplies of all kinds. much Of
American manufacture. and even greater
quantities of Japanese origin. which
were delivered long before the Rolsheviki
took possession OF the Russian Govern
ment.
The Stevens Commission OF American
Engineers made extraordinary efforts to
improve the facilities of the Siberian
Railroad so these stores could be trans
ported westward for the use OF the Rus
sian army on the German and Austria n
fronts
From the tone OF the discussion of :nIs
subject in official Washington It an
pears that while the Entente Cover
ments incline favorably to a Joint cam
paign with Japan in Siberia. they are
faced with the obstacle that practically
none Of them have any troops or ships
available for an Asiatic campaign
This statement does not apply, how
ever. to America, which not only has
some powerful cruisers with large crews
and marine contingents now In Asiatic
waters. but in addition has about 10000
troops in the Philippines and two full
battalions. about 900 strong. in China
and on the railroad. where they could
be rushed quickly into Siberia.
The sun., 1918-02-28
SOCIALISTS HIT
KAISER'S POLICY
Scheidemann DisavOws Dis
membermcnt of Russia and
Peace by Coercion.
ASKS ONE BY AGREEMENT
Says Recent Strikes Were
Demonstrations for Bread,
Freedom and Wars Ending.

AMSTERDAM, Feb. c7.--ln the debate
on Chancellor Won lIertlng's speech
Philip Scneidemann, Socialist leader.
said.
I'VE fought for the defence of the
fatherland against barbarism and
against the Entente's plans OF conquest.
We did not. however. fight for the dis
memberment of Russia or the subjuga-
ton of Belgium. The Government $
policy toward Russia is not ours.
True, the Bolshevik. played into the
hands of all disintegrating tendencies in
with the Entente like that which is be-
ing concluded with Russia. The GOV
ernment must remain ready for real
peace by understanding
''The Independence Of Belgium must
he secured and the F1emings and Wal
looms must settle their differences among
themselves We do not desire the humil-
iation OF the enemy or peace by force.
Discussing the recent strikes. Herr
Scheidemann said that they were 10 De
attributed 10 food difficulties. uneas!ness
over the Vaccinations Of politicians and
DELAY in the franchise reform.
There were no tra!torous objects, h'
declared, for at the time ther" was an
abundance OF munitions on hand. ana lhe
coal scarcity neccssita!ed holiday shifts
The strike was "A demonstration III
favor of peace. freedom and bread.
The sun., 1918-02-28
PROPAGANDA EFFECTIVE
Recent German Strike Due to Al
lied Lenflets, SaNs Mallraf.

AMSTERDAM. Feb. 2I.-Amercan, Brit
ish and French propaganda has had it's
effect In Germany according to spcecn
delivered in the Reichstag by Herr Wal
raf, Minister of the Interior, yesterday,
the speaker saying that the recent strike
was due to leaflets from the allied coun-
tries, the messages coming from the
western front and reaching the interior
OF the country,
The aftermath OF Chancellor Won
Hertlings speech on peace aims has not
been altogether encouraging. Friedrich
Won Payer. the Vice Chancellor, made
an address in which he offended the
Conservative sections seriously, these
holding that Won Payer put them on
the same level with traitors. The Vice
Chancellor had been particularly strong
In his demand that AL parties support
the Government in the war without re
gard to their own aspirations.
Ernst Won lieydebraud, the Conserva-
tive leader. launched an attack on Nou
Payer, declaring that "prussians ought
TO have been spared the lecture Of the
WurttemDerger."
Chancellor Won IIertling came to the
rescue of the Vice Chancellor. pleading
for IA united front at home,
The sun., 1918-02-28
IRELAND NEAR
MARTIAL LAW
Disorders Getting Beyond Con-
troll of Police and Some
,s..- Are DisarMed.
MORE CATTLE DRIVEN OFF
Bandits Steal S25.OOO From
Bank Managcr-COnstableS
Are shot.
NDtc.ui ruJfs Despotrh to Tn SU>.
ToDyyjobf 1915: M ri1hts rsSfrfe1.

fOpyT'gbf, l'lN. ~ rDhls TtsfTf'V.
DUBLIN. Feb. o1.-Martial law prob
ably Will be required in parts Of Ireland
to curb the situation. Crime apparently
is increasing rapidly. \ band of men
bank and companion. vino were pro-
ceeding to a cattle fair at kinfenora in
a motor car. They were held up by six
men. who sprang from behind a hedge
and levcled revolvers at the driver and
the two occupants OF the automobile
At Castle Fergus. six miles south Of
Ennis. a crowd OF 500. some of whom
wore Sirn Fein uniforms, drove of the
cattle grazing on the farm. Six police
men who were summoned We're unable to
prevent the stampede Of the herd Al
terwards the mob surrounded the po-
lice barracks and threatened to attack
II. The police warned the rioters. but
as the latter became more threatening
the officers fired upon them. Several
were wounded and the mob dispersed,
carrying its casualties along.
Two policemen were shot and two in
jured near EnnistymoiE Constables had
been stationed at hut established in
Barrymore for the protection Of n family
named Marrinen. whose members were
crown witnesses at murder trial three
years ago. One Of the Marrinans.
guarded by two constables, went to En-
nistymon to attend mass at the cathe-
dral there. on his return journey OF
less than two miles six MASKED men
sprang over wall and demanded the
constahlcs' rifles. At the same time
they rushed the two officers, knocking
them down. In the melee several shots
were fired and both constables were
wounded and robbed of their rifles.
The sun., 1918-02-28
REPORTS 8 DEAD, 2 WOUNDED.
PershinR's List Contains Six Fatal
Cases Of Disease.

WAsifISGroS. Feb. 27.--Cien Pcrshlne
reported to-day that Private Frank
Beltinokoff. 2i3 East Front street. Erie
Pa, was killed and Lieut.. Robert r.
Cooper. Smithticld. Okla. and Private
Ziggie Ruthkowski, Chicago. were
slightly wounded in action February "a
Other casualties reported:
MORRISSETT, CYRIL T.. private. Quincy,
Mass. died February - OF wounds re :
ceiyed in action
BROOKS. JAMES. private. Dumas, Ark 4;
pneumonia.
RYAN. JOHN L., private, Brockton,
Mass; meningitis.
SWEDEN. SIDNEY, private, Toronto,
Canada: internal hemorrhag-
DICKSON, WALLACE G.. private, WAYNE.
Pa: diabetes,
GILMORE, JOSEPH \, private. AL Potter
avenue, Long Island CITY, y. v: caus.
not given.
WHITE, CLARKE. mechanic cook shure,
y Y. mcaGlpy.
The sun., 1918-02-28
Special Gable Despatch TO Tar srx

copyright, 1918; all rights reserved.
MANCHESTER, Feb. 27.-The aviation
correspondent of the Manchester Guar
ga" contributes the following:
! Much has appeared in print lately
ABOUT tho German multiple engined air.
plane. known in the German press as
tive Riesennugseug, or giant airplane.
IT Is considerable time since It was re-
ported. but 80 far it appears that, as
regards war purposes. they will remain
for a considerable period nothing more
than n bogey.
so far as Information is available. IL
appears that these machines are very
big b'planes. equipped with four en-
gines, placed between the wings in mucl,
the same way as tlH engines Of the
Gotha type craft are mounted, except
that they are tandem fashion. so that
one set of engines on each side drives
the pushers OF the air screw behind. The
other set operates II tractor screw in
front.
There are several ways In which
these engines could be placed on giant
airplanes. A six enginei type at pres.
ent must be purely experimental, even
In Germany. 1t seems improbable tina,
any particular new combination type has
been standa rdized.
The chief reason given for the build.
Ing OF these enormous machines Ia tina,
they may carry bombs. which. according
to German thinking, will destroy a whole
section OF city at one stroke Instead
OF carrying two or three bombs Of zoo
pounds apiece. they probably will carr,
two or three bombs OF 1000 pounds
apiece. or possibly ono enormous bomt
OF even greater weight.
without denying the capacity O,
these machines to carry such enormou.
bombs. one recalls how the Germans ex.
pected at least as much Of the Zeppelin.
early in the war. and certainly no les.
OF the air raids on London in the las
twelve months. So we must decline &c
be alarmed.
The Germans appear TO imagine thesi
huge machines virtually can be made
invulnerable to attack by hostile aircra q
because they can carry SO many machin.
guns and gunners and will afford such
steady platforms that II will be folly Il
attack them. However. 1t is exceedingl,
difficult to hit the small. fast machines
The sun., 1918-02-28
FOES MATERIALS POOR.
Captured German Planes Reveal
Spruce and Linen SHORTAGE.

WASHINGTON, Feb. c7.-Captured Ger
man airplanes brought to this country
for study by aviation experts revealed
that the Germans are using materials
very inferior to the standards set for
American planes. and apparently are
very short of spruce and linen.
The wing beams of the captured Ger
man planes were made OF thin pieces.
some OF them less than an inch in thick
ness. which had been put together with
glue and nails. Specifications for
American planes require Il solid beam
of the finest and toughest spruce. Wings
or the German planes are covered with a
fibre cloth instead OF the approved linen
Recently one tree Of spruce was felled
which was 26O feet long. Is feet in diam
eter at 20 feet from the ground and 100
feet In length to the first limb The
tree was split and hauled fifteen miles
over a mountain range to Il railroad.
Immediate steps to reduce the num-
ber Of collisions by student aviators
by spreading out the training areas are
about to be taken by the War Depart
ment.
1t Is planned to lay out flying fields
in various directions from the training
camps. to which the student aviators
would fly each day In a previously ar
ranged schedule. 1t Is believed this
will eliminate the crowding in the air
which has resulted in many tight
places
Plans have been completed for the
great enlargement of facilities for train
ing and equpping the aerial photo
graphic force for photographin& the
German trenches from the skies and
keeping up to the last minute the large
composite picture Of the whole German
front.
The Signal corps announced Tonight
that future facilities will lie three times
those now offered and will be in full
operation in three weeks.
The three schools now operating at
Langley Field. Fort Sill and Cornell.
y. Y. will be merged into the large
school OF aerial photography at Roches-
ter, y. V, where the primary training
will be done
The sun., 1918-02-28
Lighting Up," They
Tighten Burdens Too

IN a postcard to the only
Florenz Ziegfeld James w.
Drover of an ammunition train,
First Division, in France, says:
"Just few lines to let you
know that l received your kind
and most welcome gift. l. will
not try to place in words how
much l appreciate it, for it is
impossible to explain.
"When you are in a God for
saken country and you receive a
gift Of good, old U. S. A. tobac-
CO, and as your mind goes drift
ing back home and you know
that they are thinking and dream
ing of you just as hard as you
yourself are dreaming of loved
ones and sweethearts, it is not
so hard after ALL"
WARNING! THE SUN TO-
BACCO FUND has no connection
with any other fund, organiza-
ton or publication. 1t employs
no agents or solicitors.
The sun., 1918-02-28

The words uttered by difiereuf
Deputies have proved that the eNp!a-
nation which has been furnished up
to the present by me. has not heeit
sufficiently explicit. ] repeat there
fore. that Aus;ria-lIungary VIII par
ticlpate in no way in the military ac-
ton which is now being carried on by
Germany against Russia.
"I repeat tina: there is no question
o' having our troops penetrate Into
tkrania with whom ve are at peace
! repeat that this armistlce exists be-
tween Austria Hungary and Rumaria
and that We are only considering
entering as carly as possible into
peace conversations with this country
THESE declarations are serious,
Without doubt in his speech on Feb
ruary 10 Seydler pleaded his fidelity "a
the alliance. But more and more Ger
many runs the risk OF seeing Austria,
and after her Bulgaria and Turkey, take
positive attitude, and. practically
Withdrawing from the struggle. witness
as spectators the continuation OF hos
tilities"
The sun., 1918-02-28
BOY BUYS A SEAT ON
N. Y. STOCK EXCHANGE
Telephone Clerk for s Years
Becomes a Member,

Howard Clapp. who for eight years
has been a telephone boy on the floor Of
the New York Stock Exchange for Car
lisle, Mellick & Co.. dealers in odd lots
of stocks. has purchased Stock EN-
change membership, Mr.. Clapp,- it is
expected. will execute orders for the
firm, which has more partners that are
members Of the stock Exchange than
any other concern in Wall Street
Mr. Clapp started his Wall Street
career many years ago as a clerk in "A
Stock Exchange house, His aptitude for
doing the right thing at the right time
and his ability to pay strict attention to
eighths led Carlisle. Mellick & Co. to
employ him as telephone boy Oh the
floor OF the exchange, In this position
he had practically to do the work Of a
broker.
The sun., 1918-02-28
Recent Meeting Between
Kaiser and Emperor Far
From Cordial.
COOPERATION REFUSED
Use of Troops Against Ru-
mania or in Ukraine Op-
posed by Vienna.
CONFLICT IS PREDICTED
Hint Given That Berlin May
Adopt Violent Measures
Against Ally.
CONFLICT IS PREDICTED

WASHINGTON, Feb 2I.-Further evil
between Germany and Austria over the
refusal Of the latter to participate In the
renewed attack upon Russia is given IN
an official despatch received here to-day
from France. 1t quotes the Austrian
Premier as formally reiterating on Feb
ruary 90 that Austria-Hungary will take
no part in military action against Russia
or Rumania and will not send her troops
into tkrainia.
The despatch refers to the meeting he
tween Emperors Charles and William
February 90. and says there seems little
doubt that serious conflict has arisen
between the two nations which Germany
is determined TO settle by violent meas
ures If necessary.
The despatch follows
''Charlcs !. paid n visit to William II.
February %. Ludendorft was present at
the interview If We are to Judge from
the tone of the interview 1t must have
been lacking in cordiality. There seems
to be little doubt that n serious conflict
has broken out during the week between
the courts Of Vienna and Berlin and
WHICH u Scttle Ii
need be by violent measures.
Opposed to Prussian Aims.
"The International situation oF the
dual monarchy is such that the Vienna
Government In order to avert a catas-
trophc has been obliged to distinguish by
means OF public declarations It's own poi
icy from that Of Germany. The report
that at the conferences of February -
Hertlirg and I.udcndorff had decided to
pay no attention to the Russian demobil-
izatlon and to prepare TO begin again tn.
conflict on tho east front caused gre.t
stir throughout Austria
1T was not simply the dissenting Ma
tioaalities. the Czechs. the Slovenes or
the Poles who do not desire to fight any
more. but it is the mass OF the popula
tion Of German origin who refuse tt
, sacrifice themselves any longer to assure
| the triumph OF Prussian imperialism.
| AN official note OF the 18th had
announced that Austria for her par;
would continue to consider the war as
| terminated with Russia and would alb
stain from taking part in the operations
! planned by the German command. \
second note OF the 18th repeated the
same statement. When asked to give
| further particulars at the sitting of the
chamber on the 22d the Austrian IRE
, nltcr formally stated
The sun., 1918-02-28
BALFOTR SEES no HOPE.
Says HertlinH speech Furnt"he"
No Bnsis for Talk.

l.nNpoN. FEB. 27.-Foreisn secretary
Balfour replying to-day in the House OF
Commons to the speech OF Count Won
Hertling, the German Imperial Chan-
cellor, regarding the doctrine of the oaI-
ance II power said that until German
mlitarism had become a thing or the
INST and there was in existence a hall
or court armed with executive powers
making the weak as safe as the strong
il would never I've possible 10 ignore the
principles underlying tac struggle foI
the balance of Gower
Mr. l;alfour told the House o! Conn
mons he was unable 10 find in Won
lIertiing's speech any basis Tor Ifutl"'
conversati ion or hope for peace. The
Ch.ncellor's attitude concerning Bel
yium said Mr.. Raifoug. was completely
unsatisfactory and his lip service 20
President Wilson'S propositions was not
exemplfied IN German practice.