Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1918-04-05

way realized dates from 1916. 1t was started
by the Ukrainan organization Of Kiev, known
the Guild Of Cyril and Methodius. They desired
democratic and liberal constitution which would
abolish privileges and classes and everything in
fact of a nature to debase the people. Absolute
freedom of speech, of thought, and of religion
was to be guaranteed. Actually all this practical
activity killed at BIRTH For in the year
1S47 one of the students informed the leaders
and denounced them, with the result that they
were arrested and condemned. This repression
put stop to any development of political thought
in the Ukraine, now that the most talented and
active leaders were reduced to silence. When
they returned from their exile and assumed their
patriotic task, circumstances such as the sup
preston of serfdOm In Russia and the amelOra-
ton of the lot of the peasantry, compelled them
to labor chiefly for the comfort of the peasants
They were occupied in teaching the agricultural
classes and in educational work of various kinds
as we'll as In creating a popular literature etc.
In spite of such moderation in thought the
Russian government regarded this activity with
an unfavorabe eye, because at the outset it hated
any national Ukranan movement however mod
crate 1t might be- Moscow held strongly to the
doctrine Of the unity Of the Russian people"
Moreover it regarded as dangerous any desire
to establish a separate Ukranan literature and
any endeavor to awaken national feeling In this
unfortunate race For these several reasons then,
pressed, no matter how modest or how politically
innocent they might be. Any establishments or
organizations where Ukranan scientific workers
congregated were forbidden, and in the spring of
1876 the celebrated ukase appeared determining
the fate of the movement for many years. This
ukase forbade the publishing in Ukrainan of
any work other than those of historical or lit
erary nature.
The Ukralnan movement, however was not to
be extinguished by such coercve measures The
educated classes of the Ukraine fought inces-
sanity In Russia for the national movement from
1880 to 1900, and endeavored to turn to their own
advantages any possibilities which offered them
selves. When the movement became no longer
possible in Russia, it sought an outlet beyond
the frontier In the territory of Austrian Ukraine.
The exodus of the Ukrainians or the d.
vergence of the national activity toward Austrian
Ukraine, toward Lemberg, which became cen
ter for the national life weighty with results
not only for the Ukranian movement in Russia
but also for the development of Austrian Ukraine
itself. Already, about the year 1860 after the
first prohibition Of the Ukranian language IN
Russia, this event had contributed to the sus-
tenance Of the Ukrainian national life in Austria
at very critical moment in the development of
this section Of the subject people. After the
movement had gradually grown weaker in the Sec
ond quarter of the nineteenth century, under the
pressure of the general reactionary movement in
Nditlu, the year 1910 pouTeu II refreshing Dreatn
over the Ukrainians Of Austria The Austrian
government sought in the Ukrainian population
something to set Off against the Polish revou-
tionary movement. The final liberation of the
serfs, the admission Of the moral and political
rights Of the Ukranan people (or Ruthenlans)
the creation Of the first institution Of any import
ance in the domain of culture and politics. the
naturalization of the schools, the formal promise
OF university for Lemberg, the administrative
separation Of the two Galicas (Ukrainian and
Polish), which had been artihcially united in
1772: all these influences assisted the birth of q