davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The evening herald., 1918-03-02
Council of Workmen and Sol.
diers Delegates at Penza, 800
Miles Southeast Of Moscow, De
clares Against Separate Peace
GENERAL ORDERS TO
MOBILIZE ARE ISSUED
Subjects Are Called Upon to Bat
tie the Germans TO the Bitter
End; Similar Action Has Been
Taken in Other Cities.


Vologda, Russia, March Am
example of the tendency shown in
interior Russia TO follow the ex-
ample of Moscow and declare
against a separate peace with Ger
many and for a fight TO the limit
for the revolution, Is furnished by
the action of the council of sol
diers and workmen S delegates at
Penza, some $50 miles southeast of
Moscow. This council has de
clined TO approve the signing of a
peace treaty with me central pow
ers and has declared for a holy
war. The council at Narva by a
vote of 40 TO 10 called for general
mobilization and against a separ-
ate peace
General mobilization orders
have been issued in Kasan prov
ince urging all the soviets to fight
Germany to the bitter end. Sim.
liar action has been taken by the
councils at Voronezh, in south
central Russia and in other cities.
In Moscow the Social Demokrat,
the Bolsheviki organ, declared on
Thursday;
The Russian proietariat with
all its strength must dismiss any
thought of disgraceful smTen-
der of its aims and must rise TO
the defense of the revolution. To
arms Either death OF victory!
The evening herald., 1918-03-02
GERMAN FORCES MOVING
ON TOWN Ol BOID'OlI

IOnOun- MnTch 1""IrrmHn I0T'''
are moving ou the town of hotuguic.
on the Moscow PetruErad railroad,
which lprcc is the chief freight cen
ter for the feeding OF Pctrugrtd. says
"a dispatch from rctrorrad untrr dat"
Of Friday received hy the Exchange
Telegraph company. The Germans
probably intend thr message adds.
thus to cut Off supplies from Pctr"-
grad and to cuutpei the capital To
rnpimlute hy famine.
Large columns ut German troops
the correspondent SAYS. are marching
toward Nuyu SukuNnikl Enemy
forces have occupied IN" STATEN "t
I[liast,tsl IN their movement iu th"
direction of retrogrud.
The evening herald., 1918-03-02
HUNS SINK VESSEL
LOADED WITH WHEAT,
We EAT CORN BREAD
Spanish Ship, Chartered by Swift
zerland, Conveying 1900 Tons
of Cereal to Europe, Destroyed
by German U-boat.

Paris March spanish ship
which had been chartered by switz"r-
land and was conveying 5000 toms 81
wheat from America 90 Europe. has
been turp,docd and sunk, according
tu dispatch from Hornc 90 tho Petit
rarslcn The sinking, the Borne dd-
vices say. wus contrary 10 the Solemn
undertaking. entered into hy Ger
many Tho news haas had strong
effect ON political circles in Borne.
The evening herald., 1918-03-02
DANIELS CoMMENDs
GUNNER S MATE FOR
SINKING SUBMARINE

Washington. N...N benjamin
~ Groves. q chic. miner mate has
been Commend,I - secretary Dan.
icls his zeal and Icicnoy ou Jan
uary 49, when f.. American ship
Nyanzu on whi,N roves was COM
mandcr OF the 90 guard, sunk "a
German submaiI. n battle lasting
Two hours ana 3D. ... Groves nome
D. in New Bediur. N1ss.
The evening herald., 1918-03-02
Agricultural Districts Will Suffer
from Shortage Of Help Unless
Some Scheme Is Devised TO
Overcome the Difficulty.
UNCERTAINTY DELAYS
PLANTING OF CROPS
Farmers, Says Senator Borah, Are
Hesitating Debate on Question
Leads TO an Exchange Of Pleas.
antries in Senate.

Washington March e. Need Tor
fixed plan to relieve the labor shortage
in agricultural districts caused by the
draft. was urged today In the senate
debate The uncertainty. Senator
iorah ot Idaho declared was dcterrlnE
farmers from putting in crops
III these bows must hc taken" said
he. then there ought to be q labo-
program devised to providc for nlilrs
their places"
What o. the government 10 do with
the men when they DO draft them
asked senator M,Iumbor. OF Sorth
Dakota "l don't see Any need ot
drafting any sulhiors between now aud
neNt IAN Wlth the present situation
We can't put 'en o00 soldiers over in
France In IBIS"
senator smith ~ Georgia. said no
had been advised thai 'he pro, os.
marshal general would sherty Issue
au order which would RELIEVE the farnl
labor situation
Challenging senator McCumbcr',
siat"ment that re- half million men
could bee sent 10 France this veal
senator Kirby pf Arkansas. democrat
"f the military committee. declared.
We Will SEQ tcn million men IN
camp and three million acr,ss, the seas
before the war II finished"
"tn my stat" the Indians wuuld cali
ihli much bag u,lk' retorted Sen
ator Mc''umh"r. but hg tax isn't
going 60 win the war In lslf We
promised the tllics six million tons ~
ships We dldut giyc ;nem twn mill
Hon toms ~, promise them nine or
ten million tons in 1918. The pre-en-
outlook is Tor not hall ~ that"
I'm getting tired of this patriotccr-
| iug busincss. IntctJerted senator wa
[ lums democrat The American peo-
I pie haven't suffered ans hardships
We haven't put oW front toe int"
the temple onil g0Wu.fu and COM
plain Whats the use ~ tll the pa
,tr.utccrinE cHmuuruge. Wr ,alA
about pctrc It unt end ui bcuusSl-
Nuum avenue aud about the war a,
/ the other end We wan. urn 1ui
ships
The evening herald., 1918-03-02
MAKE. UP OF WESTERN
LEAGUE CIRCUIT TO
BE SETTLED SUNDAY

Dos NUIUr4- u NuTVN MlE
Mates of the Western league viii meet
here tomorrow tu determine definite
"a the make up nf the circuit this
season adopt q schedule and act on
several. other important matters, in-
cluding proposal tu abolish the
spit BAN II the Lincoln franchise
b. transferred tu Sioux City, the fol-
lowing cities probably w'i compose
the league.
brs Moines Omaha.
- Joseph. Topeka.
Hutchinson. Wichita.
Joplin. sioux city
The evening herald., 1918-03-02
FERDY sCHUPP TO BE
MEMBER OF M'GRAw's
1918 TwIRLING sTAEF

Lousynlo. Ky, March Fordi-
nnnd Schupp uf Louisville viii again
bc "a moWhcr of the Nrw York Nu-
uonal pitching staff. according 10 am
nuuurcmcnt here today schupp IL is
said unoffomlly Will receive $4,000
iuf the season
The evening herald., 1918-03-02
BOLSHEVlkI PREPARE TO MEET ADVANCE
OF GERMANS; PEACE NEGOTIAT TIONS OFF

the Germans were driven hack hut
not until after they had captured ten
American prisoners. In hoth ATTACKS
the ,nomy left prisoners in American
hands
The evening herald., 1918-03-02
Testimony Is offered at the Wage
Hearing at Chicago That 1t Is
Impracticable to Change from
the Present Working Basis.
LIVING COST NEVER
CONSIDERED, HE SAYS
Chester S. Churchill of Swift &
Company States That This Was
Not Taken Into Consideration
When Setting Men Wages.

chicago. March Further test
mony n support of the contention "i
he big packing companies that IA IS
mpractica5i, to change from ten
20 an eigh hour day because of a."
lack OF ncccsstr, taEkasc ana cooling
facilities lu the present plants was
given today in the wage arbitration
proceeding before Federal Judge Al
,chuier
Ia conyudiug the cross-oNamiuut"l
uf Chester = Churchnl advisory sn-
pcfintcudrut oi swift n 'omp,tu.
Frank T.. Walsh. attorney iu, tho
unions, read a. last purporuug Co sHe
the yearly salsrics of some cot ,h" Of
f.cers of Swift 4 COMPANY The list
was IN part.
The evening herald., 1918-03-02
Premier Lenino Issues Proclama
tions Calling on Everybody to
Come TO the Government Aid
in It's Hour of Peril
sAMMIEs IMPLICIT BIG
LOSSES ON THE ENEMY
Americans Meet the Much Touted
Shock Troops OF Foe and Out
light Them; Deadly Hand to
hand Fighting Engaged In.

Peace Negotiations between the
Germans and the Bolsheviki gov
ernment apparently have been
broken off again. Resumption OF
the German forward movement
and the fact that the Russian
peace emissaries have asked that
a train under military guard be
sent TO meet them near Pskov in
dicate that Teutonic aggression
has not yet been satiateu.
The Bolsheviki are making
strenuous preparations to meet
the German advance and Premier
Lenine is sending forth proclama-
tions urging all Russians to save
the revolution. Moscow and the
interior of Russia have declared
against a separate peace and the
local councils in the interior are
making ready to resist the in
vaders.
Belated dispatches from Petro-
grad say the Bolsheviki are des-
troying strategic raj ways,
bridges and roads and are sending
large forces TO the fighting front.
The Germans are said to be with
in eighty miles of Petrograd on
the southwest and are approach
ing Oraha on the same meridian
of longitude as Petrograd and 300
miles west of Moscow Vitebsk,
75 miles north of 0raha, also is
threatened In the Ukraine the
advance of the Germans and Aus.
trians, who now have joined their
ally In driving the Bolsheviki
from the new republic, goes on
rapidly. Kiev, the capital which
has been in Bolsheviki control, is
is danger. Vienna reports the
surrender of 10000 Russians and
the capture of much war material
and railway rolling stock
American soldiers on the firing
line in France have met the fa-
nous German "shock troops for
the first time and have outfought
them. In two sectors northwest
of Toul and along the Chemin des
Danes Germans failed in at.
tempts to penetrate the positions
held by the Americans.
GcrnannS suffer Heavily.
Tho tight northwest OF Toul result.
.d IN desperate hand to-h hand strug
gle The Germans reached the Amer
lean line only To be driven back with
hGavy LOSSES The dead were found
in the American trenches ana many
enemy hodies were scattered over NJ
Mans lanh An American captnin
% Won Point graduate Of t9l7. wns
Killed in gallant exploit when
the Germans reached the American
position he ied Z party out in front
of tho wire cntnnriements and at.
mrkcd tho enemy from tho renr "a,
they retreated. On the other sector
The evening herald., 1918-03-02


The French iu champagne have
been houy engaged with the Ger.
mans After hclng rcpuisod in at
taoks southwest ot the Butte du Mos
nil the enemy attacked again and oh
tanned footing iu part of the posi-
ton from which he was driven hy
the French more than NV" weeks ago
and which he haH been trying &" re-
gain since The artillery battle ON
the Champagne front has been Of
great intensity
80 decision has set been reported
as to- japanese intervention IN 81
neria Negotiations between the 81
lied goyerum sn5s are procceding Ac-
cordiug 20 u London report Japan
has been requested to do aH that is
uc,cssgr, To- guard allied interests in
the f,r east This has mot hceu CON
IirmrI officially
The evening herald., 1918-03-02

kic,. the URrainiau capital has been
occupied by Tcutonic troops The
German war office today announced
the liberation OF kiev towards VIII b
German forces have been advancing.
osteusihly at The request OF the Ik-
rainian rada with which the central
powers concluded a separate peace for
the Ukraine last week.
Kisy has been in BolsucNik pu~s'--
sion fOr some time The boisheNlk
uusted the Jkrainiaus ON February p
after pitched battle W which the
total casualties were reported tu have
been 1000 killed and 1000 wounded.
The Teut0nic advance INTO IA" h-
rainc. undct the German cummanu'''
General won l.insiugcn has been one
at considcrabl. rcpldHy, the new IN
,uston having been begun on February
rs. the distance Of approximately 2oo
mile. 20 kicy from the former Ger
man front having thus been coNerrn
IN but little more than ten days. Th'rr
b. small o., idcuce OF resistance to IN
German progress, however although
the Lulshc,Ikl threatened dtermh
,d fight Tor ihc retention oi kleN.
The evening herald., 1918-03-02
LOCAL WEATHER

Maximum, 81. minimum, 20, range
2t g. m. SO; northwest wind
cloudy precipitation ~ of an inch.
The evening herald., 1918-03-02

Louis r. sWip, president, $4,000.
T.. n. swift. $tU,OUo.
g. H. swift l2u.uUu.
l.. a. Carton, $4,000.
f.. IS. Haywood $4,000.
q. +. swift jr, $4,000.
r.. a. Fowler $4,000
Harold swift. Sl5.oU0.
\. T.. COIN. Sla.O0u.
G. +. Pryor 100000.
William Lcnitt $4,000.
The witness said hc had NO Kuuw'-
edge Of tho salaries ut officers uf tl.
company
Wages Are lower.
In reply Co questions by Judge Al
srhulcr the witness admitted tha'
wages now paid common labor by
packers BE- slightly lower than the a,-
erage paid bN other Argr employer
Mr churchill said he had never CON
sldercd the cost Of Twins in connection
with the fNug OF wages. lie said
swim y Company recently engaged an
economist to study these questions.
Mr. Churchill gave his version oi
the labor trouble az the Denver plan
of swift 4 company last summer ana
said It stated when " W cmploye'
of the flm posted notices IN the puiid
ing demand.ng ,ha' an employee JON
that organization. About tha time
there we're two small fires iu the nmn'
tho witness said. ana thy Officials oj
the company thought i time 20 TAX
action tu protest the c"mpanNS PROT
erty. The discharge of 90 number "I
cmployos followed,
The evening herald., 1918-03-02
TEUTON-RUSS
PARLEY IS
HAL TED
AGAIN

Negotiations Between the Ger
mans and Bolsheviki Seem TO
Have Ended and Hun Sweep
into Russia Has Been Resumed.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-02-12
IACkIES HAD AN EXCITING TIME,
AFTER ACTAEONW WAS TORPEDOtD

Arthur p. Bordley, Of Baltimore, the
third officer, commanded boat IN
which We're ten men. They pulled
away from the sinking ship, and in
few minutes came up alongside the
submarine. which turned a searchl!ght
full upon them Bordley was ordered,
in perfect English. to take six OF his
men On board the underwater boat.
He was taken below and closely queS-
toned concerning the land and naval
forces Of the United States. while d
half dozen seamen from the su5nIar-
inc made repeated trips to the sinking
ActaeOn and carried away all nautical
instruments and such stores as they
wanted.
The submarine captain, Rordley de-
clared, served him wine and cigarettes
while questioning him, and when he
refused all information threatened to
keep him prisoner on the submarine.
When Bordley persisted in his refusal
the captain dismissed him and his
boat was pushed off.
The Actaccn was formerly the Ger
man ship Adamsturm, and was in
termed in the harbOr Of Colon at the
beginning Of the war.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-02-12
NO WRESTLING
FOR CADD0CK
Great Mat Artist Ordered to Get
Down 10 Soldering
at Dodge

Omaha, Nebr. Feb. 12.-Earl Cad
dock. champion wrestler, will not take
part in any more wrestling matches
for a while Caddock is in the train
ing camp at Camp Dodge.
While arranging for a match be-
tween Caddock' and Stecher, Omaha
promoters have been informed from
Camp Dodge that Caddock has been
ordered to cancel all his wrestling
dates and to get down to the business
of soldering It was intimated to the
promoters that unless Caddock set
teled down as a soldier it might re-
suit in the suspension Of all furlOughs
to men desiring to contest in athletic
events.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-02-12


ional aspirations as a basis Of perma-
nent peace.
Another purpose served, it was
pointed out, is to remind the German
rechstag of the great distance that
Count Won Hertling has travelled from
it's resolutions Of last July regarding
characterization OF the rights or
small nations and peoples, no annex
atoms, contributions or puniatlve dam
ages. Responsive echoes among the
German socialists and liberals may in
the end bring cumulative pressure to
bear upon the war lords at present
controlling the fate Of Germany.
Still another object of the address,
it was said, was to serve notice in adj
vance that any peace treaties result
ing from the Brest-Litovsk conference
would not of necessity be regarded
as binding upon America or the en-
tente allies.
No Peace for the Asking
1--WE cannot have general peace for
the asking, or by the mere arrange
ments of peace conference Mr.. VIII
son said, at cannot be pieced together
out of individual understandings be-
tween powerful states. All the parties
to this war must join in the settlement
of every issue anywhere involved in it
because what we are asking is peace
that we can all unite to guarantee and
maintain, and every item OF it must
he submitted to the common Judge
ment whether it be right and fair; ar
act Of Justice rather than bargain
between sovereigns."
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-02-12
PlIlIples in Sore
Spots on Face and
Neck. Could not Rest
Healed by cuticura

"My skin was as clear as could be
when gradually il became rcd and itchy.
When rubbed it it began to burn and
little pinp|es came on my face and neck.
Tic pimplcs were in blotchcs and some
fes,cIGl, and they later developed into
sore sr,,;s. They litirt SO could hardly
stand il, and some nights could not
rest; lhcy distigurcd my face.
The trouble lasted about two months
before used Cutlcura Soap and ONT
nien,. tgsi'i9svia month the pimples be-
gaito';,k@ ,Aeir former state, and when
used one Eox Of Cuticura Ointment
and two cakes Of Soap was healed"
(Signed) Miss Margaret Frcckc, Boone
Grove, Ind, Oct. 2, 1915.
Inpurity, delicate medication, refresh.
Ing fragraI,ce, convcnienceandcconomy
Cuticura Soap and Ointment meet with
the approva! ii the most discriminating.
Unlike strongly medicatcd soaps which
are coarse and harsh, Cutic,lra Soap is
ideal for every day use in the toilet, bath
and nursery.
Sample Each Free by Mail
With 32-p. Skin Beck on request. Adj
dress postcard: sCuticura, Dept. Il
Boston. Sold tllr, u.thu,t The world.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-02-12
PROSPECTS PUSH
CORN MARKET Up
Probable Renewal Of East5oNnG
Shipments Has rs Effect
on Sales

Chicago, ILL.,, Feb. 12.-Prospects Of
a renewal of east-bound shipments
Of grain from Chicago strengthened
the corn market Monday after prices
had sagged owing to decided en-
largement of receipts. The close was
firm, at a shade to Is @ nc net adj
vance, with March 127A @ Is and
May 1251s. Oats gained Is to Is %
1O4c. Provisions lost to Csc.
Encoura cement shown in regard to
Likelihood that corn would soon begin
to move east from here in consider
able amounts was based on sudden
notice that orders which prevented the
reloading of eastern cars at Chicago
elevators had been withdrawn. AS the
notice meant that grain brought in
by lines west of here could be loaded
at once on eastern cars, instead or
being piled up in Chicago, the bear
ish effect Of liberal arrivals here was
soon more than Offset. Peace gossip,
which early in the day had also re-
ceived some attention, was apparently
not a factor in the late trading after
the general tenor Of the presidents
speech became known.
Oats were governed by the same
conditions which affected the corn
market. Receipts showed a material
increase, but demand was good both
from elevator interests and shippers
Big receipts of hogs and falling
off in exports weakened provisions
Open High Low Closing
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-02-12
BRITISH TORPEDO
DESTROYER SUNK
Ecxer' Goes to Bottom After
Collision in English Channel
February 8.

London. Feb. 12.-The British tor.
pelo boat destroyer Boxer was sunk
on the night Of February in the Eng
fish channel as the result Of coils
ion, the British admiralty announced
Monday. One hoy is missing.
The British destroyer Boxer displac
ed $50 tons, was 200 feet long, 10 fool
beam and was built in 1894. Her COM
plement consisted Of 45 officers and
men. She carried one three inch CUR
and five six Founders and was equip
ped with two IS inch torpedo tubes
She was capable Of travelling at a
speed OFF knots.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-02-12
e" u UNITE ) STATES or AMERICA.
Department Of Justice
..... .... =.
REGISTRATION OF ALIEN ENEMIES
Suggestions and Instructions to Registrants

Persons required to register should understand that
in SO doing they giving proof OF their peaceful sIo
stions and of their intention to conform to the laws OF the
United States . .2.'.
Every rcgsrant should read carefully the form OF reg
strat;on Affidavit handed him and ask the registration
ojiccr for exclamation all points not clear to him before
atcmnt;no TO fill out the blanks Registration officers are
instructed to give regsrants all possible aid III the way
Of explanation and advice
Each reestrant required to furnish four unmounted
photographs Of himself larger than by inches in size
graphs should be signed by the egsrant across the face
Of the photographs as not to obscure the features II the
applicant is able to write.
Three blank forms of registration affidavit must be
completely filled by the regstrant his representative
with the exception of the blanks indicated to be filled out
bv the registration officer and the description OF the regis
tran and the placing Of the finger prints on the blank,
and must be produced by the regsrat personally to the
registration officer and be signed and to by the regis
tran in the presence Of and before the registration officer
who will fill in the description Of the regstrant and super
wise the fixing Of the finger prints and the attaching Of the
photographs. If the regstrant not write he must
thumb print in the space provided opposite the signature
space. ..s aa. Il . 49,; ,s..M @
The finger printing is method of Identification and
follows the practice observed in the military and the naval
service of the United States.
The registrant is hereby informed that he must again
present himself before the registration officer who took his
oath after days but before Is days from the day fixed
for registration his registration district to obtain regis
tration card upon which he must sign his name or make
his mark and place his left thumb print the presence of
the registration officer.
c.. BERTsCH,
Commissioner of Police.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-02-12

An Atlantic Port, Feb. 12.-Capt.
William Johnson and five other Of
ficers and the twenty bluejackets who
made up the gun crew Of the Am
erican steamship Actaeon, torpedoed
off the coast of Spain last ThanksgiV'
ing night, arrived here Monday. Thlr-
ty-five members Of the crew were left
in Spain, but will return to the United
States as soon as ship is available.
Capt. Johnson, said that his ship
was torpedoed without warning at Z
o'clock. Within two minutes water
reached the engine room and the
lights went out. He Immediately or
dCred the men into the four boats,
and they put off, separating for fear
of being shelled by the submarine,
which, up to this time, no one had
seen. Captain Johnson's boat reached
Camarinas, Spain, two days later and
within three days two other boats had
landed. The Loaf commanded by En-
gineer John Murphy was twelve days
at sea before it was picked up by a
Spanish ship. The men suffered sew
erely from hunger and cold and four
of them died.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-02-12
BARROW QUITS PLACE
AS INTERNATIONAL HEAD
TO MANAGE THE RED SOX

New York, N. Y, Feb. 12.-Presl-
dent H. H. Frazee, of the Boston Am
erican league club announced here
last night that he had just approved
Edward G. Barrow as manager OF the
Red Sox
The news of the selection Of Bar
row as the Boston clubs new manager
was not unexpected. Earlier in the
evening Barrow announced that his
resignation as president of the Inter.
national league, which he rendered to
that organization Hast December had
been accepted.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-02-12
VALLEY CITY NORMAL
HEAD TO WASHINGTON

Valley City, N. D., Feb. 11.-On in
vitation of p. P. ClaXton, U. S. COM
missioner of education, DR.. G. A. Nc.
Farland, president of the Valley City
normal, will leave Thursday evening
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-02-12

Drive out constipation, promote ap-
petite. improve digestion, induce re-
freshing sleep, get renewed strength
and health HOLSTERS Rocky Noun
tain Tea, natures gift Of wondrous
herbs. Results guaranteed or money
back. CSC. BREsLOWs.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-02-12

for Washington, to attend an impor-
tant rural school conference to be
held February 10, 20 and 81. Presi-
dent Mcfarland is asked to speak on
What the Normal Schools may do in
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1918-02-12
ATTEMP TO
FIRE FLOUR
MILL FAILS

Aberdeen, S. D., Feb. 12..-An az.
tempt was made to fire the Aber-
deem Milling Cos. Touring mill
Sunday. A bur'ap bag saturated
with kerosene had been showed
through a hole in a door after
having been set on firt. The blaze
was discovered and extinguished
9 before it gained headway.