davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Wood County reporter. [volume] (Grand Rapids [i.e. Wisconsin Rapids], Wis.) 1857-1923, 1918-06-20

Prof. Jantz of Port Edwards left
Saturday June 18th for Oshkosh where
he will spend the summer.
Rev. and Mrs. Henry Hiese of Ha-
velik, North Dakota, were in the city
the past week at the home of the
formers parents who reside on Grand
Ave. They were called here on ac-
count of the serious illness of Rev.
Hiese's mother.
Wood County reporter. [volume] (Grand Rapids [i.e. Wisconsin Rapids], Wis.) 1857-1923, 1918-06-20
VACCINATION
NECESSARY

We are informed by the local health
officer DR.. 4. L. Ridgman, that it is
the order of the State Board of Health
that all school children be vacinated
some time during the school vacation
because if it is not done they will not
be permitted to enter the public
schools. This is an imperative order
from the State Board of Health thru
the local board.
Wood County reporter. [volume] (Grand Rapids [i.e. Wisconsin Rapids], Wis.) 1857-1923, 1918-06-20

F. w. Calkins, a member of the law
firm of Hambrecht & Calkins, is men
toned in connection with the District
Attorney nomination in case the pres
ent incumbent, John Roberts, is not
a candidate for denomination. Those
who are personally acquainted with
Mr.. Calkins and know of his qualif-
cations for this Office will certainly
be pleased to do everything they can
to secure the nomination for him in
case Mr.. Roberts is not candidate.
Wood County reporter. [volume] (Grand Rapids [i.e. Wisconsin Rapids], Wis.) 1857-1923, 1918-06-20
TEACHERS IN THE
PUBLIC Schools
Of THIS CITY
For the Year 1888
High School, Eighth Grade. and Sup

High School, Eighth Grade, and Sup
ervisors
E. G. Superintendent.
w. A. Bauldauf- Principal and Science
R. L. Kittell- Director of Manual
Training
A. Emmagene IHayward-Science.
Ellen Doherty-Reviews
COrnelia Karow-History.
VIM. G. Crosland- Mathematics.
Norma Woodhouse-English
D. W. Middlecamp-Manual Training
Grace NJ. Scharzkopf-Supervisor of
Drawing.
Eulalia Breene-Director of Domestic
Science
Stella Emmons-Eighth Grade.
Ruth Fontaine-Domestic Science.
Phyllis Palmer History and English
Letha Hoskins-Englsh.
Elizabeth Bradford Supervisor of
Music.
Marie F. O'Brien-English
Eliza Whitty-Commercial.
Mrs. Annette Hall-Latin
Mary H. Paul-History and Gymnas-
tics.
Ida Hayward-Eighth Grade.
Kathryn McCarty-Science.
Kate NJ. Cochneauer- Mathematics.
Vocational Schools
f. L. Hayward
Martha Murray-Commercial.
Helen Jackson-COmmerc
Marion Jackson-Cooking and Sewing
Ernest Gahl-Shop Work
Howe School
IA and 7B-Inez ReicheI
Helen Dickson, Assistant.
ga and 6B-Eliza Montgomery
6B and 5A-1rma Plaman.
5B-Mrs. Selma Rosseau.
"A and 4B-Lucy Semrau.
"a and 3B-Daisy F. Dill.
3B and 2A-MiIdred Papenfus.
2B-Esther Gill.
IA and 1B-Ruth Richer.
Irving School
Alb and 3A-Laura A. Reeves, Princi-
pal.
3B and 2B-Grace Morgan.
Ia and 1B-Frances Rector.
Kindergarten, Belle Quinn, Director
Florence Lynn, Assistant.
Lowell School
IA and 7B-Mabelle Rowland, Prin-
cipal.
iAnnina DAILY, Assistant Supervisor
GA and 6B-Alice Jackey.
5A and 5B-Mrs. Chester Ridgman
5B and 4B~-Jessie Volt
3A and 2B-Hazel Eichler.
Ia and 1B-Fern Willett.
Emerson School
4A and 4B-Ruth Emmons, Principal
3A and 3B-Maude Griffith.
"a and 2B-Mabel Reton.
IA and 1B-Hattie Weltman.
kindergarten, Constance Y. Hargar,
Director. Ruth Horton, Assistant.
Edison School
"a and 3B-Harriet E. Dietz, Prin-
cipal.
"a and 2B-Eileen c. Hephner.
IA and 1B-Mae Morrissey.
Kindergarten, Constance V. Hargar,
Director, Ruth Horton, Assistant.
Lincoln School
kindergarten, Belle Quinn, Director
Florence Lynn, Assistant.
Wood County reporter. [volume] (Grand Rapids [i.e. Wisconsin Rapids], Wis.) 1857-1923, 1918-06-20
FOUR YEARS
IN GERMANY

We call our readers attention to
a display ad in this issue of the Re-
porter, for the Palace Theater, an
nouncing Ambassador Gerard's author
lied version of "My Four Years in
Germany" This is an up to date
picture which will illustrate Gerard's
experiences as Ambassador to Ger
many. Be sure and see it.
Wood County reporter. [volume] (Grand Rapids [i.e. Wisconsin Rapids], Wis.) 1857-1923, 1918-06-20
ELECTION OF
OFFICERS

The Girls Glee Club of the Congre-
gational church met in the church
parlors, Tuesday afternoon June 18th
for the purpose of electing officers,
and general organization. 1t was de-
cided that hereafter meetings would
be held every week on Tuesday at
4:30 o'clock.
The following officers were elected:
President-Miss Neva Leach.
Vice Pres.-Miss Beatrice Hewitt
Secretary-Miss Maurine Mason.
Wood County reporter. [volume] (Grand Rapids [i.e. Wisconsin Rapids], Wis.) 1857-1923, 1918-06-20

EXTENTI()N
YORK
In Agriculture and Home Economics
State of Wisconsin
Rhinelander, Wis,
May %, 1918.
W. w. Clark,

W. w. Clark,
Grand Rapids, Wis.
Dear Sir:-I will start next Monday
in the interests Of the Wisconsin Ger
tilted Seed Potato Association.
[ note that you say in your letter
that you people will have quite a sup
ply of Irish Cobblers and Triunlphs
for sale next fall. I would suggest
that you get them in line for certifi-
cation and then have them join this
association. In this way they will get
the benefits of direct sales which will
mean a substantial increase in price
over what the warehouse prices have
been paying.
Yours very truly,
(Signed) NJ D. Juday,
County Agricultural Agt.
Wood County reporter. [volume] (Grand Rapids [i.e. Wisconsin Rapids], Wis.) 1857-1923, 1918-06-20

Mr.. Chas. Natwick, assistant post
master. and his wife are back from
Oshkosh where they spent part of the
week as guests of relatives.
Wood County reporter. [volume] (Grand Rapids [i.e. Wisconsin Rapids], Wis.) 1857-1923, 1918-06-20

Mrs. Edgar Warner of the town of
Rudolph, who has been visiting with
relatives in Dakota returned home this
week accompanied by her little niece
Miss Dennison, who expects to make
an extended visit at the home of her
aunt.
Wood County reporter. [volume] (Grand Rapids [i.e. Wisconsin Rapids], Wis.) 1857-1923, 1918-06-20

3UCk"HEAT-High yielding grain
crop for late planting Make your
arm produce still more this season.
We have choice silver hull seed.
Nash Hardware Co,
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1918-07-13
Pershing's Communique
Tells of Enemy Failure
Where Americans Fight

Washington, July IS. - General
Pershing's communique issued to-
day by the War Department describes
operations in the various sectors oc-
cupied by the American troops
through July I to 10. 1t follows in
part:
I'm the Chateau Thierry region a
trench raid attempted by the enemy
broke down with losses under our
nre. A hostile machine was shot down
by our aviators in the region OF
Thiaucourt. a German patrol was
driven back with losses by an Ameri-
can patrol in the Belleau region
Along the Marne the activity of our
artillery was the only feature of in
terest. An ammunition dump near
Jaulgonne was exploded by our ar
tillery.
In Lorraine the enemy showed
no particular activity except in ma
chine gun fire. Our antiaircraft
was successful in driving back his
airplanes. The Munsted sector was
very quiet. We drove off four enemy
planes. In the Woevre sector con-
ditions remained normal. In the
Thanh sector there was no unusual
The German airplane previously
reported shot down was brought
down July II. near Thiaucourt, by
Lieutenants Jones and Tobin. The
machine fell in flames"
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1918-07-13
Harrisburg's Next Big Problem

|71HE HARRISBURG TELEGRAPH mU publication
articles relating to- Housing Conditions and
= the result OF study By ths newspaper, vring
be the
ana te erection number godoking
s@S @ hdye g" people filtered beautiful Fairgrounds
wtngh everything that make modern
echO cannot afford
- n saqt n bad and groDag population
ana Iaes to the city, The should not
n at least should get ready wh
UmdkeH of
not
rge that
@ "A challenge the
o%e roster HOggso authority Behind of
forVardookig
reof the
rentals and
Serectg wOng the
hGouOn No better
the Manufacturers of
SHarsbur9s mer big problem V - 80"
U be the the Telegraph present
hdt worked
tndugrad here TO
reaching shoId
Caoer Commerce get behind
9 support the Rotary Club the
ana d0 other organisations interested IN the wfd Of Harrisburg
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1918-07-13
Won 1INDENBURG DIES AFTER
STORMY SCENE WITH KAISER
Field Marshal Said to
Have Fallen Dead After
Argument With Emperor
CRAZY
BY Associated Press


Amsterdam, July 13.-How the
German emperor pictures the fu-
ture of Germany is recorded by
his favorite war correspondent,
the faithful Earl Rosner, of the
Lokal Anzeiger.
One evening, after a busy day
in surveying operations from
chain of observation posts, the
emperor, chatting with his en-
tourage, spoke with glowing en-
thusiasm, says Rosner. of the
time when the forces now let
loose on destruction. would again
be piled in the service of peace
ful pursuits. He sketched far
reaching advances in the tech
nlcal domain, in physics, chem
lstry and scientific farming. The
emperor forecast that all of Ger
many's needs in nitrates would
be covered by extracting nitrate
from the air.
The emperor then described
the marvellous possibilities" of
the new gas motors and how
purified waste waters from metal
works would serve to fertilize the
nelds so that deserts will blossom
like roses and make arid regions
seltsupporting as regards food.
With daring flights of fancy"
continues Rosner, the emperor
predicted the harnessing of the
rays of the sun and the recovery
of the oceans innermost treas
ures."
This will all come to pass, the
emperor assured his hearers,
once Germany secures the strong
peace for which he is working"
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1918-07-13
CITY UNABLE TO
PROTECT JITNEYS,
SAYS SOLICITOR
Mayor Keister Informed Har-
risburg Cannot Overrule
Public Service Commission

That the city has not the au-
thority to settle the controversy be-
tween the Harrisburg Railways
Company and the jitney drivers,
against whom officials of the trac-
ton company filed complaint last
week before the Public Service
Commission. was the opinion handed
to-day to Mayor Keister by City So
licitor John f. Fox
The opinion of the city solicitor
was requested by Mayor Keister.
who received a communication from
the Workmen's Nonpartisan League
saying that the Act of Assembly of
1915, authorizing cities to regulate
and license certain motor vehicles,
diverts authority from the Public
Service Commission to the city and
gives the city the right to litigate
the matter. The Act is to the effect
[Continucd on Page 81
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1918-07-13
DIR. ROYER OFFERS
AID OF STATE IN
HOUSING SURVEY
Commends Telegraph Editor
ials; Says Chamber Is
on Right Track

Announcement of intention to go
right into the problems attending
housing in Harrisburg, was given
hearty approval to-day by DIR. B.
Franklin Roger, the acting state
commissioner of health. who has
been resident of this CITY for years
and a student of its sanitary and
other conditions.
reading the editorials in the Harris
burg Telegraph regarding housing
conditions with the greatest interest
and the action of the Harrisburg
Chamber of Commerce in determin-
ing to make a study of means of
surrounding industrial workers in
Harrisburg and vicinity with better
housing is most commendable form
of actoivity.
Healt hauthorities have come to
realize tina tas much may be done
by correcting the evils of housing as
by any other line of public health
effort
This department has an organized
bureau of housing, working under an
act of assembly passed by the Leg
islature of 1915, which stands ready
and willing to assist and cooperate
with any community in a housing
procedure likely to improve condi-
tions. Our plan contemplates having
the local authorities in cities of the
FIR st,second and third classes as
sumo responsibility for the work.
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1918-07-13
EVERYTHING SET
FOR CELEBRATION
OF BASTHE DAY
Only Good Weather Needed
to Make French National
Holiday a Success

Only good weather is needed to as
sure the success of the Bastile day OBJ
servance in Harrisburg tomorrow.
The Washington forecaster calls for
Fair and Warmer;" and il this
brand of weather is delivered Reser-
voir Park will hold the largest crowd
in recent years. Officials of the Har-
risburg Railways Company to-day as
sured the Bastile committee that it's
services on all lines leading to the
park will be adequate.
The speakers tomorrow will be
Capt. Rouvier of the French army,
who is in the United States with the
High Commission. and State Librar-
ian Thomas Lynch Montgomery. DR..
Montgomery's talk will deal with the
events leading up to the Fall of the
Bastile-of the oppression of the
French common people under Louis
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1918-07-13
MAY ASK AID OF
GOVERNMENT TO
BETTER HOUSING
Chamber of Commerce to
Study Situation and Take
1t Up With Washington

The Harrisburg Chamber of Com
merce announced to-day that it is
about to start a study of housing
conditions in Harrisburg with the
purpose of finding a solution to the
rapidly growing problems of proper
homes at reasonable rentals for
Harrisburg people.
The matter of adequate housing
facilities" according to a prominent
manufacturer, ''is a real war neces-
sltN. The production of war ma
teriais here threatens to be serious
ly kampered because of the diff
Guilty of procuring and holding men
as a result of the shortage of
houses"
Shortly after the election of An
drew S. Patterson as president of the
chamber. he gave to the Telegraph
an interview in which he recognized d
the growing need of additional
houses in Harrisburg and expressed
the fear that the problem would be-
come serious with the growth of the
war industries and the establishment
here of large war supply depots.
Need Is Acute
A statement issued by Secretary
Jackson, of the Chamber of Conn
merce. is as follows:
"A preliminary check of the local
situation shows forcibly that the
need of houses is distressingly acute
and should be met, in some manner.
at once. A canvass among many of
the leading real estate men. property
owners and manufacturers of the
city shows that there is scarcely a
sinsle desirable residence property
for rent at this time. One agent re-
ported the situation is critical. I
am sure that we could rent two hun
dred houses to-day if we had them
Another agent said: The question
of housing is of vital Importance at
present. / am compelled day after
rro,..-,.,o1 -. D .o
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1918-07-13
New Signs to Tell Patrons
of Skip-Stop Location

Printed signs with the words
Cars Do Not Stop Here" will be
placed at all stops on the rural lines
of the Harrisburg Railways Com
pany which are to be eliminated
Monday in accordance with the
plans approved by the Dauphin
County fuel Commission. The eli
limitations, approximately sixty in
number on the rural lines, are part
of the fuel conservation program
worked out by the fuel administra-
ton.
The signs are being printed to-day
and will be tackled to the poles to-
morrow so that Monday persons will
not wait at the wrong points for cars.
In the city the regulation wood signs
will be used because of the iron
poles. The wood signs must be bolt
ed to the poles.
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1918-07-13
KEYSTONE DIVISION !
is PLACED IN 2ND
OF NEW ARMY CORPS
Six Hundred of Harrisburg's
Best Youths Are in Pennsyl-
vania'S Powerful Unit Now
Ready to Meet the Barbar-
ian in France

More than 900 Harrisburg boys
are in France with the Keystone
division, officially known as the
Twenty eighth, which apparently
now has takenup its work at the
front. The division is the old Penn
sylvania National Guard and sailed
for France about the last of May
after nearly a year of strenuous
training at Camp Hancock, Georgia.
In the division, which has been
described as one of the best train
ed in Uncle Sans army, are hun
dreds of officers and men from su-
burban and nearby Central Pennsyl-
vania cities, villages and hamlets.
Thousands of the men served months
on the Mexican border and were
trained and seasoned in war work be-
tContinucd on Page 10.1
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1918-07-13
BELGIUM HELD
ONLY AS PAWN.
SAYS HERTLINC
Imperial Chancellor Declares
Germany Does Not Want to
Keep Invaded Kingdom
BASIS FOR NEGOTIATIONS
Reichstag Hears That Central
Empire Is Willing to Give
Up Country at Wars End

Copenhagen, July 13-Denial that
Germany intended to retain Belgium
was made by Count Won Hertling,
the German Imperial Chancellor, in
the course of his speech before the
Reichstag main committee Thurs
day.
The present possession of Bel
gium only means that we have a
pawn for future negotiations" the
Chancellor said. I'VE have no in
tention to keep Belgium in any form
whatever"
War of Defense
What we precisely want as ex-
pressed by us on February "a" the
CONTINUED on Page 1O.1
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1918-07-13
No Letup in Shipment of Men
to France Where Divisions
Have Been Placed in Bat
tie Formation For Coming
Fighting

Washington, July 13.-American
troops already overseas and those
on shipboard enroute has passed the
100000 mark, General March.
chief of staff. told Senate Military
Committee members to-day at their
weekly conference. This represents
an increase of more than 10000
since last waek.
Three army corps of from 225, 900
to 250,000 men each have been def
nitely organized from American di-
visions in France, General stated
to-day at the weekly conference
with newspapermen.
Liggett Commands First Corps
Major General Hunter Liggett,
commanding the Forty-first (The
Continued on Page TO-
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1918-07-13
ELEVATOR AND !.
LIGHT SERVICE
CURTAILED
No Stops at Second Floor and
No Office Lights at $50
in the Evening

Stringent restriction of elevator
service will begin Monday, accord
ing to the regulations contained in
the order of William Potter, state
ceived by Ross A. Hickok, county
fuel administrator, this morning.
The ruling goes into effect Mon
day, July Is.
The regulations will affect the op-
Grafton of all passenger and freight
elevators in Harrisburg. All pas
senger elevators must be shut down
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1918-07-13
British Casualties For
Week l4,911; 2,O59 Dead
By Associnted pr..s

London. July 13.-British casu-
alties reported in the week ended to-
day totaled 14,911 officers and men.
compared with the aggregate of IT.
s36 in the previous week.
The casualties are divided as fol-
lows: Killed or wounded-Officers
l25; men, 1894; wounded or missing
'-Ofhcers. 4OS; men, 12,444.
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1918-07-13
THE WEATHER

For Harrisburg and vicinity,
Partly cloudy Tonight, SUNDAY
fair ard SOrsevhnt waPmer
For Eastern Pennsylvania PART
- stJ1s.s so-niEat; Sumuay
fair and slightly warmer, moa-
crate north winds.
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1918-07-13
Serious Differences Said to
Have Existed Between the
Kaiser and General Con-
corning the Proposed Drive
on Paris; Interview Was
Violent
CONGESTION OF THE
BRAIN. is BLAMED
Old Warrior Was in Retire
ment Before War Was De-
clared; Made His Reputa-
ton by Defense of East
Prussia and the Russian
Campaign


Amsterdam, July 13.-Field
Marshal Won Iindenburg is
dead, according to the news
paper Les Nouvelles. His death
is said to have occurred after a
stormy interview with the
German emperor at great headquar-
ters at Spa.
The emperor and the field marshal
are declared to have had serious
differences of opinion concerning
the German offensive towards Paris.
The field marshal died from con-
gestion of the brain.
The violent interview between
Won Hindenburg and Emperor Will
liam occurred on May 16, Les
Nouvelles says. 1t was followed by
an apoplectic stroke which ulti-
mately resulted in the field marshall S
death.
The newspaper says its informa-
tion was obtained from good
sources in the occupied district of
Belgium"
In the past six months there have
been several rumors of the death
and there have been many reports
that he has been in poor health. A
dispatch received in London Friday
from The Hague quoted a Dutch
traveller from Germany as declaring
report that the field marshal was
Ill and unable to participate in the
work at army headquarters had
spread all over Germany. German
newspapers were not permitted to
mention the rumor. The traveller
added that General Ludendorff, the
first quartermaster general, had
taken over the field marshals duties
as chief of the German staff.
Other Reports
Keeping step with reports of the
field marshars health have been dis
patches from Germany indicating the
field marshal and the Emperor had
had disagreements concerning the
GCOntinucd or PAGE 1O.l
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1918-07-13
[Continucd on Page 9.1
FLYERS ERROR BRINGS DEATH
Rv 3esociofsd Peace

Toronto, July 13.-Second Lieu
tenant A. w. Hill, of Maiden, Mass.
under training here as an instruc-
tor in the royal air force, was killed
at Armour Heights to-day while NV
ing alone. The accident was due, ac
cording To the official report. 20 an
error in judgment in the matter of
flying speed. while he was practic-
ing a sharp turn. HIS machine fell
from a height of 200 feet and was
destroyed by fire.
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1918-07-13
ENEMY LINES ARE
AGAIN PIERCED BY
ALLIED ASSAULTS
French Win Brilliant Engage
ment After Quick, Hard
Blow in Picardys

On the French Front i'm France,
Friday night, July 12.-The superb
ly executed local action carried out
by the French to-day southeast OF
Amiens not only gave them a large
batch of prisoners, but brought into
their possession the entire Rouvrel-
les plateau, dominating the region
between the rivers Avre and Moreuil
and the Noye, through which the
main railroad from Paris to Amiens
passes and which has been in the
hands of the enemy since March
More than 500 German officers and
men already captured. have been
sent to the rear, and others are ar
riving.
Success has crowned further al
lied smashes into the German lines
between Hpres and Rheims. For
more than two weeks the allies have
beer tanning into the German de-
lenses here and there and the re-
suits now are just as favorable as
at the beginning.
For the first time since the at
triton campaign was undertaken the
French have struck with force in the
PiCardy battlefield. Along the Avre
river, northwest of Montdidier, the
French advanced their lines more
than mile on a front of three miles
and captured over 500 prisoners.
This blow like the recent ones By
the British astride the Somme, has
driven the enemy back on a sector
vital to the defense of Amiens, the
obJco tive of the first German often
sive begun on March 21.
Make Further Gains
In capturing Castel and strong for
tilted positions the French have
advanced almost to the western
bank of the Avre. Further gains
southwark toward Mailly- -Raineval
will endanger seriously the German
positions west of the Avre to below
Montdidier. west of which the
Americans hold Cantigny. In an ad-
vance toward Amiens the Germans
would either follow the Somme or
go up the valley of the Avre which
joins the Somme near Amiens.
Between the Aisne and the Marne
the Germans apparently still do not
take seriously the French gains east
of the forest of Villers-Cotterets
Several villages and fortified farms.
including Corey and Longport, have
been taken by the French this week
but the Germans have made no Sc
rious efforts to retake the positions
and are being slowly forced off the
high ground.
Bad weather continues on the
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1918-07-13
IContinucd on Page d.
GRAEFE DENOUNCEs KUEHLMANN

By Associated Press
Amsterdam, Julyl 13. "One or
two more such peace treaties and we
are lost" eNclaims Herr Won Graefe,
a Conservative member of the Reich
stag. in a fierce indictment of form
er Foreign Secretary Won Kuehl-
manns mo indemnity, no annex
ations" peace treaty of Bucharest