davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21
Tomorrow in the Churches

I r. NJ Prayer services "Wednesday
at r. NJ.
CoWardin A~enue-The Rev George
W. Kemper will ill the pulpit at II
A NJ and r. NJ special service
OF ordination will follow the evening
sermon. Bible school at $50 A. NJ
a most cordial welcome to all serv-
ices
Hanover demonstrating both
morning at~li o'clock and evening al
calook by the Rev J. Marshall Wing
field. Bible class at a:30 A. NJ
Fairmount.--A special Christ mas
service with music suitable to the oe-
casion, and a sermon on Messages
From the Manager" win he held at
SEQ p. NJ. At 1880 A. NJ Mr.. FL
more will speak on Save The Little
Pieces" Christian Endeavor at 700
r. NJ
First--rreaching by the pastor,
Rev Geo. w. Mcdaniel. n. d, at I
a. NJ and p. NJ
Ginter Park-~Willian Hediev. pas
tor. Subject. Morning: The Gift that
was not Accented" Night: "Misun-
derstood." Sunday school at $40.
The Surda~ school will have spe-
cia Christmas service at $50.
Calvary-The Pastor. Rev. Carter
Ashton Jenkins viii preach A. both
services at follows: y N. visions OF
the Night p NJ Second Coming
OF Christ" Sixth in he series on the
Last Things.
Immanuel--There will he special
Christmas music at both morning and
evening services. At the mornin &
hour the Pastor. Rev. Leland w.
Smith win preach on The Spirit Of
Christmas evening, The Gospel
Feast
Leigh -Swect--Corner Twcntv-hfth
and Leigh Streets. Or. J. J. Wicker.
the pastor. will preach at II A. NJ.
1.-THE Christ OF Christmas" 3 r. NJ
Venable- Street---The pastor will
tism at the morning service. Christ
mas music.
.Venable Street.-The pastor will
preach at both services. In the morn :
'hg ne VIII speak on N (naHenEe 10
Tho Church. the Call Of Our Resour-
ces.' At night The War: what Was
II About, and what Has it Done For
us?" The public is invited to hear
these messages.
Fulton Rev. w. Thorburn CLARK
pastor. Morning subject. And His
name shall he called Wonderful.
Counscilor.o The mighty God, The
everlasting Father. The Price OF
Peace" Evening "And on earth
reacc good viii toward men" sun
day school at $3.50 A. NJ. W. G..
Suckois superintendent Senior and
Junior 3. Y. r. Y. o'clock r. NJ
Fair bridre-~Corner NJ cambridge,
iith SITS J.. hudson Wcstfall Minis
teh. $50 A. NJ. Bible school. Mr.. G.
w. Payne sunerintendent. II A. NJ.
Public Worship: "A Charcoal Sketch
Of Three Letters In Black" r NJ.
Nespe- Services Theme: THE White
Christmas. EVERY Glass in the Bible
School with their teacher will he
represented and bring gift for the
needy The pastor with bring a brief
MESSAGE. Subject The Shepherds
First Christmas" There will be spe-
ciaj music b., the choir. The usual
service at r. NJ will be dispensed
with. Everyone invited to the above
services.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21
Weekend Meditations
C.. W. X

Fiji your heart with blessing,
Master life by love.
Turn the worlds hard features
Toward the skies above.
Be content to comfort
Someone by tho way,
or to help the. burdened,
Just today---today!
10 not save your kindasss
For tomorrow's sky,
For the souls who need you
NOW are passing by.
Give your best this moment,
That's the better way,
Serve the Christ with purpose.
Just today--today!"
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21
Montague Mfr. Co D
STORE a ND nFYJrE F1xTUWTs4
Srwssss-s rn~m~v T~uth NINA NassW

All the world loves lover s
Yah. Her mother hates me. No.
father says I'm dub and the Aprlslss
wont trust me for any more fiowSxs.
Courier Journal s.ss
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

To most citizens. there arc no war
trophies quite so appropriate and de-
sirsble as guns captured from the
enemy. Bring them ba OK, by all means,
and set them up in the parks and
public squares Of every city. town and
village in America, to serve Tor gene
raticns as memorial OF the brave
work done for humanity by our boys
in France and Belgium, and as a
warning of the end that must come
10 all schemes Of autocratic ambition
and Violence. Those guns Will be
worth millions OF parole lectures and
sermons.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21
CALVES,

Best Calves bringing zoe per m.
Dressed Turkeys bringing 4oc per ih.s.
Live Hers, 30c per Ia. All produca
selling well, We can sell any auan.s.
tity as We have buyers for all We c4r.
get. s fss
HAZELGRoVE q CO. I
Commission Merchants
f3t0 u. Cary ST.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

Have you got lawyer looktxs,s'
after yOur Interest. gs@ N sssss3G2 NJ
Nominally but rather tIhiuk
- 1xARanTin ~ d s3SEsI III FIT
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21
BONE-DRl LAW IS rs
EFFECT IN COLORADO

Denver, Col. Dec Ia-~Colora do s
bone-dry law went into effect at mid
night, December is Under the per.
NIT system. row abolished importa-
ton of whfskey was reduced from
two quarts monthly 10 four ounces.
procurAbie only through physicians
prescriptions. X was estimated on
Monday that 5000 packages OF liu-
nor were In the express office Long
lines were formed OF pernh .haJders
drawing ccnsignmenS
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

Chris mas exercises by IA. SUNDAY
schUol at o.; 80 A. NJ.
Broadus Memorial-W T.. Gibson
pastor. Bible school DIT $3.50 A "a
Preaching by The pastor at II a. Nj.
and at +. NJ Morning subjoci:
Christ's Coming at Bethienen.
Evening: "Christ's Second Coming
Sermon and Junior b. y. l.. /. al
! l.. NJ.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

Chris, mas exercises by IA. Sunday
schuol al $50 A. NJ. !
Broadus Memorial-W. e. Gibson,
pastor. Bible school DIT $50 A VI.
Preaching by The pastor at II A. M
and at 5 T.. NJ. Morning subJcci.
"Christs Coming at Bethiencn.
Sermon and Junior Is. y. 4. L. az
I T. NJ.
Grove Avenue--The pastor. Dr. W
e. James, will preach d. bo.h seis.-N
IL A. M and T. NJ There Wis ..
special Christmas music by the n.
as follows: II A. NJ, Christmas Al
them IT l.. GRAMMAR; The Shep-
herds Vision Ct. II. Meredith; The
Night Song OF Bethlehem dudley
Buck). +. M. There Were Shcp- !!
herds dudley Buck); Hear the
Music Ringing IS u. Stambaugh); ,
Blessed Holy Night tUffenbach), i
Second Baptist--Divine Worship i
II A NJ. and r. NJ, DR.. SINNERS
morning message, The Secret of /
Happy Christmas" At evening, The /
Preoccupied Inn" Christmas music
METHODIST
Centenary-Grace street between /
Fourth and Fifth. Preaching at II |
A. NJ. and =. NJ. by the pastor. Rev.
T. a. Smott, d. ID. (
Broad St.--Preaching i r A. NJ. and
500 p. NJ. by the pastor, Rev. Fred .
II. Chenault Morning subject. God ,
With Us" Evening, "A Good Intro I
duction.'' /,
Woodland Heights-The pastor.
Rev. r. &. Proctor viii preach to-
morrow az II and s, sunday school
at o: 80 Epworth League at 7:io, :
Barton Heights-Rev W. r A.
Haynes, pastor. Initial sermons by
new pastor at II A. AZ. and p NJ.
Special com munion service Wednes-
day morning at 7:3o. J
Trinity REV. &. r. Gambler. pastor,
Sunday school, so A. NJ. Preaching
by the pastor at II A. NJ. and s p. NJ.
Epworth League F. NJ. Public cor
daily invited to all services.
Grace tSoldiers' Home Cha peD --
Preaching at | A. NJ and =. NJ.
by the pastor, Rev. John r Carey.
Sunday school, $40 a. NJ Epworth
League. 1:f5 P. NJ.
Park Place-There viii be preach
ing at II A. NJ. and p. NJ by the
pastor Rev II G. Pfeiffer. D. d.
sunday school, $50 A. NJ and Ep-
worth league p NJ
Denny street--Rev. f. Nelson
Hartness. pastor, II A. NJ, Some
Notes From the Heavenly Chorus
S P. NJ. Some Mounts OF Deleeta-
ton" Sunday school meets A ESQ
A. NJ. Epworth Les 9ues Junior and
Senior. meet at r. NJ \ cordial
and hearty welcome to all the serv-
ices Come
Monumen pastor. Rev Geo.
w Jones. D. b. will preach al II
A. II. and r, NJ, The following
music WI be render cd Anthem.
"Adeste + 'deles" Vincent Novellep.
anthem. 30 have We heard the It'd
ings' tSixteenih century Arr, Ciar-
ence Dickinson. -Offertarx- a.haT,44
Awake. put on thy strength" adolf.
Frey): Sing. Q. Sing this Blessed
! Morn" CIV. II. Neidlinger). Evening
Anthem, Rise. crowned with light"
&c p Rutenhnr, anthem So 81.
,ertly ,ha s.ars ,ool dar, - 5,,- "a
SnaaeaA. Qrar.arx an.ha., .srha.at
were Shepherds" "a RsCauiJ, tenor
solo. "Centiaue dc Noel tAdolpho
ADAM. Mr. Andrews. Choir>: Miss
Marsaret Gordon, sonrano: Miss
Grace Alley. contral'e: Mrs. Coleman !
Andrews tenor and Mr. ! Melvin
O'Crady. baritone Mr. = =. An
Fa;rmornt-The u.ar =. o,.a- r,,
angels arc ei,~frr ca or. r,a
tho Eairrourt c.o;r -. s,,..1,a.
rev T. r. Iy;,, vi, rr,,,, -,
Tbs c,ory Tba, >-,,.os r,.a. o,s,.i
:"
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21
RAPTrsT

Randolph Street--Rev. w, r, Rob
ertson. pastor. The regular service
will BE- held an sunday, preaching by
tho pastor, AZ f6llcws: "a A NJ.
strange Witnesses ~ the Cruciflx-
ion.'' : r. ~, - MAJ ~ Tres
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21
Sweaters

A warm. comfortable fitting Sweater to wear
nndaFa,s cpas digging {lse sws.ter fssx general
wear in milder weather They come in all
wcaves. styles and colors. and will nrove a most
useful gift for any man or boy, 1898 to $500
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

at 8 o'clock by the Rev. a. H. Miiiet-
Sunday school at 1886 A. NJ
Episcopal.
ST Paups--Hoy Communion al
7.t5 a: NJ. Special service for the
children at 10 A. NJ Morning prayer
and address by the Rev. l.. V. Lee at
II Carol service and short address
on the ministry of music at P. NJ.
Church of the Holy Comforter ---
Few. w. Il. Cox, rector. Holy Com
munion at 7;3o A. N. Morning PRAYER
and sermon AT II a. NJ. Al +. NJ
there will be q Memorial service.
when a gold star will be placed on the
Holy Comforter Service Flag IN nonor
OF Private Beaufort Hocn, Com pany
RI. sl3tt Regiment known as "Ral-
timore's Own" killed in action NO
vern Der Sth.
Christ-~service will he conduct
cd nv the Rector. Rev. Is. n
Dc Foe Wagner. Morning prayer sers-
ice at II A. NJ Evening at +. NJ.
In the morning Mr.. wagner's subject
will he Eternal Punishment" AT
night Heaven"
St James Morning prayer ana
sermon at II O'Clock. Evening PRAYER
AT $50 A. NJ The Rector. Rev. g.
Free,ard Peter, will preach at the
morning service. and the assisting
minister. Rev Walter Williams. in the
evening.
Holy Trinity. Service at II A. NJ
and s r. NJ Few. Dr. j. j. GraVatt
viii preach Christmas Day. Holy Com
munion at s A. NJ. and again AT the
II O'Clock service.
Mopumcntal--Th Rector, Rev.
James w Morris, y. D., Will preach
at II A. NJ. and 4 r. NJ. Sunday school
1t a:45 Mems Rible class at 10 a. ~
st. John s--~There will he service
at II A. NJ. ard r. NJ, by the Rector.
the Rev. Hugh ". Sublett.
Church Of the Observation-Disclosures
park--~Morninc prayer and sermon at
~ O'Clock A. NJ. Subject AN In
seen Power Evening prayer and
sermon at o'clock r. N. Suh5ect
"F,ypoctstions" reverend Philip A.
Arthur. rector, will preach al both
services.
Christian.
Seventh Street.-The pastor. ". y.
C.. Maclachiar, viii occbpy his pu1pit
AZ 1900 A. NJ ard 500 Y. NJ, The
morpinr subject will be THE Three
fold Alteration"
Third--The pastor, J. O. Helsa beck,
will preach at ~ A. M. and 3 r. N.
RIbls school ~ $50 a. M Juntor EN-
rai -.f y -.A1 No.. 49, -
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21
Neckwear-The Universal Gift

Nowhere will Won find such a rare and exon
>ive showing Of fine neckwear as is now To b.,
seen at the Mems Corner
Beautiful imported and domestic sits aud
satin IN appealing coiors and patterns. SOC to
$500
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

Grace Covenant---At II A. NJ. Rev:
NJ. r. Turnhuli will preach ara at
r. NJ Or. Walter l.. 1ingleNwili MAKE
the address at the White GIFT service
There will be no service at night.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

Porter Strect-~Tenth and Porter
Strrets--The pastor. Rev. w. a. HAN
will preach AT II A. NJ, ana T.. ~
sunday school at 9:30 A. NJ. Bible
classes at 10 o'clock.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

westrnins.orr-1Rev J Y. Fair. pas
-s,-s.~vissss. ut II A. II, Asnd 8 F. n.
sunday school at $50 A. NJ Bible
classes for men and women AT 10 a.
NJ. Christian Endeavor at p. M.
Rev. jean Vache viii preach at night
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

Grove Avenue--The pastor. Or, W
e. James, will preach d. bo.h sois.-e
IL A. M. and L. NJ. There "iii -
special Christmas music by the h =
as follows: IL A. Nj, Christmas Al
them IT l.. Granmar); The Shep-
herds Vision q. n. Meredith; The
Night Song OF Bethlehem dudley
Buck). +. NJ, There Were Shcp-
herds dudley Buck); Hear the
Music Ringing IS. u. Stanibaugh);
Blessed Holy Night tOffenbach)
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21
METHODIST

Centenary-Grace street between
Fourth and Fifth. Preaching at II
A. NJ. and 5 =. M. by the pastor, Rev.
T. a. Smott, u. ID.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

FuNor-~"rhere will be preaching
at o'clock by the Rev. A. II. Miller.
Sunday school at 1885 A. NJ
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

Second-~The pastor. Rev. Russell
Cecil. y. n. will preach at IL A. M
ard p NJ
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

Broad St.--Preaching / r A. NJ. and
500 p. NJ. by the pastor, Rev. Fred
II. Chenault. Morning subject. God
With Us" Evening. "A Good Intro
duction."
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

Church notices in the office latef
then 8 r NJ Friday are not pup
lishedt
Presbyterian.
Preaching at ! ! A. NJ, by Dr.
r. r. McFadden. No evening service.
At 1870 r. NJ. the annual tnrfsthtas
exercise Of the sunday school in the
main auditorium,
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

Holy Trinity. Service at II A. NJ
and r. NJ, Rev. nr, j. J. GraVate
will preach Christmas Day. Holy COM
munion at s A. NJ. and again at the
II o'clock service.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

Second Baptist-Divine WORSHIP
IL A. NJ, and r. NJ, DR.. Skinner
morning message, The Secret of A
Happy Christmas" At evening, The
Preoccupied Inn" Christmas music
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

Grace tSoldiers' Home Cha el) ---
Preaching at A. NJ and =. NJ.
by the pastor. Rev. John r. Carey.
Sunday school; 2 30 4. NJ. Epworth
League. us r. NJ
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

Trinity--Rev. &. r. Gambler pastor.
sunday school. $50 A. NJ. Preaching
by the pastor at l ! A. NJ. and p. NJ.
Epworth League F. NJ. Public cor
daily invited TO all services
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

Woodland Heights-The pastor.
Rev. r. &. Proctor viii preach to-
morrow a. II and s. sunday school
at $50 Epworth League at 7:io
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

t'nios 'a'ior--Prnachin~ morning
and night hv he pastor, Rev r. G;
Davis. subject II A. NJ. "A Divine
Motto" and AT & r, NJ. When the
tnevpected Hannens." Pictures for
ch'ldren ~ Gas p. NJ Sunday school.
$50 A NJ
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

Unitarian-Cor Flovd avenue and
Harrison street. ~ II A. NJ. Rev.
wil'i"y, Channire Brown will urea I'll
on "Enrotio, and Reason in Religion
- Christmas Sermon sunday
school at 1920 noon All seats free.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

FairmoGnf--The war Is over. The
angels are singing. SO. are We Hear
the Paramount choir next SUNDAY
Rev. l.. T. Hit WI preach on th~
The Story That Never Grows Old"
Regular service at S r. NJ.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

Park Place-There will be preach
ing at II 4. NJ. and p NJ, by the
pastor, Rev. II, c, Pfeiffer. d. d
sunday school. $50 A. NJ and E.p-
worth League = NJ
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

Barton Heights--Rev, w T. A.
Haynes, pastor. Initial sermons by
new pastor at II A. Ar. and s P. NJ.
Special com munion service Wednes-
day morning at 7:3o.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21
CHRISTIAN SCIENCE

CURySTI%N SCTENCE
FIRST Church Of Christ Scientist-
Corner Park avenue and Meadow
street Services a. II NJ subject.
Us the universe. including man.
evolved by atomic force :"
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

Mopumental-~-The Rector, rev
James w. Morris, n. D., will preach
at I, A. NJ. and r. NJ. Sunday schoo
At a:45. Mems Rible class at 10 A. NJ
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21
Madras Shirts

Corded and woeon WadraS. pcrealr anI
sois"ttc materials OF the finer sort. Somc nar-
ticnlar new idcas IN fancy striroS and f"rrel
cfeets->hown in Sc nle"' "ngli gee and lam
dered cuff styles 81 so to S400
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

Denny Street-~Rev. r Nelson
Hardness, pastor, II A. M Some
Notes From the Heavenly Chorus "
S p. NJ. Some Mounts OF Deleeta-
ton" Sunday school meets A 9. so
A. NJ Epworth Les rues. Junior and
Senior. meet at r. NJ \ cordial
and hearty welcome to all the serv-
ices Come,
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

s.. Johns arceical--Eev Oscar
Cufhe, the raStor. viii preach at II
A. NJ, on The Assurance OF Victor
ious Hope" AVID a. ~ NJ on Jesus
Coming TO N'rodemue An Ad~er.
1esson." S~rdpv ehooI :, n.cn
A. NJ Mems Pth'o C'oss a. 10 4 NJ
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

Episcopal.
ST Paurs---How Communion al
7:45 A. NJ Special service for the
children at 10 A. NJ. Morning prayer
and address by the Rev l.. V. Lee at
II. Carol service and short address
on the ministry of music at P. NJ
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1918-12-21

ST. John's--~There will he service
at II A, NJ. ard y. NJ. by the Rector.
the Rev. Hugh W Sublett.
Northern Wisconsin advertiser. [volume] (Wabeno, Wis.) 1898-1925, 1918-01-25

One hundred and ten years ago there
were no savings banks. The savings
bank is an institution which was
founded in the year 1910 by Rev.
Henry Duncan in the little Scottish
village of Ruthwell. Before that time,
poverty seemed to be the normal con-
dition of half the population of the
British Isles. Pauperism was so COM
mon as to cause no comment. Hun
dreds of thousands in Scotland alone
lived on charity and it was generally
accepted as hopeless fact that "the
poor We have always with u.s.
Doctor Duncan was of sturdy Scotch
covenantor blood. He was a man of
unusual strength of character, origin
atty and resource and extraordinary
talent for making friends. The dis
tress of his parishioners preyed heav-
felt if there was some way of teach
ing them to be thrifty he would have
an effective remedy for the poverty he
saw all around him.
AAAO liouOIC was Tic
est sum the public banks would ac-
cept was f10 and comparatively few of
the Scottish villagers had so large a
sum, about S4S.75 in American coin.
SO, Doctor Duncan conceived the idea
of poor mans bank, as he called it,
which would receive deposits of any
amount, however small After study
Ing the. subject long and carefully, he
published pamphlet to call attention
to his project, so, as he said, as to
render this measure suitable not for
one locality only but ''for Scotland and
the world"
The only banks the poor had in
those days were stocking, a chink in
the wall, or loose board in the floor.
They were often robbed and the temp
tatiOn to use q portion of this precious
nest egg was often too strong. Doc
tor Duncan argued shrewdly that If
their funds were transferred to q bank,
they not only would be safe from theft
but the owners would hesitate to break
into them except in cases of urgent
need. In his pamphlet he says:
IF any method then could be de-
vised for giving to the artisan a place
of security, free of expense, for that
part of his gains which the immediate
Northern Wisconsin advertiser. [volume] (Wabeno, Wis.) 1898-1925, 1918-01-25

Here is the story of ''wampum," the
States.
1t consisted of clam shells, little
tubes made out of clay, beads and the
like. All these the Indians called by
the general name of wampum, and
when the white man set foot upon
convenient for his use, not only in
trading with the Indians but with
other whites. The Indian name was
sewan, but the European immigrants
gave this legal tender the name of
wampum, by which it has been known
ever since.
Wampum was not entirely devoid of
intrinsic value. Most of the shells
from which it was made were rare
These were made largely into beads,
highly polished and strung on strings.
Chiefs, sachems, and medicine men
wore great strings of these beads on
ceremonious occasions. Every treaty
was corroborated by laying down belts
of beads. Friendships were cemented
and alliances and marriages were al
ways solemnized with an exchange of
wampum.
Wampum was chiefly of two kinds,
white and dark purple. The white
was made from the edge Of the clam
shells and the purple made from the
shells heart, and was worth double
the white. Considerable labor cost
went into the manufacture of wam-
pun, for a writer in the year TIA tells
us: "All wampum is made of shells
which are found on the coast of Caro-
lima, which are very large and hard,
so they are very difficult TO cut" He
adds that 'some English smiths have
tried to drill this sort of shell money
and thereby thought TO get advantage,
but it proved so hard that nothing
could be gained
When an Indian was buried. strings
of wampum were always placed in the
grave with him for convenience in
purchasing the necessary supplies in
the next world, and for use as tips
10 various minor Indian dietieS, who
the Indians believed were as greedy
as modern head walters.
In 1641 the use of wampum was le-
galized by the common council Of New
Amsterdam, now New York. This was
next followed by an epidemic of coun-
terfeiting. which caused great deal
of difficulty and led to the rapid de-
probation of wampum as medium
of exchange. Old Peter Stuyyesant
pegged around on his wooden leg and
did his best to solve the problem by