davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1918-08-29
VAR HITS GOLD MINING HARD

II almost every year since the days of the
forty miners, nearly seven decades ago. Caifor-
nia the Golden State has led all others in the
production of gold, and it's total output to the
end of 1017-S1, 672 681, 941-is far greater than
that of any other State; yet, according to c. c.
Yale, cf the United States Geological Survey, De-
pa4traent Of the Interior, the output of gold in
the State is now decreasing from month to
tconth. This decrease is due not SO much to the
exhaustion of the placers, ore bodies, or veins,
hut chiefly to war conditions, including the loss
of miners, for many who formerly worked in gold
mines are now prospecting or mining metals and
minerals that are Immediately needed to make
munitions of war-chrome, manganese, mag
mining seems to be the only mineral industry that
u losing ground in California, for the value of
Inc total mineral output of the State is now
Ereater than ever before.
Although an immense quantity of ore was mil
led, the increased costs due to the war and the
narrow margin of profit have compelled several
mines to close and others to curtail operations
IL the operators of such mines can manage for
q time to make their receipts balance their ex-
HG1SeS they VIII De S2JlS1leQ, Tor the cost or re-
opening large mine may be absolutely prohibi-
tive The manager of one of the larger Mother
Lode mines which produces an average of $780,
coo year in gold has calculated his costs per
ounce Of gold instead of per ton of ore, and finds
flat the gold from his mine cost him $12 an ounce
in 1915, S14 in 1916, SIC in 1917 and about 500
III 1918.
On considering this constantly increasing cost
he is very naturally wondering how soon he will
be operating at loss and whether he should not
ct once close down, for gold brings only S2o67 an
ounce minus charges for refining.
As possible means of relief California gold
mine operators suggest that, under the present
extraordinary conditions, the Government exempt
the gold mines from taxation during the war.
Gold will presumably continue to be the stand
ard of exchange, and if our bonds depend for their
stability gold reserves the more we can in
crease these reserves in our own country, from
our own Mines even if the addition is relatively
small each year, the better should be the stand
ing of the bonds.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1918-08-29
TIDES.
ARMY
PICNIC FOR KIDS

IN spite of the rain today there were
over % women and children at the
picnic given under the auspices of the
Salvation Army at Palmetto Beach this
afternoon The picnic was given for
children who are not able to afford
an outing themselves. Games and a
picnic dinner featured the day Cap
tain r. F. Bergren was in charge.
The Salvation Arn1y would like to
have Pensacola citizens asst them in
caring for sfo families Of Pensacola
children who are destitute and wohse
mothers have appealed to the eharit-
able organization for aid. Captain Ber-
STen vii appreciate it II those who
ere willing to help viii communicate
With him.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1918-08-29
The Weather
Weather Bureau.
u. S. Department OF Agriculture.
Weather Bureau
Charles F.. Maryin- Chief.
DAILY WEATHER BULLETIN.

DAILY WEATHER BULLETIN
Pensacola, Aug. %, 1918.
pensacoIa's Data
TEMPERATURE-Hi on record
for August 81 degrees; lowest on record
for Ausust. 90 dagrees.
Day temperatures in August usually
rise to 81 degrees night temperatures
in August usually fall to IS degrees.
Highest teTlpt ratIre "a hours sni-
ing 7 p. m. Sd degrees.
Lowest temperature "a hours ending
7 p. m, 81 degrees.
Accumulated deficiency this year to
date t79 degrees.
RAINFALL for 24 hours ending D.
m, t.52 inches.
Normal rainfall for the month OF
August, Tic inches.
Total rainfall this month to p. m.
1921 inches.
Accumulated deficiency this year to
August ist, 0.54 iIches
HUMIDITY: p. m, 95 per cent
BAROMETER: 7 p. M, 5000.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1918-08-29
SUBS STILL SINKING
EIcLtNc SrnooNEpe

A Canadian Port, Aug. 28.--The New
Foundland three masted schooner
Baianca was captured and sunk by a
German submarine Saturday night.
Her crew landed today. The schooner
was bound from Brazil TO a Canadian
port with a cargo of tobacco.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1918-08-29

Queen Elizabeth of the Belgians is an accom-
piished violinist and expert lngust She has
also taken her degree of NJ. ID. and has acted as
doctor to her husband and children on many oc-
casions.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1918-08-29

Sister Cecilia, a Sister of Charity of Green's
burg Pa, is sister of Charles NJ. Schwab, the
head of the United States Emergency Fleet Cor
poration.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1918-08-29

For the first time in the history of the Catholic
Press Association of the United States and Can
executive board. She is Mrs. Josephine Sullivan
Conlon of Detroit.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1918-08-29

The Municipal Civil Service Commission of
New York City announces that among the steps
being taken to fill the vacancies in the police fire
and STRENGTHENING departments is the employ
ment of women street sweepers in the outlying
districts
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1918-08-29

The war has brought Nine de Navarro MARY
Anderson), the great American actress, back to
the stage. To help raise funds for the relief
work, she has played in England
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1918-08-29

Miss Frances H. Wilson is the new assistant
district attorney of Alameda county, CAL
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1918-08-29

Plans for the initial speech of Miss
Mabel Stevens. national prohibition
talker, provide for Indictment weather
Miss Stevens will lecture in the inter
est of the state dry campaign tonight
at the city hall, in case of rain. and In
the parkway in front of the Elks club
il the weather is good. The opening
OF the drive here is scheduled for S
o'clock with the artillery band from
Fort Barrancas playing
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1918-08-29
NFWSy NOTES
ABOUT PEOPLE
AND PLACES

silver cup, the prize trophy for the
handsom est float in the Labor Day
parade, Is on exhibition in the show
window at Pyle's jewelry store, and is
being lavishly admired
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1918-08-29

Mr.. and Mrs. H. NJ. Hampton, OF
Grestview, motored to Pensacola in
their car yesterday for brief pleasure
trip.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1918-08-29

Weather. barometer readings. wind
direction and wind velocity at D. m.
along the coast.
Brownsville. pit. cldy, 900, Sc.
Corpus Christi, pit. cldy. 29.9s, Sc 20.
Galveston, pit. cldy, 1000. Sc i2.
New Orleans, clear, 1901. E.
Mobile, cldv. 3008 E.
Pensacola eldy. 5000. E.
Tampa, Cldy, 1912. NE i2
Miami. pt. cldy, 1910, E 10.
HStteras, cldy, 30is, S.
The Pensacola journal. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1898-1985, 1918-08-29

Mrs w Fl. kohn, wife of a promi-
nent Montgomery banker, and Miss
Mary Beeder, also of Montgomery. are
spending short time at the San Car
los.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1918-01-09
MEADE OFFICERS
R|DICULE TEDDY'S
ARMY CRITICISM

CAMP MEADE. Md. Jan. S.-There
is no attempt &c conceal the merTiment
Of officers here over the Exposures" Of
Theodore Roosevelt in connection with
the training Of men in the national army
camps Nobody wants to be quoted di-
Iectly. but the idea Of officers here was
that Mr.. 6oosevelt's exposures call for
a bit Of explanation.
The Philadelphia North American pub
lished photographs OF wooden guns and
Of Blob sticks to back up Colonel Roose-
velt's charge that men arc using not
real weapons, but only the imitation
stuff. The Fact is that in bayonet spar
ring one man uses a real gun and the
other uses a blob stick or a dummy
gun. The idea is that the man with
the real gun and bayonet make the at
tack. Even with the best of defensive
work the bayonet makes sashes in the
sticks
II two fairly well drilled soldiers
went at each other with real guns,
two guns would be hacked up so
badly that they would be almost out
of commission. 1t might mean the
staying OF perfectly good soldiers TO
carry on such realistic conflict. The
blob stick. therefore is not evidence
of unpreparedness or makcshtft.
Ii is the very kind Of stick the Eng
lishmen, who are giving the bayonet
training, are using in their own
training camps in England; hence the
charming name for the stick itself.
This stick has a loop in the end
OF It. The man attacking tries TO
get his point through the loop. while
the man on the defensive tries to
keep him from doing this. Other
bayonet attacks are made against
men armed with long sticks with pads
on the end. Wooden guns have been
used at Meade by a few units that
were slow in getting other ones.
Three types of guns have been used
here, the regulation Enfield, the
Springfield. and the old Krags. For
drilling. all are equally useful. The
training has never been retarded for
lack OF arms.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1918-01-09
SAYS U. S. WARSHTP =
SAVED BALFOUR'S LIFE

KANSAS CITY. Mo, Jan. Am
American business man now in Can
ada has written a letter TO II. p.
Wright here, telling how. while 4
passenger on the ship that carried
Arthur ]. Balfour back to England,
he saw the vessel saved from de-
struetion by a submarine by the
appearance of an American warship.
The man-of-war chased the submarine
off and finally sank it, says the let
ter
The steamship that carried the
British officials back home was the
Baltic, she letter says. On September
4, the writer says, 1--WE were Joined
by fourteen conveys from New York
and thirty destroyers," and the trip
was begun. Out at sea, he writes
eight British warships Joined the
convoy.
1t was while entering the English
Channel. he writes, that the U-boat
attacked. Before a hit could be
scored by the enemy craft. the Amer
lean warship dropped a she'll on the
periscope and the submarine was
blown up.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1918-01-09
ADVERTISEMENT.
MOTHERS, Do THIS.
When the Children Cough,
Rub Musterole on Threats
- and Chests

No telling how soon the symptoms
my develop into Group. or worse. And
then's when you're glad you have q
jar Of Musterole at hand to give
prompt, sure relief. It does not blister.
As first aid and q certain remedy,
Musterole Is excellent. Thousands of
mothers know it. You should keep q
jar IN the house, ready for instant use.
1t is the remedy for adults too. Re.
lleves sore throat. bronchitis, tonsilitis
Group, stiff neck asthma, neuralgia,
headache, congestion, pleurisy, rheu-
matism, lumbago, pains and aches of
back or joints sprains, sore muscles,
chilblains, frosted feet and colds Of the
chest lit often prevents pneumonia).
soc and Oc jars; hospital size $3.50.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1918-01-09
OFFICIALS DISCREDIT
REPORT OF SHIPS Loss

Although the owners OF the Amer
lean steamer, Harry Luckenbsch, have
received cable advices that the ship
was torpedoed and sunk with a loss
OF eight lives, the Navy Department
today discredited the report. 1t was
argued that there was a naval guard
aboard, and that ~ anything had hap
pened 30 the Luck enbach. some Off
disqualification would have been sent
to the department
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1918-01-09
EDISON AND BRYAN TO
TAGSHOVELS IN FLORIDA

Thomas Edison. William Jennings
Bryan, and Henry Watterson will be
the Euests Of Florida on "Tsg-Your-
shovel Day" January 80. it was an
nounccd by the Fuel Administration
today.
Each has been asked to send
shovel from his home to be tagged in
the nationwide coal-saving move
ment.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1918-01-09
MORE EXPERIENCED.

First Boarder-"It, would be rather
unfortunate IL anything happened TO
Hoover just nov, wouldn't it," Sec
"nd Boarder-"Oh, I don't know.
have an idea that our iandIady could
nlI his place and give him cards and
pades."-Life.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1918-01-09
Writing Paper,
Die Stamped, ST

We will engrave a steel die,
monogram of two or three let
terS-fifteen styles to select
from-and will stamp in gold,
silver, bronze, or colorS. "A
sheets of good paper there
with; "a envelopes. not
stamped, for 81.
These dies alone are worth
from s. to $3.50. Because
die makers aren't 50 busy
just now, we can offer the
whole lot at ST.
FIrFt EgOOr-Lansbursh 4 Bro.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-05-24
DOCTRINES OF
EASTMAN READ
MCOURT TODAY
Shortly After Final Break
Came He Urged I. w.
w. to Fight Draft.

Chicago, May 24.-The fiery doc
trines of Phineas Eastman. who cre-
ated reign Of terror in the Kansas
grain fields in his alleged attempt to
slow down Americas war plans. were
read into the. records today. at. the
trial of 112 leaders of the Industrial
Workers Of the World on charges
Of violating the espionage act.
1t was Eastman who soon after the
final break with Germany, brought
about adoption OF resolutions de-
nouncing the government and notify
ing members Of the 1. w. w. to fight
conscription.
Eastman's correspondence, intro
duced by Frank X. Nebeker. chief
prosecutor contained reports to Hay
wood on his battles with authorities
In Kansas and of his attempts to
brin~ the !. w. w. into power suffi-
cient to defy local and state 'oficials.
Obtaining information Of the gov
ernment's raid, Eastman disappear
ed and has not yet been apprehended.
Writing from the southern lumber
districts where he had tried to or
ganize the workers for strikes. East
man advised another officer that he
Rsss'sSx Esss 'ssSyss.sins shs tactics e The real
|g sttdoldL"y your 1op IN one mana ana
,yopr. Wfn6he stefsali the other until
yoIhs have feds,youfself and starved
your masterss into submission"
| HIS keen disappointment with re-
suits in the district about Marysville
Kansas, was shown in correspondence
in the spring Of 1917. fs
Later. correspondence told Of sue
cessful efforts to organize in the dis
trict and of plans for destruction of
property and terrorizing members of
labor unions.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-05-24
Great Damage IS
Done In German
Back Line Camps
oilers MUST :. !. !. /.
~ ~A30A AO Ava ~ = ! L, ~. =
START WORK !.
BEFORE I R. JULY
''Work or Fight" Regulation
Will Make Great Change
in Country.

Washington, May 24.-The far
reaching character Of the work or
fight" regulations under which the
government proposes to Snput every
man Of draft age into some useful
employment or into the army; prob
ably will not be fully realized, by the
country until the effects of its opera
tt6nfappear in every community.
~ The sweeping character. OF the gov
ernments purpose to put every able
man Of draft age either into the army
!or some useful occupation is indi-
Gated by. Provost Marshal. General
Crowder's official announcement, but
inasmuch as every case will come up
for determination on its merits as the
operation of sthe regulation goes for
ward. it will become apparent that
the scope of the governments action
practically is limitless. :.
The new regulations probably will
be- more. and more closely applied as
necessary to raise the draft age above
thtrty-one. Military authorities are
of the opinion now that 1t will not be
necessary to raise the draft age II
those now Of draft age are fully
utilized.
The first effect Of the new regula-
tions will be to drive idlers to work
or into the army. Moreover, it will
be the idler's own responsibility to
get useful job before July L. Then
will come the determination Of what
constitutes useful employments and
this. 1t is pointed out, will come in
for closer and closer determination az
the war goes on. An employment
reasonably useful under present con-
'ditions might by the developments OF
the war come to be considered use
less In comparison with the greater
needs OF the war
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-05-24
GERMANS F|Al|I !
'I|O|MOVlE|; ! ] ! 4; SHIPS ! Il | ! )
AT. M'|EBRUGIl!CE' ! ! j ! |. [! /
M'en. /. are Engaged in Cutting
Away Piers il, !, Attempt ! = Y
{ ito go Around.

IL Iandoh, May "a. Haying failed in
Attempts; to blow UP the two concrete
Eladen ships sunk In the entrances s-ts tc
Ahe Bruges canal at Zeebrusse. the
EGetmans are now engaged III cutting
feway the pferssin an attempt I'd. out
Ehank the obstruction. Z :. II ss 81; 3: 4 i
Photosraphs taken three days $3.50
by British naval airmen show this and
they also show how scompi pietely, the
canal entrance has sbeen blocked. B: !. i
4 Fhe Photographic. which +have been
viewed at the admiralty by ahs As6io:
slated Press. aiso .shoSs thats q esttnan
Graft in the canal are ,hsalda q vest,
ward; Indicating. .aecofd ding TO the I'D:
mtralty. that. they are evidently try.
Gths to pass out by way ,sof ottsnd
where. the. canal entrance II no
biqcked.as completely I, e ct /, zss'
n btusse. tsr.' .'.l':. y: ,'''. II i, :,
E,s It is doubtful. lsowsvsr, ifa there Ii
Eenoush water At -the sOstend outlet 70,
even the smGlier beats toget to sea
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-05-24
BEN FRANKLI!N1IUB.
OPENS AlllJU AL;'bIEET

winonayv MINI, Nay a.: -Ths.san-
nual joint convsntt lion. i,of the Ben
Franklin clubsrp southern Minnesota
and northern Iowa I. s opened. a two
days convenhons:h here this afternoon
with G, 6. Gampbsll ef s Ellsndele.
president Of the minnesota club; pre-
siding. u, VI sss ~ ~. Il i J.
AT this afternoons business session
Mac Martin eof ,lalnaeap 6iis spoke on
,.The Advertising Xksnts 80 This even
i1g E ", lss Reekg,anef IN The aspsEtmeppt e
Iowa. and II. Nv. .aKffH Of the Uni
.Yersity 81 -MinhSx O. Will 'xddresi the
Convention .on.s ouEnalism, and the
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-05-24
RACE VII BE BET EEN US.
I; AND HIND GF0R THE NEXT
FEW WEEKS SAY Us LLOYD GEORGE

/ siEdinburgh. May ~. --.'.sFor. the Ger
msns, a4 well m fpr rus, the: next few
weeks with be race .'Setween Hin
denburg ana, PrSside1. WILSON,, said
Lloyd: G66rEe IN an address here to-
day. The Germans are straining
every muscle to1reach the goal first
on the eve OF American help becom-
/. Il can honestly say," the premier
declared, .'that athe. government has
,neglected.. possible means for find-
Ing out whether there Is any honor
able outlet Of this war, its horrors
and tra9edies.'' r
Z Mr.. Lloyd sGeorge's address, was de-
'liyered in Connection; with the confer
!ringso thu. freedom of the city upon
y Nv I've .rs oA i: stne, iii eve Of great Ger
man ma attack.S the premier asserted.
poets are feel most confident about
theGs GsesuiE'' 's...,ss II; .sss.,+ ,s,..s -;
Bpeaking Of thS~time necessary for
the, United" States.to prepare, for full
III the war; the, premier
said that. after all her exertion,
America at the present moment did
not have what was equivalent to one
NTH, OF the fikhting strength which
the enemy had received owing to the
collapse OF Russia. He added that II
took time; 70 train and equip armies.
and that American help could not be
reckoned on FOR some titine. --.-e. --.ss;
X: ! Optimistac Regarding Subs. + y
The :prsn1iet's statements about the
submarine situation were most optt.
mistic. He said. that In April the
output Of shipping for the. frst time
exceeded the -losseS.;. ~ ~ 'Sit-t'.%
Mr.. lloyd George was r.received
with great enthusiasm. i. the people
rising and, cheering again and again
Since he had taken ONCE, ,he said
Great Britain. and her allies had had
to deal with two, adverse ,circum.
stances. =. The collapse of Russia haE
been. Of enormous help to the. enemy
alta time when thef man power of. al
the. was. alnnost 1! It ths
point 5of exhaustion, The other nd
submarine vaFfare7 perfsttly &. s., 4,
exampled proceeding which the alhe'
had no right to expect even from
Germany In the whole. history Il 9!
piracy, he remarked there .syaa - :snS
example of;Gonduct lihe that. 4 II s;s ,.ss,.
Z, Mr.. Lloydl George read g repoyE5lhe &. \
had just received, 8, from the nd
miralty,s IN 4 which 1t was, said: -, ...s
AS regards the meeting Of enemy
submarines. that is going on LIS u
factorily." s:. :.
| That, said the premier, had heel
the official language since the begin
ming of the year. The naval staMswA'
confident that''the allied navies.w wer'
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-05-24

sinking more Submarines than the
enemy was able to build. As . means
Of sinhicting injury, the submarine was
still formidable, but as "a danger
which might mean the winning or
losing of the war; he declared, the
were submarines being sunk faster
than the Germans could build them,
but the alliesSAs a whole were con-
'structing merchant ships faster than
the Germans could destroy them.
q Mr.. Lloyd George said he felt hap
pier than 1T any other time during
the war over the prospects of making
the most effective use Of the whole
forces Of the alliance,
I'VE areedealing with a ruthless
Prussian despotism that Is out for
plunder. loot and pillage,' he said
Treaties restrain them just as. little
today 6s in the> day OF Belgium. They
do not intend to bring the war to an
end until their basket is as full as ii
can hold. -. :. s
From the data at present available
the premier told his hearersN the ad.
miraltys was of the opinion that In
the month Of April, a. record had beer
made in the destruction of enemy
submarines. .54 H. !.
Premier Lloyd Georges statement
that the United. States had thus fal
been able to counterbalance less thar
one fifth of the fighting strength the
Germans gained for west front oper.
Ations through the collapse of Rus
sla, left ofiicials here somewhat puz.
zled ~; to the figures upon which II
was based. ..y
1t was regarded as probable tina
the premier was basing his statemen
on the, number Of Americans in lin.
before Amiens with the French
forces. The strength of that fore,
has never been made public but 1t Il
known to- be in excess Of one division
and. probably, reaches figure. a
least above 1000 IT, that. is tru'
and the premier based his calcula
tions upon an American participa
iition' OF 100. 900 men. 1t would indi
cate British information was that
half a. million German troops ha,
Tbeen Withdrawn from the eastern
front for. use in the west. That fig
lure, however, it Is felt here. probabl,
under. estimates the actual German
movement, 4& ~ .
Whatever the strength of tn
American army in France may be to
day Fthe statement has not been chal
l4enged at the war department that
million men will have been transport
Fed by July Il ..of this year. - z
Z Speaking at q luncheon Mr.. Lloy
kGeorge said there was no doubt tha
there had been conspiracy for
great rising in Ireland, He state
that he had seen the evidence. TIL
leaders OF the Nationalist party. n
added, had nothing to do with A., It, !,
~ !,
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-05-24
FOUR STATES
MAY SUBSCRIBE
100000
North Dakota's Red Cross
Donations Have Reached
More Than $500,0OO.

Minneapolis, Minn., May 24.-Sub-
scriptions to the Red Cross war fund
drive in, the northern division, which
is made up Of the states of Mime
sofa, Montana, North Dakota and
South Dakota have reached $3,315.-
900, according to an estimate made
at local headquarters today. Leaders
are predisttng a total Of approximate
ly $5,o00,0e0. when final tabulations
are made.
Montana has raised Sass. 900. North
Dakota has gone over the half mil
lion mark, South. Dakota is beyond
$3.50, 900 and Minnesota Is nearing
100000 according to reports from
district chairman. The districts
minimum quota is $2,20O,OOO.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-05-24
New Rivehns Record
Made By Englishman

London. May PA new riveting
record for the United Kingdom was
made yesterday at Barrow by. Will
liam Moses, an .employe Of Vickers
Limited. !, Using a 28-poundS riyeting
hammer. on firing beams for 9.2
inch howitzers. Moses drove $500
rivets in nine hours The rivets were
Of two kinds, and snap
head, and the tools employed had
been in use for twelve months. !.