davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
Our Daily Bread

H. What is meant by the term
"Our daily bread? When, where and
how did bread originate?
iguratively, the term means food
or sustenance in general; in a more
restricted sense it is that more par
ticular article of food upon which the
existence of a people actually depends.
Vhi. article of food will, Of course,
vary, according to the climate, customs
and historical development. The daily
bread of the Chinese is rice; of the
Hyperborean it is dog fat and whale
blubber of the West African the fruit
of the bread tree (Artocarpus incisa).
The South Sea Islander depends for
his sustenance on the cocas (cocos
mucifera); on the Orinoco and Ma
ramon they live on the farinaceous yam
(Dioscorea batata), and the life Of the
Bedouin is unthinkable without the
date {Phoenix dactylifera). In it's mar
rowest sense. however, bread" is the
well-known article of food prepared of
-four Of meal or Of some species Of
grain by kneading it into dough.
The origin of this most important
victual is lost in hoary antiquity. Even
the original home of the cereal plants
of which bread is being made is not
known, all the researches and hypo-
theses Notwithstanding. Where wheat,
spclt, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, etc,
first offered man their granny ears for
food is an ,msoved problem. But that
originally bread was not roasted or
baked, but eaten as dough or paste,
may be inferred from its relation with
the word BROTH" both Of these words
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
Queries and Answers

being derived from the root "breowan,"
"bru," to brew. In all probability it
was originally the boiled coarse meal
with nothing added to it but salt. The
leavening and baking Of the bread was
a later development. The origin Of
these processes is matter of specula-
ton; but so much is certain that bak-
ing preceded the leavening Of the
bread that causes it to rise; also that
the original form Of the bread was not
the loaf, but kind of thin, fiat cake
Ike the matzoths, or unleavened bread
of the Jews, or the tortillas of the
Mexicans. Like these, it was probably
roasted upon intensely heated fiat
stones.
With the discovery Of the leaven the
hat cake increased in height until it
assumed the form of our loaf.
OF what great Importance the loaf.
which before 1900 was the mama Of
bread: was as a daily food can be in
ferred from its relation with the word
lord" For lord, A. S. hlaford (hlaf.
bread, loaf; weard, keeper, is prob
ably contraction of hlafweard, liter
ally, "loaf-ward." and, therefore. Orig
lnally signified the keeper or dispenser
OF hread-in short, the breadfather to
whom the members of the family had
to apply for their daily bread. even as
to-day the whole American people have
to apply to our food dictator, Hoover.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
Their Interests
Being Consolidated

They meet in London, in France, in
all the great bases of military activity.
Even finance is consolidating their in
terests. I do not intend here to dis
cuss the thorny subject known as
reciprocity, for that word in itself
throws Canadians into opposite camps.
For better or worse, your country and
theirs have been divided, this fifty
years, by an economic barrier which
mas forced the Northern population to
push their great railroads east and
west, where under a different fiscal
policy these routes might have run
north and south. That is history, and
the interchange by which Eastern Can
ada sells goods to Western Canada and
buys corn with the money is one Of
the most perfect examples of internal
free trade anywhere to be seen. But
the war has reduced European shipping
along the Atlantic route and has thus
forced Canada into n larger volume Of
commerce with yourselves. She has
been buying your goods, and, with a
reciprocal embargo on gold holding up
currency, her exchange has suffered.
That was the reason Of Sir Robert Bor-
den's visit to Washington, which
indicates landmark in the financial
relations between the two countries.
The fact that Canada has dealt with
you instead Of with London is some in
dication of the sacrifice of prestige
which Britain suffers under the stress
of war. On the altar of this fearful
struggle we have laid many cherished
things, of which one has been the proud
prominence of the London money mar
ket. Better things may come to US in
compensation-mone markets are not
all that nations should live for-and I
suppose that, strictly, no nation should
cling to any such material prominence
over others, still the London money
market was a not ignoble achievement,
and if we now share its fruits with you,
frankly recognizing that a new day has
dawned, you will pardon US if some
times we turn our faces to the past
and remember what splendid past it
has been.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10

sible! The city Of Montreal would have
to be severed clean in twain. The
British Canadians would be barred
from the Atlantic Ocean. And the
French Canadians would find them
selves bereft of all that sturdy enter
prise which, largely through Scots
men, has made Canada what she IS
to-day.
Like yourselves. Canada must look
long way ahead and build for the
future. In the fine banks of Montreal
and in the magnificent railroad sta
lions you see that spirit at work.
These massive ediices are not meant
for to-day alone or even for to-mor-
row. A century hence they will be
valued and admired. Similarly with
her French Canadian problem. At the
moment it looks insoluble. But if both
sides work sincerely for the future.
then slowly but surely the hardy Mo-
neers to whom Professionalism appeals
will appreciate the garnered traditions
IN art and poetry and symbol which
are the glory of Catholicism, while on
their side Catholics will find in the
simpler worship of their friends a sim
cere reverence and guarantee of a
sound and we'll ordered home life. In
the meantime the war must inevitably
draw together Americans and Cana
dams.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10

Dominion in advance of white settle
ment throughout the West 1t is not
easy to link up these misgivings with
Japan's proposal to advance in Siberia,
which might actually divert migration
westward, to Asia and therefore away
from America. But the whole situation
tends to draw this continent into one
diplomatic ambit, and there is no doubt,
so far as Canada is concerned with the
yellow races, Washington understands
the position a good deal more clearly
than scribes in London who have been
ready, at safe distance, to encourage
the japanese to conquer half of North
ern Asia.
At the same time I am not certain
that Canada fully appreciates what l
take to be the Presidents especial diff
fculty over Japan's proposals. This
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10

w. A-On what occasion did Kosci-
uszko utter the famous words, "Finis
Polonie"?
Like most sayings attributed to great
men, also this "Finis Poloni@," the end
of Poland, has no historical foundation
whatever. 1t was put into the mouth Of
Field Marshal Tadeusz kosciuszko
(1746-17S1) in No. "a OF the Official
"Sud-Preussisch Ieitung" of October
25, 1894 It was said that Kosciuszko
on his fight in the battle Of Maciejo-
vice got stuck in a sandhill; the Co.'S
sacks had shot his horse under his
body, and when he jumped from his
horse he was wounded in the back of
the head. The Cossacks then carried
him on four poles into their camp,
where he handed over his sword with
the cry, "Finis Regni Polonia."
In letter to Count Louis Philippe
de S6gur, of November y, 1903, who
Incorporated it in his "Tableau His
t,rique ct Politique de pEurope dc
17s4-96,' Paris, 1900, kosciuszko en-
phatically denies having. uttered this
cry.
The Poles replied to this spurious
cry of lament with the famous Dom
browski march Of an unknown author:
"Jeszcze Polska ME zginela' ("Poland
is not yet lost"), first sung by the
Polish Legion organized by Dombrowsk XII
under BonaDarte in 1895.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
The Crown Not
Badge of Servitude

To Canada the Grown is not badge
Of servitude or dependency" or mutt
lated and subjugated nationality. 1t
signifies the deliberate self determine
ton of free people
This loyalty to distant and merely
emblematical throne-for no King of
England as King has ever set foot in
Canada-nakes it little difficult for
your neighbors to appreciate the inter-
national terms in which President Will
son states the aims of this war. Can
ada did not thus reason when, with tout
debate, she dispatched her army Of
about 400 900 men across the Atlantic
To her. it was enough that England
was in deadly danger, and to Eng
lands help she came. The impulse was
instructive, not reasoned, and it fol-
lows, inevitably, that Canadians find a
hero in Colonel Roosevelt, who wanted
you to enter the war when the Lusi-
tania was torpedoed.
Indeed, Canada cannot even yet quite
"place" President Wilson. 1t will take
time and careful explanation to bring
her into close touch with the ideal Of
an international league of peace, and
much Of what I said on this subject.
both in public and in private, seemed
to strike Canadians as a new idea. At
any rate, many of them had not taken
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10

difficulty is believed to be that if
Japan advances against Russia on one
side, we have no reason for opposing
Germany's advance against Russia on
the other side. The symmetry of the
long distance negotiations would be
seriously injured while Russia is irrev-
ocably alienated from the Allies.
The impulse of Canadians would be
to dismiss the theory of the matter
and get at the blunt fact that the Boil
sheviki have let us down badly, that
Japan has helped US and that Germany
must be beaten, whatever happens at
terward. That only prompts me to say
one thing as friend and real admirer
of Japan. l am told that her people
are split up over this Siberian bust
ness. If that be so, then let US look
at the choice. Militarism and aggres-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
Friends Meet
At the Border

In uassing, may mention the great
.aurtesy OF the customs officials on
18th sides who defend US all against
,rdue economic determination. These
Imuortant gentlemen could cause much
.r;ction between the two countries If
.bss 40 desired, but, while doing their
duty with all vigilance, they endeavor
"a make legitimate intercourse as easy
a. possible, which is surely a very
wise policy to pursue. I am told that
there used to be periods when boun-
dairy disputes occupied the diplomats
seriously for years at time, and on
the merits Of these controversies
Americans will argue with Canadians
to this day.
One story is good until another is
told but the Canadian view is broadly
that influences in America which,
doubtless with excellent reason, dis
liked Britain made it awkward for
Canada, in the belief that Canada be-
lcnged to England"
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
The Mischief Made
By Pin Pricks

Whether that was so or not l am I'M
sble to say, but l may remark in gen.
eral terms that politicians, whoever
they be and wherever they live, who in
dulge in pin pricks against the neigh
hors OF their country are SHINING
against their own children. If Ill feel
ing results it Injuries both sides equal
~. And to foment Ill feeling, or even
to risk il, is downright mischief, on
which public opinion should stamp the
iaot-and hard. In your case with
Canada this is all the more important,
because undoubtedly there has been
irritation over various matters, some
great, some small.
When Lord Bryce returned from
Washington TO London he spoke at our
Lord Mayors Mansion House on Anglo
American relations. Among other
things, he described the difficulty of
working frontier which cuts in a dead
line through cities, severing houses, di
viding the mill from the millrace and
the homestead from the farm. These
little problems are seized on by lawyers
and, regret to add. by US newspaper
men, and may become very interesting.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10

IN view Of what is happening to-day all
over ehe civilized world, Americans and
canadians are wise in avoiding what
children call playing with fire"
for behind these pyrotechnics there
IS real dump of explosives. No areu-
neh' VIII alter the fact that the great
Republic which broke away to indie
pendence must look occasionally little
askance at 'the colonies" which re-
NAMED within the bondage-as it has
been regarded sometimes-of the Brit
ism yoke. This habit of thinking gals
me canadian bitterly and is response
Die Tor whatever GOODNESS remains be-
tween him and Americans. Speaking
as third party, quite detached from
e'lner OF the other two, NAV suo-
gest that whether or not Canada
mas been we'll advised in holding to
Britain instead of cutting the painter
one thing is certain - she so acts
Oh her own free will. Tomorrow
morning, if she wishes, she can saw
Goodby to the mother country. She
has in full measure ali the rights
the full status-of nation that, num-
pering seven million to-day, will num-
Der fifty millions in fifty years from
now. And the passionate devotion
which Americans rightly lavish on "Old
Giory"-in the workshops of Schenec-
tady saw your flag displayed on every
crane and girder-is paralleled by the
almost religious loyalty of British
speaking Canadians for the Crown-not
because the Crown is hereditary, but
because, like your Stars and Stripes, it
unltes many races, symbolizes a COM
mon destiny, is emblem of one pur-
pose.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10

II YOU should ask any kindergart-
/ ner what punishment she relies
On in all cases needing instant
.ssn.ion she would invariably answer:
violating child from the group and
exciuding him from all work Or play
i'r short time Usually putting John
one side, where he can see what he
u missing, will be sufficient, and the
question, after few minutes, as to
whether he is row ready to join the
CLASS again will meet with a ready &C
aulsscence.
Does this plan work as well in the
asrae az in kindergarten? 1t certainly
aoss, bEt il must be differently man
sssa- Since there ia not so much def
sue work Or play going on in the home
!" IN kindergarten, exclusion has to
more complete to be noticed by the
'"Ha- That is 70 say, something more
s4a Dc necessary than simply having
eraw Mis- chair to one side Of the
w. sun' II must be Go away by your
~, 1onn, until you are ready to be
peasant companion again" Danish
~ saI must be complete, even 10 clos
~ hs door. OF course, cries Will
sue, sometimes screams, but they
n. caused by no physical pain, and
-. Mental shock Of being entirely
ss she and cut of from the family is
sss.aiiy all that is needed 10 stop
n 4" After the tempest is oyer
- moshsf will 90 TO her little one and
~. ne want you when you are your
H.. again, John. Can we have you
s, LlAhy Of the minor naughtinesses
ssss.as whining, teasing, mimicking,
sag snatching and stamping, are
managed In this simple way.
.assfuI In Choice Of Words
n,ss hese let me say, ne mothers
b. 20. oe careful In our choice Of words
a .Ieax actions. Let w not call all
esss shSn bad, or even naughty. II Il
ny = disazfeeabIe or ankind when
s. used We shouldn't tell him that
70 Dad. gaye that worst word Tor
lsssas xengs, like siappiag, xnsaking OF
y snd the Ike. Then it will
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
Laurier Was Their
Greatest Hope

With the defeat of Sir Wilfred Lau-
rier the French Canadians have lost
the commanding figure through whom
they governed the Dominion. They are
solid, but they are isolated, and where
Laurier failed none expects that Bou
rassa, with his newspaper "Le Devoir."
will succeed. For what is it that the
extremists really want? They dislike
England, but, then, England is thou
sands of miles away and has nothing
to do with them. If they are against
Canada, yet they are equally against
incorporation with the United States.
Total Independence appears to be the
only solution left, but how impos-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
atrols Must Keep
Within Their Sectors

Now patrol has the duty to pro
tect certain sector and cannot go off
and leave 1t, which is one reason why
it does not usually offer the same
chance to get shot at the Huns that
a voluntary chase expedition does. If,
for instance. had been there with an
other man just looking for boche and
with no sector to protect, the thing to
have done would obviously have been
TO fly deep into our own lines as if
we were leaving, then climb up over
that Huns head and hang around with
the sun on our packs in the hope that
he would not notice US, and wait for
him to come into cur territory If he
would not do this, you could 20 to
him, but It is always better to get
them in your own lines If possible, for
you can then get better show with
out having to spend half the time
watching your own rear and ending
up by being forced to retreat by the
boche's comrades coming up in force.
Once l left the patrol and started
after this Hun, but he evidently saw
me at once and dove back into his own
lines. l saw that l could not get
any kind of shot at him, so decided 10
wait little longer. I rejoined the
patrol and we made tour of perhaps
ten minutes. When we got back to the
SAME place again the lieutenant had
gone down somewhat, so that the Hun.
who was again just coming to the lines
and evidently had seen us some 400
metres below him instead of on the
same level as before, thought he was
safe and came on into our lines. Nv
companion evidently did not see him
so turned to one side, flew directly
under the bochc going in the opposite
direction, and then put myself below
and behind him by doing reverse.
ment.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
Both My Guns
w ere Broken

| worked away and incidentally said
some things | never learned in Sunday
school, but 1t is eXasperating when you
could get good shot and YOUR gun
won't work and you have visions Of
what should be an easy victim escap-
ing you. There was nothing to do.
though, in this case, for upon return
ing to the field found both nv guns
not simply damned, but actually
broken, one so that it had to be taken
on the machine and replaced
While trying to fix the guns in the
ar kept giancing down at the boche;
sometimes he was on his back, some
tunes on his nose. and again diving al
most normally, which was what made
me think he might come to life. The
machine, however, was evidently com
pletely uncontrolled. I chased him
down almost 1000 metres, faster than
| had ever come down before. 80 fast
that when we reached 1000 metres he
was not more than perhaps 400 metres
ahead of me A quick, great change of
attitude like this is most unpleasant.
as your ears get all stopped up and it
gives you headache, but in q fcht
you do not at the time notice it. and
this time | was very anxious to lust
see where the boche fell so as to get
MN confirmed If he did go down. At
1000 metres, however, had to pull
up and use my hand pump. for all the
pressure had run out of my gas tank
due to the unusually long dive. the
motor shut down
| lost sight of the boche and did not
see him hit the ground, but after nv
motor was running nicely again l flew
on down to 200 metres over the battle
field and searched for him, for he had
fallen several kilometres within our
lines. so that it was possible to 90
down low and have a look. Pretty soon
spotted him lying on his back in the
mud, his top plane was mashed into the
soft ground, but the rest of the ma
chine was apparently remarkably in
tact when You consider the height from
which he had fallen. Probably the
machine Topped over fiat on its back
or right side up Just before striking.
and in this way the force of the fall
was broken. Shortly after I got back
to our field the official confirmation
came in from the lines, so the Hun did
not get away after ALL The pilot and
observer were, of course, both dead
(The observer is also machine gun
ner and takes the photographs, al
though the pilot sometimes does some
of this)
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
By P. w. Wilson
american Correspondent Of "The London Da;z Memory

uayE Just returned from Canada,
xhere have enjoyed first
j glimpse OF the great Dominion,
=. frontier Of which marches for
mao miles alongside your own. In
:. leading cities there are Canadian
r,uh.n which entertain visitors for
,...s or dinner. and hear what they
ave to say, and of these hospitable
...h.r;ugs Montreal claims that hers
..,As the most venerable. There
-. the leading merchants, bankers,
.,rrnalists and professional men Of
-. .;tv. and there. from Mount Royal.
, ,,okas across the ever wonderful ST.
lawrence.
Tho River Hudson. with its Palisades
- sheet armor OF ice, had prepared
=. for great things, and the ST.
terrence is assuredly stream which
.,.ecers the imagination. But, of
.,nrss. / have been accustomed to
srooks like the Thames, which, as John
Rams puts it, may be liquid history
mt is only slight distillation of cold
,ater compared with the Mississippi
ar the pride of Canada.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
Bv Mrs. Laura Willard Lawrence

carry weight and mean something. Real
wrongs must be met with severe pun
ishments, such as depriving the child
Of some cherished possession.
Even a baby as young as year old
feels isolation. One OF our little ones
was forming habit Of throwing her
self back in her high chair and scream
ing all during meal time because she
didn't get things just as she wanted
them. She was cured in less than a
week by her father taking her. chair
and all. to the kitchen the minute she
began and leaving her there behind a
long did she cry? AT the most, two or
three minutes, and less and less each
time, until she gave up the habit en-
tirely.
Care must be taken to go to the child
az soon rs the storm passes, or he will
begin to cry again from feeling OF
neglect.
The Isolation Punishment
The isolation method of punishment
takes time, but any kind Of punishment
takes time except the ever easy slap
and shake, which do 50 little good and
soon breed in child the fear OF physi-
cal violence.
"A
full MANAGEMENT it is often possible to
avoid punshmcnts entirely. One
method is to avoid the issue by divert
ing the attention. Another simple pre-
ventiye is to explain actions and hap,
pcnings to children. Even two and
three year olds can grasp much more
than most people suppose, II it Is only
told them in language they can under
stand Explain what is going to hap
pen, and why they should act in such
and such way; explain what did hss,
pen, and why you asked them to act
AZ you did. Help to trace an action and
establish connection between effect
and cause.
Or course, explanation may be car,
ricd 10 exccss Sometimes instant and
unquestioninQ obedience is necessary
for safety. Positive commands VIII al
ways be obeyed II the children kno"
that ~ soon az possible explanations
will follow. When "A grown-up obeys
blind orders he expects that the reason
for them will be explained to hin, later
Why should not child expect the SAME
trGatmant7