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New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10

I'm recent issue OF Ihe glasgow
Herald. Mr.. Iues IS q leading
marine engineer of Scotland.)
The economic conditions brought
about by the war have caused atten-
ton to be drawn to the possibilities
of ferro concrete for snip construc-
ton. It is therefore not surprising
that developments were made early in
the war in Scandinavia, where COM
paratively small amount of steel is
produced The firm of Messrs. Foug-
ner, of Moss, were early in the field,
and they have constructed many barges
up to ESQ tons dead weight, which
have been in service for over a year.
At the moment several vessels Of 1000
tons are in the course of construction
in Norway One motor vessel, the
Namscnfj lords, fitted with a Bolinder
engine of 80 b. h. p. and capable of
carrying 200 tons, has been tried under
seagoing conditions, with, it is under
stood, satisfactory results. The speed
developed 10 ABOUT seven and halI
knots.
AS the fcrro concrete is only in its
experimental stage, and as practically
no experience has been obtained SO
/ far from actual scagoing conditions,
wise prccaution at the present time
I is to eliminate any doubtful factors,
and the steel therefore should be OF
the quality used in ordinary shipbuld-
! ing work.
Upkecp Of hull due to wear is con-
sidcrably less, while the life Of ferro
concrete ships is likely TO be much
longer than that of steel ships. tho
concrete not reaching its maximum
strength until many months after
( launching.
{ Then it is possible 10 build the ships
very quickly once an establishment is
-, arranged md equipped. and fire re-
J sisting fnd insulation properties are
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
Difficulties Will
Be Defeated by
Modern Science

BY Professor George Owen
(Nouol Architecture Department.
Massachusetts Institute of Tech
rology.)
BOSTON, Mass, March e.-The stud
OF concrete ships is one OF IN. .uo u
complicated problems that have come
before the engineer. Practically every
thing that we have learned about ship
building has come from experience. In
the construction of steel ships We have
tried certain lengths and widths and
found them successful, and then have
added length and width in making
larger craft. In bridge construction
the engineer knows the exact weight
the structure will stand and what
weight 1t will have to stand to fulfil
requirements. The engineer works
with tried and proven problems.
The naval engineer, however, in maxi
ing plans for ships encounters prob
lens that have never been solved. He
can only go ahead and enlarge on this
or that design. Such problems enter
into the building of concrete ships. AS
soon as the first ono can be launched
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
The framework ofa ship before
moulded is poured
the $500 tons the Fleet Corporation
now favors for the first ventures,
there would be in two wears 12.5OO.-

the $500 tons the Fleet Corporation
now favors for the first ventures,
there would be in two years 12,500,-
900 tons of concrete ships alone.
All of this can be done by utilizing
labor that is but little used in build
ing steel and wooden ships by using
only a limited amount of the kind Of
material used in such ships and by
calling on great industry that has
not yet been strained by war de-
mands-the cement industry. Final
ly, it would not draw skilled men
from other war work. The present
supply of workers skilled in concrete
and an army of unskilled men would
do the job.
If a S50,OOO,OOO gamble or o
$250,0O0,000 or a $500,0oO,00o gam
BILE is too quixotic, a much less eX
pensive chance can be taken which
will still save many months. It is
calculated that owing to the small
amount of equipment required in a
yard designed to build concrete ships
the need of less storage and ware
house space, ETC., such yards can be
built and completely equipped for
100000 a way. Thus a ten-way yard
would cost $200,000
Yards can be built with large
capacity while the experimental
ships arc building. If the latter are
satisfactory many months time will
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
Machinery for 500
Is Already Assured

Taking it for granted that corr
crete ships are successful, 'a'
United States could, by starting u
at once, probably build 500 OF tnsu
within twelve months, and possiO,
several hundred within the cufre'.
calendar year. Machinery for svs
or 500 3,500-ton boats is assured.
the average size were to be o'vVS
tons, not so many ships couia !.
equipped with power this year. Wv
the total tonnage would be as gfea'
BY beginning now just as II w
were as sure Of the concrete snip ~
we are of the steel ship we stanu :.
add several millions of tons 10 ~.
shipping resources this year, anu y.
next year we shall be in shape .
build them in such numbers tna'' :.
conjunction with the ten or s"e''.
million steel tonnage we may ~
realize, the submarines greaseS
possible inroads would be c0p'
parative trifle.
Before we knew whether we nss
picked a winner or not, we nl's''
invest many millions of doi'a.s
They might be lost. We might ne. !,
to scrap half-built plants. bus i,
we should pick a winner we w0s.
have saved not only those half-na,.
utes that General Foch does IS SIS
disdain to mention, but half w
and, perhaps, the world.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
Photo Kadel & Herbert
A concrete ship after it has righted
itself, but before the water is

ing Company of Moss, Norway, last
year, and proved successful after
severe ocean trials.
The same company has completed,
or is about to complete, 3,000-ton
oceangoing ship, and is now offering
to contract for 5000 and 4,000ton
ships. Concrete barges are building
in France by the hundreds. Concrete
yachts have been built in Massachu-
sets and at Chicago. British naval
architects are reported to be offering
to build and guarantee concrete
ships. A 200-ton motor lighter was
put into service by the Porsgrund
Cement Casting Works, Porsgrund,
Norway, last summer, and a nine
foot model of this boat was turned
over to the United States Bureau of
Standards for study-the study that
led the Emergency Fleet Corporation
to create it's concrete shipbuilding
division. A 300-ton ship is almost
ready at Montreal for lake service
Finally, there are the 700-ton barges
built and building by the Louis L.
Brown Company, Inc, of New York,
and the 4,500-ton ship on San Fran
cisco Bay mentioned above.
Test Still Needed
On Ocean Conditions
From an examination of all the
data relating to the concrete vessels
in service, it appears that practice
has long since demonstrated their
suitability for protected waters in al
most any size and for ocean-going in
small size. There remains only the
testing Of large self-propelled ships
under ocean-going conditions. The
San Francisco ship will soon supply
the missing link.
The Shipping Board is in no way
responsible for the last named ship
but is prepared to reimburse the
owners for her injury or destruction
in submitting to such tests as it may
suggest, and has watched her prog
ress with the greatest interest. II
has given provisional contracts te
the Liberty Shipbuilding Company
of Boston; the Foughner American
Steel Concrete Shipbuilding Com
pany, of New York, and the Ferro
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
Shipbuiider Says
No Limit Can Be
Put on Dimensions
By Mic. K. Tongner

Foremost builder of concrete ships,
aUho has come to america to build
them here.)
Concrete ships can be built with ma
terials and labor that at the present
time are not required in other ship
building. In other words, by building
concrete ships we add tonnage with
out depriving the steel shipbulding
yards of their skilled mechanics, with
out depriving them of the structural
steel manufactured in the shops for
building steel ships, without depriving
the wood ship builders of the heavy
lumber required for building wood
ships, without making use of the
skilled ship carpenters necessary for
the wood ship construction.
Concrete ships are built with mate
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10

ships that are now being started I'M
der contract with the Shipping
Board, the 4,500-ton concrete ship
that the San Francisco Shipbuilding
Company expects to launch at Red
wood City, San Francisco Bay, next
Thursday, will have been proved a
success or a failure. In the former
event the proposed concrete ship
yards could be rushed to completion,
contracts could be let for hundreds
of boats of the new type and but
little time would be lost.
So far as engineers can foresee,
there is nothing to preclude the sue
cess of the concrete ship. The stu
alton is that, while hundreds of con-
crete barges and other small vessels
have been successful, no large ship
of concrete has ever been completed
and tried out. The technical side of
concrete ship construction has been
worked out in the greatest detail. In
fact, it was not until that had been
done that the Shipping Board Gre
atcd a division of concrete construc-
ton, began to draft plans for a
standard 3,500-ton boat, and even
committed itself to provisional con-
tracts, in which it stands part of
the expense of the experimental
boats in the event of their failure.
Except for the element of size, there
is already large amount of empiri-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10

good, while s,insect life Ga constant
source of worry in wooden vesscls) is
eliminated.
The great disadvantage is the large
additional light weight of the vessel.
in comparison with that of a steel ship
of the same size.
1t is in vessels of moderate size, say
up to a maximum of $50 feet in length
and 1000 tons dead weight, that ferro
concrete will be found to be a suitable
material, the reason for this being that
in large steel vessels the amount of
steel used in the construction has
been reduced to the minimum which
recognized authorities consider con-
sistent with safe working stress on
the material.
There is, therefore, little nroba-
bility that in vessels much above the
size indicated ferro concrete will be
cmplOyed
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
Hundreds Can Be Built
Without Draining on
Men, Material or the
Engines Needed for
Regular Programme

By Theodore M. knappen
TT TAKES an idea a long time
to gain momentum.
A Frenchman built con-
crete rowboat in 1849. 1t is still
in use.
Hundreds of concrete vessels of
various kinds have been built in re-
cent years. But the engineering and
marine worlds have not yet made up
their minds whether concrete ships
are feasible.
Late in December the United
States Shipping Board established
department of concrete ship con-
struction and began to feel it's way.
1t is still feeling. The inertia of
the conservatism to be overcome is
tremendous. The engineers are cal
cUating and conjecturing, and pro-
visional contracts have actually been
let to three companies, the general
provision being that if the first ship
is successful the companies will be
authorized to proceed with consider
able numbers.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10

it cannot be met under existing condi-
tions, but the use of concrete will give
us many more ships and a greatly in
creased rate of production without in
any way interfering with the ship
building programme already under way.
To be effective this work must be I'M
dertaken at once.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10

cious venture instead of waiting
weary months for four or five trial
ships.
1t is conceivable that this country
can build 500 five-thousand ton con-
crete ships in about twice the time
that a few pioneers will require.
They would cost, exclusive of ma
chinery and fittings, about $400,000,-
000-say about 100000 all told.
The Shipping Board, mindful of
the relative failure of the wooden
ship programme; mindful Of Con-
gress; mindful Of public opinion and
technical conservatism, dare not
take the responsibility of this mag
nifcent gambia -the-war
gamble. 1t has taken the initiative.
IL has discovered that the chances
strongly favor the complete success
of the concrete ships. The country
and Congress must take the grand
responsibility for large "ante" on
this S5OO,00O.0OO if they want to feel
that they have done everything
within their power to bridge the At
lantic, to answer the appeal of Gen.
eral Foch:
Need to Hurry
Is Imperative
Hurry! Hurry! Hurry! Do
not waste even half minute!"
What is even half a billion if it is
to determine the issue of the war or
whether the issue is to be fought out
in America instead of Europe?
Hurry, or there may be no place for
US to land troops in Europe! Itmay
be all German!
Inquiries at the offices of the
Emergency Fleet Corporation give
the gratifying information that even
with all the strain that has been put
on them the boiler and engine manu-
facturers of America can "come
through" this year with power for
the propulsion of the five hundred
concrete ships.
Cement men and workers in con-
crete say these ships can be built.
Next year, if there still be time for
shipbuilding, we might turn out two
thousand concrete ships. If these
were of 5000 tons each, instead of
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
Can Be Built
Quicker Than Steel Boats

1t is rat-proof, rot-proof, rust.
proof and inimical to barnacles and
other marine growths. 1t does not
require frequent and expensive
painting and is easily and cheaply
repaired.
Concrete ships can be built in
quantities more rapidly than Steel
Their cost is probably not more than
| two-thirds of steel, and may be very
much less. 1t is even less than that
of wooden ships. They will prob.
ably last thirty-fvc years, as
against twenty-five years for steel
ship. AS such a ship is practically
a monolith, it will not be as leaky
as a steel ship, and injuries will be
localized. AS a concrete ship con.
sists principally of cement, sand
and gravel, their chief building ma.
terial is usually available near BY
The reinforcing steel rods, meshes
etc, do not draw on the kind Of
steel required for steel ships. Such
wood as is needed will not interfere
with the progress of the wooden
ships. The workmen are simply the
same class of labor as is used in
building edifices of concrete. Very
little highly skilled labor is required
Hence the concrete ship is practical
ly drawn from new sources Of labor
and material. It can be built IN
quantities without interfering with
the present wood and steel pro-
grammes.
Z The yards for the building Of
these two classes of boats are now
so numerous that to start any more
has the effect of delaying the Others
for there is limit to the quantity
of labor and material for them. AS
Stunning that we are now planning
for the uttermost limit of steel and
wood capacity, which is about the
fact, we have still in concrete ships
an entirely new and almost unlimited
shipbuilding capacity. The Unlteo
States has an immense cement pro-
ducing CAPACITY. and, owing to the
suspension Of building to large ea'
tent during the war, all OF 'ne
cement needed for ships can be sup
piled without interfering with otnef
war business.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
Will Build Four
Million Tons This Year

Our present 1913 programme calls
ter 6,oO0,000 tons dead weight. We
built last year about 100000 tons
dead weight. The present prospect
Is that we shall build between 3.O0O.-
0co and 100000 tons this year.
with still d slight hope of the 6,00O,-
600. But the loss figures are given
In registered tonnage. Even if we
complete our 100000 we shall only
make 100000 inroad into the 49,
DOC, 900, On gross tonnage basis.
The absolute limit Of wood and
steel tonnage production is being at
tanned.
Remains only concrete as hope
for still more ships.
There il no immediate hope in con
crete except by taking a great
gamble.
The hazard will consist in start
ing NOW TO build IN immense mum.
Der Of ships al an admittedly auda-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
u. S. Entrance
Requires 100000 Tons

Assume that the destruction and
construction are even, and you still
have that deficit of 100000 tons in
the pre-war supply Of shipping, and
the additional fact that the entrance
Of America into the war has created
an extra demand for at least 5,000,-
COG tons. Remember, too, that owing
to the deterioration of vessels from
infrequency of repairs, the slowness
Of repairing and the retardation of
speed and general lowering of eff
cheney due to the conditions imposed
by the submarine danger, ships are
doing less service than in peace
times. Considering all the factors,
it is not too much to say that the
world ought to have 100000 tons
of new ships this year to provide
that abundance of transportation
that will insure the defeat of Ger
many.
Recent developments show that
war-weary England cannot be relied
upon for more than one-ninth of that
figure. Practically all the rest must
come from the United States.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
oncrete Ships Offer Added Pouer Against U-Boat
Risk Involued IL, Co;np
Ahead Without f.
pertinent Beyond Shin
Boards Po,ver-De.
lay May Be Fatal

Concrete Shipbuilding COMPANY ~
New York. The contract with ~.
first named company is for tr;.l
boat Of $500 tons, the risk be;n,
taken by the company and the gov
eminent on a $3.50 basis. If hi.
first boat be successful, the comnanr
is to have a contract for forty-nins
more, which will likely be of 7.5M
tons. The experimental ship il
building at Brunswick, Ga. The San
Francisco Shipbuilding COMPANY
which is completing the above men.
toned 4,500-ton vessel on its own AZ.
count, is to be awarded a contrast
for a 7,500-ton boat. The Foughne,
company has a provisional contract
with Norwegian shipping interests
for six 8,000-ton boats. The Fern
Concrete Company is building a
3,5OO-ton boat at Redondo Beach
near Los Angeles. Each COMPANY
has a method of it's own, but all usa
ferro-concrete.
The concrete boat, assuming that
it is success, has some disadvant.
ages and some advantages as com.
pared with steel ships. The chief
! disadvantage is that, on account Of
the thickness of its walls, ship Of
a given size will have less cargo
space than a like one of steel. On
the other hand, it will not be 50
heavy. 1t will have a smoother sur.
face, and will therefore not offer
so much resistance to the water
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
Outcome Depends
On More Shipping

But the building of these first ex-
perimental ships will take a long
time, and when they are done and
proved and accepted it will take
long time thereafter to get ready for
large scale and rapid production.
Then, when the word is given to
go ahead, the war may be lost.
War is a gamble. We've Ameri-
cans alone-are gambling at the rate
of about twenty billions Of dollars
year that we are going to lick the
Germans. The outcome of the gamble
depends more on shipping than any
other material factor. The food,
munitions, supplies, airplanes, artil-
lery and soldiers that are to win the
war, if it is to be won, are on the
American side of the Atlantic. Only
ships in abundance and in a hurry
will get them across before it be too
late to fight or win the war in
Europe. After that it will be fought
on the high seas and on our own
land. Therefore the need of ships is
supreme.
At present, ordinary causes and
German submarines and mines are
sinking ships faster than they are
building. The most carefully COM
piled figures on this subject show
that since the beginning of the war
the Allied and neutral losses from
German attack have been more than
100000 tons. In the same period
the losses from ordinary causes have
been 100000 tons. During the
same time the world, outside of the
Teutonic countries, has built $780,
900 tons. 1t has appropriated $780,
600 tons of Teutonic shipping. Its
net, loss, therefore, is not far from
100000 tons. Even with all the
shipbuilding that is now in progress
the submarines are getting away
with somewhat more than is being
built.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-10
Scotch Engineer
Says Small Boats
Give Good Results
By Bernard J. Ives

I'm q recent issue of The Glasgow
Herald. Mr.. Iues IS q leading
marine enaineer of Scotland.)
Norwich bulletin., 1918-10-05
NEW FALL MILLINERY

complete magnificent millinery of distinctive work Hats newest shapes and colongs at sss $296 and upwards.
 very stylish $1 s2es and up to " TT F Special! all variety coorings, a value leading colors Children $f93 up
 section collection and all the fashionable co Untrmmed prices will showing of
 splendid showing novelty Millinery Trmmings-Fany Feathers Ostrich Wings,
Norwich bulletin., 1918-10-05
WOMEN'S HOUSE DRESSES, PETTICOATS,
 BATH ROBES. CORSETS, ETC.

Womens House Dresses made of light Gnghas Plain Chambray sizes SS 5sexceent values at s275 to Ao Womens Bungalow Dresses  Tafet and Heatherboom with silk line of including the $ss $s5o.
  ing the dependable Beacon" $500 $125o
 
  Woen Corsets elastic gde white $oo pairalso figures $15o
Norwich bulletin., 1918-10-05
Dress Goods Specials

Silk and Cotton Gtngham Plaids, 30 inches wide, neat de- signs and colorinss for Waists and Dresses, regular value 75c Special price yard ....... 59e Serge, A inches wide, plain and striped effects for Dresses and Skirts, in black, navy and gray, regular value $2O0- Special price yard .$1.59 Norfolf Suiting, 50. inches wide, in gray mixture, with white hairline stripe. regular value $2.00-Special price a yard ..$1.5e
Norwich bulletin., 1918-10-05
DRAPERIES AND FLOOR COVERINGS

comprehensive showing of everything that and dependable FunhngDraperies Floor special values for Fall Opening Week. scrm with lace white value
 Opening wide Opening value $1
 Opening s2s Linoleum $too suitable
 st0s Lnoums white $5s reversible
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 value ss25-Fan Opening Price s27s Administer Rugs high grade size 12 feet value $3Z5oFa
 Price ssa45
Norwich bulletin., 1918-10-05
Mems and Women's Linen
 Handkerchiefs

100 dozen Women's Linen hen3stitched Handkerchiefs, good fine quality, regular value 33c-Special price ....... 25c 100 dozen Mems Linen hem stitched Handkerchiefs, assort- ed width hems, value 39c to 50c-Special price for s10O or each .............. 35c
Norwich bulletin., 1918-10-05
Napkins-Table Linens

100 dozen Hemmed Napkins, good quality-Special price each .12Iae Bates Turkey Red Table Dam ask, assorted checks and fig ures, regular value $1.00- Special price a yard ......... 75e Satin finish Table Damask, TO inches wide, in splendid as- sortment of patterns, regular value $1oO-Special price yard .................... 75e Irish Union Table Damask, in six designs, 72 inches wide,
 regular value $2.5o-Special price yard ..............$ .$1.86
Norwich bulletin., 1918-10-05
Women's Hosiery

One case of Women's fast black seamless Hosiery, sizes S4z to 10, regular value 19c-Special price pair ................. 12Ia One case of Women's "Burson" Hosiery, in black, fall weight, sizes S1h to 10. regular value S7hc-Special price a pair. 29c
Norwich bulletin., 1918-10-05
Wash Goods Specials

W oSlA N@SD0Ao A'TOSAoAS Good quality Percales, 36 inches wide, light, medium and dark grounds. regular value 35c- Special price a yard .....,.. 2ee Outing Flannel excellent quail ity, new fall designs and color ings, regular value 35c-Special price yard ................. 29c Dress Ginghams, 27 inches wide, in a splendid assortment of staple stripes and solid col ors, regular value 39c-Special price a yard .................. 29c Best quality Apron Gingham, in I complete assortment of all the wanted checks, regular value 30e-Special price a yard 25c
Norwich bulletin., 1918-10-05
BUY LIBERTY BONDS

BUY LIBERTY BONDS TO ABILITY. KEEP THOSE YOU HAVE AND BUY MORE. DON'T WAIT FOR A COM MITTEE DO IT NOW. AT OUR MAIN OFFICE WE WILL GLAD TO TELL YOU HOW TO DO IT.