davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

housewives, these complaints and
threats in many cases being backed
TN by husbands or brothers who
make special visits to the grocer to
voice their displeasure. These un-
patriotic citizens will go to almost
any length to evade the regulations
and to secure more than their allow
ance although assured that this is
the surest way of creating a shortage
end raising prices; whereas, il they
will support the Food Administration
in its carefully worked out plans
there will be plenty for all at reason
able prices, with surplus for the
steady stream of food staples that
we must keep moving toward the
front If we are to win this war.
1--WE must have better cooperation
and more of It. A more earnest war
consciousness is needed. If the Food
Administration is to accomplish its
purpose of provisioning our army
abroad and feeding the armies and
starving peoples of the allies, every
American family must help. So that
this need may be realized and the
war consciousness be made more gen.
eral, l earnestly ask all who are so
Loyalty supporting the administration
to act as missionaries among their
friends and neighbors, explaining the
situation and with patience and tact
endeavoring to bring those who are
selfish or Indifferent to realization
of the fact that they are obstructing
the Food Administrator in its vital
war work.
1T is hard to understand, after all
the publicity given to the conservar
tion plans and principles for so many
months, how any American family
can still be in ignorance of the need
CT its individual cooperation, or Of
the fact that its cooperation is a
patriotic duty. 1t is harder still to
understand how any American family
not ignorant of these things can go
on ignoring and even defying the reg
l.lations of the Food Administration
Let every Oregon family take stock
OF its patriotism as represented by
its loyal support of the Food Admin
istration. If your support is not 100
per cent, speedily make it so, and
then do what you can to bring your
friends and neighbors up to the same
high standard. This is no trifling
matter, but a serious patriotic duty.
Each family is an essential unit in
the nations conservation plan, and
the success of the plan is Of vital i'm
portance to the winning of the war"
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

Kills Alfalfa Cutworms.

Poisoned bran mash, costing ap-
rroximately 81 per acre, has been ex-
oeptionally successful in killing al
falfa cutworms in Arizona, according
10 reports to the chronological SER
vice of the United States Department
OF Agriculture. About 98 per cent
CT the larvae were killed by this
treatment, and arsenate Of lead
seemed to be fully as effective as
Paris green in the experiments. 1t
was possible to tell three days after
field had been treated whether or
not the method was effective. The
following is the standard formula for
preparing poisoned mash for this pur-
pose: Fifty pounds wheat bran; 2
pounda Paris green or pounds
powdered arserate of lead; 6 finely
chopped oranges or lemons. Bring
the whole mixture to the consistency
of stiff dough by the addition of
low grade molasses, such as is used in
cattle rations, adding water when
necessary. Distribute this bait by
broadcasting over the infested field,
taking care to sprinkle it thinly but
evenly throughout the field. In case
bran cannot be obtained readily, mid
dlings or alfalfa meal may be substi-
tuted.
With this mash distributed as di-
rected there is no danger of poison
ing cattle or domestic animals that
Craze in the field where it has been
placed. The mash should be scat
tered in the field Immediately after
i. is prepared. If, however, 1t is left
standing about the house, 1t should
be kept out of the reach of children.
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18
Advice to Gardeners.

"Clean culture plays a most impor-
tant part in the fight which must be
waged against the insects which
menace the success of the home gar
dener's efforts" say the entomolo-
gists of the United States Department
Of agriculture. Cleaning off all OF
the rubbish left over from last sea-
sons gardening aids materially in re-
ducing the numbers of the overwin-
tering forms of the insect enemies of
the vegetable garden, whose activities
are only too great in any case.
"Cutworms, which hide in the soil
in the daytime and come out at night
to feed on the tender growth and cut
small plants entirely off, wireworms
that damage the tubers CT potatoes
and other root crops, and a host OF
other insects winter under brush and
rubbish on the earth or few inches
underground. Where they can find
protection during the cool weather
of winter, conditions are ideal for
their survival, and the warm days of
the spring will bring them out in
countless numbers to feed upon the
tender foliage CT the young garden
truck. Neighboring weed patches
shelter many forms. In the gulf re-
glon and westward some insects work
practically the year round.
"Aphids, or plant lice, are active
during the winter months in the more
southern sections, and find food on
vines and shrubs and on
growing weeds which afford them
food and shelter when other plants
are not available. Much may be
gained by keeping down the weeds in
neglected corners.
Leaves, stems and other litter
should never be allowed to accumu-
late up TO the time of planting, or
there will be thousands of insects the
coming year where there were hun
dreds last season. Weeds should be
cleared up and burned, together with
all garden rubbish.
THE soil should be thoroughly |
worked over during the winter to de-
stroy such insects as may be spend
ng the winter on, or few inches
oelow, the surface. This is best done
1t least month before the seeds are
'lanted.
"If chickens are available for the
purpose, they ought to be allowed
rec access to the newly turned over
joil for a time, as the fresh meat in
he form of insects which they will
ind there will prove a welcome addi-
ion to their diet, and its removal
viii go far toward inspiring a fair
tart to the garden crop"
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18
Test termination of Seed Corn.

Test termination of Seed Corn.
Even where seed corn has been
carefully gathered and stored II
should be thoroughly tested in the
sDring before planting. The best way
to do this, says the United States De-
rartment OF Agriculture, is to make
seed-corn testing box and test 100
cars separately.
Each kernel that is tested must be
perfect, and not injured at the tip
when it was removed from the ear.
Hand shelling will give much fewer
injured tips than machine shelling,
and should be used with all seed corn.
If three or more kernels out of ten
from any one ear fail to grow 1t will
be wise to test every ear In the entire
supply of seed. II the 100 tested
ears show no poor ones, further test
Ing of the supply is unnecessary.
II must not be thought, says the
department, that good results from
the termination tests are a sure In
dex Of high productivity. Ears slight
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

ly damaged by poor preservation, as
in damp storage places, may germi-
nate well but will produce less than
IL they had got better care. Proven
tion is better than cure; and in the
case of poor storage, according to
seed-corn specialists. a cure is impos-
sible.
Corn that was selected wisely in
the field where it grew, that matured
normally and has been preserved
properly in mouse and insect proof
storages will grow and produce satis-
factorily.
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18
ALLEGED EVADERS
HELD AT ROSEBURG

Hans Eric Hansen, Dane, appre-
hended in Roseburg, will be turned
ever to the federal authorities be-
cause he has not communicated with
his draft board at Canton, S. d. . AL
bert Vogel, Douglac county youth
of German extraction, has been ar
rested in a cabin few miles east Of
Roseburg, where he was hiding. He
failed to reply to his QUESTIONABLE
and will probably also be turned
over to the federal authorities.
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18
FOR SALE OR TRADE

FOR SALE OR TRADE-Two incu-
bators, 2 monographs, 19x12 tent,
3 good boys suits age IL years, 2
boys overcoats age IL years, 3
secondhand bicycles, plow, culti-
yator, road cart, single harness,
cash register, typewriter, saddles,
etc. Eastern Supply Co., opposite
public library, Ashland. 72-tf
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18
MANY GOOD POSITIONS can be had

MANY GOOD POSITIONS can be had
by any ambitious young man or
young woman in the field of rail-
way or commercial telegraphy. We
want number Of young men and
young women to prepare for the
telegraph service to fill vacancies
caused by unusual drafting of
young men for the Signal Corps.
Prepare to help your country.
Write today for full particulars
The Railway Telegraph Institute,
Portland. Ore. 74-1mo.'
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

Throughout the country the sale OF
war savings stamps has passed the
mark of $5O,OOC,OOO, state head
quarters has been informed, the daily
total now running from $1,5O0,OOO
to $2,5OO,OOO oregon's total has
reached close to 100000, and eff
forts are bending to put the sum to
$1724O,OOO this year.
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

Marshfield-McDonald & Vaughan
have three-year contract for cut
ting spruce and white cedar on the
Coos Bay peninsula, in the interests
of the government aeroplane pro-
gram, and will build a logging road.
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

FOR SALE AT A BARGAIN-Eight-
room house, with bath, sleeping
porch and cellar, electric lights
and gas; corner Second and Har-
gadine; lot about 80 feet square,
with large cherry, apple and pear
trees, Strawberries and grapes.
Stoves and some furniture with 1t.
Price $1,000; $3.50 down, balance
$40 per month, with interest at 8
Per cent. S21 Hargadine, phone
164-R. 73-tf
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

ORDERS taken for baby chicks and
Matching eggs from Tancred strain
White Leghorns, also Matching
eggs from Vibert strain Rhode
Island Reds. Mrs. w. D. Booth,
996 Oak street, phone 291-R.
71-1mo.*
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

FOR RENT-5A acres, about equal
amount of fruit, alfalfa and gar
den ground, with city water to irri-
gate, 5-room house and good barn
or will sell at sacrifice Also 10
acre and II " acre tracts one mile
east of the city. Also broom
house and barn with one acre of
ground on Garfield street. C. A.
Gray, 1872 Iowa street. 77-1t
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18
FOR TRADE, FOR JACKSON CpUN-
TY RANCH OR ASHLAND. CITY

FOR TRADE, FOR JACKSON CDUN-
TY RANCH OR ASHLAND, CITY
PROPERTY-A four-story brick
building eleven apartments, nine
of two rooms and two of three
rooms. Lot 26x69. The building
is in first-class condition. Well To-
Gated in San Francisco. Income
per month, 1915. Monthly ex-
pense: Taxes $22, insurance
1914, steam heat SIS, water $12,
janitor SAT, lights IS, garbage
$3.50; total monthly expense
s10S.64. Pays net per month
$239.36, less 6 per cent interest
on mortgage, 500. Price 1000,
mortgage $40, equity $40. The
property earns $2,O32.32 per an
mum net. What have you to trade
for the equity? B. R. Greer, at the
Tidings office. 69-tf
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

WANTED-Men for sawmills and log
ging camps. Mills and camps will
operate throughout the winter.
Steady work. Good conditions.
For full particulars write Weed
Lumber Company, Weed, Cal. 71-tf
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

DIR. ERNEST A. WOOD-Practice
limited to eye, ear. nose and
throat. Office hours, 10 to IL and
2 to 5. Swedenburg Bldg, Ash
land, Ore. 73-tf
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18
MALE HELP WANTED

WANTED, SAWMILL MEN AND
LOGGERS-The logging opera
tions at Hit will start February
IS, 1918, and the sawmill Febru-
ary 25. We will have a place for
all our old men and many others.
Working conditions and wages
equal to the best. Apply at the
company office at Hit or to the
woods or sawmill superintendents.
Fruit Growers Supply Co. 77-2t
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18
PROFESSIONAL.

DIR. J. J. EMdENs-Physician and
surgeon. Practice limited to eye,
ear, nose and throat. Glasses sup
piled. Oculist and aurist for 8. p.
r. r. Offices, M. F. and H. Bldg,
opposite postoffice, Medford, Ore.
Phone 667. 21-tf
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18
FOR SALE OR RENT

FOR SALE OR RENT-Eleven and
one-half acres near the Belleview
school house. Five acres in al
falfa, the rest in orchard. 67S
boulevard. 70-tf
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

DRY WOOD FOR SALE-At Oaks
and Cedars farm, one mile from
Talent. Good roads. Wood cut
from large green trees, we'll sea-
soned $3.50 per tier in ten-tier
lots. Phone 372-J-1. Welborn
Peeson. 7S-2t*
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

FOR RENT-Good four-room house
with good outbuildings and chick
en- yard, on Granite street above
the auto camp ground. This is the
old Johnson place. IS per month
for the winter. Inquire Of Bert r.
Greer at the Tidings office. 39-tf
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

FOR SALE-Black oak, green, $40
per cord delivered, or 81 at ranch;
white oak, green, $3.50 per cord
i or 1896 per tiel, 16-inch wood,
delivered, or $3.50 per tier at
ranch. Orders for 12-inch wood
also taken. Clayton Orchards.
73-1mo.*
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18
FOR RENT

FOR RENT-Housekeeping rooms at
438 North Main street. All mod
enn conveniences. Apply at house
or at 267 Fourth street, Ashland.
Phone /. 74-tf
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18
Poultry, Pigeons, Birds, Etc.

FOR SALE-Day-old chix, Matching
eggs, trapnested White Leghorn
stock. Deliveries after February
Is. 1049 Ashland street. phone
432-Y. 69-1mo.f
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

GEO. T. WATSON, Painter and Pa
perhanger. Phone 202-R. 166
Ohio street. 4O-tf
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

FOR SALE-Blue stem seed wheat
and beardless barley. Inquire W..
d. Hodgson. 1l-Z
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

FOR SALE-Three extra fine Tog-
genburg milk goats. Fresh soon.
Sacrifice $50 and $35. Roy TAFT,
Hornbrook. Cal. 76-1mo.f
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

PEERLESS EvERBEARING straw
berry. Claimed to be the largest
grown. Plants for sale. 95c doz-
en-, 50 for 100. j. L. Harner, 3O3
Oak street. 74-lmo.
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18
FOR NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS.

FOR SALE--Household furniture,
including new Singer machine
with electric motor. Late model
l.. C. Smith typewriter, and piano.
! Inquire at 19 Granite street or
phone 3S7-J. 1871
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

FOR RENT-Fair six-room house on
Granite street, above auto camp
ground. IS per month for the
winter. Inquire of Bert R. Greer
at the Tidings office. 39-tf
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18
WANTED

WkNTED-A modern, well-located
home in trade for S0-acre ranch.
Address Grave Creek Ranch, Le-
land. 75-4t
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18
T|D|NCS CLASSIFIED ADS

Classified Rates. One cent word first
tor each insertion thereafter 80
msnt inserted for less than 2 Classified
except parties having the office
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

Bill POSTER-Will Stennett, 116
Factory street. Bill posting and
distributing. 54-tf
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18
FOR sALE-REAL ESTATE

ONE OF THE MOST valuable corners
in Ashland; five streets converge;
+ vendome property; 3-story build
ing; paved. Will trade for farm
or other property. Address Box
521, Eugene, Ore. TAT
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

FOR SALE CHEAP-One Canton
ditcher. Hcavy, with mould to
throw dirt both ways. For heavy
ditch work like irrigation or pipe
ditch. Inquire at the Tidings Of
flee. S4-tf
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

WANTED-Several tons of alfalfa
hay. Address ]. H., care Tidings,
and give price. 64-tf
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

THE JOHNSTONES CURE-Hydro-
pathic treatments for chronic cases
81 Gresham street. 41-tf
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18
Why Not Make
Yourself Secure

Why not guard yourself and your
dear ones? Why not protect your
business? The cost is small-the
chances you are taking are BIG.
Steer clear Of trouble.
This is the reason for Insurance.:
Fire, auto theft, auto fire, plate glass,
surety bonds, live stock, accident,
health, life. Are YOU fully protect
ed?
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

FOR SALE-My Ashland residence.
". A. Turner, 159 N. Main. 65-tf
Ashland tidings. [volume] (Ashland, Or.) 1876-1919, 1918-02-18

CIVIC IMPROVEMENT CLUB-The
regular meetings of the club will
be held on the second and fourth
Tuesday Of each month at 1880
p. m, at the Auxiliary Hall.
e. D. BRIGGS, Attorney-at-Law.
Pioneer Block, Ashland.
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1918-12-13
SERVICE ON WHEELS

In modern warfare there Is much
portable relief work done. Instead Of
carrying the wounded man to hospital
and canteen, canteen and hospital are
moved to him. The first thing that Is
done for a man after the battle is to
give him something to eat. The Amer
lean Red Cross has rolling canteens
that take hot bouillon, coffee, tea, Co
Goa, lemonade and sandwiches right to
the front line trenches. To the man
who is wounded there is a mobile hos
pital brought to his very elbow. This
is the "autochir," special motor truck
that carries complete surgical hospi-
tai right to the front.
These are some of the things that
the people of America are doing for
the comfort and welfare of the boys
over there by enrolling their names in
the Red Cross Christmas Roll Call.
The Red Cross button and the Red
Cross Service Flag should everywhere
be in evidence during the week Of De-
cember 10th to the 23d as outward
symbols Of this annual rededication ia
Red Cross service.
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1918-12-13
GERMAN RETREAT BRINGS
NEW WORK FOR RED CROSS

In France the retreat Of the German
armies and the redemption Of wide ter
ritory has produced tremendous ex-
pansion Of all Red Cross activities
The German retreat widens the syste-
matte destruction not only of cities
and villages, but Of practically every
thing in the evacuated territory.
1t will be necessary to provide at
once for the housing Of homeless refu.
gees in the devastated areas and in
the temporary reconstruction Of vii
lagos. 1t will be necessary to provide
also clothing, cloth and dressmaking
supplies, sewing machines, In addition
to foodstuffs and medical supplies,
throughout all this territory.
With the coming again of winter, the
fight against tuberculosis must be tax.
en- up with renewed energy. Seventy
six tuberculosis hospitals have been
completed and are in operation, but
acquisitions have been made for nine
ty-six provisional hospitals, all to be
in operation before winter. The Red
Cross has adopted as slogan ito visit
every baby in France" It is estimat.
ed that $4,000 French babies died last
year, 10000 Of whom might have been
saved. One Of the immediate objects
Of the Red Cross Is to save those 10000
babies in 1919.
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1918-12-13
RED CROSS SUNDAY

The Red Cross Christmas Roll Can
week begins with special Red Cross
Sunday on December the fifteenth.
From every pulpit throughout the
country will be told the message of the
American Red Cross. Special pro-
grams should be arranged in the Sum-
day Schools on this day.
The Sunday School room should
flame with Red Cross posters and en-
blems, and there should be prominent
ly displayed both Red Cross flag and
Red Cross Service flag. Teachers
and pupils should carry home this Red
Cross message to the members of their
families and see to 1t that each one of
these is wearing the Red Cross men,
bership button before the week is over.
The Christmas spirit should express
itself In Red Cross service and sacri-
flee.
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1918-12-13
RED CROSS TAKES
HOME TO THE BOYS

| The French soldiers have furloughs
which they can spend at home. The
English fighters go back to Blighty.
But our boys have the ocean between
them and home. They cannot come
home on furlough, and it remains for
the American Red Cross to try and
take home to them.
This is particularly true In regard
to the conyalescent homes. Here all
,reversion to hospital life is avoided.
Books, games. music. social evenings
and home-like surroundings help them
to throw off the grim business of war
until they are really able to recover.
The housekeeper is always mother
~ woman, usually American, who
looks after the comfort of her charges
and helps them to pack up all imagi-
nary troubles In the old kit bag
The American Red Cross now has
six of these homes In operation.
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1918-12-13
COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE.

Every child residing in Cecil
County, under II years of age, whf
has not completed the Seventh
Grade, shall attend some publi'
school not less than 100 days,
nearly consecutive as possible, b.
ginning not later than November LIST,
unless it can be shown to the County
superintendent that such a child is
elsewhere receiving regular and
thorough instruction for such a
period. The penalty to parents OF
guardians is $500 for each offense'
The Penalty to the employer OF
minor is a sum not exceeding $4,000
for each offense.
By order of the Board of Education
HUGH w. CALDWELL,
nov is Superintendent.
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1918-12-13
AMERICAN GIRLS BRING
CHEER TO WOUNDED.

2 My wound hurts like b., but l
don't intend to pass up this chance to
talk to an American girl"
This sentiment, voiced by an Ameri-
can soldier, reflected the feelings of
many Of his wounded comrades when
they arrived In Paris after the recent
Franco-American drive north of ver-
dun, according to reports just received
by the American Red Cross from work
ers in Paris. These reports, testifying
to the wonderful cheerfulness of the
wounded men, SAY that many of them
refused to continue their journey to
the hospital until they had chance
to chat with the American women in
charge Of the canteens.
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1918-12-13
The Food Administered Asks Fer
BIGGER Crops In $40.

DiSScf OfOpS IA i-AO.
In spite of the fact that the war is
over there is need for even more
food than before. There is fully as
big an incentive to grow and save
food in America as ever before.
Europe needs food and needs it
badly if its MILLIONS are to be saved.
from starving and social order
brought out of chaos.
The Food Administration is now
planning to ship 20 million tons OF
food to Europe during the next year
or about two-thirds more than ii
shipped during the past year. This
is an obligation which America must
be prepared. to meet, for as she fed
the world in war, she must for a
greater reason feed it in peace time.
The problem makes at the same
time a greater responsibility and a
wonderful opportunity to American
agriculture. 1t is within our grasp
The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947, 1918-12-13
THE EVERLASTING MERCY.

. "For the sins of men God 4
= gave them repentance and for
= their wounds healing balm.
. "For the errors of men God
= gave them truth and for their
y sorrows great consolation.
= For the hate Of men God
= gave them love and for their I
= greed, the gift Of sacrifice.
= "And for the wars of man, 4
. which bring sin and sorrow,
= error, evil and greed, God gave
= them repentance and a healing
= balm, truth and great conso-
. latien, love and the gift of sacri-
= fee.
= "And the symbol of these is
= the Red Cross"
= This is the opinion of the Red 4
= Cross furnished by Rabbi Abba 4
. H. Silver Of the Cleveland Tenn I
y pie.
4 4 4 4 4 4 a a 4 4 a 4