davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1918-06-02

the powder 1t forms a cartridge three
and one-half inches in length. The
bullet has a sharp point like that Of
pencil. and IL you will imagine well
sharpened pencil of polished brass an
inch long you may have a picture OF
one Of these bullets as II lies before
me. 1t is composed Of core OF lead
and tin composition, inclosed In a
jacket Of copper nickel 1t weighs
less than one-third of an ounce, and
1t takes only one-third of its weight
in smokeiess powder to fire 1t.
The bullet is pointed in order that
it may easily cut its way through the
air, and for the same reason the sur
face is as smooth as that Of a new
wedding ring. The resistance Of the
air is one Of the great problems in the
flight of projectiles. AS the bullet
goes forth from our new guns 1t has
a speed of more than a half mile
second. For the first few hundred
yards 1t travels at the rate OF 1.b0O
miles or more per hour. 1t goes sixty
times as fast as the fastest Atlantic
pressure from the air rs il It were
standing still with a gale OF l,SOO
miles an hour blowing against It A
gale one-tenth that strong VIII oloW
down buildings. and the bullet has TO
bore through or against that enor-
nous pressure. For this reason the
point must be sharp. the surface
smooth and the whirling motion must
aid in boring its way so rapidly on
to its mark. The French bullets have
sharp points and tapering ends, and
the Manser bullet has been pared
down at the rear end by the Germans
in order to reduce the resistance OF
the air.
Our experts say that this clipping
of the end of the Mauser bullet gives
It a little greater speed than our Dui.
let, but 1t reduces its efficiency in that
IL does not go straight to the mark
The Springfield bullet goes straight or
makes Just the curve that the man VINO
shoots it directs. The German oullet
begins to wabbfe shortly after ieav-
ing the rife. and when 1t starts on lts
downward course toward It's victim:
instead Of whirling on It's axis and
travelling straight. 1t is liable to turn
end over end and be detected by
every wind that blows.
Both the Springfield and the Ameri-
can Enfield have proved wonderfully
accurate at from 1900 to 1900 yards.
There is a deal of science in firing a
gun. and our soldiers have to De
taught just how high to shoot accord
ing to the distance OF the enemy from
them. There is a pull Of the bullet to-
and the aim has to be high above the
head Of the man yeu intend to hit II
he is any great distance away. This
is controlled by the sight Of our hew
guns. which can be SO set to corre-
spond to the distances the men have
to shoot. It is estimated that the
bullet falls from the line it is shot at
the rate of sixteen feet the first sec
ond, and that the rate Of fall rapidly
increases. Let us suppose the bullet
will fly 1000 feet the first second ana
that the man is shooting at an
enemy that far away. He will then
have to sight almost sixteen feet
above the head Of the enemy in order
to hit him. II the man is mile away
he will have to figure for the gravity
fall of that mile and elevate his gun
to the angle which in one mighty
curve will send the bullet straight to
FRANK G. CARPENTER
Evening star., 1918-06-02

sees that 1t shapes the bar into a bay
It is the same with the barrels.
They start in as red-hot billets and
pass through steel rollers. which
mako them longer and longer until
they come out in round bars little
longer and thicker than the barrel OF
the gun. They are cut of to just the
other machines which press them to
the cylindrical shape of the barrel.
After this they must be ground,
smoothed and polished, and the holes
are bored through them with electric
steel drills. In this work the drill
whirls the barrel around against the
drill until the hole is bored through.
Then comes the rifling This is done
by automatic machinery. which runs
back and forth through the barrels,
cutting the grooves that give the
bullet the twist as it whirls or bores
its way through the air.
In other departments / saw them
grinding and sharpening the bayo-
nets, and in others they were testing
each bayonet to see that it would slip
with the least possible exertion on
the part of the soldier. The bayonets
are tested as to the quality Of the
metal in them by tapping each
against piece of steel. The man
knows by the ring whether there is
any defect. 1t is just like testing
counterfeit dollars. If the. metal is
not right the sound is dead and the
bayonet is thrown to one side.
In another place I saw them tenn
pering the parts of the gun. Every
thing must be hardened to just the
right degree, and much Of this is done
in baths Of boiling chemicals. Some
of the parts are dipped into a cherry
red mixture Of salt. cyanide and soda
ash. They come out red hot and are
then dropped into a tub of oil, which
boils with the heat of the metal.
Other parts are put into a furnace in
crucible filled with bone ash. The
bone ash is largely carbon, and some
OF the carbon in the ash goes into the
outside OF the metal. making 1t harder
and less easy to rust. while the inside
remains as fought as 1t was before
treatment.
do not pretend to understand the
science of gun-making and I will not
saw during my trip through the
shops. ! will say only that the maxi
ing OF the guns for our soldiers is a
business which requires extraordi-
nary skill, and in which everything is
measured and tested to the thickness
Of baby's hair. Every bit of metal
used in the guns is inspected by the
government through chemical and
physical analyses before it comes
here, and the parts are tested again
and again as they go through the
shops.
The machinery required has to be
manufactured by expert toolmakers.,
and there must be thousands Of dupli-
cate gauges and other machines to
equip the plants for large produc-
tion. I went through shop after shop
where men and women were measur-
ing each of the ninety-odd parts
which go into a gun, and 1 was told
that the gauges have to be watched
lest they become worn and do not
register accurately. Some gauges re-
Quire replacing for every 1000 or S.
600 parts tested. and others do not be-
come inaccurate until after double
that use. In testing the barrels the
guns are put into a frame work at
Evening star., 1918-06-02

ment. and 1t has been our principal
gun factory since the presidency of
Gen. George Washington. An Army
laboratory was established here two
ration of Independence, and during
large part Of the revolutionary war
this was the general depot of sup
plies for all the troops north Of Phila-
de1phia. The arsenal itself was es-
tablished in 1894 and the first money
act Of Congress provided that the
President should have the right to
spend $4,000 for small arms and am
munition. and that the yearly ex-
penses of the gun factory should not
exceed $22,865. These figures show
something as to our military expenses
at the beginning Of the government.
They are in striking contrast to the
billions Of dollars we are spending
today.
The buildings Of the Springfield
armory look more like medieval cas-
ties than factories. Some of them are
almost 100 years old, and the main
building was modelled after the East
India House in London. The grounds
altogether cover 800 acres, about one
third of this being devoted to the ma
chine shops, which are In the heart
of the city, and the remainder to the
foundries and forging establishment
in the United States water shop,
about a mile away. The plant normal
ly employs about 1900 hands. 1t has
now 1000. and it works day and
night.
r
Everything connected with the
Army gun is made here at SPRING
field. Many of you have seen the
rifles in the hands of the soldiers.
They seem to be simple, and it is hard
to realize their complicated construc-
tion and the careful workmanship re-
quired in their making. The new
Springfield has ninety-three parts,
ger than those Of a watch to the tub
ular barrel of rified steel. which is
more than twenty-six inches in
length. One of the most important
parts Of the gun is the bolt used in
the firing. This is OF nickel steel.
and 1t Is stronger than that OF any
other gun now in use. 1t has TO be
so carefully made that 120 different
gauges are required to test it's accu-
racy.
The gun Of the latest model is lit
tie over forty-six inches long. and
without the bayonet 1t weighs just
ten pounds and five ounces. The stock
is made of well seasoned walnut
wood. brought from the forests of the
middle west. and the metal Is of the
toughest of steel which is forged,
hardened and tempered to resist the
enormous shock of the firing. The
gun barrel, for instance, must with
stand a pressure of twenty-five tons
to the square inch. The huge Army
tanks. which have been running about
over the country to stimulate SUBJ
scriptions to the liberty loan. do not
weigh much more than that, and you
could balance one Of those tanks on
any square inch of the gun barrel and
it would not affect the steel.
The gun is loaded with metal clips,
each containing five cartridges. 1t
takes but an instant to throw in a
new clip. 1t has sights made to the
accuracy Of an astronomical instru-
ment. and the whole is a combination
of mechanical wonders. The bayonet
weighs just two ounces over one
pound. 1t is a short sword with a
point like a needle. and of steel SO
tough that 1t will cut q cent in half
IL welded just right. The bayonet is
Evening star., 1918-06-02
Copyright. 1915. by Frank G. Carpenter.)
SPRINGFIELD Mass. 1913.

Copyright, 1918, BY Frank G. Carpenter.)
SPRINGFIELD. Mass, 1918.
q HAVE come to New England to
show you our newest machines
for fighting the Germans. I do
not mean the big guns Of the
Navy. some Of which IRE shells
weighing two-thirds Of a ton. sending
them twelve miles at q shot I do not
mean the mighty steel tanks upon
wheels. which 60 crashing over the
country. beating down walls and
houses and sowing death as the
farmer sows wheat Such weapons
and then in great battles. The ma
chimes shall write Of are numbered
by the tens Of thousands. and some
of them run up into the millions. One
or more Of them Is in the hands Of al
most every soldier. They form the
weapons Of our boys in the trenches.
and they mean victory or defeat when
are the new rifles. the Browning auto
matte pistol and the new machine
guns. Each will furnish a story well
worth the telling. In this letter I
shall deal with the rife.
Almost every soldier carries a rife.
1t is his chief weapon Of offense and
defense, and upon Its effectiveness
largely depends his victory over or
defeat by his enemy. II the gun is
such that he can get in two shots to
his enemy's one he can do twice as
much damage. The fact that 1t cam
not jam or miss fire may mean life or
death, and the same is true as to the
accuracy of the flight Of the bullet on
its way to the mark and the force and
shock with which 1t strikes.
The Washington herald., 1918-07-07

same in both cases-the cost. But n
conclusive a. these movements were,
although they failed 70 cut on the
allied left. the proposed rupture tn
the center was proceeded with. The
enemy pushed across the Aisne In
May; this attack failed because q
could not be carried across the Marne.
Hutiers Move Fsisef
"was Hutiers present attack down
the Oise q false move In the circum-
stances7 / think 30. II should be
clear now that the enemy's task Of
achieving decision In the West il
an enormous one. II may be said
that he has inflicted damage on the
allied forces. Certainly: but that
damage has been less than the deple-
tion Of his own forces. otherwise, his
offensive would have taken q Differ
ent course.
His scheme would have been com.
pleted step by step. So far it hal
been a series OF unfinished 5obs
Again. 1t may be said that the enemy
has taken positions and ground. Hs
The Washington herald., 1918-07-07
NEW GERMAN ATTACK
PLAN is SOLVED BY
DEFENSE OF ALLIES
CONTINUED FROM PAGE TWO.

CONTINUED FROM PAGE TWO.
never Of certaintIes. Our air force
does wonders. but the information
/ 1t gathers in such great quantities
does not permit us to discover
them. in an the movements Of all
kinds which more than q million
Germans between the sea and ver-
dun are carrying out. The task Is
very dificult. IL 1t is not impossible.
and we are still more handicapped
by the fact that the initiative in
these operations belongs to the
I enemy. / am convinced that Gem
eral Foch, when he can. will re-
verse this situation. to the profit Of
the allied armies"
Situation Brishtens.
J So much for the methods to
which the Germans owe their sue
cesses. What are their prospects
of decisive victory? Every soldier
I know would not answer that
question, Very bad" At the end Of
March. at the end Of May. the situa-
tion was critical. Military opinion.
or some of 1t. was pessimistic. !
could not have written this article
then. I have written no article
about the great battle until now.
because a correspondent until now
had the choice OF telling the truth
about the position, which would
have greatly comforted the enemy
and discouraged people In civilized
countries, OF writing what the
English call "eyewash" and we de-
signate by cruder name, or
thirdly. keeping his mouth shut on
the subject. Some OF US chose the
latter course.
Even in the blackest days, there was
this to be said, that the complete rup-
| ture Of the Western front and the loss
of the coasts OF Northern France, and
of Paris. would not win the war for
Germany. The line of the Loire can
never be forced by a hundred Luden-
dorffs-under modern conditions, II Is
impregnable; and British troops could
be sent to the south and Americans
continue to pour In by the southern
ports. But such a lugubrious pros
pect, at one time seriously enyisaged
is now regarded as extremely un.
likely,
Ludendorff's tactics have been sue
| cessful, from a narrow point of view
But soldiers are now saying that his
great strategic scheme has already
failed. They based this view on the
number of divisions available on both
sides: on the losses both have suf.
fered: on the present positions of the
armies, and. above all, on the pro.
gressive reinforcement OF the allied
troops by hundreds OF thousands of
Americans while Ludendorffs e06 d.
visions in the West cannot be in
creased. IL indeed. they can be kept
up to strength much longer.
| Paris VIII Net Fall.
But Paris? Paris, my informa nts
who shook their heads In April, viii
The Washington herald., 1918-07-07
If Wishing Saaerkraut,
Simply Order Choucrout

Los Angeles. Cai.-Choucrout (pro-
nounced shoo-crooD, is the name by
which sauerkraut is now known in
Southern California But the WELL
known German vegetable smells the
same, looks the same ana tastes the
same. The word sauerkraut has been
thrown into the discard because II
smacks OF the German, and the folks
OF Southern California win have none
OF the German in their edibles when
II can be eradicated by simply chang
ing the name. = Hector Elliot, an au-
thority on science, says that Alsace-
Lorraine is the birthplace OF sauer-
kraut, now known here as choucrout.
The Washington herald., 1918-07-07
vate pupils by all of the teachers on
the staff this year.

vate pupils by all Of the teachers on
the staff this year.
dent OF Bryn Mawr College, has re-
turned to washington.
Miss Miriam Franc. OF the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania. IL spending
some time with her parents, Mr..
and Mrs. Harry Franc.
Mrs A. Kuhn has returned from q
visit Of several weeks In the West.
Charles Frank Is spending fort
night in Bangar, Me-. the guest Of
his mother. Mrs. Frank.
Mr.. and Mrs. s. oppenheimer have
returned after a trip to Atlantic
City. Philadelphia and New York.
Mrs. s. s. Richard, Miss Clare
Richard. and Everett Richard, are
passing several weeks in New York
as the guests Of Mr.. and Mrs. s.
Nattans.
, Mrs. Marx kaufman and Mrs.
Elliot strouse are located in their
new home in the Biltmore apart
ments.
Mrs. J. C. kaufman and little
daughters are in ventnor. N. j.,
where they will remain until fall.
Mr.. and Mrs. Henry Baer have re-
turned from q short trip to OLD
Point Comfort and Norfolk.
Mr.. and Mrs. s. Saks are motoring
throughout the north.
Miss Rena Gutenberg Is in Allan
tic City.
Miss Jennie Nordiinger is visiting
in Atlantic City. the guest OF Miss
Ruth Grosner.
! Mr.. and Mrs. L. Stern, of Terrt
Haute, Ind. spent a short time ir
washington last week.
Mr.. and Mrs. L. Meyer. of Birm,
| ingham, Ala, are in Washington
for a few weeks.
Miss Henriette May. of Cincinnati
Ohio. is visiting Washington fol
several weeks.
Mrs. B. Wolf and daughter. Mis-,
Anna Wolf. are passing a few weeks
in Atlantic City. Philadelphia ane
New York.
Miss Bernice Simon left town last
week to spend the summer in tht
Adirondacks, at Camp Wildmere.
| Mrs. j. Beckenwald has returned
to her home in Baltimore. after q
! short stay in Washington.
| Mr.. and Mrs. B. Lehman and littl,
daughter are in Far Rockaway fol
an extended stay.
Mrs Z. Pike. OF Dallas. Texas, ia
visiting in Washington.
The Washington herald., 1918-07-07

relief Of the Rumanian war orphans.
a berefit Will be given at the Belasco
Tkeater at o'clock, July Q. Mar
guerita sylvia, OF the Metropolitan
opera Company, and Paul Bieyden
are among those who will contribute
their talent. The honorary president
of the organization Is the Crown
Prince Of Rumania, Prince Carol.
Miss Margaret Wilson Is the patron
ess for this country and the officers
are Mrs. Theodore v. Boynton, chair
man; Princess Ghika and Mrs. John
Allan Dougherty. honorary secre-
taries; and Charles Colfax Long,
treasurer. The Washington members
of the committees are Miss Helen
woodrow Bones, Mrs. Gordon Bell.
Mrs. Deios A. Blodgett, Mrs. Charles
8 Bromwell, Miss Mildred Bromwell.
Mrs. II. A. Colman, Mrs. Alfred
Church, Mrs. John Dix, Miss Alice
Drake. William T. Emo. Miss Meta
Evans, Mrs. G. ". Ehle. Mrs. Cary
Grayson, Mrs Arthur g. Glasgow,
Mrs. Herbert Hoover, Miss Hitcn-
cock. Mrs. Charles Colfax Long, Miss
Bessie Kibbey. Mrs. Colin Livingston,
Colin Livingston, Mrs. John l.. More
head, Mrs. Randolph II. McKim. Mrs.
Walter Penfield, Mrs. Charles r.
Sheppard, Mrs. Charles B. Wallace
and Mrs Charles Boughton Wood.
The whitecroft Piano School gave
its final pupils recital on June % in
the music room at the home of Mrs.
Horace wylie, 1906 Thomas circle.
when tne--tollowing program was
presented:
"Airy Fairies" (Spaulding), Nettie
May Grof; 'Tn May" (Behr), Behind
the Sleighbells' CTerry). Ralph WILL
Jams; Chant D'Amour" (Aletter)
Margaret Somerville; Pretty Sun.
shine" Ruth Lyman; "Gavotte
Cwebb). Mildred Green; "waltz' (Gur.
litO, Virginia Wise; Robins Lullaby
CKrogmann). italian Folksong'' (Sar,
torio). 'Duet-Melody" (Haydn), Jan.
Ice wilmeth; Song of the Seashell''
CKrogmann), 1.-TWO Duets QKoehler)
Verona Sherman; The Cat (Maxim
Tell Me True (Cramm). Lily Polk;
''The Fair" (Gurlito. THE Indiar
Mother" (schmit), Bear Dance
(Parlow), Juliet Phillips: "Coquetry'
CHelIer), Louise Dyar; Bedtime Song
(Orth), "waltz' CKoehler). ''Minuet'
(Mozart), Elsie Rupp; June Morn
Ing, Hungarian (SchmitU, Marga'
ret Dexter; Little Slumber Song
CKulIal), THE Clock" CKullak). Nor.
ris Lyman; "Impatience" (Heller)
Marjorie Davis: Sonatina in G-"Firs
Movement" CClementD, Duet-"San.
Souci" (Woods), Dorothea Finckel
Duet-"The MilP' D'Ourville). Hor
tense Mcbride: Sonatina in G (Beet
hoven), THE Mocking Bird" (SchmitD
''Arabesque" (Burgfmueller). Elizabeth
Phillips: Duet-"Spanish Dance" (Nos
zkowskD, Louise Dyar; "Countr,
Dance" CKarganofD. Virginia Bigelow
Three Duets: Parade March" Q.ow)
Spanish Dance" (KleinmicheD, Nor
wegian Dance" (Grieg), Helen Will
Jams; "SoIfeggietto" (Bach). ENID
Williams; "Aragonaise" (Massenet)
Dorothy Bernard: Spring Morning.
Little Tarantella" CHeller). Helen
Armstrong; Meadow Brook" Mac
DowelD. Carlton" CHeller). Helen
Richards: "Au Convent" (Borodinl
"Bourree" CBach). Laurence VIII.
Jams.
Next year Miss Emma McC. Bendel
viii be principal of the school ant
will have classes In addition to pri.
The Washington herald., 1918-07-07

has; but not the POSITIONS or I'm
ground necessary. Besides the rroun<
taken has LEFT his front altogether
not better than before, but worse
Was that intentional7 Not q bit OF n
Germany has not made substantial
progress towards obtaining q .victoo
In the neld. The task has 70 be f,IL
1iied with the resources stilI n hef
disposal after four years Of war. A.
regards the relative exhaustion Of
Germany and France, it must be re-
membered that while France has had
to carry Jpart Of the war In che West.
Germany has had 20 carry the whoIs
OF II, and the campaign In Russia ana
the Balkans as well The losses Of
Germany have been AT least three
times those OF France. The srrivals
Of American troops provided a force
that VIII much more than make rood
allied losses. The task Of achlevinr
a decision has 20 be fulfilled, n at ali.
In an admittedly limited time-before
this adverse balance renders further
attempts msnifestly impossible"
The Washington herald., 1918-07-07
TRUCK TRAFFIC
AIDED BY new
EXPRESSRATES
Motors Now Carry IS Per
Cent Of Rail Figures on
One Ohio Route.

The action OF the Interstate Com
nerce Commission in granting a 10
per cent increase in express rates.
following right on the heels OF in
creased freight rates. Is certain to
stimulate greatly the use Of trucks
IA intercity hauling. THE higher
rates 90 into effect within the next
tve weeks.
Tte increased express rates will
force many truck owners into EN-
ploJIng their own trucks for many
Of fre short-haul shipments now be-
Ing made by express. This will allow
part Of the hard-pressed express
companies facilities to be used in
long,haul work.
B<fueen Cleveland and Akron.
Aisnlendid. example of how trucks
are shuldering sone Of the burden
without hdrtin< the express compa-
nies financially may be witnessed any
day on the road between Cleveland
and Akron. There motor truck traf-
fic now amounts to S. per cent Of all
rail traffic between the two cities.
This includes express and freight
shipments.
II almost follows as q matter OF
course that the Packard trucks en-
tered in the 5000 national efficiency
test are presented with Q wonderful
opportunity for Increased efficiency by
these higher rates.
To Avoid the Huns.
No doubt many q truck owner on
looking over his National Standard
Truck Cost System will find that his
truck has some idle hours during the
day. He will want to make his truck
work during those hours especially
when he begins to feel the pinch OF
paying higher express rates for haul
ing that his truck could do. That 8
when he'll begin to pay a great deal
Of attention to the return loads prop
osition.
With all the war work, with the in
crease in railroad and express rates,
surely the slogan Save q freight cal
for Uncle Sam means more now than
II ever did before.