davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1918-04-17
News From Mt. Zion.

On last fourth Sunday liberal
sum was contributed at Mt. Zion to
have the church painted.
Mr.. E. M. Padgett has purchased
an elegant Paige touring car, and
Mr.. Lonnie Smith a glossy Ford
of the latest model.
Mr.. and Mrs. D. D. Riley and
their little children of Trenton
were visitors in our community
Sunday.
Mr.. Y. E. Padgett of Greenville,
visited his parents a few weeks ago.
During his stay Miss Marie Pad
gett spent a few days at home from
the Edisto academy.
Mrs. Fannie Murphy is spending
a few days with her daughter, Mrs.
M. w. Carpenter.
Mr.. and Mrs. w. r. Zimmerman,
and little bright.eyed Lula, spent
last Sunday with Mr.. and Mrs. j..
M. Padgett.
Several from our community at
tended the union meeting at Horns
Greek on fifth Sunday.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1918-04-17
Debate Friday Evening, School
Auditorium.

The University of South Carolina
has formed what is known as the
South Carolina High School De-
batting League Preliminaries have
been held over the state to select
the best teams in each District to
meet in final contest at the Univer-
sity, April 81. Edgefrld's teams
have been successful in the prelimi.
nary contests and will go to Colum-
bia for the finals. I believe the peo.
pie of Edgefeld School District
should hear this question discussed
and hear it discussed by their own
boys. ! have therefore arranged for
this debate to take place in the
school auditorium Friday evening,
April 20.
The query is: ':Resolved, that
immigration to the United States
should be restricted by an educa-
tional test.'' Affirmative, James
Porter and William Gaines. Mega
tive, Edwin Folk and Elwyn Moore.
This question is live one. If you
come | am sure you will not re-
gret it.
T. J. Lyon, Superintendent.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1918-04-17
PROGRAMME

Third Division meeting at Plum
Branch, Mrs. J. G. Bussey presid
ing, Saturday, April 90, 1918.
Devotions.
Welcome, Mrs. Tom Miner.
Response, Mrs. S. T. Adams.
Clark's Hill.
Roll call of woman's societies Of
Clark's Hill, Modoc, Plum Branch,
Parksville and Red Oak Grove
churches, with verbal responses.
Introduction of Visitors.
The following chairman of com.
mittees will present their work, and
tell how their department will help
society to gain the honor roll:
Personal Service, Mrs. w. B.
Cogburn.
Literature, Mrs. T. J. Briggs.
Margaret Fund, Mrs. Walter
Stephens.
Aged Ministers, Mrs. w. O..
Whatley.
Mission Study, Mrs. w. E. Lott.
Recess.
Y. w. A. Programme in Charge of Miss
Emmie Lanham.
Devotions.
Roll call of Y. w. A. and G. A.
Miss Lanham will talk on Y. W.
A. Ideals for the year, and the
auxiliary from Red Oak Grove and
other societies will assist in the pro-
gramme.
Miss Margaret Cook Of Troy will
also talk on Y. w. A. work.
Sunbeam Programme in Charge of Mrs.
Mamie N. Tillman.
Roll call of societies.
There will also be an exercise of
the Sunbeams, and Mrs. Tillman
will speak of the STANDARD of Ex-
cellence for Sunbeam societies.
A talk on Sunbeam work by Mrs.
J. Spann Harris, superintendent OF
the Abbeville association, will be a
great treat to those who attend.
Mrs. ]. c. Bussey,
Third Division President.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1918-04-17
Patriotism"

This word although it is one of the
simplest is also one of the grandest
and most expressive words of the
English language. Patriotism is a
virtue that embodies all the good
things in life.
Ever since the days of the Revo-
luton when our fore-fathers threw
off the yoke of tyranny that was
imposed upon them by the English
kings, the American people have
been inspired with patriotism. it is
useless for me TO describe the pa
triotic actions of our people through
out the numerous wars in which we
have become involved.
AS we all know, we are now in
volved in the greatest and most
bloody war that has ever been
known in the history of the world,
and the thing that I wish to- do is
to urge our people to-day to follow
in the footsteps of our forefathers
and show the people of the world
that standards of the American
people are still on the same high
plane as before. No matter what
position you hold in life be patri-
otic and patriotism never remembers
self but concentrates its energies to
the welfare of the notion.
Some people are laboring under
the misrepresentation tnat it requires
actual fighting to be patiot.
The man who stays at home and
helps the government by ooeying
its requests is just as much a pa
triot and an aid to America as the
soldier who goes forward and Of
fers his life in defense of the
right.
Let all true Americans show their
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1918-04-17

loyalty and patriotism by conced-
ing to, and aiding the wishes of our
leaders. We must awake to the
seriousness of the situation that is
now confronting US. : In order for
the Allies to win we must make
sacrifices and by making these sac.
rifces cheerfully, we shall demon
strate to the world that the people
of this country are still bountlfully
blessed with that supreme virtue Of
patriotism. Paper written by 10th
Grade pupil of Edgefeld High
School.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1918-04-17
Death of Mrs. Paris Culbreath

aOnly the truth that in life we have
spoken,
i Only the seed that in life we have
sown;
These shall pass on when we are
forgotten,
Fruits of the harvest and what we
have DONE.
At o'clock a. m. on March, 9S,
the spirit of my Grandmother, Mrs.
Paris Culbreath, winged its way to
fits reward. Her body was laid to
rest in the cemetery at Rehoboth
Church, where she had been men,
Der for more than forty years. The
beautiful flowers, that covered her
grave, showed that she had many
friends. Her footsteps will be
missed in the home. Her smile is
only sweet remembrance now.
But most of all, how can we bear
to think, that the precious hands are
80 cold, and can never again soothe
our aching brows or minister to US.
when we are sick!
Is our darling dead? No, her life
has just begun. Every one must
die, and blessed are those, who die
in the Lord. 1t was for just such
time as this, that our Savior died
and arose again several hundred
years ago.
in her home life my Grandmother
was perfectly devoted to her chill
dren and grandchildren. She low
ed ner neighbors; was always ready
to 60 to the sick, even at any hour
f,the night. The welfare of her
church was ever in her mind; just a
few hours before she died, she ask
ed US to send her missionary money
and dues to the society.
:. How hard it is for us to give her
up now, but I am so thankful that
she was spared until I became old
enough to realize what it means to
have a sweet, christian, unselish
woman for Grandmother.
Mrs. Culbreath mas been a widow
for thirty-three years, her husband,
DR.. w. A. Culbreath having died
in October 1886. She leaves six
children and several grandchildren.
The following are her children:
Mr.. Preston A. Culbreath, Mr..
IIandy B. Culbreath, Mr.. Luke
Culbreath, Mrs. Lula Werts. Mrs.
Susie VIM and Mrs. Julia Rey-
nolds. g
May her children and grand
children live the splendid example
she set for them, and some day meet
ker again in the better land"
Sleep on, beloved, sleep, and take thy
rest;
Lay down thy head upon thy savour's
We love thee well, but Jesus loves the
best,
Calm is thy slumber as an infants
sleep;
But thou shalt wake no more to toll
and weep:
Thine is a perfect rest, secure and
deep,
Until the shadows from this earth are
past,
Until He gathers in His sheaves at
last,
Until the twilight gloom be over cast
Goodnight! Goodnight! Goodnight!
Lucille Culbreath.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1918-04-17
Pleasant Day at Bold Spring

Saturday was beautiful day fol
the meeting at Bold Spring of the
first division Of the Woman's Mis-
slonary Union.
Many discouraging reports had
come concerning the condition Of
the roads, but this proved to be a
mistake, for the roads were aston.
ishingly good, and the trip was
made in quick time.
All the societies in the division
were represented except Gilgal and
Berea, and they were excusable be,
cause of the patriotic rally at
Cleora.
Mrs. B. N. Talbert of Bethany
division presided, and had the meet
ing in charge, and Mrs. J. N. Tai
bert conducted the devotions. Mrs.
Alex Watson of Stevens Creek
church acted as secretary.
Special music was arranged by
the Bethany Y. w. A., and two Be-
lections, Somebody Knows and
"Was That Somebody You?" were
sung by Miss Louise Moore, who is
one of the teachers of the Bethany
school, and Misses Annie Mcdonald
and Mary Seigler.
Rev. Mr.. Wells, pastor of the
church, was present and added to
the programme whenever called
upon.
The dinner hour came all too
quickly, and behind the church was
spread a very abundant dinner and
the social hour passed away very
rapidly. A splendid talk was made
BY Mrs. Holllngsworth of Bethany,
and very inspiring reading, enti-
tied Did it Pay?" by Mrs. Will
liams of the same church.
Personal service was represented
by Mrs. w. B. Cogburn of Edge
field, and a message on mission
study sent by Mrs. w. E. Lott.
Several mission study classes were
reported as being in progress.
The Sunbeam programme was
presided over by Mrs. Mamie N.
Tillman, who called the roll of So.
cieties, George Bell responding
from stevens Creek, where Mrs.:
Alex Watson is leader, Elise Hud-
gensafrom Edgefeld, Lottie Lee
Harling from Bethany and Mrs, S.
L. Witt from Bold Springs. Each
child responded with selection as
his or her name was called. Joe
Major Lyon Of Bethany sang,
Where He Leads I'll Follow"
A programme had been prepared
by Mrs. Witt of Bold Spring, and
after Mrs. Tillman had given the
Sunbeam ideals for the year, the
following programme was carried
out:
Song, I'll BE a Sunbeam"
Recitation, Make it Plain to the
Children" Gertrude Penn.
Questions and Answers: Birds
and what the Bible says of them, by
all the Sunbeams.
Song, The Birds Nest"
Reading, Burmese Penn.
Reading and Recitation, Angelic
Penn and Sarah Agnew.
Mrs. F. P. Rush, who has been
president of the society for many
years, expressed her appreciation of
the meeting and believed it would
stimulate greater zeal among the
members.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1918-04-17
How To Give ouinlne Tc Children.

FEBRILINEi is tie trademark name given to an
improved Quinne. Itis Tasteless Syrup, pleas.
ant to take and does not disturb the stomach.
Children take II and never know it is Quiniue.
Also especially adapted to adults who cannot
take ordinary Quinine. Does not nauseate nor
cause nervousness nor ringing in the head. Try
pose. Ask for 2-ounce original package. The
tame FEBRILINE is blown in hottie. IS seuts.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1918-04-17

TO Drive Out Malaria
And Build Up The System
Take the Old Standard GROVES
TASTELESS chill TONIC. You know
what you are taking, as the formula is
printed on every label, showing it is
Quinine and Iron in tasteless form.
The Quinine drives out malaria, the
iron builds up the system. SO cents
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1918-04-17

CONTINUED on Eighth Page.)
Omaha daily bee., 1918-07-13
CHANGE!
union MADE HAT
MAKES TROUBLE
Dealers Scissors Secure a
Customer, Also a Donation
to the American
Red Cross.

The hero OF this pathetic tale is
hat-a bright, new straw lid with
gaudy band around it and perky lit
lie bow on the side. When we first ,
meet our hero it is reposing on the
counter of an Omaha hat store among |
Others OF its kind. Enter a customer.
A man who is loyal supporter OF |
union labor. How much is this hatf"
asks the man of a clerk in the hat !
store, after posing before the mirror
with one hat after another perched |
on his head
"Three-hfty," replied the clerk
shortly
"I'll take it." said the man. Then |
he looked into the hat for the union |
label. 1t was not there. 81 can't take
hat without a union label" he said,
handing it back to the clerk.
The clerk looked disappointed,
Then he frightened. "I'll fix that" he
said. With a pair of scissors he
quickly removed the label from an.
other hat on the shelves, A bit OF
paste, and 10! here was union made
hat where none had existed before.
Customer Visits Connell.
The man took the hat. Without
the least hesitation he went straight
to the Office of D. ]. Connell, deputy
state labor commissioner, who spends
some time in the rooms of the well
fare board in the city hall. To him
the owner Of the hat told the forego-
ing story. 49,.
Next scene 10 visit to the hat
store proprietor from D. S. L. {:
Connell. This 10 q serious offense,"
explained Connell. "The least you
can expect 10 = fine Of SIS and some
most unpleasant publicity. However,
II you care to swear solemnly that
you will not allow this offense to be
repeated in your store, perhaps / can
square il for you. In return, a do
nation Of SIS to the Red Cross would
express your appreciation admir-
ably"
No undesirable publicity has re-
suited for the hat store proprietor,
the Judge before whom the case was
laid was most lenient, the oath re-
quested was duly sworn and Red
Cross receipt for SIS made out to the
hat store man reposes in ConnelPs
! files.
Omaha daily bee., 1918-07-13
American
Casualty List

Washington, July 1.-THE army
casualty list today shows:
Killed in action, g; died of wounds,
7; died OF disease. z; died of airplane
accident, 2; died of accident and other
causes, 4; wounded severely, Is;
wounded slightly, /; wounded, degree
undetermined, Q; missing, S. Total, 81,
The list:
Killed in Action.
Il. Wilmarth Brown, Washington,
Ii. Harry NJ. coppinger. Oklahoma
City, Ok.
It. John Cannon Paisley Gibson
vile, N. c.
1t. August NJ. Trotter, Camden,
S. c.
sergt. Peter G. Miller. Lancaster.
Pa.
Sherman L. Conklin, Newark, N. J.
Steve Dusannki. Schenectady, N. Y.
Harry F. Jones, Roanoke, Va.
Walter Santimaw, Potsdam, N. Y.
Died from Wounds.
Capt. George R. Spalding, Colum-
bus. KY.
1t. Robert Z. Ball, Wollaston,
Mass
John w. Bresnihan. Rochester,
N. Y.
Harry L. Erisman, Sterling, ILL.,
John v. Fennessy, Rochester, N. Y,
Hyman Klein, New York City.
Walter F. Ryan, Portage, Wis.
Died from Disease.
Il. George G. MacNish, Stevens
Point, Wis.
1t. Goodwin Warner, Jamaica
Plains, Mass.
Sergt. Frank A, Browne, Peters
burg, Va.
Serst Walter R. Lux, Fort Shaw.
Mont.
Fireman Constance Hendricks.
Havre, France.
James H. Ensiey, Ainsworth, Neb.
Ray U. Nicholson, SCOTS Mills,
Ore.
Died Of Airplane Accident.
Il. William D. Robbins, Raleigh,
Il. John c. wilford, Asheville, N.
Died From Accident.
Capt. Karl H. Dauber, Bernicia,
Cal.
Sergt Arnold ], Peterson, Beloit,
Wis.
Corp. Guy M. Cox, Denison, Tex.
Cook Harry E. Hollingsworth, Le
Harpe, Kan.
Wounded Severely.
1t. Charles H. Cook, Cusseta, Ga;
1t. William H. Osborne, New York
City; 1t. Harold H, Tittman, jr., St.
Louis; 1t. Manton W. Williams, Sim
ton, Tex: Corp. Thomas Brace, De-
trois:; Louis ]. Allen, Goodhope, ILL.,;
Frank J. Blanchard, South Manches-
ter, Conn; Jake 1. Dyer. Novice,
Tex; Conrad d. Ekblom, Yonkers
N. Y; Nikolas Geanaris, Cania,
Greece; Clyde w. Hall, Lafayette,
Ind; Samuel T. Johnson, Dot. Va;
Clinton Lamphere, Dolgeville, N. Y;
Blair L. Remand, Keewaydin, Pa;
Max A. Seltz, Detroit.
Wounded Slightly.
Joseph L. Eastland, Pittsheld, Mass.
Wounded, Degree Undetermined.
Edward M. Ogle, Terre Haute, Ind;
1t. Charles ]. Riley, Pleasant Hill,
III.
Missing in Action.
Harry Christian. Filbert, w. Va;
Harry Clobessy, Brooklyn; Theodore
Grimes, Springfield, o.; John w
James. Oil Trough, Ark; Charles w
Preston Wynnewood Pa.
Omaha daily bee., 1918-07-13
Hundreds Fall Victims
OF Cholera in Petr0grad

London, July Loving to che
grave shortage in food, cholera is on
The increase in Petrograd and hun
dreds Of persons are daily falling
victims to il, says Russian wire-
less dispatch received today.
The Alaska daily empire., 1918-01-19
MORGAN IS WILLING.

NEW YORK, Jan. IS. - J. P. Morgan, commenting on government control of railroads, said: "ln my opinion the Presidents action should be a great relief to the sit uation. The railroads, with every desire to help as much as possible in winning the war, have found themselves hampered by division of authority and by the competitive policy imposed upon them by law. As this situation could be relieved only by federal action, it is great to see that action taken. I am sure that Mir McAdoO will have the heartiest cooperation from every one in the great task he is undertaking
The Alaska daily empire., 1918-01-19

tFederal Food administration for
 Alaska)
 Europe is facing a 450,O00, ,000 bushel wheat shortage! The peo- pie over there must have wheat if they are to continue to fght-other cereals are being used to as great an extent as possible. For various easons it is impossible for Europe 70 practice further substitution in that direction. Most of that 450, 1000 bushels will have to come from America, whether we feel that we can spare it or not. Fail ure to send it will mean that we have failed the Allies in their great est need.
 We have already sent them every bushel of wheat in excess of our normal consumption until the 1918 crop is available. In this country ve still have more than 450,000,- 0000 bushels, but it will be shipped to Europe only as it is saved from our consumption.
 In addition to that wheat we have a corn surplus of more than 0,000,000 bushels.
 The solution to our problem is obvious. Every bushel of wheat that goes on an American table means one less bushel can be sent to Europe. Every bushel of corn eaten in this country means one more bushel of wheat can be sent lbroad. That 500,000, ,000 bushels )f corn is one of the keys that will unlock the door to Americas wheat the pantry of the world
The Alaska daily empire., 1918-01-19
DEPUTY MARSHAL MAKES HAUL

. KETCHIKAN. Jan 16.-Very inno- cent looking salmon cases they were, neatly nailed up and labeled with Chinese lettering, but or my, Deputy Marshal Sharpe, was not to be taken in by such crude work. Approxi- mately 800 quarts of whiskey in bot ties were packed in the salmon cases 52 of which were found in one place. "and believe me, folks. this is only the beginning" Marshal Sharpe said this morning.
 The marshal left for Kasaan yes terday morning with Game Warden Hamilton to investigate the report of missing man and when he re turnen last evening brought back the liquid salmon".
The Alaska daily empire., 1918-01-19
HOT SHOWER BATHS ARE FURNISHED TO
 SOLDIER RECRUITS

FL PASO, Tex. Jan. 18.-Hot shower baths are being furnished by the local Y. NJ. c A. to the hun dreds of recruits who are passing through here daily enroute to or from the Pacific coast. They are in vited to go to the association build ing and take a plunge or a shower bath as a part of the war service work being done here. Recently 300 recruits who had but one and one half hours between trains here, rush. ed through the association club room and all received hot baths, postal cards and stationery in time to catch their train for the East.
The Alaska daily empire., 1918-01-19
COUNTY GRAND
 JURY |NDICTS
 WELLkN0WN MEN

SEATTLE. Jans 19.--The County Grand Jury today sindicted James J.. Callaghan, public welfare commission CT of King County; Frank Elliott, superintendent of the county jail, and Dr. w. G. Edwards, president acting physician fcr the board.
 Elliott is charged with stealing a mackinaw coat; Edwards with issu- ing an illegal liquor prescription, and Callaghan with grand larceny and forgery, the exact nature of which has not been made known.
The Alaska daily empire., 1918-01-19
COAT OF TAR
 AND FEATHERS
 WAS APPLIED An Automobile Mechanic Found Bound Hand and
 Foot on County
 Road. HE IS A SOCIALIST Says That Five Men En- tered His Place and Seized and Bound
 Him Last Night
HE IS A SOCIALIST

SEATTLE, Jan. 19-DOnald Leroy, an automobile machinist, was found this morning bound hand and foot, and tarred and feathered on the county road near Georgetown, few miles south of here.
 He said that five men entered the garage where he was working last night and seized him and carried him away in an automobile. He says he knows of no reason for the act.
 The police assert that Leroy is a strong Socialist, and it is believed that the attack was made by men opposed to his beliefs.
The Alaska daily empire., 1918-01-19
SUBMARINE FLEET.

ST. LOUIS, Jan. 19.--Chairman Padgett, of the House Naval Com mittee, who came here to deliver several addresses, said that with in year the United States would have a submarine fleet as good as that of Germany or better.
 ''The number of submarines now under construction is a naval se- cret," he said, "and all that can be said is that the 138 which are be- ing built under the authorization of the program of August, 1916, are only a part of the whole number"
The Alaska daily empire., 1918-01-19
TEUTONS AGAIN ATTEMPT TO
 FORGE THROUGH
Attacked the Italians on a Wide Front Along the Lower Piave
 River.

ROME, Jan. 19.-The Teutons at acked on a wide front on the lower Piave river Thursday. and were again repulsed. Military men be. lieve that having failed to force a passage between the upper Pave md Brenta rivers, from the noun tain districts to the Venetian plains, they are again attempting to force a wedge across the lower Piave.
The Alaska daily empire., 1918-01-19
BOY DROWNS AT kASAAN
 WHILE OUT HUNTING DUCKS

KETCHIKAN. Jan 16 Herbert Cowan, 12 years old. son of Mir. and Mrs. Cowan. of the Rush & Brown mine. was drowned last Sunday while out duck hunting in a small skiff.
 Deputy Marshal Sharpe who re- turned from Kasaan last evening brought the news of the little boys death. whose burial took place on Monday.
The Alaska daily empire., 1918-01-19
'NOTICc GIVEN TO BAKERS BY ADMINISTRATOR Notified That Graham and Whole Wheat Not Prop
 per Substitutes
 for Wheat. SITUATION IN EUROPE Failure to Send the Allies Wheat Will Mean FaiI-
 ure to Carry on
 the War.
SITUATION IN EUROPE

Today Royal A. Gunnison, federal Food Administrator for Alaska, received the fol- lowing telegrams from the United States Food Admins tration at Washington:
 Graham and whole wheat not approved as substitutes for wheat flour. There is some conservation of wheat in their use but not sufficient to place them in list of ap- proved substitutes. List of approved substitutes is be- ing mailed"
The Alaska daily empire., 1918-01-19
ATTENTION FISHERMEN AND
 I0GGERS

. FOR SEAL, CHEAP-Gas boat Belle, dimensions 30 feet 6 inches long, 10 feet beam, 15 h.p. Union engine with full equipment to go to sea. For full particulars see Oliver Orange, Juneau Cold Stor- age Co.
The Alaska daily empire., 1918-01-19
THREE MEN DIE

SEATTLE, Jan. 19.-According to a report received here, three, includ- ing Henry c. Bull. chief engineer, died on the voyage of the steamer Dolphin recently dispatched to Mex ico
The Alaska daily empire., 1918-01-19
ARE YOU LOOKING FOR A
 P00M2

Good, clean rooms, steam heat, bath, telephone, reasonable rates by day Or week. Juneau Rooming Touse over Juneau Billiard Par lors.
The Alaska daily empire., 1918-01-19

SEELEY'S White Pine Tar with eucalyptus and menthol-for coughs and colds-25c. soc.
The Alaska daily empire., 1918-01-19
LEAVING FOR OUTSIDE

Harry Ellison is leaving on the City of Seattle to accept a position in the Tacoma shipyards.
The Alaska daily empire., 1918-01-19

SEELEY'S White Pine Tar with eucalyptus and menthol-for coughs and colds-25c, soc.
The Alaska daily empire., 1918-01-19

Good Home Cooking. 35 cents 8 neal. Circle City Cafe.
The Alaska daily empire., 1918-01-19

SUMMARY unsettled the pressure in Temperature being moderate
The Alaska daily empire., 1918-01-19
LATE CABLE NEWS

JUAREZ: That a spirit most unfriendly to the United States pre- vails in large part of Mexico is the news brought by a reliable Am erican just arrived from the inter- for.
The Alaska daily empire., 1918-01-19

TACOMA: Private Chas. McDon- aid was sentenced today to ten years at hard labor by Division Judge Advocate George V. Strong, at Camp Lewis court martial, as punishment for assertion.