davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Greeneville daily sun. (Greeneville, Tenn.) 1918-1920, 1918-10-05
Franco-American Forces Have
Definitely Broken Through the Whole
Front of the Enemy's Defensive Line
(By The United Press.)

LONDON Oct 5-The Franco American forces have de-
fney broken through the whole front of the enems defen
sve line behind the Suppe river west of Agnne according
to battle front dispatches this afternoon.
South of the Asne the German retirement before General
Manons and General Barheos armies appears to be ended
temporarily The Germans definitely retired behind
the misunderstanding line in the American sector OF the
Champagne front, according to reports.
The Greeneville daily sun. (Greeneville, Tenn.) 1918-1920, 1918-10-05
Tennessee Boys Are In Trenches Today

WASHINGTON, Oct 5.-The Eghy-second division, com
manded by General William P Bunham and trained at Camp
Gordon Ga in the trenches of the Woevre sector General
March announced today While the enlisted personnel OF the
division are mostly from New York and Pennsylvania there
are in the ranks seecmen from Georgia Florida Alabama
and Tennessee.
The Greeneville daily sun. (Greeneville, Tenn.) 1918-1920, 1918-10-05
Furious Fighting Continues Today
Along the Whole Fifty Mile Front
In Champagne-Argonne Region
(By The United Press. }

WITH THE AMERICAN FIRST ARMY Oct 5.-Furious
fighting continued today along the whole 5Ome front IN the
Champagne region Heavy American artillery hre is
supporting the infantry assaults The weather ideal and
there stupendou amount aerial activity. Violent Ger
man counteraacks in the region of Frev on the eastern
edge of the Argonne forest repulsed last night
The Greeneville daily sun. (Greeneville, Tenn.) 1918-1920, 1918-10-05
A Later Account of Explosion
(By The United Press )

NEW YORK, Oct. 5-The dead is estimated at 1877,
made up of nney-four workmen, twenty-five remen, the
companys force and eighteen plant guards The guards went
to help fight the fire. Several civilian also killed
The property damage will into the millions The plant
alone valued at $18OOO,OOO. Military authorities in
charge of the situation.
The Greeneville daily sun. (Greeneville, Tenn.) 1918-1920, 1918-10-05
Franco-American Troops Driving
Northward Now Within Five Miles
OF Important Base of Vouziers-
Germans Reported Evacuating
nv The United Press.l

PARIS Oct Sd D. m)-The Franco American troops
driving northward against Vouzers within less than
FIVE miles of that important German base Enemy ongrange
guns near Sugny between Teenne and Semde are being
rapidly withdrawn The Germans reported to be evacua
ing the entire Morronvilers grove.
The Greeneville daily sun. (Greeneville, Tenn.) 1918-1920, 1918-10-05
Steamer San Saba
Sunk Yesterday
OFF N. j. Coast
(By The United Press

Wy the OHItSu ESSS'I
WASHINGTON, Oct. 5.-The car
go steamer San Saba was sunk off
Barnegat, N. j., yesterday, presum-
ably by a mine. The navy depart
ment announced some casualties.
The Greeneville daily sun. (Greeneville, Tenn.) 1918-1920, 1918-10-05
American Troops Are Attacking
On Smile Front Between Meuse
and Aire Rivers rs-Between 5000
And 1000 Prisoners Taken
CBx The United Pres..l

LONDON, Oct 5.-The American forces attacking on an
ghme front between the Meuse and Are rivers advanced
two miles, battle front dispatches report is estimated the
Americans have taken between 5000 and 1000 prisoners
The Greeneville daily sun. (Greeneville, Tenn.) 1918-1920, 1918-10-05
Austro-German Reinforcements Repulsed
(By The United Prsss.)

LONDON Oct 5The repuIse of the AustroGerman rein
forcements is reported by the Serbian office.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1918-07-09
RIVER NEWS

The river ut p. m. yesterday was
!ect and stationary.
Tn" Verne Swain left Tor Fits burGh
.y"sterday morning ~ : 4. m. with 4
GOOD freight and pass niger list.
III" dunbar. with I lHrG" trip. is dr"
up AZ ~ O'clock t"-uiEht on her way
frnn Charleston |" Pittsburgh.
Tho Liberty arrived last might n y
O'clock from Ma;amoras and leaves for
chat port this morning IT i1:"h.
Tho N.lcn f. WIS in from New Mar
tinSyill.. Ut n"cn and returned Il. :
=. m.
The Milton :"Ct Ter Matamnras yes
t,.r,iry 1T Il 81 u. IN.
Thu. odd Reliable passed up NJ II a.
Pittsburgh.
from down riy. r points yesterday morn
ita;.
Thu. rnwhnnt IT. l. I'l"Shrr after try.
inl, I" pu'uy. tn. wharfhn.tc "ut. gave il
IN, ~ 4 bud job ana is now lad mp
again n"ar III" freight d,rnt. Til"
wharCh"at would not floa, and il is net
quit. ,i.cid"d what will H.. don" with
her but il Is thought tina, sh" will ~
wrecked Tor t,''' lumber Hnh iron which
Is in her. TN" I'D h"at has dome good
S..rvir.. ard ~. rn"t''rla. IN her is: coed
ami will l.' utilized again. Sh" il ..
years ull and ;vnS built a. NIrray$ville
W. Va. in 1891
IIrary B"St and Martin Harvey. own
..r~ ,f tn. NnrIrtiH wliar!h"Ht. were Wis
iturS on TIA" wharf to-day.
TIL omaha Is now laid UP a. the
upper md -; TN. wharf. w.:rr" she will
-. .r,.plirrh AMI uv.'rhaulrd.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1918-07-09

Mr. T. A. Wolfe Inc 1arrne!
canoao for nomination the Republican
Nibo, Wolfe is really inc only man
the Ia"
contemplated III" 'lron o. one
h' dis
Mr. exactly being honaIce
the country
rrul>c aily
Of the last meeting of rae
Their" three
Of the committee
he did rlght
he under circumstances
Of all good citizens
Of his hands he Is
affairs ,han out Of Ii OF
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1918-07-09

Joseph Sahnt:ni. Hrn"h'yn. y. Y.
Euplrr .i":."rh NJ. McNamara. New
lIHL"r. t'"En.
I'riVat"S:
Leon :. Bernard. lIupkin,'n, Mass.
E!'harj y. l:rlTh,man. rail- lIN'r'
MaSS
Edward lark. r"ll;nsv'll" conn.
lalurS f.. Coleman. New Haven. conn.
ii.rl"rI TnllinS$. Nnrwalk. conn.
Harold T.. D"lnn. New riaI"n. F"nn.
Nmrman &. Elliott. webster. Mass.
Newman = I:.e. I'aribnI. Nc.
Jaln"S &. ';ullrl"k. New Haven. "nn.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1918-07-09

loon people OF these stricken countries.
,.y. r!'rii" that gay" L. th:S caus" Will
have. just reasons 10 f""l that tl'rE h'l'"
helped Ia Tighten tn" burden for some
ono among lh"s" unfortunate people.
Ton much praise rHnint b" given |"
tho committee in charge al tins drive
and tn" abnv" pictur" shows LEO. E'
House with MS corps "f wiling ana "'-
firing workers who did much I" max"
this drive a success. Mr.. lhilS"S Sihil"
of satisfaction plainly shows that II" -
proud of IN" results achieved nuH II Is
iiSr Ike him "a want all the "F"'ut given
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1918-07-09

to Mrs. a. W. Kracner and her noble
assistants. Miss .>dnlaide ShrClt"y. Miss
Pauline B"ut"r. Mrs. Q. +. VIM. Miss
virginia Miller. Miss E"ty Peters. Mrs.
4. *. Sonncborn. Mrs. J. Miller. Mis-:
Angelina McF'adden. Miss Mary Dudley.
and Cecil Robinson. while the Bay
Scouts came in for thcir share. Of praise
along with everyone connected with the
cannairn. Taking it all in all Wheel
ing can be- Justly proud Of herself and
her record breaking drive. Cor that is
the word that comes back from the
higher ups. Wheeling made Il record.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1918-07-09
NOTICE

Editor IntclriEcncer:
You nrc authorized 10 announced
Davis i,lkins Of MorSautUwn, Monon-
gala Co. "A candidat" for nom; naiion
by the Republican Party for the United
States Senate from West Virginia, sub
icct to all rules Of the Erpublican Party
and the laws OF the state OF West Viz
glnia governing the primary election
To b. mid August. 1918.
EihINS CAMPAIGN CDMN:TtlE
J.. H. McDERMOTF, Chairman
T. =. Drawer. S8l.
Morgantuwn. W. Ea--AdV.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1918-07-09
RIVER TEIEGRAMS.

Davis Island ban. IS r''.'. falling:
clear
Sf"u:rruvIiir. 4f feet. falling. clear
Mnrcant"wu t'.",. static u y
cloudy.
Til city. "a !rchr% stlilu:; "l.>tr.
War-".:. inches. f.,!;.!lG. c..Nr.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1918-07-09

Now Thirty Thousand West Virginia
Voters in Defense Of Their Country
All Of Whom viii Have Opportunity
to Vote in November Election.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1918-07-09

Declares Former Governor Albert B.
White in Interview Given Cincinnati
Enquirer Staff Correspondent.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1918-07-09

Republicans Must Nominate sik!ns 70
Garry Soldier Vote-Other Cano'-
dates Not Available This War Year.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1918-07-09

Charles i. Kenny. Sorwa'K. Conn.
bernard r. Lynch. l;r'ukIyn. y. }.
Edward g. Olson. IirI$i"l conn.
clarence II. Ri"'!!". Bristol. conn.
t'nriiSl" TI"rnan. Dayton. ky.
CANADIAN CASUALTIES.
OTTAWA. July S.-Thn following
American names APPEAR in t"day's OVER
seas casualty list:
Wounded:
f.. r. ITul"ti. Elk t'r'"k. FaIl1"FH'a'
j. Flynn. 81. I'aul. Mimi.
VI. q: Collins. Kingsley. Iowa.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1918-07-09

MEN IN SERVICE HOLD
BALANCE OF POWER.
The Grangeville globe. [volume] (Grangeville, Idaho) 1907-1922, 1918-01-31

Of $4,000 and the Surety Co. offering
TO settle on said basis, l would recon-
mend the acceptance OF same"
e. NJ. GRIFFITH,
County Attorney.
The following reports examined, ap-
proved and ordered fled:
Report of Probate Judge on Mothers
Pension for the quarter ending Jan.
1918.
Fee report of county auditor for the
quarter ending Jan. 1918.
Fee report of probate judge for the
quarter ending Jan. 1918.
Fee report of county treasurer and
fax collector for the quarter ending
Jan. 1918.
Fee report of sheriff for the quarter
ending Jan. 1918.
Tax collectors reports on collections
made on the real and personal rolls ex
amined and ordered filed.
Report Of J. L. Colvin for keep OF the
county farm and inmates examined and
ordered fled
The duly executed agreement with
the Kidder- Harris Highway for the
construction of Bridge at Kooskia, Ida
no. examined and ordered fled.
Communication Of L. M. Harris In
re-balance of fees as per report OF
Byron Defenbach read and ordered
fled
The cancellation of the following tax
matters investigated, and the auditor
ordered to make the proper entries on
the records showing such cancellations
J. L. whitman poll tax for the year
1917, over age.
Mrs. Annie s. Denham certificates No
6S6 for 1915, claims Widows Exemp-
ton.
John r. Lacy road poll tax for the
years 1918 and 1915.
c. e. Sample road poll tax for the
1917 and all other road poll tax.
T. B. Galloway road poll tax Tor the
year 1917.
Certificate No. 40 for the year 1919
title of land vested in the state.
Certificate No. 172 for the year 1915
title of land vested in the state.
Certificate No. "a for the year 1915
title Of land vested in the state.
Certificate No. 261 for the year 1915
and not patented.
Certificate No. 240 for the year 1915
Indian land.
Application or the South Fork Mil
ing & Milling Co., for the reduction Of
assessment, rejected.
Application of III. +. Evans for the
vacation Of lots IL and IL and 7-8 OF
lot 10 in Block 1 Riverview Orchards
Idaho, granted, and the recorder order.
ed to makt the proper entries on the
records showing said vacation.
designations Of VIM. Droogs of roa.
dist. No. 8, and Joe Aubin of road
district No. 10 as overseers of theiI
respective road districts accepted, and
they are hereby relieved from any fur
Their obligation of their offices.
Application Of w. p. Kilgore fol
ferry hctnse, laid over.
Application of Eva Garfield for fer
ry license laid over.
Notice of Lewis county Of its inten
ton to construct road in Idaho county
accepted and ordered filed.
1t is hereby ordered that the follow
ing named persons are appointed road
The Grangeville globe. [volume] (Grangeville, Idaho) 1907-1922, 1918-01-31

oyerseers for the respective road A..
tricts herein designated, to-wit.
No. 2, @. A. McComas, appointed n,
petition.
3, j. A. Cash, reappointed.
4, James B. Owens, reappointed
8, +. N. Heacker, appointed ON In
itiative or board.
6, John T. higgins, reappointed
7, G. B. Harvey appointed on peu.
ton.
8, Henry Smith, reappointed.
o, Seth Endicott appointed on Deli.
ton.
10, Jack O'Leary appointed by "a
quest.
IL, Geo. s. Upton. reappointed.
IL, Bailey Rict reappointed.
10, J. o. Howard, reappointed.
ID, Walt Bailey, appointtd on peu.
ton.
10, Harry Patterson, reappointed on
petition.
10 and 1S, P. n. Burke, reappointad
II, FL. W. Harris, reappointed.
10, r. L. Freeman, appointed by No.
tition.
20, Sam Manring, appointed by #.
quest.
81, VIM. Baker, reappointtd.
%, w. Il. Burlingame reappointed
%, NJ. o. Cox, reappointed.
"A, ]. A. Hoover, reappointed on De.
tition.
25, Geo. N. Farrens, rtappointed on
petition.
26, e. e. Coder, reappointed ON an
plication.
Said overseers to furnish a bond in
the sum of three hundred dollars with
sufficient sureties.
1t is hereby ordered that the road
petitioned for by Louis Reeves ct al
is hereby declared a public road and
ordered opened with out further cost
to the county and the same be made a
matter of record and plated.
Official bond of 81. w. Harris, m
amined and approved.
Official bond Of Seth Endicott, as
overseer Of road dist. No. 8, here ex.
amined and approved.
Resignation of J. L. Addison, as con.
stable Of the White Bird precinct ac.
cepted and it is hereby ordered that
said J. L. Adkison be and is hereby re-.
lieved from further obligations of fine
Office of constable Of White Bird pre.
cinct. -
Application Floyd Ferguson, ct al
for telephone franchise, granted, and
permission is hereby granted TO con.
struct said line as follows: Connecting
with the Delane Telephone line at the
top of the Harpster grade using the
north and west side Of the road from
top Of grade to Harpster, thence the
south and east side of road from liar.
pster to Nolen place on said Harpster
road, said. line to be known as the
Harpster Telephone Co.
On application of Calvin Hazelbaker
county assessor, the remuneration for
the work Of the field deputies of the
assessors will be as follows:
Deputies wage, So per day, allowed
for horse hire $3.50 and expenses paid
in accordance with law It being so
ordered by this board.
January 10, 1918.
Minutes Of yesterday read and ap
Continued on page ~
The Grangeville globe. [volume] (Grangeville, Idaho) 1907-1922, 1918-01-31

claim OF w. III. Sw1gler, refund on tax
$7.35 rejected.
Claim Of First National Bank of
Grangeville for rebate of tax $4OO. 90
rejected.
Claim of Henry Soards, witness case
EOf State VS.. Soards witness fee $2.25
rejected.
January II, 1918.
Minutes of yesterday read and ap-
proved, wereupon the board proceeded
to business as follows:
In the matter of the claim of w. B.
Huston for compensation, or damages
occasioned by his bridge being taken
out by the Harpster bridge going down
the river 1.-THE last spring food.
Ii appearing to the board that said
w. b. Huston had bridge across
the Clearwater river about two miles
below Harpster bridge, same being CON
structed at his own expense of about
100000 and maintained by him for
his own use, and it appearing that
said bridge was used by a large number
OF people in the vicinity Of the bridge,
making II public necessity to a large
extent, and that the same was DESTROY
ed by the said Harpster bridge (which
was county bridge and had been con-
demned) going out and down the
stream. and striking and taking out
said Huston bridge and that now said
Houston is now replacing said bridge.
and 1t further appearing that there is
M least a question as to the liability
OF the county under the circumstances
as 70 certain liability for damages. and
that when said bridge is completed will
accommodate large number of people
within the county tributary 10 said
bridge
1t Is therefore resolved by this hoard
that the claim of said w. b. Huston
= reasonable and that it is deemed for
me best interest of this county that his
e.aim he allowed and paid to said
iinstoll upon his giving to the county
as fuil and complete receipt and salts
a"No'i of all claims and demands
= hatScever sinst the county for any
Iprther damages in the matter.
Application # the clerk of the Dis
fr.rt court to haye his action in elimin.
dns the attorneys fees from tax on ses !
The Grangeville globe. [volume] (Grangeville, Idaho) 1907-1922, 1918-01-31


Minutes of yesterday read and an
proved, whereupOn the board proceed
ed to business as follows:
In the matter of the claim against
JAS DeHayen for shortage of fees in
the office of the Probate Judge: the
board here orders, on the recommends
ton OF the county attorney, that SET
tiement in full of all demands will be
made for the sum of $4,000 which sum
has been offered by the Bonding Com
pany In settlement of said claim. and
further orders that the opinion of the
county attorney be spread upon min
ltes in full, same being in writing and
SET out in full as follows:
County Attorneys Opinion.
In the matter of the claim against
James DeHayen for shortage in his ae-
counts as Probate Judge and the Ii.
ability Of his surity for same"
1T Is my opinion that such liability
comes under provisions of Sub. Sec
ie94 OF the Revised Codes and that
the limitation applicable holds to 2
wears instead of , years as provided NV
Sect. 1852 and that the county can only
recover for the shortage of amounts
occurring since Oct. LIST, 1914. Motto,
being given on said date to said Surity
10. and the amount being the sum
The Grangeville globe. [volume] (Grangeville, Idaho) 1907-1922, 1918-01-31

Board here examined, approved and
allowed the following claims, and in
structed the auditor TO draw warrants
on the General Bridge Fund in pay
mQnf thoraof
The Grangeville globe. [volume] (Grangeville, Idaho) 1907-1922, 1918-01-31

The followingc laims were here ex-
amined, approved and the auditor or
dered to draw warrants on the current
expense fund In payment thereof:
A. w TaIl<inQtOA Insurance 40 On
The Leavenworth echo. [volume] (Leavenworth, Wash.) 1904-current, 1918-10-11

Loan shall be the Republican party's
supreme motif of thought and action
until that objective is attained
Wherever Republicans are together,
by two or two thousand, it shall be a
win the-war meeting. Just as the
Republican party's every action at all
times has been and shall be determin-
ed solely by how we can contribute
most to the wars success, so now our
every thought and action shall be de-
termined entirely by how we can make
certain the quick over-subscription of
the Fourth Liberty Loan.
This is a united country's message
to Germany.
The entire Republican organization
in every voting precinct in the country
shall be a fighting force in this Lib
erty Loan drive.
This is the Republican organiza-
TONS business.
This is the real business of every
man, woman and child in America.
Everything else is chores"
WILL H. HAYS,
Chairman National
Republican Com.
The Leavenworth echo. [volume] (Leavenworth, Wash.) 1904-current, 1918-10-11
NEEDED TO WIN WAR

Frank B. Anderson, president of
the Bank of California, one of the
most careful, authoritative observers
Of industrial conditions, sounds the
following OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES
warning to the American public,
which he asserts, is not making the
sacrifices necessary to the success of
the governments gigantic war pro-
gram. Asked for his opinion upon
the current state of affairs in the
United States in connection with the
war, Anderson said:
"The financial situation is we'll in
hand and the machinery for granting
credit is ample. No essential enter
prises need fear that they will not
be taken care of for their seasonal
needs, but all non-essential enter
prises will be brought to understand
that the government needs the credit
which it is using and the labor which
it is employing; the adjustment will
be brought about gradually so as to
create as little hardship as possible.
"The people of the country must
realize that they cannot give the gov
eminent the power to purchase the
things it needs and retain that pur-
chasing power for themselves.
"Much more stern economy must be
practiced, otherwise the government
program cannot be carried out. There
is not sufficient labor and manufac-
turing capacity in the country to al
low the population to live as it is
now living, and in addition allow the
government to procure all that it
needs"
The Leavenworth echo. [volume] (Leavenworth, Wash.) 1904-current, 1918-10-11
HIGHER RATES MUST FOLLOW

Automobiles, motor trucks and the
hard-surfaced highways are cutting
down the incomes of railroads, city
traction lines and interurban rail
ways.
Those who do not own the new
class of motor transportation and
the general public must be prepared
to pay higher fares and rates on
freight.
The public does not realize to what
an extent city employees, public Of
ficials and so-called religious and
charity workers ride on passes or on
half fares.
Doubling the wages of labor and
cost of materials, and increasing 10
cal, state and federal taxes to build
bard-surface roads and paved streets
has made new lines impossible.
Increased rates are imperative I'M
less such properties are to be driven
into bankruptcy or turned over to
the tender mercies of public owner
ship.
The Leavenworth echo. [volume] (Leavenworth, Wash.) 1904-current, 1918-10-11
LABOR LEADERS.

When Leon Green, business agent
of the electrical workers of Seattle,
told Mayor Hanson that "Organized
labor will dictate to the city govern
ment just the same as it dictates to
the private employer" he was simply
following the precedent established by
other labor leaders who place the I'M
ions above the government. This man
who thus boasts that he will dictate
to the city government then prides
himself on the fact that he is not a
citizen of the United States.
How many of these labor leaders
are American born or naturalized
citizens An investigation along this
line would pay, it seems. Much of the
country's industrial trouble can be
traced to labor leaders, many of whom
profess allegiance to other countries
than the United States.
The Leavenworth echo. [volume] (Leavenworth, Wash.) 1904-current, 1918-10-11
ALL GOOD CITIZENS WITHOUT
REGARD TO PARTY MUST BUY
A Ringing Declaration From National
Chairman Hayes-NO Politics in
Bond Buying.

The mission of America is about
to be accomplished.
American soldiers in France are at
this moment demonstrating to the
world the reason for America and the
stuff of which this Republic is made.
Their complete success and the cor
sequent eternal establishment every
where in the world of the integrity of
American rights, interests and honor
and the right of men to govern them-
selves, are all assured with the pro-
per performance of the plainest duty
of the citizenry at home.
The Fourth Liberty Loan is oul
present objective.
There is no geography, political OF
physical, in the patriotism OF this
country. Democrats and Republicans
alike love their flag and are ready to
die for it. We continually insist for
all parties that the war be kept out of
partisan politics and that partisanship
be kept out of the war.
Just as in Congress the Republicans
led the fight that made possible the
passage of the great war measure so
now the Party membership and or
ganization has an immediate, def lite
war task in the accomplishment of
which it can fully function. | repeat
let there be no contest in this country
as to anything that touches the war
except the contest-who best can
serve, who most can give.
The success of the Fourth Liberty
The Leavenworth echo. [volume] (Leavenworth, Wash.) 1904-current, 1918-10-11
SACRIFICES.

81 gave my arm to France" said
young soldier with pride when
someone offered him sympathy at his
loss. Yet, here at home, we have
workers who grudgingly give their
eight hours work at good wages, in
support of these boys. Many of them
do not give an honest eight hours
work at that Then the shipbuilders
strike for double pay for Saturday
afternoons. It's mighty poor COM
parison-the effort and sacrifices the
soldiers are making and the poor sup
port they are getting from a certain
element of organized labor.