davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1918-12-19
FOR SALE.
FOR SALE-Eight foot traverse
sled. Inquire Caledonian Office


FOR SALE-Eight foot traverse
sled. Inquire Caiedonian Office.
FOR SALE #. dry wood. Inquire
y. A. Russell. l45-1ao
FOR SALE-Green wood from IL in.
to foot long. C. ". Clark, 80 Main
street 148-160
FOR slALE-Chriatmas trees to be
delivered at 90 cents and 81 Tele.
phone 1888. .l4s-150
PLAYER-PIANO--Nearly new, best
make, used, WIN Sell for balance due
omit. Come in and see it. Gualall-
tesd. Terms if desired Mclean.
HOMEMADE DOUGHNUTS-Or-
ders taken for same Tuesdays and
Saturdays Call 404-M. Mrs. A. c.
I Underwood 1880
FOR AS.ALI,-One 12 H. r. Gasoline
Engine. Runs on II Magnetic as fric-
ton clutch pulley. Apply to L. r.
Auhin, Newport, VT. 111tf-
FOR. SALE-Building for sale and
nice tenement to rent on Cliff street.
/ itieisaby Real Estate Agency, 9
Charles Street. 108 t t
FOR SALE-GoOd secondhand tim
Der. Used cars bought, also all kinds
! Of junk and hides. H. Dolgin, so
Portland street. Tel. 537-M. If.
FOR 9ALE-Sleights, three-in-one
4 style, quality and price. Due to the
shortage of material have only a
! few handmade sleighs left Purchase
early while they last. w. w. Talbot,
East HardWick 129 f.
For. SALE-Registered Guernsey
I Bull Calves. 8 to Ia months old.
May Ross breeding Extra good
stock, and moderate prices. D. @.
Washburn, Long View Farm, St.
Joir7sbury Center. -.
! FOR SALE-A pair of Bob SIeds.
Inquire Of George p. Moore, 26 East
i ein ave, st. Johnsbury. 140tf
, FOR SALE Bench wringer, nearly
new. Tel 223-W. 141-tf
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1918-12-19
GIFT TO MARSHAL FOCH
Argentina Citizens Send Him a Re.
rninder of Their Liberty

Buenos Aires, Dec. 18-Prominent
Argentine citizens have rendered no.
mage to Marshal Foeh by sending him
copy Of the sabre used by General
San Martin, the South American lib
orator with model Of the statue of
San Martin.
The sabre was made by the Argen-
tine ministry of war. 1t is accom-
panied by book of those who sub
scribed to the gift, containing the
names of the Ministers of France,
Great Britain, Italy and Belgium and
the Charge d affairs of the United
States.
The sabre also is accompanied by
parchment in which Marshal Foch
is told that it is sent to him by those
same Argentine citizens who early
of the war has ever shaken their faith
handing that the Argentine Govern
ment Join the Allies; that no reverse
of the war has ever shaken teir faith
in the cause of the, Allies and that
they now wish to send this symbol oil
their Joy at the great victory in which
thew have been denied party
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1918-12-19
REDUCING, THE FORCE
Americas Civilian Army Breaking Up
after the War


after the War
Washington, Dec I8-Before the
war began the United States Govern
nent employed approximately 100000
persons in the civil branch. After
Uncle Sam cast his lot definitely with
the Allies the great army of workers
behind the fighting forces grew by
tens of thousands until it numbered
almost a million men and women.
The force of civilian employees of the
Government in the District of Colun
bia increased from about 35 900 to APP
proximately $4,000. The forces in
navy yards increased from about 90,
900 to more than 100000, and in
Government ordnance plants from 10,-
900 to about $4,000. -
During the nineteen months of
American participation in the conflict
the United States Civil Service Com
mission, whose duty it was to recruit
the civil service to meet war needs,
examined almost a million persons,
more than 100000 Of whom were APP
pointed. ;fs54 49, ~
! The commission found it necessary
to advertise extensively to mobilize
the workers. Three thousand local
boards of civil service examiners and
5000 postmasters at third-class post
offices in the smaller towns constantly
kept the announcements Of the Com
mission before thei1. respective COM
munities. More than 100000 post
ers and other printed announcements
were distributed and displayed; Ian.
tern slides were thrown upon the
screens in 10000 motion-picture thea
ters; cards were displayed in $4,000
| trolley cars; notices were printed in
5000 newspapers and more than 200
periodicals.; posters were displayed
upon the bulletin boards of more than
5000 libraries, 1900 chambers of
commerce and boards of trade, and in
many other prominent places in every
/ city in the country. Appeals for re-
c1'uits were also printed on the backs
Of gas and electric light bills, on let
terheads of business houses, in thea
! ter programs and on weather bureau
bulletins. Thirty motion picture pro-
/ ducing companies either posed spe-
| cial pictures or attached trailers to
films. Educational institutions and
numerous organizations assisted in
the work. The only cost to the
Government for millions of dollars
worth of advertising was for the
printing of posters and circulars and
fo, the making Of lantern slides.
From now on the civilian personnel
will be gradually reduced.
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1918-12-19

What made the quarter famous?
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1918-12-19
INDIGESTION and
CONSTIPATION
Quickly Relieved By
"EIult-a-tiVes"
RocHos, P.Q.


~ suffered for many years with
terrific Indig end Constipation.
4 neighbor advised "FrHff-a-tia'ss''
Tor Fruit Liver Tablets. tried
them. 80 the surprise of my doctor,
] began to improve and he advised
me TO go OF with "FyHif-a-tFtYs''-
1 consider that / owe my life to
Strut a-tives'' and l want to say TO
those who suffer from Indigestion,
Constipation or Headaches = try
sEruit.a -tives' and you will getWelf'.
CORINE .GAUDREAU-
zoe. Il box, G for $3.50, trial size 25e.
Al draiet8 or from FRUIT-A-TIVES
limited. OGDENSBURGs N, X
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1918-12-19
NORTH DANVILLE

Frank Far1 from M Montpelier Wis
tied his niece, Mrs. r. J. McGill, the
first of the week.
Mrs. Isaac Stanton is visiting her
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. Harry Mears,
Of Swantoii.
Frank Waller and Arthur Emmons
are working at T. E. Aliens.
Mrs. Robert Crawford and Mrs.
James Robinson, who have been Wis
ting at T. C. and r. J. McGilrs, have
returned to their home in Canada.
Rev Mr.. Gould and Miss Grace
Gould from Lyndon Center were the
guests of Mr.. and Mrs. Homer STAN
ton Tuesday.
Herbert Stanton is more comfort
able
An invitation has been extended by
the Vermont State Sunday School as
ISOLATION to Mr.. Robbins, pastor of
the federated churches at Castleton,
to accept the vacant position of gen
eral secretary Of the state associa-
ton, u place formerly held by Rev
C. A. Boyd, who resigned because OF
i'll health Mr.. Robbins is at pres
ent in France, but is expected home
soon.
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1918-12-19

The Arab patrol Of Mt. Sinai Tenn
pie of Shriners has voted to give the
governors bali in the opening week of
the Legislature. providine it is agree
able to P. w. Clement, the governor
elect. 1t is understood that the re-
ception win take place Thursday eve
nine Of the opening week, with the
ball Friday evening.
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1918-12-19

FOR SALE-Green wood from II in.
to 4 foot long. C. W. Clark, 80 Main
street 148-160
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1918-12-19
EAST BURKE

Howard Shelrer and family Of
Lyndonville were Sunday visitors at
James Buell's.
Mr.. and Mrs. Albert Anger OF
Burke Hollow spent Thursday at Ed
win Hough's. 90
Mr.. and Mrs. Lyman Brown and
Mr.. and Mrs. Alfred Trip were Wis
itors in St. Johnsbuy Thursday.
Walter Nelson has been making
repairs in the interior of his resi-
dence, putting in a bath room and
making other improvements.
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1918-12-19

HOMEMADE DOUGHNUTS-Or-
ders taken for same Tuesdays ana
Saturdays Call 404-M. Mrs. A. G.
/ Underwood. 144-5G
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1918-12-19

For, SALE-Building for sale and
nice tenement to rent on Cliff street.
ltieiaby Real Estate Agency, 9
Charles Street j. 103 /
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1918-12-19

pLAYER-PIANO--Nearly new, best
make, used, WIN Sell for balance due
ION il. Come in and see it. Gualal-
tesd Terms if desired. Mclean.
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1918-12-19

FOR slALE-chriatmas trees to be
delivered Mt so cents and 81. Telc.
pftone 1888 .l48-150
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1918-12-19

FOR ASALl,-One I2 H. r. Gasoline
Engine Runs on II Magnetic as fric-
ton clutch pulley Apply to L. p.
Auhin. Newport, VT. 111tf-
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1918-12-19

FOR SAILS IT. dry wood Inquire
J. A. Russell. 145-150
The evening Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1918-1920, 1918-12-19
WANTED.

WANTED-At once, waitress at
the New Avenue Hotel, ST. Johns
bury. 145tf
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-02-17

less than thirty, probably nearer the latter
than the former figure. This gives total
maximum of 100 German divisions on the
West at this moment and a minimum of
$50, with bias toward the former figure.
We know, moreover, precisely how many
divisions are on the line of contact Off I
may so express myself: there are 115
Roughly speaking, then, 60 per cent
or little less of all German troops now
concentrated on the West are ON the line
and 40 per cent or little more are
in reserve Immediately behind them. The
German Empire still keeps at this moment
fifty divisions on the Russian front 1t is
conceivable that it could watch that front
and guard against the danger Of chaos
or even an unexpected local attack in
case of some local military reaction with
not more than twenty divisions, though
that makes nothing more than a very thin
observation, of course. 1t is the lowest
figure at which have seen the minimum
put and it is much more likely that at
least thirty divisions would be required
for this work
The large margin Of doubt here is not
so important as it looks, because the
residue Of troops left on the Eastern
front will at any rate be of very inferior
material, which could hardly be used for
offensive purposes in the West.
Put it at the very minimum and say
only twenty divisions would be left in
the East, and that gives you ulti-
mately thirty divisions of all sorts, includ-
ing many men who could never be used
on the front line, to be added sooner or
later to the German concentrations on
the Western front. We see then that the
very maximum Of German divisions, in
GLIDING some that certainly could not be
used for offensive action, would be 22O full
divisions on the Western front before the
end Of the fighting season that is now
about to open.
This means an addition in mere infan-
try numbers of about SO per cent to
the numbers present on this front during
the fighting season Of 1917 The Ger
mans had during that season about L.
100000 bayonets on this Western line;
they can produce during 1918 on the
same front rather moro than million and
a half. This figure, 1,57500O bayonets,
would be equivalent to 2l0 full divisions.
Another $4,000 would bring this to about
22O full divisions.
The second element In the situation is
the concentration Of guns. The changes
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-02-17
Increase Between
twenty and Thirty Divisions

This strength gives for infantry an av-
efagc of $500 bayonets to a dyision--wc
aust no longer think in the old terms of
ae beginning of the war, when division
"uhted 1900 bayonets. Last autumn,
wore the big transfer of troops from the
last to the West began, there were 100
0sfman divisions or their equivalent be-
"een the Alps and the North Sea. This
samoer has already been increased by
Sme additions, which arc more than
"snty, but less than thirty, divisions.
Tue reason we cannot be quite certain
tue numbers is twofold First, not all
VISIONS which have been brought to the
'ese front have yet arrived at the lines
s sre they have come in contact with tho
'eu armies; second, certain fragments
divisions have come in contact with
IL Allies, but it is not possible to say
'ether the whole division has yet been
,'oght from Russia But as have said.
divisions brought from the East to
west number more than twenty and
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-02-17

points for his offensive, but the power of
munitionment still controls the issue
1T is most significant fact that he has
distributed his reserves Of infantry be-
hind the line of contact pretty evenly all
the way from Flanders to Alsace. That
seems to argue determination on his
part to choose more than one point of
attack, but it is only very vague indi-
cation, and ] give it for what it is worth.
The Struggle for
Supremacy in Air
During the campaign of 1918 also new
Importance will attach to the fourth arm
OF the service--.the air service. The wear
Will see a vigorous and probably decisive
final struggle between the two parties for
supremacy in the air, each knowing that
superiority there will more than anything
else decide the issue of the campaign.
During that struggle it is exceedingly
important that the mass of general opin-
ION, Which especially in democratic coun-
tries has such an effect upon the conduct
of the war, should not misunderstood the
problem which is set to the soldiers and
constructors. Hitherto there has been. on
our side of the Atlantic at least, too much
misunderstanding of this problem. The
new science appeals strongly to public
imagination; it has been foreseen and
dealt with in popular romance for many
years; the things that it apparently ought
to be able to do are too obvious; the limi-
tations are technical and for the most
part unknown to the public. That is why
there is a danger of public demand for
policies that cannot be carried out, and
attention to which will only weaken the
armies in their great struggles.
The main thing for us to appreciate is
the limitations of the new arm. There are
certain very general rules in this connec-
ton which it is useful to remember First
Aircraft are already highly specialized
for the various uses they have to serve,
and, as has been the case with the develop
ment of almost all machinery, their types
are getting more and more differentiated
as the arm develops.
The original use of aircraft in war was
for observation. That meant a compare
lively restricted machine, for all that was
needed was to spot artillery tire-that is,
to command observation over places not
more than a few thousand yards from the
place whence the aeroplane started. You
did not need to fly very high, for beyond
Il certain height observation became diff
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-02-17

brought about by the war in the use of
artillery in the field make us reckon to-
day on two types of guns as the main
strength of the light or field artillery.
On the German side these are the
77-milllmetre gun Ia shade over three
inches in calibre) and the 9O-mili-
metre gun. The former has been in
creased in efficiency in the last year, while
the latter is not too heavy to be used as
field piece. Reckoning as heavy guns
everything over the 1OO-millmetre
(roughly the 4-inch calibrc), we may
say that pretty we'll the whole German
strength in this arm, excluding only the
coastal defence guns and the artillery of
great fortresses, will be in the war zone
of the Western front for 1918. 1t will
comprise somewhat less than 1000 pieces,
but more than $500.
The third factor, which will probably
be the decisive one, is the power of NUM-
tionment and supply. The famous for
mula which has been ascribed to General
Petain as a definition of the modern Of
fensive-"The gun conquers, the infan-
try occupies shows what the role of the
heavy gun will be in these last decisive
phases Of the great struggle.
The number of guns is only one, al
though it is the best known, factor in the
role Of the artillery. The other unknown
factor, conditioning the whole strength
of the artillery arm, is the power of the
industrial civilization behind the guns to
turn out munitionment and bring it up to
the front. 1t is not only tho industrial
power to produce shells with which we are
here concerned, but the comparative in
dustrial power Of the two societies to
produce every other weapon of tactful
offence: the armed and protected mobile
gun platform which the British call tanks,
and whatever new device either side NAV
crOduCn
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-02-17
This Year Will
Decide Victory

1t is possible that the two enemies will
remain during 1918 more or less even in
their air powers, as they have been since
those early critical days Of the battle Of
the Somme, when the Allies had so marked
a superiority. But it is more probable
that definite superiority will appear dur
ing the fighting season of 1918 upon one
side or the other. The side which pos
sesses it has all the chance for victory.
There is no such thing as command Of
the air. You cannot drive your enemy
from the air by superiority as you can
from the surface of the sea, because the
work done is in three dimensions. But
your superiority can half blind him in
battle and immensely supplement the
power of your artillery by bombing be-
hind the lines and by attacks upon his air
dromes, while the superiority once es-
tablished should increase through your
power of attack upon airdromes and trans
port of aircraft.
For that superiority the Allies largely
depend upon the coming in of America.
The constitutional power of the Ameri-
can factories changes the balance entirely
Their pilots are excellent and are train
ing rapidly. The only doubtful factor is
transportation. If that problem is solved
the Allies superiority in the air should be
certain.
1t is often pointed out that the collapse
of Russia is replaced for the Allies by the
entry of the United States. In men this
is not true, for communications are suc.,
that the United States cannot put into the
European field numbers at all correspond
ing with those which Russia had mobilized
and which were at hand.
But in power of constructing material,
and especially aircraft, there is no CON-
parison. To appreciate this take one SIM
gle figure. Even when the Russians were
fighting their best and when the enem,
was most occupied with them the num-
Der of enemy aircraft upon the Eastern
front was little more than one-tcnth that
on the Western front Such an OK
ample is conclusive.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-02-17
May Attack at More
Than One Point
produce.

Here the balance of opinion is that the
Central Empires are at disadvantage.
This is only tentative opinion, though
based upon many lines Of calculation and
upon observation of the enemy's maxi
mum effort during the last fighting season
as compared with ours. So far as mere
numbers of infantry is concerned, he has
sufficient reserve to undertake at least
two great offensives upon certain points
and if he prefers to diminish the intensity
Of his attack he can choose more than two
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-02-17

personnel needed for the general work Of
airdromes and the repairing shops is so
large that the total flying done is a poor
indication of the actual effort required,
unless we know something Of what these
reserves ought to be.
Roughly speaking, the figures to bear
in mind are the following:
For one machine in the air you must
count from six to eight machines on The
ground, and for one pilot in the air you
must count three on the ground.
For each machine you must count With
in the zone Of the armies and quite apart
from constructions and repairs taking
place in the bases and manufactures at
home at least forty men.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-02-17
THE POWER BEHIND THE MAILED FIS@
Fight for Aerial SUI
premacy To Be
One of the Biggest
Features of Com
ing Campaign


cause the aircraft are the eyes of the
army, photographing, spotting and report
ing continually. Auxiliary to this, and
almost as large, is the connected work OF
fighting between aircraft for the preven-
ton Of observation. Next comes the work
done in the way Of bombing hostile air
dromes, ammunition dumps and points of
concentration, etc., with the counter work
of fighting the machines so occupied Thus
the whole mass Of aircraft on both sides Is
at work within a comparatively short dis
lance Of the two opposing trench lines.
Long distance raids are almost a negligi-
BILE part of the whole.
Next, it is wise for civilian opinion to
seize the fact that the radius of action for
distant expeditions is strictly limited
Roughly speaking, an average radius of
two hundred miles governs the general
policy Of raids. Here, as in the case Of
shipping construction and many other
kinds Of machinery, you have various con.
f1icting aims which have to be compro.
missed. To fly far you need heavier sup
ply of petrol, but the heavier the supply
Of petrol is the less spare margin Of
weight you have for bombs. You increase
the area Of the plane and find that there
comes under existing methods of construc-
ton maximum point after which greater
plane area involves a smaller radius Of
action.
This limitation in the length Of contin.
ued fight has a very powerful effect upon
the policy of reprisals upon German
towns. The Western lines are everywhere
upon the soil Of the Allies, except for a
short sector in Alsace. The chief en-
envy civilian centres are far behind those
lines. London, much the greatest Of tho
Allied centres of population, is the most
vulnerable point in the whole zone. Ine
enemy can approach it over an area where
he is largely free from hostile artillery,
for the sea occupies more than half Of
his journey; he is guided to it under clear
weather conditions by we'll marked estu-
airy leading directly to his objective
On French soil the enemy airdromes
are only half the distance from Paris that
the French are from the nearest large
German town. These conditions have
given great advantage to the enemy in
his new policy Of bombing large open
towns from the air and making war on
civilians. We hope to prevent 1t from be-
coming precedent by his defeat, for if
it becomes precedent there is the end Of
our civilization. So far he has the Allied
towns at a disadvantage from the causes
mentioned above, and the chief duty Of
responsible journalists here during the
last few months, after pointing out the
disproportion between these raids and the
work at the front, has been to warn peo-
pie against demanding the impossible (as
yeti in the way of full reprisals.