davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1918-12-21
WILSON CONFIDENT
OF JUST SOLUTION
ONriNrhp fROM rAGE oNr


buckingham palace December 81 IN
honor of President WI ron
Tn. visit uf President Wilson ns
an "oyer night guest at Bucklns
ham viii he the first time IN history
that any president has been thus en-.
tertHintd at the palace
pAnlS. Dec. "a 0--Irasd-ni Wi.
son IN addition to the conferences he
had today with italian Statesmen
also conferred with Captain Andre
Thrdleu French high commissionet
to the United states with whom be
discussed relief work In France ana
economic questions. including ship.
ping II In known that the French
government In eager Ia place large
Nhipbuildlng contracts In American
yards hut the American government
II IN said. intends to keep the yards
free until the peace conference de
Nelops fully what yards the United
States may need for It's navy
The openiag meeting of the Inter
allied conference viii hc confined Co
representative of the allies aud the
United states. who Will arrange a
common basis Of action Tor the Tor
NAL sessions ~ the peace Congtrv,
which viii open toward the middle
or latter part of January II is rN
pcCted that the German delegates
Will bo present fpr the firS, time
II is pointed out that this In not 4
negotiated peace hut a victorious
peace based on virtual unconditional
surrender. In which the enemy has
been compelled Ia give up nll dc
nandcd. the main purpose NJ IN"
preliminary conference heginnlng
carly In January Is 10 arrange a
common front for the peace con
rtcss
For that reason the conference so
Ing on between the president and
Premier Orlando ~ l,aly ana later
with Premier Lloyd ueorg" IN Ion
don. have an important hearing on
lhis preliminary adjustment
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1918-12-21

New orl,.n. Cotton rn,urs.

NV uRIkASS De- 20 Cotton
closed steady at On sd'ancs Of a. to td|
points
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1918-12-21
NORTHWEST or s,r,ir,

the pumpkin Center District II I
Htrtlett has rirS M and o. ready to
operate ON Nos and uu ia" T..
uarker farm IN the northwest 10 The
northeast ~ - -iS-lo.
IN. United Oil n Gta 60 's 80 2
ON the " Boegy farm in m" south
east ~ the southeast ot '1-is 10 Il
a rig
The Lone OH company has u ~
barrel producer IN sand n,"3uirred
At 700 f"ct IN their Ne = Morrison
I'm the northwest corner ~ the south
west uf the southwest uf s.iS-ll.
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1918-12-21

Nl>s suod 10 eat i07 East First --.
AiV
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1918-12-21

NNI ThN I1nTTNIT WIT \ ''NF
Go. 50 II. on the Grorkcti farm. u
the northwest of i3-ls.5c. is a locn
tiun
The Westerly Ou company has a
rig up fur 80 10 on the Moore farm.
in the southeast of 7 ~. .Gc so ~
on 'hc same farm is a rig ON the
ground while the same company 80
: ON the Moore farm In 'lr same
section IN - 7t-harrrl producer ln
t'o 100 foot pay
The UoNtut retrul"um COMPANY
test IN 'hr liinh~ farm 100 the south
west ~ N.lp Gr ls q iprtiiou
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1918-12-21

g. .'iutir uf the Iak rsidc T."
ir"l"uu company has h,ru luuking
over the situation IN TWl@,. ln com.
pany WITH J = TicrnD. his local
MANAGE
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1918-12-21

,IsIiINt.-r ~ Shafirr hi- =
RIG mn fnr No . llushin bon 'hr
nor,hWos CORNER ~ iho southwest
OF the ror'hc,s' ~ 2.tS.t
E,e..r uud others 'o-' on the
smith farm ln me southwest Of a."
.opihcn.i ~ me southeast ~ TO
49, 50 rlr
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1918-12-21

u iHttun "t the valley Rcru-
iug COMPANY hud wife are icaying
Today Tor ,hicasn. where they viii
rpcud thr Christmas HOLIDAYS
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1918-12-21

TAT TITO GrrcnV oud uil com
many. Np. ou tho l Thompson
t,rm AZ ihc center ~ the northwe est
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1918-12-21

l'tul iiuttuu ts back from the
army camp u"hr liuuHton, T'Nss. aud
is looking tie picture of health lic
VIII star f"wrthinR IA the way NJ
dtillug a. Once
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1918-12-21
tIDN Am illat

IIDN NNU TTTNINI NINTTT| ITI
other, h,,r o rIg mp f1r $50 o ON
,ne rrosbic piece In the northwest
~ ~. 7.l,.ti
K,, Nogorrt irsi ON the liver
bed In thr southwest ~ -i.li.li. Is
a Iucti.lu
rhr Reynolds OI \ Gur Cu trr
ru'i.rg up a rg fur 80 I un the
I'-'e,. farm IN th" northwest ~
.a-It.i,
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1918-12-21

g. q Smith ~ the Globe Oil com.
pany has traded iur one ~ tho hest
hun,hvs ~ acreage un record. II
being Toe UOu acres well scattered
along the probable trend ~ the Texas
field. which a. located ~ - counties
altogether rms N the way to play
the game IN that country
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1918-12-21
Personals

7 q Bartlett ~ tho Lewis Ma
'hinrp a SuppN go lett this morn.
'ng Tor has uume AZ kauH,S ,i'l,
wh"tc b, Will spend christmas
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1918-12-21

VWTN w VI TTTTT w T-TTTTT
nan, has made a location Tor q test
ou ihe " Deere farm ,n The cN'r"Wo
southwest corner ~ ih" sHuihW"ti
~ tho northwest ~ 't.lsN
The Texas company his q RIG up
fnr q tcsi ON tho | Samuel farm ~
IA, center ~ IA" west mn" ~ the
northwest of m" ruuihWrst ~
; lh
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1918-12-21

\ " lNan In nov putiing IN most
uf hiH tim, ~ Ardmorc whrr" he IN
pr"sident II the Mid.Cuntncut re
uuiug company Tie ~ greatly mit~rd
100 uI. r.IU.ur mere
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1918-12-21

T. " Eastman ~ the l'r,irir OlI
n das con "trc"t az ltslmnk
Texas, IL IN Tuha thp week on husi,
ness VI Eastman wac formers
connected with that companys ~.
fi,vr bt AuguE,n, Kan.
Lincoln County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1911-1919, 1918-11-14

Through the camp Libraries of the
American Library Association, men
of the service are finding the oppor-
tunity to read great books of which
they have. heard most of their lives,
but which circumstance has prevent
ed their enjoying. Oftentimes. how
ever. the man asking for a particular
author has had no other than the
sound of the authors name to guide
him.
There's a book I've been trying
to get for four years." said new ar
rival at Camp Kearney from the Ha-
waiian Islands. It's Omar KAN "
A copy OF the Rubaiyat was loaned
to him.
For several minutes one evening.
the desk attendant was puzzled by a
request for 1.-The Lad" No book by
this title could be found. Finally
the soldier was asked to spell the
title
Double lad" he spelled. He
was handed a recent edition of Ho-
mer's "Iliad."
Lincoln County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1911-1919, 1918-11-14
DATE OF MATURITY ON
CERTIFICATES ADVANCED

The date of maturity of United
States Treasury Certificates of In
debtedness of series d, dated Aug
ust 6. 1918. has been advanced from
December s, 1918. to November 21.
1913, according to telegram received
by Governor James X. Lynch of the
Twelfth Federal Reserve District
from Secretary of the Treasury VIII
liam G. McAdoo.
The following notice has been CIV
en- to holders OF these United States
Treasury Certificates of Indebted
ness:
"All United States Treasury Ger
tificates of Indebtedness of series
d. dated August s, 1918, and matur-
ing December s, 1918, are hereby
called for redemption on November
21, 1918, at par and accrued inter
est pursuant to the provision for such
redemption contained In the Ncertifi-
Gates. On November 81, 1918. inter
est on all certificates of said series
will cease to accrue"
Lincoln County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1911-1919, 1918-11-14

ing port In France to handle the
books which are arriving for the use
of the soldiers.
Hundreds of thousands OF vol
umes are being sent overseas for
American fighting men. These in
clude educational works which are
eagerly used by the privates and non
commissioned officers anxious to ad-
vance themselves. The work is con-
sidered most important and $780,
of the O,5OO,O0O. to be raised in
the United War Work Campaign,
November IL to Is, has been set
aside to maintain and continue this
work of the American Library As
ISOLATION.
The seven welfare organizations
serving the soldiers are working in
unison. They are the Y. M. c. A.,
Y. w. C. A, War Camp Commun-
ity Service. X. of c., Salvation Army,
Jewish Welfare Board and American
Library Association.
Lincoln County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1911-1919, 1918-11-14

Substituting olive oil for lard
and sweet condensed milk for sugar,
utilizing an abandoned German
kitchen. and in one instance making
a bon fire in a field, three American
women on the Saint Michel front,
have been frying 10000 doughnuts
a day. They have stuck to their posts
close to the advancing American
troops. suffered gas attacks and
have been under constant shell fire
of the enemy.
In spite of the dino ulties under
which they worked the doughnuts
were crisp, brown and palatable.
They were distributed free of charge
The three women, Y. w. &. A. work
ers. are Mary Bray of Pawtucket, r.
l., Mrs. Edith Knowles OF Phoenix.
Ariz., and Mary Holiday of Indian.
apolis. Their work WAS made easier
through the assistance OF the X Of
G. and me 50 yatio1 Army workers,
who wee sc.,-ing q ike capacity
othe, -. ts along ~ front.
Lincoln County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1911-1919, 1918-11-14

1t was an American munitiOn fac
tory. Arylnn was a girl worker. She
has four brothers in France and her
father is a carpenter behind the
lines. She and her two sisters worn
In the munition factory In their home
town. With a proud shake OF her
head she said, Il guess the President
OF the United States can surely de-
pend upon our family"
Such is the spirit of the girls of
America and to stim ulate that spirit
and patriotism a general invitation
has gone out to all OF them to join
the Victory Girls who will pledge
themselves to earn and give $500
In the United War Work Campaign
of the seven great welfare organiza-
lions serving the soldiers and sailors.
1t is stipulated that the girls must
actually earn this IS. 1t is the sac
rifce that comes with earning the
money that develops the patriotic
purpose. Already girls In the west
are busy earning money for this pur-
pose. Some girls are taking care of
children afternoons after school, 9TH
ers are mcnding clothes while still
others who possess automobiles are
charging their friends for totine
them about. Others are making war
candies and war cookies and selling
them. 1t has become a labor of love
with them.
Lincoln County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1911-1919, 1918-11-14
SHOULD KEEP UP. INSURANCE..


The state council of defense is In
receipt of the following notice from
Washington:
Some soldiers and sailors are
dropping their war risk insurance
because the relatives they named as
benefciaries have failed to receive
insurance certificates from Washing
ton. Such action is entirely unwar-
ranted and detrimental to the best
interests of the fighting men and
their loved ones. Because of delay
In receiving insurance certificates,
many soldiers believe that they are
paying for Insurance protection
which they are not receiving. This
Is incorrect. Government insurance
is effective regardless of the receipt
OF the insurance certificate provided
proper application has been made
and premiums are being paid. The
certificate Ii no part of the contract
of insurance. 1t Is merely evidence
that the contract exists.
THE Bureau OF War Risk Insur-
ance of the Treasury Department is
mailing insurance certificates as rap
idly as possible. To date more than
two and a half million certificates
have been sent forward and the
daily output is constantly increasing.
The Bureau of War Risk Insurance
now has on its books moro than
thirty-five billion dollars of insur-
ance. and Is receiving approximately
one billion dollars OF new insurance
every week. 1t is unnecessary to
write to Washington for your certif-
cate 1t will come in due course.
You do not need the certificate to
prove that you have taken out the
insurance or to prove that you are the
named by q soldier or
sailor. Every officer and man in the
military and naval service of the
nation has the privilege and the op-
portuntty OF buying up to $4,000
of Uncle Sans insurance. This in
surance is protection for him and
for those that are dear to him
both for the present and for the fu-
ture. II you are the relative of a
man with the colors. 1t L. your duty
to see to 1t that he avails himself of
this government protection, and that
when he has obtained 1t, he holds
on to it,
Lincoln County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1911-1919, 1918-11-14


on
ment a tx cent
sold subj to of land leased
by orue' u ''" ~ - $500 G. w
Published I'm Lincoln Count Idaho.
publication 81. 1918:
etsd 81,
Lincoln County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1911-1919, 1918-11-14

or the $170.600.O00 to be raised
In the United. War Work Campaign
In November. $3,5OO,OO0 will be ap-
portioned to the American Library
Association to maintain and extend
its work among the soldiers and
sailors.
Lincoln County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1911-1919, 1918-11-14
IDAHO INDUSTRIAL REVIEW.

Nov. 11-Nation's wool stocks on
hand 1872, 100000 less than a year
ago.
Cottonwood ships 20 carloads OF
cattle to Chicago market.
HALEY school house to be built ON
Wood River road.
Boise-Big Bruneau project of
$4,000 acres to be reclaimed for
soldiers.
Railroad employees to be paid
twice a month In future.
Leadore-Sunset mine ships three
cars high grade silver ore Oct 25.
Meridian-Idaho Products Co. is
employing 80 people drying potato
chips.
Wallace-High grade silver ore at
Nipsic mine.
Boise-Tract of 30,407 acres on
Boise river to be drained.
Many mining properties being ope-
rated in Lemhi county.
Boise-Government to develop
over 100000 acres on Snake river.
The case of the public utilities has
been clearly proved and In most in
stances it is increased rates or bank
ruptcy. Increased rates are being
rapidly granted.
Hailey-Local man raises 10 tons
potatoes on three acres.
Meridian-Mammoth potato -four
mill manufactures carload potatoes
into -four daily. SO men and women
are employed.
Shelly-Utah-Idaho Sugar Co.'S
factory begins operation.
Nampa-Boise Valley farmers are
breaking ground for large acreage
spring wheat.
Caldwell-Canyon county ships
1919 cattle, 2O3s hogs to Portland
in three months.
Wool growers favor federal con-
troll of industry and elimination of
speculation. Losses of sheep In the
mountain states not as large as re-
ported.
Meridian farmer gets {147 per
acre from Is acres of clover.
acknowledgements bridge COM
pleted across North Fork of Occur d.
Alene river.
Hailey-Federal Co. pays 100000
for North Star group of mines.
Ontario-Boise Payette Lumber
Co. building new retail plant here.
Work progressing on Oregon Short
Line coal road in Teton basin.
Meridian-s4O.00 elevator plant
with storage capacity $4,000 blu. in
operation.
ST. Maries-valley potato crop is
exceptionally good.
Wardner-North Bunker Hill Min
ing Co. authorized to mine undel
city.
Caldwell-Boise Valley in tel
years changes from desert waste t.
one of the greatest farming. dairy
ing and livestock raising sectors II
America.
Antonio with 100000 waite
works. let's contract for $4,000 sew
J er system.
Twin Falls - Bridge costini
approximately $4,000 to span thu
Snake river.
Wallace-Sherman Lead Corp. Il
, capitalized for $4,000 and take
over Union Mine.
Mining outlook in Boise Basin con
sidered good by state mining In
spector.
Home market products only are te
be used on Thanksgiving day.
Lincoln County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1911-1919, 1918-11-14
Readidng for the Boys

Five thousand copies of fiction
have been distributed in the front
line trenches in France by the
American Library Association,
through the Y. M. c. A, X. of c.,
Salvation Army and other welfare
organizations. More than $4,000
volumes have been distributed by
house has been erected at a receiv-
Lincoln County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1911-1919, 1918-11-14
MAJESTIC ELECTRIC HEATER

Just the thing for these cool
mornings. IN the bath or bed room.
Attach to any light socket and in
five minutes your room is nice and
warm Sold on one weeks trial.
Frasers-Pence Co. Phone so.
Lincoln County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1911-1919, 1918-11-14

In November. $3,50O.OOO will be ap-
portioned to the American Library
Association to maintain and extend
its work among the soldiers and
sailors.
They call her the Sunshine Girl"
at certain base hospital In France.
Her real name is Amy Gordon of
Los Angeles, Cal Miss Gordon
wears the blue gray dress and black
hat OF the Y. w. C. A. secretary. She
is a graduate of the University of
California.
The base is a receiving hospital for
the soldiers who come on their trans
ports seasick, homesick, or other
wise sick. They haven't seen the
front and the seasick ones don't want
to. They just want to be allowed to
die In peace, instead of having nurs-
es and doctors fuss over them.
The nurses of the hospital belong
to units gathered from all ends of
America. They are steadily on the
job with little respite and with "dif-
ficult" patients. They were begin
ming to think life was rather un-
happy until the Sunshine Girl"
came along.
Miss Gordon took charge of the
Y. w. c. A. hut for nurses at this
hospital. 1t became decidedly
more cheerful place soon after the
arrival of Miss Gordon. She furnish
ed the hut in warm browns and yell
lows that reflect sunlight on bright
days and radiate brightness in the
gloomy weather. Afternoon tea has
become part of the day for the nurs-
es and hot chocolate at midnight
breaks the long hours of duty. Miss
Gordon is always busy arranging PIC
MICS. birthday parties, and recreation
for nurses and doctors.
There is no longer any fretting
They have discovered they can be
good soldiers back of the lines. All
because of the Sunshine Girl"
Lincoln County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1911-1919, 1918-11-14
STATE LAND SALE
Notice is hereby gi


in
A
Lincoln County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1911-1919, 1918-11-14

see our line OF beds. springs and
|a'tresseo. We will save you money.
fasers-Pence Co.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-07-05
DECLARATION OF
WARBY FINLAND
EXPECTED SOON
Fight May Start with Allies,
According to Stockholm
Editors.

Stockholm, July 5.-At editorial Of
fees here, declaration of war by
Finland against the entente nations
is expected at any hour.
Germany assisted the present Fin
nish government to establish itself by
sending to Finland German troops
with whose aid the Red Guard, which
was endeavoring to establish a re-
gime of the Bolshevik type. was de-
feated. German influence has since
been predominant in Finland and
there has been announcement for the
Finnish government to extend its ac-
.tivities toward the, Murman coast.
where runs the Murman railway from
the White sea port of Kola, built to
give the allies another entrance into
Russia. An entente force. including
American Marines has been guarding
this railroad and the supplies at the
port.
Reports from Stockholm, on July
8 declared that Germany had landed
additional large military forces on
the Finnish coast, these troops being
well supplied with artillery and full
equipment for service in cold regions.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-07-05
TROUBLE IN
SOUTH AFRICA
Strong Police and Military
Measures Are Being
Taken.

Pretoria, July 5.-Prenier Botha
of the Union of South Africa has is
sued a statement showing that serious
unrest exists in South Africa. Strong
police and military measures are be-
Ing taken to cope with the situation.
Premier Botha said that had not
prompt and effective military meas
ures been taken the situation would
have eliminated in a grave disturb
ance and probably serious loss Of life.
The Boer leader added that the
government had information pointing
to the existence of movement hav-
ing for its object the submersion Of
the constitution by violent methods.
Continuing, Premier Botha in his
statement says:
There is good reason for suspect
Ing that enemy agencies are at work
in this country and that they are in
triguing to stir up strife, not only
among Europeans, but also among
the natives. and no means or matters
are deemed too despicable so long as
they can attain their object" ~
There have been;N few serious
troubles in South Africa. since the
outbreak Of the war. ah,oukt early
IN the conflict ,satarebellion broke out
in which the establishment Of a. re-
public was planned. Premier Bbtlia,
who. although. he fought against Tho
British In the. aBoer war has been
one of the strongest supporters Of
the empire in the present conflict,
personally took the field against the
rebels and crushed the rebellion later
in 1914 + /
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-07-05
FIGURES ON
WAR 4! PROFITS
!. !. MADE KNOWN
Some Enormous Profits are
Shown il Report to
Senate.

Washington. July 5.-some figures
on war profits were sent to the senate
by the treasury. today in response to
q resolution by Senator Borah Of
Idaho. calling for information re-
earding prof1teering. !.
Although some enormous profits
were shown, the letter said the report
was incomplete, that for the present
the names OF the concerns listed were
withheld and that no special sig
nificance" should be attached to the
data, as it was secured from income
and excess profits returns as they
were filed..
The dairy interests listed showed
proht increases from zero to 18O per
cent? banks: up to 80 per cent; con-
tractors as high as 5s6 per cent. and
fo1r mills az high as 437 per cent.
listed. 2,1ss per cent, was Of a food
dealer. with $1,000 capital. who
showed q. loss Of 4S4 per cent in 1915.
Another food concern with $32s,0oO
made 34.75 per cent excess. ~
In clothing trades a concern with
$500. 900 capital increased Its profits
Is per cent; one with $2.6o0 capital
reported; ,191 per cent increased
profits. Z
some of,the -four mills capital and
profit increases reported were re-
fspectively: $4,000, 112 Z per cent
10000, .95, per cent: $90,oOe.4 s36 per
cent; profits in 1915 being $4s, 900
and $2so. 900 in 1917; $4,000 capital.
437 per cent. III ,.s, a II 4 t n
Among meat packers listed data on
none OF the larger concerns Wsre
available. 4 /, .ti,5 +. 5 q N s;9 IL
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1918-07-05
GERMAN CROP
PROSPECTS ARE
MUCH BRIGHTER
Grave Fear Entertained in
Berlin for Few Months
But Conditions Change.

Amsterdam, July 5.-Until well in
%, June Of the present year the
gravest fears were entertained in
Berlin for the failure Of German crops
owing to the drought in April and
May, writes DR.. Dieckmann, in the
Taegliche Rundschau, but later the
change Of weather brought an i'm
provement 60 that without .exaggerat-
ed expectations the new cefeal year
beginning August 1, promises to be
better, than the last one. Last years
failure Of the fodder crop, the writer
adds, caused very considerable
shrinkage OF livestock which will
.detrimentally influence cultivation in
the coming year, more soA as the
shortage OF manure cannot nearly be
made good by artificial fertilizers.
Dr.. Dieckmann next points out
that potash supplies to German farm
ers, owing to the shortage Of labor
and the difficulties of transportation.
are nearly 100000 carloads in arrears
The writer insists that "a full
pound Of flesh should be exacted
from Rumania, whose crops must be
subjected to the ''strictest control"
Turning to the meat supplies DR..
bring but little improvement. He
says majority Of the breeders de-
clare that Germany's stocks Of cattle
and pigs will take ten years to re-
cover their normal size.
Germans, he concludes, are turning
in greater numbers to vegterianism,
this being conclusively evident in the
multiplication Of kitchen gardens, es-
pecially in the vicinity Of large cities.