The Yale expositor. (Yale, St. Clair County, Mich.) 1894-current, 1918-03-21

be found that 4-lnch tile will carry
four times as much water as Il pinch
tile, and so on.
Size Of Tile to Use.
The size of tile TO be used in any In
stdnce will depend upon the area from
which IL is to carry water and upon
whether it is to carry away only the ex-
cess of water due 10 rainfall on this
area, or whether there is added other
water brought In by springs or surface
drainage or seepage from adjacent
areas.
1t is hardly advisable, all things con-
sidered, to use tile as small as 2 inches
in diameter. The following general
statements, which are quoted from @.
G.. Elliott, apply to average conditions:
when drains are laid so that there
shall be fall of three inches per 100
feet, Il 3-inch tile will drain five acres
and should not be of greater length
than 1000 feet.
"A finch tile will drain u acres.
"A 5-inch tile will drain 20 acres.
"A 6-inch tile will drain 40 acres.
a 7-inch tile will drain 60 acres.
"A long drain has less carrying ca
pacity than Il short drain of the same
size laid upon the same grade.
ut is seen that If long drain is to
be laid, and especially if this drain be
main receiving water from laterals
or other sub-mains, ii will be necessary
from time To time TO increase the size
of the tile laid as the drain approaches
the outlet"
BY giving careful attention To the ca
pacity of the various sizes of tile it is
possible to exercise considerable econ
omy in the use of the tile laid in any
system.
Depth.
1t is desirable that tile drains shall
lie about three feet below the surface.
1t sometimes happens that in fields
with uneven surfaces, or where il is
difficult to get the proper amount of
fall, the tile must be laid in places as
close to the surface as Is inches. Tile
placed too near the surface is subject
TO freezing, and freezing may result in
the cracking of the tile or in causing
Il shaling of the tile, which is likely to
result in its complete collapse. A
depth of less than three feet fails to
give to the roots of the crop a sufficient
amount of room for development.
Distance Apart of Drains.
In very heavy clays it may be neces-
! sary TO place tile drains not over thir-
~ feet apart, while in very open soils
they may be placed as far as a 100 feet
/ apart.
In muck soils they may be placed
! from 60 To 80 feet apart.
In ordinary loans they may be
placed from 40 TO 60 feet apart
Fifty feet apart is probably fair
average.
Where the soil is underlaid with a
heavier sub-soil lying so near the sur
face that the tile must be set down
into IT, the drains must be placed closer
together than would be necessary If the
sub-soil were more nearly like the soil
above in openness.
Tile.
Two general kinds of tile are to be
found on the market, the so-called COM
mon or porous tile and glazed tile.
Both of these are manufactured In
lengths of II inches and in diameters
ranging from inches up to 10 or more.
Occasionally we find tile manufac-
tured in diameters OF inches. The
pinch tile. however, is not much used
ut this time.
The glazed tile is doubtless more
durable than the porous, hut a well
burned porous tile made Of good ma
terial will last for centuries if placed
below the frost line.
Even the best made porous tile Is
likely To shell If subjected tn freezing,
and both the porous and the glazed
tile will crack if the water filling them
should freeze.
Within the past few years the manu-.
facture of cement tile has become
somewhat common, and several ma
chimes for the manufacture of cement
tile are now on the market. There are
cases reported of cement tile that has
been used for many years, twenty OF
more, and it appears to be as good as
il was ut the time of making