davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun., 1918-09-22
T. ROOSEVELT. yR.. is
NOW LIEUT.-COLONEL
Father Rscsiuss Cable Telling
Of SoOs Promotion.

Col. Roosevelt received yesterday =
cable from France stating that hts Oldest
son. Theodore. had been prompted to
Lieutenant Colonel Of his regiment The
Colonal was unable to give further de-
tails.
Major Theodore. Jr.. was with the first
American troops which went abroad
About two months ago he was wounded
in an engagement and for several weeks
was In a hospital IN Paris suffering
from bullet wounds In his leg. He was
decorated for bravery.
The sun., 1918-09-22
CIVILIZATION ASKED
TO STOP RED RULE


with each other In carrying out the
execution OF whatever policies they
choose to select Recent reports IRON,
Stockholm state that In q single week
in September e12 were executed ana
forty placed on the prescribed list.
The Bolshsvikt apparently announce IN
advance the names Of individuals to DO
murdered next provided there is the
slightest show Of opposition to their RUE.
Meanwhile house to house searches
are carried on In search OF evidence
The Bolsheviki have reached that des'
perate stage where every ono v re.
sarded with suspicion and II 10 assumed
therefore that what they regard as evil
dsncs n In reality merely ~ suspicion
that the person may not be entirely In
sympathy with their doctrine. Besides
In countless cases gangs Of desperadoes
seek no evidence at all.
II Ia Impossible entirely to disSoc''
ate the present reign Of terror In RUSSIA
from the German campaign OF baroarism
in Belgium. In Belgium the object OF
the German systematic plan OF atrocities
was to deliberately create terror among
the civiiians 20 that the power OF the
military forces would be correspond.
inSiy Increased. The Germans reasoned
| the plan out II cold blood. hundred
soldiers known to have perpetrated un.
thinkaible barbarism In their treatment
Of civiiianS--men. women and children
would be as strong as q thousand VINO
had followed the rules Of civilization and
war. Therefore Germany said make our
men barbarians 70 long as this Is neces-
sary, for this will add to their military
streneth--we won't have to leave 80
many to hold things In check.
"Reds" True to Kultur.
The Bolsheviki, now that thsy have
absorbed German kultur. appear to be
| attempting TO increase their military
strength by a form OF frightfulness
based on Wholesale murder OF innocents
This gives them the reputation OF being
terrible to deal with" and adds to
their strength. they believe, Just as Ger
man frightfulness helped the Germanf
in Belgium.
In Belgium Germany had the mill.
tary force to dominate the country and
the campaign OF frightfulness continued
only so long ~ II was necessary from
the cold biooded military view.
But in Russia--or In Moscow ano
Petrograd--even the mass terrorism OF
the Boisheviki cannot hope to cope with
the situation IN the long run. The num-
Dor OF executions and the fact that the
situation IL becoming worse instead OF
| better shows that the whole campaign
, Of terrorism 10 making little or no i'm
preston on its Victims
1t will be interesting to see which
neutral Governments follow the sugges-
ton Of the United States and offer theiI
services on behalf Of civilization.
Mr. Lansins's communication II zen.
tireiy divorced from the atmosphere OF
belliserency" so that the neutrals In rem
derinE aid need not fear that they are
offending Germany.
The sun., 1918-09-22

the British also have done exactly what
they set out to do as regards a possible
retreat to the northeast. II Is the same
tactics that were 10 successful In the
Marne and the st. Mihiel saiients. but
applied on a much grander scale.
As in the st. Mihiel drive the French
are applying pressure on the nose of
the great salient, while the British on
the north and the Americans on the
cast hold the sides. One commentator
says, "And Gen. Gouraud. with his
splendid army in Champagne. has We,
20 say his word"
The sun., 1918-09-22
AUSTRIA ASKS PART
OF RUSSIAN LOOT
Must Haze Gold to Avert
Financial Collapse.
Special cobie Despofch 10 TEE suS.
Copyright. 1915: oil rights ressrped.

CopNT16hT. BlS: OFT F76hTS TeWTted.
LONDON, SeptI2l.--Announcem that
Austria has claimed a share of the Rus
sian gold. which Germany. with the con-
nivance of the Bolsheviki. has taken
from Russia as loot as a part Of the
enormous indemnity Lenine and Trotaky
have agreed to pay. serves to call atten-
ton to the financial collapse OF the Dual
Monarchy. The steady decline of Aus
trian exchange Is causing great appre-
hension In Vienna. according to the
Reichspost OF that city.
II Germany has ceased to assist Aus
trla with a monthly grant OF almost
$50. 000,0 marks S37.60o.oo0 In
American money under normal rate of
exchanged, the Austrian kronen would
have lost all value long ago. German
The sun., 1918-09-22
I2 Aviators Killed in Week.

WAsHINoroN, Sent. 21.--Tweive deaths
from airplane accidents at army avi-
alton fields throughout the country dur
ing the week ended September IL are
reported In summary issued by the
War Department.
The sun., 1918-09-22
y.p.n..e send Foods to China.
BIZ tie Associated Pres

TOXIC, Sept IL (delayed) THE War
Once announces that the Japanese army
has sent to China a large quantity OF
wheat, tea. cotton. sugar. rice. matches
and tobacco from Manchuria.
The sun., 1918-09-22
CROWN PRINCE FLEES
FROM RUMANIA
Royal Heir Said to Hspe Ar.
rivsd at O3ssso.

CoPENHA0EN. Sept zl.-The Ruma-
nian Crown Prince has fed from Ru-
manian territory and has arrived in
Odessa. according to the Ukrainian
Newspaper Kre.oskato.
News Of the flight Of Crown Prince
Charles OF Rumania follows closely re-
ports that came from German sources
Of an anti-Gsrman outbreak in Rumania
In which Queen Mario. VINO is An un-
compromising sympathizer with the En-.
tentA was the prime mover. King
Ferdinand was reported to be holding
aloof from the movement. Field Mar
shall Won Mackehsen. II was said, was
to return to Rumania at once with DR..
solf. the German Colonial Secretary
presumably to deal with the reported
outbreak.
Crown Prince Charles Is known to
have been in sympathy with the atti-
tude Of his mother In her bitter hatred
for all things German, and quite pos
sibly would have been associated with
her In any anu-German agitation.
The sun., 1918-09-22
British Monitor sunk In Harbo

LONDON. Sept. 21.---A British monitor
was sunk Monday as she was lying In
harbor. the Admiralty announced to-
day One officer and nineteen men were
killed and ffty-seven men arc missing
and are presumed to have been killed.
The sun., 1918-09-22

Infantry Regiment 138 Years Old.
EAGLE PASS, Tex, Sept. .l.--The
Third Infantry Regiment. organized by
GeorEe Washington in l7s:, celebrated
to-day the l36th anniversary OF its or
Ranization.
The sun., 1918-09-22
SERBS GAIN 9 MILES,
TAKE TEN VILLAGES
They Are Within Eight Miles
Of Highway Connecting
Prilep With River.
MANY PRISONERS BAGGED
Bulgarians Admit That Their
Trenches Were Penetrated
in Lake Dorian Region.

LONDON. Sept 21.-The Serbian
troops east of Monastir have advanced
more than nine miles in one day and
are now less than eight miles from the
amain highway. connecting Prelep with
vardar River.
A Serbian official statement received
here says . great number Of prisoners
have been captured and that the Allies
have taken Godiyak. west OF Csrna
River and fifteen miles southeast OF
Prilep.
In their advance northward the Ser
bisns have passed Ths line krnyovo-
Strigovo- Drogoje Poloshko.
Soldiers who have been forced to en-
list in the Bulgarian army during the
occupation OF southern Serbia are
throwing away their arms ana joining
the army Of liberation. The official
statement reads
Our indefatigable troops continued
to advance and have fought northward
In one day, more than nine miles the
infantry has passed the line krnyovo-
Strigo vo- Drogojel-P oloshko. The cav
airy 10 north Of this line. More thAn
ten villages were liberated In one day.
In the bend Of the Cerna we have
taken the village OF Godiyak. AVA
tors continuously lombard the retreat
ing troops and attack them with ma
chine guns.
We have taken q great number OF
prisoners: including q Lsutsnant-Colo
mel. Several guns are reported tc
have been captured. but the number
has not been ascertaiued owing to the
speed Of our advance.
The population Is welcoming the
arrival Of our troops with enthusiasm
The soldiers Of New Serbia VINO had
been forced to enlist In the Bulgarian
army are throwing away their arms
and passing to our side.
Krnyovo Is nine pi,es southwest Of
Demirkapu. the nearest point on tht
vardar River and the Uskub-Salonics
Railroad for the advancing Serbian line
Should the railroad be reached here the
Bulgarians fighting the British ane
Greeks around Lake Dorian would b
cut of from their base Of supplies anc
reenforcements.
BulEa.ian version.
An ofY,cIai statement from Sofia, unde,
date Of Thursday. gives the Bulgarian
version OF the hghting. as follows:
North Of Monastir the enemy. after
artillery barrage. tried to penetrate
our trenches. but was repulsed.
East Of the Cerna there was st'n
lighting throughout the day with
alternating successeA Between the
village Of vilvEeIi and Lake Dorian
the enemy after desperate lighting
succeeded In penetrating a portion OF
our advanced trenchea but was driven
out with considerable losses By dash
ing counter attack. leaving prisoners
in our hands.
Defending their positions In obsti-
nate hand to hand fighting during the
last two days our troops have inflicted
heavy casualties on the enemy.
The sun., 1918-09-22
BERLIN DEFLES SPAIN
ON SUBMARINE ISSUE
One Foe More or Less Counfs
Little, SGys Envoy.
ny rILsON YOUNG

ny FILsON YOUNG.
Special Gable DsssescA 10 TINS suS from tie
London Tires Ssrvics.
Copyright. 1915; oil riohn reserrsd.
SAN SEBASTIAN. Spain. Sept. III
Contrary to the previous declarations in
Spain. Germany has notified the Madrid
Government that no distinction would
be made toward Spanish ships, as I,
would be contrary to- the German sub.
marine policy and German war plans
Spain. therefore, must either seize the
German ships which have been interned
or climb down from It's stand.
Prince Ratibar. the German Ambas.
sador. Is quoted as saying: One coun.
try more or less against US makes little
difference"
The German attitude here is con.
strued as one OF biun
PARIS. Sept 31.--NeRotiations be.
tween Madrid and Berlin over the sub.
marine question ar. far from ended
says the Madrid correspondent Of the
Peft PovTsisn. but on the contrary
they are active ana contain obstacles Il
an agreement.
Germany let It b. understood that she
would turn a few ships over to Spair
and would not interfere with Spanish
traffic toward South America. This pro.
posal. 1t 10 declared. does not satisf,
tho Spanish Cabinet. Besides the Ger
man proposals change daily. Both
Madrid and San Sebastian. the summer
capital. are embarrassed and preoc.
cupied.
Count Romanoncs, Minister OF Justice
told the correspondent that the problem
would not be settled until . few days be-
fore the approaching meeting of the
Spanish Parliament. but that II would
be settled.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1918-05-10

washington. May Features q
Tho biggest wage increase in history
Approximately 2.oo@ooe employees
10 receive increase ok 900. 900 a
YEAR -lus back pay OF 100000 .cpe
from January to April 90. isis.
No change in hours or services or
over time pay
AT increases allowed 10 apply 10
sm loyes receiving less than $50 a
month.
Vomen as we'll as men to benefit
Individual increases run from a few
lollars 10 ss4 a month
Decision based on increased COS, ef
liring
Tyr.eai examples Of raises a'iowei
Those recF ing s. day in 1915 in
ereased 10 = a- 81 70 $3.50: 81 10
$50: S. TO sso1
Those receiving SIS a month IN
creased 10 sln5-s: SIS TO si1e; 80
10 sl2l75; sllo to $40 rs; sl25 70
s's3. $50 70 si74e5: s9oe to s2is 3.
ror tho . paid On the mileage basis.
he following increases are allow@i:
Fre'rht se-vice- Engineers and mo-
.ormer. l5ia per cent, tiren@u aud
helpers, 24ia. conductors, seia'
hrakemen and flagnen. 3sl-.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1918-05-10
}'CHEl.0R OWNS HIGHEST
SPOT IN 0StGE

Says Matt Duhr: Nick Thompson
he only old bachelor OF the Usage
ribe. owns the highest spot in Usage
-ounty. He proposes to erect a con-
~-ete storm proof and burglar proof
ermitage on the top OF his own Gil
raltar and construct a cement reser-
volr close 10 his elevated castle NICK
will stock his pond with lots q ca
ish and other fish. and pass his last
days away fro.L the tumalt and the
noise OF the lower world From his
air-castle. Nick can view dozen
towns especially Hominy, alias Waa-
shinka, alias Black Dog Away ~
there. philosophIc Nicholas will not
be molested by ta.tling women AMI
'rking dogs and he biggest Hun and
n OF Hun will reach nor make
N afraid.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1918-05-10
Letters from Our Soldier Bous
unesl
Z = II

eagaged and We captured then
trenches. 1SSy
Well must close now could
ten yol lot more II could see
you. ba, anyway you have an idea
OK what trench life Il
got letter from John Zurcher.
tie other day. he Is stiM al the same
old plac" He said he was proad rha,
was IN the army and hoped that We
would get the kaiser ! will enclose
his letter so YOU can read IL. Don't
you think he writes good English? I
am s.so sending you the address OF
bis s.ster IN France which he sent
ne can't make Il all out 50 wish
you would copy Il for me II you can.
and send me the copy You should
write 10 him too.
got your card and the Leader a
right Write ne often as you caa
and kee1 sending The L7a--- 70 Z
+ a great pleasure 10 me
With love to al and lots OF love
and earnest prayers for YOU. my dear
mamma am always your loving
son. Dick
Co A, l4.nd inf 9th Div.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1918-05-10
KNOW ICE
IS FOOD STUFF?
SEE MS 7 D Be
COUNTY FOOD iDNl\i>IR \
ron GETS WORD TO THAT
EFFECT: UNDER GOV
ER\,iE\T LAWS

Ice comes under the regulations Of
the national food administration, aul
The price will ts regulated BY this
organization through the state. cour
ty ard city administrations A letter
TO this etfec. has been received By
County Food Administrator P V
Smith from State Administrator %
Ames a, Oklahoma City
Any proposed increase in price
must first be submitted 10 the county
food administrator, whore an attempt
VIII be made to settle any differ
ences which may arise II this Is NO
successful. then the case will 20 nc
the state administrator in whose
letter is The significant clause. but
the food administration IS prepared
10 use all It's powers TO insure reAs-
enable prices" The letter follows
The law department az the Unitcl
States tood administration has ruled
that the manufacture and Distribution
Of ice comes under the food control
act OF August TO- 1917 The food az
ministration IS concerned that thers
should be no profiteering in ice aei
especially that the cost OK ice 10 tAs
domestic consumer should not be in
creased OYER last year. unless abso-
lutely necessary Any increase IN
price over that ruling last season will
hsrsfore justify investigation as 10
whether I. constitutes protitsering
"All ice dealers are hereby notItici
hat they are required 10 file with
this office any proposed schedule q
Increase. and that such increases
an no. take effect until after inves-
cation by this office. The tendencv
make unreasonably lower prices to
'cmmsrcial users than to domestic
consumers should be avoided. as Ii
night constitute unfair practice
-l.hin the meaning OF this ac,-
1T Is desired as far as possible
'ha, the matter be handled locally
md i, Is suggested that the Ice deal
ars confer with the municipal au
horitles relative TO any increase be-
ore bringing the matter % the AZ
an;.on o' this ofr-e Il the muni
'lpal authorities agree this office
should be advised 10 that effect AMI
its permission secured before he In
crease takes effect Any difference
arising between the municipal au-
thorities and the Ice dealers should
be submitted 10 this office for lnves-
tigation It is hoped however that
differences can be adjusted locally
but the food administration IS pre-
pared to use all q It's powers 70 in
sure reasonable prices"
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1918-05-10
GERMAN SUBJECT HELD
FOR SOLDIER SW|NDlEs

Pars. April fo-Ths arrest OF =
German subject. Simon Freshman.
ID the complaint of swlndiing sol
liers. has called attention 10 the fact
lat the Prefecture OF police and the
secrei service DEPARTMENT have still
5000 records q foreigners living IN
France 20 investigate
One of the reasons Tor the delay In
action Is the liberatty France has
s10wn. even toward the subjects Of
,cuntries Al zar with France A con
,derable number o, 7~pers have
lific.zed the government for too grea;
eniercy in this respect. and have at
tr.buted some ~ The esriona<e that
ass come 70 itrhf to this attitude
Freshman. the Librs Parole says
sfioyed greater lsberty q movement
kan French citizens and Travelled
t-eeiy without documents n parts %
Frame 20 Which Fr-uchnen were
unable 20 penetrate without safe con-
iacts from the military Authorities.
He escaped the concentrztioa cams
a'toxethe- ard vss apprshenaed only
WHEN soifiers filed a complaint
against I'm for Obtaining money IN
fe- false rre<ense ;bs; he could have
hem assigned to choice Posts N the
rterior.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1918-05-10
FREE INDIAN IS.
OFT FREE LUNCH
FOR OIL GRABBER.
ONE CHEROKEE Brave HAS
CAR AND 4 FEN THOU
SAND DOLLARS LEFT
OFT OF $4,000

That the majority cf the indians Of
eastern Oklahoma who have been
a-Y.ng Their restrictions removed are
sQuander.ng their money is the report
Dat has been circulated Throughout.
the dstrici and which seems 70 bs
ounded on several startling cases. ac-
sordlng to Investigations.
One case that has attracted con
Gerahle attention is that az Clifford
Johnson of Wan Recently young
Johnson. who Is a fallblood Cherokee
became u age. and the competency
commission gave him his freedom from
tie restrictions and control of the Ia
tisn agency 81 Maskogee,
Th,s laced IN his hands an allot-
nent worth. because of It's oA and gas
properties. about sie.e,o Fired with
The desire 20 have ready money and
vearniug 10 handle his own affairs as
&c wanted To he promptly fell IL
With some men who were anxious TO
bus he land Well. the deal wen.
through ard for his SO. 900 ailotm u
RE -free" Irdian received ss.5oo.
But the trouble didn't stop there.
Johnson hsd seen some OF his
'lends speeding about the country in
high pr.ced automobiles He wante'
one. He got one
Il jast eos, ssiee
Oar o. an allotment worth $40 .A0a he
had e 800 left. and this IS about gone
Other cases equally startling have
Been heard IN the last few months
aud The opinion IS prevailing tne
country that the restrictions have been
removed In many cases without sns-
Hcient 'nvesttgation
7, Z been the poilcy OF the depart
renf os Indian affairs. according To
stat nsnt~ made b. different officials
he last tvo years. TO encourage
--aut-g removal restrictions from
be Indians who seem 20 be able 70
lie care 81 their affairs. but great
are also should be taken they have
declared. that having their freedom
hey may no, sqaander their money
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1918-05-10

business irnpells her to constantly In
vest in education. trSysl and books
hat she may the more perfectly q,
her work. the reasons for wi-hholding
paying her generously arr OBVIOUS.
The pubic school IS the most pow
arfal i--rstnt'or of our civilization TO-
smrich.ng ana perpe;uatlng the fun
damental truths The teachers are
tie active agents in the work Of up
i.tt.
In the light Of the reasons abovs
c.ted with others which your experi
erce and wisdom viii readily bring to
mind. may ask az your hands such
an Advancement In salaries as will
enable Us TO retain cur valuable teach
erss
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1918-05-10
.W|CK|zER URGES MORE
SALARIES FOR TEACHERS

Speaking - .e1~l salaries. Sur 2
y ick.re- SAID today. Prices are sd-
ssncing Board Is high. Clothing
.osts very much more than when cur
II, schedule OF salaries was worked
out. Salaries tn other lines are ad-
sancsnE. Many u The positions open
e. women are now paying more than
ere the positions o. teaching. Teach
ers are required 70 spend from two 20
four years in school after graduating
tom q good high school in order 70
sralifv for a position in our city
schools This means great outlay.
r.uch t.rne and much hard Work. Al
much less EXPENSE, in a shorter time
ard .ess exactiug PREPARATION they
luaiTf f1r The eesc position IL stem
cz-aahy. clerrshius and other places.
This is not the whole truth BOYS
right from high school and some vilh
less training are commanding ir the
Eechanical positions more salary
Ian cur capable and efficient teach
a.s. When Il + rea1em0Aret that the
business ot teaching has 20 do With
the forming. training and moulding
~ mind azt soul q innocent and
hs -issi children. and further when
e. . remembered that The ga fa-
tlre = made - largely hy the fore
sight sacrifice and devotion and when
it IS remembered that the nature her
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1918-05-10
GLASS Of SALTS.
CLEANS KIDNEYS
u your Back n aching or Bladder
ocths1 drink lots Of water
and eat Lee meat

WAen your kidr<ys hurt and your hack
feels sore. don't cet scared and proved
TO load your stomach with a los of drug.
that excite tie kidneys ard irritate tie
ectirs urinary tract Keep your kidneys
clean like you keep your bowels clean.
By fushins item WITH q Irild. harmless
al:s which removes the bciy's urinou.
vRsta and stimulates then to their nor
nal activity. lie funetiou Of TIE kii-
neys l. 10 flxr The blood In - hours
they strain frcn IL 800 r-airs Of acid
and waste. 20 ve ear readily u1se-s.snd
the vital inpor-ancs Of keeping the sid-
neys active
Drink lots cf wztsr-y0u cant iri-k
TOO much; also r-t from any pharmacist
about four ozsces Of Jai Salts; take
. tabl0poonf1l In Q rlAss Of water
be1oD breakfast each norning for . few
cays az1 y0ur kii,eys vill act fne.
his fAno1a sAlts is nad- from the
cd q Qsp8 and lencn iuioe. ooubined
vifA litkis. sni has ben 1.e5 for z-u~-z-
tio1s 10 elazn end stimulate cloxsi kid
n<ys: also 10 peu*rslize The s<iis i,
uriR - Il - longer is . source of irri-
tstioa thus ssding b;.Sdsr veAknes.
jed Salss 3 i1sxrensive; cznrct in
lure; makes . d<lixhfful eferve>cent
1jfkia-wsfer drink vhicA everyone shczH
tile - cd thz 10 ke<p their KID
neyB e1snn and aefive Trv this. aiso
- - TIE WATER 6rirkfr-. AL No
asl14 - vi1 vndpr vkst s~czr,e e
1Q 61Dsl srssbss 80 bs<kseeA
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1918-05-10
TURN HAIR DARK
WITH SAGE TEA
Mixed with Sulphur /,
Darkens so Naturally
Nobody can Tell.

ne oii-tirne mixture os sage Tea
and sulphur for cz-keainx x-.v.
s--eaket and faded hair 4. rrard-
mothers recipe. and folks are ax.In
using 10 % keep their hair q root.
even color. vhich II quite sensible. as
ve are living In an age when a youth
f1i appearance 10 of the greatest al :
vantage.
Novacays. though. re eony have
the troublesome task Of r.therf-r she
SAGE ant the rnu=y mixing a. home
All drug stores sell the rezdy-.o-us.
product Improved ~ the ADDITION q
other Ingredients. called -'wye.h's Sa<e
a1d Sulphur Compound II n very
popular because nobody can Discover
II has eeen applied Simply rnoistsr
your comb o. \ sort brush With /. a-e
draw tbs through your hair. rzsf-r
one snail strand ~ tire. by morning
tie gray hair diszppears. but what ee-
lights the ladies' vfth wv.tA'. SAGE
and sulphur COMPOUND. Il tnar BE-
sdes beautifully tz-kertrx she hzf-
after q fsr spplics-ions. Il also no.
c1ces that soft 1uscre a-d s-pea-src~
q aeuntarce which is 90 attractive
his rescy-to-use p->perzrion 70 q de-
Eehtf1i toilet requisite for thoe~ vhc
e>are . more y0urhfui sppe.-arce. n
. net f--e-ded fer The cure r..r.Rz-
tea % preverecu of c1sssss