davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1918-12-22

end the Slavs and Rumanians have
found their own unity. Occupying rich
and fertile lands, the Hungarans will
certainly be a prosperous nation in the
future, but their great period seems
definitely over. AS Spain was over
passed by France and Italy, Hungary
has been distanced by Rumania and Ser
bia, probably for all time hereafter.
Coincident with the expansion of the
Serb and Rumanian states and the
shrinking OF Hungary has come the
birth OF new nation, that Of the
Czecho-S -Slovaks. In a certain sense this
is renascence, for there was a Bohe-
rnian kingdom three centuries ago and
its fall was the opening act il the Thirty
Years War. Through these centuries
the Czechs have kept alive the memories
Of former greatness. and now they are
erecting new state in the very heart
OF Europe, sort of Siav Switzerland,
which is almost an island in the sea OF
German tribes
The new Czecho-Slovakia, which is .
geographical fact and a political reality,
includes the Austrian provinces of Bohe-
mia, Silesia and Moravia, with an area
Of about 10000 square miles and a popu-
lation a little under 100000 and the
Hungarian uplands south Of the Carpa-
thians, with an area Of about 10000
square miles and population in excess
of 100000. The new state has thus
an area of $4,000 square miles and a
population of 100000. But Of this
population at least 100000 are Ger
mans, and these Germans, inhabiting
the frontier districts joining the terri
tories of Germany and of the German
speaking Austrian states, constitute a
very serious problem.
Like Hungary, too, the new Slav state
has no direct access TO the sea, and al
New-York tribune., 1918-12-22
Me Adriatic Question
IL a Shadow at Versailles

The Italians on their part rely upon
history and upon the London agreement.
They have occupied all the territory as.
signed to them by the agreement and
have also taken Fiume, Cattaro and
other ports in the Slav area. The result
has been an evergrowing tension and
not few outbreaks. Nor is it to be
mistaken that, even if Italy eaforces her
claims and occupies all or half of Dal.
malta, new European problem viii he
created, for the southern Slavs are ius.
as certain to pursue their guess Of com
plede unltlcation as were the Italians.
and Dalmatia viii become slavonie
Trentino TO trouble The peace Of the
world for many decades.
To the Daimatian problem Is aadea
that Of Trieste ana Isiria. Here the
Italians are on iirmer ground. Trieste
is an Italian city, two-thirds Of its pom
lstion being Latin: so is Gorilla. while
a large but by 10 means dominant Do.
ton Of the population Of Estria is also
Italian But even in Istria and the
coastland the hintsrland Is poopled br
Slavs, and by reason of this the Sla4s
claim all the littoral Of the Adriat;c
from the mouth Of the lsonzo south
ward, including Trieste and Pola. Ths
claim they intend to press at Versatile.
1t IS valid claim based upon the strict-
est Interpretation Of the principles o.
race and determination, but it can
hardly prevail, given Italian sacrifices
for the possession of the Italian citv oe
Trieste.
To me this Adriatic problem seems
one Of the most dangerous Of all that
will have to be decided at Versailles.
because there can be no settlement sat-
factory to both sides and any wholly
unjust and unfair decision VIII open the
way to an endless animosity between
Italy ard the new and powerful Slav
state which is destined to rise on the
eastern shores of the Adriatic. Bur
whatever the solution, there seems Ger
tain to be strong Jugo-Slayia between
the sea and the Draw and extending fron
the Alps to the Rhodopians, constitute
one OF the new facts oP to4an~ ---.
| Southeastern Europe.
New-York tribune., 1918-12-22
seems unlikely, they would materially
increase their area and population.
TT ungary Shrinks
L. l. in the Process

Before the recent war Serbia and
Montenegro together had an area Of less
than 10000 square miles and a popula-
ton under 100000. Here, then, is an
other great expansion. Moreover, like
Rumania, this new state will have we'll
defined natural boundaries, the A )ps, the
Draw and Danube rivers and the Adr-
attic Sea, while to the south the Serbs and
the Greeks have agreed upon their from
tiers and the Bulgars are no longer
capable Of aggression. Within these
frontiers the people are Of the same race
their dialects from south to north differ
hardly more than those at the extreml-
ties Of France differ from each other.
Moreover, long centuries Of slavery sup
ply an additional incentive for unity.
Between these two new states there viii
subsst fragment of the ancient Hun
garian state. Having lost Croatia and
Slavonia to the Jugo-Slavs, Transyl-
vania to the Rumanans and Temesyar to
the S1avs and Rumanians, together with
the Slovak districts at the north, which
are already being occupied by Czecho-
Slovak troops, Hungary, which was four
years ago larger than Italy, will shrink to
some 10000 square miles, third smaller
than either Rumania or Jugo-Slavia. It's
population, which exceeded 20,O0O,0O0 in
1914, will hardly exceed 100000, but
it will be in large part Magyar; the old
evils will disappear, and Hungary, too,
in losing her subject races will achieve
national unity.
1t would be idle to suppose that the
new condition will be pleasing to the
New-York tribune., 1918-12-22
The Slavs Look
H. to Confederation

1t is conceivable that in some future,
not necessarily remote, the o-Slavs,
the Czecho- -Slovaks, the Rumanians and
the Hungarians will form some fedora
ton, economic if not political, possibly
both, since only in this way could the
Czecho-S Slovaks and the Kungarians be
assured of access to the sea, but in such
a state the Hungarians will be but the
lesser partner. The day Of Magyar
domination is passed. 1t is far from
improbable that such federation may
extend to include Greece and Bulgaria,
again for economic rather than political
reasons, but any temperance Of the
German can only be looked for if these
new states follow the evil examples of
the past and cultivate not friendship but
rivalry.
Fortunately, there is little temptation
save in the case of Hungary, for the Ru-
manians and the Serbs are old allies and
their relations with the Czecho- Slovaks
can never be the cause of any political
jealousies. AS for Hungary, her very
present bitterness. Nothing is more GER
tain than that in the years to come both
the Rumanians and the Southern Slavs
will wholly distance the Magyars, while
the Magyars will remain dependent upon
both for the use CT the natural routes to
the outside world. Moreover, q revolu-
ton in Hungary, driving out the old
autocracy and at last giving the mass Of
the Hungarian people political freedom,
will probably contribute nightly to de-
stroying the cid and wicked tradition
which has cost SO much sorrow and
slaughter in Southeastern Europe
OF the four states the new Rumania
ana The surviving Hungarian state may
be accepted as permanent. Czecho-
Slovakia and Greater Serbia are in the
nature Of experiments. hopefully begun,
but confronted with obvious perils, botn
from within ard from without For the
Southern siavs Italian rivalry is the out
side peril, and the differences in religion
and the lack OF a common historical ira
diton constitute possible causes for fut-
ure disintegration. On the other hand,
it is not unlikely that the peril from
without may force unity within, and
this contributes to ultimate success. For
the echo-Slovaks the perils are mani
fold. They are threatened alike by the
Germans within and without; they nave
also the hostile Magyars on their south.
ern frontiers, and they are without di.
rect access to the sea. But if their fut
ure is difficult they are beyond all doub
the best fitted of all the newly united
peoples fox the great task before them
Moreover, they have the good will @.
New-York tribune., 1918-12-22
IRE OF War Has Entirely Recast the Face of Europe

I'm SEVERAL articles since tnGer-
man surrender I have disssed
j. the forthcoming Peace Coness,
with particular reference t the
more general questions to be consired
and settled and the dangers whicwill
,svs TO be surmounted in dealineiith
principles. In the present arth l
shall try to describe certain deaop-
vents which have followed clcselypon
tbe termination Of the fighting anoave
- some respects lessencd and in hers
increased the practical problems hich
u;ll face the Versailles gatting.
These problems follow the rapid e in
ubat we had learned to call ttel-
enropa of several considerable mons.
Until the Bulgarian defeat sern as
the first sign of the crumbling the
whole edifce built by Germansrms
there stretched across Europe, fro the
Rattle to the Black and Egean SIS, a
Great mass of territory, dominat by
German arms, constituting singhnit,
and consisting of the territories oGer-
many, Austria Hungary, Bulgari and
Turkey, together with the conered
lands Of the Serbs and the Rumsans
In this territory some ,00o00lGer-
mans. 100000 Magyars and 000,-
mo Bulgars and Turks were thunas-
ters; under their yoke were upwd Of
100000 of subject races, inading
at least 34,000,OO0 Slav-Poles, echo
slavs and Jugo-Slavs and Ruthians.
Four million Latins, Rumanial and
Italians were also included in thillst Of
the ''inferior races"
1t was the dream of the nsons in
arms against Germany to hbera these
Subject races, to erect III TIE lace Of
the Austro- Hungarian moaahy not
one. but several states, wit should
have racial unity and be cspale Of in
terposing an effective and ornament
barrier to German exparsio to the
Near East. These states ver'to be for
the future the guarantees aginst a re-
turn Of the German to hisNtteleuropa
ambitions. Recognition y the Allies
of the aspirations Of the Rranians, the
Jugo-slavs and the Czech@ @lovaks was
a sure sign of what the fture would
hold in store should Gernny lose the
war.
New-York tribune., 1918-12-22

who are in large majority; the Croats,
and The Slovenians. The progress in
achieving unity has been a little less
simple than the Rumanian because of
this diversity in tribes and because Of
certain religious differences. But Just
as the Rumania Of 1914 has been the
central factor in Greater Rumania, the
Serbia Of the days before the war has
supplied the centre of attraction for the
Slav reunion.
AT the present hour this process has
reached the following point: The ma
tionai assembly Of the Siovenes. meeting
at Laibach, in Carniola; Of the Croats,
meeting at Agram (Zagreb>; Of the
Bosnian Serbs, at Serajevo; Of the
Montenegrins, at Cettinje: Of the Serbs
their desire FOR amalgamation under the
leadership Of the Serb crown. and have
summoned an assembly representing all
the elements to meet at Serajevo and
organize new nation.
In area this state will be but little
smaller than the new Rumania. It will
certainly include all Of the Austrian
province Of Carniola, certain portions Of
Carinthia and Styria south of the Draw
River, Hungarian Croatia and Slavonia,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and
Serbia and most, if not all, of the Aus
trian province of Dalmatia, which is now
claimed both by the Slavs and the Ital-
ians. In addition, the Serbs claim, with
justice, a certain portion of the Hun
! garian province Of Temesvar. " sum,
New-York tribune., 1918-12-22

s'ers. compact territory, homogene-
Gus population. seems destined to be one
Of the solid facts Of the New Europe,
closing the pathway Of German ambition
down the Danube to the Black Sea. At
Versailles Rumania will not seek Euro
pean sanction for her existence, but
merely settlement Of frontier disputea
with the Magyars.
Side By side with the Greater Humania
has risen Greater Serbia, called Jugo-
Slavia by contemporary historians.
This new state consists Of three branches
of the southern Slav family: the Serbs,
New-York tribune., 1918-12-22

Rumania. BY these several acts there
were added $4,000 square miles and
100000 people to the Temesvar of 1914.
AS it now stands, the new Greater Ru-
mania has an area Of nearly $4,000
square miles and az population Of 49,
100000. Rumania has thus become a
nation with an area equal to that Of
the mainland of Italy and holding
population greater than that of ltaly
century ago.
New-York tribune., 1918-12-22

1917 Rumania entered the war or Tho
AIMED SIDE, seeking to lberate not less
'han six million brother I,attns living IN
bessarabia, Bukovna, Transatlantic ard
the Banat.
inns policy of national instinct. as a
celebrated Rumanian patriot defined il
led to immediate disaster and Rumania
was conquered and crushed; she lost
political and economic independence
hungary and Bulgaria seized portion
OF her territory, and the sole consolation
tor the Rumanians was the partial union
with their country Of Russian Bes-
sarabia, union favored By the Germans
solely to give them control Of this Rus
sian province under the color OF a Ru-
manian occupation.
But since Austria fell Rumania haa
swiftly and almost completely realized
her programme of 1917. First of all.
the union of Bessarabia with Russia was
made complete. Next, Rumanian troops
occupied the old Rumanian lands .aken
by Bulgaria and Austria Hungary.
Thereafter the Bukoviua was seized and
the local assembly Of Pennsylvania pro-
claimed the union Of the province with
New-York tribune., 1918-12-22

Magyars. Having been equal partners,
not infrequently the dominating part
ners, in the Dual Monarchy, they will
become nothing more than one Of the
minor states Of Southeastern Europe,
weaker than either the Serbs or the
Rumanians, whom they have coerced for
centuries. Not less serious will be their
economic situation, for they will have no
direct outlet on the sea and the Danube
vii. be in the hands of their hereditary
enemy.
Yet no other solution is conceivable.
A Hungarian minority has ruled Slavs
and Rumanians alike with stupidity and
brutality for centuries, failing utterly
TO absorb the alien elements, and in the
New-York tribune., 1918-12-22
\ ustrian F allure
4 "A reed Rumania

To begin at the beginning, E fall
Vi Austria was followed promptly the
realization of all the Rumanialambl-
uons. In August. 1914, Rumaa was
state of $4,000 square miles, olding
population Of 100000. On sides,
save the south and southeast, we're its
political and ethnographic ontiers
were Identical, Rumania was srround-
ed by Austrian, Hungarian aldRussian
territory inhabited by Runsnins. In
New-York tribune., 1918-12-22

Of ats natural routs to the coast will be
held by enemies or rivals-by the Ger
mans, the Hungarians and the Poles.
II the Germans regain unity and there
by become again the greatest nation on
the continent Of Europe, the position Of
the Czechs promises to be one of extreme
peril. But this is for the future; at the
moment these gallant Slavs, having
thrown off the Austrian and hungarian
yokes, are proceeding to create strong
and stable nation, relying upon the fut-
ure organization of international rela-
tions to guarantee their independence.
At Versailles they will have to encounter
German claims, both with respect to
Bohemia and to Silesia. where German
speaking districts will seek incorpora-
ton with Germany rather than with the
new state. But these offer TO such intri-
cate tangles as the Adriatic dispute of
the Southern Slavs and Italians, and the
Czecho-Slovaks have already won the
sympathy and support of the western
nations by their courage, Intelligence
and moderation
Such in substance is the transforlna-
ton which has taken place in Mittel-
europa in two months. One may COM
plete the story by brief reference to the
organization in the German speaking
provinces Of Austria of a semblance of
state, which has already sought to be
admitted into the German nation Rather
less than 100000 people are included
in this surviving fragment Of Hapsburg
Austria, but should their desire be
granted they would bring to Germany
precious aid. largely if not wholly re-
placing the numbers lost by cessions to
France, Poland and Denmark and COM
pleting the uniication of the German
TRIBES
But at the moment the fate of the
German Austrians is less interesting
than the fact Of the rise Of three new
nations, with combined population of
nearly 100000, with an area greater
than that Of France, even with Alsace-
Lorraine; three nations with great eco
nomic possibilities, created out of terri
tories mainly inhabited by people who
have sought this transformation. Across
the pathway of any new German adven-
ture toward the east these three states
rise as impressive obstacles. Given half
a century of peaceful development, moth
ing is more certain than that there will
be a natural term to all German hope Of
expansion in Europe toward Asia and
Africa.
1t was to abolish just this danger that
Germany, with Austria, risked the
World War. The Jugo-Slavia which
must remain the foundation of. the new
system was the peril that Berlin and
Vienna saw rising in the immediate fut-
ure, once Serbia had shared in the sue.
cessful war against Turkey and will
Greek aid overthrown Bulgaria. What
5hey fought to prevent the Austrans
Germans and Hungarians see accom-
plished now the war has been lost, anc
in seeing what has happened we can
better understand why Vienna and Ber-
lin invited the whirlwind.
New-York tribune., 1918-12-22

the new Southern Slav state will have
an area of approximately 10000 square
miles and population Of not less than
100000. This is another new state
equal in size to the mainland Of Italy.
In addition, the Slavs urge their
claims to all the regions at the head Of
the Adriatic, including Trieste, Gorilla
and lstria, in which, save on the coast,
there is Slav majority in the popula-
tion. I shall refer to, this phase in q
moment, when I come to the subject Of
frontiers, but were the Slavs to make
good their Claims in this quarter, as
New-York tribune., 1918-12-22
4 Question Of Liniation
n Rather Than Cation

What was not clearlyprceived any
where before the end of ;h war was the
rapidity with which tbs. national re-
unions would take plae once the ce
ment of German militsF power was
removed. Therefore, vat has taken
place in the past two 3nths has sur
prised the world and bplied one of
the most marvellous s,ctacles of ma
ton building and may making in all
European history. Sine the Austrian
collapse we have seen geater Rumania
become a solid and accomplished fact,
Jugo-Slavia spring into life and the
Czecho-S -Slovak state tae its place
among the free nations { the world.
In the same period, but Nth less def
niteness, Poland has beeYnising from
her ruins.
With the rise of these seral states
the whole situation in Istern and
Southern Europe has undebne tre-
mendous Transformation And tlhe
changes seemed destined to eture. The
problem is no longer whetherhere shall
be marked increase i'll the umber Of
European nations, but what all be the
boundaries of these new stas. In
word, the question mas becom not one
of creating new states, but ofxing the
limits of states which are alre;y in ex-
istence and assuming the moral char
acter of nations.
And in this article I desire fit Of all
to set forth few statistics andacts as
to some of the new nations, ID then
briefly to Indicate the problem which
remain to be settled at Versahs, the
disputes between the several ras and
states which already have cause6lood-
shed and have assumed g thraening
aspect. Exactly as the old 'alkan
states, having escaped from arklsh
slavery, found themselves at o'e ar
rayed against certain great pows and
against each other, the new maths are
standing on the brink of slmil' dan
gers which are quite as threateng to
world peace as the old Eastern o,stion.
New-York tribune., 1918-12-22
Ancient Aspirations Toward Racial Unity Now Find
Their Satisfaction i'm the Liquida-
tions of Peace
BY FRANK Fl. SIMONDS
uhor of ''rhe World War; ''They Shall Not Pass"

Copyright, 1913, New York Tribune Inc.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-31
PLAIN | ruth About Some Of the Fatal German Poison Ga

"Next the men must pass through the
deadly gas chambers, to be ready to NEE.
the attack of the enemy fully prepared
More fatal than the prussic acid which thu
Prussian has occasionally employed is the
deadly mixture of chlorine and phosgene,
which has been most commonly used. In a
gentle favoring wind it is put over invisi-
Bile in the darkness, and if it catches the
Zoe unprepared can kill from ten to fifteen
miles behind the lines. The mixture IS
squirted as a liquid from metal generators.
1t quickly forms dense grccnish yellow
cloud of poison vapor, which floats awav in
tho darkness. It's success must depend ON
the cement of surprise, taking the enemy
unprepared and choking him, awake or
asleep, in the first few moments before tn.
horns, gongs and whistles send the alarm
for miles behind the trenches.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-31
tsNTustard Gas Invisible
1vl and Odorless :,

Recently new so-called mustard gas
has been used by the enemy with deadly
effect, owing to the fact that it is both in
visible and odorless. 1t is sent over in cx
ploding shells, and sinks in heavy invisi
Bile vapor about the sleeping men, creeping
into their dugouts and trenches or envelop
ing them around the guns or in the shell
holes. The effects do not manifest them
selves for several hours With singing
pain the mans eyes begin to close, and for
time ne may go almost blind. He is then
taken violently sick. The surface of the
lungs and the entire body, especially where
1t is moist with perspiration, is burned.
The skin may blister and come Off. MANY
cases have proved fatal and many more
suffer cruelty for weeks in hospital. With
the men we attended lecture on the nat
ure OF the yarous gases used by tho enemy
ana the proper methods Of meeting them.
The lecture throughout was lnconacjouslv
couchcd almost in theological lanpuape
The instructor first disposed Of what he
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-31
IN With the Steel Helmet
~ Then Into Action

Before going through the death cham
ber, helmets are inspected, to see that thcv
are sound and unpunctured and the men
are drilled in the open to practise putting
them on quickly. Suddenly the warning
whistle of an imaginary gas attack sounds.
One backward fling of the head and the
steel helmet falls off, for there is no time
70 ut 1t OFT. A dive into the bag carried
on the chest, and the rcspirator is grasped
and with one skiful swoop it is drawn over
the face. Your nose is pinchcd shut by a
clamp, your teeth grip the rubber mouth
piece, and, like a diver, you must now got
your one safe stream of pure air through
ire rcsp'rator. You draw in the air from,
u tube which rises from tin Of chemical
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1918-03-31

called superstitious 'heresies' concerning
the gas, in order to prevent the men from
having panic and getting the wind up
There is a foolish rumor which SAYS, One
breath and you ruptured for life, or you
tai dead the next morning. ETC., etc., but
he warns the men of its deadly nature and
tells them they are to be saved from its
fatal effects by knowing the truth
"Thc instructor explains that if they take
four deep breaths it will prove fatal: 'One
breath and you catch the first spasm, two
and you are mad, three and you are uncon-
scious, four and you are dead. If you keep
your presence Of mind and hold your
breath you will have six seconds to get or
your gas helmet respirator.' The attack,
remember, is surprise in the dark; BRAIN
splitting gas shells are dropping on all
sides, and it is hard to keep cool and hold
ones breath in the moment of sudden sur
prise and panic. We are told that there
are fifteen mistakes which are casily pos
slble in getting on this complicated he'll
met, or if there is one big blunder in the
sudden surprise the man is done for.