davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1918-02-03

ginia, Tennessee and Alabama, almost
to the Gulf of Mexico. That bed has
some of the best coal of the world.
and there is enough of it to supply
all the industries of the east for hum
dreds of years. So far We have not
mined more than one-tenth of it. and
there is still in the neighborhood of
500 000. .0O0. 900 tons within 1000 feet of
the surface.
AS to our anthracite coal, which lies
in northeastern Pennsylvania, we have
not used more than one-fourth of the
whole At the time the mines were
discovered the deposits contained
something like 81 900, ,000.000 tons and
there is still more than l7,o00.o0o.000
within 3 600 feet OF the surface.
1t is the anthracite coal which more
than anything else is causing our pres
eat congestion of freight and indirectly
the coal famine. The coal is about the
best OF the world as far as domestic
use is concerned. 1t has great heat
ing value and it burns without smoke.
The result is We all want anthracite
and the freight clogs the railroads.
The fuel administration is urging the
people to use less anthracite and to
get their supplies from the bituminous
coal fields nearby.
We are now using a large amount of
semi -bituminous coal for the Navy. This
coal is of j higher grade than bitumi-
nous coal and it is almost smokeless
Evening star., 1918-02-03

We have every grade of coal from this
costly hIgh-powered anthracite down to
the Ignite brown coal which the
Germans are making into briquettes for
their railroads. The fuel administra-
tion is urging that we buy our coal
from the mines nearest us and that we
do not use fuel that requires long
haul. The fact is coal requires more
cars than anything else on the rail-
roads. 1t constitutes 81 per cent of all
the freight carried, and in the eastern
part of our country it amounts to more
han 33 per cent of the tonnage. We are
now carrying three tons of coal to
every ton of farm products. and this is
SO notwithstanding coal is mined in
twenty-siX states of the Union. There
is scarcely place in the United states
farther away from coal mine than
day or so by fast freight.
1t will surprise many to know that
the great bulk of our coal lies west OF
the Mississippi river and that the most
of it is in the northern half of the great
plains and in the Rocky mountains.
The Rocky mountains have more coal
than all Europe and the good coal of
the great plains is. three times that of
Germany. There are 500. 100000 tons of
anthracite in the Rockies. and that part
of the country has plenty of good soft
coal as well. The amount runs high
into the billions of tons. 1t includes
more than one-fourth of the bituminous
Evening star., 1918-02-03

lie on their sides to pick the coal out.
The rich Newcastle field has veins from
three to six feet in thickness, and
many of the Wales veins are only three
feet thick Some of our Pennsylvania
veins are from thirty to sixty feet
thick. and the bituminous coal neat
Pittsburgh measures from eight to six
teen feet, while in the coal fields OF
Alaska we have great beds which are
forty feet thick.
And now let us look al our own coal
reserves. ! have before me some fig
uTes made this year by DR.. Marius X.
Campbell. one of the leading experts
of tie geological survey. They will
show US how much coal we have and
how long i. viii probably last. We
need not be worried about the i'm
mediate future. The amount so far used
is only four tenths of per cent of our
available sUpp,y, and we shall be min
ing coal down to our grandchildren of
ten generations or more We can keep
UP our present rae OF production. in
Guiding all the coal we are taking out
for dghting the Germans. for three or
four thousand years, and still allow an
enormous amount for waste in mining
and handling.
Some of the mines of Belgium which
are now worked by the Germans are
1000 feet deep. They are the deepest
coal mines of the world but the min
ing of the future will probably be car
ried to a depth of 5000 feet. or more
than a mile underground
The estimates of DIR. Campbell as to
our available coal include those down
to a depth of only 5000 feet, or a little
more than one-half mile below the sur
face. His estimates run into the thou
sands of billions OF tons. l shall not
give them in figures. but DR.. Campbell
says the amount is so great that If it
could be dragged forth and laid in one
pile as solid as it now lies in the
ground it would form a cube more than
eighteen miles wide. eighteen miles
thick and eighteen miles high.
But even that pile is too big for the
Evening star., 1918-02-03

eyes of a small mind like mine Let us
build up the coal into great fortifcations
around our own boundaries. There is
coal enough in the ground to make wall
mile wide and half mile high
around the outside of the United States
and leave some to spare. The length of
our boundary, according to the coast and
geodectic survey, is less than 200 miles.
and this wall OF coal would be almost as
much longer as the distance from New
York to Chicago. Or we could cut the
wall down and run 1t around the United
States in a series of great Notifications
with wide trenches between. Suppose we
made it 500 feet thick and 800 feet high,
or as tall as the Washington Monument,
which no tank could climb over. The
great wall Of China. built to keep out the
Mongols, is only forty feet high. This
wall OF coal would be twelve times higher.
That wall at the top is less than twenty
five feet wide; this wall would be twenty
times thicker and it would be more than
four hundred times as long. Its actual
length would be more than $50, 900 miles,
over twice as far from here to the
moon. with enough left to make a girdle
six times around the earth That wall
would go sixty times around the whole
United States we could build 1t up
in sixty great walls, each as high as the
Washington Monument. with factories
and munition plants between. With that
wall we could make line Of such forti-
hcations reaching all the way between US
and Canada. and all along the boundary
which separates us from our sister republic
of Mexico. We would have enough to ex-
tend the line back of the Pacific from the
top of Puget sound to lower California,
and along the whole length of our At
lantic coast from northernmost Maine to
southernmost Florida, and border the Gulf
OF Mexico as well. Talk about the Hin
denberg line! One fertilization OF those
sixty. with its great height and thickness.
would be enough to keep out the Germans
for all time to come.
And now suppose we add to the wall the
small amount OF coal we have mined. II
we should take every black diamond we
have dug from the earth since our first
mines were worked, near Richmond, Va.
Evening star., 1918-02-03
UNCLE SAM HAS HALF THE COAL OF THE WORLD.

If it is properly burned. 1t has high
heating value and is regarded as the
best for naval use. This was not the
opinion of the late Admiral Bob Evans
He preferred anthracite, and advocated
that the government should reserve the
entira anthracite field of Pennsylvania
for the purposes of national defense.
He wrote an article about it in the
North American Review. in which he
said:
American naval purposes. 1t makes
no smoke, and smoke is the telltale
signal which betrays the warship."
Admiral Evans said that Admiral
Dewey came near losing the battle of
Manila bay because he had soft coal
in his furnaces. He chose the night
for coming into the bay. thinking that
the darkness would disguise his ap-
Evening star., 1918-02-03

coal of the United States and that
means coal that will make steam and
can be used to make coke.
There are about IL .000,000.000 tons of
good soft coal in Oregon. Washington
and California and something like AS,
900, 900. 900 tons in the northern part of
the great plains. All of that coal is
good for steaming. and this means that
those regions will some time become
industrial centers.
Our greatest deposits of bituminous
coal lie in the Mississippi basin and
the Appalachian mountains. 1t is from
those regions that we have gotten the
coal supply of the past and from there
comes the bulk of the coal of today.
The Appalachian mountain region has
a great bed of soft coal which begins
In Pennsylvania and Ohio and runs
south through Kentucky, West Vir-
Evening star., 1918-02-03

until now. the amount would extend the
Notifications less than fifty miles longer
1t would only be four-tenths of per cent
of the whole.
These figures are amazing. Neverthe
less. according to DR.. Campbell they in
clude our coal to a depth OF over 5000
feet and as the coal grows scarcer and
scarcer we shall carry our mines down
almost double that distance. We might
add so per cent to the estimates OF our
possible coal supply, and not be far out
of the way.
Moreover. the coal fields of the above
estimates include only those of the United
States proper They leave out the enor-
nous coal beds we have in Alaska scme
of which are being opened up by the new
railroad now BUILDING. We have both
anthracite and bituminous coal there and
a vast amount of Ignite. which may be
more valuable in the future l saw
something of the coal fields during my
recent trip to Alaska and l have talked
about them with DR.. Alfred H. Brooks,
who has spent more than fifteen years
exploring the territory and who knows
more about geology than any other man
upon earth. He says low estimate of
the coal we have there would be 15o, ,000,-
100000 tons. which is just about two
Evening star., 1918-02-03

hundred and fifty times as much as the
coal we used in 1917. OF course. a great
part of the Alaskan coal does not COM
pare in quality with that we now mine.
but the territory has great beds OF good
coal and the railroad has already reached
the Matanuska fields which have fuel
fit for the navy.
And now let me tell you something
about the coal we have in the United
States proper and just where it lies.
Our deposits here are about the best
upon earth. There is none that COM
pares in extent and heating qualities
with the anthracite bed of northeast
ern Pennsylvania. and we have the
Pocahontas and other bituminous Goals,
which are fully as good, if not better,
than the famous Cardiff coal of England.
which has been the chief steaming coal
since the time steam began to be used.
Evening star., 1918-02-03
~ rEnALA mHosExs 10 erNsA A PINT ~

powerless to recover lost vitality. DIR.
Phillips compares them to minute dry
batteries in their inability to recuperate
after exhaustion.
The beginning of 1915 finds bee
manufactures working twenty hours
a day to meet the increased demand for
bee equipment. The professional bee
keeper is determined to do his bit, not
only because it is to his own interest
to do so. but also because he can in
that way very materially assist Uncle
Sam. There is no fear of overproduc-
ton, the sugar shortage precludes all
danger of that.
Approximately one-fifth of the sugar
consumed in the United States under
normal conditions is grown here. Dur
ing the coming year the sugar can not
be produced in larger quantities in this
country, and that normal supplies from
abroad reach our shores is improbable.
1t is for this reason that the bees will
have an exceptionally busy season.
Evening star., 1918-02-03

wax. which is used so freely by the bee,
is secreted from certain glands on the
body of the insect To make pound OF
wan II is necessary for the bee to use
several pounds of honey. and during the
actual process of production the hive is
kept at q high temperature.
During the winter months bees unlike
most insects, refuse to hibernate, They
are usually busy keeping warm. When
the hive temperature falls to 81 degrees
Fahrenheit bees cluster. When the wealth
er is very cold there is an Intense activity
in the center. caused by the bees gener-
ating heat. The colder the weather the
more incessant the muscular activity on
the Kart of the bees. though those bees
on the outer rim of this clustered mass
are n1paratively quiet In their zeal for
maintaining warm living quarters the
bees may create temperature OF 80 de-
grees or above Too high temperature
will develop winter brood rearing, which
is bound TO result disastrously, as brood
rearing normally never starts until the
Evening star., 1918-02-03

that they have enough proof TO use
this as a working hypothesis.
DR. n. E. McIndoo of the Department
of Agriculture thinks it probable that
the bees that work abroad in the field
emit an odor diferentiatins them from
the comb builders, nurse bees or those
that secretc wax. In fact, each one of
these classes may have its own pecu-
liar odor. OF all the odorS, the hive
odor is by far the most important. 1t is
upon the hive odor that the social life
of a bee colony depends 1t is anal
ogous to the nest odor as it exists
of = combination of other odors. indi-
vidual queen. drones, frames, combs.
walls of hive. etc.
AS a rule, and under normal condi-
ti0ns- every colony of bees has a queen.
There are Gueenless colonies. however.
but in them the bees are easily annoyed
and give sufficient evidence of high
strunT natures and irritable disposi-
tions. and the workers never accom-
plish their tasks with the same degree
of efficiency shown in the queen-right
co'onv. The hive odor is found in the
hairs of the bodies OF the bees.
Both queen and drones of hive are
the elite of tie colony. and they often
chaose 10 disregard odors- If queen,
by some mistake. enters the wrong hive
it takes her an astonishingiy short time
to become aware of the fact, ignore
odors though she may. Such a queen.
unless she beats very swift retreat.
is usually stung to death in a few short
minutes by the legitimate queen of
the hive. no other bee having that
right The members of the colony may
bali the intruding queen, enreloping
her with their interleced bodies until
the rightful queen breaks through for
battle.
"Ralling a queen is not uncommon.
The bees form solid living hollow
sphere about her with their bodies.
and if their queen makes no effort to
kill the intruder the bees will continue
the "baliing" until she dies of suffoca-
tion or starvation.
Vigilant sentinels guard the portals
of the hive. and the only chance
strangers who can occasionally get by
are foreign nectar carriers. who are
admitted because they bear with them
load of sweets or a queen. After
Evening star., 1918-02-03

season has advanced far enough to per-
NIT frequent flights into the open.
A good beekeeper will take every
precaution to keep the bees as warm
as possible. He will place the hive
in an area sheltered from the wind.
see that the hive is double-walled and
protected by packing and that the bees
have sufficient food. Bees that have to
work hard to keep the hive warm soon
become exhausted and the old bees
easily succumb to death. The De-
partment of Agriculture estimates that
at the very least calculation one-tenth
of the bee colonies of the country are
lost each winter. Not infrequently
beekeeperS who are novices at the
business lose half their bees. 1t is
quite possible TO reduce all the losses
to less than I per cent. Bees are
peculiarly constituted in that they are
Evening star., 1918-02-03
S, 600. 600. 900

S,l47. .000. .0G0. 900
From this it will be seen that we have
more than nine times much coal as
Germany and more than twenty times
as much as Great Britain. The only
countries that compare with US in our
wealth of black diamonds are Canada and
China, and so far their mines are prac-
tically undeveioped. With the excep-
heids OF China are not used at all. In
many places the coal for local consump-
ion is dug out with picks, and in some
or the Chinese cities coal is so valuable
tnat II Is ground to dust and mixed with
dlrt and sold in balls the size of q biscuit
There is no mention here of the mines of
Japan That country has some excellent
deposits. but they are hard to mine Dur
ing my travels there ] visited a coal
property at Nagasaki, which has fifty
That coal is being taken out for the
Japanese navy Ii is the same in South
America The chief coal mines of that
continent run under the ocean of the
coast Of southern Chile. ! have visited
those mines. riding on an electric road
under the Bay of Conception. with the
ships sailing about overhead
Siberia has almost as much undevel-
oped coal as the amount left in the
mines of Great Britain. For wears Eng
land has been the center of the coal
production of the world. and for a long
time it furnished half of the coal used
by mankind. 1t has long since exhaust
ed the supplies near the surface. and
the miners are now working hundreds
and in some cases thousands of feet
below ground. The coal veins are thin.
In some of the mines the men have to
Evening star., 1918-02-03


DR.. E. +, Phillips. who is in charge of
bee culture in the Department of Agri-
culture. states that there are now ten
men in the field investi eating conditions
relative to bee culture. They journey
from bee farm to bee farm in the diff
ferent states delivering their message
the urgent need of quantities of honey.
From the far west come the greatest
hopes One Of the largest bee farms in
the United States is located in Cali
fornia and boasts two thousand colo
MES. The usual size averages from
two to four hundred colonies. Uncle
Sans experimental station embraces
but sixty colonies. \ single bee col
duce between twenty-five and thirty
pounds of comb honey. or between
forty and fifty pounds of extracted
honey-that is assuming, of course.
that the colony is capably managed.
As many as hundred colonies can be
kept III one apiary. but apiarieS, DIR. Phil
lips maintains. should be two miles apart
1t is always desirable 20 have these colo
nies surrounded by fields of flowers from
which they can derive nectar. There are
two varieties of natural honey, floral or
normal. and honeydew or abnormal Flo
raj honey is made from nectar. the sweet
liquid which bees suck with their long
tongues from the hearts of the blossoms
Honeydew honey is a sweetiSh deposit left
on leaves of plants by insects. The honey
remains in the bees honey sac and under
goes certain transformation or "ripen-
ing which is completed in the cells of the
comb
After a trip abroad. however. worker
bees return to the hive laden. not only
with honey. but pollen and propois The
pollen is gathered on the hairs of their
bodEs and put into the tiny pollen baskets
on their legs. Pollen is an important food
for immature bees Propolis is bee glue
and is employed mainly in making the
hive ImperviouS to water. though occa-
sionally the bees use it to strengthen the
combs edges. Propolis comes from gums
which ooze from bushes and trees. The
Evening star., 1918-02-03

Copyright 1915. by Frank &. Carpenter)
EIHE age of muscle-fghting has
passed. The age of machlne-
fighting has begun This war
q is being waged by machinery,
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1918-04-25
THIS FLYING MAJOR
Is QUICKLY CANNED

San Antonio, Tex, April 25--As the
result of a court martial on charges
of conduct unbecoming an officer,
Major Paul Ferron flying instructor
at Kelly field, and former southern
department aeronautical officer, has
been dismissed from the service, ac-
cording to an announcement made at
southern department headquarters.
The court martial took place sew
cral weeks ago and the verdict was
forwarded to Washington for APPROX
al, 1t was stated Ferron Immediately
applied for permission to re-enlist in
the aviation section as a private. The
specific charges in the court martial
proceedings, it was stated, that Fer
ron registered at a San Antonio hotel
in company with the wife of another
officer. SE E&
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1918-04-25
PROBE NOT WANTED
SAYS BURLESON

Washington, April Exchanges that
Postmaster General Burloson is at
tempting to quash tie investigation Of
mail service to soldiers in France
were made in the House this after
noon,
Tho House postoffice committee
which is friendly to Burleson, let il
be known i. will attempt tomorrow
to take charge Of the investigation.
This would involve discharging the
committee on postal expenditures
which is now conducting the inquiry
Members Of the latter committee
declared the hand Of Burleson was
behind the postal committees at
tompt
In hearings 10 dato witnesses from
the postoffice department have
sought to place b'lmc for DELAYS aHd
irregularities on tile army
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1918-04-25
WHEAT OFF WHITE
HOUSE MENU ENTIRELY

Washington, April 25--Corn bread
is served at the White House Wheat
and wheat products have been off the
menu thoro for some time, il was
learned through local food officials
today
This city is believed to be leading
the wheat savers of the country.
Restaurants, hotels, and clubs have
cut off wheat in any form
Three wholesale bakers have set
the example to merchants saving
more than 100000 pounds Of wheat
flour, and an additional saving makes
the record more than 100000 pounds.
enough to feed stricken Belgium on
war rations for some time il was said.
Wheat In any form is uuobtainabie
at fashionable functions here, it was
said since the vhcatless days began
g week ago
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1918-04-25
n / Wern a Fnrmer.

If / we're q farmc. would keep n
hand q few reliable medicines for
minor ailments that are not so serious
as to require the attention OF ply
siclan, such as Chamberlain's Collie
and Darrhoea Remedy for bowel COM
plants.
Chamberlains Cough Remedy for
coughs, colds and Group.
Chamberlain's Liniment for spralns,
bruises and rheumatic mains.
Chamberlain's Tablets for stomach
troubles, biliousness and constipation
by having these articles at hand It
would often save the trouble of a trip
to town in the busiest season or in
the night, and would enable me to
treat slight ailments aus soon as they
appear, and thereby avoid the more
serious diseases that so often follow
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1918-04-25
Beware OF OIntments for
Catarrh TbNt Contain Mercury

as mercury VIII surely destroy the sense
of smell and completely derangeAthe
whole system when entering II through
the mucous surfaces. Such articles should
never be used except on prescriptions
from reputable physicians, as the damage
they will do is ten fold to the good you
can possibly derive from them. Halls
Catarrh Cure, manufactured by +. J.
Cheney G. Co, Toledo. o., contains no
mercury and Is taken internally. acting
directly upon the blood and mucous sur
faces OF the system. In buying Halls
Catarrh Cure be sure you get the genu-
inc It Is taken internally and made in
Toledo Ohio. BY f. J, Cheney & Co. Tes-
timouials free.
Sold by Druggists. Price 75c per bottle.
Take Halls Family Pills for constipation.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1918-04-25
AVIATION RECORD Of
U. S. IS UNIQUE
COngr scman in Speech Tells of
the Wonderful Progress Made
By Builders Of Liberty
Plane

When we entered the war there
were ouN N men iu the United
States Who could fly Tlcta are now
~ the United States service more
ayiater3 than in an The rest of the
world
Thus spoke q T. caldwell, congress-
tm from Now York and chairman OF
The subcommittee ON aviation Of the
House Military Affairs committee. in
defending the aviation progress -
the government last night a thc
Chamber of Commerce.
I'm The beginning we were told tho,
IN the factories Of the country, push
ed to The extreme limit. could produce
iperba 1870 planes a year" he stat
ca fENg HgbFEE
We are making almost that amount
each month
Think Of the difficulties we had to
produce just the materials For la
brcation. more than 100000 acres OF
castor beans were planted There was
not enough linen in the world 20
cover tho wings of our plane, sub
stutiug, we bought long staple cotton
with half a hundred tons OF ltuen
thread to stitch the wings We found
S rce forests where people IA not
dean they cou'd be found
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1918-04-25
HOW TO PRONOUNCE
THE FRENCH NAMES

Observe phonetic spelling; here's
the way to pronounce the following
names of French towns on the west
ern front
Lillors, Leeyay Houdain. Oodah;
st Pol sab Pole; Dernaville, Dairnh-
veel, Doullens Doolaw; AzheuX. Ash
huh Albert Ahlbair, Donart, Doh
narr; Hallencourt, Ahlawcoor; Boyes
Bcye.